Test Test Bank Chapter 1 Basic Concepts and Methods Multiple Choice Questions 1) The field of __________________ is the scientific study of age-related changes in behavior, thinking, emotion, and personality. A) biology B) psychology ) human development !) sociology Ans"er# Diff: 1 Page Ref: 2 Topic: Topic: An Introduction to Human Development Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"1
$) The hristian hristian doctrine of ________ is the basis for the theory that human development occurs as a result of ho" "ell or ho" poorly someone does at overcoming their innately sinful nature. A) original sin B) blank slate ) behaviorism !) innate goodness Ans"er# A Diff: 1 Page Ref: # Topic: Topic: P$ilo%op$ical and Scientific Root% Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"1
%) &hich of the follo"ing believed that humans humans are selfish by nature and must seek spiritual rebirth through religious training' A) (t. ean *ousseau B) Augustine ) ohn +ocke !) (t. ary Ans"er# B Diff: 1 Page Ref: # Topic: Topic: P$ilo%op$ical and Scientific Root% Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"1
) &ho "as the philosopher "ho believed that children children are born "ith a mind "hich is a lank %late' %late' A) ohn +uc B) !ar"in ) ean-acues *ousseau !) ohn +ocke Ans"er# ! Diff: 1 Page Ref: # Topic: Topic: P$ilo%op$ical and Scientific Root% Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"1
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/) The ideas of the philosopher ean-acues ean-acues *ousseau "ould suggest that the basis for human development is A) a result of the struggle bet"een an individual0s original sin nature and the oly (pirit. B) an individual0s response to e2ternal, environmental influences. ) empiricism. !) an individual0s effort to overcome his or her inborn potential. Ans"er# B Diff: 2 Page Ref: # Topic: Topic: P$ilo%op$ical and Scientific Root% Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"1
3) As a developmental psychologist psychologist 4 believe that humans possess no inborn abilities and that a child0s parents can mold them into "hatever they "ant them to be. &hich of the follo"ing "ould best describe my beliefs' beliefs' A) 5mpiricism B) 4nnate goodness ) 6riginal sin !) !ar"inism Ans"er# A Diff: # Page Ref: # Topic: Topic: P$ilo%op$ical and Scientific Root% Skill: Applied O!ective: 1"1
7) The idea that the earth contains a "ide variety of life forms and that humans have developed as a result of the interaction of heredity and environment "as proposed by A) ohn +ocke. B) harles !ar"in. ) ean-acues *ousseau. !) ohn all. Ans"er# B Diff: 1 Page Ref: # Topic: Topic: P$ilo%op$ical and Scientific Root% Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"1
8) &hich of the follo"ing assertions assertions regarding lifespan development can be attributed attributed to both 9. (tanley all and harles !ar"in' A) umans evolved from other animals. B) Biology dictates human personality. ) 5nvironment dictates healthy development. !) &orm% !) &orm% should should be identified for each developmental stage" stage" Ans"er# ! Diff: 2 Page Ref: # Topic: Topic: P$ilo%op$ical and Scientific Root% Skill: 'onceptual O!ective: 1"1
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:) &hat is the term that Arnold 9esell used to describe genetically programmed seuential patterns of change such as puberty or menopause' A) aturation B) 9ro"th ) (ocial clock !) Age norms Ans"er# A Diff: 2 Page Ref: # Topic: P$ilo%op$ical and Scientific Root% Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"1
1;) &hat term is used to describe standardi
orm-referenced tests ) ontent normed tests !) >ormative metric tests Ans"er# B Diff: 2 Page Ref: ( Topic: P$ilo%op$ical and Scientific Root% Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"1
11) &hich of the follo"ing best describes your te2t0s approach to human development' A) uman development begins at birth and continues throughout the lifespan. B) uman development begins at birth and becomes relatively stable by adolescence. ) uman development begins slo"ly at birth and accelerates as "e age. !) uman development begins "ith the onset of puberty. Ans"er# A Diff: 1 Page Ref: ( Topic: T$e )ife%pan Per%pective Skill: 'onceptual O!ective: 1"2
1$) 4f you are born in the $1st century, "hich of the follo"ing statements might apply to you' A) ?ou may "ell live to be 1;; years old. B) ?ou are likely to live %; or more years longer than your parents. ) 4f you are the average person you "ill live to be 73 years old. !) ?our life e2pectancy "ill likely be double that of your grandparents. Ans"er# A Diff: # Page Ref: ( Topic: T$e )ife%pan Per%pective Skill: 'onceptual O!ective: 1"2
1%) Because of our increasing lifespan, theorists have to include many types of information gathering to complete their research. &hich of the follo"ing is one of the key elements emphasi
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1) &hich of the follo"ing theorists is kno"n for his emphasis on the positive aspects of aging' A) ohn +ocke B) @aul Baltes ) ean @iaget !) (igmund reud Ans"er# B Diff: 1 Page Ref: ( Topic: T$e )ife%pan Per%pective Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"2
1/) &hat term is used to describe changes in si
13) &hat term is used to describe changes in thinking, memory, problem solving, and other intellectual skills' A) @sychological domain B) @hysical domain ) ognitive domain !) (ocial domain Ans"er# Diff: 1 Page Ref: * Topic: T$e Domain% and Period% of Development Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"#
17) &hat term is used to describe changes in variable that are associated "ith the relationship of an individual to others' A) @sychological domain B) @hysical domain ) ognitive domain !) (ocial domain Ans"er# ! Diff: 1 Page Ref: * Topic: T$e )ife%pan Per%pective Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"#
18) ichael, age 13, has recently gained a considerable amount of "eight but has not gro"n any taller. !evelopmentalists "ould suggest that there is a problem in "hich of the follo"ing domains of developmental psychology' A) @hysical B) ultural ) ognitive !) (ocial Ans"er# A Diff: 2 Page Ref: * Topic: T$e Domain% and Period% of Development Skill: Applied
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1:) &hich domain of developmental psychology e2amines interactions "ith others' A) ognitive B) @hysical ) Biological !) (ocial Ans"er# ! Diff: 1 Page Ref: * Topic: T$e Domain% and Period% of Development Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"#
$;) (tella, age 1$, is in the 3th grade but still reads at a %rd grade level. !evelopmentalists "ould suggest that there is a problem in "hich domain of development' A) @hysical B) ultural ) ognitive !) (ocial Ans"er# Diff: 2 Page Ref: * Topic: T$e Domain% and Period% of Development Skill: Applied O!ective: 1"#
$1) The three broad categories that are used to classify changes over the lifespan are called A) domains of development. B) domains of change models. ) evolutionary stages. !) psychosocial domains. Ans"er# A Diff: 1 Page Ref: * Topic: T$e Domain% and Period% of Development Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"#
$$) @eriods of development describe "hich aspect of developmental theories' A) Age-related changes B) !omain-related changes ) Biological changes !) @renatal changes Ans"er# A Diff: 2 Page Ref: * Topic: T$e Domain% and Period% of Development Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"#
$%) >ot all cultures define the boundaries of adolescence in the same "ay. or e2ample, if you gre" up in 9reat Britain you could do "hich of the follo"ing' A) Buy alcohol at any age. B) Be unable to drive until the age of $1. ) oin the military at the age of 13. !) Be able to vote at age 1/. Ans"er# Diff: 1 Page Ref: * Topic: T$e Domain% and Period% of Development Skill: Applied
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$) According to your te2t, "hen does middle childhood occur' A) 6nce a child begins "alking B) 6nce a child begins talking ) 6nce a child enters school !) 6nce a child begins puberty Ans"er# Diff: 1 Page Ref: * Topic: T$e Domain% and Period% of Development Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"#
$/) &hich of the follo"ing are central to the nature-nurture controversy' A) 5nvironmental continuity and psychological comfort B) hange triggered by social processes or change caused by cultural influences ) 4nborn biases and genetic predispositions !) Biological process and e2periential factors Ans"er# ! Diff: 2 Page Ref: + Topic: &ature ,er%u% &urture Skill: 'onceptual O!ective: 1"(
$3) uanita0s father died "hen she "as ust a baby, but her family insists that she not only looks like him, she acts like him as "ell. This might indicate that "hich of the follo"ing had a large impact on her development' A) >ature B) 5nvironment ) >urture !) 4nnate goodness Ans"er# A Diff: # Page Ref: + Topic: &ature ,er%u% &urture Skill: Applied O!ective: 1"(
$7) !evelopmental psychologists have observed that babies seem to be born predisposed to respond to people in certain "ays, such as crying or smiling, in order to elicit attention from a caregiver. @sychologists call these inherent tendencies A) cultural biases. B) maturational patterns. ) nature and nurture tensions. !) inborn biases. Ans"er# ! Diff: 2 Page Ref: + Topic: &ature ,er%u% &urture Skill: 'onceptual O!ective: 1"(
$8) &hich of the follo"ing is an e2ample from your te2t of an inborn bias' A) The fact that all male infants sho" a propensity to"ard aggression and female infants are more passive. B) The fact that there are more blue-eyed children in the Cnited (tates than bro"n-eyed children. ) The fact that, universally, children0s speech begins "ith single "ords before proceeding onto sentences. !) The fact that, universally, all children learn to cra"l before they learn to "alk. Ans"er# Diff: 1 Page Ref: + Topic: &ature ,er%u% &urture
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$:) Dom, he0s looking at meE ake him stopED These remarks imply that the very act of being looked at is offensive to this child. om, on the other hand, doesn0t see the problem. This typical family dilemma illustrates A) sibling rivalry. B) nature versus nurture. ) an issue of cognitive development. !) internal models of e2perience. Ans"er# ! Diff: # Page Ref: - Topic: &ature ,er%u% &urture Skill: Applied O!ective: 1"(
%;) Fualitative is to uantitative as A) production is to comprehension. B) specific is to individual. ) continuous is to discontinuous. !) discontinuous is to continuous. Ans"er# ! Diff: 2 Page Ref: - Topic: 'ontinuit. ver%u% Di%continuit. Skill: 'onceptual O!ective: 1"*
%1) &hich of the follo"ing terms best describes a change in amount' A) Fualitative change B) Fuantitative change ) (ignificant change !) etric change Ans"er# B Diff: 1 Page Ref: - Topic: 'ontinuit. ver%u% Di%continuit. Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"*
%$) &hich of the follo"ing terms best describes a change in kind or type' A) Fualitative change B) Fuantitative change ) (ignificant change !) etric change Ans"er# A Diff: 1 Page Ref: - Topic: 'ontinuit. ver%u% Di%continuit. Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"*
%%) 4f puberty begins for girls "ith the onset of menstruation, puberty could be considered a matter of A) discontinuity. B) continuity. ) uantitative development. !) ecological development. Ans"er# A Diff: # Page Ref: - Topic: 'ontinuit. ver%u% Di%continuit. Skill: Applied
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%) &hich of the follo"ing is an e2ample of a normative age-graded change' A) ?ou have blue eyes even though both of your parents have bro"n eyes. B) ?ou are taller no" than "hen you "ere t"o years old. ) ?ou moved to the Cnited (tates "hen you "ere a teen and learned to speak 5nglish. !) ?ou learned to "alk before you learned to cra"l. Ans"er# B Diff: # Page Ref: - To/pic: T$ree 0ind% of '$ange Skill: 'onceptual O!ective: 1"+
%/) 6ur sense of Dthe right timeD to go to college, marry, have children, or retire is determined by our A) biological clock. B) intuition. ) social clock. !) cultural and cohort continuity. Ans"er# Diff: 1 Page Ref: Topic: T$ree 0ind% of '$ange Skill: Applied O!ective: 1"+
%3) *oberta married for the first time at age %:, and at age ; she is pregnant for the first time. (he is no" considering starting college to become a computer systems engineer. &hen *oberta laughingly tells her friends, D4 have never done anything "hen 4 "as supposed toEG "hat is she referring to' A) er social clock B) er biological clock ) er psychological clock !) A critical period Ans"er# A Diff: 1 Page Ref: Topic: T$ree 0ind% of '$ange Skill: Applied O!ective: 1"+
%7) &hat is the term for a general negative attitude about aging, typified by the belief that older persons are incompetent or unable to complete reuired ob functions' A) The social clock B) !otage path"ay ) Ageism !) aturity Ans"er# Diff: 1 Page Ref: Topic: T$ree 0ind% of '$ange Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"+
%8) &hat is the term for changes that occur in most members of a cohort as a result of factors at "ork during a specific, "ell-defined historical period' A) >onnormative change B) 9eneral normative change ) >ormative age-graded change !) >ormative history-graded change Ans"er# ! Diff: 1
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%:) &hat is the term for changes that result from uniue, unshared events' A) >onnormative change B) 9eneral normative change ) >ormative age-graded change !) >ormative history-graded change Ans"er# A Diff: 1 Page Ref: Topic: T$ree 0ind% of '$ange Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"+
;) The basic idea that there may be significant periods in development "hen an organism is especially sensitive to the presence or absence of some particular kind of e2perience or influence is referred to as a A) cohort influence. B) critical period. ) collectivist cultural influence. !) timing influence. Ans"er# B Diff: 1 Page Ref: Topic: T$ree 0ind% of '$ange Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"+
1) umans learn languages best in their childhood. 4n fact, some research indicates that if a child doesn0t learn to speak a formal language before the age of 3, they may never learn to speak "ell at all. This "ould best illustrate "hich of the follo"ing' A) ritical period B) >ormative age graded changes ) 4ndividual differences !) ultural specificity Ans"er# A Diff: 2 Page Ref: Topic: T$ree 0ind% of '$ange Skill: Applied O!ective: 1"+
$) &hich of the follo"ing best defines %en%itive period ' A) A time of psychological fragility, usually due to some type of loss such as the death of a spouse, termination of employment, deterioration due to aging, etc. B) The period of time during "hich developmental norms for physical development are reached or achieved. ) A specific period in development "hen an organism is particularly responsive to specific forms of e2perience or particularly influenced by their absence. !) The time "hen the tension bet"een nature and nurture is resolved in an organism0s development. Ans"er# Diff: 1 Page Ref: Topic: T$ree 0ind% of '$ange Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"+
%) &hich of the follo"ing is the best e2ample of an Doff-timeD event that could have negative effects upon an individual0s development' A) The deaths of elderly parents B) Being divorced at the age of $/
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) The death of one0s spouse at the age of %; !) 52periencing a life-threatening illness at the age of 3; Ans"er# Diff: # Page Ref: Topic: T$ree 0ind% of '$ange Skill: Applied O!ective: 1"+
) Adults in +ondon, 5ngland, "ho "ere teenagers livi ng there during the bombings of &orld &ar 44 all report that their lives "ere changed by those events. This e2emplifies "hich of the follo"ing' A) >ormative age-graded changes B) >ormative critical periods ) >ormative history-graded changes !) >on-normative life events Ans"er# Diff: # Page Ref: Topic: T$ree 0ind% of '$ange Skill: Applied O!ective: 1"+
/) &hich of the follo"ing is a finding of 9len 5lder, et al., on individuals "ho gre" up during the 9reat !epression' A) The cohort born in 1:$; suffered more than the cohort born in 1:$8. B) Teenaged girls "ere more likely than teenaged boys to be forced into the "ork place prematurely because of economic hardship. ) Teenagers "hose families e2perienced severe economic difficulty assumed adult responsibility prematurely. !) The adolescents "ho "ere forced prematurely into the "ork force "ere better adusted as adults. Ans"er# Diff: # Page Ref: Topic: Re%earc$ Report Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"-
3) &hich of the follo"ing developmental outcomes "ould be illustrative of the concept of vulnerability' A) Hery lo" 4F scores are more common among children "ho "ere born "ith a lo" birth "eight and "ho are reared in highly stressed, uninvolved families. B) >ormal birth "eight infants born into upper socioeconomic status families invariably have superior levels of intelligence. ) hildren born into caring, facilitative families rarely have sufficient protective factors to overcome or offset all vulnerabilities that might potentially affect their development. !) @ositive developmental outcome is possible only for children "ith fe" vulnerabilities and many protective factors. Ans"er# A Diff: # Page Ref: Topic: 'onte3t% of Development Skill: 'onceptual O!ective: 1"-
7) &hich of the follo"ing best defines a system of meanings and customs shared by an identifiable group and transmitted across generations' A) Age strata B) ohort ) ollective identity !) ulture Ans"er# ! Diff: 1 Page Ref: 1/ Topic: 'onte3t% of Development
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8) &hich of the follo"ing best describes the goals of developmental science' A) To describe, e2plain, predict, and influence development B) To understand and e2plain social norms ) To study cohort effects across cultures !) To e2plain, record, and influence human differences Ans"er# A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 11 Topic: T$e 4o al% of Developmental Science Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"
:) (ets of statements that propose general principles to e2plain development are kno"n as A) cross-sectional designs. B) hypotheses. ) theories. !) constructs. Ans"er# Diff: 1 Page Ref: 11 Topic: T$e 4o al% of Developmental Science Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"
/;) @redictions that can be tested in an effort to e2plain human development are kno"n as A) theories. B) hypotheses. ) e2periments. !) constructs. Ans"er# B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 11 Topic: T$e 4o al% of Developmental Science Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"
/1) &hich of the follo"ing statements is the B5(T e2ample of a hypothesis about human development' A) ross-cultural studies have determined that human breast milk provides the ideal nutrition for infant brain development. B) uman breast milk contains nutrients that are essential for formation of neurons and synapses in an infant0s developing brain. ) Because human breast milk is a superior form of nutrition for infants, all ne"ly-delivered "omen should be encouraged to breast feed their infants. !) 4f breast milk is a superior supplement for infant brain development, children "ho "ere breast-fed as infants should perform better on psychological tests than children "ho "ere not breast fed. Ans"er# ! Diff: # Page Ref: 11 Topic: T$e 4o al% of Developmental Science Skill: Applied O!ective: 1"
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/$) 6f the follo"ing, "hich is the B5(T e2ample of naturalistic observation' A) The school psychologist has administered aptitude tests to the sophomore class of artin +uther Iing, r. igh (chool. B) A researcher interested in the effects of caffeine upon learning provides high-caffeine drinks to an e2perimental group "ho are being taught a complicated game and provides caffeine-free drinks to a control group "ho are being taught the same game. ) A serial killer is subected to a battery of psychological e2ams and intensive intervie"s in an effort to determine the factors that influenced his developmental path"ay to homicidal behavior. !) *esearchers interested in children0s gender-related interactions videotape children "hile they are playing during recess and "hile they are engaged in cooperative learning assignments in their classrooms. Ans"er# ! Diff: # Page Ref: 11 Topic: De%criptive 5et$od% Skill: Applied O!ective: 1"
/%) The aple +eaf 5lementary (chool counselor, social "orker, and the parents of eight-year-old immy ackson are "orking as a cooperative team to determine "hy immy e2hibits a pattern of highly aggressive behavior to"ard his peers and teachers. immy0s behavior has been e2tensively observed, he has been subected to a battery of psychological tests, and his parents have been intervie"ed. This in-depth e2amination of immy ackson is an e2ample of A) an ethnograph. B) naturalistic observation. ) a correlational study. !) a case study. Ans"er# ! Diff: # Page Ref: 12 Topic: De%criptive 5et$od% Skill: Applied O!ective: 1"
/) o" does observation in the laboratory differ from naturalistic observation' A) There is no difference. The t"o terms are synonymous. B) The researcher has more control over variables if they choose the natural environment carefully. ) The researcher in a laboratory setting has some level of control over the variables "hich might influence the participants0 behavior. !) +aboratory observation is considered e2perimentation "hile naturalistic observation is a descriptive method of research. Ans"er# Diff: # Page Ref: 12 Topic: De%criptive 5et$od% Skill: 'onceptual O!ective: 1"
//) &hat is the term for the research method in "hich data is collected through participant responses to uestions' A) 52perimental study B) orrelational study ) (urvey !) ase study Ans"er# Diff: # Page Ref: 1# Topic: De%criptive 5et$od% Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"
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/3) &hich of the follo"ing is a true statement about correlations' A) A correlation of
/7) *esearchers have found that children born to mothers "ho smoke during and after pregnancy are more likely to develop respiratory illness. This is an e2ample of "hich of the follo"ing' A) A negative correlation B) An e2perimental finding ) A strong correlation !) A positive correlation Ans"er# ! Diff: 2 Page Ref: 1# Topic: De%criptive 5et$od% Skill: Applied O!ective: 1"
/8) ?ou are a taking part in a survey "hich asks about your attitudes to"ard physical punishment of children. 5ven though you believe that spanking is sometimes necessary, you ans"er that you are opposed to any sort of physical punishment. &hich of the follo"ing terms best describes "hy you ans"ered the "ay that you did' A) (ocial desirability B) 52perimenter bias ) *andomness !) (ample representation Ans"er# A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 1# Topic: De%criptive 5et$od% Skill: Applied O!ective: 1"
/:) &hich of the follo"ing is a key feature of an e2perimental study' A) ontrols for cohort effects B) >onrandom assignment ) Absence of a control group !) An independent variable Ans"er# ! Diff: 2 Page Ref: 1( Topic: T$e 63perimental 5et$od Skill: 'onceptual O!ective: 1"1/
3;) An e2periment is designed to study the effects of long lectures on the sleeping behavior of college students. 4n such a study, the dependent variable is A) sleeping behavior of college students. B) long lectures. ) the length of time a lecture runs. !) college students. Ans"er# A Diff: # Page Ref: 1( Topic: T$e 63perimental 5et$od Skill: 'onceptual
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31) *esearchers designed an e2periment to study the effects of a professor0s sense of humor on enrollment numbers. &hat is the independent variable in this study' A) The college professor B) The college professor0s sense of humor ) (tudents considering attending college !) The number of students "ho enroll Ans"er# B Diff: # Page Ref: 1( Topic: T$e 63perimental 5et$od Skill: 'onceptual O!ective: 1"1/
3$) A ne" medicine for headaches is in clinical trials. The patients "ho are receiving this ne" drug are members of "hich group' A) The placebo group B) The control group ) The e2perimental group !) The independent group Ans"er# Diff: # Page Ref: 1( Topic: T$e 63perimental 5et$od Skill: 'onceptual O!ective: 1"1/
3%) 4n an e2periment, "hat do "e call the group of participants "ho receive a neutral treatment' A) 4ndependent variable B) ontrol group ) 52perimental group !) !ependent variable Ans"er# B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 1( Topic: T$e 63perimental 5et$od Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"1/
3) A researcher "ants to study developing human fetuses that have already been e2posed to radiation. &hich type of research "ould be best suited for this' A) 52perimentation B) Fuasi-e2perimentation ) ase study !) >aturalistic observation Ans"er# B Diff: # Page Ref: 1* Topic: T$e 63perimental 5et$od Skill: Applied O!ective: 1"1/
3/) 4n "hich of the follo"ing research designs are subects of different ages studied at the same time and the results compared' A) +ongitudinal B) ross-sectional ) (euential !) ross-cultural Ans"er# B Diff: 1
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33) &hich of the follo"ing is the best e2ample of a cross-sectional research study' A) !r. uang assessed the eye-hand coordination of the second, fourth, and si2th graders of aple +eaf 5lementary (chool in (eptember $;;3. B) !r. (anche< assessed the eye-hand coordination of the second, fourth, and si2th graders of aple +eaf 5lementary (chool in !ecember $;;3, and the same children "ill be tested again in $;;8, $;1;, and $;1$. ) 5ach year at the beginning of the school year, the five children of the ones family visit their family doctor to have physical e2ams. !) 5ach year the five-year-olds of &ashington, !.., are given number and letter proficiency e2ams before they begin kindergarten. Ans"er# A Diff: # Page Ref: 1* Topic: De%ign% for Stud.ing Age7Related '$ange% Skill: Applied O!ective: 1"11
37) ohort effects are most commonly associated "ith "hich type of research design' A) ross-sectional designs B) +ongitudinal designs ) (euential designs !) Fuasi-e2perimental designs Ans"er# A Diff: # Page Ref: 1* Topic: De%ign% for Stud.ing Age7Related '$ange% Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"11
38) &hich of the follo"ing is the best e2ample of a longitudinal research study' A) !r. >go studied four groups of children aged si2, eight, ten, and t"elve to determine ho" therapy helps children cope "ith their parents0 divorce. B) To determine ho" alcohol affects retention of information, researchers monitored subects0 ingestion of alcohol "hile the subects "ere learning to play a complicated game. ) !r. isneros initially studied a group of recently-divorced ;-year-olds to evaluate their communication skills and continued to study their interpersonal relationships for %; years. !) 4n !ecember $;;, researchers surveyed shoppers at local malls to assess peoples0 attitudes about retirement and their plans for post-retirement activities. Ans"er# Diff: # Page Ref: 1+ Topic: De%ign% for Stud.ing Age7Related '$ange% Skill: Applied O!ective: 1"11
3:) &hich type of research design is intended to avoid the shortcomings of both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies by combining features of both' A) (euential design B) ross-longitudinal design ) +ongitudinal case study !) orrelational study Ans"er# A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 1+ Topic: De%ign% for Stud.ing Age7Related '$ange% Skill: 'onceptual O!ective: 1"11
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7;) ?our te2t uses an e2ample of a seuential study in "hich DBaby BoomerD "omen "ere the participants. &hich of the follo"ing "as a finding of that study' A) The relationship bet"een age and reported freuency of marital conflict "as the same across cohorts. B) The different cohorts0 self-perceptions of femininity declined in parallel fashion. This represents a true developmental change. ) Because this "as a seuential study, no reliable findings can be reported. !) The relationship bet"een age and reported freuency of marital conflict "as different in each cohort. Ans"er# ! Diff: # Page Ref: 1- Topic: De%ign% for Stud.ing Age7Related '$ange% Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"11
71) &hich is the best term to describe "hen a researcher lives in a particular culture for an e2tended time in order to gain a detailed understanding and description of the culture' A) 5thnography B) (ociology ) (ociobiology !) 5thnopsychology Ans"er# A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 1- Topic: 'ro%%7'ultural Re%earc$ Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"12
7$) The t"o primary goals of cross-cultural research are to identify universal changes that cross cultures and to A) demonstrate cultural diversity in the social sciences. B) nurture more culturally sensitive attitudes. ) gain information that "ill help improve people0s lives. !) determine the effects that one culture has upon another. Ans"er# Diff: 1 Page Ref: 1- Topic: 'ro%%7'ultural Re%earc$ Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"1#
7%) &hich of the follo"ing statements is true about research ethics' A) *esearch ethics apply to human research but not animal research. B) *esearch ethics apply to animal research but not human research. ) *esearch ethics apply to both human and animal research. !) *esearch ethics are another "ord for la"s. Ans"er# Diff: 1 Page Ref: 1- Topic: Re%earc$ 6t$ic% Skill: 'onceptual O!ective: 1"1#
7) 4n survey research it is very important that the participants reflect the characteristics of the "hole group of people being studied. To "hich characteristic of the sample are "e referring' A) (imilarity B) Bias ) *epresentativeness !) (ocial desirability Ans"er# Diff: 1 Page Ref: 1 Topic: Re%earc$ 6t$ic%
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7/) @articipants in research proects must be told of any harmful effects or possible risks associated "ith the research in advance of their participation. &hat is this ethical responsibility called' A) !eception B) @rotection from harm ) Ino"ledge of results !) 4nformed consent Ans"er# ! Diff: 1 Page Ref: 1 Topic: Re%earc$ 6t$ic% Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"1#
73) !arius participated in a study of the effects of alcohol on long term memory. ore than a year after his participation ended, he received a ne"sletter telling him all about the results of the study. The researchers "ere follo"ing the ethical guideline that mandates A) kno"ledge of results. B) informed consent. ) full disclosure. !) protection against harm. Ans"er# A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 1 Topic: Re%earc$ 6t$ic% Skill: Applied O!ective: 1"1#
77) &hich of the follo"ing best e2plains the protection from harm aspect of research ethics' A) Absolutely no harm, neither permanent nor temporary, can come to the participants during the research. B) As long as the harm is temporary and only lasts for the duration of the research, it is okay. ) 4f temporary harm may be caused by the research, the researchers must provide a "ay to relieve that harm. !) As long as the participants are informed of the possibility of harm before the research begins, no ethical violations are considered. Ans"er# Diff: 2 Page Ref: 1 Topic: Re%earc$ 6t$ic% Skill: 'onceptual O!ective: 1"1#
78) After reading hapter 6ne, "hich of the follo"ing should you be able to apply to your daily life' A) ?ou "ill be able to start your o"n research proects in developmental psychology once you have read chapter one. B) ?ou "ill have some tools to critically evaluate research and make an informed decision as to applying the research findings to your daily life. ) ?ou "ill be able to properly "rite a research report on your o"n. !) ?ou should al"ays be skeptical of research and reali
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Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 1) The hristian doctrine of original sin is often attributed to th-century philosopher _____________________. Ans"er# Augustine of ippo Diff: 1 Page Ref: # Topic: P$ilo%op$ical and Scientific Root% Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"1
$) The ideas of the 5nglish philosopher ohn +ocke "ould suggest that at birth human beings are ________ "aiting to receive information. Ans"er# blank slates Diff: 1 Page Ref: # Topic: P$ilo%op$ical and Scientific Root% Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"1
%) &hen "e gather data from different sources of academia, "e are taking a Kn) ________ approach to research. Ans"er# interdisciplinary Diff: 1 Page Ref: ( Topic: T$e )ife%pan Per%pective Skill: 'onceptual O!ective: 1"2
) elia has an outgoing, friendly personality, "hile her best friend hester is shy and reserved. &e are describing elia and hester through the ________ domain of development. Ans"er# social Diff: 2 Page Ref: * Topic: T$e Domain% and Period% of Development Skill: Applied O!ective: 1"#
/) As "e age the transition bet"een stages of development becomes more ________ in terms of defining milestones. Ans"er# arbitrary Diff: # Page Ref: * Topic: T$e Domain% and Period% of Development Skill: 'onceptual O!ective: 1"#
3) The internal model of e2perience assumes that events themselves are not as important in influencing development as are the individual0s ________ of those events. Ans"er# perception Diff: 2 Page Ref: - Topic: &ature ,er%u% &urture Skill: 'onceptual O!ective: 1"(
7) >ormative ________ changes are universal, in that they apply to everyone at the same period of maturation. Ans"er# age-graded Diff: 2 Page Ref: - Topic: T$ree 0ind% of '$ange Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"+
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8) ?our te2t suggests that the period from 3 - 1$ months might be the sensitive period for ________. Ans"er# parent-infant attachment Diff: 1 Page Ref: Topic: T$ree 0ind% of '$ange Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"+
:) Both of Asa0s parents and all four of her grandparents have heart disease. &e might assume that Asa "ill be more ________ to heart problems than her cohorts. Ans"er# vulnerable Diff: # Page Ref: 1/ Topic: 'onte3t% of Development Skill: Applied O!ective: 1"-
1;) A maor difference bet"een a theory and a hypothesis is that hypotheses are ________. Ans"er# testable Diff: # Page Ref: 11 Topic: T$e 4o al% of Developmental Science Skill: 'onceptual O!ective: 1"
11) The four goals of developmental psychology are to ________, ________, ________ and ________ human behavior. Ans"er# describeL e2plainL predictL influence Diff: 1 Page Ref: 11 Topic: T$e 4o al% of Developmental Science Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"
1$) 6ne maor "eakness of naturalistic observation is, according to your te2t, ________. Ans"er# observer bias Diff: 1 Page Ref: 12 Topic: De%criptive 5et$od% Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"
1%) orrelational research does not allo" us to sho" ________ relationships. Ans"er# causal Diff: 2 Page Ref: 1# Topic: De%criptive 5et$od% Skill: 'onceptual O!ective: 1"
1) 4n an e2periment, if participants have eual chances of being assigned to the different groups, "e say that assignment "as ________. Ans"er# random Diff: 2 Page Ref: 1( Topic: T$e 63perimental 5et$od Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"1/
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1/) AKn) _________ is a study that tests a causal hypothesis. Ans"er# e2periment Diff: 2 Page Ref: 1( Topic: T$e 63perimental 5et$od Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"1/
Short Answer Questions 1) o" has the study of human development changed over the last t"o centuries' Ans"er# Ans"ers may include any of the follo"ing# - innate goodness - empiricism - blank slate - development continues throughout the lifespan and doesn0t end "ith childhood - researchers have also come to reali
$) &hat contributions did Arnold 9esell make to the study of human development' Ans"er# maturationL genetically programmed patterns of changeL developed DnormsD for childrenL observational techniues Diff: 2 Page Ref: # Topic: P$ilo%op$ical and Scientific Root% Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"1
%) +ist the three domains of development. Ans"er# cognitiveL socialL physical Diff: 1 Page Ref: (7* Topic: T$e Domain% and Period% of Development Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"#
) 4dentify the periods of development. Ans"er# prenatalL infancyL early childhoodL middle childhoodL adolescenceL early adulthood Kor emerging adulthood)L middle adulthoodL late adulthood Diff: # Page Ref: ( 7 * Topic: T$e Domain% and Period% of Development Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"#
/) All children begin to smile and coo at appro2imately the same age. 4dentify at least t"o key concepts that you might use to e2plain these behaviors. Ans"er# nature-nurtureL inborn biasesL predispositionsL domainsL periods of development Diff: # Page Ref: + 7 - Topic: &ature ver%u% &urture Skill: 'onceptual O!ective: 1"#
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3) Briefly e2plain ho" uantitative change and ualitative change relate to continuity and discontinuity. Ans"er# continuity M uantitativeL discontinuity M ualitative Diff: 2 Page Ref: - Topic: 'ontinuit. ver%u% Di%continuit. Skill: 'onceptual O!ective: 1"*
7) 9ive at least three e2amples of normative age-graded changes. Ans"er# anything that applies to biological maturation can be used to ans"er this uestion# "alking, puberty, fertility, loss of bone density, graying hair, etc. Diff: # Page Ref: - 7 Topic: T$ree 0ind% of '$ange Skill: Applied O!ective: 1"+
8) oshua entered puberty much later than his peers. &hat terms might you use to describe ho" this could affect oshua0s social development' Ans"er# sensitive periodL on-time eventsL off-time events Diff: 2 Page Ref: Topic: T$ree 0ind% of '$ange Skill: Applied O!ective: 1"+
:) 9ive at least three e2amples of normative history-graded influences. Ans"er# anything that applies to historical events common to cohortsL e.g., changes that resulted from e2periencing the attacks of :N11N$;;1L those "ho lived during &orld &ar 44L those "ho survived hurricane Iatrina, etc. Diff: # Page Ref: Topic: T$ree 0ind% of '$ange Skill: Applied O!ective: 1"+
1;) Briefly define the terms vulnerability and resilience. Ans"er# vulnerability M those inborn characteristics "hich predispose a person to abnormal events or processesL resilience M those inborn characteristics "hich predispose a person to overcome abnormal or adverse events Diff: # Page Ref: 71/ Topic: 'onte3t% of Development Skill: Applied O!ective: 1"-
11) Briefly define the term culture. Ans"er# no universal definitionL typically includes common meaningsL customsL values attitudesL goals etc. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 1/ Topic: 'onte3t% of Development Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"-
1$) &hat are the goals of developmental science' Ans"er# describeL e2plain, predictL also the terms theories and hypotheses may be used here Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 Topic: T$e 4o al% of Developmental Science Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"
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1%) 4n research, "hat is the difference bet"een a population and a sample' Ans"er# population is the entire group of interestL sample is a representative subset of the entire group Diff: 2 Page Ref: 1# Topic: De%criptive 5et$od% Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"
1) ?ou are taking part in an e2periment to test the effectiveness of cognitive therapy in treating an2iety. There are t"o groups# one group receives cognitive therapyL the other group meets "eekly "ith a therapist "ho does not use cognitive therapy but merely chats during the session. Csing the terminology of research, identify each of the t"o types of groups. Ans"er# e2perimental groupL control group Diff: # Page Ref: 1( Topic: T$e 63perimental 5et$od Skill: Applied O!ective: 1"1/
1/) 4dentify at least three of the ethical standards for research involving human participants. Ans"er# protection from harmL confidentialityL informed consentL kno"ledge of resultsL appropriate use of deception Diff: 2 Page Ref: 1-71 Topic: Re%earc$ 6t$ic% Skill: Factual O!ective: 1"1#
Essay Questions 1) ompare and contrast the philosophies of ohn +ocke and harles !ar"in as they apply to developmental theory. Ans"er# +ocke proposed the concepts of blank slate and empiricism, and that children can be molded. !ar"in proposed that environment and genetic processes interact to influence development. The ans"er should include some e2pansion on these concepts. Diff: # Page Ref: # Topic: P$ilo%op$ical and Scientific Root% Skill: 'onceptual O!ective: 1"1
$) ompare and contrast the vie"s of at least three early researchers. 52plain ho" you "ould reconcile these differing and sometimes conflicting vie"s. Ans"er# The ans"er "ill vary depending on "hich researchers and philosophers the student chooses. The student should demonstrate some understanding of taking an eclectic approach to e2plaining development and recogni
%) 52plain the concept of internal model% of e3perience and give an e2ample from your o"n e2perience. Ans"er# The ans"er needs to e2plain the environmental influences of development A>! the individual0s perception of these e2periences. The e2ample needs to demonstrate that the student can properly apply the nature-nurture concept. Diff: 2 Page Ref: +7- Topic: &ature ,er%u% &urture Skill: 'onceptual O!ective: 1"(
%$ ) &hat is a critical period' &hat is a sensitive period' 9ive e2amples to illustrate your ans"ers. Ans"er# critical period M time during development "hen an organism is particularly susceptible to influences on specific developmental processes sensitive period M influences "hich may lead to on- or off-time events Diff: # Page Ref: Topic: T$ree 0ind% of '$ange Skill: 'onceptual O!ective: 1"+
/) Briefly summari
3) 9ive an e2ample of ho" conte2t, vulnerability, and resilience may influence development. Ans"er# The ans"er needs to demonstrate that vulnerability and resilience are generally inborn factors that may modify conte2t effects and visa versa. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 1/ Topic: 'onte3t% of Development Skill: Applied O!ective: 1"-
7) 52plain the difference bet"een a theory and a hypothesis. 9ive an e2ample of each. Ans"er# Theories are typically descriptive, educated guesses. ypotheses are testable statements. The e2ample needs to reflect an understanding of these differences. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 11 Topic: T$e 4o al% of Developmental Science Skill: 'onceptual O!ective: 1"
8) ?ou are reading a research report on the relationship bet"een playing o
:) &rite a hypothesis "hich "ill allo" you to research the relationship bet"een a pre-adolescent0s drug use and their propensity to"ard A!!. 4dentify the independent and dependent variables in your study. Ans"er# The statement has to be clearly testable, and a clear relationship bet"een the independent variable Kdrug use) and the dependent variable KA!!) must be stated. Diff: # Page Ref: 1( Topic: T$e 63perimental 5et$od Skill: Applied O!ective: 1"1/
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1;) &hy do the authors say that "henever someone asks you about research conclusions, you should al"ays begin your ans"er "ith D4t depends...D' Ans"er# The ans"er needs to include a discussion of the many variables in human research "hich can not be controlled through e2perimentation. The student should also recogni
MyDevelopmentLab Essay Questions 1) After vie"ing the video intervie" of @hillip Pimbardo regarding the (tanford @rison 52periments conducted in 1:71, identify and e2plain three key concepts regarding human behavior "hich are identified by Pimbardo. 9ive an original e2ample from your o"n e2perience applying one of these concepts. Ans"er# The student may identify any of the follo"ing# situational influences, social conduct, social influences, social psychology, institutional influences, conte2t effects, fundamental attribution error. The e2ample, of course, should e2emplify a true understanding of one of these concepts. Diff: # Page Ref: 5D) Topic: atc$: Intervie9 P$ilip ;imardo: Stanford Pri%on 63periment Skill: 'onceptual O!ective: 1"1/
MyDevelopmentLab Stuy !lan Questions 1) &ho is the researcher famous for the (tanford @rison 52periment during the 1:7;s' A) arol Tavris B) @hilip Pimbardo ) 5li
$) Assume that you are a psychologist "ho practices according to the theories of arl *ogers. ?ou are most likely to take a ________ - ________ approach to treating clients. Ans"er# client-centered Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5D) Topic: 63plore: P%.c$olog. Timeline Skill: Applied O!ective: 1"1/
%) &hich of the follo"ing best describes "hy the concept of ethnicity is more valuable in studying human behavior than is race' A) The concept of race includes too many genetic variables to be valuable in research. 5thnicity is determined by only one pair of chromosomes. B) *ace e2plores commonalities due to environmental factors such as common backgrounds, beliefs, and allegiances, and therefore includes too many variables to control. ) 5thnicity is easy to study because it e2plores only the commonalities bet"een people of the same race. !) 5thnicity e2plores commonalities due to environmental factors such as common backgrounds, beliefs, and allegiances. *ace is determined solely by genes. Ans"er# ! Diff: # Page Ref: 5D) Topic: 63plore: Race and 6t$nicit. in P%.c$ological In
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) 4n Di%tingui%$ing Independent and Dependent ,ariale%, "hich of the follo"ing "as one of the options given as an independent variable' A) hanging the duration of the stimulus B) odifying the configuration of the shapes ) +ength of time that it takes to recogni
/) 4n research the ________ variable is manipulated, "hile the ________ variable is measured. Ans"er# independentL dependent Diff: # Page Ref: 5D) Topic: 63plore: Di%tingui%$ing Ind ependent and Dependent ,ariale% Skill: 'onceptual O!ective: 1"1/
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