Laporan Praltikum Fisika ITN Elektro

If~o|f` ^|fgtag{h Caragf Dfrf|

LFL A ^K@DFM[I[F@

Aih{ ~kèktfm{f` df` tkgòioea hk|{~fgf` aih{ qfè rfèft ~krft dfifh ~k|gkhlfèf ~k|gkhlfèf``qf ``qf rkmaèef rkmaèef df~ft hkàhl{igf hkàhl{igf` ` dfh~fg dfh~fg ~oratac hf{~{` hf{~{` `keftac dfifh gkmad{~f` hf`{raf. ^k`kh{f`(~k`kh{f` lf|{ lk|h{`b{if` dfifh {~fqf {`t{g hk`bf|a gkrkjfmtk|ff` mad{~ lfea gatf qfè hkifègfm dfifh ladfè aih{ ~kèktfm{f` ~kèktfm{f` df` tkgòioea tkgòioea qfè hk`qfèg{t hk`qfèg{t r{ft{ tko|a df` ~|fgtag mk`dfg`qf mk`dfg`qf hk`d hk`df~f f~ftt dfrf| dfrf|(df (dfrf| rf| f~iag f~iagfr fraa qfè qfè `f`t `f`ta`q a`qff df~f df~ftt dagk dagkhl hlfè fègf gf`. `. Mfi Mfi aà hk|{~fgf` ~kèfifhf` qfè lk|e{`f {`t{g hkifgrf`fgf` ~|fgtag{h caragf. Aih{ Aih{ carag caragff hk|{ hk|{~fg ~fgf` f` r{ft{ r{ft{ aih{ aih{ qfè qfè rfèf rfèftt ~k`ta ~k`taè è gf|k gf|k`f `f rk|aè rk|aè hkh{dfmgf` {`t{g hkufgaia r{ft{ fift/rartkh rkbf|f gkrki{|{mf` dkèf` r{ft{ ekjfif carar. Tkgàg ~k|ufgaif` rkbf|f hk`dkgfta {`t{g r{ft{ ~k|fiftf` carar qfè |{hat dkèf` r{ft{ hodki qfè |kiftac rkdk|mf`f hk|{~fgf` r{ft{ lfeaf` qfè ~k`taè dfifh dfifh tkgàg kikgt|o. kikgt|o. Rfifm Rfifm rft{ gkiklamf` gkiklamf` hodki hodki rkhfbfh at{ fdfifm fdfifm df~ft datk|ahf datk|ahf {`t{g {`t{g daf`fiara daf`fiararr dkèf` dkèf` hkèe hkèe{`fg {`fgf` f` hktodk hktodk hftkhfta hftkhftagf gf qfè tkifm tkifm dagk`fi rklki{h`qf. Oikm Oikm gf|k gf|k`f `f at{) at{) {`t{ {`t{g g ikla iklam m hkhf hkhfmf mfha ha r{ft r{ft{ { go`r go`rk~ k~ cara caragf gf)) hfgf hfgf daifgrf`fgf` ~|fgtag{h caragf qfè lk|t{j{f` fef| hfmfraruf : 6. Df~ft hkèktfm{a hkèktfm{a rkgfiae{r rkgfiae{r hkèe{`fgf` hkèe{`fgf` rkbf|f ifèr{è ifèr{è fift(fift tk|rkl{t tk|rkl{t dfifh iflo|fto|a{h caragf. <. Dkè kèf` hkè hkèag ag{ {ta ~k|b ~k|bo olff` lff` df|a df|a lklk lklk|f |f~f ~f ~k|f ~k|fif iftf tf` ` cara caragf gf df~f df~ftt hkhl{gtagf` fgf` gklk`f|f` tko|a qfè dadf~ft da lfèg{ g{iafm. 2. Df~ft f~ft ikl iklam hkèk|ta df` hkèktf ktfm{a m{a gf|fg |fgtk|arta artag g df|a f|a lklk|f k|f~f ~k|hfrfifmf` ~k|hfrfifmf` qfè qfè fdf ~fdf ~fdf ~k|bolff` ~k|bolff` tk|rkl{t. 4. Gf|k`f dfifh ~|fgtag{h ~|fgtag{h aà dal{t{mgf` dal{t{mgf` gktkiataf` gktkiataf` hfgf hfmfraruf hfmfraruf dat{`t{t dat{`t{t hkhl hkhlk| k|fà fàgf gf` ` da|a da|a fef| fef| iklam iklam tkiata tkiata df` df` lk|go lk|go`rk `rk`t| `t|fra fra ~k`{ ~k`{m m dfifh dfifh ~k|bolff`. ~k|bolff`.

A`rtat{t Tkgòioea @frao`fi Hfifè

Tkgàg Tkgàg Kikgt Kikgt|o |o ‒ R6

6


LFL AA ^KDOHF@ DFIFH HKIFGRF@FGF@ ^\FGTAG[H DF@ BF\F ^K@EOIFMF@ DFTF

<.6 Rfft hkèk|jfgf` ~k|bolff`. 6.6 Mfta(mfta. Gklf`qfgf` ~k|bolff` caragf tadfg lk|lfmfqf) tktf~a fdf qfè lk|lfmfqf. F`df F`df j{ef j{ef mf|{r mf|{r lk|tfè lk|tfèe{` e{èjfu ejfufl fl ftfr fift qfè hfmfi hfmfi -harfi -harfi : ifrk|) ifrk|) oraiorg oraiorgo~) o~) drl!. drl!. Fift Fift qfè qfè jft{m jft{m fdfifm fdfifm r{ft{ r{ft{ gkbkifgf gkbkifgff` f` fgalft fgalft g{|fè g{|fè ufr~fdf. Rfifm rfhl{è fift kikgt|ag fdfifm ~k`qklfl ifa`. 6.< ^fmfha ^fmfha t{j{f` t{j{f` ~k|bolff`. ~k|bolff`. Aèft tk|{r t{j{f` tk|rkl{t) jfèf` rfh~fa lf`qfg mfi qfè gkbai hkhl{ft f`df i{~f mfi qfè lkrf|. 6.2 Gfif{ h{èga`) h{èga`) gk|jfgf` gk|jfgf` rki{|{m ~k|bolff` ~k|bolff` rkbf|f gfrf| d{i{. Mfrai rkhk`tf|f aà lk|c{èra {`t{g hk`qkr{fagf` da|a dkèf` ~k|fiftf`) df` df` fgf` fgf` hkhl hkhlk|a k|agf gf` ` jfèg jfègf{f f{f` ` àifa àifa qfè qfè fgf` fgf` f`df f`df ~k|o ~k|oik ikm m rfft rfft hkèk|jfgf` rkbf|f r{èe{m(r{èe{m. 6.4 \kgfh ~kèfhftf` f`df dfifh l{g{ l{g{ aà) l{gf` ~fdf rkbf|ag l{|fh. Dftf f`df fdfifm lfmf` qfè ~fiaè lk|mf|ef qfè f`df haiaga) df` mf|{r darah~f` dkèf` lfag.

<.< If~o|f If~o|f` `

[|{tf` ~k`{iarf` dfifh ~khl{ftf` if~o|f` 

Ikhlf| ^k|rkt{j{f`.

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Ikhlf| Frartk`ra.

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Gftf ^kèf`tf|

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Dfctf| Ara

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LFL A

: ^k`dfm{i{f` -iftf| lkifgfè) hfgr{d df` t{j{f` ~|ftag{h!.



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LFL LFL AA

: Gke Gkeaftf` aftf` dfif dfifh h hkif hkifgr grf` f`fg fgf` f` ~|fg ~|fgta tag{ g{h h -{|{ -{|{tf tf` ` gkea gkeaft ftf` f`)) f`fiarf fift) |fift dftf) drl!.

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LFL LFL AAA

: ^k|bo ^k|bolff lff` ` qfè qfè f`df f`df ifg{ ifg{gf gf` ` -go` -go`r{ r{itf itfra ra dkè dkèf` f` ~khlahlaè ~khlahlaè!. !.

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LFL LFL AS

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Ifh~a|f`(ifh~a|f` :

: ^k` ^k`{t {t{~ {~ -gkrah -gkrah~{ ~{if if` ` df` df` rf|f` rf|f`!. !.

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Gf|t{ ~krk|tf ~|fgtag{h -G.^.^!.

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Dftf ~kèfhftf` ~|fgtag{h.

<.2 <.2 \fif \fiftt

Dfifh Dfifh r{ft{ r{ft{ ~kbolff ~kbolff` ` gatf gatf rkifi{ rkifi{ hkifg{ hkifg{gf` gf` ~kè{g ~kè{g{|f` {|f` ~fdf ~fdf lkrf|f` lkrf|f` -sf|a -sf|afli flik! k! qfè qfè lk|g lk|gfat fatf`. f`. @aifa @aifa mfrai mfrai r{ft{ r{ft{ ~kè ~kè{g {g{|f {|f` ` ~fdf ~fdf dfrf|` dfrf|`qf qf hk|{~fgf` ~k`dkgftf` df|a àifa rkr{èe{m`qf. Gatf tadfg fgf` ~k|`fm tfm{ lkrf|`qf àifa qfè rkr{èe{m`qf) rkr{èe{m`qf) qfè df~ft gatf gktfm{a gktfm{a f~fgfm r{ft{ àifa ~k`dkgftf`. ~k`dkgftf`. Rklfefa bo`tom laif gatf hkifg{gf` ~kè{g{|f` dafhktk| gfuft dkèf` hag| hag|o o hktk hktk|) |) df|a df|a lklk lklk|f |f~f ~f gfia gfia ~kè ~kè{g {g{| {|f` f` fgf` fgf` gatf gatf df~f df~ftg tgf` f` mfra mfraii ~kè{g{|f` ~kè{g{|f` qfè gfdfè(gfdfè gfdfè(gfdfè rfhf df` gfdfè(gfdfè gfdfè(gfdfè lk|lkdf. lk|lkdf. Dkèf` Dkèf` gftf ifa` qfè qfè sf|afra sf|afra mfrai mfrai ~kè{g{ ~kè{g{|) |) fgalft` fgalft`qf qf gatf gatf tadfg tadfg tfm{ tfm{ àifa àifa qfè qfè rklk`f|`qf df|a mfrai ~kè{g{|f` gatf tk|rkl{t. Rkiaram f`tf|f àifa ~kè{g{|f` dkèf` àifa rkr{èe{m`qf darkl{t rklfefa |fift -gktadfg~frtaf` ~kè{g{|f`!. <.2.6 Hfbfh(hfbfh |fift

Lk|df k|dfrf rf|g |gf` f`

~fdf ~fdf

cfgt cfgto| o|(c (cffgto gto|

~k` ~k`qkl qklfl

tahl tahl{i {i`q `qf) f)

|fif |fiftt

df~ft f~ft

daeoioègf` hk`jfda 2 hfbfh : F.

\fift Rartkhftar.

\fift Rartkhftar hk|{~fgf` |fift qfè tktf~) qfè darklflgf` oikm cfgto|( cfgto| :



2


Fift f!

Gkrf Gkrfif ifmf mf` ` gfi gfial al|f |fra ra fift fift)) rk~ rk~k| k|ta ta ~khl ~khlfe feaf af` ` rgf rgfif if qfè qfè tk~f tk~ftt

ftf{ gkrfifmf` ~orara òi. l!

A`tk|fgra f`tf|f fift dkèf` dkèf`

~kè{g{|f` ~kè{g{|f`

f|{r

iart|ag

dkèf` dkèf`

qfè da{g{|. da{g{|.

hkèe{`fg hkèe{`fgf` f`

Harfi`qf Harfi`qf

fh~k|khktk| fh~k|khktk|

hkh~kèf|{ma mfrai {g{| dfifh mfi aà f|{r qfè tk|{g{| l{gf` àifa rklk`f|`qf.

6. Gkrfi Gkrfifmf fmf` ` ^k|rk ^k|rko|f o|fè èf`. f`. Gkrfifm Gkrfifmf` f` aà hk|{~f hk|{~fgf` gf` gkrfifm gkrfifmf`(g f`(gkrfi krfifm` fm` qfè qfè darklfl darklflf` f` oikm oikm gklafrff` ~kèfhft. Harfi`qf ~khlfbf rgfif qfè tadfg tkefg i{|{r -gkrfifmf` ~f|fifgr!. <. Go`d Go`dar araa ^k| ^k|bo bolf lff` f`.. Aà Aà hk|{ hk|{~fg ~fgf` f` gkrfi gkrfifmf fmf` ` oikm oikm go`d go`dara ara ~k|bo ~k|bolf lff` f` qfè qfè tadfg tadfg rfhf rfhf dkèf` go`dara gktagf fift dagfial|fragf`. Harfi`qf ~kàhlfèf` lk`df da Hfifè dkèf` hkèe{`fgf` tahlfèf` ~kefr qfè dagfial|fra da Io`do`) hfgf mfrai ~kàhlfèf` fgf` rfifm f~flaif tadfg daifg{gf` go|kgra tk|mfdf~ ~k|bk~ftf` e|fsatfra. 2. Tkgàg Tkgàg ~kè ~kè{g{ {g{|f` |f` qfè qfè g{|f g{|fè è rkh~{ rkh~{|`f. |`f. Gkrfifmf` aà daifg{gf` gf|k`f bf|f ~kè{g{|f` qfè rfifm. Harfi`qf dfifh dfifh ~kè{g ~kè{g{|f` {|f` gfio| gfio| iart|ag) iart|ag) ~k`ktf ~k`ktf~f` ~f` rkiaram rkiaram r{m{ r{m{ fufi fufi dkèf dkèf` ` r{m{ gfhf| tadfg rfhf dkèf` rkiaram r{m{ fgma| dkèf` r{m{ gfhf|. \fift \fift(|f (|fift ift rartkh rartkhfta ftarr rk~k| rk~k|ta ta da{|f da{|fagf agf` ` daftfr daftfr df~f df~ftt dama` dama`df df|a |a dkè dkèf` f` go|k go|kgr gra( a(go go|k |kgr graa

tk|m tk|mfd fdf~ f~ mfra mfraii

~kè ~kè{g {g{| {|f` f` ftf{ ftf{ daif daifg{ g{gf gf` `

dkè dkèf` f`

hkèmaifègf` ~k`qklfl tahl{i`qf |fift.

L. \fift Gklkt{if Gklkt{if` ` \fift Gklkt{gf` hk|{~fgf` |fift qfè datahl{igf` oikm cfgto|(cfgto|: 6. Gkrf Gkrfif ifmf mf` ` hk`f hk`fgr gra| a|..



4


^fdf rktaf~ fift {g{|) rkifi{ fdf ~khlfeaf` rgfif tk|gkbai df` ~k`fcra|f` tk|mfdf~ ~khlfeaf` rgfif tk|gkbai df~ft lk|ifa`f` df|a ufgt{ gk ufgt{ oikm lk|hfbfh(hfbfh rklfl df` ~kèfhft.

<. Go`dara Go`dara ~kè{g ~kè{g{|f {|f` ` qfè qfè lk|ci lk|ci{gt {gt{fra {fra.. Dfifh ~kè{g{|f` rk|aè gfia go`dara rkgatf| -~kè{g{|f`! lk|{lfm( {lfm {lfm tktf~a tktf~a dfifh dfifh rgfif rgfif qfè gkbai) gkbai) rkmaèe rkmaèeff tadfg tadfg df~ft df~ft da|frfg da|frfgf` f` rkbf|f ifèr{è oikm ~kè{g{|. Harfi`qf ~k|{lfmf` tkgf`f` {df|f oikm r{ft{ ~kè{g{|f` tatag dadam fa|) ftf{ h{èga` ~k|{lfmf` r{m{ {df|f rkgatf|. 2. Efèe{f`. Efèe{f` aà hk|{~fgf` cfgto| i{f| qfè hkh~kèf|{ma ~kè{g{|f` fift) fift) hf{~{` hf{~{` olqkg olqkg {g{|. {g{|. Harfi`qf Harfi`qf dfifh dfifh ~kè{g ~kè{g{|f {|f` ` f|{r f|{r iart|ag iart|ag gf|k`f fdf ektf|f` df|a i{f| -gk`df|ff`) r{f|f) dii.!) ~k`{`j{g jf|{h fh~k|khktk| lk|eoqfè) fgalft`qf ~khlfbff` f|{r ag{t lk|{lfm({lfm. 4. Dkcaàra. Qfè dahfgr{d |fift jkàr aà fdfifm gkfdff` olqkg {g{| qfè dafèef~ mohoek mohoek`. `. Harfi`q Harfi`qff dfifh dfifh r{ft{ r{ft{ ~kè{ ~kè{g{| g{|f` f` dafhktk dafhktk|| ~a~f) ~a~f) gf|k`f gf|k`f ~a~f`qf g{|fè rkh~{|`f rkh~{|`f hkèfgalftgf hkèfgalftgf` ` ~kè{g{|f` ~kè{g{|f` dafhktk| dafhktk| fgf` lk|lkdf lk|lkdf tk|ef`t{è tk|ef`t{è ~orara ~orara ~kè{g{|f` ~kè{g{|f`.. \fift gklkt{if` aà fgf` rkifi{ fdf dfifh r{ft{ ~kè{g{|f` -tadfg dkèf` ~kè{g{|f` ~kè{g{|f` qfè qfè lk|{ifè lk|{ifè({ifè!. ({ifè!.

B. \fift Gkrfifmf` Ta`dfgf` ^kè{g{|f`. \fift jkàr aà tk|jfda gf|k`f gkrfifmf` qfè daifg{gf` oikm ~kè{g{|. Harfi Harfi`q `qff dfif dfifh h hk`bf hk`bftft tft ufgt{ ufgt{ fq{` fq{`f` f` rklf rklf`qf `qfg g 6> fq{` fq{`f` f` tk|jfd tk|jfdaa gkrfifmf` hkèmat{è mf`qf rklf`qfg 1 fq{`f`.



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<.4 F`fiarf F`fiarf Dftf. Dftf.

F.

Fègf ~k`taè . Fdfif Fdfifm m hk|{~ hk|{~fg fgf` f` fèg fègff ~kè ~kè{g {g{|f {|f` ` qfè qfè da~k da~k|o |oikm ikm df|a df|a lftfr lftfr

~kè{g{|f` ~kè{g{|f` ~fdf lftfr fègf ~k|ga|ff` ~k|ga|ff` rfh~fa dkrahfi tk|tk`t{) tk|tk`t{) qfè hk|{~fgf` fègf ~k`taè dfifh ~k|bolff`. Bo`tom 6 ^fdf ^fdf ~khl ~khlfbf fbff` f` rgfif rgfif tk|ho tk|hohk hktk| tk| bkib bkiba{r a{r aèa` aèa` da~k da~k|o |oik ikm m dftf dftf ~fdf ~fdf gktkiataf` rfh~fa d{f dkrahfi. Tk|hohktk| hk`{`j{gf` fègf 25)<;25¾B Hfgf fègf 2)5 df` < hfram tk|lfbf dkèf` tk~ft) hfgf darkl{t fègf ~frta) rkdfègf` rkdfègf` fègf ; fdfifm fègf ~k|ga|ff` ~k|ga|ff` ftf{ fègf ~k`taè. ~k`taè. Gf|k`f Gf|k`f ~k`taè ~k`taè rkgfia rkgfia dfifh dfifh ~k|mat{ ~k|mat{èf èf`) `) jfda jfda ~khlfbf ~khlfbff` f` tk|hohk tk|hohktk| tk| fdfifm 25)<;¾B. Bo`tom < ^khl ^khlfb fbff ff` ` fift fift {g{| {g{| fh~k fh~k|k |khk hktk tk|| =)4< =)4<43 43 hF -< dkra dkrahf hfi! i!)) hfgf hfgf ~khlfbff` ~khlfbff` fh~k|khkt fh~k|khktk| k| fdfifm : =)4<4 hF. Bftftf` ~k`{iarf` laifèf` fègf ~k`taè. 6. Jagf Jagf laifèf` laifèf` at{ at{ rfifm rft{ rft{ df|a df|a : 4) ;) 3) 5) = df` df` 1 hfgf hfgf dat{iar dat{iar rft{ fègf rfjf. <. Jagf laifèf` laifèf` at{ rfifm rfifm rft{ df|a : 6) <) df` 2 hfgf dat{iar dat{iar < fègf. fègf.

L.

^kèo~k|fraf` Laifèf` 

^k`{iarf` aihafm

^k`{iarf` ^k`{iarf` aihafm df|a mfrai {g{| r{ft{ ~kèo~k|fraf` ~kèo~k|fraf` laifèf` laifèf` harfi`qf ~khlfeaf`) ~khlfeaf`) ~kè{|fè ~kè{|fèf` f` df` ~k|gfiaf` ~k|gfiaf` dat{iar dkèf` dkèf` ~k`{iarf` ~k`{iarf` rklfefa lk|ag{t: lk|ag{t: 62<;> hF dat{iar 6)2<; . 6> 4 ftf{ larf dat{iar dkèf` ~khl{iftf` 6)22 . 6> 4 hF.



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^khl{iftf` Fègf ^k`taè.

^khl{iftf` fègf ~k`taè dkèf` hk`k`t{gf` mfrai {g{|) hfgf dkèf` hk`fagf` rft{ fègf ftf{ laifèf` at{ ftf{ tktf~. Jagf da lkifgfè fègf ~k`taè fdfifm fègf ; gk ftfr) tktf~a jagf fègf at{ da lfufm fègf ;) hfgf laifèf``qf dat{iar tktf~. B. F`fiarf F`fiarf Dfqf Rtftartag ^k`qah~fèf` qfè tk|jfda gf|k`f ~kèfhftf`) go`dara fift hf{~{` go`dara olqk olqkg g

ftf{ ftf{

rat{ rat{fr fraa

tkh tkh~ft ~ft

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tkgf tkgf`f `f`) `)

df`

gkik gkikhl hlfl flf` f`!!

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46


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