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Measurement Standards
Pres Pr esen ente ted d by by::
CONTENTS
Introduction Measurement Mea easu surrem emen entt stan standa dard rds s Types of of st standa darrds Line st standards End standards Wav avel elen engt gth h sta stand ndar ards ds Su Subd bdiv ivis isio ions ns of st stan anda dard rds s Calibration
MEASUREMENT
Measurement
is key to research and development.
Introduction
In
3000BC Royal cubit was defined as the length of the
forearm of the ruling Pharaoh, plus the breadth of his hand
In
16th century feet was created
In
18th century yard was declared by King Henry
In
19th century
Meter
was upgraded and wave lengths
of light proved a remarkable stable standard
MEASUREMENT STANDARDS
The
meaning of "standard" is something that is set up
and established by authorities as a rule for the measurementt of quantity, weight, value quality, etc. measuremen
A measurement standard (Etalon) is a material measure,
measuring instrument, reference reference material or measuring system intend to define, realize, conserve or reproduce a unit or one or more value of a quantity to serve as a reference.
MEASUREMENT STANDARDS
Line
and End standard are referred as Measurement standard in industries, which are used as references for calibration purpose.
In
Light
the modern metrological era, digital instruments such as a periodically calibrated digital height gauge are commonly used. wave standards are used for laboratory purposes only.
TYPES OF
STANDARDS
a) Line standard b) End st stan anda dard rd c) Wa Wave ve len lengt gth h stand standar ard d
a) Line standard
Acorrding to line standard the yard or Metre is defined as the distance between inscribed line on a bar of metal under certain conditions of temperature and support.
a) The imperial standard Yard b) International standard Prototype
Metre
The
imperial standard Yard
It
is made of a one-inch square cross section s ection bronze bar(82% bar(82% copper, 13% tin, 5% zinc) and is 38 inches long. The bar has a 1/2 inch deep hole, which are fitted with a 1/10th inch diameter gold plug. The yard is defined as the distance between two central transverse lines on the plugs when the temperature of the bar is constant at 62 F.
International
standard Prototype Metre
The International
Bureau of Weights and Measures established the Metre as the linear measuring standard in the year 1875. The Metre is the distance between the centre portions of two lines engraved on the polished surface of a bar made of platinum (90%) iridium (10%) alloy having a unique cross section. This bar is kept at 0C and under normal atmosphere pressure
b) End
stan anda dard rd
The
need of end standard arises as the use of line standards and their copies was difficult at various places in the workshop. End standards are used in workshops and general use in precision engineering in standard laboratories. These
are in the form of end bars and slip gauges.
End bar
End bars made of steel having cylindrical cross section of 22.2 mm diameter with face lapped and hardened at the ends are available in sets of various lengths. End bars are usually provided in sets of 9 to 12 pieces in step size of 25 mm up to a length of 1m.
Slip Gauges
They
are used in linear measurement in many ways. Slip gauges are rectangular block of hardened and stabilized high grade cast steel or the ceramic compound zirconium oxide. They are available 9mm wide, 30-35mm long cross section. There are different accuracy grades of slip gauges.
c) Wave length standard
These These sta stand ndard ards s are use used d for for hig high h sensi sensitiv tivity ity le lengt ngth h measurements have to be taken.
The
primary wavelength standard can be a laser standard which has its frequency compared with Cs time, and frequency standard.
High frequency accuracy, high-frequency stability and high re-producability help in high-accuracy interferometry length measuremen measurements. ts.
c) Wave length standard
The
CGPM (Conference Generale das Poids et Mesurs) adopted a definition of the metre in terms of the wavelength.
METER: The meter is defined as the wavelength of a krypton-86 lamp as the length equal to 1,650,763.73 wavelengths in vacuum corresponding to the transition between two energy levels of the atom Krypton-86. YARD:
1 YARD=0.914
METERS
SUBDIVISIONS OF STANDARDS
There
are four level of standards used as references all
over the world
1) Primary standard is the one that is kept in Paris. 2) Se Seco cond ndary ary st stan anda dard rds s is kept in the custody of
every country in laboratory. 3) Tertiary standard used in the industry. 4) Wo Work rkin ing g st stan anda dard rds s is used on the shop floor.
Calibration
Calibration is a comparison of instrument performance performance to standards of known accuracy. Calibrations directly link customers' measurement equipment to national and international standards. The
advantages of calibration are accuracy in performing manufacturing operations, reduced inspection, and ensured quality products by reducing errors in measurement measurement..
