Physics Lab Report for Measurement and Uncertainty
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LINEAR MEASUREMENT RULES
The rule used in metalworking is is a length of carbon steel or stainless steel
Steel rules are usually 300 mm long sub-divided into 1.0 mm, 10 mm, 100.0 mm with some having 0.5 mm as the finest graduations engraved on the scale.
Any line on the scale could be used as reference to start the measurement. However, it is advisable to use line number 10 or 100 as starting points because another zero could start at those points.
CALIPERS
Calipers are non-indicating transfer measuring instruments consisiting of two movable metal legs joined together with a spring or a rivet at one end having formed contact points at the opposite sides.
Spring calipers opening and closing could be done by the action of an adjusting screw but as well firm joint calipers which are adjusted by tapping one leg lightly on a solid base could be used to measure with the same effect.
VERNIER CALIPER
Vernier caliper is a development of an ordinary steel rule where a very smallest scale graduations are made to read finer by the addition of a sliding vernier scale.
Every indicating measuring instruments like the vernier caliper has what is called Least Count (L.C.). This least count is the finest reading a measuring instrument is able to give.
To attempt reading vernier caliper the least count must first be known.
To read the vernier caliper we must be familiar with two of its most important parts. These are: a. The main scale which is graduated in full millimeters or sometimes half millimeters and are read like an ordinary steel rule. b. The vernier scale which has 10, 20, 25, 50 engraved graduations or spaces to divide every smallest graduations on the main scale finer.
To find the least count of vernier calipers.
L.C. = 1/n × q , where n= dividions on the vernier scale q= smallest reading on main scale
To read metric/english vernier caliper. 1. Note the last numbered line/all whole inches on the main scale passed by the zero line of the vernier scale. 2. Note all the millimeters/all fractions of an inch on the main scale passed by the zero line. 3. Note the line on the vernier scale that concides to a line on the main scale. 4. Sum up all main scale readings to the vernier scale reading.
MICROMETER CALIPERS, METRIC
A micrometer caliper, work to measure because of the principles of the wedge as applied to a screw thread.
Unlike the vernier caliper, micrometer calipers are individually designed for external, internal, and depth measurements.
Micrometer caliper are more precise measuring instruments than vernier calipers because its measuring faces are constructed directly in-line to graduated scale.
1. To obtain readings on a micrometer caliper, three scales must be considered. a. The barrel or sleeve. it is provided with longitudinal line called the reference or datum line where all readings are based. Above the datum line are graduations in full millimeters starting from 0 to 25 mm every fifth of which numbered. Below the datum line are also divisions in half millimeters corresponding to the pitch of the threaded portion of the micrometer spindle. b. The thimble. It is graduated to 50 equal divisions every fifth of which is also numbered. Each of these divisions equals the least count of micrometer caliperand to obtain the value. c. The vernier scale. To make the micrometer caliper read still finer, a vernier scale is provided.
To read read micrometer caliper. a. Note all whole millimeters visible on the barrel. b. Note the line on the thimble coinciding on the datum line on the barrel. c. Add up barrel and thimble readings.
The English micrometer caliper -
Barrel of an English micrometer caliper is graduated to 40 equal divisions every fourth of which is numbered.
Each division is equal to 0.025 inch
corresponding to the thread and making every numbered division to 0.100 inch.
To read an English micrometer caliper -
Note the last whole inch showing on the barrel.
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Note all the numbered lines after the last whole inch.
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Note all lines appearing after the last numbered line.
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Add up all reading to obtain the total micrometer reading.
