Contoh intake form sebelum melakukan terapiDeskripsi lengkap
Nota Desain IntakeFull description
Intake Manifold DesignDescrição completa
Sea water intake design
civil
Descripción: Hydopower Design
BEIRUT ARAB ARAB UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING CIVIL & ENVIRONMENT ENV IRONMENTAL AL ENGINEERING ENGINEERI NG DEPT DE PT..
FALL 2016-2017 2016 -2017
SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER • Groundwater • Surface water Upland Lakes &
Reservoirs
Rivers & Canals
• Rainwater Rainwater Harvesting • Seawater
SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER • Groundwater:
Soil & Rock layers naturally filter the ground water to a high degree. Deep ground water is of very high bacteriological quality (pathogenic bacteria are typically absent). Water is rich in dissolved solids (carbonates and sulfates of calcium and magnesium). Chloride and bicarbonate ions may be present To make it pleasant for drinking, cooking, etc.. We need to reduce the iron or manganese content. Disinfection may be required.
SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER • Upland Lakes & Reservoirs
Located above human habitation.
Bacteria and pathogen are low.
Some bacteria, like protozoa and algae may be present.
May have low pH, which requires adjustment
• Rivers & Canals
Have significant bacterial load and variety of dissolved constituents Atmospheric water generation is a new technology that can provide high quality drinking water by extracting water from the air by cooling thus condensing water vapor.
• Rainwater Harvesting: Used in areas with dry season and experience fog.
SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER • Desalination of seawater
Pre-Conditioning: Used for water rich in hardness salts. Soda ash is added.
Pre-Chlorination
pH Adjustment o
Distilled water pH<7
o
Sea water pH around 8.2
o
For acidic water (pH<7), lime or soda ash is added
o
Lime is cheap, it also adds to the resulting water hardness.
o
For alkaline water (pH>7), HCL and CO2 are added.
Water Treatment Plant • Water treatment type depends on the quality of the water to be treated • Water quality depends on the source • Usually, groundwater requires less treatment than water from lakes and rivers
Water Treatment Plant Water treatment plants are designed to provide complete purification system composed of:
The type of water source and the magnitude of its pollution are the first factors to be considered when selecting the water treatment method. Type of Water Source Water Treatment Method i- With no pollution and excessive Only Chlorination amounts of minerals ii- With no organic pollution, but with high manganese and iron Iron & Manganese removal + Chlorination Groundwater contents Find another water source iii- With pollution Coagulation + Sedimentation + Filtration + Chlorination
Slow sand Filtration + Chlorination i- With almost no pollution with invariably low turbidity
Membrane Filtration + Chlorination Pre-Chlorination + Coagulation + Sedimentation + ii- With mediocre level of pollution Filtration + Chlorination Surface Water Membrane filtration + Chlorination Find another source iii- With high level of pollution Coagulation + Sedimentation + Sand Filtration + Ozonation + GAC filtration (Granular Activated Carbon) + Chlorination Groundwater With High Hardness or surfacewater
Softening
Sea or River Water Intake
Water Intake Criteria Intake site should be selected:
• Where sufficient quantities of water can be extracted without adversely affecting the downstream users. • Intake should be located upstream of potential sources of microbiological and chemical pollution. • The intake site should remain easily accessible during floods and should not get flooded. • Positioning inlets at depths that allow water to be abstracted throughout the year. • Using channels to direct flows, allowing lower intake velocities • Using screens to reduce the intake of large sediments.
Screening - First unit operation encountered is water/wastewater treatment plants. - A screen is a device with generally uniform openings that is used to retain solids. - The material that is retained by the screens is know as screenings . Screenings are typically hauled to a landfill or may be buried on site or incinerated depending upon the plant.
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Coarse Screens
Coarse screens remove large solids, rags, and debris. Typically have openings of 6 mm (0.25 in) or larger. Types of coarse screens include mechanically and manually cleaned bar screens, including trash racks.
•
Fine Screens
Fine screens are typically used to remove material that may create operation and maintenance problems in downstream processes, particularly in systems that lack primary treatment. Typical opening sizes for fine screens are 1.5 to 6 mm (0.06 to 0.25 in).
Coarse Screen
Fine Screen
Manually Cleaned Screens • Require low level of maintenance and provide a good alternative for smaller plants with few screenings. • Require frequent raking to prevent clogging. Cleaning frequency depends on the characteristics of the water/wastewater entering a plant. Some plants have incorporated screening devices, such as basket-type trash racks, that are manually hoisted and cleaned.
Mechanically Cleaned Screens •
Mechanically cleaned screens usually require less labor for operation than manually cleaned screens because screenings are raked with a mechanical device rather than by facility personnel. However, the rake teeth on mechanically cleaned screens must be routinely inspected because of their susceptibility to breakage and bending.
Manual Bar Screen
Mechanical Bar Screen
Fine Screens
Composed of wires, grating, wire mesh, or perforated plates with openings.
Fine screens may static, rotary drum or step type.
Fine screens would be preceded by coarse screens.
Raw Water Sump & Low Lift Pump Raw Water is collected into a raw water sump, then it is pumped to water treatment plant units through pumps called “Low lift pumps ”. Pumps should be selected taking into consideration the following: -Number of pumps should be selected based on various conditions of operation. - Stand-By pumps should be provided -Minimum number of pumps is two. - Total Dynamic Head of the pumps is equal to the static head plus the head losses (friction & minor losses). -The static head is the difference between the maximum water level at the discharge side and the minimum water level at the raw water sump.
