Le Coran, l'Islam et Michel Onfray: Penser l’Islam

Fb Lardo, f„Nsfdc …bt Cnlebf Ao`rdy

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Fb Lardo, f„Nsfdc f„Nsfdc bt Cnlebf Ao`rdy

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« Mb pdrs gu prnolnpb qub pbu gb kbos laoodnssbot fb Lardo bt laoodnssbot fb tbxtb sdlrî. º

d ldcpdkob vnrufbotb laotrb fb Lardo cboîb lbs gbronårbs dooîbs pdr Cnlebf Ao`rdy d rîlbccbot prns fd àrcb g„uob g„uob lransdgb vbokbrbssb gdos fdqubffb fb gîkaút, fb cîprns bt fd ednob bovbrs fd rbfnknao cusufcdob saot laotnoubffbcbot dfncbotîs.

Îcbrvbnffî pdr sd pragnknbusb îrugntnao, nf s„bst pbrcns gb rbcbttrb bo pfdlb f„dolnbo cnonstrb Dfdno Muppî bo fun rbpraledot gb ob pds dvanr fu fb Lardo =

Musqu„nln, rnbo gb vrdncbot doarcdf. Gdos fd @rdolb laotbcpardnob, nf bst gbvbou taut è `dnt lautucnbr gb vanr lb typb gb « pbosburs º allupbr fbs pfdtbdux tîfîvnsîs g„îcnssnaos krdog puifnl. Nf o„y d dprås taut dprås taut rnbo gb cnbux paur gacnobr fd laursb è f„dugncdt.

« Paus o„dvbz pds fu fb Lardo 1! Lardo 1! L„bst trås krdvb ! krdvb ! … Mb lrans qub sb pbrcbttrb g„dvanr gbs dvns sur f„Nsfdc sdos dvanr fu fb Lardo, sdos dvanr fu gbs Edgntbs (snl) gu Xrapeåtb, sdos dvanr fu uob inakrdpenb gu Xrapeåtb, l„bst laccb pdrfbr g„uo `nfc qu„ao o„d pds vu, pdrfbr g„uo racdo qu„ao o„d pds fu, gnslutbr g„uob lunsnob qu„ao o„d pds cdokîb… º cdokîb… º

Bo rbvdoleb, lb qun bst inbo pfus prîallupdot dvbl f„dkrbssnao ldfaconbusb g„Ao`rdy, bst qub lbffb-ln lbffb-ln sant rbogub lrîgnifb pdr gbs Rob fbëao gb cardfb pîonifb doncdtburs tîfî qun saot paur Muppî qun fun bst no`fnkîb suppasîs vîrn`nbr fbs pdr uo penfasapeb pdábo qun d dllusdtnaos bt gîidttrb fbs taut lacprns gu Lardo bt qun, drkucbots dvdolîs pdr fbur laotrdnrbcbot è Muppî, pbut sb novntî. Laccb fbs cîgnds pbrcbttrb g„dvanr gbs dvns sur `rdoëdns ob saot pds bolarb f„Nsfdc. Dttbotnao, Dttbotnao, nf ob `dut príts è novntbr gbs cusufcdos surtaut pds saus-bstncbr luftnvîs qun gî`bogbot fbur Cnlebf, ldr nf d fu gbs saurdtbs, rbfnknao, fbs notbrfalutburs uob pankoîb gb Edgntes bt fd g„Ao`rdy sb rbtrauvbot sbufs inakrdpenb gu Xrapeåtb bo Fano gb cdntrnsbr fbs oatnaos îfîcbotdnrbs gb fd dvbl fbur nkoardolb cdon`bstb, rbfnknao cusufcdob, Cnlebf Ao`rdy bstncb qub pbu fdokub `rdoëdnsb. Nf rbvbognqub noldpdifbs gb gîoaolbr gb kbos laoodnssbot fbs tbxtbs sdlrî s gb f„Nsfdc. sd supîrnarntî notbffbltubffb bt f„ncpasturb krassnårb gu fnirbfnirb dttbstb qub sbs laoodnssdolbs bt pbosbur. Lb gbronbr, sdledot pdr`dntbcbot qub sbs sao qubstnaoobcbot gb fd rbfnknao cusufcdob saot prapas ob saot mdcdns vîrn`nîs, bo pra`ntb paur sb tbffbcbot praàogs qu„nfs gîrdokbot sbs gîtrdltburs félebr laotrb f„Nsfdc laccb uob iítb `îralb è qun ao qun, gbvdot taut lb sdvanr dllucufî, sb vanbot gdos d `rdyî fb lebcno gb fd vnltanrb. f„aifnkdtnao gb mbtbr f„îpaokb bt gb fd tdxbr g„nsfdcapeaib. Panln laccbot Cnlebf sb pasntnaoob Fano gb cdntrnsbr fbs oatnaos îfîcbotdnrbs gb fd bo tdot qub vnltncb gb sbs dlquns slnbotn`nqubs bt rbfnknao cusufcdob, Cnlebf Ao`rdy bst vnltncb enstarnqubs gb f„Nsfdc = f„Nsfdc = g„uob prîtbotnao rnsnifb bt s„ncdknob ítrb uob saccntî gdos fb gacdnob gb f„Nsfdc. Fars gb gîidts « F„Nsfdc bst uo sumbt sur fbqubf ao ob pbut pds s„bxprncbr. L„bst -è-gnrb, -è-gnrb, nf `dut ítrb sant sur fbs cusufcdos, nf sb pbrcbt gb fdolbr = lacpfåtbcbot g„dllarg, bt è lb cacbot -fè -fè ao bst gdos fb pafntnqubcbot larrblt bt è lb cacbot-fè, nf 9


o„y d pds gb pr aifåcb. aifåcb. \n ao laccbolb è gnrb dvbzvaus fu fb Lardo 1 \dvbz-vaus \dvbz -vaus lb qun sb trauvb gdos fb Lardo 1 Laoodnssbz-vaus Laoodnssbz-vaus fbs Edgntbs (snl) gu Xrapeåtb 1 \dvbz\dvbz-vaus lb qu„bst fd inakrdpenb gu Xrapeåtb 1 \dvbz\dvbz -vaus laccbot Cdeacbt (snl) s„bst lacpartî gdos f„Enstanrb 1 Gîmè, f„ngîb qu„ao punssb pbosbr lbttb qubstnao-fè, qubstnao-fè, l„bst ítrb nsfdcapeaib, nccîgndtbcbot. º

@rdolb o„îkarkbot pds fbs mun`s bt fbs `bccbs gdos fbs qudtrb lanos gb f„ebxdkaob. Au` ! ! Cdns qub `brdntao, oaus fbs pduvrbs cusufcdos dvbl oatrb fnvrb aislur bt ibffnqubux, sdos fd Yîpuifnqub gbs Fucnårbs !1

\aufdkîs g„botbogrb qub fbs fbs cusufcdos ‗ tdot qu„nfs o„dppfnqubot pds fbs tbxtbs gu Lardo ‗ ob laostntubot duluob cbodlb, fbs dugntburs sb cbttbot è Paybz-vaus, Cnlebf ob lacprbog pbut-ítrb pds uob dppfdugnr bt rbcbrlnbot Ao`rdy g'dvanr gnslbroî fbs syffdib g„drdib bt o„drrnvb pbut-ítrb pbut -ítrb pds è praoaolbr iaos cusufcdos gb fbur cduvdnsb rbfnknao. 4 larrbltbcbot fb oac gu Xrapeåtb , sbs laoodnssdolbs dlqunsbs gbs « Edgntbs º ob pbuvbot Ydssurbz-vaus, Ydssurbz-vaus, Cnlebf o„novbotb rnbo bt sautnbot taus ítrb cnsbs bo gautb. sbs prapas g„bxtrdnts nssus gu Lardo. Gdos f„îcnssnao « Ao o„bst pds lauleî º, lauleî º, fb laprîsbotdtbur Dycbrnl Dprås s„ítrb ncpasî bo Ldrao tbotb g„dttîoubr fd tdot qub `no laoodnssbur gndtrnib ednobusb gb f„Nsfdc, Cnlebf pdssb g„Ao`rdy bo lntdot gbs è uob gbuxnåcb îtdpb qun vbrsbts bt gbs Edgntes bst lbffb gb fd laolfusnao trdntdot gb fd cnsîrnlargb nrrîùtdifb. L„bst dvbl gb f„Nsfdc bt gbs dppbfs gbs dppbfs è « ibdulaup gb pbnob gdos fd pdnx au è fd fb lŜur º lŜur º qub Cnlebf cnsîrnlargb. Cdns Cnlebf gîgunt qub f„Nsfdc bst uob rnpastb dussnt÷t dvbl uob rbfnknao notafîrdotb qun lao`ndolb disafub = pr÷ob ednob bt kubrrb = « Laccb mb sdvdns qub Fbs prapas gb Cnlebf Ao`rdy pdr fbsqubfs nf dfncbotb fb cîprns bt « Eîfds, nf y d gbs leasbs vaus durnbz gbs `nlebs, fd ednob gb fd rbfnknao cusufcdob saot rbogus lrîgnifbs pdr fbs qun saot gaooîbs gdos fb doncdtburs tîfî qun saot noldpdifbs gb gîoaolbr sbs ldfaconbs. m„bo dn dppartî dussn, ao Lardo. M„bstncb qu„ao vd pauvanr y dffbr ! º gbvrdnt pauvanr bo pdrfbr lfdnrbcbot. Tudog ao oaus gnt qub l„bst uob rbfnknao g„dcaur, gb pdnx bt gb Îcbrvbnffî, fb puifnl dppfdugnt è oauvbdu tafîrdolb, mb vaus gns = aþ trauvbz-vaus fd pdnx, fd ledfburbusbcbot fb penfasapeb îlfdnrî qun, `nbr tafîrdolb bt f„dcaur 1 Botbogaos-oaus Botbogaos -oaus inbo, mb pdrfb laccb uo pau, lntb dfars uob sîrnb gb vbrsbts qun gb f„Nsfdc, mb ob pdrfb pds gbs cusufcdos. Nf y d uo prauvbrdnbot qub fb Lardo nolntb è tubr fbs oaotbxtb, uo larpus dvbl gbs saurdtbs ‗ ao fb sdnt ‗ cusufcdos = lfdnrbcbot cnsakyobs, pedffalrdtbs, dotnsîcntbs, eacapeaibs, bffbs bxnstbot. º « Bxtbrcnobz fbs nolrîgufbs musqu„du gbronbr º, º, « @rdppbz-fbs sur fburs laus, `rdppbz-fbs dux L„bst iao, ao laccbolb è fb lacprbogrb, Cnlebf. Nf manoturbs º, « Lb o„bst o„bst pds vaus qun fbs dvbz tuîs, `dut `dnrb uob gnstnoltnao botrb fbs cusufcdos bt cdns Gnbu fbs d tuî º, « Lacidttbz musqu„è lb qu„nf f„Nsfdc. G„uo l÷tî, nf y durdnt uo larpus nsfdcnqub o„y dnt pfus gb sîgntnao º, sîgntnao º, « × Xrapeåtb bolaurdkb qun lacprbog gbs tbxtbs lrubfs, bt gb f„dutrb nf y d fbs fbs lraydots du lacidt º. cusufcdos gb @rdolb qun, àrt eburbusbcbot, ob sunvbot pds lb laotbou dtralb aconprîsbot gdos fbur Gîiaussafîs, fbs pduvrbs spbltdtburs ob sdvbot pfus fnvrb sdlrî. Xaurquan 1 Xdrlb qu„nfs o„durdnbot pds gb qun lranrb. Dycbrnl d lbrtbs uob laupb gb lebvbux lacprîebosnao fnttîrdfb gbs saurdtbs. \bfao Ao`rdy, qun dukcbotb fd praidinfntî gb sbs gnrbs, cdns Cnlebf l„bst inbo krélb è uob « lacprîebosnao « lacprîebosnao fun, bst vbou dvbl uob fnstb gb vbrsbts ! Tub `dnrb, qun rîpuifnldnob º gb f„Nsfdc qub qub fbs cusufcdos gb lranrb... 1 4

\aybz rdssurî, f„bxpasntnao gu Lardo prîsbotîb pdr Ao`rdy o„bst qu„uob nolntdtnao è fd ednob gdos

Fb oac gu Xrapeåtb bst ―Caedccdg„ bt oao ―Cdeacbt„ qun bst uob gîàrcdtnao gîfniîrîb qun nognqub fd oîkdtnao gu sbos qub laotnbot fb oac Caedccbg. <


fdqubffb nf d vaufu pbrpîtubr fb cyteb qun vbut qub « Nf y d gdos fb Lardo L ardo cdtnårb è mustn`nbr fb f„Nsfdc dpprauvb bt bolaurdkb f„usdkb gb fd vnafbolb tbrrarnscb bt fbs îkarkbcbots º. Bo b``bt, fb dvbukfb gb cdonårb tatdfbcbot oao-fîkn`îrîb. penfasapeb y durdnt gîlbfî « uob saurdtb qun vaus bxpfnqub qu„nf `dut îkarkbr g bs bs mun`s. º Nf s„dknrdnt Lbttb cdonårb gb prîsbotbr fbs tbxtbs sdlrîs bt fbs g„dnffburs gb tbxtbs tbxtbs lfdnrs bt oao îqunvaqubs qun ob cusufcdos prdtnqudots bst uob rusb sncpfb, cdns pbuvbot ítrb notbrprîtîs g„uob dutrb `dëao. Farsqu„uo Farsqu„uo cdlendvîfnqub qun cîrntdnt g„ítrb g„ítrb îtugnîb gb pfus gbs doncdtburs gb f„îcnssnao diargb fb sumbt gb prås. Xrîtbogrb qub fb Lardo bst uo fnvrb sduvdkb qun f„notbrprîtdtnao, Ao`rdy rîtarqub sålebcbot = sålebcbot = pr÷ob fbs cdssdlrbs, taut bo `dnsdot pdssbr fbs cusufcdos paur gbs dirutns qun ‗ qun ‗ krélb krélb è fd fdálntî « Tudog (gdos fb Lardo) ao vaus bxpfnqub bxpfn qub qub ‗ aot pu rbmbtbr fburs tbxtbs sdlrîs, bst oao qudog ao vant uo mun`, nf `dut f„îkarkbr, laccbot sbufbcbot uo gîonkrbcbot gb f„Nsfdc, cdns dussn gbs vaufbz-vaus vaufbz-vaus bxpfnqubr ëd 1 º ëd 1 º lntaybos `rdoëdns gb lao`bssnao cusufcdob. Lacprboaos inbo lb qub Cnlebf Ao`rdy bst bo trdno Lbttb rblebrleb pfdlbrd saus gb oaus gnrb. Farsqu„uo fd faupb fbs prapas gb cusufcdo gb @rdolb sb Cnlebf Ao`rdy qun ‗ dprås dprås pracåob gdos fd rub bt qu„nf dvanr îtî prapdkîs è krdogb dpbrëant uo mun`, nf bst îlebffb ‗ aot ncprîkoî argaooî gb fb paurledssbr gdos fbs bsprnts gb cnffnaos paur f„îkarkbr sur pfdlb gb @rdoëdns qub fb Lardo, sdos eîsntdtnao, fè aþ nf fb prns du pnbg gb fd fbttrb, trauvb ! Nf s„dknrdnt g„uo nolntb fbs cusufcdos è tubr laccdogbcbot gnvno îlrnt fbs oao-cusufcdos sdos oanr sur ifdol gdos fb Cnlebf Ao`rdy sunt fbs trdlbs gu rdlnstb dotncusufcdo Îrnl duluo gnslbrobcbot. ]bccaur qun prîtbog qu„nf o„y d pds uob pdkb gdos fb Lardo. F„dutebotnlntî gbs prapas Lardo qun o„nolntb pds è tubr fbs mun`s bt fbs lerîtnbos. g„Ao`rdy sbrd vîrn`nîb bo Ar, lbttb teåsb dodfysdot fbs vbrsbts suscbotnaooîs d`no gb « sîgunsdotb º ncpfnqubrdnt qub fb Xrapeåtb fungîtbrcnobr sn fbur sbos dppdrbot larrbspaog cícb ob rbspbltdnt pds fbs laccdogbcbots gu rîbffbcbot dux dllusdtnaos gu penfasapeb. Lardo. Bo b``bt, fbs Edgntes cbotnaoobot lfdnrbcbot qub fb Cbssdkbr rbogdnt vnsntb dux mun`s, qu„nf dffdnt cdokbr lebz bux bt qu„nf laccbrëdnt dvbl bux. « ÎKAYKB] WARW MRN@ TRN PAR\ WACIB Gdos fb rblubnf g„df-Iujedrn, g„df-Iujedrn, pdr bxbcpfb, ao fnt qub \AR\ FD CDNO º fb Xrapeåtb rbogdnt vnsntb è uo kdrëao mun` qun ùt cdfdgb<. Durdnt-nf Durdnt-nf auifnî gb f„îkarkbr bo sartdot… 1 Rob gbs dllusdtnaos fbs pfus rîlurrbotbs partîbs pdr fbs nsfdcapeaibs è f„bolaotrb gu Lardo bst lbffb gb Nf oaus `dffdnt gaol disafucbot trauvbr lbttb `dcbusb f„nolntdtnao è f„îkarkbcbot, surtaut farsqu„nf s„dknrdnt saurdtb qun prbslrnt dux cusufcdos g„îkarkbr fbs g„îkarkbr gbs mun`s9. Ao sb sauvnbot taus gb fd mun`s. Oaus dvaos laotdltî Ao`rdy paur fun gbcdogbr ldfaconb disurgb gu rdlnstb dotncusufcdo Îrnl uob rî`îrbolb gb lb cystîrnbux pdssdkb gdos fb ]bccaur qun s„bxlfdcd = s„bxlfdcd = « Auvrbz fb Lardo è Lardo qub oaus o„dvnaos bolarb mdcdns fu. Dprås o„ncpartb qubffb pdkb, nf y d îlrnt qu„nf `dut tubr fbs dvanr rîntîrî oatrb gbcdogb è pfusnburs rbprnsbs, \ao Îcnobolb s„bst cdfeburbusbcbot distboub gb oaus mun`s bt fbs lerîtnbos. º rîpaogrb. Nf sbcifb qub Cnlebf cdoqub gb laurdkb q un, fars gbs Cnlebf Ao`rdy, inbo laoslnbot qub lb typb gb ears dotboob, fano g„ítrb fb fnao `îralb qun, rbcdrqubs gîinfbs àot fb iuzz, sunt fbs trdlbs gu notbrvnbws, ldssb gu cusufcdo. Au rbùsbrdnt-nf taut kaurau gb f„nsfdcapeainb `rdoëdnsb bo s„bxlfdcdot = s„bxlfdcdot = sncpfbcbot gb pdrtdkbr sbs laoodnssdolbs gb fd rbfnknao cusufcdob dvbl oaus, pduvrbs iítbs 9 L„bst dussn fb lds dux R\D. Gdos sd gbronårb ldcpdkob, \drrdsnos qub oaus saccbs !1 Nf `dut fb lacprbogrb, f„arkdonsdtnao f„arkdonsdtnao dcîrnldnob nsfdcapeaib « D@GN º d pfdldrgî gbs d``nlebs qun cbotnaoobot qub « tubr fbs mun`s bst uo rntb qun rdppraleb fbs cusufcdos g„Dffde. º g„Dffde. º

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\deïe df-Iujedrn (4<20)

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uo krdog notbffbltubf gb sao ldfnirb o„d pds fb tbcps `dnt g„îkarkbr gbs ítrbs eucdnos. Waumaurs gdos fd gb sb rdidnssbr du onvbdu g„« notîkrnstbs g„« notîkrnstbs º qun asbot saurdtb ―Fd Pdleb„, Dffde rdppbffb laccbot Nf d cbttrb bo gautb sbs rblebrlebs cîtnlufbusbs. sduvî fb pbupfb gb Cansb gbs lrncbs nccaogbs gb Xedrdao qun îkarkbdnt taut kdrëao pdrcn fbs Cdns rnbo gb vrdncbot krdvb, uob dodfysb lrntnqub sur oauvbdu-oîs = fb teåcb gb f„îkarkbcbot gdos fb Lardo pbrcbttrd dnsîcbot gb vîrn`nbr fd vîrdlntî gbs dffîkdtnaos « Bt Zrdppbfbz-vausS, farsqub Oaus vaus dvaos partîbs pdr oatrb krdog pbosbur pbosbur gbs Fucnårbs. gîfnvrîs gbs kbos gb Xedrdao, qun vaus no`fnkbdnbot fb pnrb leétncbot = bo îkarkbdot 0 vas `nfs bt Fb vbrib « îkarkbr º (gedided) gedided) bt fb tbrcb îpdrkodot vas `bccbs. º Z9/7>S º Z9/7>S « îkarkbcbot º (gedie gedie)) dppdrdnssbot prîlnsîcbot sbpt àns gdos fb Lardo. G„diarg gdos f„enstanrb gb Fb sbos laotbou gdos lb vbrsbt bst rîpîtî gdos fd \dfacao7 qun pdssb bo rbvub fbs ansbdux bt cbodlb saurdtb ―Dirdedc„ (« (« Ydppbfbz-vaus fb inbo`dnt g„îkarkbr fd euppb qu„nf lrant g„Dffde sur vaus qudog Nf ítrb pdrcn fbs disbots = vaus sduvd gbs kbos gb Xedrdao qun vaus « Mb fd leétnbrdn sîvårbcbot, no`fnkbdnbot fb pnrb au mb f„îkarkbrdn, au inbo leétncbot. Nfs îkarkbdnbot bffb c„dppartbrd uo vas `nfs bt fdnssdnbot bo vnb 2 drkucbot bxpfnlntb º . vas `nffbs. º Z47/0S) º Z47/0S) dnosn qub Z9;/94S gdos fd saurdtb ―Fb Yîlnt„ (« Xedrdao îtdnt edutdno sur F„îkarkbcbot bst dussn tbrrb : nf rîpdrtnt bo lfdos sbs îvaquî gdos gbux dutrbs edintdots, d`no g„diu sbr g„diu sbr gb pdssdkbs gu Lardo qun fd `dnifbssb gb f„uo g„bux = g„bux = Nf dgrbssbot f„nccafdtnao gb îkarkbdnt fburs `nfs bt iítbs. Waut g„diarg gdos fd fdnssdnt vnvdotbs fburs saurdtb ―Fd Wdifb \brvnb„ = \brvnb„ = `bccbs. º Z95/7S) º Z95/7S) « Paus saot notbrgnts fd iítb Nf y d uo sbuf pdssdkb gdos fb Lardo qun îvaqub uo argrb Fb gbronbr pdssdkb gdos trauvîb cartb, fb sdok, fd g„îkarkbcbot. Ar, nf s„dknt g„nccafdtnao gb iítbs paur fbqubf cbotnao bst `dntb gb lednr gb parl… fd iítb aitbonr uob vndogb Edfdf bt oao pds gb mun`s, laccb fb f„îkarkbcbot bst gdos fd prîtbognt Cnlebf Ao`rdy. dssaccîb au cartb g„uob saurdtb ―Fbs Ydokîbs„ qun leutb au cartb g„uo laup gb larob, bt lbffb qu„uob rbfdtb f„enstanrb g„Dirdedc farsqu„nf sb vnt bo bo rívb iítb `îralb d gîvarîb ‗ gîvarîb ‗ sdu` sdu` lbffb qub vaus îkarkbz îkarkbr sao `nfs Nscdêf = dvdot qu„bffb ob sant cartb. cartb. º º Z2/
Panln taus fbs vbrsbts lardonqubs qun cbotnaoobot f„îkarkbcbot. Nf o„y d pds gb laccdogbcbot gnvno qun argaoob g„îkarkbr gbs mun`s. Nf s„dknt taut sncpfbcbot g„uob prbslrnptnao lardonqub qun ncpasb g„nccafbr gbs iítbs. Tudot è f„îkarkbcbot gb pbrsaoobs vnvdotbs, fb Lardo fb laosngårb laccb uo Lb qun dppdrdnt rîbffbcbot gdos fb Lardo bst pfut÷t fb dltb ifécdifb qun ùt pbrpîtrî pdr uo gbs pfus krdogs laotrdnrb. È trans rbprnsbs, gbs vbrsbts laogdcobot fb lrncnobfs gb f„enstanrb eucdnob = eucdnob = Xedrdao. 7

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Gdos fd \aurdtb ―Fbs @aurcns„ Îtdot ncpassnifb gb trdgunrb fb Lardo, taus fbs vbrsbts trdgunts ganvbot ítrb laosngîrîs laccb uob trdgultnao gb fbur sbos.

Lbrtdnos sdvdots d``nrcbot qub fb tbrcb « îkarkbr º gdos lb vbrsbt laostntub uob cîtaoycnb qun `dnt dffusnao du cburtrb bt qun ob gant gaol pds ítrb prns du sbos fnttîrdf.

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Du-gbfè gb lbs sbpt pdssdkbs, fb tbrcb « îkarkbr º o„dppdrdnt pds gdos fb Lardo. Gb cícb, nf o„y d pds uo sbuf Edgnte qun argaoob g„îkarkbr gbs ítrbs eucdnos, qub lb sant bo laotbxtb gb kubrrb au oao. On fb Xrapeåtb , on sbs lacpdkoaos; o„aot îkarkî uo sbuf gb fburs boobcns, qu„nfs sanbot lacidttdots au oao. F„îkarkbcbot g„eaccbs au gb `bccbs, gb mun`s au gb kays, ob pbut gaol ítrb laosngîrî laccb uob prdtnqub nsfdcnqub.

eucdno bokbogrb uob àrcb gb sau``rdolb qun, pdr laosîqubot, rbog notbrgnt lbt dltb. Bo Nsfdc, fd cnsb è bxîlutnao gu prnsaoonbr qun bolaurt fd pbnob gb cart sb `dnt dvbl inbo`dnsdolb, l.è-g. gb fd cdonårb fd pfus rdpngb, fd pfus `dlnfb bt fd canos gaufaurbusb48. Dnosn, f„bxîlutnao sb `dnt g„uob sbufb `rdppb sur fd ouqub, botrb fb edut gu gas bt fd títb. Fb laupdifb o„bogurb duluob sau``rdolb bt rbog f„écb bo canos g„uob sblaogb44.

Fbs sdvdots sdvdots aot g„dnffburs mukî qu„nf bst nffnlntb (edréc) edréc) g„îkarkbr fb laogdcoî laogdcoî è fd pbnob gb cart laccb ao îkarkb uo cautao. Nf s„dknt g„uo dltb qun bst rîprauvî bt qun laotrbgnt fd inbo`dnsdolb qun bst prbslrntb gdos fb Edgnte qun qun gnt = « Dffde d prbslrnt fd inbo`dnsdolb bo tautbs leasbs. Tudog vaus tubz, tubz dvbl inbo`dnsdolb bt qudog vaus îkarkbz, îkarkbz dvbl inbo`dnsdolb. Tub f„uo gb vaus d``útb sd fdcb bt dpdnsb fd iítb qu„nf nccafb. º5

Cdns laccbot Ao`rdy `dnt-nf dfars paur nosnstbr, îcnssnao dprås îcnssnao, qub fb Lardo nolntb è îkarkbr fbs mun`s 1 Wrås sncpfb, nf lntb fb vbrsbt « Waut mun` qun vaus tacib saus fd cdno tubz-fb ! tubz-fb ! º º.. Nf ob cbotnaoob inbo botbogu mdcdns fd saurdtb gdos fdqubffb sb trauvb lb vbrsbt paur uob rdnsao taut è `dnt lacprîebosnifb = fb ―vbrsbt„ bo qubstnao o„bxnstb pds gdos fb Lardo. Nf s„dknt g„uob purb novbotnao gb Cnlebf qun prîtbxtbrd súrbcbot uob rîvîfdtnao pbrsaoobffb bo 9842. « Bt qubf pnrb nomustb qub lbfun qun `dirnqub uo cbosaokb laotrb Dffde au qun gnt = ―Yîvîfdtnao c„d îtî Ao`rdy d novbotî uo vbrsbt oao bxnstdot ( Waut mun` qun `dntb„, qudog rnbo ob fun d îtî vaus tacib saus fd cdno tubz-fb ! tubz-fb ! ) gaot nf sb sbrt paur d``nrcbr qub fb Lardo nolntb è îkarkbr fbs mun`s. rîvîfî. º Z0/>
Fd fîknsfdtnao nsfdcnqub gn``îrbolnb gaol botrb fb `dnt g'dppfnqubr fd pbnob gb cart bt g„nccafbr uob iítb. Bo Nsfdc, fd cnsb è cart g„uob pbrsaoob laogdcoîb è fd pbnob ldpntdfb sb `dnt g„uob `dëao inbo prîlnsb qun pbrcbt gb prbogrb dnsîcbot sao écb. È f„novbrsb, fbs doncdux aot uob `dëao spîln`nqub g„ítrb didttus = didttus = f„îkarkbcbot. L„bst lb qu„bxpfnqub \ebnje df-Nsféc df -Nsféc Nio Wdycnyd gdos sao laccbotdnrb gb lbttb pdrafb prapeîtnqub =

―

„ „

Dvauaos-fb, Cnlebf bst trås àrt ! Nf lafpartb g„diarg gbs cbosaokbs îeaotîs qu„nf tbotb bosuntb g„d``nrcbr bo àrkbdot fun-cícb fun-cícb uo vbrsbt lardonqub qun o„bst ouffbcbot prîsbot gdos fb Lardo. Fb iut bst sncpfb = `dnrb pdssbr fbs cusufcdos qun sunvbot fbs laccdogbcbots gb fbur fnvrb sdlrî paur gbs idridrbs sdokunodnrbs qun ob pbosbot qu„è îkarkbr ―gu mun`„. Fb taut gbvdot gbs cnffnaos gb tîfîspbltdtburs qun prboobot du sîrnbux fbs prapas gb lbt ncpastbur. « Tun bst gaol pfus nomustb qub lbfun qun novbotb uo cbosaokb laotrb Dffde paur îkdrbr fbs kbos sdos sb idsbr sur fb canogrb sdvanr 1 º Z0/477S

« Lb Edgnte nognqub qub fd inbo`dnsdolb bst aifnkdtanrb gdos tautbs fbs sntudtnaos, cícb gdos fbs lds aþ f„ao prbog f„écb, qub lb sant g„uo g„uo ítrb eucdno au g„uob iítb. Dnosn, nf d îtî argaooî gb pdr`dnrb f„bxîlutnao paur fbs eaccbs bt f„îkarkbcbot paur fbs iítbs. º iítbs. º> Ao gîgunt îkdfbcbot gu Edgnte qu„nf bst notbrgnt gb cutnfbr, gb tarturbr au gb `dnrb sau``rnr f„nolufpî. Nf ob `dnt pds gb gautb qub f„îkarkbcbot g„uo ítrb

48

Nio Tdyync gnt = « (F„bxîlutnao pdr) uob `rdppb g„îpîb sur fd ouqub bst fd cbnffburb `dëao gb tubr bt fd pfus rdpngb dvbl fdqubffb (fb laupdifb) pbut rbogrb f„écb º f„écb º.. (Nio Tdyync, « df-\dfét wd Dejéc Wérnjneé º) º) 44 Panr, botrbs dutrbs, Nio Wdycnyd « df-\nyésd df-\edr„nyyde df-\edr„nyyde º º,, p. 482 bt « Cdmc„u df -@dtéwd -@dtéwd º, º, Paf. 0, p.<5<

;

Fb Edgnte dvbl f„enstanrb g„Nio Cds„úg è lb sumbt bst `dnifb. \deïe Cusfnc (2822) > Nio Wdycnyd, « df-@dtéwd df-Jauird º, º , Paf. 2, p. 27> 5

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Fd gbuxnåcb îtdpb gdos fd strdtîknb sauroansb g„Ao`rdy laosnstb è nolufqubr è sao dugnbolb qub « fbs vbrsbts qun nolntbot è îkarkbr fbs mun`s º saot bxpfnlntbs bt ob saot pds saucns è uob notbrprîtdtnao qubflaoqub =

Bo lntdot lb vbrsbt, Cnlebf Ao`rdy pbosb dvanr aitbou uob vnltanrb îlfdtdotb gdos sao a``bosnvb irutdfb qun vnsb f„Nsfdc. Nf sbcifb pbrsudgî g„dvanr g„dvanr trauvî uo vbrsbt qun nolntb fbs cusufcdos è tubr fbs oao-cusufcdos oao-cusufcdos gdos f„disafu, qudog bt laccb nfs vbufbot. Ar, bo rbprbodot fd saurdtb gb sao gîiut, ao s„dpbrëant trås vntb vntb qub fb vbrsbt ob gnt on ob sausbotbog lb qub prîtbog Ao`rdy. Xfut÷t, ao lacprbog obttbcbot qu„nf s„dknt g„uob nomaoltnao praoaolîb gdos uob sntudtnao gb kubrrb aþ fbs gbux ldcps, cusufcdos bt pafyteînstbs, sb trauvdnbot `dlb è `dlb dvbl fburs îpîbs.

« Tudog ao vaus gnt qu„ao îkarkb fbs no`ngåfbs, laccbot vaufbz-vaus notbrprîtbr ― îkarkbr îkarkbr fbs no`ngåfbs„ no`ngåfbs„ 1... 1... Tudog ao vaus bxpfnqub qudog ao vant uo mun`, nf `dut f„îkarkbr, laccbot vaufbz-vaus vaufbz -vaus bxpfnqubr ëd 1 º ëd 1 º

Yîldpntufaos fd cdoŜuvrb dugdlnbusb gb Bo b``bt, fd saurdtb ―Fb lb cdonpufdtbur lyonqub. Iutno„ ùt rîvîfîb gurdot Gdos uo prbcnbr tbcps, nf f„îvîobcbot enstarnqub gb gîlfdrb qub gbs saurdtbs Idgr 4< aþ fbs cusufcdos argaoobot dux aitnorbot fbur prbcnbr cusufcdos g„îkarkbr iutno gb kubrrb dprås uo taus lbux qun ob lranbot lacidt `îralb laotrb fbs pds du Lardo. Bosuntb, nf pafyteînstbs drdibs. L„bst larraiarb sd teåsb g„dnffburs fd rdnsao paur tracpbusb dvbl uo vbrsbt fdqubffb fd saurdtb novbotî qun o„bxnstb pds. s„notntufb ―Fb Iutno„. Xaur laolfurb, nf gnt Fd saurdtb ―Fb Iutno„ trdntb gb fd lîfåirb idtdnffb gb Idgr aþ <88 qu„ao ob pbut gaoobr cusufcdos aitnorbot uob vnltanrb enstarnqub laotrb f„drcîb Dprås fd idtdnffb gb Idgr, g„dutrb notbrprîtdtnao è lb pafyteînstb gb Tarbyle qun lacptdnt pfus gb 4888 lacidttdots. uob gnslussnao but fnbu vbrsbt ‗ nobxnstdot, botrb fbs lacpdkoaos rdppbfaos-fb ‗ gu `dnt qu„nf bst oao îqunvaqub. qudot du pdrtdkb gu iutno. L„bst nln qub ùt rîvîfî fb Laolfusnao = fbs cusufcdos qun fnsbot bo lacprbodot prbcnbr vbrsbt gb fd saurdtb = « Nfs t„notbrrakbot du « fbs vbrsbts sur f„îkarkbcbot gbs mun`s mun`s º gb `dëao sumbt gu iutno. Gns = ‖Fb iutno bst è Dffde bt è \ao fnttîrdfb `nonraot ‗ `nonraot ‗ fb fb sdirb irdogn ‗ irdogn ‗ pdr pdr trdqubr fbs cbssdkbr.– cbssdkbr.– Lrdnkobz Dffde, cdnotbobz fd laolargb mun`s gdos fbs idofnbubs pdrnsnboobs paur fbs îkarkbr botrb vaus bt aiînssbz è Dffde bt è \ao cbssdkbr, sn laccb gbs pduvrbs dkobdux... vaus ítbs lraydots. º Z5/4S º Z5/4S Nf su``nt gb laoodntrb uo pbu g„Enstanrb nsfdcnqub paur lacprbogrb qub lbttb saurdtb trdntb gb fd lîfåirb idtdnffb gb Idgr. Dvbl sbufbcbot <88 eaccbs bt ;8 ledcbdux, fbs cusufcdos ùrbot lao`raotîs è f„drcîb pafyteînstb gb Tarbyle qun lacptdnt pfus gb 4888 lacidttdots dvbl 988 lebvdux. Cdfkrî fbur pbtnt oacirb, Dffde fbur pracnt fd vnltanrb bo fbs dssnstdot gurdot fb lacidt pdr gbs dokbs =

« @YDXXB] FB\ NO@NGÅFB\ \RY FB\ LAR\ º « @rdppbz(-fbs) du-gbssus gbs laus º º bst fb sblaog vbrsbt cbotnaooî pdr Ao`rdy paur nognqubr fb « ldrdltårb idridrb º gu Lardo bt dppdrdnt gdos gbux saurdtbs. Waut g„diarg, gdos fb gauznåcb vbrsbt gb fd saurdtb ―Fb Iutno„ = Iutno„ = « Bt tao \bnkobur rîvîfd dux Dokbs = ‖Mb ‖Mb suns dvbl vaus = d``brcnssbz gaol fbs lraydots. Mb vdns mbtbr f„b``ran gdos fbs lŜurs gbs cîlrîdots. @rdppbz gaol du-gbssus gbs laus 49 bt `rdppbz-fbs sur taus fbs iauts gbs gankts. º gankts. º Z5/49S

Idgr gu `dnt qub fb vbrsbt laccbolb pdr « Bt tao \bnkobur rîvîfd dux Dokbs =… º =… º.. Bo sunvdot lbt dvns, dvns, fb ifécb gb Cnlebf Ao`rdy o„d pds fnbu g„ítrb, ldr nf s„dknt g„uo argrb notncî dux dokbs. Ar, 49 Fbs aufîcds gnvbrkbot qudot è sdvanr è qun s'dgrbssb lb vbrsbt. g„dutrbs sdvdots bxpfnqubot qub fb vbrsbt ùt dgrbssî dux Lbrtdnos d``nrcbot qub f„argrb gu Lrîdtbur gb « `rdppbr « `rdppbr du-gbssus cusufcdos, îkdfbcbot fars gb fd idtdnffb gb Idgr. gbs laus º bst notncî dux dokbs qun aot pdrtnlnpî gdos fd idtdnffb gb 4< Fd idtdnffb gb Idgr d bu fnbu fb 4; Ydcdgéo gb f„do 9 gb f„eîknrb. ;


« (Bt rdppbfbz-vaus) fb cacbot aþ vaus ncpfarnbz fb lrubffbs qub gbs lacidts gb sdirb g„eaccb è sblaurs gb vatrb \bnkobur bt qu„Nf vaus bxduëd eaccb. dussnt÷t = ‖Mb vdns vaus dngbr g„uo cnffnbr g„Dokbs gî`brfdot fbs uos è fd suntb gbs dutrbs. º Z5/>S º Z5/>S Fb rbùs g„Ao`rdy gb prîlnsbr qu„nf s„dknt g„uo laccdogbcbot gaooî gdos uob idtdnffb sdokfdotb ob Nf o„y duluob dcinkuátî. Bo fnsdot fd saurdtb gbpuns saurdtb gbpuns `dnt qub cbttrb è f„îvngbolb sd cdfeaooítbtî sd cdfeaooítbtî bt sao sao gîiut, fb fbltbur lacprbog g„bcifîb qu„nf s„dknt cdoqub gb rnkubur dodfytnqub. \dos îprauvbr fd g„uob kubrrb, cícb s„nf o„d pds îtugnî f„enstanrb gb fd canogrb kíob, nf fdolb lb vbrsbt dux pnbgs gb sbs idtdnffb gb Idgr. L„bst gaol gdos lb laotbxtb-fè laotbxtb-fè qub notbrfalutburs paur prîtbogrb dux eburbs gb krdog ùt rîvîfî fb vbrsbt cbotnaooî pdr Ao`rdy (vbrsbt 49) dugncdt qu'nf bst argaooî dux cusufcdos gdos fb bt gdos fbqubf fbs safgdts cusufcdos saot argaooîs Lardo gb `rdppbr fbs oao-cusufcdos sur fb lau è gb « `rdppbr f„boobcn du-gbssus du -gbssus gbs laus bt sur taus taut cacbot. Nf acbt oao sbufbcbot taut lb qun fbs iauts gbs gankts º. º . Ao`rdy durdnt gú sdvanr lbs prîlågb fb vbrsbt, cdns dussn lb qun fb sunt bt qun, uob leasbs-fè, ldr bffbs saot tautbs àns gb pfus, nognqub qu„nf cbotnaooîbs bxprbssîcbot s„dknt g„uo rîlnt aþ gbs gdos fbs « Edgntbs º bt fd lacidttdots saot bokdkîs gdos inakrdpenb gu Xrapeåtb Xrapeåtb . uob kubrrb = « × vaus qun lraybz qudog vaus rbolaotrbz (f„drcîb) gbs cîlrîdots bo cdrleb, ob fbur taurobz panot fb gas. Tunlaoqub, lb maur-fè, fbur taurob fb gas, ‗ è canos qub lb sant pdr tdltnqub gb lacidt, au paur rdffnbr uo dutrb kraupb, ‗ lbfun-fè bolaurt fd lafårb g„Dffde. º g„Dffde. º Z5/42-40S Z5/42-40S

Fd lacprîebosnao fnttîrdfb gu vbrsbt pralurb uob fbëao îvngbotb: gdos uob kubrrb aþ f„ao sb trauvb bo cnoarntî gbvdot uob drcîb ibdulaup pfus punssdotb, fbs lacidttdots ganvbot `rdppbr, gb cdonårb gîlnsnvb, è f„bogrant fb pfus sbosnifb = fb lau47.

Farsqu„ao bst lao`raotî è f„boobcn f„boobcn gdos uo lacidt Lbs gbux vbrsbts saot sunvns g„îpîb, nf bst oarcdf qu„ao ob pdr uo transnåcb vbrsbt qub vnsb pds fbs mdcibs au fbs pnbgs Fbs kubrrbs gbs Allngbotdux gdos fbsqubffbs saot Cnlebf Ao`rdy lntb gb sao dgvbrsdnrb. Oao, ao vnsb gîpfayîs iacibs dtacnqubs, drcbs oulfîdnrbs, nogîpbogdccbot paur graobs bt peaspearb ifdol saot inbo pfus lrubffbs fb lau paur pauvanr obutrdfnsbr qub fbs lacidts gb sdirb g„eaccb è eaccb. gîoaolbr fb prîtbogu ldrdltårb f„boobcn fb pfus vntb passnifb. ibffnqubux gu Lardo = « Lb Dumaurg„eun, l„bst pdrbnf. Farsqub fbs safgdts o„bst pds vaus qun fbs dvbz tuîs = tuîs = cdn s s l„bst Dffde qun allngbotdux sb trauvbot lao`raotîs dux kraupbs qun fbs d tuîs. º Z5/4;S Nf s„dknt g„uob dutrb tbotdtnvb s„appasbot è fbur allupdtnao cnfntdnrb, nfs vnsbot fd gîsbspîrîb qun nognqub fd `rîoîsnb gb oatrb eîgaonstb títb au fb lŜur gb f„boobcn paur pauvanr kdrdotnr notîkrnstb. qub lb gbronbr ob rnpastbrd pfus. G„dnffburs, fbs lacidts cboîs pdr fbs Allngbotdux saot inbo pfus Farsqub f„drcîb gbs pafyteînstbs ùt cnsb bo gîrautb idridrbs qub f„aot îtî lbux gbs cusufcdos taut du fb maur gb fd idtdnffb gb Idgr bt qub fbs cusufcdos faok gb f„enstanrb. Gbs kubrrbs aþ saot gîpfayîs purbot fbs tubr cdfkrî fbur pbtnt oacirb, Dffde iacibs dtacnqubs, drcbs oulfîdnrbs, graobs42 au fbur rdppbffb qub lb ob saot pds bux qun fbs aot tuîs peaspearb ifdol saot inbo pfus noeucdnobs bt pdr fbur praprb àrlb, cdns qub « l„bst Dffde qun fbs d tuîs º, º, gdos fb sbos aþ Nf fbs d sautbous laccb cbotnaooî prîlîgbccbot. 47

Ydppbfaos qu„nf s„dknt g„uob pîrnagb aþ fbs lacidttdots, ùrbot bolarb gbs eaccbs qun sb idttdnbot dvbl gbs sdirbs, gbs îpîbs, gbs fdolbs, btl., inbo fano gb fd félebtî gbs safgdts dcîrnldnobs au snaonstbs qun sb laotbotbot g„dppuybr sur uo iautao paur bxtbrcnobr f„boobcn. 42 Xaur pfus sur fd lrudutî gbs graobs, fnsbz nln nln..

Ao`rdy diargb gaol gbux vbrsbts qu„nf qu„nf `dnt pdssbr paur gbux pdssdkbs sîpdrîs bt nogîpbogdots dfars qu„nfs saot cbotnaooîs gdos fd cícb saurdtb (dvbl sbufbcbot lnoq vbrsbts g„notbrvdffb) bt trdntbot taus 5


fbs gbux gb fd cícb kubrrb. Ob oaus vaus dvnaos pds `drgbdux º, l.-è-g. l.-è- g. musqu„è lb qu„bffb sb tbrcnob. Lb gnt qu„nf îtdnt àrt, Cnlebf! vbrsbt ncpfnqub npsa `dlta qub, uob àns fbs lacidts `nons, nf o„bst pfus pbrcns paur fbs cusufcdos gb gb tubr Lbln gnt, ao ob pbut laolbvanr fb vbrsbt « @rdppbz fbs oao-cusufcdos. gaol du-gbssus gbs laus º º gdos uo laotbxtb dutrb qub lbfun gu lacidt drcî. Nf ob s„dknt pds g„uob Fd suntb gu vbrsbt d oao sbufbcbot îtî bsldcatîb pdr notbrprîtdtnao gu vbrsbt, cdns gb fd lacprîebosnao Ao`rdy paur gnssncufbr fb `dnt qu„nf s„dknssb g„uob qu„aitnbogrd taut fbltbur notåkrb qun fnt fb vbrsbt gdos sntudtnao gb kubrrb, cdns dussn paur trdvbstnr f„dspblt sao laotbxtb, laotbxtb, f„novbrsb bxdlt gaol gb lb qub cnsîrnlargnbux gb f„Nsfdc bo tbcps gb kubrrb. Bo gî`bogdnt Ao`rdy gdos sd teåsb nosngnbusb. b``bt, uob àns qub fbs cusufcdos aot gacnoî fburs boobcns du lacidt bt qu„nf qu„nf fbur bst passnifb gb fbs Bo b``bt, l„bst prîlnsîcbot bo s„dgaoodot è uob ldpturbr, nf fbur dnt argaooîs gb fbs dttdlebr d`no notbrprîtdtnao oao-fnttîrdfnstb oao-fnttîrdfnstb aþ f„ao bxtrdnt fb vbrsbt qu„nfs ob punssbot s„îledppbr. Rob àns f„boobcn gb fd lacprîebosnao gacnoî, saus ldptnvntî bt dppdrbotb, qu„uo « bolednoî safngbcbot º, cdssdlrb g„nooalbots fb vbrsbt bxpfnqub qub fbs paurrdnt ítrb mustn`nî. Ar, cusufcdos aot fb leanx = lbttb lacprîebosnao « l„bst sant fd fniîrdtnao gîrîkfîb o„bxnstb pds, on krdtuntb, sant fd rdoëao º. º. lebz fbs tbrrarnstbs pdrcn Au inbo fbs cusufcdos 40 fbs sbltbs îkdrîbs , on fbur dllargbot uob `dvbur lebz fbs sdvdots gb bo fbs fniîrdot sdos bxnkbr f„Nsfdc. Nf y d g„dnffburs gb rdoëao. Au inbo, nfs fbs uo laosbosus botrb fbs fniårbot cayboodot uob ufîcds paur gnrb qub lb rdoëao au uo îledokb gb vbrsbt trdntb gb fd idtdnffb prnsaoonbrs. Nf s„dknt s„dknt g„uo gb Idgr, gdos uo laotbxtb lagb gb kubrrb Fbs cusufcdos passîgdnbot gîmè uo lagb gb kubrrb a``nlnbf trbnzb 4; inbo prîlns qun bst lbfun snålfbs dvdot fd 7>) qun gî`nont fbs nsfdcnqub rîvîfî trbnzb grants gbs prnsaoonbrs. gb fd kubrrb. snålfbs dvdot fd 7>) qun gî`nont fbs grants gbs gbs prnsaoonbrs gb gb `rdppbr fbs laus bst gdos saurdtb ―Caedccbg„ = ―Caedccbg„ = kubrrb. « Farsqub vaus rbolaotrbz (du lacidt) lbux qun aot cîlru `rdppbz-bo fbs laus. Xuns, qudog vaus fbs dvbz gacnoîs, boledïobz-fbs boledïobz-fbs safngbcbot. Bosuntb, l„bst sant fd fniîrdtnao krdtuntb, sant fd rdoëao, musqu„è lb qub fd kubrrb gîpasb sbs `drgbdux. º Z7;/7S º Z7;/7S

L„bst dvbl uo zåfb drgbot qub Cnlebf Ao`rdy s„appasb du `dnt qub fbs cusufcdos aot uo fnvrb sdlrî qun fbur pbrcbt gb sb gî`bogrb laotrb fbs dkrbssburs oao-cusufcdos. Nf prî`îrdnt vanr fbs cusufcdos oaofdálnsîs sb `dnrb cdssdlrbr sdos a``rnr fd canogrb rîsnstdolb dux novdsnaos allngbotdfbs. Panfè paurquan Ao`rdy s„bo`fdccb bo fnsdot lb typb gb vbrsbts. \dos rîsnstdolb drcîb, fbs drcîbs sîlufdnrbs gb f„Allngbot pbuvbot `dlnfbcbot bovdenr gbs pdys cusufcdos, cdnotbonr fbur allupdtnao cnfntdnrb, cdssdlrbr fd papufdtnao nognkåob bt bxpfantbr fbs rnlebssbs odturbffbs. L„bst g„dnffburs dnosn qub fd sdnotb fdálntî, tdot pracub tdot pracub pdr Ao`rdy, s„bst nostdurîb gb `nf bo dnkunffb bo tbrrb cusufcdob du faok gbs gbronbrs snålfbs…

Ao lacprbog, è oauvbdu, bo fnsdot fb vbrsbt musqu„è sd `no qub f„argrb gb `rdppbr fbs laus gbs oaooao cusufcdos d fnbu gdos uo laotbxtb gb kubrrb bt qub lbt argrb vdut musqu„è lb qub « fd « fd kubrrb gîpasb sbs 40

Fbs Jedwérnm rbspbltbot fb stdtut gbs oao-cusufcdos ( Genccns, Genccns, btl.) pfus qub lbfun gbs cusufcdos laccb fb gîcaotrb f„enstanrb laooub aþ, pdr « pnîtî º, nfs s„bxlusårbot duprås g„uo Genccn g„uo Genccn paur paur dvanr tuî sao laleao, dfars qub pbu dprås nfs tuårbot, pdr « dgardtnao º, uob `dcnffb cusufcdob gaot fd cårb ùt bolbnotb. Bo teîarnb, fbs Jedwérnm ob sb ldlebot gaol pds gbrrnårb lb typb gb vbrsbts paur laccbttrb laccbttrb fburs lrncbs. \auvbot, nfs àot rblaurt è g„dutrbs tbxtbs bo fbur gaoodot gbs notbrprîtdtnaos `dotdnsnstbs `dotdnsnstbs bt bo îtdifnssdot uob dodfaknb brraoîb paur mustn`nbr fb cdssdlrb g„nooalbots (laccb sbrd bxpfnquî pfus fano).

4;

F„îtenqub gb kubrrb nsfdcnqub notbrgnt îkdfbcbot gb laupbr fbs drirbs, g„bcpansaoobr fbs saurlbs g„bdu, gb gîtrunrb fbs rîlaftbs, gb rdvdkbr fbs tbrrbs, gb cutnfbr fbs eaccbs, btl.

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« BUWBYCNOB] FB\ NOLYÎGRFB\ MR\TR„DR dllacpdkoî gb 78 eaccbs, rbvbodnt gu Ledc dvbl GBYONBY º uob qudotntî oao oîkfnkbdifb gb cdrledognsbs4>. Inbo qub fb kraupb g„Diu \u`yéo `nt pdrtnb gbs Cnlebf Ao`rdy bst uo eaccb qun sb pbrcbt fbs pafyteînstbs bo kubrrb dvbl fbs cusufcdos, nf ob dugdlbs fbs pfus noauábs. Gdos sd tbotdtnvb gb s„îtdnt pds dpprítî è d``raotbr f„boobcn è sao rbtaur. gndiafnsbr fb Lardo, nf cbotnaoob uo transnåcb vbrsbt Fd gbuxnåcb idogb è fdqubffb `dnt dffusnao fb vbrsbt qun sb trauvb gdos fb cícb pdssdkb gb fd saurdtb ―Fb ùt fb kraupb gnrnkî pdr Diu Mdef 98 (df-Od`ïr ) qun Iutno„. Xaur uob àns, Ao`rdy lntb fd rî`îrbolb gu lacprbodnt pfus gb cnffb lacidttdots drcîs cusufcdos. vbrsbt (saurdtb 5, vbrsbt ;), bt gaoob lbttb trdgultnao= musqu„dux gbots bt príts è bxtbrcnobr fbs cusufcdos. « Bxtbrcnobz fbs nolrîgufbs musqu„du musqu„du gbronbr º. º. Inbo qu„Dffde but pracns dux cusufcdos qu„nfs Nln, Cnlebf Ao`rdy laccbt uo gauifb lrncb. Oao dffdnbot s„bcpdrbr g„uo gb lbs gbux kraupbs, sbufbcbot nf sart fb vbrsbt gb sao laotbxtb dppdrbot, pbrsaoob ob sdvdnt gb qubf kraupb nf s„dknssdnt. Fb cdns nf sb fnvrb îkdfbcbot è uob cdonpufdtnao vbrsbt nognqub qub fbs lacpdkoaos pbosdnbot bt bspîrdnbot qub fb kraupb `fdkrdotb gu vbrsbt bo fb guqubf nfs dffdnbot trdosàrcdot. Fb sbptnåcb s„bcpdrbr îtdnt lbfun g„Diu vbrsbt gb fd saurdtb bo \u`yéo = « Paus gîsnrnbz qubstnao ob gnt pds vaus bcpdrbr gb lbffb qun « bxtbrcnobz fbs nolrîgufbs îtdnt sdos drcbs º. musqu„du gbronbr º, º, cdns « (Ydppbfbz-vaus), qudog Lb gîsnr gbs cusufcdos fbs Dffde vaus pracbttdnt paussd è sb gnrnkbr vbrs fd qu„uob gbs gbux idogbs ldrdvdob ldrdvdob g„Diu \u`yéo. Ar, sbrd è vaus. Paus gîsnrnbz lb gbronbr ùt noàrcî gb vaus bcpdrbr gb lbffb qun fbur gîpdrt pdr sbs bspnaos îtdnt sdos drcbs, dfars bt lacprnt cdnotbodot qub qu„Dffde vaufdnt pdr \bs pdrafbs `dnrb trnacpebr fd Fbs oîa-lafaos rbmbttbot fbs vbrsbts lardonqubs qun dutarnsbot sd ldrdvdob îtdnt bo gdokbr. vîrntî bt doîdotnr fbs dux cusufcdos gb sb gî`bogrb d`no gb cdnotbonr Drrnvî dux `raotnårbs gu cnfntdnrb bt f„bxpfantdtnao gbs rnlebssbs Ebmdz, Diu \u`yéo saffnlntd cîlrîdots musqu„du f„allupdtnao odturbffbs bo tbrrb g„Nsfdc. f„dngb gbs Tarbylentbs qun gbronbr. º Z5/;S º Z5/;S bovayårbot dussnt÷t f„drcîb dkubrrnb g„Diu Mdef. È oauvbdu, nf su``nt gb pfdlbr fb vbrsbt gdos sao bt sbs eaccbs drrnvårbot laotbxtb paur lacprbogrb sao sbos dppdrbot bt Farsqub fb Xrapeåtb gîcdsqubr f„ncpasturb g„Ao`rdy qun, dvbl uob gdos fd vdffîb gb Ged`réo, nfs dpprnrbot qub f„drcîb trdgultnao brraoîb gu vbrsbt, s„dledrob è gîcaotrbr g„Diu Mdef îtdnt pdrtnb è fd rbslaussb gb fd ldrdvdob g„Diu \u`yéo. Nln, fb Cbssdkbr gbvdnt prbogrb uob lb qun o„bst ouffbcbot cbotnaooî cbotnaooî gdos fb Lardo. gîlnsnao bxtrícbcbot gn``nlnfb. Fbs cusufcdos Oaus saccbs taumaurs gdos fd cícb saurdtb (―Fb o„îtdnbot qub <88 bt uob pdrtnb g„botrb bux o„dvdnt on Iutno„) qun trdntb gb fd idtdnffb gb Idgr. Dvdot drcbs on caoturb gu `dnt qu„nfs s„dttbogdnbot è f„d``raotbcbot gbs gbux drcîbs, Dffde pracnt du s„bcpdrbr gb fd ldrdvdob oao drcîb. Xrapeåtb qu„uob gbs gbux idogbs pafyteînstbs laosuftd g„diarg fbs krdogs sbrd laoqunsb pdr fbs cusufcdos = « (Ydppbfbz- Fb Xrapeåtb fbs Cuedmnrïo : : Diu Idjr, Acdr, vaus), qudog Dffde vaus pracbttdnt qu„uob gbs gbux lacpdkoaos pdrcn fbs Cuedmnrïo idogbs sbrd è vaus º. º. bcirdssd f„Nsfdc f„Nsfdc fb maur gb fd laoquítb gb fd Cblqub bt fnvrd pfusnburs lacidts dux l÷tîs gu Xrapeåtb . 4> Diu \u`yéo qun ùt bolarb pafyteînstb è lbttb pîrnagb, laccbrëd dvbl f„drkbot qu„nf dvdnt vafî dux cusufcdos. Lbs gbronbrs sb vaydnbot gaol bo grant gb rîlupîrbr fburs inbos. 98 Diu Mdef ―Dcr Nio Enleéc Nio df-Caukeïrd df -Caukeïrd df-Tardleny ùt uo 45 Diu \u`yéo \dker Nio Edri df-Tardleny (0< d.e. - <8 gb f„eîknrb) gbs gbslbogdots gb Idon Tarbyle bt dppdrtbodnt è fd trniu gb ùt è fd títb gbs trnius gb Tarbyle bt Jnoéod. Nf ùt laosngîrî Jnoéod. Nf ùt uo gbs pfus krdogs boobcns gu Xrapeåtb qun laccb uo gbs Drdibs fbs pfus oaifbs è f„îpaqub prînsfdcnqub. Nf aurgnssdnt gbs lacpfats paur f„dssdssnobr.

Fd prbcnårb idogb gb pafyteînstbs ùt lbffb gb fd ldrdvdob (df(df-―Ïr ―Ïr ) gnrnkîb pdr Diu \u`yéo 45 qun,

48


(f„Nsfdc) bst vboub bt f„Brrbur d gnspdru. Ldr f„Brrbur bst gbstnoîb è gnspdrdïtrb º gnspdrdïtrb º Z4;/54S Z4;/54S

puns df-Cnqgég df-Cnqgég Nio ―Dcr . Bosuntb nf sb gnrnkbd vbrs fbs Dosér paur fbs laosuftbr. Waus dllbptårbot gb lacidttrb fb kraupb drcî g„Diu Mdef bt l„bst nln qub fb Cbssdkbr fbur gnt = « Dffaos-y dvbl fd iîoîgnltnao g„Dffde bt rîmaunssbzrîmaunssbz -vaus, ldr Dffde c„d pracns uo gbs gbux kraupbs. º º Lao`raotîs dux safgdts g„Diu Mdef, fbs cusufcdos s„bokdkårbot gdos uob idtdnffb sdokfdotb qu„nfs bcpartårbot eîraáqubcbot.

\n vrdncbot fb Xrapeåtb ùt argaooî g„bxtbrcnobr fbs cîlrîdots è taut cacbot bt è taut nostdot, laccbot sb `dnt-nf `dnt-nf qu„nf sauedntét fbur inbo bt novaqud sao \bnkobur bo gnsdot = « × Dffde, kungb cao pbupfb, ldr nfs ob sdvbot pds º. º . Xfut÷t qub gb vaufanr tubr fbs cîlrîdots drd ibs drd ibs musqu„du gbronbr bt gb vanr sao pbupfb sb `dnrb gîlncbr, nf sauedntdnt Dnosn, fd idogb è fdqubffb `nt dffusnao fd pracbssb pfut÷t qub sao \bnkobur « suslntb gb fburs rbnos uob gnvnob gdos fb vbrsbt îtdnt fb kraupb drcî g„Diu Mdef gbslbogdolb qun dgarb Dffde \buf sdos rnbo Fun bt oao pds fb kraupb gb fd dssalnbr. º94 \n sao iut ldrdvdob qu„bspîrdnbot uonqub ùt gb cdssdlrbr fbs laoquîrnr fbs lacpdkoaos, pafyteînstbs fè aþ nfs sb laccb f„nognqub fd suntb gu trauvdnbot, trauvdnbot, paurquan o„d-t-nf o„d-t-nf vbrsbt = lbssî gb `dnrb gbs novaldtnaos bo fbur `dvbur « Paus gîsnrnbz vaus bo ncpfardot qu'nfs sanbot bcpdrbr gb lbffb qun îtdnt kungîs 1 sdos drcbs dfars qu„Dffde vaufdnt pdr \bs pdrafbs Paybz-vaus, cícb bovbrs `dnrb trnacpebr fd vîrntî bt sbs pfus krdogs boobcns, fb doîdotnr fbs cîlrîdots Xrapeåtb `nt prbuvb musqu„du gbronbr. gbronbr. º g„nogufkbolb noauáb. Ro L„bst nln, sur fb ledcp gb idtdnffb gb Idgr qub f„drcîb gu Xrapeåtb ùt lao`raotîb è lbffb g„Diu Mdef gdos uob gbs maur, fars g„uob bxpîgntnao Fd lacprîebosnao kfaidfb idtdnffbs fbs pfus ncpartdotbs gb f„enstanrb nsfdcnqub. cnfntdnrb, nf sb prîpdrd paur gu laotbxtb enstarnqub sb rbpasbr. Nf dllraled sao gîlauvrb fd ldodnffbrnb gb Cnlebf Ao`rdy. Fb vbrsbt îpîb è uob irdoleb g„drirb saus fbqubf nf s„bogarcnt qu„nf prîsbotd laccb uo argrb gb tubr fbs uo pbu pfus tdrg. \bs lacpdkoaos sb gnspbrsårbot pafyteînstbs gdos f„disafu o„bst pds uob nomaoltnao, paur pnqubr uob snbstb saus g„dutrbs drirbs. Ro cdns uob rîpaosb gu Lrîdtbur dux cusufcdos qun pdysdo pafyteînstb pra`ntd gb fd sntudtnao paur sb bspîr dnbot dnbot s„bcpdrbr g„uo kraupb gb pafyteînstbs oao rdppralebr gu Xrapeåtb bt sdnsnt sao îpîb. Fb drcîs. Gdos fb vbrsbt, Dffde fbur rîpaog bt fbur Cbssdkbr sb rîvbnffd bt vnt f„eaccb du-gbssus du-gbssus gb noàrcb qu„Nf vaufdnt bo `nonr dvbl fbs pafyteînstbs fun, f„îpîb irdognb, qun fun gnt = gnt = « Tun c„bcpílebrd drdibs uob àns paur tautbs gdos uob idtdnffb inbo cdnotbodot gb tb tubr 1 º tubr 1 º Fb Xrapeåtb fun prîlnsb. Dydot rîvnsî f„enstanrb gb Idgr, fb fbltbur rîpaognt ldfcbcbot = « Dffde º. º. Dussnt÷t f„îpîb fun lacprbog qub « fbs cîlrîdots º cbotnaooîs gdos fb tacid gb fd cdno. Fb Xrapeåtb rbprnt sao drcb bt vbrsbt saot fbs pafyteînstbs drdibs qun îtdnbot bo fun gnt = « Tun c„bcpílebrd cdnotbodot gb tb tubr 1 º tubr 1 º kubrrb dvbl fb Xrapeåtb paur doîdotnr f„Nsfdc. Nfs Fb pdysdo rîpaognt = « Xdrgaoob gb fd cbnffburb aot îtî doîdotns pdr fbs cusufcdos gdos uo lacidt `dëao. º Fb Xrapeåtb fun gnt = « Bs-tu prít è vnltarnbux qun pbrcnt è f„Nsfdc gb sb prapdkbr. tîcankobr qu„nf o„y d gb gnvnontî gnkob g„dgardtnao è pdrt Dffde 1 º Dffde 1 º Nf Nf rîpaognt = « Oao, cdns mb c„bokdkb Lb saot gbs leasbs qub Cnlebf Ao`rdy durdnt gu è ob pfus mdcdns tb lacidttrb bt gb ob pfus sautbonr sdvanr, ldr bffbs saot tautbs cbotnaooîbs gdos fb uo pbupfb qun tb lacidt. º Fb Xrapeåtb fb fdnssd Lardo, fbs Edgntes bt fd inakrdpenb gu Xrapeåtb . dfars pdrtnr 99. Oatbz gaol f„ncpasturb notbffbltubffb gu penfasapeb qun vd gîfniîrîcbot `dfsn`nbr fd trdgultnao g„uo Panln gaol « fd lrudutî º gb f„eaccb qub Cnlebf vbrsbt, fb sartnr gb sao laotbxtb dppdrbot paur bosuntb Ao`rdy s„aistnob è prîsbotbr laccb uo cburtrnbr fb `dnrb pdssbr laccb uo argrb gnvno gb cdssdlrbr fbs oao-cusufcdos oao-cusufcdos gdos f„disafu. « Fd Pîrntî 9499 \deïe Cusfnc (702<)

Cusodg df-Ncéc Decbg (47>9>) bt dvbl uob dutrb tbrcnoafaknb gdos \deïe df-Iujeérn (74<>)

44


sdokunodnrb gaot fb sbuf iut ùt g„bxtbrcnobr fbs allngbotdux saot dumaurg„eun bolaurdkîs du lacidt pafyteînstbs musqu„du gbronbr. gbronbr. pdr fbur f bur laccdogdot dvdot uob kubrrb. Fbs cdoubfs cnfntdnrbs bo Allngbot laotnboobot g„dnffburs lb Fd trdgntnao prapeîtnqub laotnbot gbs cnffnbrs cícb typb gb fdokdkb paur dcbobr fbs safgdts è g„bxbcpfbs g„bxbcpfbs sncnfdnrbs qun d``nrcbot fd lfîcbolb gu lacidttrb b``nldlbcbot. Cbssdkbr bovbrs sbs boobcns. Bo f„do 5 gb 9< f„eîknrb , fbs cusufcdos s„bcpdrårbot gb Fd Fbs a``nlnbrs allngbotdux gnraot inbo súr qub lb typb Cblqub, fd vnffb aþ fbs Drdibs gb Tarbyle fbs g„bolaurdkbcbot du lacidt cbotnaooî gdos fburs dvdnbot lacidttus, apprncîs, tarturîs bt trdens gurdot cdoubfs o„bst pds gbstnoî gbstnoî è taut fb caogb, cdns pfus g„uob gîlboonb. Lb ùt f„appartuontî ngîdfb paur qu„nfs s„dgrbssbot s„dgrbssbot uonqubcbot è gbs pbrsaoobs fb Xrapeåtb gb sb vbokbr gb sbs pnrbs boobcns. spîln`nqubs (fbs lacidttdots) gdos uo laotbxtb inbo Cdns lb maur-fè, sao lacpartbcbot dffdnt surprbogrb prîlns (lbfun gu lacidt drcî). Gb fd cícb cdonårb, sbs dcns fbs pfus pralebs dnosn qub sbs dgvbrsdnrbs fbs vbrsbts gu Lardo fnîs è fd kubrrb s„dgrbssbot è fbs pfus dledroîs. lbrtdnobs pbrsaoobs gdos lbrtdnobs sntudtnaos inbo pdrtnlufnårbs. Dprås gb faokubs dooîbs gb pbrsîlutnao, fb Xrapeåtb rbkdkod sd vnffb odtdfb Cnlebf Ao`rdy, ob s„bst-nf s„bst-nf bo tautb eucnfntî, fd títb mdcdns pasî fd qubstnao idnssîb. \dos uo irno sunvdotb = sn vrdncbot fb g„drrakdolb bt sdos Lardo dppbfdnt è tubr taus irdognr gb sdirb, nf rbùsd fbs oao-cusufcdos gb sb vbokbr gu pbupfb « musqu„du gbronbr º, º, taut qun, è gb oacirbusbs bo sdledot qu„nf y d pfus rbprnsbs, dvdnt tbotî gb gb 4,2 cnffndrg gb f„dssdssnobr. Lb maur -fè, -fè, cusufcdos sur tbrrb, o„y fbs Tarbylentbs gb fd durdnt-nf pds gbs cnffnaos Cblqub s„îtdnbot rbogus rbogus gb cburtrbs quatngnbos uo Farsqu„bo f„do 5 gb f„eîknrb, fbs cusufcdos s„bcpdrårbot gb Fd bt fb Cbssdkbr durdnt Cblqub, fb Xrapeåtb sb caotrd nogufkbot bovbrs sbs boobcns pbu pdrtaut du caogb 1 caogb 1 `dlnfbcbot pu fbs tubr, qun f„dvdnbot lacidttu bt trden gurdot pfus g„uob gîlboonb. bxpufsbr, tarturbr au bcprnsaoobr. Cdns oao, nf fbur dllargd uob dconstnb « WRB]-FB\ FÈ AÞ PAR\ FB\ WYARPB] º kîoîrdfb bo gnsdot = « Paus ítbs fbs dconstnîs.º Nf durdnt pu ifécbr bt lrntnqubr fbs Tarbylentbs paur fbs Fb gbronbr vbrsbt diargî pdr Cnlebf Ao`rdy gdos sd oacirbusbs nomustnlbs qu„nfs qu„nfs fun aot `dnt suinr. Ar, nf ldcpdkob fdálnstb bst « Bt tubz-fbs, aþ qub vaus fbs pralfdcd qub lb maur-fè ùt uo maur gb pdrgao bt rbolaotrnbz º. º. Nf s„dknt g„uo vbrsbt qun dppdrdnt gdos dppdrdnt gdos s„dgrbssd dux Drdibs gb Tarbyle dvbl fbs pdrafbs gu qudtrb saurdtbs gn``îrbotbs. Ao`rdy rbùsb, laccb ao prapeåtb âusau` (Mazb`) è sbs `rårbs = « Xds gb f„d cdnotbodot inbo lacprns, gb cbttrb fbs leasbs bo rîlrncnodtnao laotrb vaus dumaurg„eun! Tu„Dffde pbrspbltnvb bt gb cbotnaoobr lb qun prîlågb bt sunt fb vaus pdrgaoob. L„bst Fun Fb Fun Fb pfus Cnsîrnlargnbux gbs vbrsbt. Panln g„diarg fb vbrsbt qun fb prîlågb gdos fd cnsîrnlargnbux. º Z49/>9S. º Z49/>9S.97 saurdtb ―Fd Pdleb„ = Pdleb„ = Gdos uob dutrb tbotdtnvb cnsîrdifb gb gîpbnogrb fb Xrapeåtb laccb uo pbrsaoodkb ibffnlnstb qun ob pbosb qu„du lacidt, Ao`rdy lntb fb vbrsbt « × prapeåtb bolaurdkb fbs lraydots du lacidt º. º . Lb laccdogbcbot gnvno bst ‗ vaus f„dvbz gbvnoî ‗ bolarb tnrî gb fd saurdtb ―Fb Iutno„ Z5/02S. Fb Cbssdkbr ùt argaooî g„bolaurdkbr fbs cusufcdos du lacidt laccb fbs safgdts 9<

Nf y d gnvbrkbolb sur fd gdtb bxdltb gb ―@dte Cdjjd„. Df-Idyedqn, « df-\uodo df-Juird º (45;<>). º (45;<>).

97

« Lacidttbz gdos fb sbotnbr g„Dffde lbux qun vaus lacidttbot, bt ob trdoskrbssbz pds. Lbrtbs. Dffde o„dncb pds fbs trdoskrbssburs! º trdoskrbssburs! º Z9/4>8S Z9/4>8S Fb vbrsbt g„dprås, fu gdos sd tatdfntî, a``rb uob bxpfnldtnao gb f„îtdt gbs `dnts = `dnts = « Bt tubz-fbs, aþ qub vaus fbs rbolaotrnbz : rbolaotrnbz : bt ledssbz-fbs ledssbz-fbs g„aþ nfs vaus aot ledssîs = f„dssalndtnao bst pfus krdvb qub fb cburtrb. Cdns ob fbs lacidttbz pds prås gb fd Casquîb sdlrîb dvdot qu„nfs qu„nfs ob vaus y

49


dnbot lacidttus. \„nfs vaus y lacidttbot, tubz-fbs tubz -fbs fbs `dnifbs g„bsprnt, fbs bo`dots, fbs prítrbs, btl. 95 Nf gaol. Wbffb bst fd rîtrniutnao gbs cîlrîdots. º s„dknt nln, oao pds g„uob notbrprîtdtnao gnvbrkbotb au Z9/4>4S rîpuifnldnob gb tbxtbs vdkubs, cdns gb mukbcbots bt prnolnpbs àogdcbotdux tnrîs gnrbltbcbot gb fd Bo nsafdot fb vbrsbt gb sao laotbxtb, ao pbut `dnrb trdgntnao prapeîtnqub9>, lbffb qub oatrb penfasapeb lranrb dux pbrsaoobs oao nostruntbs qu„nf s„dknt s„dkn t g„uo durdnt îtugnîb… dppbf du ldrodkb. Ar, fb fbltbur qun cdntrnsb gbs oatnaos gb idsb gb f„enstanrb nsfdcnqub laoodïtrd laood ïtrd inbo Ybprboaos fb vbrsbt gaot s„bst sbrvn Ao`rdy paur botbogu fd pîrnagb qun bst trdntîb gdos lb pdssdkb. sautbonr sd teåsb qun vbut qub fbs tbxtbs dppdrbots gu Lardo nolntbot du cburtrb. Cns bo laotbxtb, fb vbrsbt Dprås qub fb Xrapeåtb bt sbs lacpdkoaos ùrbot « Bt tubz-fbs, aþ qub vaus fbs rbolaotrnbz º o„nolntb pbrsîlutîs è fd Cblqub pdr fbs pafyteînstbs, nfs ouffbcbot fbs cusufcdos è cdssdlrbr fbs oaoîcnkrårbot è Cîgnob 92 paur pauvanr prdtnqubr cusufcdos gdos f„bspdlb puifnl, cdns diargb uo gbs fnirbcbot fbur rbfnknao.90 dspblts gb fd kubrrb aþ f„ao bst lao`raotî è uo boobcn qun lebrleb è vaus tubr. Panfè paurquan nf Dvdot fbur îcnkrdtnao o„y d mdcdns bu g„îrugnt ( Enmrd) Enmrd) gb fd Cblqub, fbs cusufcdo qun d bxpfnquî cusufcdos ùrbot lb typb gb vbrsbts laccb argaooîs gb pdtnbotbr, gb uob pbrcnssnao gb s„distbonr bt gb ob pds paurledssbr bt tubr s„bokdkbr gdos uo lacidt g„nooalbots g„nooalbots oaodvbl f„boobcn. Cdns è cusufcdos. Cîgnob fbs leasbs ledokårbot. Dydot aitbou Fb vbrsbt « Bt tubz-fbs, aþ su``nsdccbot gb àrlb Bo qunttdot fd @rdolb paur prdtnqubr fnirbcbot fbur rbfnknao qub vaus fbs rbolaotrnbz º paur pauvanr rbpaussbr dnffburs, gb oacirbux cusufcdos `rdoëdns sunvbot f„bxbcpfb gu bst bolarb prîsbot è gbux qun îcnkrd îcnkrd paur ùnr fd pbrsîlutnao gbs cîlrîdots gb fbs dkrbssnaos Xrapeåtb rbprnsbs gdos fd saurdtb Tarbyle. pafyteînstbs, Dffde fbur ―Fbs @bccbs„. Bo fnsdot dllargd fd pbrcnssnao gb sb gî`bogrb, laccb gdos fb pdssdkb qun prîlågb lbs vbrsbts, fb laotbxtb sb fbs saurdtbs ―Fb Xåfbrnodkb„ 9; bt ―Fd Pdleb„ qun `dëaoob gb cdonårb îvngbotb = dppbffbot fbs cusufcdos è lacidttrb « lbux qun vaus lacidttbot º, º, l.-è-g. fbs eaccbs pafyteînstbs qun « Tu„dvbz-vaus Tu„dvbz-vaus è vaus gnvnsbr bo gbux `dltnaos du lebrlebot è fbs tubr. \noao, fbs Edgntes cbotnaoobot sumbt gbs eypalrntbs 1 Dfars qu„Dffde fbs d rbàufîs lfdnrbcbot qub fbs oao-lacidttdots, `bccbs bt (gdos fbur no`ngîfntî) paur lb qu„nfs aot dlquns. bo`dots ob saot pds laolbroîs pdr fbs pdssdkbs qun Paufbz-vaus Paufbz-vaus kungbr lbux qu„Dffde îkdrb 1 Bt trdntbot gu lacidt. qunlaoqub Dffde îkdrb, tu ob fun trauvbrds pds gb lebcno (paur fb rdcbobr). º Z7/55S º Z7/55S Fb vbrsbt sb paursunt dvbl f„notbrgnltnao gb fd trdoskrbssnao (« (« bt ob trdoskrbssbz pds º). Fbs Gdos lb pdssdkb, Dffde trdntb gu lds gbs bxîkåtbs saot uodoncbs è gnrb qub lbttb praslrnptnao eypalrntbs du tbcps gu Xrapeåtb . Bo drdib, lb lacprbog tautbs fbs àrcbs gb trdoskrbssnaos, pbu typb g„nognvngus bst laoou saus fb oac gb « dfncpartb qun suint fd trdoskrbssnao = lbux qun Cuoé`nqúo º. º. Nf s„dknt gb cîlrîdots qun sb àot lacidttbot, lbux qun ob lacidttbot pds, fbs `bccbs, pdssbr paur gbs cusufcdos d`no gb cnbux pauvanr lacidttrb f„Nsfdc<8. 92

Fè, nfs ùrbot dllubnffns bt dngîs pdr fbs Dosér qun fbur a``rnrbot taut lb gaot nfs dvdnbot ibsano. 90 Ro pbu laccb dumaurg„eun gb oacirbux cusufcdos `rdoëdns qunttbot fd @rdolb paur ùnr fd pbrsîlutnao fdálnstb bt vnvrb fnirbcbot fbur rbfnknao gdos gbs pdys qun kdrdotnssbot fd fnibrtî gb luftb. 9; « Dutarnsdtnao bst gaooîb è lbux qun q un saot dttdquîs d ttdquîs (gb sb gî`bogrb) ‗ pdrlb pdrlb qub vrdncbot nfs saot fîsîs : bt Dffde bst lbrtbs Ldpdifb gb fbs sblaurnr ‗ lbux qun aot îtî bxpufsîs gb fburs gbcburbs, ‗ gbcburbs, ‗ laotrb laotrb tautb mustnlb, sncpfbcbot pdrlb qu„nfs gnsdnbot = = ―Dffde bst oatrb \bnkobur„ º. º. Z99/<>-78S

95

« Df-Cuwdttd º, º, Paf. 94, >-48 Laccb bolarb f„notbrgnltnao gb cutnfbr fbs ldgdvrbs gbs boobcns, gb tubr gbs doncdux, gb laupbr gbs drirbs, btl. <8 Lb typb gb pbrsaoobs bxnstb musqu„è oas maurs bt bst dltubffbcbot trås bo vakub duprås gbs dutarntîs `rdoëdnsbs qun fbs bxpfantbot gdos fbur pafntnqub gb f„dllufturdtnao gbs cusufcdos. Fb r÷fb gb lbs eypalrntbs bst gb ldfaconbr, stnkcdtnsbr bt gndiafnsbr fbs cusufcdos oao dssncnfîs è fd lufturb bt dux « vdfburs º rîpuifnldnobs. \aus lauvbrt g„uob prîtbogub îkdfntî, nfs cbttbot taut bo Ŝuvrb paur qub 9>

4<


Fb vbrsbt suscbotnaooî ùt rîvîfî è f„îpaqub aþ fbs eypalrntbs, qun sb cîfdokbdnbot dux lacpdkoaos gu Xrapeåtb , rbùsdnbot g„îcnkrbr vbrs Cîgnob. Lb rbùs bokbogrd uo gautb bt uob cî`ndolb gb lbrtdnos lacpdkoaos qun s„distbodnbot s„distbodnbot è fbs gîlfdrbr eypalrntbs gu `dnt qub lbs gbronbrs `dnsdnbot dppdrdntrb fd àn. L„bst dfars qub gbslbognt lb vbrsbt qun noàrcd fbs lacpdkoaos qu„nf ob `dffdnt pds gautbr gb fbur cîlrîdolb bt qub fbur lds îtdnt lfdnr. Lbttb lbrtntugb (qudot è fbur cîlrîdolb) pauvdnt ítrb cdnotboub musqu„è lb qu„nfs qunttdnbot fd Cblqub dvbl fbs cusufcdos. Rob àns qu„nfs îcnkrdnbot, nfs ùrbot è oauvbdu laosngîrîs laccb cusufcdos. È Cîgnob, fb Xrapeåtb laosngîrdnt tautb pbrsaoob qun îcnkrdnt vbrs fun laccb uo lraydot, pbu ncpartb s„nf s„dknssdnt g„uo vrdn lraydot au g„uo cîlrîdot qun prîtbognt ítrb cusufcdo. L„bst lb qun bst bxpfnquî bxpfnquî gdos fd suntb gu vbrsbt = « Ob prbobz gaol pds g„dffnîs pdrcn bux, musqu„è lb qu„nfs îcnkrbot gdos fb sbotnbr g„Dffde. Cdns s„nfs taurobot fb gas, sdnsnssbz-fbs dfars, bt tubz-fbs aþ qub vaus fbs trauvnbz : bt ob prbobz pdrcn bux on dffnî on sblaurbur, º Z7/5>S º Z7/5>S

È Cîgnob, fb Xrapeåtb

dllarg gb pdnx. Fb Lrîdtbur pdrfb lfdnrbcbot gu sumbt gbs eypalrntbs gdos uob sntudtnao gb kubrrb. Ao gîlauvrb gdos lb vbrsbt qu„nf y d gbux ldtîkarnbs g„eypalrntbs qun, îtdot îtdot gbs bxlbptnaos, ob pbuvbot ítrb lacidttus = lbux qun aot uo dllarg gb pdnx (« bxlbptî lbux qun sb mankobot è uo kraupb dvbl fbqubf vaus dvbz laolfu uob dffndolb º) º ) bt lbux qun rbùsbot gb lacidttrb dussn inbo fbs cusufcdos qub fbs pafyteînstbs gb fbur praprb trniu qun bst eastnfb dux lraydots (« (« au lbux qun vnboobot lebz vaus, fb lŜur sbrrî g„dvanr è vaus lacidttrb au è lacidttrb fbur praprb trniu º). Fb Lardo argaoob gaol gb fdnssbr trdoqunffbs fbs eypalrntbs qun aot gîlngî gb ob pds s„ncpfnqubr gdos fbs lacidts laotrb fbs cusufcdos. Fd sdkbssb gb lbt argrb gnvno gbvnbot lfdnrb gdos fd suntb gu vbrsbt =

laosngîrdnt tautb pbrsaoob qun

îcnkrdnt vbrs fun laccb uo lraydot, pbu ncpartb s„nf s„dknssdnt g„uo vrdn cusufcdo au g„uo eypalrntb.

Fbs eypalrntbs ob pauvdnbot gaol pds ítrb prns laccb dffnîs, ldr nfs laostntudnbot, bo tdot qu„boobcn notîrnbur, fd pfus krdogb cbodlb cbo dlb paur fbs cusufcdos. Panfè paurquan fb vbrsbt cbotnaoob qub s„nfs taurobot fb gas (l.-è(l.-è-g. g. s„nfs sb gîtaurobot gb fd Enmrd), fbs cusufcdos aot argrb gb fbs tubr , è f„bxlbptnao gb lbrtdnos eypalrntbs cbotnaooîs gdos fb vbrsbt sunvdot =

« \n Dffde dvdnt vaufu, Nf fbur durdnt gaooî f„dugdlb (bt fd àrlb) laotrb vaus, bt nfs vaus durdnbot lbrtdnobcbot lacidttus. (Xdr laosîqubot,) s„nfs rbstbot obutrbs è vatrb îkdrg bt ob vaus lacidttbot panot, bt qu„nfs vaus a``rbot fd pdnx, dfars, Dffde ob vaus gaoob pds gb lebcno laotrb bux. º Z7/>8S

F„argrb gb fdnssbr trdoqunffbs trdoqunffbs fbs pafyteînstbs qun ob saot pds ncpfnquîs gdos fbs lacidts bst gaol rîpîtî uob gbuxnåcb àns, taut bo bxpfnqudot fb inbo-àogî gb lbttb nomaoltnao : bo fdnssdot fdnss dot trdoqunffbs fbs eypalrntbs qun rbùsbot gb s„ncpfnqubr gdos fd kubrrb, ao îldrtb fd passninfntî qu„nfs sb mankobot dux rdoks boobcns. Bo cícb tbcps, lbfd drrdokbdnt fbs eypalrntbs qun pra`ntdnbot gb lbttb `dëao g„uob «…bxlbptî lbux qun sb mankobot è uo kraupb dvbl sntudtnao gb sîlurntî du sbno gb fd laccuodutî fbqubf vaus dvbz laolfu uob dffndolb, au lbux qun cusufcdob bt lbfd, cdfkrî fb `dnt qub fbur praprb vnboobot lebz vaus, fb lŜur sbrrî g„dvanr è vaus trniu lacidttb fbs lraydots. \n f„Nsfdc argaoob gb lacidttrb au è lacidttrb fbur praprb trniu. º Z7/>8S fdnssbr trdoqunffbs lbs oao-cusufcdos (oaolacidttdots) bo îtdt gb kubrrb, qub gnrb dfars gbs Rob àns gb pfus, fbs vbrsbts ob pdrfbot pds g„uob oao-cusufcdos oao-cusufcdos bo îtdt gb pdnx 1 Lbux-fè, Lbux -fè, è àrtnarn, sntudtnao au g„uo g„uo laotbxtb aþ fbs cusufcdos bt fbs ganvbot ítrb fdnssîs trdoqunffbs. Cdns è oauvbdu, lb oao-cusufcdos vnvbot bosbcifb saus uo pdltb au uo o„bst pds lb qub vbut botbogrb Cnlebf Ao`rdy qun dcdfkdcb gb cdonårb trås `fungb `nltnao bt tbxtbs fbs cusufcdos sb laovbrtnssbot, taut laccb bux, è fd fdálntî. L„bst rbfnknbux. g„dnffburs uob gbs ldrdltîrnstnqubs typbs gbs eypalrntbs cbotnaooîbs gdos fb vbrsbt sunvdot = « Nfs dncbrdnbot vaus vanr cîlrîdots, laccb nfs aot cîlru = dfars vaus sbrnbz taus îkdux! º Z7/5>S º Z7/5>S 47


Fb transnåcb bogrant bogrant aþ f„ao rbtrauvb fb pdssdkb « tubz-fbs, aþ qub vaus fbs rbolaotrnbz º bst º bst gdos fb vbrsbt >4 gb fd cícb saurdtb (―Fbs @bccbs„). Gdos lb vbrsbt, qun sunt fd gbslrnptnao gbs gbux typbs g„eypalrntbs è fdnssbr trdoqunffbs, trdoqunffbs, Dffde pdrfb g„uo transnåcb typb typb g„eypalrntbs qun, pdr lrdnotb gbs cusufcdos, lebrlebot è kdkobr fbur lao`ndolb paur cnbux pauvanr fbs lacidttrb. Nfs sb gnstnokubot pdr fbur vafaotî gb trdensao gb fd gbuxnåcb ldtîkarnb g„eypalrntbs qun bux rbùsbot gb lacidttrb fbs cusufcdos ‗ oao pdr lrdnotb ‗ , cdns pdr rbspblt bovbrs bux. Fbs eypalrntbs gb fd transnåcb ldtîkarnb o„îprauvbot duluo rbspblt paur fbs cusufcdos. Gås qub f„appartuontî sb prîsbotb gb tubr au gb lacidttrb fbs lraydots, nfs o„eîsntbraot pds è pdssbr è f„dltb. Fbur lds bst lfdrn`nî gdos fb vbrsbt >4 =

gurdot fbqubf nfs îtdnbot fnirbs gb lnrlufbr fè aþ nfs fb sauedntdnbot bo tautb sîlurntî. Oaus saccbs è oauvbdu gdos uo laotbxtb g„eastnfntî bt gb kubrrb gdos fbqubf uob trívb gb qudtrb cans ùt laolfub. Fb gîiut gb fd saurdtb novntb lbs pafyteînstbs è bcirdssbr f„Nsfdc = f„Nsfdc = « Bt pralfdcdtnao dux kbos, gb fd pdrt g„Dffde bt gb \ao cbssdkbr, du maur gu Krdog Xåfbrnodkb, qu„Dffde bt \ao Cbssdkbr, gîsdvaubot fbs dssalndtburs. \n vaus vaus rbpbotbz, lb sbrd cnbux paur vaus. Cdns sn vaus vaus gîtaurobz, sdlebz sdle bz qub vaus ob rîgunrbz pds Dffde è f„ncpunssdolb. Bt dooaolb uo leétncbot gaufaurbux è lbux qun ob lranbot pds. º Z>//
« Paus bo trauvbrbz g„dutrbs qun lebrlebot è dvanr vatrb lao`ndolb, bt bo cícb tbcps fd lao`ndolb gb fbur praprb trniu. Wautbs fbs àns qu„ao fbs paussb vbrs f„Dssalndtnao, (f„ngafétrnb) nfs y rbtacibot bo cdssb. (Xdr laosîqubot,) s„nfs ob rbstbot pds obutrbs è vatrb îkdrg, ob vaus a``rbot pds \bfao fd lacprîebosnao fnttîrdfnstb gu Lardo, fbs oaoqun ob pdrtnlnpbot pds du lacidt fars g„uob fd pdnx bt ob rbtnboobot pds cusufcdos kubrrb ob pbuvbot ítrb tuîs. fburs cdnos (gb vaus lacidttrb), dfars sdnsnssbz-fbs bt tubz-fbs aþ qub Dprås dvanr dooaolî uo leétncbot gaufaurbux dux vaus fbs trauvnbz. Laotrb lbux-ln, Oaus vaus dvaos pafyteînstbs qun rbùsbot gb lranrb, Dffde `dnt uob gaooî dutarntî cdon`bstb. ºº Z7/>4S Z7/>4S bxlbptnao gdos fb vbrsbt qun sunt paur fbs nolntbr è rbvbonr = Nf o„y pds fd canogrb dcinkuátî : fbs vbrsbts qun argaoobot fbs cusufcdos gb tubr fbs eypalrntbs fè aþ « È f„bxlbptnao gbs dssalndtburs dvbl fbsqubfs vaus nfs fbs trauvbot trdntbot g„uob sntudtnao gb kubrrb gdos dvbz laolfu uo pdltb, puns nfs ob vaus aot cdoquî bo fdqubffb gbux drcîbs s„appasbot. F„argrb gb tubr fbs rnbo, bt o„aot sautbou pbrsaoob Zè futtbrS laotrb lao trb eypalrntbs o„bst pds kîoîrdf, ldr fbs vbrsbts vaus = rbspbltbz pfbnobcbot fb pdltb laolfu dvbl bux cbotnaoobot bxpfnlntbcbot qub fd sbufb ldtîkarnb musqu„du tbrcb laovbou. Dffde dncb fbs pnbux. º g„eypalrntbs laolbroîb bst lbffb qun lacidt Z>/7S dltnvbcbot fbs cusufcdos. Lb o„bst pds uob notbrprîtdtnao, cdns fb sbos dppdrbot bt fnttîrdfnstb gbs Bo b``bt, f„Nsfdc notbrgnt fd trdntrnsb bt argaoob fb vbrsbts lardonqubs. rbspblt gbs dllargs bt gbs pdltbs laolfus dvbl f„boobcn. Fb Xrapeåtb d gnt = « Lacidttbz, cdns Fd qudtrnåcb bt gbronårb pdrtnb gu Lardo aþ f„ao f „ao ob gîtaurobz pds fbs iutnos, ob trdenssbz pds <4 , ob rbtrauvb fb vbrsbt « tubz-fbs fè aþ vaus fbs trauvnbz º cutnfbz pds bt ob tubz duluo bo`dot. º <9 bst gdos fd saurdtb ―Fb Ybpbotnr„ qun laccbolb pdr fb gîsdvbu g„Dffde bt gb \ao Xrapeåtb bovbrs fbs pafyteînstbs dvbl qun fbs cusufcdos dvdnbot laolfu <4 Lbttb notbrgnltnao gb trdensao ùt cbotnaooîb spîln`nqubcbot bo uob trívb. Ro gîfdn gb qudtrb cans fbur ùt dllargî <9tbcps gb kubrrb. Tub gnrb bo tdot gb pdnx 1 \deïe Cusfnc (7299)

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Lb vbrsbt `dnt gaol rî`îrbolb du pdltb gb qudtrb cans slbffî dvbl fbs pafyteînstbs bt pdr fbqubf fbs cusufcdos ùrbot notbrgnts gb lacidt. Rob àns fbs qudtrb cans rîvafus, fd kubrrb rbprbog bt fbs cusufcdos aot dfars paur argrb gb lacidttrb fbs pafyteînstbs =

Aþ saot gaol tautb fd idridrnb bt fd lrudutî gb f„Nsfdc qub Cnlebf Ao`rdy ob lbssb g„îvaqubr sur fbs pfdtbdux tîfîvnsîs 1 Fb Lardo argaoob lfdnrbcbot qub s„nf y d uo notîrít gdos fb `dnt gb rdppralebr fbs pafyteînstbs gb fd rbfnknao cusufcdob, nf `dut fbur prítbr dsnfb, cícb s„nf s„dknt s„dknt gb lacidttdots. Ar, paur Ao`rdy, f„Nsfdc bst uob rbfnknao qun argaoob « Dprås qub fbs cans sdlrîs bxpnrbot, bx pnrbot, tubz fbs dux cusufcdos g„îkarkbr fbs oao-cusufcdos oao-cusufcdos fè aþ dssalndtburs aþ qub vaus fbs trauvnbz. Ldpturbz-fbs, nfs fbs trauvbot… dssnîkbz-fbs bt kubttbz-fbs gdos tautb bciusldgb. \n bosuntb nfs sb rbpbotbot, dllacpfnssbot fd \dfdt bt dlqunttbot fd ]djdt, dfars fdnssbz-fbur fd vanb fnirb, FB\ « LYNCB\ WBYYNIFB\ º GR XYAXEÅWB ldr Dffde bst Xdrgaoobur bt Cnsîrnlargnbux. º Z>/2S º Z>/2S Bo @rdolb, fbs cîgnds bt pafntnqubs saot uodoncbs: nf Lb mukbcbot, laccb fb gîcaotrb bxpfnlntbcbot fb o„y d paur fd Yîpuifnqub Yîpui fnqub gb lrncb pfus agnbux qub vbrsbt, s„dppfnqub è lbux dvbl qun uo pdltb gb qudtrb gb qudtrb lbfun gb f„dotnsîcntnscb. Ynbo gb cnbux gaol, paur cans (au canos) d îtî laolfu. Ar, sn fb pdltb bst fbs nsfdcapeaibs, qub gb `dnrb pdssbr fb Xrapeåtb g„uob gurîb supîrnburb è 7 cans paur uo odzn dvdot-kdrgnstb dux au g„uob gurîb nogî`nonb, dfars nf lraydolbs dotnsîcntbs. Ao`rdy `dut rbspbltbr lb pdltb musqu„du rblaurt è uob rusb snaonstb bt iaut è laogntnao qu„ao ob prîtbog qub fb Xrapeåtb s„bst s„bst lrdnkob pds gb fd pdrtnb dgvbrsb fnvrî è gbs lrncbs tbrrnifbs bo uob trdensao bt è laogntnao dydot îkarkî cnffb mun`s= qu„bffb ob racpb pds bffb-cícb fb pdltb. Oatbz qub f„argrb gb « \n ao prbog fd inakrdpenb gu fbs tubr « fè aþ nfs fbs trauvbot º Xrapeåtb, nf y d gbs lrncbs bst sunvn gb f„argrb gb fbs tbrrnifbs, nf y d cícb uo ldpturbr. L.-è-g. sn fbs cacbot gaooî, è fd Idtdnffb gu cusufcdos gacnobot fb lacidt, @assî, cnffb mun`s qun saot nfs pbuvbot fbs prbogrb bo tdot îkarkîs, fnkatîs bt gîldpntîs. º qub prnsaoonbrs. \n bosuntb, fbs pafyteînstbs sb rbpbotbot, sb Gdos lbttb oauvbffb dffîkdtnao, cbttbot è prnbr bt àot f„duc÷ob, Ao`rdy cbotnaoob uob pdrtnb gb F„Nsfdc notbrgnt bxpfnlntbcbot fd trdntrnsb bo nfs ganvbot ítrb fniîrîs. f„enstanrb gb fd Idtdnffb gu @assî tbcps gb kubrrb bt argaoob fb rbspblt gbs Xaurquan 1 Fb pdssdkb f„nognqub dllargs bt gbs pdltbs laolfus dvbl f„boobcn. ( Yedzwdt Yedzwdt df-Kedogdq) df-Kedogdq) bt bo lfdnrbcbot = « Ldr Dffde bst alluftb uob dutrb paur pauvanr Xdrgaoobur bt Cnsîrnlargnbux Cnsîrnlargnbux º. º. lrnbr du sldogdfb bt prîtbogrb qub gbs « lrncbs tbrrnifbs º aot îtî laccns bovbrs fbs mun`s. Ar, uob Fb vbrsbt g„dprås ob `dnt qub lao`nrcbr qub f„Nsfdc laotbxtudfnsdtnao gb fd Idtdnffb gu @assî gîcaotrbrd bst uob rbfnknao gb lfîcbolb bt g„nogufkbolb g„nogufkb olb = « Bt sn qu„nf s„dknt g„uob îonåcb ncpasturb gu penfasapeb f„uo gbs dssalndtburs tb gbcdogb dsnfb, dllargb -fb- tdrtu``b. fun, d`no qu„nf botbogb fd pdrafb g„Dffde, puns `dns -fb pdrvbonr è sao fnbu gb sîlurntî. Ldr lb saot gbs kbos Ybvboaos g„diarg è fd pîrnagb qun prîlîgd fd qun ob sdvbot pds. º Z>/0S º Z>/0S Idtdnffb gu @assî. È Cîgnob, fbs mun`s vnvdnbot bo tdot qub Genccns qub Genccns saus saus sauvbrdnobtî cusufcdob. Fb \n uo lacidttdot pdrcn fbs pafyteînstbs gbcdogb Xrapeåtb dvdnt slbffî uo pdltb îlrnt dvbl dsnfb è uo cusufcdo paur botbogrb fd pdrafb g„Dffde f„bosbcifb gbs mun`s cîgnoans. Lbt dllarg pbrcnt dux (l.-è-g. fb Lardo), dfars fb cusufcdo gant fun prítbr mun`s gb prdtnqubr fnirbcbot fbur rbfnknao bt stnpufdnt dsnfb bt nf fun bst notbrgnt gb fb tubr. \„nf dllbptb fd qub fburs inbos bt pbrsaoobs ganvbot ítrb prîsbrvîs. vîrntî, nf gbvnbot cusufcdo, snoao nf gant ítrb rdcboî Waus fbs mun`s qun s„distbodnbot s„distbodnbot gbs lacidts sdos bo fnbu súr. ounrb dux cusufcdos sbrdnbot pratîkîs bt sblaurus pdr f„dutarntî nsfdcnqub. 40


F„Nsfdc dllargb uob krdogb ncpartdolb du rbspblt g„diarg, cdns sb rbognrbot bo`no dprås qub fbs gb pdltbs laolfus dvbl f„boobcn <<. Fb Xrapeåtb d cusufcdos fbs dnbot dssnîkîs. È oauvbdu, fb gnt= Xrapeåtb fbur îpdrkod fd vnb bt bxpufsd fd trniu gb Idon df- Odgïr Odgïr è Jedyidr. Jedyidr. Lb ùt bo f„do 7 gb f„eîknrb. « Lbfun qun sb rbibffb laotrb cd laccuodutî bo `rdppdot fb pnbu bt fb pbrvbrs, sdos îpdrkobr fb Fbs gbronbrs è racprb fb pdltb ùrbot fbs mun`s gb lraydot bt sdos eaoarbr f„bokdkbcbot prns bovbrs fbs f bs Idon Tardyted bo f„do ; gb f„eîknrb. Lb ùt fd trniu <7 dutrbs, o„bst pds gb can bt mb ob suns pds gb fun.º qun rbssbotdnt fb pfus g„doncasntî bovbrs fb Xrapeåtb bt gaot fd trdensao ùt fd pfus cdon`bstb. Inbo qub fd Mnznyd ob Mnznyd ob ùt è lbttb îpaqub pds bolarb <2 nostdurîb , fbs cusufcdos dssurdnbot fd pratbltnao Fars gb fd Idtdnffb gu @assî, gnx cnffb eaccbs gb gbs trans trnius munvbs qun rîsngdnbot è Cîgnob: Idon Tarbyle dvdnbot dssnîkî fd vnffb gb Cîgnob. Cdfkrî Tdyoauq„é, Idon df-Odgïr df -Odgïr bt Idon Tardyted. Bo lb snåkb nfs o„drrnvårbot pds è pîoîtrbr fd vnffb bt laotrbpdrtnb, fbs mun`s s„bokdkårbot è ob pds dngbr au dprås 9< maurs, Dffde sblauru fbs cusufcdos. dssnstbr fbs pafyteînstbs gdos Fars gb lbttb idtdnffb, fd trniu fbur futtb laotrb fbs gb Idon Tardyted s„bst dffnîb cusufcdos. Nfs ùrbot dvbl fbs pafyteînstbs gb notbrgnts gb fbur prítbr Tarbyle paur lacidttrb fbs rbùkb, rbùkb, g„eîibrkbr fburs cusufcdos. bspnaos au bolarb gb gnssncufbr fburs lacpfats. Fd trdensao gb Idon Wautb trdntrnsb bovbrs fbs Tardyted ùt fd pfus no`écb cusufcdos gbvdnt ítrb bt l„bst paurquan fbur sart ùt rdppartîb è f„dutarntî bo gn``îrbot gb lbfun gb fburs pfdlb. lao`rårbs gb Idon Tdyoauq'é bt Idon df-Odgïr. Fb Ar, f„dllarg ob ùt pds Xrapeåtb pdrtnt è Tardyted rbspbltî. Fbs prbcnbrs è bt bolbrlfd fbs fnbux. Du 92b racprb fb pdltb ùt fd trniu È Cîgnob, fb Xrapeåtb dvdnt slbffî uo pdltb îlrnt dvbl maur gu snåkb, fbs mun`s gb Idon Tdyoauq„é (qun fbs trnius munvbs qun vnvdnbot bo tdot qub Genccns saus pracnrbot gb sb rbogrb è sauvbrdnobtî cusufcdob. lacptdnt ;88 lacidttdots). laogntnao qub \„dg Nio Nfs ùrbot bolbrlfîs pdr fb Cuége<; sant fd pbrsaoob Xrapeåtb gurdot uob pîrnagb gb 42 maurs dprås qun mukb botrb fbs gbux pdrtnbs. Fb Xrapeåtb fdqubffb nfs sb rbognrbot. \untb è uob notbrlbssnao dllargd lbttb `dvbur dux mun`s gb Idon Tarbyted, g„Diguffde Nio Auidy<0 qun suppfnd fb Xrapeåtb dllbptd fburs laogntnaos bt `nt vbonr \„dg Nio Cuége. gb fbs fniîrbr, lb gbronbr fbur `nt uob `dvbur bo fbs fdnssdot pdrtnr sdos fbur no`fnkbr gb sdoltnao. Fbs mun`s Drrnvî sur pfdlb, \„dg gbcdogd dux gbux ldcps s„nfs gb fd trniu gb Idon Tdyoauq„é qunttårbot Cîgnob îtdnbot príts è dllbptbr sd sbotbolb, qubffb qu„bffb paur s„nostdffbr du Ledc. sant. Fbs gbux pdrtnbs dpprauvårbot safboobffbcbot bt sb gnrbot príts è laosbotnr è sao mukbcbot. Dprås Fd sblaogb trniu munvb è racprb fb pdltb ùt lbffb gb s„ítrb pboleî sur fd trdensao gb Idon Tardyted, \„dg Idon df-Odgïr gaot fbs cbcirbs lacpfatårbot paur Nio Cudge praoaoëd fd pbnob gb cart sur f„bosbcifb dssdssnobr fb Xrapeåtb . Dprås fd idtdnffb g„Reug, g„Reug, gbs lacidttdots gb fd trniu gb Idon Tardyted. Fbs fb Cbssdkbr ùt cns du laurdot gb fbur lacpfat bt gbux pdrtnbs dkrîårbot fb mukbcbot gb \„dg bt 788 fbur argaood gb qunttbr Cîgnob. Nfs rbùsårbot eaccbs<5 ùrbot bxîlutîs paur edutb trdensao. Tudot dux eaccbs oao-lacidttdots, `bccbs bt bo`dots, ao << Fd trdensao dnosn qub fb oao-rbspblt gb lb typb gb pdltb bst fbur îpdrkod fd vnb. pdssnifb gb fd pbnob gb cart. <7 \deïe Cusfnc (7;50). Fb `dnt qub fb Xrapeåtb X rapeåtb s„nooalbotb g„bux, nognqub qu„nf s„dknt g„uo pîleî cdmbur. <2 Fd Mnznyd Fd Mnznyd ob ùt ncpasîb qu„bo f„do > gb f„eîknrb. <0 Digauffde Nio Auidy Nio \dfúf ùt uo gbs gnrnkbdots g„dfg„dfKedzrdgm bt ùt laosngîrî laccb fd títb gbs eypalrntbs (df(df Cuoé`nquo). Cuoé`nquo).

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Fbs pafyteînstbs pafyteînstbs leansnrbot \„dg Nio Cuége, ldr nf ùt uo gb fburs dffnîs è f„îpaqub prînsfdcnqub. <5 Fbs enstarnbos gn``årbot sur fbur oacirb, lbrtdnos cbotnaoobot qu„nfs ùrbot botrb 088 bt ;88 eaccbs. 4;


Ydppbfaos laccbot Cnlebf Ao`rdy d rîsucî lbt îvîobcbot bo uob sbufb perdsb= « \n ao prbog fd inakrdpenb gu Xrapeåtb, nf y d gbs lrncbs tbrrnifbs, nf y d cícb uo cacbot gaooî, è fd f d Idtdnffb Idtdn ffb gu @assî, cnffb mun`s qun saot îkarkîs, fnkatîs bt gîldpntîs. º

g„uob fan taut è `dnt oarcdfb bt mustn`ndifb gu `dnt qu„bffb gî`bog f„notîrít bt fd sîlurntî g„uo pdys allngbotdf. Ar, qudog fbs cusufcdos aot gbs fans pîodfbs ngbotnqubs paur fb cícb typb gb trdensao, ëd gbvnbot uo « lrncb º.

Nf ob s„dknssdnt pds gb cnffb, cdns gb 788 lacidttdots qun dvdnbot dvdnbot trden fbur pdltb dvbl f„dutarntî bo pfdlb. Rob trdensao qun, bo Nsfdc, bst pdssnifb gb fd pbnob gb cart. Gbuxnåcbcbot, pbrsaoob pbrsaoob o„d îtî îkarkî. Ar, ao sdnt botrbtbcps qub Cnlebf Ao`rdy dncb vbrsbr uob sdulb inbo sdokfdotb sur sbs enstanrbs.

Cnlebf Ao`rdy ob pdrfb pds oao sbufbcbot qub gb lrncb, lrncb, cdns g„uo lrncb qun sbrdnt « tbrrnifb « tbrrnifb º. Cdns paurquan tbrrnifb1 Xdrlb fbs laogdcoîs aot îtî gîldpntîs bt qu„bo @rdolb fd pbnob gb cart o„bst (gîmè !) pfus uob « vdfbur uonvbrsbffb º gbpuns 4>54, dooîb aþ fd kunffatnob ùt rbcnsîb 1 Ydppbfaos qu„Ao`rdy bst dteîb bt qu„nf ob passågb gaol duluo lagb cardf aimbltn`. Xdr laosîqubot, laosîqubot, nf o„bst ouffbcbot bo pasntnao gb gîtbrcnobr gb `dëao aimbltnvb lb qun bst cardfbcbot dllbptdifb au oao. Xaur fun, fbs laolbptnaos gu inbo bt gu cdf ob saot qub suimbltnvbs bt ledokbot dvbl fb tbcps<>.

Wransnåcbcbot, Ao`rdy ob cbotnaoob pds qub fb Xrapeåtb s„bst caotrî trås nogufkbot bovbrs fbs dutrbs trnius munvbs qun aot racpu fb pdltb bt qun ùrbot îpdrkoîbs. Bo b``bt, fbs trans trnius ùrbot ledluob trdntîbs gb `dëao gn``îrbotb bo àoltnao gb fbur trdensao. Tudtrnåcbcbot, lbfun qun d praoaolî fb mukbcbot sur fbs mun`s gb Idon Tardyted (l.-è-g. \„dg Nio Cuége) ùt uo eaccb qu„nfs qu„nfs aot bxnkî bux-cícbs bt ncpasî bo tdot qub mukb. Dvdot qub \„dg praoaolb sao mukbcbot, fbs gbux pdrtnbs pracnrbot g„dllbptbr bt g„bxîlutbr sd sbotbolb.

Ybvboaos è fd qubstnao îtenqub fnîb è fd pbnob gb cart pdr gîldpntdtnao. Gdos pfusnburs îtdts dcîrnldnos, ao bxîlutb taumaurs fbs kbos pdr lednsb Fbs pbrsaoobs mukîbs laupdifbs gb trdensao dux îfbltrnqub. Fd pbrsaoob qun bst Îtdts-Rons pbuvbot bolaurnr fd pbnob gb cart cnsb è cart paur trdensao suinrd g„dprås f„drtnlfb 9<54 gu Lagb pîodf dcîrnldno. uob tarturb qun pbut gurbr musqu„è uo qudrt g„eburb. Bffb bogurb uob dspeyxnb gdos fbqubf fb syståcb obrvbux bst sauvbot pdrdfysî. @nodfbcbot, Cnlebf Ao`rdy pdrfb g„uo « lrncb « lrncb Fb larps bst cutnfî bt sau``rb g„uob rnkngntî vnafbotb tbrrnifb º. Xaurquan s„dknrdnts„dknrdnt-nf g„uo lrncb bt oao pds dfars qu„uob vdpbur sb gîkdkb gu larps gú è g„uob pbnob 1 O„y d-t-nf d -t-nf pds gb pdys allngbotdux qun f„îiuffntnao gu sdok. Fd tbcpîrdturb gu larps gbvnbot dppfnqubot fd pbnob ldpntdfb paur trdensao1 Dux Btdts sn notbosb qu„nf prbog pdràns `bu. Gurdot Rons, f„drtnlfb 9<54 f„drtnlfb 9<54 gu Lagb pîodf dcîrnldno (45 R\ f„îfbltralutnao, gbs carlbdux carlbdux gb lednr tacibot è Lagb 9<54) stnpufb qub « qunlaoqub, gbvdot tbrrb, fd lbrvbffb botrb bo îiuffntnao bt fbs ybux dffîkbdolb dux Îtdts-Rons, cåob uob kubrrb laotrb sartbot gb fd títb paur sb `nxbr sur fbs maubs gu fb pdys au s„dssalnb è sbs boobcns, bo fbur laogdcoî. Pnvb f„eucdontî ! àuronssdot uob dngb bt uo sautnbo dux Îtdts-Rons Ît dts-Rons au dnffburs, bst laupdifb gb trdensao bt bst pdssnifb gb fd pbnob gb cart, au g„uob pbnob gb prnsao <> supîrnburb è lnoq dos. º F„eaccb bst no`fubolî pdr sao botaurdkb dnosn qub pdr f„îpaqub f„îpaqub Bo b``bt, dux « pdys gbs fnibrtîs º, fbs f bs pbrsaoobs mukîbs laupdifbs gb trdensao pbuvbot bolaurnr fd pbnob gb cart. Farsqub lb saot gbs oao-cusufcdos qun no`fnkbot fd pbnob ldpntdfb paur trdensao, nf s„dknt

bt fb fnbu aþ nf krdognt. Nf pbrlbvrd laccb inbo au cdf lb qub sbs pdrbots bt sd salnîtî fun nolufqubraot laccb tbf. Ledq ub àns qub gb oauvbffbs ngîbs bt apnonaos surknssbot, fbs cŜurs bt fbs vdfburs sunvraot bt s„dgdptbraot. Lb qun bst cdf dumaurg'eun pbut dumaurg'eun pbut ítrb inbo gbcdno bt vnlb-vbrsd. Cnlebf Ao`rdy gî`bog dumaurg'eun f„eacasbxudfntî, leasb qu„nf o„durdnt sdos gautb mdcdns `dntb gdos uob dutrb pdrtnb gu caogb au è uob dutrb îpaqub.

45


Bo Nsfdc, fd pbrsaoob laogdcoîb è cart paur trdensao rbëant uo laup g„îpîb qun gurb canos g„uob sblaogb sblaogb bt qun o„bokbogrb duluob sau``rdolb. Inbo botbogu, lb typb g„bxîlutnao rbstb uo « lrncb « lrncb tbrrnifb º ldr l„bst fd cdonårb gaot fbs cusufcdos dppfnqubot fd pbnob ldpntdfb.

dgcnrdtnao paur fb fnvrb fb pfus prîlns, larrblt bt lacpfbt è dvanr îtî rîvîfî. « Ob cîgntbot-nfs gaol pds sur fb Lardo 1 \„nf pravbodnt g„uo dutrb qu„Dffde, nfs y trauvbrdnbot lbrtbs cdnotbs laotrdgnltnaos ! º laotrdgnltnaos ! º Z7/59S Z7/59S

Mdcdns uo fnvrb o„d-t-nf o„d-t-nf pu àuronr uob trdoqunffntî Laotrdnrbcbot è f„dffîkdtnao gb Cnlebf Ao`rdy, g„écb bt g„bsprnt laccb fb Lardo. L„bst uo kungb mdcdns uo prnsaoonbr o„d îtî îkarkî pdr îkarkî pdr fb Xrapeåtb paur f„eucdontî qun gaoob è fd vnb taut sao sbos. Ro au sbs lacpdkoaos. Bo Nsfdc, fb stdtut gbs fnvrb gnvno qun ùt rîvîfî pdr fb cbnffbur gbs dokbs è prnsaoonbrs bst lfdnrbcbot gî`non fd cbnffburb gbs lrîdturbs gdos fd pdr fb Lardo bt fd trdgntnao fdokub fd pfus rnleb bt îfaqubotb. prapeîtnqub. Fbs dutarntîs L„bst fb fnvrb fb pfus fu, rîlntî, cusufcdobs sb ganvbot gb trdntbr cîcarnsî bt prdtnquî du caogb. fburs prnsaoonbrs dvbl îquntî bt iaotî. Fb Lardo nolntb g„dnffburs è \dos îprauvbr fb canogrb oaurrnr fbs prnsaoonbrs. « Nfs slrupufb, Cnlebf Ao`rdy dttrniub dllacpfnssbot fburs vŜux bt nfs du Lardo uob lrudutî notrnosåqub rbgautbot uo maur gaot fb cdf bt fb gîlrnt laccb « uo tbxtb s'îtbogrd pdrtaut bt a``rbot fd dkrbssn` qun gnt qun nf `dut gîtbstbr oaurrnturb, cdfkrî sao dcaur, du bt dpprbog è gîldpntbr º. º . Ar, fbs pduvrb, è f'arpebfno bt du kbos gb rdnsao o„aot mdcdns prnsaoonbr º Z;-5/;0S º Z;-5/;0S pdrtdkî lbttb dpprîlndtnao. Fb Lardo « sîgunt, îtaoob bt `nont pdr Gdos fd \auood, oaus trauvaos fb àrlbr oatrb rîvîrbolb. \ao styfb, edgnte aþ fb Xrapeåtb gnt= bo edrcaonb dvbl sao laotbou bt « \auedntbz fb inbo gbs sao aimbltn`, bst sîvårb, 78 prnsaoonbrs º , uo argrb gu krdognasb, tbrrnifb, è mdcdns vdfbur Fd gîldpntdtnao o„bst pfus uob « Cbssdkbr qun ùt dppfnquî pdr fbs suifncb º79 laolfut f„eaccb uonvbrsbffb º gbpuns 4>54, dooîb aþ fd pbnob lacpdkoaos qun oaurrnssdnbot gb cart ùt diafnb bt fd kunffatnob rbcnsîb. pafntnqub bt paåtb dffbcdog Maedo M aedo fburs prnsaoonbrs g„uob oaurrnturb [af`kdok vao Kabteb (4;7>74 qun ùt cbnffburb qub fd fbur . 45<9). Waus lbs îfîcbots saot prîsbots gdos fbs tbxtbs rbfnknbux qub Cnlebf Ao`rdy bst lbosî dvanr fus. Ar, nf o„d trauvî qub fb pdssdkb gdos fbqubf fbs cbcirbs gb fd trniu munvb gb Idon Tardyted bolaurbot uob pbnob ldpntdfb…

Bo Allngbot, fbs kbos aot gu cdf è sb `dnrb uob ngîb gb fd kîoîrdfntî bt gb f„uonvbrsdfntî gb f„Nsfdc bt, gb fè, ob lacprboobot pds qu„nf punssb gnrnkbr fd vnb gbs nognvngus bt gbs salnîtîs gdos fbur tatdfntî. F„Nsfdc bst uob rbfnknao pdrdlebvîb qun diargb taus fbs sumbts gaot d ibsano f„ítrb eucdno = Wdweng, dgardtnao, lraydolb, Enstanrb, rîlnts gbs prapeåtbs, sdkbssb, FB PNPYB BO\BCIFB BO N\FDC kauvbrodolb, fans, trdosdltnaos, slnbolbs, rbfdtnaos salndfbs, cŜurs, btl. Dnosn, fbs cusufcdos passågbot Fb Lardo bst f„auvrdkb fnttîrdnrb fn ttîrdnrb fb pfus îfaqubot qun uob rbfnknao qun fbur bosbnkob dussn inbo laccbot o„dnt mdcdns bxnstî. Fd spfbogbur bt fd rnlebssb gb sbs cdokbr qub laccbot gnrnkbr gbs odtnaos. vbrsbts aot fdnssî iauleb iîb fbs pfus krdogs paåtbs drdibs gb fd Mdenfnyd. Mdenfnyd. Musqu„è lb maur, fbs krdogs F„Nsfdc bst uob rbfnknao qun pr÷ob uob salnîtî mustb pbosburs g„Allngbot qun aot pu sb gî`dnrb gbs dvbl uob kauvbrodolb sdnob bt uo syståcb salndf bt prîmukîs rîpdogus laotnoubot è bxprncbr fbur îlaoacnqub îquntdifb, cdns l„bst dussn uob rbfnknao qun tnbot lacptb gb fd rîdfntî gbs leasbs bt qun 78

Ydppartî pdr df-Wdidréon gdos « df- C„umdc C„umdc df -Jdiïr -Jdiïr º º (>;;) bt mukî iao (edsdo (edsdo)) pdr df-Edytedcn bt df-\uyútn. 74 È Idgr, fbs cusufcdos oaurrnssdnbot fbs prnsaoonbrs gb pdno dfars qu„bux-cícbs qu„bux-cícbs sb laotbotårbot gb gdttbs.

79

Maedo [af`kdok vao Kabteb, lntî gdos « Gnltnaoodnrb gb f„Nsfdc º f„Nsfdc º gb gb W.X. Eukubs, p.290 4>


rblaoodnt f„bxnstbolb gb f„nomustnlb sur tbrrb, qu„bffb sant pbrpîtrîb pdr gbs drcîbs ncpîrndfnstbs, gbs gnltdturbs sîlufdrnsîbs au gbs cauvbcbots rbibffbs. F„Nsfdc dutarnsb gaol dux gnrnkbdots gb odtnaos nsfdcnqubs nsfdcnqubs g„bcpfaybr uob vnafbolb peysnqub 7< d`no gb lacidttrb lbs nomustnlbs, dkrbssnaos bt allupdtnaos.

f„argrb bt fd vrdnb mustnlb, oao pds fb ledas bt fd turpntugb.

F„Nsfdc o„d pds sbufbcbot gbs fans bo tbcps gb kubrrb, cdns dussn bo tbcps gb pdnx, dussn inbo paur fbs cusufcdos qun vnvbot bo tbrrb cîlrîdotb ( Gér ( Gér df Ju`r ) qub paur fbs oao-cusufcdos qun vnvbot bo tbrrb g„Nsfdc ( Gér Gér df-Nsféc). df-Nsféc).

F„aifnkdtnao F„aifnkdtnao gb rbspbltbr fbs dllargs laolfus dvbl fbs cîlrîdots bst îkdfbcbot cbotnaooîb gb cdonårb bxpfnlntb gdos fb Edgnte aþ fb Cbssdkbr gnt =

G„dutrb pdrt, fd fîknsfdtnao nsfdcnqub pratåkb fbs oaooaocusufcdos gdos fbs tbrrbs cusufcdobs. Fd trdgntnao prapeîtnqub oaus bosbnkob qub fb lntaybo oao cusufcdo bo tbrrb g„Nsfdc pbut dvanr trans stdtuts gn``îrbots. Au inbo nf s„dknt g„uo Genccn g„uo Genccn (uo (uo rîsngbot « Bt qu„dvbz-vaus qu„dvbz-vaus è ob pds lacidttrb gdos fb sbotnbr oao-cusufcdo oao-cusufcdo gdos uo pdys cusufcdo), g„uo g„Dffde, bt paur fd ldusb gbs `dnifbs = eaccbs, Caustd„cno (uo Caustd„cno (uo oao-cusufcdo oao-cusufcdo g„uo pdys bo kubrrb `bccbs bt bo`dots qun dvbl fbs cusufcdos qun gnsbot = « \bnkobur ! @dns@dnsbotrb bo tbrrb g„Nsfdc dvbl oaus sartnr gb lbttb lntî nccuontî) au g„uo gaot fbs kbos saot nomustbs, Cu„éedg (uo oaobt dssnkob-oaus gb Wd pdrt cusufcdo dppdrtbodot è uo uo dffnî, bt dssnkob-oaus gb pdys qun o„bst pds bo kubrrb Wd pdrt uo sblaurbur º. Z7dvbl fbs cusufcdos). Fbs ;2S grants gbs pbrsaoobs dppdrtbodot è uob gb lbs \n f„Nsfdc ob passîgdnt pds trans ldtîkarnbs ganvbot ítrb gb cdonårb fîkn`îrîb bt rbspbltîs. Nfs ob pbuvbot laotr÷fîb paur gî`bogrb fbs ítrb tuîs, cdftrdntîs, vafîs pbupfbs, tbrrntanrbs bt au trdens g„uob `dëao notîríts gb sbs dgeîrbots, nf qubflaoqub72. s„dknrdnt g„uob rbfnknao bst uob rbfnknao pdrdlebvîb qun diargb taus fbs sumbts nolaeîrbotb ldrdltîrnsîb pdr F„Nsfdc Nf ob s„dknt pds g„uob gaot d ibsano f„ítrb eucdno : gbs dgardtnaos dux trdosdltnaos, gb fd spnrntudfntî è fd kauvbrodolb gb odtnaos. uob gî`nlnbolb noeîrbotb, « notbrprîtdtnao ldr fbs cusufcdos paurraot rîpuifnldnob º gu Lardo, dfars ítrb pbrsîlutîs bt bxtbrcnoîs è taut cacbot. cdns gb fd lacprîebosnao arteagaxb bt fnttîrdfnstb gbs tbxtbs nsfdcnqubs. Fb Xrapeåtb d gnt = Waut du faok gb f„enstanrb eucdnob, gbs lacidts, gbs idtdnffbs bt gbs kubrrbs g„uob àrcb au g„uob dutrb « Tunlaoqub apprncb uob pbrsaoob 70 dvbl qun oaus aot bu fnbu. Xdr laosîqubot, lb ob saot qub gbs dvaos laolfu uo pdltb, qunlaoqub fd gîonkrb, fun ncpîrndfnstbs au gbs oîa-lransîs dux notbotnaos ncpasb uo `drgbdu qu„bffb ob pbut partbr au fun eîkîcaonqubs qun sbrdnbot rdvns g„dpprbogrb qub prbog uob leasb sdos sao laosbotbcbot, mb fb f„Nsfdc ob laotnbot duluob àrcb fîknsfdtnvb gdos fd qubrbffbrdn bo sd `dvbur (l.-è-g. gb fd pbrsaoob laoguntb, fbs lautucbs bt f„drt gb fd kubrrb77. apprncîb) fb Maur gb fd Yîsurrbltnao. º 7;

« Tunlaoqub tub uob pbrsaoob qun d laolfu uo pdltb (gb oao-dkrbssnao) dvbl fbs cusufcdos, ob sbotnrd Fbs cusufcdos qun vnvbot gdos fbs pdys oao panot f„ag bur bur gu Xdrdgns. º 75 cusufcdos saot notbrgnts g„y laccbttrb tautb àrcb gb trdensao ( kedgr kedgr ) bovbrs fbs edintdots gu pdys. F„Nsfdc bst uob rbfnknao qun bst vboub paur nostdurbr 72

Panr Diguf-―Dzïz Diguf-―Dzïz Nio Iéz, « Cdmcú„ @dtéwd Nio Iéz º Iéz º (Paf. (Paf. 0, p. 95<-957). 70 Nf s„dknt gu oao-cusufcdo, oao-cusufcdo, ldr fb Edgnte pdrfb gu Cu„éed gu Cu„éedg g . 7< Lbln o„bcpíleb pds pds qub lbttb vnafbolb cnfntdnrb bst dllacpdkoîb 7; Ydppartî pdr Diu Géwug (<827) bt mukî dutebotnqub pdr \ebnje g„uo lagb bt g„uob îtenqub gb kubrrb. df-Dfidoy gdos « df-\deïed º (4/772) º (4/772) 77 75 Panr Edobb` Afnvbr, « Pdokudrgs º \deïe df-Iujeérn (<400) bt Nio Cémde (9050) 98


F„Nsfdc pbrcbt gaol dux oao-cusufcdos oao-cusufcdos gb vnvrb gdos fbs pdys nsfdcnqubs bt, novbrsbcbot, fbs cusufcdos qun prdtnqubot fbs prîlbptbs gb fbur rbfnknao pbuvbot vnvrb bo pdnx gdos fbs pdys cîlrîdots s„nfs o„y saot pds pbrsîlutîs bt qu„ao fbur f bur 7> pbrcbt g„y prdtnqubr fbur rbfnknao rbfnknao bo tautb fnibrtî .

prapeîtnqubs qub Cnlebf Ao`rdy d``nrcb dvanr îtugnîs. Lurnbusbcbot, lbfun-ln lbfun-ln o„d rbpîrî qub gbs vbrsbts rîvîfîs gdos uo laotbxtb gb kubrrb qu„nf prîsbotb dfars laccb gbs laccdogbcbots qun ganvbot ítrb dppfnquîs bo tbcps gb pdnx paur bosuntb laolfurb qu„nf y d gdos fb Lardo Lardo gb oacirbusbs saurdtbs qun gîcaotrbot qub « f„Nsfdc bst Lb rbspblt gbs pdltbs pbut ítrb rbtrauvî gdos àogdcbotdfbcbot nolacpdtnifb dvbl fbs salnîtîs f„bxbcpfb gu Xrapeåtb qun s„bst taumaurs tbou dux nssubs gbs Fucnårbs º. º. dllargs laolfus dvbl sbs pfus krdogs boobcns. Fars gbs lao`fnts botrb Tarbyle bt fbs cusufcdos, lbrtdnos Xaur sautbonr sd teåsb, Ao`rdy d `dffdlnbusbcbot lacpdkoaos ùrbot noldpdifbs gb qunttbr fd Cblqub. prîtbogu qub fb Lardo argaoob dux cusufcdos gb Xdrcn bux nf y dvdnt laccbttrb gbs lrncbs Eugeby`d Nio df-^dcéo tbrrn ifbs, ifbs, g„îkarkbr taut mun` qun, gdos uo Edgnte qun fbur tacib saus fd rdppartî pdr Cusfnc, oaus cdno, gb `rdppbr fbs gîlrnt fb cagåfb no`ngåfbs sur fb lau, gb fbs prapeîtnqub gdos fb tubr fè aþ nfs fbs trauvbot bt lacpartbcbot è dgaptbr gb fbs bxtbrcnobr musqu„du bovbrs fbs pdltbs dvbl gbronbr. Bo vîrntî, nf d taut f„boobcn. Nf gnt = gnt = cbotnaooî sdu` fb vbrsbt qun bxpfnqub vîrntdifbcbot, « Nf o„y dvdnt rnbo qun bt sdos fd canogrb c„bcpíled gb pdrtnlnpbr è dcinkuátî, fb lacpartbcbot (fd idtdnffb gb) Idgr sn lb nsfdcnqub è dgaptbr dvbl o„bst qub m„îtdns sartn bo fbs oao-cusufcdos bo tdot lacpdkonb gb cao pårb F„Nsfdc pbrcbt uo vnvrb bosbcifb botrb cusufcdos bt oao- gb pdnx = dussn inbo gd os fbs pdys nsfdcnqubs qu„bo Eusdyf. Fbs cîlrîdots gb cusufcdos Allngbot. Turdyse oaus dttrdpårbot bt « Dffde ob vaus gî`bog pds gnrbot = ―Paus vaufbz rbmanogrb Caedccbg1„ Oaus g„ítrb inbo`dnsdots bt îquntdifbs bovbrs lbux qun ob rîpfnquécbs = ―lb o„bst pds lb qub qu b oaus vaufaos, vaus aot pds lacidttus paur fd rbfnknao bt ob vaus oaus gîsnraos sbufbcbot oaus rbogrb è Cîgnob.„ Nfs aot pds ledssîs gb vas gbcburbs. Ldr Dffde dncb fbs prnrbot dfars gb oaus uo bokdkbcbot bt uob îquntdifbs. Dffde vaus gî`bog sbufbcbot gb prbogrb pracbssb du oac g„Dffde qub oaus dffnaos è Cîgnob paur dffnîs lbux qun vaus aot lacidttus paur fd bt qub oaus ob lacidttrnaos pds dux l÷tîs gu rbfnknao, ledssîs gb vas gbcburbs bt aot dngî è vatrb Xrapeåtb. Oaus oaus rbogïcbs lebz fb Cbssdkbr bxpufsnao. Bt lbux qun fbs prboobot paur dffnîs saot g„Dffde bt f„noàrcécbs gb fd oauvbffb. Nf oaus gnt = gnt = fbs nomustbs. º Z08/5->S º Z08/5->S ―Xdrtbz ! Oaus rbspbltbraos fbur bokdkbcbot bt oaus rblebrleaos f„dngb g„Dffde laotrb bux 28. º24 Fb Lardo d``nrcb gaol bxdltbcbot fb laotrdnrb gb lb qub prîtbog Cnlebf Ao`rdy bt nolntb fbs cusufcdos è Lbs îfîcbots pbuvbot pdrdïtrb bxatnqubs paur ítrb inbo`dnsdots bovbrs fbs oao-cusufcdos qun ob lbrtdnos, cdns saot taus cbotnaooîs gdos fbs edgntes fbs lacidttbot pds, on ob fbs pbrsîlutbot. O„bo gautbz pds, sn fbs vdfburs gb fd Yîpuifnqub bt gb fd 7> \ebnje Rtebycnob bxpfnqub qub gbux laogntnaos ganvbot ítrb fdálntî `rdoëdnsb pr÷odnbot lb typb gb inbosîdolb rbspbltîbs paur qub fd rîsngbolb gu cusufcdo bo tbrrb cîlrîdotb bovbrs fbs lntaybos gb lao`bssnaos cusufcdob, fd sant pbrcnsb. Nf gant passîgbr su``nsdccbot gb laoodnssdolb, gb àn 29 bt gb gîtbrcnodtnao rbfnknbusb qun fun pbrcbttraot gb rbstbr `brcb @rdolb nrdnt ibdulaup cnbux . gdos sd rbfnknao. Fd sblaogb laogntnao bst qu„nf gant ítrb ldpdifb g„bxtîrnarnsbr sd rbfnknao gb `dëao è lb qu„nf punssb cbttrb bo prdtnqub fbs prîlbptbs gb sd rbfnknao. \„nf ob fun bst pds passnifb pa ssnifb gb prdtnqubr sd rbfnknao nf bst aifnkî g„îcnkrbr. (« \edre Wedfétedtuf Rsúf º, p. º, p. 4<9-4<<) 28 È oatrb, îpaqub, qubf eaccb gb kubrrb rbspbltbrd bolarb lb typb g„bokdkbcbots 1 24 \deïe Cusfnc (70<>)

29

Tun sdnt, pbut-ítrb uob rîàrcb gb fd fdálntî gant ítrb bovnsdkîb dvbl f„notragultnao gb vdfburs nsfdcnqubs du sbno gbs laostntutnaos allngbotdfbs. Fbs salnîtîs sîlufdnrbs paurraot dnosn sb gî`dnrb gb fbur îpauvdotdifb syståcb pafntnqub qun pbrcbt fd caotîb gb rdlnscb, nsfdcapeainb, dotnsîcntnscb, btl.

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Lb ob saot gaol pds fbs saurdtbs lardonqubs qun rbogbot nolacpdtnifb fb vnvrb bosbcifb, ldr f„Nsfdc pbrcbt dux cusufcdos gb gbcburbr bo tbrrb oaocusufcdob2< taut bo rbspbltdot f„dllarg laolfu dvbl fbs dutarntîs cîlrîdotbs27. Pnlb-vbrsd, rnbo o„bcpíleb dux oao-cusufcdos oao-cusufcdos gb vnvrb bo pdnx bt bo sîlurntî gdos fbs salnîtîs cusufcdobs, qub lb sant bo tdot qub Genccn qub Genccn,, Cu„éedg au Custd„cno au Custd„cno..

gbs gn``îrbolbs gb gbkrîs botrb gbs kbos qun s„dppunbot sur uo cícb tbxtb paur oaus bxpfnqubr lb qu„nfs prîfåvbot gdos fb tbxtb. Bt lbrtdnos prîfåvbot bo b``bt tautb fnibrtî = mb cdokb gu parl, mb ians gb f„dflaaf, cdns mb suns cusufcdo taut gb cícb… º cícb… º

Fb lrntårb qun pbrcbt gb gnstnokubr botrb uo notîkrnstb bt uo cusufcdo oarcdf bst sncpfb. Lbfun qun sauedntb prdtnqubr sd rbfnknao bo sunvdot fbs Cdfkrî fbs gn``îrbolbs àogdcbotdfbs botrb fbs laccdogbcbots bt bo s„distbodot gbs notbrgnltnaos salnîtîs cusufcdobs bt fdáqubs, qub lb sant g„uo prbslrntbs pdr f„Nsfdc (laccb s„dssbanr è uob tdifb panot gb vub gb fd lraydolb, kauvbrodolb, îlaoacnb aþ f„ao sbrt gb f„dflaaf) bst uo notîkrnstb, ldr nf rbùsb au lufturb, f„Nsfdc pbrcbt, bt d taumaurs pbrcns uob g„dllbptbr fbs krdogbs « fnibrtîs « fnibrtîs º gb fd @rdolb qun salnîtî aþ cusufcdos bt saot fb `dnt gb cdokbr gu oao-cusufcdos vnvbot bo parl bt gb sb saúfbr. È pdnx. f„appasî sb trauvb fb cusufcdo oarcdf qun Lb qun rbog rîbffbcbot cdokb gu mdciao bt iant gb nolacpdtnifb fb vnvrb f„dflaaf bo gbears gu bosbcifb gdos uob salnîtî Ydcdgdo. Lb gbronbr aþ rîsngbot cusufcdos bt s„dppunbr dnt dnt sbfao Ao`rdy oao-cusufcdos saot fd sur fb cícb tbxtb lardonqub ednob, f„nsfdcapeainb bt fb qub f„ « notîkrnstb º qun rdlnscb lufturbf gb s„distnbot gb ianrb gb pbrsaoobs tbffbs qub Cnlebf f„dflaaf gurdot tautb Ao`rdy qun o„drrnvb pds è f„dooîb. Paybz-vaus, Paybz-vaus, dllbptbr f„« dutrb f„« dutrb º tbf qu„nf qu„nf \bfao Cnlebf Ao`rdy, ianrb gb f„dflaaf bo gbears gu cans gb Cnlebf bst oao sbufbcbot bst. Xaur Ao`rdy, fb Ydcdgdo bst uob `dëao g„ítrb cusufcdo bt pbut ítrb krdog laoodnssbur gb ustn`nî pdr gbs tbxtbs r bfnknbux. cusufcdo qun cbt bo f„Nsfdc, nf bst dussn prdtnqub sd rbfnknao bst spîlndfnstb gbs cusufcdos... dutacdtnqubcbot uo notîkrnstb, bxtrîcnstb bt `dodtnqub. Fb penfasapeb ob ldleb g„dnffburs Nf bst krdog tbcps g„îguqubr g„îguqubr lb psbuga penfasapeb ouffbcbot sao rdlnscb lufturbf = qun sbcifb rîbffbcbot nkoarbr fbs dspblts fbs pfus îfîcbotdnrbs gb fd lraydolb cusufcdob. Bo Nsfdc, « Can m„dn uo dcn cusufcdo qun cb gnt qudog drrnvb laccbttrb uo pîleî (laccb ianrb gb f„dflaaf au fb rdcdgdo = ―m„drrítb gb ianrb gb f„dflaaf„. L„bst cdokbr gu parl), ob snkon`nb ouffbcbot qub fd uob `dëao g„ítrb cusufcdo. L„bst -è-gnrb -è-gnrb qu„nf bo pbrsaoob laotbstb sao notbrgnltnao au qu„bffb iant bo tbcps oarcdf. Paus vaus ncdknobz inbo qub laosngårb sao pîleî laccb uob `dëao gb prdtnqubr f„notîkrnstb fun, f„ngîb cícb qu„uob iautbnffb sd rbfnknao. Fbs cusufcdos aot dussn fburs `dnifbssbs g„dflaaf sant sur sd tdifb ëd ob vd pds 22. Gaol nf y d bt laccbttbot gbs pîleîs, sdos paur dutdot fbs rbogrb fnlntbs20. 2<

Nf bst ncpartdot gb prîlnsbr qu„nf bst uonqubcbot pbrcnt paur fb « iaos º cusufcdos cusufcdo gb rîsngbr bo tbrrb cîlrîdotb paur gbs rdnsaos inbo Cnlebf paursunt sur f„Nsfdc gbs « iaos prîlnsbs laccb fd gd„wd, fb laccbrlb, fbs sanos sanos cîgnldux, fbs qun, aozb cans pdr do, cdokbot gu parl bt ianvbot gb îtugbs, btl. (\ebnje Rteybcno « \edre Wedfétedtuf Rsúf º, º, p. 4<2- f„dflaaf = f„dflaaf = 4<0.) 27 Nf vd gb san qub fbs cusufcdos vnvdot bo tbrrb oao cusufcdob aot uo dllarg dvbl f„dutarntî bo pfdlb, snoao nfs sbrdnbot bxpufsîs gu pdys. 22 Ybcdrqubz qub f„nsfdcapeaib o„dpprîlnb fb cusufcdo qub farsqu„nf oîkfnkb fbs laccdogbcbots gb sd rbfnknao bt s„dssncnfb dux lautucbs allngbotdfbs. Xdr laotrb, fb iao lntaybo fdál bst lbfun qun rbspbltb è fd fbttrb tautbs fbs fans gu syståcb gîcalrdtnqub. Ao ob fun gnrd mdcdns qu„bo`rbnogrb qu„bo`rbnogrb qubfqubs fans gb fd Yîpuifnqub bst 20 Lbfun qun rbog fnlntb uo pîleî sdledot qub f„Nsfdc f„notbrgnt, o„bst uob `dëao g„ítrb fdál. pfus laosngîrî laccb cusufcdo. 99


« Lbt nsfdc-fè, nf cb pfdnt, nf cb vd, mb ob vdns pds fb stnkcdtnsbr. Mb trauvb qu„nf bst rîpuifnldno, mb m b trauvb qu„nf bst fdál, qu„nf bst taut è `dnt rbotdifb qudog rbotdifb qudog ao gî`bog gbs vdfburs gb kduleb ―fnibrtî, îkdfnt î, îkdfnt î, `rdtbrontî, fdálntî, `îcnonscb.„ Lbfd ob cb pasb duluo praifåcb. Dprås vaus krncpbz, du ùr bt è cbsurb vaus dvbz gbs kbos qun gnsbot ―oao mb rbspbltb lbln, mb rbspbltb lbfd„ bt puns g„dutrbs qun prboobot du pnbg gb fd fbttrb fbttrb fbs novntdtnaos è îkarkbr au è cdssdlrbr. º

Noldpdifb g„dvdolbr fb canogrb laotrdrkucbot, fd prîsbotdtrnlb \dfdcî s„bciraunffb gdos fb gîidt bt rîpaog dvbl krassb cdfdgrbssb qub « gdos fd Inifb, l„bst pdrbnf ! º pdrbnf ! º Oao, Oao, lb o„bst pds pdrbnf. Fd pdrbnf. Fd rîpaosb è fd qubstnao g„Ao`rdy ùt paurtdot sncpfb. Nf durdnt su``n gb rîpaogrb qu„ao trauvb f„dcaur, fd pdnx bt fd tafîrdolb fè aþ f„aot trauvî fbs oao-cusufcdos oao -cusufcdos qun aot `dnt prbuvb g„notîkrntî gurdot fbur rblebrleb sur f„Nsfdc : gdos fb Lardo bt fd trdgntnao prapeîtnqub. Bo îtugndot fbs tbxtbs rbfnknbux bt f„enstanrb gu Xrapeåtb , nf bst ncpassnifb gb laolfurb qu„nf ùt bovayî dvbl uob rbfnknao g„notafîrdolb, gb vnafbolb au gb ednob. Nf su``nt gb lacpdrbr fbs teåsbs `dr`bfubs g„Ao`rdy è lbffbs g„notbffbltubfs allngbotdux qun aot îtugnî ‗ sîrnbusbcbot, bt sdos prîmukîs ‗ fd inakrdpenb gu Cbssdkbr .

L„bst nln qub oaus dssnstaos è f„dpateîasb `nodfb gb Cnlebf. Waus fbs cusufcdos qun rbùsbot gb cdokbr gu parl au gb ianrb gb f„dflaaf saot gbs àus qun prboobot du pnbg gb fd fbttrb fb Lardo qun, rdppbfaosfb, laotnbot gbs « novntdtnaos è îkarkbr fbs mun`s bt è cdssdlrbr fbs @rdoëdns º. Fd cnssnao bst dllacpfnb : taut lntaybo `rdoëdns qun, gbvdot sd tîfî, d kaiî fbs éobrnbs g„Ao`rdy, pbrlbvrd gîsarcdns taut cusufcdo qun ob cdokb pds gb mdciao bt qun ob iant pds gb vno laccb uo cburtrnbr qun lebrleb è f„îkarkbr… f „îkarkbr…

F„notbffbltubffb irntdoonqub Doonb Ibsdot (457;-4><<), laooub paur ítrb uob dltnvnstb gbs grants gb fd `bccb gnt Cnlebf Ao`rdy stnkcdtnsb fbs cusufcdos qu„« qu„« nf bst ncpassnifb paur arteagaxbs bo rbprîsbotdot taut cusufcdo lbfun qun îtugnb fd vnb bt fb prdtnqudot laccb uo îkarkbur gb mun`s. ldrdltårb gu krdog Xrapeåtb g „Drdinb, „Drdinb, paur lbfun qun sdnt laccbot nf bosbnkodnt bt FB GBYONBY GB\ CB\\DKBY\ gb qubffb `dëao nf vnvdnt, gb rbssbotnr g„dutrb sbotncbot qub fb rbspblt paur lb prapeåtb È f„nostdr gbs « bxpbrts « bxpbrts º dutapralfdcîs gb f„Nsfdc pragnknbux, f„uo gbs krdogs cbssdkbrs gb f„Ítrb bo @rdolb, Cnlebf Ao`rdy o„d mdcdns dlquns fb suprícb. º2; canogrb sdvanr on aitbou fd canogrb qudfn`nldtnao fd gdos uob slnbolb nsfdcnqub qubflaoqub. Nf ob laoodnt Lebz ibdulaup g„îrugnts, uob fblturb aimbltnvb gb fd diautnt è fd laolfusnao qu„nf ùt strnltbcbot rnbo : on du Lardo, on è fd lraydolb bt vnb gu Xrapeåtb murnsprugbolb nsfdcnqubs, on è f„drdib bt bolarb f„bxbcpfb fb pfus pdr`dnt è ob mdcdns dvanr àufî fd canos è fd slnbolb gu Edgnte. Nf o„bst gaol pds sur`dlb gb fd Wbrrb. Nf ùt f„eaccb qun d cdrquî sbufbcbot ncpartdot gb gîoaolbr fbs prapas f„enstanrb laccb pbrsaoob g„dutrb ob f„dvdnt mdcdns tbogdolnbux gb lb gîprîlndtbur ncpbrtnobot, cdns `dnt dupdrdvdot bt laccb pfus pbrsaoob ob fb `brd dussn gb f„îguqubr. f„îguqubr. dprås fun. Dprås dvanr diusî fbs dugntburs dvbl sd sîrnb gb F„Bolyfapbgnd Irntdoonld fb pralfdcd « f„eaccb gb vbrsbts, Ao`rdy s„bxlfdcb qub f„Nsfdc o„bst qu„uob rbfnknao qun d laoou fb pfus gb sullås sur lbttb tbrrb º. º. \bfao f„enstarnbo bt penfasapeb dcîrnldno Gr rbfnknao gb ednob = [nffndc Grdpbr (4544-4559), Caedccbg ùt « Tudog ao oaus gnt qub l„bst uob rbfnknao g„dcaur, gb pdnx bt gb tafîrdolb, mb vaus gns = aþ trauvbz-vaus fd pdnx, fd tafîrdolb bt b t f„dcaur 1 º f„dcaur 1 º 2;

Doonb Ibsdot, « Web Fn`b Dog Wbdlenoks a` Caedccdg º, º, p. 7.

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« f„eaccb qun pdrcn taus fbs eaccbs, dffdnt bxbrlbr bxb rlbr dgbptbs, sao notrîpngntî, sao laurdkb, sd lao`ndolb fd pfus krdogb no`fubolb sur fd rdlb eucdnob. º 25 disafub bo Gnbu… º Gnbu… º04 Nf ùt oaccî fb pbrsaoodkb fb pfus no`fubot gu caogb gdos fb fnvrb gb Cnledbf Edrt « Fbs 488 pbrsaoodkbs fbs pfus no`fubots gdos f„enstanrb º f„enstanrb º.. \bfao Edrt, Caedccbg ùt fb sbuf eaccb gdos f„enstanrb è è dvanr botnårbcbot rîussn tdot sur fb pfdo rbfnknbux qub tbcparbf2>. Caedccbg, fb gbronbr gbs cbssdkbrs , ùt fano g„ítrb fd pbrsaoob ibffnqubusb bt vbokbrbssb qub tbotbot gb oaus `dnrb lranrb fbs nsfdcapeaibs. Nf ùt uo eaccb eaooítb, mustb bt lfîcbot qun pdrgaood è lbfun qun fun `nt gu cdf bt è lbux qun tbotårbot gb f„dssdssnobr. Mdcdns ob s„bst-nf, s„bst-nf, ears lacidt, lacpartî gb `dëao vnafbotb, laccb f„bo tîcankod sao îpausb Dnled = « Mdcdns fb Xrapeåtb o„d-t-nf o„d-t-nf `rdppî qubfqu„uo gb sd cdno, on `bccb on gacbstnqub, sdu` farsqu„nf lacidttdnt gdos fb sbotnbr g„Dffde. Bt mdcdns ob s„bst -nf vbokî gb qubfqu„uo qun s„bo prbodnt è fun, sdu` s„nf vnafdnt uo gbs notbrgnts g„Dffde. È lb cacbot, nf sb vbokbdnt paur Dffde. º08

Bo b``bt, fd trdgntnao prapeîtnqub laotnbot gbs cnffnbrs g„bxbcpfbs g„bxbcpfbs qun tîcankobot gb sd inbovbnffdotb nogufkbolb, gb sd edutb cardfntî bt gb sao notîkrntî àogdcbotdfb qun aot laotrdnot f„enstarnbo îlassdns [nffndc Caotkacbry (4>8>(4>8>9880) gb laolfurb qub « fd suppasntnao sbfao fdqubffb Cuedccdg sbrdnt uo ncpastbur saufåvb pfus gb praifåcbs qu„bffb o„bo 09 rîsaut. º Laccbot uob rbfnknao qun dppbffb laotnoubffbcbot è f„îquntî, du pdrgao, è fd vîrdlntî bt è fd mustnlb, pbut-bffb ítrb laoëub laccb irutdfb bt dkrbssnvb 1 « × fbs lraydots ! \aybz strnlts (gdos vas gbvanrs) bovbrs Dffde bt saybz gbs tîcanos îquntdifbs. Bt qub fd ednob paur uo pbupfb ob vaus nolntb pds è ítrb nomustb. Xrdtnqubz f„îquntî = f„îquntî = lbfd bst pfus praleb gb fd pnîtî. º Z2/5S

Xdrcn fbs oacirbusbs ldfaconbs gb Cnlebf Ao`rdy è f„îkdrg gb fd rbfnknao cusufcdob, sb trauvb bolarb sao dllusdtnao gb « rbfnknao cnsakyob º0<. ^„d-t-nf ^„d-t-nf uob ldfaconb pfus nkoaifb qub lbffb-ln 1 lbffb-ln 1 Ao`rdy nkoarb-t-nf nkoarb-t-nf rîbffbcbot Dprås dvanr îtugnî fd vnb gb Caedccbg , f„dp÷trb f„ dp÷trb qub fb Xrapeåtb d gnt= « Fbs `bccbs saot fbs îkdux gb fd oao-vnafbolb, Cdedtcd Kdogen tnrd fd gbs eaccbs. º07 1 laolfusnao sunvdotb = Fb Xrapeåtb ùt oaccî fb pbrsaoodkb fb pfus no`fubot g b f„Enstanrb pdr Cnledbf E. Edrt.

« Mb suns gîsarcdns pfus qub mdcdns laovdnolu qub lb ob ùt pds f„îpîb qun lrîd uob pfdlb paur f„Nsfdc gdos fb lŜur gb lbux qun lebrlednbot uob gnrbltnao è fbur vnb. Lb ùt lbttb krdogb eucnfntî, lbt dftrunscb gu prapeåtb, f„îkdrg slrupufbux bovbrs sbs bokdkbcbots, sd gîvatnao notbosb è sbs dcns bt

04

Bxtrdnt gu maurodf « âuok Nognd º, lntî gdos « Web fnket º, Fdearb, 40/8>/4>97. 09 Cblld º, p. 29. [. Caotkacbry, «Caedccdg dt Cblld º, 0< Nf prîtbog è oauvbdu dvanr fu uob saurdtb gdos fb Lardo qun o„bxnstb pds = pds = « Rob saurdtb qun vaus bxpfnqub qu„nf `dut îkarkbr gbs mun`s, uob saurdtb qun vaus bxpfnqub qub fbs `bccbs saot no`îrnburbs, l„bst uob saurdtb. saurdtb. º 07 Ydppartî, botrbs dutrbs, pdr Diu Géwug (9<0), Wnrcngen (44<) bt mukî dutebotnqub pdr \ebnje df-Dfidoy. Lb edgnte snkon`nb qub f„Nsfdc laosngårb fbs eaccbs bt `bccbs laccb îkdux saus fbs fans 25 Maeo [nffndc Grdpbr, « D Enstary A` teb Notbffbltudf prbslrntbs pdr fd Ledrï„d. Ledrï„d. F„Nsfdc dllargb è taus fbs gbux fburs Gbvbfapcbot a` Burapb. º grants bt fbs saucbt dux aifnkdtnaos gb cdonårb ngbotnqub, bxlbptîb 2> Cnledbf Edrt, « Web 488 = D Ydojnok a` teb Cast No`fubotndf gdos fbs lds g„bxlbptnao (dussn inbo paur f„eaccb qub fd `bccb) Xbrsaos no Enstary º, º, p. <<. qun rbpasbot sur uob prbuvb bxpfnlntb. (Panr Nio Edzc « Nejéc df08 \deïe Cusfnc (0828) Dejéc º

F„Nsfdc bosbnkob qub qub pbrsaoob o„bst supîrnbur b è dutrun bxlbptî bo pnîtî bt bo iaoobs dltnaos 02. « Oaus vaus dvaos lrîîs g„uo céfb bt g„uob `bcbffb, bt Oaus dvaos `dnt gb vaus gbs odtnaos bt gbs trnius, paur qub vaus vaus botrb-laoodnssnbz. botrb- laoodnssnbz. Fb pfus oaifb g„botrb vaus, duprås g„Dffde, bst fb pfus pnbux . º Z7>/4/4
sao taur, cåob è f„bo`br 0;. Paybz-vaus paurquan Cnlebf Ao`rdy d bolarb tbffbcbot è dpprbogrb gbs bosbnkobcbots gu gbronbr gbs prapeåtbs 1

L„bst dnosn qu„nf ùt laoou duprås gb sao pbupfb. Dvdot fd rîvîfdtnao, fbs Tarbylentbs fb f b suroaccårbot 00 « df-\égnq df-Dcïo º , nfs tîcankoårbot gb sao notîkrntî bt fb laosngårbot laccb fb pfus vîrngnqub g„botrb bux. Nf bosbnkod qub fd vîrdlntî laogunt è fd inbo`dnsdolb qun, è sao taur, cåob du Xdrdgns taut laccb fb cbosaokb laogunt è fd pbrvbrsnao qun, è

Fd gbcburb gu Xrapeåtb , sbs vítbcbots bt sd oaurrnturb îtdnbot ldrdltîrnsîs pdr uob rdrb sncpfnlntî. Nf ùt pduvrb è tbf panot qu„nf ob passîgdnt sauvbot pfus gb oaurrnturb paur lunsnonbr bt lbfd pdràns gurdot pfusnburs cans g„d``nfîb. g„d``nfîb. Yblaoodnssdots bovbrs sao \bnkobur, fun bt sao îpausb sb laotbotdnbot dfars gb cdokbr gbs gdttbs dvbl gb f„bdu.

Farsqu„nf sb cnt è dppbfbr è f„dgardtnao uonqub gu Lrîdtbur, fbs pafyteînstbs fun a``rnrbot inbos, drkbot, pauvanr bt uo rayducb paur qu„nf lbssb gb rdppbfbr rdppbfbr \n fd oaifbssb bst cbsurîb bo àoltnao gu gbkrî gb dux kbos paurquan nfs ùrbot lrîîs. « Bt rdppbffb (× pnîtî, laccbot fbs `bccbs paurrdnbot-bffbs ítrb Caedccbg) : ldr fb rdppbf pra`ntb dux lraydots. Mb no`îrnburbs dux eaccbs 1 Laccbot pbut-ao pdrfbr o„dn lrîî fbs gmnoos bt fbs eaccbs qub paur qu„nfs gb cnsakyonb sn ao sdnt qub fb c„dgarbot. º c„dgarbot. º Z24/22-20S Ar, nf Xrapeåtb bosbnkod qub fbs rbùsd fbs rnlebssbs gb lb eaccbs qun aot fd àn fd pfus caogb, gu gîiut gb sd pdr`dntb saot lbux qun passågbot prapeîtnb musqu„du cacbot gb fb cbnffbur ldrdltårb bt qub fbs sd cart. cbnffburs g„botrb bux saot lbux qun sb lacpartbot fb cnbux Inbo qu„nf dnt fd trîsarbrnb bovbrs fburs `bccbs. Bt l„bst gb cusufcdob è sd gnspasntnao, nf lbux-fè, qub fb Xrapeåtb ùt cbod uob vnb gb cagbstnb bt fb cbnffbur. Nf pdrtnlnpdnt dux g„eucnfntî g„eucnfntî ob vaufdot qub fb télebs cîodkårbs, nf rblausdnt inbo-ítrb gb sd laccuodutî. Nf sbs vítbcbots, rîpdrdnt sbs garcdnt sur uo fnt gb lunr ledussurbs bt `nt fd laursb dvbl rbciaurrî gb `bunffbs gb sao îpausb. Panln laccbot sb pdfcnbr, sb gîpfdëdnt sur uo éob lacpartdnt f„bxbcpfb gb taus bo sdfudot fbs bo`dots qu„nf fbs cusufcdos bovbrs fbs vaydnt maubr 05. `bccbs. Nf sb gîsdvaudnt dussn inbo gb F„Nsfdc rbspbltb bt eaoarb fd `bccb bo tbodot Laotrdnrbcbot è Cnlebf Ao`rdy, lacptb gbs gn``îrbolbs (îcatnaoobffbs, peysnqubs, lbfun qun ob sb caotrdnt pds fb Xrapeåtb ob cbotdnt pds. Nf btl.) botrb fbs gbux sbxbs. lfîcbot bovbrs fbs bo`dots qub ùt vîrngnqub dvbl sbs dcns dnosn gb lbfun qun ùt nrrbspbltubux qub sbs boobcns, bo tbcps gb pdnx bt bo pîrnagb gb bovbrs fbs pbrsaoobs ékîbs bt fbs pdrbots. Panfè kubrrb, dpdnsî ùt-nf ùt-nf au bo lafårb. Mdcdns o„d-t-nf o„d-t-nf tbou paurquan fbs cdnsaos gb rbtrdntb o„bxnstbot prbsqub uo sbuf prapas cbosaokbr. pds gdos fb caogb cusufcdo. cusufcdo.

02

F„îquntî laosnstb è trdntbr trdntbr gbux leasbs botnårbcbot pdrbnffbs gb fd cícb `dëao dfars qub f„nonquntî laosnstb è fbs trdntbr gn``îrbccbot. F„Nsfdc rbspbltb bt eaoarb fd `bccb cusufcdob bo tbodot lacptb gbs gn``îrbolbs (îcatnaoobffbs, peysnqubs, inafaknqubs, cbotdfbs, btl.) botrb fbs gbux sbxbs. @arlbr fbs gbux è ítrb trdntîs gb cdonårb tatdfbcbot ngbotnqub bst gaol uob nomustnlb bovbrs fd `bccb qun bst pfus `dnifb bt vufoîrdifb qub f„eaccb. Panfè paurquan fbs cusufcdos laosngårbot qub fbs fdáls ob rbspbltbot ouffbcbot fd `bccb gdos fbur salnîtî. 00 L.-è-g. fb vîrngnqub bt gnkob gb lao`ndolb.

Inbo qu„nf vîlút gdos f„nognkbolb, nf ùt f„eaccb fb pfus gaux, pdtnbot bt kîoîrbux pdrcn fbs Drdibs, fb pbupfb fb pfus laoou paur sd kîoîrasntî. Leansn 0;

\deïe df-Iujeérn 08>7, \deïe Cusfnc (908;) D Dods ods nio Céfnj , uo gbs lacpdkoaos lacpdkoaos fbs pfus pralebs pralebs gu Xrapeåtb gnt = « Mb o„dn mdcdns vu qubfqu„uo gb pfus cnsîrnlargnbux è f„îkdrg gbs bo`dots qub qub fb Xrapeåtb º. º. \deïe Cusfnc (9<40) 05

92


gbssus gbs lnbux. º Panfè º Panfè uo sbuf pdrcn gb oacirbux bxbcpfbs qun gîcaotrbot qu„nf ùt bovayî bo tdot qub cnsîrnlargb paur f„eucdontî. « Bt Oaus ob t„dvaos bovayî qu„bo cnsîrnlargb paur f„uonvbrs º f„uonvbrs º Z94/48;S

pdrcn f„eucdontî f„eucdontî laccb fb gbronbr gbs Cbssdkbrs, sao rdok îfbvî duprås gu Lrîdtbur ob f„d mdcdns bo`fî gb vdontî. Gurdot tautb sd vnb, fb Xrapeåtb Caedccbg sb saulnd gu cdfebur gbs dutrbs bt `nt pdssbr fbs ibsanos gbs oîlbssntbux dvdot fbs snbos. Nf o„dllbptdnt pds qu„ao fun rbogb uo sbrvnlb qubflaoqub sn fun-cícb fun-cícb pauvdnt f„dllacpfnr bt mdcdns ob rbùsd-t-nf rbùsd-t-nf gb gaoobr lb qu„ao fun gbcdogd. L„bst dnosn qu„nf cbttdnt bo prdtnqub fd pdrafb gu Waut Xunssdot = « Paus o„dttbnogrnbz fd (vrdnb) pnîtî qub sn vaus `dntbs fdrkbssb gb lb qub vaus leîrnssbz. º Z9S

Caedccbg vnot dvbl gbs vdfburs qu„uob dutrb dut rb salnîtî o„d mdcdns pu îkdfbr. Nf sb praoaoëd dvbl fbs cbnffburbs gbs pdrafbs bt bomankont dux lraydots gb sb tdnrb sn sn lb qu„nfs dvdnbot è gnrb o„îtdnt dkrîî. « Bt gns è Cbs sbrvntburs g„bxprncbr fbs cbnffburbs pdrafbs, ldr fb Gndifb såcb fd gnslargb pdrcn bux. º Z4;/2
Dvbl fb pbu gb caybos è sd gnspasntnao, nf paursunvnt Bo 4574, f„enstarnbo f„enstarnbo bt penfasapeb îlassdns, Weacds f„dppbf gbs prapeåtbs bt Ldrfyfb (4;>2-4554) îlrnt = cbssdkbrs qun f„dvdnbot prîlîgî bo novntdot « Ao d gnstnokuî f„eucdontî è f„dgardtnao Caedccbg gurdot tautb uonqub gu Lrîdtbur sdos sd vnb dvbl gbs prnolnpbs rnbo fun dssalnbr. L„bst uob noîirdofdifbs, uob snolårb téleb qu„nf dllacpfnt qu„nf dllacpfnt gb fd gîtbrcnodtnao, cbnffburb gbs `dëaos. inbovbnffdot, kîoîrbux, « Xdr fd sdkbssb bt fd lacpdtnssdot, pnbux, iaoob bxeartdtnao, dppbffb vbrtubux, vbrtubux, gnkob g„îfakbs, (fbs kbos) du sbotnbr gb tao fnirb, eucdonstb, trås \bnkobur. Bt gnslutb dvbl sîrnbux, snolårb. Bt dvbl bux gb fd cbnffburb tautbs lbs qudfntîs, nf dvdnt `dëao. º Z40/492S. º Z40/492S. fb pfus gaux ldrdltårb, fb Fb Xrapeåtb paursunvnt f„dppbf gbs prapeåtbs bt cbssdkbrs qun f„dvdnbot prîlîgî bo novntdot f„eucdontî è f„dgardtnao tbcpîrdcbot fb pfus dnsî, uonqub gu Lrîdtbur sdos rnbo fun dssalnbr. F„îlrnvdno, paåtb bt gb iaoob eucbur, gb pafntnlnbo `rdoëdns lacpdkonb faudifb bt Dfpeaosb gb Fdcdrtnob (4;>8-450>) gîlrnt dnosn fd dkrîdifb, cnbux nf îtdnt pfdnsdot bt spnrntubf. Nf îtdnt krdogbur g„uo eaccb qun ob passîgdnt prbsqub rnbo = rnbo = mustb, snolårb, lfdnrvaydot, cdkodoncb, pur bt prîsbot g„bsprnt…Nf îtdnt uo krdog eaccb pdr sd « \n fd krdogbur gu gbssbno, fd pbtntbssb gbs caybos, odturb, sdos qu„uob îlafb fun nolufquét fd slnbolb on f„nccbosntî gb fd rîussntb saot fbs trans cbsurbs gu qu„uo bosbnkodot sb ledrkbét gb sao îguldtnao, ldr kîonb gb f„eaccb, qun asbrd lacpdrbr eucdnobcbot nf o„bo dvdnt duluobcbot ibsano. º ibsano. º;8 uo krdog eaccb gb f„enstanrb f„enstanrb cagbrob è 0> Caedccbg 1 º Caedccbg 1 º Laccbot ob pds f„dncbr 1 Lb krdog eaccb g„eucnfntî bt gb pnîtî dux vdfburs cardfbs, îtenqubs Laccbot Ao`rdy d-t-nf pu ldfaconbr lb Cbssdkbr, bo bt salndfbs fbs pfus dlebvîbs. Bo nostdurdot fbs s„bxlfdcdot qub sd rbfnknao oaus gnt gb ob pds dncbr cŜurs bxbcpfdnrbs, nf gbvnot uo cagåfb paur sao praledno. Nkoarb-t-nf qub fb Xrapeåtb bosbnkod f„eucdontî. qub pbrsaoob ob pbut rîbffbcbot ítrb lraydot qub farsqu„nf dncb paur sao praledno lb qu„nf dncb paur Nf dppbfd è ítrb pdtnbot bovbrs lbux qun vaus ifbssbot fun-cícb 1 Gb cícb, nf oaus dpprnt qub fb bt bosbnkod qu„uob écb qun pdrgaoob bst cnbux Cnsîrnlargnbux ob `dnt cnsîrnlargb qu„è lbux qun qu„uob écb qun sb vbokb dvbl gîtrbssb. Nf dppbfd è àot cnsîrnlargb dux dutrbs bt gnt = « @dntbs oaurrnr fbs gîcuons, è vnsntbr fbs cdfdgbs, è trdntbr fbs cnsîrnlargb è lbux qun saot sur tbrrb bt vaus rnlebs laccb fbs pduvrbs, fbs oanrs laccb fbs iîoî`nlnbrbz gb fd cnsîrnlargb gb Lbfun qun bst du;8

0>

Fdcdrtnob, « Enstanrb gb fd Wurqunb º, º, Wacb 4 bt Fnvrb 4, p. 958.

Weacds Ldrfyfb, « Ebrabs, Ebra [arsenp, dog teb Ebranl no Enstary º, º, p. 28-24. 90


ifdols bt nf argaood gb mukbr botrb fbs kbos bo tautb qub fb iao trdntbcbot gbs doncdux bst uo dltb îquntî. « Lbrtbs, Dffde vaus laccdogb gb rbogrb fbs g„dgardtnao. gîp÷ts è fburs dydots grant, bt qudog vaus mukbz botrb gbs kbos, gb mukbr dvbl îquntî. º Z7/25S Panln gbs bxbcpfbs qun ob saot qu„uob `rdltnao gbs Edgntes bt vbrsbts qun dppbffbot è fd cnsîrnlargb, fd Xaur prîsbrvbr dcaur bt `rdtbrontî, nf argaood gb pdnx bt f„nogufkbolb. O„bo gautbz panot, fd idridrnb bt bt sdfubr f„nolaoou dnosn qub lbfun dvbl qun vaus fd lrudutî ob sb trauvbot pds gdos fb Lardo, cdns pdrtdkbz uob dcntnî. Nf bosbnkod qu„uo saurnrb bt uob gdos fb lŜur aislur g„Ao`rdy qun prîtbog o„dvanr iaoob pdrafb bovbrs sao praledno saot gbs dltbs gb gîlauvbrt qu„uob rbfnknao gb ednob, gb kubrrb bt ledrntî. Nf bomankont g„ítrb inbo dvbl sao vansno bt gb g„notafîrdolb. Xbosbz gaol dvbl qubffb ednob, arkubnf ark ubnf f„eaoarbr. Nf lfdrn`nd fb rdok îfbvî qub passågbot fbs bt cdfeaooítbtî nf d gú fnrb fbs ―Edgntbs„ bt fb Fnvrb pdrbots bt argaood gb fbs rbspbltbr. Nf gnt qub pdrcn \dlrî. taus fbs cbcirbs gb fd `dcnffb, l„bst fd cårb, fd f d cårb bt puns fd cårb qun gant ítrb fb pfus dncîb. Gú è fbur Fb Xrapeåtb ob vnot pds sbufbcbot paur rdok îfbvî, nf bosbnkod laccbot `dnrb prbuvb pdrdlebvbr fbs cŜurs bxbcpfdnrbs, nf n f bosbnkod dussn g„eucnfntî bovbrs fbs pdrbots laccbot gî`bogrb bt kîrbr fbs ékîs = Îtdts bo tautb îquntî. Caedccbg ob ùt pds sbufbcbot fb pfus « Bt tao \bnkobur d gîlrîtî = mustb bovbrs sao pbupfb, sbs ―o„dgarbz qub Fun : bt (cdrqubz) pralebs bt sbs boobcns, nf ùt dussn gb fd iaotî bovbrs fbs pårb bt ‗ cdfkrî cdfkrî sd pduvrbtî bt fb pbu gb cårb = sn f„uo g„bux au taus gbux caybos è sd gnspasntnao ‗ fb ganvbot dttbnogrb fd vnbnffbssb cbnffbur gnrnkbdot gb odtnaos. duprås gb tan : dfars, ob fbur gns O„bst-lb O„bst-lb pds fè uob prbuvb panot = ―@n!„ bt ob fbs irusqub pds, su``nsdotb paur lacprbogrb qu„nf cdns dgrbssb-fbur gbs pdrafbs ùt bovayî 1 rbspbltubusbs. Bt pdr cnsîrnlargb : didnssb paur bux Bo 45;7, f„dutbur dokfdns f„dnfb gb f„eucnfntî : bt gns = ―× Iaswarte \cnte (45<>-4>85) cao \bnkobur, `dns-fbur : `dns-fbur : è taus îlrnt = gbux : cnsîrnlargb laccb nfs c„aot îfbvî taut pbtnt„. º pbtnt„. º Z4;/9<« \„nf y dvdnt uo eaccb qun durdnt 97S fb grant gb gnrb qu„nf råkob pdr fd vafaotî gnvnob, lb sbrdnt Lbfun qun îtugnb rîbffbcbot fd Bo 45;7, Iaswarte \cnte gnt qub « s„nf y Caedccbg, punsqu„nf d rbëu taut uo eaccb qun durdnt fb grant gb gnrb inakrdpenb gu Cbssdkbr , tnrbrd dvdnt fb pauvanr sdos dvanr fbs qu„nf råkob pdr fd vafaotî gnvnob, lb sbrdnt uob laolfusnao sncnfdnrb è lbffb gb Caedccbg. º nostrucbots on fbs supparts. º ;4 Maedoo [af`kdok Pao Kabteb qun tîcankod = Caedccbg ùt uo eaccb gb vîrntî bt gb mustnlb, uo eaccb g„eucnfntî bt g„nogufkbolb, cdns g„nogufkbolb, cdns dussn uo « Oaus, fbs Burapîbos dvbl taus oas laolbpts eaccb gb `brcbtî bt gb rîsafutnao. Nf sb idttdnt paur o„dvaos pds pu bolarb dttbnogrb lb qub Caedccbg `dnrb pdrvbonr fb Wdweïg è Wdweïg è f„eucdontî. Rob futtb qu„nf d dttbnot bt ouf ob paurrd fb gîpdssbr. M„dn lebrleî cbod saus tautbs sbs àrcbs bt gb fd `dëao fd pfus gdos f„enstanrb gb f„eucdontî f„eucdon tî uo eaccb qun bo sant bxbcpfdnrb. Ro maur, nf futtdnt dvbl sao lŜur bt sao f„bxbcpfb ngîdf bt mb f„dn trauvî bo fd pbrsaoob gu écb bo prapdkbdot bt bo lfdrn`ndot fb cbssdkb gb Xrapeåtb Caedccbg. º f„Nsfdc. Ro dutrb, nf irdognssdnt fb sdirb bt fb iaulfnbr. \d vnb botnårb ùt gîvauîb è uob oaifb È uob îpaqub aþ fbs kbos botbrrdnbot vnvdotb tautb ldusb paur fd vîrntî, uo lacidt cboî pdr fb lŜur, fd `nffb pdrcn fbs oauvbdu-oîs, fb Xrapeåtb eaoard fdokub bt f„îpîb. L„bst paur lbfd qu„nf ùt f„eaccb fbs `bccbs bt d``nrcd fb grant gbs doncdux. Nf gîlrnt qun dlqunt fd pfus krdogb rboaccîb qub punssb è sbs lacpdkoaos laccbot uob `bccb botrd bo bo`br paur dvanr d``dcî uo ledt bt nf fbur bosbnkod ;4 Iaswarte \cnte, « Caedccdg dog Caedccdgdonsc º, º, p.>9.

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dttbnogrb f„ítrb eucdno bt qu„duprås gu Lrîdtbur nf rdlnstbs bt nsfdcapeaibs vnrufbots tbfs qub Yaibrt dttbnot fb rdok bt fb gbkrî g„îcnobolb fb pfus îfbvî;9. \pbolbr bt Xdcbfd Kbffbr. Panln gaol fd ldtîkarnb è fdqubffb dppdrtnbot rîbffbcbot lb penfasapeb Xdr fb Wdweïg , nf rîussnt è saugbr fbs trnius eastnfbs bt tîoîirbux gbs Fucnårbs… fbs Iîgaunos gdos fbs gîsbrts praàogs gb fd pîonosufb drdinqub bo uob odtnao lnvnfnsîb qun bosbnkobrd du rbstb gu caogb fd lraydolb fd pfus AO@YD^, FB XENFA\AXEB GB FD EDNOB laeîrbotb, fbs vdfburs fbs pfus bxqunsbs bt fbs slnbolbs fbs pfus prîlnsbs. F„bosbcifb gbs vbrsbts diargîs pdr Cnlebf Ao`rdy paur gîlrnrb fd rbfnknao cusufcdob laccb F„îlrnvdno nrfdogdns Kbarkb Ibrodrg \edw (4520(4520 - ibffnqubusb, ibffnqubusb, idridrb bt lrubffb s„dvårbot taus rîvîfîs 4>28) bxprncd fun dussn sd krdogb dgcnrdtnao paur fb gdos gbs sntudtnaos spîln`nqubs gb lacidt. Lbfun qun prapeåtb gb f„Nsfdc f„Nsfdc = rbcbt fbs pdssdkbs gdos fbur praprb laotbxtb lacprbogrd « Lb gaot fb caogb d fb qu„nf d è vanr è uo pfus ibsano bst uo eaccb cdonpufdtbur cdlendvîfnqub qun d f„bsprnt gb qun prîsbotb vafaotdnrbcbot Caedccbg. º º Dprås dvanr uob ncdkb dftîrîb gb f„Nsfdc îtugnî sd inakrdpenb, \edw bo novbotdot bt trdosàrcdot laolfut = « È cao dvns, nf gbs vbrsbts. Bo b``bt, nf bst bst fano g„ítrb uo nolaolbvdifb qu„uo fbltbur dotîlernst. Nf cîrntb fb tntrb notåkrb punssb laolbvanr fbs gb \duvbur gb f„eucdontî. vbrsbts lntîs pdr Ao`rdy Mb lrans qub sn uo eaccb laccb gbs laccdogbcbots laccb fun prbodnt fd gnvnos gb cdssdlrbr gbs gnltdturb gu caogb nooalbots gdos fd rub;7. cagbrob, nf rîussnrdnt è rîsaugrb sbs praifåcbs Fbs prbcnbrs rbspaosdifbs gb g„uob `dëao qun fun fd ledrfdtdobrnb prapdkdognstb dppartbrdnt fd pdnx bt fb Bo Allngbot, fbs sbufs è dvanr tnrî gbs laolfusnaos g„Ao`rdy saot fbs cîgnds qun è lbffbs g„ Ao`rdy saot gbs rdlnstbs bt iaoebur sn oîlbssdnrbs. º ;< ngbotnqubs a``rbot uob pfdtbàrcb è lb nsfdcapeaibs tbfs qub Yaibrt \pbolbr bt Xdcbfd Kbffbr. typb g„ncpastburs, sdledot Caedccbg îtdnt taut lbfd : uo prapeåtb bt pbrtnobccbot qu„nf ob passågb duluob qudfn`nldtnao Cbssdkbr, uo bosbnkodot bt uo kungb cardf, uo fîkntncb paur sb praoaolbr sur f„Nsfdc. L„bst ibf bt nffustrb îpaux bt uo pårb gb `dcnffb gîvauî, uo inbo pdrlb qub gbs pbrsaoodkbs laccb Fdurbot eaccb gb àn bt g„Îtdt, uo mukb bt fîknsfdtbur, uo Yuqunbr dllargbot fd pdrafb è gbs nsfdcapeaibs tbfs kîonb cnfntdnrb, cdns dussn uo eaccb gb qunîtugb qun qub ]bccaur, @aurbst bt Ao`rdy ‗ sdos sdos mdcdns fbs nostdurdnt fd pdnx. Xdr-gbssus taut lbfd, nf ùt nffbttrî lao`raotbr è uo cusufcdo dvbrtn ‗ dvbrtn ‗ qub qub fbs lntaybos paur qub sd prapeîtnb sant îvngbotb bt ears gautb. `rdoëdns sb saot cns è luftnvbr uob ednob bovbrs « Bt dvdot lbfd, tu ob rîlntdns duluo fnvrb bt tu o'bo f„Nsfdc bt fbs cusufcdos laccb ouffb pdrt dnffburs. o'îlrnvdns duluo gb td cdno grantb. \noao, lbux qun onbot fd vîrntî durdnbot bu gbs gautbs. º Z9>/75S º Z9>/75S Ao`rdy o„d mdcdns vaufu dpprbogrb f„Nsfdc paur pauvanr sb `dnrb uob ngîb îquntdifb bt rîdfnstb gu Panln gbs tîcankodkbs îquntdifbs gb pbosburs allngbotdux qun pdrtdkbot taus uob dgcnrdtnao paur ;7 Laccb nf o„y d pds gb tbxtbs rbfnknbux qun pbrcbttbot fb cdssdlrb fb slbdu gbs prapeåtbs dprås dvanr fnvrî uob îtugb gb lnvnfs oao-cusufcdos, fbs bxtrîcnstbs (Jedwdrngm au dutrbs) ncpdrtndfb gb sd pbrsaoob. Bo Allngbot, fbs sbufs è tbotbot gb mustn`nbr fburs dltbs bo `dnsdot rblaurt è gb `dussbs (df-qnyés)) ob pbut ítrb îtdifnb paur dvanr tnrî gbs laolfusnaos ngbotnqubs è lbffbs gb dodfaknbs. Ar, f„dodfaknb (df-qnyés uo dltb bo prîsbolb gb tbxtbs gîlnsn`s qun notbrgnsbot lbt Cnlebf Ao`rdy ob saot pds gbs notbffbltubfs, cdns gbs fîkdfnsbr dltb bo qubstnao. G„dutrbs bolarb sb fnvrbot è uob notbrprîtdtnao tatdfbcbot pbrsaoodfnsîb gbs tbxtbs rbfnknbux paur mustn`nbr fburs lrncbs. Waut laccb fbs « cusufcdos fdáls º qun ianvbot f„dflaaf, Ao`rdy gbvrd dgcbttrb qu„nf s„dknt nln dussn « g„uob `dëao g„ítrb cusufcdo º…

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Nio Tdyync, «]ég df- Cd„ég Cd„ég º Paf.<, º Paf.<, p.2 Kbarkb Ibrodrg \edw, « Web kbounob Nsfdc º, º, Paf N., Oa 5.

;<

95


gbronbr fnvrb rîvîfî è f„eucdontî. Xfut÷t, nf s„bst dledroî è vaufanr rd``brcnr sbs prîmukîs oîalafaondfnstbs bo rdssbcifdot uob sîrnb gb `dnts enstarnqubs bt gb vbrsbts fnîs du lacidt. Bo alluftdot fbur laotbxtb, nf d vaufu leaqubr bt rîpukobr fbs @rdoëdns g„uob rbfnknao gaot nf bst fun f un-cícb -cícb bo krdog ibsano.

àrlboî, nf laoëant f„Nsfdc laccb fbs Allngbotdux laoëanvbot fbur praprb rbfnknao= uob sîrnb gb lraydolbs strnltbcbot spnrntubffbs qun prboobot uob pfdlb cdrknodfb gdos fd vnb vnb gb f„eaccb.

F„dteînscb cnfntdot gu penfasapeb iaroî s„bst dumaurg„eun trdosàrcî bo nsfdcapeainb bxdlbriîb. \bs dprnarns, sd vnsnao rîgultrnlb, sd fblturb pdrtndfb Ydppbfbz-vaus gb fd cîkdfacdonb gîfnrdotb dvbl bt sd ednob gb f„« dutrb f„« dutrb º aot `dnt qu„nf rbmbttb gb fdqubffb nf lfdcd sd cdonårb ldtîkarnqub f„ngîb gîlbptnao gb lbux qun qub f„Nsfdc punssb ítrb uob pdrfbot gb f„Nsfdc sdos rbfnknao lacpfåtb qun slnbolb = fîkn`årb bt råkfb fbs gn``îrbots gacdnobs gb fd vnb « Mb lrans qub sb pbrcbttrb gu cusufcdo, y lacprns fbs g„dvanr gbs dvns sur f„Nsfdc inbosîdolbs è aisbrvbr bo sdos dvanr fu fb Lardo, sdos tbcps gb kubrrb bt gb pdnx. Nf dvanr fu gbs Edgntbs (snl) gu rbùsb g„dllbptbr g„dllbptbr qu„uob Xrapeåtb, sdos dvanr fu uob rbfnknao punssb sbrvnr gb inakrdpenb gu Xrapeåtb, suistntut dux « vdfburs l„bst laccb pdrfbr g„uo `nfc uonvbrsbffbs º gbs Fucnårbs qu„ao o„d pds vu º vu º.. qun saot fbs snboobs bt gaot nf sb sbrt paur tdxbr Fbs prbcnbrs rbspaosdifbs gb fd ledrfdtdobrnb Lbrtbs, bt novbotbr gbs prapdkdognstb g„Ao`rdy saot fbs cîgnds qun fun a``rbot g„notîkrnstbs fbs cusufcdos pfdtbàrcb taut bo sdledot qu„nf ob passågb duluob vbrsbts lardonqubs qun uob oao-dllufturîs;2. qudfn`nldtnao paur sb praoaolbr sur f„Nsfdc. nolntbrdnbot è îkarkbr gbs mun`s gdos fb iut g„îlŜurbr fbs kbos gu Lardo, l„bst Oao, Cnlebf Ao`rdy o„bst pds nsfdcapeaib gu `dnt laccb îlrnrb uo slîodrna gb `nfc g„earrbur. qu„nf pasb gbs qubstnaos sur f„Nsfdc qun gîrdokbrdnbot lbrtdnos cusufcdos. Fano gb fè. Ao`rdy bst uo Tub lb sant gnt uob àns paur tautbs: Cnlebf Ao`rdy idridrb rusî, `brcî g„bsprnt qun sacirb gdos fbs bst uo penfasapeb gb ednob qun bst nciu gb sd tîoåirbs gu rdlnscb lufturbf paur fd sncpfb rdnsao pbrsaoob bt qun sau``rb g„uob vafaotî pbr`ngb gb qu„nf nolntb è fd pbur gb f„Nsfdc, uob rbfnknao qu„nf pravaqubr fbs cusufcdos paur `dnrb fb iuzz. \bs a``bosb krdtuntbcbot bt ldfaconbusbcbot gdos fb sbuf dllusdtnaos no`dcdotbs prauvbot qu„nf o„d mdcdns iut gb stnkcdtnsbr bolarb uo pbu pfus fd laccuodutî vaufu s„nostrunrb gdos fd fnttîrdturb au f„Enstanrb gb @rdolb fd pfus astrdlnsîb… astrdlnsîb … cusufcdob. L„bst dvbl uo bsprnt cbsquno bt uob drrakdolb stupngb qu„nf sb vdotb g„dvanr îtugnî fbs Jdrbbc Bf Engmddzn tbxtbs sdlrîs gb oatrb rbfnknao. Rob prîtbotnao rnsnifb qu„nf d``nleb paur s„dutapralfdcbr `no laoodnssbur gb f„Nsfdc bt iîoî`nlnbr g„uob lrîgninfntî farsqu„nf tnrb Xaur pfus g„drtnlfbs, vnsntbz= gbs laolfusnaos ao ob pbut pfus `dffdlnbusbs. www.nsfdcafakubs-gb-`rdolb.lac

È f„Dotnquntî, fb « penfasapeb º ùt fd pbrsaoob qun « lebrleb fd vîrntî bt luftnvb fd sdkbssb º. Dumaurg'eun, fbs leasbs aot inbo ledokî bt fbs vbrtus suppasîbs gb fd penfasapenb àot laotrdstb dvbl fd supbrlebrnb gbs príleburs gb ednob qun pdrfb bo sao oac.

bz \unv bz

Fbs rdlnobs gb f„nolufturb sngîrdotb g„Ao`rdy sb trauvbot gdos sao noldpdlntî gb laolbvanr fd kîoîrdfntî gb fd rbfnknao cusufcdob. Bo tdot qu„dteîb

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fbs ―Nsfdcafakubs gb @rdolb„

Fnsbz « F„dllufturdtnao gbs Cusufcdos Cusufcdo s gb @rdolb “ Fd Fd Gbronårb Laoquítb Lafaondfb º

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Le Coran, l'Islam et Michel Onfray: Penser l’Islam

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