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@3/H"%:(' ="33"(:' >"%'
Fh gjdarmhlgüj2 uj lampajkjtk ièsgla phrh fh gjtkrhllgüj kj kf ujgvkrsa. Lgikrjçtglh y tkfkafaníh eumhjh. Hfkbhjcra Nhffhrca Lhja "#$%&'
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Fh gjdarmhlgüj2 uj lampajkjtk ièsgla phrh fh gjtkrhllgüj kj kf ujgvkrsa. Lgikrjçtglh y tkfkafaníh eumhjh. Hfkbhjcra Nhffhrca Lhja GJSYAC[LLGÜJ f prkskjtk trhihba sk gjslrgik kj kf ujgvkrsa ck hpartks rkfhlgajhcas laj kf jukva phrhcgnmh ckf lajalgmgkjta lajalgca lama Lgkjlghs ck fh Lampfkbgchc. [ja ck fas lhmpas ck gjvkstgnhlgüj ck mhyar lrklgmgkjta kj fhs cçlhchs rklgkjtks phrh kf kstucga ck taca tgpa ck dkjümkjas lajtkmpfhcas lama sgstkmhs ja fgjkhfks, pfktürglas ck praifkmhs ck gjksthigfgchc, cgjhmglgchc y huta-arnhjgzhlgüj. Cglea lhmpa sk lajdarmh laj fas hpartks ck fh tkrmacgjèmglh ckf ja kqugfgirga, fh Skaríh ck Lhtèstradks, fh Skaríh ckf Lhas, fh Lgkjlgh Lamputhlgajhf, y par supuksta fhs tkaríhs ck Ykcks y \gstkmhs Lampfkbas. Fh hrnumkjthlgüj sgnugkjtk, quk ckskmialhrè kj ujh prapuksth pkrsajhf hlkrlh ck fh prèltglh ck fh Skaríh ck fh Gjdarmhlgüj, kstè hsalghch hf lajlkpta ck lhas, quk h su vkz sk rkdgkrk gjkfucgifkmkjtk h fh gckh ck fh kjtrapíh, lajlkpta quk rkmajth sus arínkjks par fa mkjas ehsth prgjlgpgas ckf sgnfa UGU, y sk vgjlufh laj jamirks ck jathifks dgfüsadas y mhtkmètglas, kjtrk fas quk sk lukjthj \hcg Lhrjat, Yucafd Lfhusgus (qugkj kjujlghrh fhs fkyks ck fh tkrmacgjèmglh), Fucwgn Iaftzmhjj, Bhmks Lfkro Mhxwkff, Jarikrt ^gkjkr y Lfhuck K. \ehjjaj (lrkhcar ck fh tkaríh ck fh gjdarmhlgüj). Kjtkjcgch ck mhjkrh sgmpfk, fh kjtrapíh ks ckdgjgch lama ujh mkcgch ckf lhas a kf cksarckj? pkra thmigçj tgkjk dukrtks lajjathlgajks ck gjlkrtgcumirk. Kj thf skjtgca, fh kjtrapíh kstè prkskjtk kj ujh ck fhs cas fkyks ck fh tkrmacgjèmglh quk kjujlghrh pujtuhfmkjtk Lfhusgus2 Fh kjkrníh ckf ujgvkrsa ks lajsthjtk (ja sk lrkh jg sk ckstruyk, süfa sk trhjsdarmh) Fh kjtrapíh ckf ujgvkrsa tgkjck h uj mèxgma (ks grrkvkrsgifk fh mhrleh ehlgh kf cksarckj)
K
• •
\g, lama sk shik, fh tkjckjlgh jhturhf ck fas sgstkmhs hchpthtgvas lampfkbas ks mavkrsk aslgfhtarghmkjtk kjtrk kf lhas y uj rkfhtgva kqugfgirga (Nkff-Mhjj, 8773), kjtajlks fh kjtrapíh tgkjk mulea quk vkr laj fh prapgkchc ck tkjckjlgh h fh lampfkbgchc quk ckjathj ksas sgstkmhs kjtrk fas quk sk lukjth fh salgkchc mgsmh. Kj iukjh mkcgch fh kjtrapíh, laj su tkjckjlgh hf cksarckj, sukfk skr lajtkjgch par fh rkgtkrhlgüj y fh rklursgvgchc ck fhs rkfhlgajks kjtrk hnkjtks ck uj sgstkmh (gjcgvgcuhfks a lafkltgvas), fa luhf hirk fh praihigfgchc ck mulehs mhjkrhs pasgifks ck arnhjgzhlgüj. Laj ihsk kj ksh prapgkchc, hdgrmh Bkrkmy Lhmpikff, fh kjtrapíh sk hpraxgmh mès hf cksarckj y h fh cgvkrsgchc ck fh vgch (87592 4<). Saca sgstkmh, sknòj kf prgjlgpga kjtrüpgla, kj uj ksthca ck ihbh kjtrapíh (kqugvhfkjtk hf arckj) tgkjck h phshr ehlgh uj ksthca ck mhyar kjtrapíh (ehlgh kf cksarckj)? fas arnhjgsmas, ja süfa fas mklhjgsmas hrtgdglghfks, kstèj cktkrmgjhcas par ksth dhthfgchc y par fa thjta, nhsthj kjkrníh y rklurrkj h mklhjgsmas kspklídglas lama fh rktrahfgmkjthlgüj, fh prk-hfgmkjthlgüj y fh sgjkrngh phrh lajtrhrrksthr, hsí skh tkmparhfmkjtk ksh tkjckjlgh, lama kfalukjtkmkjtk fa ckslrgik ^gkjkr.
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@3/H"%:(' ="33"(:' >"%'
‖Thmas jhchjca lajtrhlarrgkjtk kj uj lhuchfasa ría ck cksarnhjgzhlgüj, quk tgkjck h rkculgrfa taca h fh mukrtk tçrmglh ck kqugfgirga y ujgdarmgchc… Kj ksta, jukstrh prgjlgphf aifgnhlgüj ks ksthifklkr kjlfhvks hrigtrhrgas ck arckj y ck sgstkmh… Lama fh Ykgjh Yabh _ck Fkwgs Lhrraff], ja packmas ksthrjas qugktas y ja larrkr thj ckprgsh lama pachmas” (Nfkglo, 900>2 938)
Dgnurh 8 Pgajkras
ck fh tkaríh ck fh gjdarmhlgüj. Lampasglgüj ck Hfkbhjcra Nhffhrca h phrtgr ck gmènkjks tamhchs ck fh ^gogpkcgh (09/0;/8<).
Hearh igkj, ±Xuç rkfhlgüj tgkjk fh kjtrapíh laj fh gjdarmhlgüj1 Fh lfhvk sk kjlukjtrh kj fh rklursgvgchc y fh rkgtkrhlgüj ck fas hnkjtks ck uj sgstkmh. ±Pkra luèf ks fh ihsk ck fh rkpktglgüj y fh rklursgvgchc1 Fh rkspuksth h kshs prknujths sk kjlukjtrh kj fh gjdarmhlgüj, kj su jhturhfkzh y prapgkchcks gjtríjsklhs. ‖Kj 873>, uj høa hjtks ck fh puifglhlgüj ck fh tkaríh ck \ehjjaj, Dhja trhihbhih kj su tksgs caltarhf kj kf MGS. H gjtkrvhfas ^gkjkr kjtrhih kj kf luhrta ck _Yaikrt M.] Dhja laj uj pura, rksapfhjca, y cklíh2 ―Fh gjdarmhlgüj ks kjtrapíh‗. Fukna sk chih vukfth y shfíh sgj cklgr mès.” (giíc.2 99) Fh lgth rkdgkrk ujh lgrlujsthjlgh quk sk eh rkpktgca jumkrashs vklks kj fh egstargh ck fh lgkjlgh. Kf jhlgmgkjta ck uj lajlkpta a ujh tkaríh mulehs vklks pukck htrg iuírskfk h mès ck ujh pkrsajh. Kj kstk lhsa ehy prukihs ck quk ^gkjkr, kf lrkhcar ck fh Lgikrjçtglh, saspklehih ck fh rkfhlgüj kjtrk fh gjdarmhlgüj y fh kjtrapíh. Hsí lama ^gkjkr kstuva muy lkrlh ck fh nçjksgs ck ksth tkaríh, ehy hjtklkckjtks thjta kj Kuraph luhjta kj Hmçrglh quk pkrmgtgkraj darmufhrfh2 cksck fh tkaríh ck fhs lhckjhs ck símiafas kj fgtkrhturh ckf rusa Hjcrkg H. Mhroav, y fas trhihbas sairk fh lampasglgüj igjhrgh ck fh gjdarmhlgüj ckf ksthcujgckjsk Yhfpe F. Ehrtfky, ehsth fas trhihbas ckf gjnfçs Hfhj Surgjn rkfhlgajhcas laj kf cgskøa ck hphrhtas lhphlks ck pralkshr fkjnuhbks igjhrgas (fhs lamputhcarhs). (Nfkglo, 90882 989) Pkra larrkspajcgü h Lfhuck Kfwaac \ehjjaj (8784-9008) kf kjujlghca ck fh tkaríh ck fh gjdarmhlgüj, hf trhthr ck kjlajtrhr safulgajks h praifkmhs ck rugca y lajcullgüj ck mkjshbks kj lgrlugtas kfçltrglas y kfkltrüjglas. [jh tkaríh quk eh tkjgca hftgihbas, pkra quk h ffkvhca h muleas kspklghfgsths h pfhjtkhrsk skrghs cuchs, gjlfusa ="33"(:' >"%'1 @3/H"%:('1 !" $%&'()"*$+%, -% *').'%/%0/ 89<$*' ."(" 3" $%0/("**$+% /% /3 -%$;/(<'4 >$8/(%50$*" 7 0/3/'3'2?" 6-)"%"4 I%<0$0-0' :/ L<0-:$'< C-(?:$*'<1 K5D$*'1 NEGB4 IOFM,JBAPXEBPEEPAAY\PX
!" $%&'()"*$+%, -% *').'%/%0/ 89<$*' ."(" 3" $%0/("**$+% /% /3 -%$;/(<'4 >$8/(%50$*" 7 0/3/'3'2?" 6-)"%"4
dgfasüdglhs2 ±Par quç kxgstk hfna kj funhr ck jhch kj kf ujgvkrsa sg ujh ck fhs fkyks ck fh tkrmacgjèmglh hpujth h fa lajtrhrga1 \ehjjaj, gjvkstgnhcar ksthcujgckjsk ck fas fhiarhtargas Ikff \ystkm kspklghfgzhca kj lrgptanrhdíh, puifglü kj 8735 su prapuksth kj uj kjshya sairk kf sgstkmh nkjkrhf ck lamujglhlgüj gjtgtufhca Sek Mhtekmhtglhf Sekary ad Lammujglhtgaj . \gj mès prktkjsgajks quk fhs ck hiarchr praifkmhs ck rkjcgmgkjta ‖gjdarmhtgva” kj fas lgrlugtas kfkltrüjglas, fh Skaríh ck fh Gjdarmhlgüj y su larrkspajcgkjtk mackfa darmhf (mhtkmètgla)? pkra su hpartk rksuftü ck nrhj utgfgchc phrh jumkrashs èrkhs ckf lajalgmgkjta.
Prklursarks y prapglghcarks ck fh Skaríh ck fh Gjdarmhlgüj, ck fhs lamputhcarhs y kf lücgna igjhrga. Lampasglgüj ck Hfkbhjcra Nhffhrca Lhja h phrtgr ck gmènkjks ck Naanfk y ck Gjdahmçrglh, kjtrhchs ckf 7/07/8< y ckf 88/07/8<.
Dgn. 9.
Ks jathifk fh skjlgffkz ckf ksqukmh ckf luhf phrtgü \ehjjaj phrh lamprkjckr y safulgajhr fas praifkmhs kjdrkjthcas kj uj sgstkmh fgjkhf phrh mhjtkjkr fh dgckfgchc ckf mkjshbk (fh gjdarmhlgüj lacgdglhch), hjtk fh prkskjlgh ck pkrturihlgajks hfkhtarghs (rugca) ckf prapga lhjhf. \k trhth ck uj ksqukmh quk ckslrgik fh vgjlufhlgüj fgjkhf kjtrk ujh dukjtk, uj mkjshbk, uj lacgdglhcar a kmgsar, uj lhjhf y kf ckslacgdglhcar a rklkptar, pkra luyh darmufhlgüj mhtkmètglh sgrvgü phrh hltuhfgzhr lajlkptas lama kjtrapíh, rugca, rkcujchjlgh y rktrahfgmkjthlgüj, vgstas lama prapgkchcks htrgiugifks h fh gjdarmhlgüj (lajlkpta ehsth kjtajlks lajdusa y dhfta ck prklgsgüj), y quk h phrtgr ck ksh darmufhlgüj sk gjlarparhraj hf valhiufhrga ck jumkrashs èrkhs2 trhjsmgsgüj, lacgdglhlgüj, ckslacgdglhlgüj y rk-lacgdglhlgüj ck gjdarmhlgüj rklupkrhlgüj rkpktglgüj rkcujchjlgh • • • •
Fh Skaríh ck fh Gjdarmhlgüj eh gjdfugca kj jumkrashs èrkhs ckf lajalgmgkjta ck mhjkrh ja ihjhf, fa quk ch gjcglgas ck fh gmparthjlgh ck fh gjdarmhlgüj kj muleas èm igtas ck fh vgch y fh salgkchc (y ckf ujgvkrsa, hdgrmhj hfnujas)? thmigçj ks rkfkvhjtk cksthlhr quk ksh gjtuglgüj ck \ehjjaj yh fh ehiíhj tkjgca atras pkjshcarks par atrhs víhs2 kj kf lhmpa ck fh igafaníh, ck fh igafaníh mafklufhr, ck fh fgtkrhturh y fh dgfasadíh, yh sk pkjshih kj fh gjdarmhlgüj lama uj dkjümkja ujgvkrshf dujchmkjthf. Èrkhs lama fh fgjnöístglh kstrulturhf, fh salgafaníh, fh igafaníh (kj cajck yh sk ehiíh kxpfarhca kf tçrmgja kjtrk 873< y 8733 phrh kxpfglhr fh dujlgüj ck fas lramasa="33"(:' >"%'1 @3/H"%:('1 !" $%&'()"*$+%, -% *').'%/%0/ 89<$*' ."(" 3" $%0/("**$+% /% /3 -%$;/(<'4 >$8/(%50$*" 7 0/3/'3'2?" 6-)"%"4 I%<0$0-0' :/ L<0-:$'< C-(?:$*'<1 K5D$*'1 NEGB4 IOFM,JBAPXEBPEEPAAY\PX
@3/H"%:(' ="33"(:' >"%'
mhs) y fh ktafaníh, hpravklehraj ksth vgsgüj ksqukmhtgzhch ckf pralksa lamujglhtgva, kj kf luhf ja kstèj lajsgckrhcas jg kf sgnjgdglhca ck fh gjdarmhlgüj, jg fh gjtkjlgüj quk cktkrmgjh su kjvía par phrtk ckf kmgsar. Kj fh gjvkstgnhlgüj kspklídglh ck fh lamujglhlgüj, kf ksqukmh ck \ehjjaj duk utgfgzhca phrh sustkjthr y rkdarzhr tkaríhs y supukstas ck par sí lajsgckrhcas fgjkhfks y dhthfks, lama fhs gjvkstgnhlgajks gjglghfks sairk fas kdkltas ck fh lamujglhlgüj lafkltgvh y fh saspkleash nçjksgs ck fh ‖salgkchc mhsh”. Kj hfnujas lhsas, gjlfusa, gjspgrü skuca-tkaríhs kj fhs luhfks h fh gjdarmhlgüj (fgjkhf), sk fk gckjtgdglhih laj pralksas ck camgjhlgüj y lajtraf, mgkjtrhs quk h fh lamujglhlgüj (kj vhgvçj), sk fk gckjtgdglhih ksqukmètglhmkjtk lama fh dhsk ‖fgikrhcarh” ckf pralksa lamujglhtgva salghf. (Nhffhrca, 8773) Cksthlhj fas usas y fh dukrtk gjdfukjlgh quk kbkrlgkraj atras hutarks quk kmpfkhraj kf mackfa fgjkhf ck \ehjjaj laj hfnujhs macgdglhlgajks y hcglgajks, phrh gjlursgajhr kj fh psglafaníh, fh psglafaníh salghf y fh salgafaníh dujlgajhfgsth, lama saj ^hrrkj ^khvkr, Lehrfks Asnaac, ^kstfky MlFkhj, Chvgc O. Ikrfa y ^gfiur \lerhmm, kjtrk atras, kj uj pkrgaca quk sk kxtkjcgü cksck fas høas lgjlukjth ehsth fas sktkjth. Yktamhch par fh Lgikrjçtglh a lgkjlgh ckf lajtraf y kf mhjca ck ^gkjkr, y laj fh Skaríh Nkjkrhf ck \gstkmhs, hltuhfgzhch y kjujlghch par Taj Ikrthfhjddy, hltuhfmkjtk fh Skaríh ck fh Gjdarmhlgüj ks uj kfkmkjta lkjtrhf ckf kjdaquk ck fhs Lgkjlghs ck fh Lampfkbgchc, hlhsa laj uj phpkf cgjèmgla hòj ja ckf taca kxpfarhca, chca quk hsumk kf phpkf ck gjtkrlhmiga kjkrnçtgla a sgmiüfgla, ihsk phrh fh lrkhlgüj ck rknfhs ck gjtkrhllgüj kjtrk fas hnkjtks salghfks y hòj kjtrk fas sgstkmhs. Lama lajsklukjlgh ck ksth gjlarparhlgüj, fh tkaríh ck \ehjjaj tuva lajsklukjlgh quk kj hckfhjtk, h fh lamujglhlgüj eumhjh sk fh lajsgckrhrh lama uj pralksa gjckdkltgifkmkjtk vgjlufhca h fh gjdarmhlgüj puks sk trhth ckf lajtkjgca mgsma ck fas mkjshbks. Fh lamujglhlgüj, h phrtgr ck ksth pkrspkltgvh, rksufth skr uj pralksa ja fgjkhf y hckmès kstalèstgla y hdklthca par dkjümkjas hfkhtargas.
Dgnurh < .
‖Pgkjsa quk fh lajkxgüj kjtrk fh tkaríh ck fh gjdarmhlgüj y fh tkrmacgjèmglh sk sastkjcrè h fh fhrnh, pkra ja eh sgca lampfkthmkjtk kxpfarhch y lamprkjcgch. Hihrlh mès ck fa quk shikmas ehsth hearh.”(\ehjjaj, kj Lhmpikff, 87592 44) Lampasglgüj ck Hfkbhjcra Nhffhrca Lhja, h phrtgr ck gmènkjks ck fh ^gogpkcgh (89/07/8<).
Kj su majanrhdíh ck hpkjhs sktkjh y jukvk pèngjhs –rkdgkrk Lhmpikff– \ehjjaj praiü quk, lajtrhrghmkjtk h fa quk pucgkrh kspkrhrsk, hfna arckjhca, uj mkjshbk, pukck pkrsgstgr kj mkcga ck fh jhch, ck uj cksarckj hzhrasa a ckf rugca. Hujquk kj sus gjglgas jg kf prapga \ehjjaj ksthih ckf taca lajvkjlgca laj kshs gckhs, mès hck="33"(:' >"%'1 @3/H"%:('1 !" $%&'()"*$+%, -% *').'%/%0/ 89<$*' ."(" 3" $%0/("**$+% /% /3 -%$;/(<'4 >$8/(%50$*" 7 0/3/'3'2?" 6-)"%"4 I%<0$0-0' :/ L<0-:$'< C-(?:$*'<1 K5D$*'1 NEGB4 IOFM,JBAPXEBPEEPAAY\PX
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fhjtk, lama fa ckmukstrh fh cklfhrhlgüj rkpraculgch kj kf pgk ck nrhihca quk chth ck 87>7, yh hlkpthih fa quk hearh sk shik laj mès lkrtkzh2 quk fh gjdarmhlgüj kstè íjtgmhmkjtk fgnhch laj fas sgstkmhs ck taca tgpa, jhturhfks, eumhjas, fgjnöístglas, tkljafünglas, ktlçtkrh. Hujquk kf hsujta tgkjk mulehs hrgsths y mhtglks gmparthjtks, sk kxpfarhrèj hquí hfnujhs ck fhs lhrhltkrístglhs ck fh gjdarmhlgüj quk sk vgjlufhj cgrklthmkjtk laj fh Skaríh ck fas \gstkmhs Lampfkbas y laj fh kjtrapíh mgsmh. H su vkz, lama sk gjtkjthrè hrnumkjthr, fh gjdarmhlgüj ks majkch ck lhmiga phrh fh lamujglhlgüj fh luhf, kjtkjcgch lama kf pralksa ièsgla phrh fh gjtkrhllgüj kjtrk fas hnkjtks ck luhfqugkr sgstkmh –skh jhturhf a eumhja– fks pkrmgtk ckskmpkøhr hllgajks quk nhrhjtgzhj su pkrmhjkjlgh, lajtgjugchc y kvafulgüj. Fh gjdarmhlgüj ks, kjtajlks, dujchmkjthf phrh tacas fas sgstkmhs lampfkbas, phrtglufhrmkjtk fas eumhjas quk gjtkrlhmighj símiafas, chtas a gjdarmhlgüj, hckmès ck muleas atras pracultas, aibktas y igkjks ck taca tgpa.
="33"(:' >"%'1 @3/H"%:('1 !" $%&'()"*$+%, -% *').'%/%0/ 89<$*' ."(" 3" $%0/("**$+% /% /3 -%$;/(<'4 >$8/(%50$*" 7 0/3/'3'2?" 6-)"%"4 I%<0$0-0' :/ L<0-:$'< C-(?:$*'<1 K5D$*'1 NEGB4 IOFM,JBAPXEBPEEPAAY\PX
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