LEAN SUPPLY CHAIN Supply Chain Management 10 th November, 2010
Submitted By: Yatendra Bihani Sharmila Iyer Mohnish Jain
– 102 IT - M – 109 IT - M – 110 IT - M
0|Page
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Table of Contents
Introduction…………………………………………………………….
1
Lean Supply Chain May Be Defined As…………………………….................................................................. As……………………………..................................................................
1 Sharmila Iyer
Driving The Change To Lean Supply Chains………………………................................................................ Chains………………………... .............................................................
2
Creating Lean Supply Chain……………………………………..
3
Components Of Lean Supply Chain………………………………………………………………………
4
Benefits Of Lean Supply Chain........................................ Chain................................................. .........
9
Potential Disadvantages Of Lean Supply Chain……………………………………………………………………… 11 Conclusion……………………………………………………………… 12
Yatendra Bihani
Mohnish Jain
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LEAN SUPPLY CHAIN
Introduction Retaining a competitive edge calls for critical self analysis and an innate drive to deliver value. These core principles are essential to the success of any commercial or industrial enterprise, but they require a structure and discipline that is incorporated into the very fabric of the business, creating the DNA by which working processes are continuously improved. improved.
This thinking has been widely absorbed into the culture that surrounds World Class manufacturing, having originally been developed by Toyota as its ‗ Lean Manufacturing Process Management’ Philosophy. The overriding objective behind ‗Lean‘ is to continuously improve operations by offering a systematic way to identify, analyse and eliminate waste, and its success in delivering productivity gains is now legendary.
Lean supply chain management is not exclusively for those companies who manufacture products, but also for businesses who want to streamline their processes by eliminating waste and non-value added activities.
Principles’ has enabled manufacturing firms across the globe to be more The implementation of ‘Lean Principles’ has customer-focused, flexible and profitable. Bringing a ‗Lean‘ philosophy into the working culture of a business has offered tremendous rewards, both in terms of performance improvements and the engagement of the workforce.
Lean supply chain may be defines as A ‘ set of organizations directly linked by upstream and downstream flows of products, services, finances and information that collaboratively work to reduce cost and waste by efficiently and effectively pulling what is required to meet the needs of the indiv idual indiv idual customer.’ A lean supply chain is one that produces just what and how much is needed, when it is needed, and where it is needed. The underlying theme in lean thinking is to produce more or do more with fewer
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LEAN SUPPLY CHAIN activities truly create value and which ones are wasteful. The most important thing to remember is that lean is not simply about eliminating waste but about eliminating waste and enhancing value. The Concepts of Value and Waste Value, in the context of lean, is defined as something that the customer is willing to pay for. Valueadding activities transform materials and information into something a customer wants. Non-valueadding activities consume resources and do not directly contribute to the end result desired by the customer. Waste, therefore, is defined as anything that does not add value from the customer's perspective. Understanding the difference between value and waste and value-added and non-value-added processes is critical to understanding lean. Sometimes it is not easy to discern the difference when looking at an entire supply chain. The best way is to look at the components of the supply chain and apply lean thinking to each one and determine how to link the processes to reduce waste.
Driving the Change to Lean Supply Chains More than at any other time in history, today‘s business environment is in a constant state of change. Changing customer requirements, product portfolios, marketplace demographics and geographies are in constant evolution and are impacting the way business is conducted.
Companies need methods, tools and trading partner relationships that allow them to be more flexible and adapt more quickly to these changes. In part, the need for flexibility has led many traditional manufacturers to shed their plants and rely on domestic and international contract contract manufacturers, or to move production to low-cost countries, causing a longer and more complex supply chain.
Organizations today tend to be ‗horizontally horizontally integrated‘ integrated‘ with internal locations performing only the core function and all other needs outsourced. The remaining company facilities are typically occupied in a manner that reduces the impact on working capital and provides the flexibility to shift geographically as the marketplace changes.
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LEAN SUPPLY CHAIN
How can we eliminate wasted time, effort and materials from all points in the supply chain?
How can a company meet the needs of a global marketplace without creating excessive work in process or inventory held along the way?
And how can we use the answers to these questions in a way that addresses the issue of shrinking profit margins?
To address these issues, today‘s organizations can leverage a variety of tools and business philosophies to drive improvements across their business. Three of the most widely used philosophies are TQM, Six Sigma and Lean.
Creating a Lean Supply Chain To create a leaner supply chain companies must examine each area of the supply chain including procurement, manufacturing, manufacturing, warehousing and transportation. transportation.
Procurement Many businesses have complex purchasing operations. Large companies often have corporate purchasing groups as well as local purchasing. This can lead to vendors being given multiple contracts leading to variations in prices depending on location. Companies that practice lean supply chain management reduce their procurement function so that each vendor has one point of contact, one contract and offers one price for all locations. Businesses are looking to new technologies to assist them in improving procurement processes. These include internet based purchasing that allows the purchase of items from the vendor‘s catalogue containing companywide contract prices. Changes in payment options to vendors can also streamline processes. Companies that use a two-way match, which is payment on receipt rather than payment on invoice, will reduce resources in their purchasing department as well as improve supplier relationships. relationships.
Manufacturing Lean supply chain management gained popularity in the manufacturing area as this is where significant improvement can be achieved. Manufacturing processes can be improved to reduce
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LEAN SUPPLY CHAIN
Warehousing Warehouse processes should be examined to find areas of eliminating waste of resources and non-value added steps. One area the companies should always be working on is the reduction of unnecessary inventory. The accumulation of inventory requires resources to store and maintain it. By reducing unnecessary inventory, a company can minimize warehousing space and handling, in turn reducing overall costs.
Transportation Businesses who want to implement lean processes often look to their transportation procedures to see where they can be streamlined. In many instances companies find that their efforts to improve customer satisfaction leads to poor shipping decisions. Orders are shipped without combining additional orders to minimize costs or expensive shipping options are selected because of a customer request. Businesses often find that they are using a number of shippers unnecessarily when they could be reducing their shipping options and reduce overall costs.
Lean supply chain management requires businesses to examine every process in their supply chain and identify areas that are using unnecessary resources, which can be measured in dollars, time or raw materials. This will improve the company‘s competitiveness as well as improve the company‘s overall profitability.
Components of the Lean Supply Chain Lean Suppliers Lean suppliers are able to respond to changes. Their prices are generally lower due to the efficiencies of lean processes, and their quality has improved to the point that incoming inspection at the next link is not needed. Lean suppliers deliver on time and their culture is one of continuous improvement. To develop lean suppliers, organizations should include suppliers in their value stream. They should encourage suppliers to make the lean transformation and involve them in lean activities. This will help
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LEAN SUPPLY CHAIN The decision to create lean suppliers is driven by multiple concerns. There can be substantial diseconomies of vertical integration outside of the core business. Switching to lean suppliers may entail considerable costs (economic, political, and reputational). Helping suppliers become lean potentially enlarges the pool available for sourcing choices. Finally, customers may be more effective than outside parties in teaching suppliers to be lean. Lean Procurement Some lean procurement processes are e-procurement and automated procurement. E-procurement conducts transactions, transactions, strategic sourcing, bidding, and reverse auctions using Web-based applications. applications. Automated procurement uses software that removes the human element from multiple procurement functions and integrates with financials. The key to lean procurement is visibility. Suppliers must be able to "see" into their customers' operations and customers must be able to "see" into their suppliers' operations. Organizations should map the current value stream, and together create a future value stream in the procurement process. They should create a flow of information while establishing a pull of information and products. 1) Migrate from ―push‖ to ―pull‖ Strengthen and improve the ―pull‖ supply chain processes by deploying supply chain event management solutions that enhance collaboration with the suppliers. Operating in real-time mode, collaboration portals can connect people – buyers, suppliers and partners – directly to their ―pull‖ business processes anytime, anywhere. These collaboration collaboration portals allow buyers and their suppliers to communicate the following supply chain ―exception based‖ signals in real -time.
Proactive Alerts: These alerts notify the trading partners of a potential stock-out. As an
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LEAN SUPPLY CHAIN
Execution Alerts: These alerts provide updates on business process transactions. Consider the example where an execution alert is used to provide updates on business process transactions such as Advance Ship Notices (ASN)
2) Develop a flexible and responsive supply chain Help your procurement professionals eliminate long material lead-times by adopting postponement strategies. With the fully automated Supply Management Suite, buyers can:
Deploy a more responsive supply chain. When customer demand unexpectedly goes up, your supply chain can meet that increase. When forecasts go down you are not left with excessive levels of inventory;
Reduce the long lead-times normally associated with offshore procurement;
Proactively manage potential shortages through automated real-time forecast collaboration solutions;
Receive proactive alerts when suppliers cannot support requirements;
3) Eliminate all waste in the procurement cycle Without lean procurement, buyers spend the majority of their time on nonstrategic processes like tracking down order status, purchase order entry, and maintaining ―private‖ spreadsheets for analysis. As a result, they miss opportunities for mutually beneficial supplier negotiations and process efficiencies.
Eliminate discrete purchase orders;
Grant suppliers 24 x 7 x 365 access via the web so they can respond electronically with critical business process information. information. This ends over-reliance on phone, fax and e-mail;
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LEAN SUPPLY CHAIN rest of the organization. Applying lean concepts to manufacturing typically presents the greatest opportunity for cost reduction and quality improvement; however, many organizations have received huge benefits from lean concepts in other functions. Lean manufacturing requires that not only should technical questions be fully understood, but existing relationships relationships between manufacturing and the other areas of the firm should also be examined in depth, as should other factors external to the fir. As an integrative concept, the adoption of lean manufacturing can be characterized by a collective set of key areas or factors. These key areas encompass a broad array of practices which are believed to be critical for its implementation. They are, scheduling, inventory, material handling, equipment, work processes, quality, employees, layout, suppliers, customers, safety and ergonomics, product design, management and culture, and tools and techniques. Lean Warehousing Lean warehousing means eliminating non-value added steps and waste in product storage processes. Typical warehousing functions are:
Receiving
Put-away/storing
Replenishment
Picking
Packing
Shipping
Warehousing waste can be found throughout the storage process including:
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LEAN SUPPLY CHAIN Each step in the warehousing process should be examined critically to see where unnecessary, repetitive, and non-value-added activities might be so that they may be eliminated. In warehousing, the monitoring and reduction of order cycle time also is involved. In your warehouse, what is the time lapse between receipt of an order and delivery to the customer? If it is less than it was a year ago, you are reducing the order cycle time. Improvement of the flow of materials and information information is one way to accomplish this. In materials handling, flow is facilitated by reducing the number of times that product is moved during the process of receiving, storing, picking and shipping. shipping. Flow of information is controlled in similar ways, by eliminating opportunities for error in the transmission of data. The 5 S‘s of a lean warehouse are:
Sortation is the process of separating needed tools or merchandise from those that are not needed, and removing the unneeded materials.
Straightening means that items are arranged in an order making them easiest to use.
Shining is the cleanup campaign. Lean warehouses have excellent housekeeping.
Standardization is the development of systems and procedures used to monitor the first three S‘s.
Sustaining is the maintenance of a stabilized workplace, through continuous improvement.
Lean Transportation Lean concepts in transportation include:
Core carrier programs
Improved transportation administrative processes and automated functions Optimized mode selection and pooling orders
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LEAN SUPPLY CHAIN A Lean transportation network must be designed to support Lean delivery requirements. Material arrives in smaller quantities on a more frequent, predictable schedule. Once shipment sizes are reduced and delivery frequency is increased, the shipments need to be leveled over available working time. Lean transportation networks need to successfully support the triple goal of increased delivery frequency, reduction of lot sizes and levelled flow of material.
The use of small package delivery, multiple stop milk runs, LTL consolidation and mixed product container building at the point of origin all play a vital role to achieve Lean transportation. The milk run is a specific Lean transportation technique that helps to facilitate small lot sizes, increased delivery frequency and levelled flow. Milk runs are pick-up and delivery routes that deliver goods to manufacturers at fixed times during the production cycle. They typically involve picking up or delivering at multiple suppliers with the same truck. The goal is to deliver small lots in frequent delivery cycles.
The challenge of implementing smaller more frequent shipments is controlling transportation costs. There are tools and techniques to achieve the three Lean goals (frequency, lot size, levelled flow) and even reduce transportation costs in the process. Two of these techniques are daily transportation variability optimization and transportation event management management (Transportation cost reduction cannot be realized through infrequent transportation network designs. Real savings will only result from daily management and optimization of transportation transportation requirement variability.). Lean Customers Lean customers understand their business needs and therefore can specify meaningful requirements. They value speed and flexibility and expect high levels of delivery performance and quality. Lean customers are interested in establishing effective partnerships —they are always seeking methods of continuous improvement in the total supply chain to reduce costs. Lean customers expect value from
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LEAN SUPPLY CHAIN without careful thought. It simply means that a "bias for action" becomes the new corporate culture and anything less will not be tolerated. Slow response or no response becomes the exception, rather than the rule. Reduced Inventories In the lean paradigm, inventory is considered waste. Many would argue this point, but manufacturing can take place efficiently with little or no raw material, work in process (WIP), or finished goods inventory. Many companies today produce directly into trailers and maintain no other finished goods inventory. All quality inspections and checks are performed within the process, rather than after production is complete. In this true make-to-order scenario, all goods are shipped directly to the next link in the supply chain when the trailer is full, and overproduction is not possible and cannot be tolerated. No space is designated to store finished goods. The system is not designed to carry them. Applying one-piece flow and pull systems can reduce WIP dramatically. A Kanban or visual signal for more goods to be moved forward to the next process can accomplish this procedure. Although the ultimate goal is to eliminate WIP, minimal WIP is normally the result. The elimination of bottlenecks is one goal of a lean supply chain, but a bottleneck will always exist to some degree. As a result, WIP
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LEAN SUPPLY CHAIN Improved Customer Satisfaction Lean promotes minimizing new product development time and expense. This delivers the product to market faster, making it easier to incorporate current requirements into the product. Lean also promotes the use of less capital-intensive machines, tools, and fixtures, which results in more flexibility and less initial cost to recover. As a result, product life cycles may be shorter and product developments incorporated in newer versions of the product more frequently. Profitability does not suffer and brand loyalty is increased, as customers prefer to buy products and services from a perceived innovator. Supply Chain as a Competitive Weapon A strong supply chain enables the member companies to align themselves with each other and to coordinate their continuous improvement improvement efforts. This synthesis enables even small firms to participate in the results of lean efforts. Competitive advantage and leadership in the global marketplace can only be gained by applying lean principles to the supply chain. Thought, commitment, planning, collaboration, collaboration, and a path forward are required.
Potential Disadvantages of lean systems Supply Problems
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LEAN SUPPLY CHAIN Small and medium-sized businesses, in particular, may find the cost of changeover to lean manufacturing processes prohibitive. Lack of Acceptance by Employees Lean system processes require a complete overhaul of manufacturing systems that may cause stress and rejection by employees who prefer old ways of doing things. Moreover, lean manufacturing requires constant employee input on quality control, which some employees may feel disinclined or unqualified to do. Older employees may prefer previous methods and can cause resistance among others in the work group. This is where good managers become crucial to the changeover to lean manufacturing. There may also be some difficulty finding managers with sufficient leadership and persuasion skills to overcome this resistance. Customer Dissatisfaction Problems Because lean processes are so dependent on supplier efficiency, any disruption in the supply chain (and therefore, in production) can be a problem that adversely affects customers. Delivery delays can cause long-lasting marketing problems that can be difficult to overcome.
Conclusion
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LEAN SUPPLY CHAIN lean can benefit them. The answer is simple: What benefits the organization as a whole benefits the supply chain.
Because the Internet provides us with unprecedented opportunities for sharing information and conducting transactions across the supply chain, companies should have a sense of urgency about adopting lean concepts. But all chain partners have to be on the same playing field, and the lean concept is intended to let everyone reach new levels of efficiency and effectiveness. Supply chain leaders should not delay —it's urgent to act now to implement lean concepts in the supply chain.