BASIC K ′ICHE′ GRAMMAR 38 LESSONS
James L. Mondloch Aprl !"""
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$OR%AR&
Amon' (he nd'eno)s lan')a'es o* (he Amercas+ ,he K ′che′an lan')a'es occ)p- a promnen( promnen( place o(h n re'ard (o n)mer o* spea/ers and n respec( (o (her hs(orcal hs(orcal s'n*cance. s'n*cance. 0resen(l- (he spea/ers o* K ′che′an lan')a'es 1K ′che′+ Ka2ch/el+ ,′)()4l+ Sa/ap)l(e/o+ and Spa/apense5 n)mer almos( one mllon+ compared (o appro6ma(el- 7##+### spea/ers o* all (he (he Amerndan Amerndan lan')a'es o* (he n(ed S(a(es and Canada. B- all all acco)n(s acco)n (s (he Popol Vuh Vuh 9r((en - a K ′che′ nole n (he s6(een(h cen()r-+ s o)r mos( :al)ale *rs(;hand acco)n( o* (he m-(hs and oral hs(or- o* 0re;Hspanc Mesoamerca. The Title of the Lords of Totonicapan+ Totonicapan+ (he Rabinal (he Rabinal Achi dance Achi dance drama+ and (he Annals (he Annals of the Cakchiquels are Cakchiquels are o(her K ′che ′an doc)men(s o* (he h'hes( s'n*cance *or scholars dealn' 9(h hs(or- and m-(holo'- o* 0re; Col)man Amerca. &esp(e (he mpor(ance o* K ′che′an lan')a'es+ modern ln')s(c descrp(ons o* (hese ′che′ (e6(s+ lan')a'es are rela(:el- scan(-. $or e6ample+ (here s no p)lshed connec(on connec(o n o* K nor s (here an ade2)a(e dc(onardc(ona r- o* (he modern dalec(s. dalec(s. Al(ho)'h some reasonalreasona l- acc)ra(e acc)ra (e peda'o'cal ma(eral ma(eralss are a:alal a:alalee 1%c/ 1%c/ < Cocho4l Cocho4l Gonales+ Spoken Quiche Maya= Maya= &a:d $o6+ Lecciones Eleentales en Quiche5+ Quiche5+ (he- are e(her )ns)(ed *or non;ln')s(s 1%c/5 or o**er onla s)per*cal n(rod)c(on (o (he 'rammar o* (he lan')a'e. ′ ′
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!asic " iche #raar + - James L. Mondloch+ *lls a 'ap n o)r descrp(:e ma(erals pro:dn' an e6(ens:e e6(ens:e and acc)ra(e s)r:e- o* (he prncple prncple 'ramma(cal 'ramma(cal s(r)c()res o* K ′che′+ e6planed n a (horo)'h+ (horo) 'h+ -e( non;(echncal non;(e chncal manner. manner. ,he a)(hor has ha s spen( more (han nne -ears n K ′che;spea/n' comm)n(es and so s ale (o pro:de a 9eal(h o* e6amples and de(aled commen(ares on ac()al )sa'e. ,hs s s a peda'o'cal peda' o'cal ra(her (han a re*erence 'rammar= ( s or'aned aro)nd 'rad 'raded ed 'ramma(cal lessons accompaned - drlls and e6ercses. I( sho)ld pro:e e6(remel- :al)ale :al)ale o(h (o ln')s(s ln')s(s and non;ln') non;ln')s(s s(s al/e al/e 9ho 9ho 9sh (o ac2)re a spea/n' spea/n' and readn' /no9led'e o* modern K ′che′+ or (o (hose 9ho 9an( onl- (o *nd o)( ao)( (he s(r)c()re o* (he lan')a'e.
%llam Norman < L-le Campell
,ABLE O$ CON,EN,S pa'e $or9ar $or9ard d ........... ................... ............... ............... ............... .............. ............... ................ ............... .............. ............... ................ ............... ............... ............... .............. ............... ........
,ale ,ale o* Con( Con(en en(s (s .................. .......................... ............... .............. ............... ................ ............... ............... ............... .............. ............... ................ ............... .............. ......... ..
In(ro In(rod) d)c( c(o on n .............. .................... .............. ............... ............... ............... .............. ............... ................ ............... .............. ............... ................ ............... ............... ............... .........
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Ls( Ls( o* o* A Are: re:a( a(o ons ns and S-m S-mol olss ............. .................... ............... .............. .............. ............... .............. ............... ............... ............... ................ ............ ....
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Lesson !> ,he K ′che′ Alpha lphae( e( .............. ..................... ............... .............. .............. ............... .............. ............... ............... ............... ................ ............... .........
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Less Lesson on ?> ?> ,he ,he Non Non @e @eral ral Sen(e Sen(enc ncee ........... ................... ............... ............... ............... .............. ............... ................ ............... .............. ............... ........... ...
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Lesson Lesson 3> 0l)rala( 0l)rala(on on o* Non @eral Sen(enc Sen(ences es ................ .................................. ....................
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Lesson Lesson > 0ersonal 0ersonal 0rono)ns 0rono)ns and (he Non @eral Sen(en Sen(ence ce ......................................... ..............
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Lesson Lesson > Ad4e Ad4ec( c(:es :es Mod*Mod*-n' n' No)ns No)ns ......................... ................................... .........................
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Lesson Lesson 7> D)es(o D)es(ons> ns> Con:er Con:er(n (n' ' A**r A**rma( ma(:e :e Sen(en Sen(ences ces In(o In(o D)es(o D)es(ons ns ....................................
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Less Lesson on > 0osse 0ossess ss:e :e 0ron 0rono) o)ns ns ............. .................... .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ................ ............... .............. ............... ............... .......... ...
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Less Lesson on 8> 0osse 0ossess ss:e :e 0rono 0rono)n )nss Con( Con(n n)e )ed d ............. .................... ............... ............... ............... ................ ............... .............. ............... .............. ......
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Lesson Lesson "> In(rans( In(rans(:e :e @ers n Incom Incomple ple(ed (ed Ac(o Ac(on n .......................................... .........................
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Lesson !#> In(rans(:e @ers @ers n Comple(ed Ac(on and &eclenson o* 0repos(ons ;)malF and ;))/ ′ .................. .......................... ................ ............... .............. ............... ................ ............... ............... ............... .............. .............. .......
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Lesson Lesson !!> !!> In(rans In(rans(: (:ee @ers Con(n Con(n)ed )ed ................................... ................................... ..............
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Lesson Lesson !?> Impera( Impera(:es :es n (he Smple Smple In(rans( In(rans(:e :e @ers ........................................ .....................
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Lesson Lesson !3> Ne'a( Ne'a(:es :es ............................................ .................................. ...................................
Less Lesson on !> !> ,he ,he 0ar( 0ar(cl clee % % 1F+ 1F+ %)F %)F55 %( %(h h &re &rec( c(o on n and and Loca( Loca(o on n %o %ords ............. .................... .........
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Lesson !> ,rans(:e @ers @ers ;; Class ? ;; %hose Roo(s Be'n %(h %(h Consonan(s and End %(h %(h @o9els 9els In Incomp Incomple( le(ee Ac(o Ac(on n In @oce ! .......................................... ........
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Lesson !7> Class ? ,rans(:e ,ran s(:e @ers @ers %hose %hose Roo(s Be'n %(h %(h Consonan(s n Comple Comple(ed (ed Ac(o Ac(on n In @oce ! ........................................... ................................... .....
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Lesson !> Class ? ,rans(:e ,rans(:e @ers ers n @oce ! %hose %hose Roo(s Be'n %(h %(h a @o @o9el ............ ....... .......... ......... ....
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Lesson !8> Impera(:es Impera(:es o* ,rans(:e ,rans(:e :ers ;; Class ? ;; @oce ! and and (he Re*le6:es Re*le6:es ........... ...... .......... ........ ...
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Lesson Lesson !"> Class Class ? ,rans( ,rans(:e :e @ers n @oce ? ........................................ ................................ ..
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Lesson Lesson ?#> Class Class ? ,rans( ,rans(:e :e @ers n @oce 3 ........................................ ................................ ..
Lesson Lesson ?!> Class Class ? ,rans( ,rans(:e :e @ers n @oce ........................................ ................................ ..
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Lesson Lesson ??> Class Class ? ,rans( ,rans(:e :e @ers n @oce ........................................ ................................ ..
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Lesson ?3> Specal S);Classes S);Cl asses o* Class ? ,rans(:e @ers @ers and ,he se o* Separa(ed Separa(e d 0ersonal 0ersonal 0rono)n 0rono)nss *or Emphas Emphasss ........................................... ................................... . "3 Lesson ?> ,he &emons(ra(:e &emons(ra(:e Ar(cles Ar(cles and Rela(:e 0rono)ns> 0rono)ns> %ee+ Lee+ R ........... ...... .......... .......... .......... ....... .. "8 Lesson ?> ,he &emons(ra(:e 0rono)ns> %a′+ La ′+ R′ .............. ..................... .............. ............... ................ ............... .............. .......... ... !#3 Lesson ?7> Class Clas s ! ,rans(:e ,rans( :e @ers @ers n @oces ! and ? n Incomple(ed and Comple(ed Aspec(s Aspec(s and In(ens In(ens* *ca( ca(on on o* Ad4e Ad4ec( c(:es :es %(h %(h ;Ala4 ;Ala4FF ...................................... .................... !#8 Lesson ?> Class ! ,rans(:e ,ran s(:e @ers @ers n @o @oce ! Impera(:es and se o* (he 0ro'ress:e 0ro'res s:e Ac(on Ac(on %ord ord Ka(a4n Ka(a4n/ / ...................... ................................... ................................. !! !! Lesson Lesson ?8> Class Class ! ,rans( ,rans(:e :e @ers n @oce ? ........................................ ................................ .
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Lesson Lesson ?"> Class Class ! ,rans ,rans(: (:ee @ers n @oces ces 3 and ........................................ ......................
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Lesson 3#> Class Clas s ! ,rans(:e ,rans( :e @ers @ers n @oce and se o* B ′an/ an/FF %( %(h h Span Spansh sh @ers... rs......... ......... ...
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Lesson 3!> ,he Ne'a(:e Ne'a(:e Impera(:e Impera(:e and O(her Ne'a(:e Ne'a(:e $orms ........... ...... .......... .......... .......... ........... ...... ........... ..... ........... ....... !3 Lesson 3?> 0er*ec( Aspec( o* Class ! and ? ,rans(:e @ers @ers n @o @oces ! and ? and Specal Spe cal Case o* E(a ′ma6/ ma6/ 1,@?5 1,@?5 ;; ,o Be Learned Learned ............................................ ................. !? Lesson 33> 0er*ec( Aspec( o* In(rans(:e @ers @ers and Classes ! and ? ,rans(:e @ers @ers n @oces ces 3+ + and ........................................ ................................... ........................ !8 Lesson 3> S(a(:e In(rans(:e In(rans (:e @ers n Incomple(e+ Comple(ed+ Impera(:e+ 0er*ec( and S(a(:e S(a(:e Aspec Aspec(s (s .......................................... ................................... .......................... ! Lesson 3> Nomnaled $orms o* Smple and S(a(:e In(rans(:e In(ra ns(:e @ers @ers and Class ! and ? ,rans( ,rans(:e :e @ers n @oces ces ? and and ............................................ ..............................
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Lesson 37> $orma(on o* 0erson A'en(s %(h Smple In(rans(:e @ers and Class ! and ? ,rans(:e @ers n @oces ! and and (he ses o* (he $amlar 0re*6es AF and AlF %(h 0roper Names .........................................................................
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Lesson 3> $orma(on o* No)ns $rom Ad4ec(:es And npossessed $orms o* Ol'a(orl0ossessed No)ns ............................................ ................................... ...................... !8! Lesson 38> &rec(onal and Loca(onal Ad:ers Lo2+ B ′/+ and Kano2 and Con4)'a(on o* Irre')lar Class ? ,rans(:e @er A4a9a6/ ;; ,o Be %an(edF+ ,o Be Lo:edF+ and se o* A)6lar- @ers Ko9nem and A4a9a6/ ............................................ ...
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@oca)lar-> K ′che′ (o En'lsh ....................... ................................ ................................... ......... !"
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IN,RO&C,ION ,hs 'rammar s presen(ed 9(h (he 'oal o* ma/n' a:alale a m)ch more comple(e and )seale presen(a(on o* (he K ′che′ lan')a'e (han has -e( een p)lshed. I( s m- hope (ha( (hs 9or/ 9ll e o* :al)e (o (s readers n (her s()d- o* K ′che′. A*(er s()d-n' and spea/n' (he K ′che′ lan')a'e *or some e'h( -ears I decded ( 9as (me (o 9r(e do9n n an orderl- *ashon some o* m- deas ao)( (he s(r)c()re o* (he lan')a'e. M)ch o* (he anal-ss *o)nd n (hs 'rammar s no( mne+ )( ra(her s (he 9or/ o* o(her dedca(ed s()den(s o* K ′che′. Some *e9 o* (he deas are m- o9n. %hen I e'an m- s()d- o* K ′che′ I )sed (he a:alale 9or/s 9r((en on (he lan')a'e= especall(he 'rammars o* &a:d $o6+ S(anle- %c/+ Adran Ch:e and Brasse)r de Bo)ro)r'. As I pro'ressed n m- /no9led'e o* (he lan')a'e I came )pon man- pon(s o* 'rammar+ especall- n (he :er s(r)c()re+ (ha( 9ere no( (o)ched )pon n (hese 9or/s. $or (hs reason I e'an cons(r)c(n' m- o9n 'ramma(cal anal-ss o* (he lan')a'e. In (hs s()d- I ha:e a((emp(ed (o ma/e a ra(her comple(e anal-ss o* (he K ′che′ :er s-s(em ased on (he e:er-da- speech o* (he people. Man- o* (he )nresol:ed 'ramma(cal prolems (ha( I enco)n(ered 9hle s()d-n' (he lan')a'e ha:e een resol:ed+ a( leas( (o m- sa(s*ac(on+ n (hs presen( anal-ss. Ano(her prolem I had (o *ace n a((emp(n' (o descre (he Nah)al;I6(ah)acn dalec( o* K ′che 9as (ha( o* :o9el len'(h. ,he modern 'rammars o* (he lan')a'e 1$o6+ %c/5 are o* dalec(s 9(h a s6;:o9el s-s(em. Ho9e:er+ (he Nah)al;I6(ah)acn dalec( has a (en;:o9el s-s(em. %(h (he help o* &r. %llam Norman I ha:e a((emp(ed (o acc)ra(el- record :o9el len'(h n (hs presen( 9or/. Needless (o sa-+ no 'ramma(cal anal-ss o* an- lan')a'e s e:er comple(e. ,hs 'rammar s n(ended (o e a peda'o'cal ra(her (han a re*erence 9or/. A more (horo)'h (rea(men( o* (he phonolo'- o* (he lan')a'e s necessar- 1e.'. :o9el shor(enn'+ con(rac(ons+ (he phonolo'cal proper(es o* (he phoneme h+e(c.5. e( (hs 'rammar sho)ld ser:e as a )se*)l complemen( (o (he alread- e6s(n' 9or/s. I 9sh (o e6press m- 'ra(()de (o all 9ho ha:e helped me n (he prepara(on o* (hs 9or/. Ao:e all+ I (han/ (he K ′che′ spea/ers+ especall- (hose *rom Nah)al+ San(a Ca(arna I6(ah)acn and San(o ,oms la nn+ S)ch(ep2)e+ 9ho ha:e so pa(en(l- men(ored me n (her lan')a'e. A 'rea(er '*( (heco)ld no( ha:e ':en me. $or n sharn' 9(h me (her lan')a'e (he- opened (her hear(s n *rendshp. M- (han/s (o $a(her E)'ene Hr)s/a 9ho so pa(en(l- and 9(h m)ch e**or( helped me (o *orm)la(e m- deas n (he cleares( possle *ashon. I( 9as hs proddn' (ha( made me e'n cons(r)c(n' (hs 'rammar+ and hs con(n)al help and enco)ra'emen( (ha( enaled me (o *nall- *nsh (. ,hese lessons ear (he mar/ o* hs care*)l re:son and cons(r)c(:e cr(csm. I also o9e a de( o* 'ra(()de (o &r. %llam Norman *or (he lon' ho)rs he n:es(ed n (he correc(on and re:son o* (hs 'rammar. And *nall-+ I especall- (han/ m- 9*e+ Mara ,aha- Carrllo+ hersel* a na(:e K ′che′ spea/er+ 9ho so pa(en(l- helped me n *orm)la(n' (hs presen( 9or/.
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LIS, O$ ABBRE@IA,IONS AN& SMBOLS 1ad45 1ad:5 1con45 1dem5 1dem ar(5 1dem pro5 1dr5 1e6clam5 1*orm5 1nde* ar(5 1n(er5 1:5 1n5 1n)m5 1par(5 1per pro5 1pl5 1pl) *am5 1pl) *orm5 1pn5 1poss pro5 1prep5 1pro5 1rel pro5 1sn'5 1sn';*am5 1sn';*orm5 1Span5 1s:5 1(:5 1(:!5 1(:?5 1(:?; ′a′5
ad4ec(:e ad:er con4)nc(on demons(ra(:e demons(ra(:e ar(cle demons(ra(:e prono)n drec(on e6clama(or- 9ord *ormal address *orm nde*na(e ar(cle n(erro'a(or- 9ord smple n(rans(:e :er no)n n)mer par(cle 1no( (ransla(ale5 personal prono)n pl)ral second person pl)ral+ *amlar address *orm 165 second person pl)ral+ *ormal address *orm 1ala25 ol'a(orl- possessed no)n possess:e prono)n prepos(on prono)n rela(:e prono)n sn')lar second person sn')lar+ *amlar address *orm 1a(5 second person sn')lar+ *ormal address *orm 1laal5 Spansh loan 9ord s(a(:e n(rans(:e :er (rans(:e :er (rans(:e :er ;; Class ! (rans(:e :er ;; Class ? (rans(:e :er ;; Class ? 9(h ; ′a′ (ermna(on n @oce !
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LESSON ONE ,HE K ′ICHE′ AL0HABE,
,he K ′che′ alphae( conss(s o* (he *ollo9n' so)nds> aa
Closel- resemles (he aF n *a(her. aa4 ;; reed chaa4 ;; ash
paar ;; s/)n/ laal ;; -o) 1sn';*orm5
1See *oo(no(e !5 a
A rapdl- prono)nced aF resemln' (he )F n )(F. a/′ ;; chc/en 4al ;; dred ears o* corn
a4 ;; *resh corn ear /ar ;; *sh ′
,here are (9o *orms o* ′> ′! ;;
$orma(on> ,hs so)nd s *ormed - p)lln' ar *rom (he mo)(h ac/ n(o (he (hroa( 9hle prono)ncn' an En'lsh F and a( (he same (me
momen(arlclosn' (he (hroa( e*ore openn' (he lps (o sa- (he F so)nd. Occ)rrence ;; ,hs so)nd s *o)nd e*ore :o9els. ′e ;; road ′a ;; 'opher
a′a4 ;; roc/ ) ′een ;; (amale 9(h eans nsde
′? ;; $orma(on> Made - holdn' (he rea(h 9hle ma/n' a pF so)nd+ and releasn' (he ar n (he mo)(h e(9een (he lps 9(h a small p)** o* ar. Occ)rrence ;; Be*ore consonan(s or a( (he end o* an )((erance. 4a′ ;; ran s)′ ;; corn (amale
s′ ;; smo/e aa′ ;; hammoc/
,he 'lo((al s(op 1 ′5 al9a-s *ollo9s (he le((er ′ n 9r((en K ′che′. ch
L/e (he chF n ch)rch. cho ;; la/e 9ach ;; *ace+ *ron(
chm ;; 9o:en a' 9o′ch ;; m- ho)se
!
ch′
0rono)nced 9(h (he (on')e n (he same pos(on as *or (he chF+ )( no9 (he (hroa( s closed and onl- (he ar remann' n (he mo)(h s )sed (o prod)ce (hs 'lo((aledF 1prod)ced 9(h (he (hroa( closed5 so)nd. Hold -o)r rea(h and prac(ce ma/n' (he ch ′F and ch′oF> ch′
ch′
ch′
ch′
ch′
ch′o ;; mo)se 4ach′ ;; corn har:es( ee
ch′
ch′o
ch′o
ch′o
ch′o
ch′o
ch′o
p))ch′ ;; ma((er *rom e-es ch′ch′ ;; an- me(allc o4ec(
0rono)nced l/e (he aF n a(F. lee ;; (he 1demon ar(5 eera ;; place 9here 9hea( s (hrashed
cheech ;; *or hm 9ee ;; mne 1elon'n' (o me5
1See *oo(no(e !5 e
A rapdl- prono)nced 1shor(5 eF appro6ma(el- l/e (he eF n e(F. e/ ′ ;; chc/en 1San(a ,oms la nn5 / ′el ;; 'reen parro(
L/e (he eeF n deedF. pm ;; (hc/ sp ;; 9ood(c/
r′ ;; hmsel* 94 ;; m- ac/
1See *oo(no(e !5
A rapdl- prono)nced F. s′ ;; smo/e
4
Some9ha( resemles (he hF so)nd n ho(F )( prono)nced deep n (he (hroa( 9(h a scrapn' so)nd. 4a( ;; 'o a44 ;; s)'ar cane
/
n ;; I
4oo4 ;; a lac/ rd 4 ;; measles
L/e (he cF n ca(. /o ;; hard /))/ ;; s2)rrel
/eem ;; 9ea:n' / ;; ma')e- plan(
1See *oo(no(e ?5
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/ ′
0rono)nced 9(h (he (on')e n (he same pos(on as *or (he /F+ )( no9 (he (hroa( s closed and onl- (he ar n (he mo)(h s )sed (o prod)ce (hs 'lo((aledF 1prod)ced 9(h (hroa( closed5 so)nd. Hold -o) rea(h and prac(ce ma/n' / ′F and / ′aF / ′
/ ′
/ ′
/ ′
/ ′
/ ′
/ ′
/ ′
/ ′a ;; ((er / ′ ;; man/ ′aa/ ′ ;; ne9 l
/ ′
/ ′a
/ ′a
/ ′a
/ ′a
/ ′a
/ ′a
/ ′a
/′oo/ ′ ;; *ra'ran( /′olo/ ′/ ;; sphercal /′a′a/ ′/ ;; 'apn' 1mo)(h5
,here are (9o ls> l! ;;
$orma(on> L/e (he lF n En'lsh )( 9(h (he (p o* (he (on')e placed mmeda(el- ehnd (he )pper *ron( (ee(h. Occ)rrence> $o)nd e*ore :o9els. lo ;; perhaps L))′ ;; 0e(er 1name5
l? ;;
laa9aalo ;; sero)sl- sc/ l/′l/ ;; spread o)(
$orma(on> $ormed 9(h (he (on')e n (he same pos(on as ( s *or l !F+ )( s sad 9(ho)( :ocn' 19hspered5 and n (he ar n (he
mo)(h s lo9n o)( o:er (he (op sdes o* (he (on')e 9hle sa-n' (hs so)nd. Occ)rrence ;; Be*ore consonan(s or a( (he end o* )((erances. -aa ′l ;; sc/ness (el ;; (orn
aal ;; hea: 4)l ;; hole m
L/e (he mF n En'lsh. am ;; spder poom ;; copal
n
Closel- resemles (he nF n En'lsh. naan ;; maam sn ;; amoo
oo
amoolo ;; *lmaam ;; 'rand*a(her
n)9aa ;; m- (or(lla anna2 ;; 2)c/l-
L/e (he oF n phoneF. oo4 lool
;; a:ocado ;; 'rasshopper
poo- ;; scarecro9 2 ′oo2′ ;; (-pe o* s2)ash
1See *oo(no(e ?5
3
o
A rapdl- prono)nced 1shor(5 oF. o4 ;; 9e /o4 ;; lon
p
/on ;; *oolsh ch′o/ ;; lac/ rd
L/e (he pF n spo(F. poom ;; copal poop ;; s(ra9 ma(
p))m ;; a (-pe o* lac/ rd peepe ;; )((er*l-+ mo(h
1See *oo(no(e ?5 p :s. ′> I( s o*(en hard *or a e'nner n (he lan')a'e (o ds(n')sh e(9een pF and ′F. ,he *ollo9n' cons(ras(n' 9ords 9ll help n hearn' and prono)ncn' (he d**erence>
2
s′ ;; smo/e sp ;; 9ood(c/
′o′ 4 ;; cla- coo/n' po( po ′ 4 ;; a (-pe o* (ree
4a′ ;; ran poop ;; s(ra9 ma(
/olo′ ;; rope ch′oop ;; pneapple
A /F so)nd prod)ced deep n (he (hroa(. In order (o prod)ce (hs so)nd ( ma- help (o p)( (he (p o* (he (on')e do9n n (he o((om o* (he mo)(h near (he roo( o* (he (on')e+ and (hen+ *orcn' (he ac/ o* (he (on')e as deep as possle n(o (he (hroa(+ prono)nce a /F. 9aa2′ ′a2l
aa2 ;; p' ′aa2 ;; one
;; s6 ;; od-
1C.*. *oo(no(e ?5 2′
0rono)nced 9(h (he (on')e n (he same pos(on as *or (he 2F+ )( no9 (he (hroa( s closed and onl- (he ar remann' n (he mo)(h s )sed (o prod)ce (he 'lo((aledF 1prod)ced 9(h (he (hroa( closed5 so)nd. In Nah)al (he mo)(h ar s p)lled ac/ n(o (he (hroa( (o prod)ce (hs so)nd. In o(her dalec(s (he mo)(h ar s *orced o)(9ard (o prod)ce (. Hold -o)r rea(h and prac(ce ma/n' 2 ′F and 2′aF> 2′
2′
2′
2′
2′an ;; -ello9 2′4 ;; da-+ s)n 9aa2′ ;; m- (on')e
2′
2′
2′
2′
2′a
2′a
a2′a′ ;; n'h( 2′e2 ;; lac/ 2′aa2′ ;; *re
2′a
2′a
2′a
2′a
2′a
r
,here are (9o rs> r ! ;;
$orma(on> L/e (he Spansh *lp rF as n peroF+ or (he ((F n (he En'lsh name Be((-F. Occ)rrence ;; Occ)rs e(9een (9o :o9els. (oroom ;; open 9araal ;; here
r ? ;;
eera ;; place *or (hrashn' 9hea( 4oron ;; cold
$orma(on> L/e (he Spansh (rlled rF as n perroF+ )( 9(ho)( :ocn' 19hspered5. Occ)rrence ;; $o)nd 9hene:er (he rF s no( *o)nd e(9een (9o :o9els. ra6 ;; 'reen r′ ;; (ha( one
paar ;; s/)n/ /arna ′( ;; passon *r)(
s
L/e (he sF n En'lsh
(
A (F prono)nced 9(h (he (p o* (he (on')e drec(l- ehnd (he )pper *ron( (ee(h. (ap ;; cra 4a( ;; 'o
a(aam ;; earl(aa( ;; sr
1See *oo(no(e ?5 (′
0rono)nced 9(h (he (on')e n (he same pos(on as *or (he (F+ )( no9 (he (hroa( s closed and onl- (he ar remann' n (he mo)(h s )sed (o prod)ce (hs 'lo((aledF 1prod)ced 9(h (he (hroa( closed5 so)nd. Hold -o)r rea(h and prac(ce ma/n' ( ′F and (′aF> (′
(′
(′
(′
(′
(′
(′
′(′ ;; a (earn' so)nd (′oo(′ ;; snal (
(′
( ′a
( ′a
( ′a
(′a
(′a
( ′)′;; coo/n' po( 4a(′m ;; (ed
L/e (he (sF n s(sF. ( ;; soa/ed /ernals o* corn (aam ;; l2)or
(a( ;; (hc/ pa(ap/ ;; sha''-
(′a
(′a
(′
0rono)nced 9(h (he (on')e n (he same pos(on as *or (he (F+ )( no9 (he (hroa( s closed and (he ar remann' n (he mo)(h s )sed (o prod)ce (hs 'lo((aledF 1prod)ced 9(h (he (hroa( closed5 so)nd. Hold -o)r rea(h and prac(ce ma/n' ( ′F and (′aF> (′
(′
(′
(′
(′
(′′ ;; do' a(′aam ;; sal( ))
(′
(′a
(′a
(′a
(′a
(′a
(′a
(′a
s))( ′ ;; clo)d pa( ′an ;; dred plan( s(al/
L/e (he ooF o* oo(F ))l ;; landslde s))2 ;; sc)m
p))m ;; a /nd o* rd p))ch ′ ;; ma((er *rom e-es
1See *oo(no(e ?5 )
A rapdl- prono)nced 1shor(5 )F. )s ;; 'na( s)′ ;; corn (amale
9
4)l ;; hole /′)ch ;; )ard
,here are (9o 9s> 9! ;;
$orma(on> L/e (he 9F n En'lsh. Occ)rrence ;; Be*ore :o9els. 9a ;; (or(lla a9aal ;; -o)r chld 19oman5
-a9aa ′ ;; sc/ one o-o9aal ;; an'er
9? ;; $orma(on> Some9ha( l/e (he oo*F n aloo*F+ )( (he *F s prono)nced 9(h (he (9o lps ra(her (han 9(h (he lo9er lp and )pper *ron( (ee(h. Occ)rrence ;; Be*ore consonan(s or a( (he end o* )((erances. (ee9 ;; cold ra4aa9 ;; (s o9ner 6
)lee9 ;; land+ ear(h )(9 ;; co-o(e
L/e (he shF n En'lshF. 6aan ;; adoe o6′ ;; (hree
a9ee6 ;; corn plan(n' 6oo( ;; ear(hen shn'les or coo/n' pla(e
7
-
,here are (9o -s> -! ;;
$orma(on> L/e (he -F n -esF Occ)rrence ;; Be*ore :o9els. -aa ′l ;; sc/ness -aa/ ;; *o6
-? ;;
-oom ;; md9*e sane-e′ ;; sand
$orma(on> L/e prono)ncn' (he eeF o* ee(F mmeda(el- *ollo9ed - (he hF o* ho(F+ )( 9(h (he hF prono)nced drec(l- ehnd (he )pper *ron( (ee(h. Occ)rrence ;; Be*ore consonan(s or a( (he end o* )((erances. poo- ;; scarecro9 (′o′- ;; 9o:en cap
6) ′- ;; s(n'(′)′- ;; coo/n' po(
Glo((al s(opF s *ormed - 2)c/l- closn' and openn' (he (hroa(+ l/e n sa-n' (he 9ord o((leF n (he *ollo9n' 9a-> olF. ,o prono)nce o((leF (hs 9a-+ *rs( (he oF o* o((leF s sad+ (hen (he rea(h s held *or a shor( momen( e*ore rela6n' (he (hroa( m)scles and sa-n' (he lF. I( s l/e (hs> oF ;; hold rea(h ;; lF ′aa ′ 4a′ 9ach′l )′e′eel
;; ;; ;; ;;
(apa ′l (′)′/n′ee/ /6′ee/
9ell+ oh 9a(er m- companon correc(ness
;; ;; ;; ;;
a (-pe o* *r)( coo/n' po( I 'o -o) 'o
In (hs 'rammar 'lo((al s(ops are almos( ne:er 9r((en e*ore :o9els+ e:en (ho)'h an9ord e'nnn' 9(h a :o9el n K ′che′ s preceded - a 'lo((al s(op 1e.'.+ ′a/ ′ ;; chc/en5. $oo(no(es (o Lesson One> !. $nal Shor( @o9els> An- shor( :o9el 9hch occ)rs a( (he end o* an )((erance s *ollo9ed - a rea(h- hF almos( as * (he :o9el 9ere sad a second (me n a 9hspered manner. ′ah ;; 'opher ′eh ;; road (h ;; soa/ed /ernals o* corn
pF
choh ;; la/e p))p)h ;; alloon
?. Aspra(on> I* (he consonan(s /F+ pF+ 2F+ and (F occ)r e*ore :o9els (he- are prono)nced 9(h a mnm)m o* ar escapn' *rom (he mo)(h 1)naspra(ed5 as n (he cF o* scareF+ (he o* spo(F+ and (he (F o* s(a/eF. /aa ;; 'rndn' s(one /o ;; hard
poo- ;; scarecro9 apano2 ;; o:er (here
2eech ;; o)rs a2an ;; *oo(
(ap ;; cra maa(aam ;; la(e
I* (hese consonan(s /F+ pF+ 2F+ and (F occ)r e*ore o(her consonan(s or a( (he end o* an )((erance+ (he- are prono)nced 9(h a no(ceale amo)n( o* ar escapn' *rom (he mo)(h 1aspra(ed5 as n (he cF o* (cF+ (he pF o* )pF+ and (he (F o* a(F. pa′/ ;; crac/ed hands 6o/ la′ ;; (ha( one en(ered
(ap ;; cra sp ;; 9ood(c/
aa2 ;; p' )2 ;; s/r(
a( po′(
;; -o) ;; 9o:en lo)se
O0,IONAL &RILLS> Ls(ed elo9 are some e6ercses (o *)r(her (he mas(er- o* some o* (he more d**c)l( so)nds *or (hose needn' e6(ra drll. !. Re')lar :s. Shor( @o9els> aa ;; a aa4 ;; reed a4 ;; *resh corn
chaa4 ;; ash cha4 ;; pne
′aa(′ ;; calendar da ′a(′ ;; (hread
/′aa( ;; car'o ne( /′a( ;; calendar da-
aa/ ′ ;; (-pe o* 'ran a/ ′ ;; chc/en
o2′aa ′ ;; an edle 'reen )2′a′ ;; hs hand
/aa9aa4 ;; -o) 9an( ( /a9aa4 ;; I 9an( (
pa(aan ;; ser:ce pa(an ;; head s(rap
ee ;; e ee/ ′ ;; romelad e/ ′ ;; c hc/en 1San(o ,oms la nn5 ;; sp ;; 9ood(c/ s′ ;; smo/e
8
cheech ;; *or hm / ′ el ;; a 'reen parro(
oo ;; o oo4 ;;;; a:ocado o4 ;; 9e
poom ;; copal /on ;; s()pd
2′noom ;; rch 2′nom ;; a (-pe o* *r)(
/′oo/ ′ ;; *ra'ran( ch′o/ ;; lac lac/ / rd rd
/ ′oo4 ;; mas/ /o4 ;; lon
2′oor ;; corn corn do)'h o)'h 2′or ;; la-
)) ;; ) ))l ;; landslde )s ;; ; ; 'na(
/′))l )) l ;; la lan/ n/e( e( 4)l ;; hole
s))2 ;; ;; sc)m s)′ ;; corn (amale
p))ch′ ;; ma((er *rom e-es /′) ch ;; ) )ard
?. &s(n')sh &s(n')shn' n' /+ /+ /+ 2+ and 2 n hearn' hearn' and and spea/n'. spea/n'. /oo/ ′ ;; *nel- 'ro)nd / ′oo/ ′ ;; *ra'ran( 2′aa2′ ;; 2aa2′ ;; /aa2′ ;; / ′aa/ ′ ;; /aa/ ′ ;; 2aa2′ ;; /aa2 ;; 2aa2 ;; ;; /aa/ ′ ;; 2aa/ ′ ;; /a2 ;; / ′a2 ;;
*re o)r (on')es (her (on')es ne9 (h (her 'ran o)r 'ran (h (her p' o)r p' (her chc/en o)r chc/en red *lea
/))/ ;; /))/′ ;; 2))/ ′ ;; /)2 ;; 2)2 ;; 2′))2′ ;;
s2)rrel 9(h (hem 9(h )s (her s/r(s o)r s/r(s 2)e(al rd
/ol/ /′ol/ ol / 2ol/ 2′ol/ ol/
(o (o e de*ended+ sa:ed (o e p)( a9aa9a(o (o e scraped+ scra(ched (o e e pc/ pc/ed ed 1co**e 1co**ee+ e+ e(c.5
;; ;; ;; ;;
3. Glo((al S(ops> che ;; *or hm chee′ ;; (ree+ 9ood
/))l/ ;; he arr:es /)′l/ l/ ;; (he(he- arr: arr:ee
4a ;; ho)se ho)se 4a′ ;; 9a(er
/a′al/a′(/ ;; -o) -o) roll o:er o:er and o:er o:er /)al/a(4 ;; he rolls o:er and o:er
( ;; so s oa/ed /ernals o* corn (′′ ;; do'
6o2 ′ ;; 9omen ′6o2′ ;; 9omen 1n 3rd pl)ral5
"
S,RESS RLES> In K ′che′ 9ords are no( 'enerall- s(ressed on (he las( s-llale s-llale 1e.'.+ (namP( ;; (o9nF= /62a()/)Q4 ;; 9e loo/ *or -o)F5. Ho9e:er+ small par(cle;l/e par(c le;l/e 9ords are 'enerall- no( s(ressed )nless (he- are (he las( 9ord n an )((erance 1e.'.+ 9(h (he ad:eral par(cle+ na ;; la(erF> /m′e na ch9′2= )((erance *nal ;; /me n5. ,he s(ress r)les *or (he lan')a'e are more comple6 (han 9ha( has 4)s( een s(a(ed+ )( snce (hs s an n(rod)c(or- 'rammar+ no more 9ll e sad ao)( s(ress here.
SE$L E0RESSIONS> !. Sa2ar/.
Mornn' Gree(n'.
?. ee 2′4.
A*(ernoon 'ree(n'.
3. o/ a2′a′
N'h( 'ree(n 'ree(n' '
. La L aa )( a9ach
Ho9 are -o)
. (+ (+ mal( mal(-oo6 oo6. E / ′) r a(
$ne+ (han/ -o). And -o)
No(e> All e6presso e6pressons ns )sn' )sn' second second person sn')lar sn')lar or pl)ral 9ll here e e *o)nd n (he *amlar *amlar a( and 6 *orms. I* (hese same e6pressons are (o e sad n (he *ormal laal and ala2 *orms+ (he appropra(e chan'es m)s( e made.
!#
LESSON ,%O ,HE NON @ERBAL SEN,ENCE In K ′che′ (here s no :er T(o eT 1Tser+T n Spansh5. Sen(ences 9hch normall- depend on (he :er T(o eT n En'lsh are *ormed n K ′che′ smpl- - )sn' (he s)4ec( and mod*er 9(ho)( e6pressn' (he :er T(o eT. MO&ELS> A.
Sa2 lee 4a. 1%h(e (he ho)se5 or ,he ho)se s 9h(e.
B.
K ′a′n lee (′′. 1Mean (he do'5 or ,he do' do' s mean.
@OCABLAR 4a (′′ chee′ ach 6o2 a9ach ela2′oom )( (eel / ′a′n nm ch′)(′n nch′ sa2 2′e2 lee
1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1ad45 1ad45 1ad45 1ad45 1ad45 1ad45 1ad45 1ad45 1dem ar(5
ho)se+ ho)se+ )ldn' )ldn' do' (ree+ 9ood man 9oman -o)r e6(ernal appearance+ *ace + *ron(+ s(a(e o* en' (he* 'ood ad+ e:l mean ' small small 9h(e+ clear lac/ (he ;; presen( (o (he :son o* (he spea/er or spo/en o* as * presen(
K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. .
D′e2 lee (′′. Ela2′oom lee ach. Nch′ lee 6o2. K ′a′n lee ela2′oom.
!!
. 7. . 8.
Nm Nm lee lee 4a. 4a. ( lee lee ach. ach. Sa2 lee lee che cheee′. Nch′ lee (′′.
NO,E> $re2)en(l- 9ords end endn' n' n a :o9el *ollo9ed - 9ords e'nnn' e'nnn' n a :o9el 9ll *)se (hese (9o :o9els n (he *ollo9n' manner> :!U U:?c ; :?′c=
e.'.+
lee ach V l a′ch ;; (he manF lee ela2′oom V le′la2′oom ;; (he (he*F r )(aa( V r)(aa( W hsher *a(herF
S)ch con(rac(ons+ ho9e:er+ do no( occ)r 9(h :o9el :o9el n(al monos-llac monos-llac no)ns+ e.'.> lee a/ ′ ;; (he chc/enF+ or lee ))l ;; (he landsldeF 9o)ld ne:er e con(rac(ed (o la ′/ ′ or l)′l.
ENGLIS ENG LISH H ,O K ′ICHE ′ !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!. !?. !3. !. !. !7. !.
,he ,he ho) ho)se se s '. '. ,he ,he 9om 9oman an s 9h( 9h(e. e. ,he do' s mean. ,he man s '. ,he man s mean. ,he do' s 9h(e. ,he man s 'ood. ,he (ree s '. ,he 9oman s 'ood. ,he (ree s small. ,he do' s 'ood. ,he (ree s 9h(e. ,he (he* s ad. ,he do' s a (he*. ,he man s a (he*. ,he 9oman s a (he*. (he*. ,he ho)se s 9h(e.
!?
SE$L E0RESSIONS> !. Jas /))′4
%ha( do -o) sa- 1%ha(s ne95
Maa4. or Na / ′oo (a4.
No(hn'.
?. Cha-a ′aa r)(l )9ach r a9acha4l.
G:e 'ree(n's (o -o)r h)sand.
3. Laa maa4 /′ a6 cha9e
Are -o) *eeln' 9ell
a2 4ee 9a′ n)′anoom+ mal(-o6 chee r &-oos. . K ′a(e′ o4 9a′.
Im don' alr'h( (han/s e (o God. Here 9e are 19e 4)s( arr:ed5
!3
LESSON ,HREE 0LRALIXA,ION O$ NON @ERBAL SEN,ENCES In 'eneral+ (here are (hree d**eren( elemen(s (ha( ma- e presen( n (he pl)rala(on o* non :eral sen(ences. Some(mes all o* (hese elemen(s are presen(+ and some(mes onl- one or (9o are presen(.
MO&ELS !. Some no)ns and some ad4ec(:es ha:e (her o9n proper pl)ral *orms> ach V man a/ ′aal V chld ch′)(′n V l((le nm V '
ach4aa′ V men a/′alaa ′ V chldren ch′)(′2 V l((le ones nma′2 V ' ones
As a 'eneral r)le onl- h)man no)ns ha:e pl)ral *orms. And snce (hese pl)rals are *ormed 2)(e rre')larl-+ n each ns(ance (he- m)s( e memored= e.'.+ al ala
'rlF o-F
al(omaa ′ ala′oom
'rlsF o-sF
?. ,he par(cle T(a2T+ 9hch s a pl)raler+ can e nser(ed n(o (he sen(ence> Sa2 (a2 lee 4a. ,he ho)ses are 9h(e. 3. ,he pl)raler *or Tl:n' 1mo:n'5 (hn'sT n (he (hrd person s TeeT. Some(mes (hs precedes (he 9ord (o e pl)raled. Ee nma′2 1(a25 lee ( ′′. ,he do's are '.
S0ECIAL NO,E> Sho)ld a no)n e'n 9(h a :o9el+ 9hen pl)raln'+ (he TeeT s no( e6pressed. B)( (he *rs( :o9el o* (he no)n has a 'lo((al ca(ch *ollo9n' (. 1See as(ers/ed no(e+ p. !?5 E′la2′omaa ′1(a25 lee a′ch4aa ′. ,he men are (he:es.
!
@OCABLAR a/ ′aal a/ ′alaa′ a4chaa/ a4cha/ ′ /o(′′ 4 sa/ ′aa4 sa/ ′a4′ 2′or 2′or′ /a2 ra6 nm nma′2 ch′)(′n ch′)(′2 6o/ ach ela2oom
1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1ad4+ n5 1ad4+ n5 1ad4+ n5 1ad4+ n5 1ad45 1ad45 1ad45 1ad45 1ad45 1ad45 1n5 1n5 1n5
chld chldren 9or/er 9or/ers *lo9er+ candle am(o)s+ am(o)s one am(o)s+ am(o)s ones la-+ la- one la-+ la- ones red 'reen+ l)e ' ' 1pl5 small 1sn'5 small 1pl5 9oman 6o2 ′ 1n5 man ach4aa ′ (he* ela2′omaa′
K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#.
Ra6 (a2 lee /o(′′ 4. Ee nma′2 1(a25 lee a/ ′alaa′. Sa2 (a2 lee 4a. Ee 2′or′ 1(a25 lee a/ ′alaa ′. A′ 4cha/′ 1(a25 lee ach4aa ′. Ra6 (a2 lee chee′. Ee /′ a′n 1(a25 lee ( ′′. Ee sa/a4′ 1(a25 lee 6o2 ′. Ee sa/′ a4′ (a2 lee a4cha/′. Ee nma′2 1(a25 lee ( ′′.
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!.
,he chldren are 'ood. ,he 9or/ers are la-. ,he 9omen are am(o)s. ,he men are 9or/ers. ,he 9or/ers are (he:es. ,he chldren are la- ones. ,he 9omen are am(o)s ones. ,he do's are mean. ,he (rees are '. ,he *lo9ers are red. ,he (rees are small.
!
9omen 1n5 men 1n5 (he:es
!?. !3. !. !.
,he ho)ses are red. ,he candles are 9h(e. ,he *lo9ers are l)e. ,he do's are 9h(e.
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. Laa 6a(pee(/ npee(/. ?. Laa 6 /′ ool/ O4 / ′ool/. 3. Ee na.
&d -o) come 1small (al/ ;; as/s 9hen someone arr:es5 I came Are -o) (here 1as/ed 9hen approachn' a ho)se (o en(er5 %ere here. So lon'. 1a shor( 'ree(n' 9hen mee(n' someone on (he road or passn' - hs ho)se5
!7
LESSON $OR 0ERSONAL 0RONONS AN& ,HE NON @ERBAL SEN,ENCE ,here are e'h( ndependen( personal prono)ns. ,hese+ )sed n con4)nc(on 9(h a predca(e no)n or a predca(e ad4ec(:e+ *orm ano(her (-pe o* non :eral sen(ence. I( sho)ld e no(ed (ha( (he model and schema elo9 s no( (he onl- correc( 9a- o* *ormn' (hese (-pes o* non :eral sen(ences. MO&EL In n ach. I am a man.
SCHEMA In 1n5 ach A( 1a(5 ach R are′ ach Laal 1laal5 ach
O4 1o45 ach4aa ′ I6 165 ach4aa ′ R a′re′ a′ch4aa ′ Ala2 1ala25 ach4aa ′
I am a man o) are a man He s a man o) 1*orm5 are a man
@OCABLAR n a( r are′ laal o4)4 6 r a′re′ ala2
1per pro5 1per pro5 1per pro5 1per pro+ *orm5 1per pro5 1per pro5 1per pro5 1per pro+ *orm5
I -o) he+ she+ ( -o) 1*orm5 9e -o) pl)ral (he-o) 1*orm5
K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . .
O4 o4 nma′2. R are′ ela2′oom. In n )(. Ala2 ala2 6o2′. A( a( ch′)(′n.
!
%e are men o) are men ,he- are men. o) 1*orm5 are men
7. . 8. ". !#.
A( a( ela2′oom. R a′re′ ee (′′. Laal laal nm. I6 6 )(. R are′ / ′a′n.
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!. !?. !3. !. !. !7. !. !8. !". ?#. ?!. ??. ?3. ?. ?. ?7. ?. ?8. ?". 3#.
I am a 9oman. ,he- are 9omen. She s a 9oman. o) 1*orm5 are a 9oman. %e are 9omen. o) 1pl5 are 9omen. o) 1sn'5 are a 9oman. o) 1*orm5 are 9omen. I am a (he*. o) 1*orm5 are a (he*. %e are (he:es. o) are (he:es. ,he- are (he:es. o) 1*orm5 are (he:es. o) are a (he*. I( s a do'. ,he- are do's. I am 'ood. o) are 'ood. She s 'ood. He s 'ood. ,he- are small. She s mean. I am ad. o) 1*orm+ sn'5 are 'ood. ,he- are 'ood. He s a (he*. o) 1pl5 are mean. %e are '. ,he- are ad.
!8
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. Jas a′′ In al%e′l. ?. Janpaa ′ a4)naa ′ B′ele4ee′ n)4)naa ′. 3. Ja9′ / ′oo 9 lee a9o′ch 0a N9ala′ / ′oo 9. . Ja9′ /a(pee 9 0a N9ala′ 1/mpee 95. . Jachn r a(aa(
%ha( s -o)r name Im Man)ela. Ho9 old are -o) Im nne -ears old. %here s -o) ho)se I(s n Nah)al. %here do -o) come *rom. 1I come5 *rom Nah)al. %ho s -o)r *a(her
!"
LESSON $I@E A&JEC,I@ES MO&I$ING NONS %e sa9 pre:o)sl- a sen(ence Nm lee 4aF ;; ,he ho)se s '. No9 9e 9o)ld l/e (o mod*- 4aF 9(h (he ad4ec(:e 9h(eF ;; sa2. %e p)( (he ad4ec(:e *rs( *ollo9ed - (he no)n+ 'enerall- 9(h an aF e(9een (he (9o (o ad n pron)nca(on. ,here*ore sa2 Y 4aF ecomes sa2a 4aF ;; ,he 9h(e ho)se. I* (he no)n e'ns 9(h a :o9el+ (he aF e(9een (he ad4ec(:e and no)n ecomes a 'lo((al a*(er (he *rs( :o9el o* (he no)n+ e.'. Nm a ′ch ;; B' man. 1See as(ers/ed no(e+ p. !?5. Nm lee sa2a 4a
,he 9h(e ho)se s '
Nm a′ch
,he ' man
I* 9e pl)rale (he no)n and mod*er+ (hen 9e )se (he par(cle (a2F e(9een (he ad4ec(:e and (he no)n> Sa2a (a2 4a ,he 9h(e ho)ses I( sho)ld e no(ed (ha( (o sa- (he 9h(e ho)sesF 1sa2a (a2 4a5 s no( (he same as sa-n' (he ho)ses are 9h(eF 1sa2 (a2 lee 4a5+ as 9e sa9 n Lesson ,hree. I* (he ad4ec(:e has a pl)ral *orm+ ( m)s( e )sed+ e.'.+ Nma2 (a2 4a
,he ' ho)ses
Ch′)(2 (a2 chee′
,he small (rees
No(e (ha( n (he ao:e e6amples+ e*ore (a2F (he pl)ral *orms l/e nma ′2F ecome nma2F and ch ′)( ′2F ecome ch′)(2F.
@OCABLAR ala al ala′oom al(omaa ′ a ′a4 /o(′′ 4 (′/n
1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5
o'rl o-s 'rls roc/ *lo9er+ candle rd
?#
-a9aa′ -a9a ′′ /o 2′an 2′e2
1ad4+ n5 1ad4+ n5 1ad45 1ad45 1ad45
sc/+ sc/ ones sc/+ sc/ ones s(ron'+ hard -ello9 lac/
K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#.
Ka2a (a2 4a. Sa2a (a2 /o(′′ 4. Ala lee -a9aa ′ a′/ ′aal. Ko lee 2′e2 a′ ′a4. Laal laal sa/ ′aa4 a′ 4chaa/. Ch′)(′n lee sa2a /o( ′′ 4. Ee )( lee 2′ana (a2 ( ′/n. I6 6 sa/a4a 9na2. a9aa le nm a ′ch. Nma2 (a2 le chee.
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!. !?. !3. !. !. !7. !. !8. !". ?#. ?!. ??. ?3. ?.
Red Ho)se. B' man. Mean do'. La- 9oman. ello9 rd. Sc/ chldren. Am(o)s 9or/er. Blac/ roc/. %h(e *lo9er. Red ho)ses. B' men. Mean do's. La- 9omen. ello9 rds. Sc/ chldren. Am(o)s 9or/ers. Blac/ roc/s. %h(e *lo9ers. ,he red ho)se s '. ,he ' man s mean. ,he mean do' s 9h(e. ,he am(o)s 9omen are 'ood. ,he -ello9 rds are ad. ,he lac/ roc/ s hard.
?!
?. ?7. ?. ?8. ?". 3#. 3!. 3?. 33. 3 3. 37.
,he sc/ chld s a o-. ,he la- 9or/er s a man. ,he ' men are mean. ,he 9h(e *lo9er s small. ,he red ho)ses are '. ,he mean do's are 9h(e. ,he la- 9omen are small. ,he -ello9 rds are ad. ,he sc/ chldren are o-s. ,he lac/ roc/s are hard. ,he 9h(e *lo9ers are small. ,he la- 9or/ers are men.
SE$L E0RESSONS
!. Laa ee /′ as a(aa(+ anaan
Are -o)r *a(her and mo(her l:n'
?. Laa ee /′ oo a9achalaal
&o -o) ha:e ro(hers and ss(ers
3. I6 4anpaa ′ 6 / ′oo pa 4a
Ho9 man- o* -o) are n (he *aml-
O4 9a2′. . Laa 6 aala6/ r))/ ′ Je′+ o4 aala6/. . Jas /6/′ aman r))/ ′ Aree nchaa2′.
%e are s6 Ho9 are -o) rela(ed (o hm 1her5 es+ 9e are rela(ed. Ho9 are -o) rela(ed (o hm 1her5. Hes m- -o)n'er ro(her.
??
LESSON SI DES,IONS> CON@ER,ING A$$IRMA,I@E SEN,ENCES IN,O DES,IONS No(e (ha( n (he precedn' lessons+ 9e learned (o sa- Sa2 lee nma 4aF 1,he ' ho)se s 9h(e5. ,hs s a smple s(a(emen(. ,o ma/e (hs a 2)es(on+ one merel- places (he 2)es(on 9ord laaF n *ron( o* (he )((erance+ as seen n (he asc sen(ence elo9> Laa sa2 ch lee nma 4a 1Is 9h(e no9 (he ' ho)se5 Is (he ' ho)se 9h(e no9
@OCABLAR 4)-)′ (nam( chaa/ ′e a′′ r′ 4 r′ 4aa′ ch ; ch/ / ′a6 4as+ 4asa
1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1ad4+ n5 1ad4+ n5 1ad:5 1ad:+ n5 1n(er5
mo)n(an (o9n+ na(on 9or/ road -o)r name 'ro9n+ 'ro9n)p (he 'ro9n )p ones no9+ a'an d**c)l(+ pan*)l+ s)**ern' 9ha(
K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!. !?. !3.
Laa /′ a′n ch lee 6o/ Laa nm lee ach Laa ee nma′2 lee ela2′omaa′ Laa /a2 a′ ′a4 lee 4)-) ′ Laa ch′)(′n lee 6o2 Laa sa2 lee chee′ Laa -a9aa′ lee r′ 4 Laa nm a2 (a2 lee (nam( Laa ee 2′or′ (a2 lee ala ′oom Laa sa2 (a2 lee /o(′ 4 Laa -a9aa′ ch lee ach Jasa lee a′′ Laa laal laal a4chaa/
?3
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!. !?. !3. !. !. !7. !. !8. !". ?#.
,he 9or/ s d**c)l(. Is (he 9or/ d**c)l( ,he (o9n s '. Is (he (o9n ' ,he chld s 'ro9n )p no9. Is (he chld 'ro9n )p no9 ,he man s sc/ no9. Is (he man sc/ no9 ,he mo)n(an s red roc/. Is (he mo)n(an red roc/ ,he 9h(e do' s mean no9. Is (he 9h(e do' mean no9 ,he o-s are la- no9. Are (he o-s la- no9 ,he l((le 'rls are 'ood. Are (he l((le 'rls 'ood ,he roads are d**c)l(. Are (he roads d**c)l( ,he men are 'ood 9or/ers. Are (he men 'ood 9or/ers
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. Laa a( /′ )lan/
Are -o) marred
Jee′+ n / ′)lan/.
es+ Im marred.
?. Laa ee /′ oo a9al/ ′)′aal Ee / ′ool/.
&o -o) ha:e chldren 1as/ed (o a man5 I do ha:e.
3. Laa ee /′ oo a9aal
&o -o) ha:e chldren 1as/ed o* a 9oman5
. Ee 4anpaa ′.
Ho9 man- 1chldren do -o) ha:e5
Ee 4o′o′. . Laa /ono4el ee / ′as/ ′o4
$:e Are (he- all al:e
?
LESSON SE@EN 0OSSESSI@E 0RONONS %e reco'ne (he sen(ence K ′a′n lee (′′.F 1,he do' s mean5. In (he model elo9+ 9e see a ne9 elemen( appearn' 9(h ( ′′.F ,he n)F ndca(es m-.F S′ala4 / ′a′n lee n)(′′. M- do' s :er- mean.
SCHEMA O$ 0OSSESSI@E 0RONONS n)(′′ a(′′ )(′′ (′′ la
m- do' -o)r do' hs+ her do' -o)r 1*orm5 do'
2a(′′ (′′ /(′′ (′′ ala2
o)r do' -o)r do' (her do' -o)r 1*orm5 do'
2a; ; /; ala2
o)r -o)r (her -o)r 1*orm5
In sola(ed *orm+ (he possess:es are> n); a; ); la
m-o)r hs+ hers -o)r 1*orm5
,he n)F occasonall- ecomes nF+ e.'.> n(aa( ;; m- *a(her nchaa2′ ;; m- -o)n'er sln' No(ce (ha( 9hen (he 9ord ( do' s possessed+ (he :o9el s len'(hened n)(. A lar'e n)mer o* no)ns n D)chZ )nder'o :o9el len'(henn' 9hen possessed> 9a (or(lla+ n)9aa m- (or(lla+ la2 cladsh+ alaa2 -o)r cla- dsh. O(her no)ns do no( )nder'o )nder 'o (hs :o9el len'(henn' process> (/n rd+ /(/n (her rd. 0hrases 9(h no)ns as (he possessors o* (he possessed no)ns+ s)ch as (he o-s do'F+ or (he 'rls rdsF are *ormed as *ollo9s> );( lee ala /;(/n lee al(omaa hs;do' (he o(her;rd1s5 (he 'rls @OCABLAR (aa( naan p9a2 /ee4 me′s ′aa2 4oron ra6 choom
1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1ad4+ n5 1ad4+ n5 1ad45 1ad45
*a(her+ sr 1drec( address 9hen re*errn' (o Sr5 mo(her+ madam 1drec( address 9hen re*errn' (o Madam5 monehorse ca( (hn+ one+ needle cold+ cool+ 9a(er 'reen+ l)e *a(
?
s′ala4
1ad:5
:er-+ a lo(
?7
K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . . 7. .
S′ala4 nm lee a/ee4. Laa /′ a′n lee me′s la Ee 2′e2 (a2 lee n)/ee4. Laa )( ch lee chaa/ Laa ee ′aa2 ch lee ( ′ ala2+ (aa( S′ala4 nm ch n)p9aa2. Nm a′ch lee n(aa(.
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!. !?. !3. !. !. !7. !. !8. !". ?#.
o)r do' s :er- mean. Hs horse s 9h(e. O)r *a(her s :er- 'ood. Her ca( s small. ,her 9or/ s :er- d**c)l(. M- ca( s -ello9. o)r 1*orm+ sn'5 horse s (hn. ,her mo(her s sc/. O)r ca( s :er- *a(. Hs horses are '. o)r 1*orm+ pl5 mone- s m)ch 1'5. ,her *a(hers are mean. o)r mo(hers are 'ood. M- do's are sc/. o)r 1*orm+ pl5 9or/s are d**c)l(. ,her (rees are :er- 'reen no9. ,he roc/s are :er- cold. ,her (o9n s '. M- horse s 9h(e. Hs (rees are 'reen.
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. Janpaa ch r/ ′l lee nee
Ho9 man- mon(hs old s (he a-
?. Laa /′ oo a9)lee9
&o -o) ha:e land
Jee′+ / ′ool/. 3. Janpaa /a′aam a9)lee9 aa /a4′ /a′aam. . Jas a(/om ch)9ach
es+ I do. Ho9 man- c)erdas o* land do -o) ha:e J)s( *o)r c)erdas. %ha( ha:e -o) plan(ed on (
?
LESSON EIGH, 0OSSESSI@E 0RONONS 1Con(n)ed5 In (he precedn' lesson+ 9e s()ded possess:e prono)ns. ,he possess:e prono)ns )sed n (ha( lesson are (he *orms (ha( are )sed 9hen (he o4ec( possessed s(ar(ed 9(h a consonan(+ 1e.'.+ ( ′′+ (aa(+ e(c.5. I* (he o4ec( possessed e'ns 9(h a :o9el+ (hen a d**eren( se( o* possess:es are )sed.
SCHEMA 96o2l a96o2l r6o2l 6o2l la
m- 9*e -o)r 9*e hs 9*e -o)r 1*orm5 9*e
26o2l 96o2l /6o2l 6o2l ala2
o)r 9:es -o)r 9:es (her 9:es -o)r 1*orm5 9:es
In sola(ed *orms+ (hen+ (he possess:es are> 9; a9; r; la
m-o)r hs+ her -o)r 1*orm5
2; 9; /; ala2
o)r -o)r (her -o)r 1*orm5
MO&EL ( lee 96o2l. M- 9*e s 'ood.
I* (he o9ner or possessor s e6pressed+ (hen (he o9nershp or possesson s e6pressed n (he *ollo9n' 9a-> (′′ lee ala. 1Hs do' (he o-5 ,he o-s do'.
Lee r6o2l lee 9a(. 1Hs 9*e m- older ro(her5 M- older ro(hers 9*e.
@OCABLAR 9a r/′l a(′aa2 9na2 6o2l acha4l a( chaa2′ o′ch
1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1pn5 1pn5 1pn5 1pn5 1pn5
corn s)s(ance+ *ood n 'eneral dsh o* *ood (ha( accompanes (or(llas clo(hn'+ clo(h person 9*e h)sand older sln' -o)n'er sln' ho)se+ home
?8
/ ′aa/ ′ / ′ laa9aalo pa /am/ 9r ch9e′2
1ad45 1ad45 1ad45 1prep5 1ad:5 1ad:5 1ad:5
ne9 m)ch+ manad *rom sc/ness or na()re n+ n(o+ (o9ard+ (o *rom (oda-es(erda(omorro9
1pn5 ;; a no)n 9hch s ol'a(orl- possessed
K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#.
a9aa′ lee racha4l lee 9a(. Sa2 lee ro′ch lee ach. Laa ee )( lee /6o2l lee ach4aa′ S′ala4 nma′2 (a2 lee o′ch ala2. Sa2 (a2 lee 2a(aa2. Laa /′ aa/ ′ lee sa2a o′ch la Ee /an (a2 lee /acha4l lee 6o2 ′. S′ala4 laa9aalo lee (aa( la /am/. S′ala4 2′or a′ch lee racha4l lee ra( lee al. Laa -a9aa′ ch lee )chaa2 ′ lee 6o2l la
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!. !?. !3. !. !. !7.
,he 9or/ers 9*e s mean. ,he 9omans h)sand s sc/. ,he 9omans clo(hes are ne9. ,he o-s *ood s m)ch. 1,he o-s ha:e m)ch *ood.5 es(erda-+ (he 'rls mo(her 9as sc/. O)r *a(hers 9h(e ho)se s ne9. ,her mo(hers older ss(er s a *a( 9oman. ,he chldrens do' s small. ,he ca(s ho)se s 9ood. ,he 9omans mo(her s :er- sc/. ,he o-s do's are man-. Are -o) (he mans older ro(her Are (he peoples ho)ses n (he (o9n ' Are -o)r 1*orm5 *a(hers clo(hes ne9 &oes (her *a(her ha:e m)ch mone- 1Is (her *a(hers mone- m)ch5 Is (he 'rls dsh o* *ood cold no9
?"
!. !8. !". ?#. ?!.
Are -o) -o) (he chld chldss *a(her %ass (he o-s %a o-s *a(her sc/ -es(erda-es(erda- Is hs hs horse horse sc/ sc/ ,he 9or/ers 9or/ers *ood s cold. cold. es(erda-+ es(erda-+ (he *lo9ers *lo9ers 9ere 9h(e.
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. Ko4ee ′aa na.
%e ha:e (o 'o no9. 19hen depar(n'5
?. Ee ′aa′.
%ell+ Im 'on'. 19 19hen depar(n'5
3. Ja ′ee.
Alr'h(.
. Ja( ′aa′.
%ell+ 'o (hen.
3#
LESSON NINE IN,RANSI,I@E @ERBS IN INCOM0LE,E& AC,ION In K ′che′ (here are (9o man (-pes o* :ers+ (rans(:e and n(rans(:e> IN,RANSI,I@E IN,RANSI ,I@E @ERBS> ,hese :ers e6press an ac(on and (he s)4ec( o* (he ac(on 1e.'.+ I r)n5. In :ers+ (here s o(h an ncomple(ed ac(on or a comple(ed ac(on. In (hs lesson 9e 9ll 9ll e dealn' 9(h n(rans(:e :ers n ncomple(ed ac(on. ,RANSI,I@E ,RANSI ,I@E @ERBS> ,hese :ers e6press a s)4ec(+ (he ac(on and (he rece:er o* (he ac(on> s)4ec(+ :er and o4ec(. %e 9ll s()d- (hese n a la(er lesson. IN,RANSI,I@E @ERBS IN INCOM0LE,E& AC,ION AC,ION ,he n(rans(:e :er o* (hs (-pe s made )p o* (he *ollo9n' elemen(s> Y aspec(
Y person
Y :er roo(
± (ermna(on
1,he Y s'n e*ore an elemen( elemen( means means (ha( ( m)s( m)s( e presen(5 1,he ± s'n e*ore an elemen( elemen( means means (ha( ( ma- e presen(5 AS0EC,> 1,hs 9ord 9e are )sn' ra(her (han (he 9ord (meF5 I( seems e((er (o spea/ o* an ncomple(e ncomple(e ac(on ra(her (han spea/n' o* a presen( (me. ,he dea here s (ha( (he ac(on s no( -e( een done+ done+ or * e')n+ s no( -e( *nshed. ,hs ac(on s al9a-s mar/ed - (he pre*6 /;. 0ERSON> 0ERSON > 0erson s (he second second elemen( elemen( o* (he n(rans(:e :er. ,he person n (hese :ers s e6pressed - (he personal prono)ns (ha( 9e learned e*ore> n a( r are′ l a al
I -o) he -o) 1*orm5
o4 6 r a′re′ ala2
9e -o) (he-o) 1*orm5
,hese same person mar/ers are )sed n (he n(rans(:e :er 9(h (he e6cep(on o* (he (hrd persons and (he laalF+ 9hch ecomes laF> n a( [ la
I -o) he -o) 1*orm5
o4 6 ee ala2
9e -o) (he-o) 1*orm5
,he s-mol [ ndca(es (ha( (here s no mar/er+ .e. ( s eroF.
ROO,> ,he roo( s (he hear( o* (he :er 9hch ':es ( meann'+ and s )nchan'n' * (he :er s re')lar 1mos( K ′che′ :ers are re')lar5.
3!
,ERMINA, ,ERMI NA,ION> ION> In K ′che′+ * (he n(rans(:e :er s (he *nal 9ord o* (he cla)se+ ( 9ll e (ermna(ed 9(h /F+ or /F * (he las( le((er o* (he roo( happens (o e a :o9el 1e.'.+ /ee ′ee/5. ,hs (ermna(on mar/er /F or /F does no( appear * (o mean an-(hn' ;; ( smpl- ndca(es (ha( (he :er s a( (he end o* (he cla)se.
MO&EL Ch9e′2 /ee′ee lee ach4aa′ pa (nam(. ,omorro9 (he men 'o (o (o9n. In (he model (he :er s /ee ′ee. Y aspec(
Y person
Y/
Y eeF
Y roo(
± (ermna(on
Y ′ee
; no (ermna(on here
SCHEMA Y aspec( / / /a /a / / / /a
Y person m a( [ ;; o4 6 ee ;;
Y roo(
± (ermna(on
′ee ′ee ′ee ′ee la ′ee ′ee ′ee ′ee ala2
/ / / ;; / / / ;;
I 'o -o) 'o he+ she 'oes -o) 'o 1*orm5 9e 'o -o) 'o (he- 'o -o) 'o 1*orm5
As 9e ha:e sad ao:e+ (here s no (hrd person sn')lar mar/er. So n (he (hrd person sn')lar+ 9e 9o)ld 'e( / Y ;; Y ′ee Y/+F 9hch means means 9e 9o)ld 9o)ld ha:e /′ee/.F Snce (he /′ s (oo d**c)l( (o prono)nce+ (here s an aF nser(ed . ,hs s also (r)e 9(h (he laal and ala2 *orms. ,he person n (he :er s ordnarl- sand9ched e(9een (he aspec( and (he roo(. Ho9e:er+ 9(h 9(h (he *ormal *orms (he endn's endn's al9a-s come a*(er (he :er roo(. Hence (he /F dsappears 1e.'.+ /a / a ′ee la or /a ′ee ala25. S()d- (he con4)'a(ons o* (he :ers (o 'oF and (o 9al/.F /m′ee/ /a(′ee/ /a′ee/ /a′ee la /m′n/ /a(′n/ /a′n/
/o4′ee/ /6′ee/ /ee′ee/ /a′ee ala2 /o4 ′n/ /6 ′n/ /ee′n/
I 'o -o) 'o he+ she+ ( 'oes -o) 'o 1*orm5 I 9al/ -o) 9al/ he+ she+ ( 9al/s
3?
9e 'o -o) 'o (he- 'o -o) 'o 1*orm5 9e 9al/ -o) 9al/ (he- 9al/
/a′n la
/a ′n ala2
-o) 9al/ 1*orm5
-o) 9al/ 1*orm5
%hen (he :er roo( e'ns 9(h (he le((er ′ or (he le((er p+ (he *rs( person sn')lar elemen( nF ecomes mF+ .e.+ /m′ee/ ;; I 'o= /mpee(/ ;; I come.
@OCABLAR ′ee ′n pee( /oos 2aa4 9a′ ch′aa9 /a′n))m cha/)n /am 9ar 4a′ chaa/ anna2 ch9e′2
1:5 1:5 1:5 1:5 1:5 1:5 1:5 1:5 1:5 1:5 1:5 1:5 1n5 1n5 1ad:5 1ad:5
(o 'o (o 9al/ (o come come (o ecome (red (o 'o do9n (o ea( (o (al/ (o see+ (o loo/ (o e h)n'r(o 9or/ (o de (o sleep ran 9or/ *as( (ommorro9
K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!. !?.
Ko4′ee pa (nam( ch9e′2. Kee9 Kee9ar ar lee lee a/a a/ala laa a′ pa lee nma 4a. Kee/ Kee/am am lee lee (ee (eell (a2 (′′ pa 4)-) ′. S′ala4 anna2 /6ch ′aa9/. Laa /a9a′ ala2 pa 2o′ch /am/ Kee/ Kee/oo ooss lee lee 6o 6o2 2 ′ pa ′e. Kap Kapee nma 4a 4a′ /am/. Laa Laa /an /an)) ))m m ch ch la la Keepee Keepee ch lee /6o2 /6o2l l lee ach4aa ach4aa ′ /am/. S′ala4 /n/a′- pa ′e. Kee′ee lee a 4cha/ ′ 4cha/′ pa chaa/ ch9e′2. Laa /acha/)n /acha/)n la la pa (nam( (nam(
33
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!. !?. !3. !. !. !7. !. !8.
,he man 'oes (o 9or/ (oda-. Ill come a'an (omorro9. %e 'o do9n (o (he ho)se. o) 1*orm+ sn'5 ecome (red on (he road. ,he ' horse 9al/s *as(. ,he o- 9ll come *rom (o9n (omorro9. ,he ran 9ll come (oda-. %e 9ll 'o a'an (o (he 9h(e ho)se. ,he (hn man 'oes (o 9or/ (omorro9. I am a 9or/er. Ill come (o 9or/ (omorro9. %ll -o)r *a(her (ra:el n (he hlls (oda- %e are sc/. %e 9ll ecome (red on (he road. ,he l((le o- s h)n'r-. ,he man (al/s *as(. ,he chldren ea( *as(. ,he l((le 'rl sleeps n her older sln's ho)se. ,he old man 1nm a′ch5 'oes do9n (o (he (o9n.
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. Chaa9la′ a9′.
%a(ch -o)rsel*. 19hen depar(n'5
?. Ma((aa2/.
&on( *all. 1sad (o one depar(n' or me( on road5
3. Cha′anaa /9en(a.
Be care*)l. 1sad (o one depar(n'5
. K ′oo ′aa r &-oos+ ,aa(.
,here s a God 1(o pro(ec( -o)5+ Sr. 1sad 9hen depar(n'5
Ja′ee+ ,aa(. K ′oo r &-oos.
1ans9er (o ao:e5
. Ch′a′ee4 ch/.
%ell (al/ a'an. 19hen depar(n'5
7. Ch9e′2 ch/.
n(l (ommorro9. 19hen depar(n'5
3
LESSON ,EN IN,RANSI,I@E @ERBS IN COM0LE,E& AC,ION AN& &ECLENSION O$ 0RE0OSI,IONS ;)maalF AN& ;))/ ′F In(rans(:es n comple(ed ac(on %e sa9 (ha( *or (he n(rans(:e :ers n ncomple(ed ac(on+ (ha( (he /F 1/a5 9as (he mar/er. ,o *orm (he n(rans(:e :er n comple(ed ac(on+ 4)s( s)s(()(e 6F *or (he mar/er /F 1/a5 ; ; (he remander o* (he :er remans )nchan'ed. Re:e9 (he *orm)la ':en n (he las( chap(er> Y aspec(
Y person
Y roo(
± (ermna(on
Con4)nc(on o* (he :er (o deF n comple(ed ac(on 6n/am/ 6a(/am/ 6/am/ 6/am la
I ded -o) ded he+ she+ ( ded -o) ded 1*orm5
6o4/am/ 66/am/ 6ee/am/ 6/am ala2
9e de -o) ded (he- ded -o) ded 1*orm5
Rememer ( s e((er no( (o (hn/ o* (he ac(on or aspec( mar/ers as (me mar/ers. ,he- are no(+ s(rc(l- spea/n'+ sho9n' (me+ )( ra(her 9he(her an ac(on s comple(e or ncomple(e. No(e (ha( (he /aF n (he (hrd person sn')lar n ncomple(ed ac(on ecomes 6F onl- n comple(ed ac(on and no( 6aF. ,he aF s no lon'er needed (o *acl(a(e pron)nca(on.
,he prepos(ons ;)maalF and ;))/ ′F 0repos(ons s)ch as (hese ; ; )maalF 1-+ eca)se o*+ - a'enc- o*5 and ))/ ′F 19(h5 are declned n K ′che′. ,o declne+ )se (he same person mar/ers as )sed *or (he possess:e prono)ns. Snce (he roo(s o* (hese prepos(ons e'n 9(h a :o9el 1)maal+ ))/5+ )se (he same person mar/ers (ha( 9ere )sed *or possess:es (ha( precede :o9els. &eclenson o* )maalF 9;)maal a9;)maal r;)maal )mal la
- me - -o) - hm+ her+ ( - -o) 1*orm5
2;)maal 9;)maal /;)maal )mal ala2
3
- )s - -o) - (hem - -o) 1*orm5
&eclenson o* ))/ ′F 9;))/ ′ a9;))/ ′ r;))/ ′ )/ ′ la
2;))/′ 9;))/ ′ /;))/′ )/′ ala2
9(h me 9(h -o) 9(h hm+ her+ ( 9(h -o) 1*orm5
9(h )s 9(h -o) 9(h (hem 9(h -o) 1*orm5
NO,E> Man- 9ords n K ′che′ (ha( end n ;@@C 9hen (he- occ)r a( (he end o* an )((erance. %hen (hese 9ords are no( *nal n an )((erance+ (her *nal :o9el s *re2)en(l- shor(ened+ (o ;@C. ,he prepos(ons )maal and ))/ ′ *ollo9 (hs pa((ern= r)maal
- hmF
r)mal lee ach
- (he manF
r))/ ′
9(h hmF
r)/ ′ lee ach
9(h (he manF
MO&EL ′ee lee 9))4 9)maal. ,he doc)men( 9en( - me 1.e.+ I sen( (5.
@OCABLAR 2′a′ar (aa2 / ′)leel 9))4 4a′ aal no′ 4m anna2 )maal ))/ ′ 9ee -
1:5 1:5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1pn5 1ad:5 1ad:5 1prep5 1prep5 1con45 1con4+ Span5
(o ecome dr)n/ (o *all enempaper+ oo/ 9a(er+ r:er+ a')arden(e a 9omans chld slo9l- 1al(erna(e *orm o* no ′4maal5 2)c/l-+ - (he a'enc- o*+ eca)se o* 9(h 1declned l/e )maal5 * and
K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . .
2′aar lee ach - 6(aa2 pa 4a. %ee /a(′ee 9))/ ′+ anna2 /o4′ee/. S′ala4 / ′a6 lee nma ′e 9ee /a2aa4 4a ′. Laa /a( ′ee pa chaa/ ch9e′2 %ee ee -a9a′′ch lee a/ ′alaa′+ )( /eepee(/.
37
I9r 6o49a ′ r)/ ′ lee ach pa ro′ch. No′ 4maal 6pee lee a4chaa/ pa ′e. Lee ee nma2 (a2 9na2 6ee′ee pa (nam( /)/ ′ lee a/ ′alaa ′. Lee 2′ana me′s 6(aa2 pa lee 4a ′ r)mal lee / ′a′na (′′. No′ 4m /a′n lee ach pa (a2 ′e. %ee /a′ee la 9)/ ′ pa chaa/+ /a/oos la.
7. . 8. ". !#. !!.
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#.
I slep( -es(erda- n (he mo)n(ans 1pa 4)-) ′5. I 9en( (o (o9n 9(h m- mo(her. ,he man ecame dr)n/ eca)se o* me. &d -o) ea( 9(h (he people -es(erda- I* -o) 1pl5 come 2)c/l-+ Ill ea( 9(h -o). Beca)se o* (he ran+ (he chldren *ell on (he road. %e 9ll 'o 9(h -o) 1laal5 (o (o9n. o)r *a(her 9ll de * -o) 'o. ,he 9or/ers 'o( dr)n/ eca)se o* (her enemes. ,he mo(her slep( n (he ho)se 9(h her chld.
SBS,I,,ION &RILL mpee r)/ ′ pa (nam( 9r.
!. I came 9(h hm *rom (o9n -es(erda-. ?. o) 1a(5 came
.
3. ,he 'rls came
.
. o) 1ala25 came
.
. %e (ra:eled 9(h hm (o (o9n -es(erda-. 7. ,he 9or/ers (ra:eled
. ,he le((er 9as sen( 19en(5 - hm. 8.
- (he o-s.
".
- -o) 165.
!#.
- )s.
!!.
- -o) 1ala25.
!?. %ll -o) 'o 9(h me (ommorro9
. ′ee lee 9))4 r)maal.
Laa /a( ′ee 9)/ ′ ch9e′2
3
!3. Laa \\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\ ch9e ′2 (he o-s 'o 9(h (he man !. Laa \\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\ (he do' 'o 9(h (he o-
ch9e′2
!. 2aa4 lee ach 2)/ ′ pa (nam( 9r. ,he man 9en( do9n 9(h )s (o (o9n -es(erda-. !7. \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ pa (nam( 9r. o) 9en( do9n 165 9(h -o)r mo(her !. \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\ pa (nam( 9r. ,he chldren 9en( do9n 9(h )s !8. \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\ pa (nam( 9r. o) 9en( do9n 1laal5 9(h -o)r horses !". \\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ pa (nam( 9r. I 9en( do9n 9(h (he ' people ?#.\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ I a(e 9(h (he sc/ chld -es(erda-.
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. &-oos /a()/ ′a′n/.
God s (he one 9ho s)s(ans -o). 1(o one depar(n'5
?. Jo′.
Le(s 'o.
3. Joo 9))/′ .
Go 9(h me.
. Ja(.
Go.
. Ka(o4o′.
Come here.
38
LESSON ELE@EN IN,RANSI,I@E @ERBS %HOSE ROO,S BEGIN %I,H @O%ELS I* -o) loo/ ac/ a( (he las( (9o lessons+ -o) 9ll no(ce (ha( all o* (he :er roo(s (ha( 9e )sed e'an 9(h consonan(s 1e.'.+ 9a ′+ /oos+ ′n5. ,here are also man- smple n(rans(:e :ers 9hose roo(s e'n 9(h :o9els. ,he :o9el n(al :ers are con4)'a(ed (he same n (he ncomple(ed and comple(ed ac(on as (he :ers s(ar(n' 9(h a consonan(+ e6cep( n (he (hrd persons. In (he (hrd person sn')lar o* :ers e'nnn' 9(h consonan(s+ 9e 'e( (he aF (o *acl(a(e pron)nca(on. I( comes e(9een (he aspec( and (he roo( 1e.'.+ /a ′n/ he 9al/sF5. In (he :ers e'nnn' 9(h a :o9el+ (he aF s no lon'er necessar- (o ad pron)nca(on eca)se (he roo( alread- e'ns 9(h a :o9el 1e.'.+ /))6lan/ he res(sF= /oopan/ he arr:es (hereF5. ,hs s also (r)e n (he laal and ala2 *orms 1/))6lan la -o) res(F= /oopan ala2 -o) all arr:e (hereF5. In (he (hrd person pl)ral 9e ha:e seen (ha( (he person mar/er s eeF. Ho9e:er+ n Nah)ala and San(a Ca(arna I6(ah)acan+ 9hen (he :er roo( e'ns 9(h a :o9el+ (he eeF dsappears and s replaced - a 'lo((al ca(ch mmeda(el- a*(er (he n(al :o9el o* (he roo( 1e.'.+ /) ′6lan/ (he- res(F5. Con4)'a(on o* ))6lan (o res(F Incomple(e Ac(on Kn))6lan/ Ka())6lan/ K))6lan/ K))6lan la
I res( -o) res( he res(s -o) res( 1*orm5
Ko4))6lan/ K6))6lan/ K) ′6lan/ K))6lan ala2
9e res( -o) res( (he- res( -o) res( 1*orm5
o4))6lan/ 6))6lan/ ) ′6lan/ ))6lan ala2
9e res(ed -o) res(ed (he- res(ed -o) res(ed 1*orm5
Comple(ed Ac(on n))6lan/ a())6lan/ ))6lan/ ))6lan la
I res(ed -o) res(ed he res(ed -o) res(ed 1*orm5
NO,E> I* (he n(rans(:e :er roo( s monos-llac and e'ns 9(h a :o9el+ (he :o9el s len'(hened n (he (hrd person sn')lar n ncomple(e aspec(= e.'. /))l/ he arr:esF. I* (he roo( has more (han one s-llale+ (he n(al :o9el s len'(hened n all (s *n(e *orms= e.'. /noopan/ I arr:e (hereF. MO&EL Ra4a9a6/ /n))6lan pa 2 ′4. I( s necessar- (ha( I res( a( noon.
3"
@OCABLAR ))6lan )l oopan aa(n / ′a-′al ′eena2′4 ra4a9a6/ pa 2′4 chaa2′a′ -a 9araal 4ee la′
1:5 1:5 1:5 1:5 1n5 1ad45 1ad:5 1ad:5 1ad:5 1ad:5 1ad:5 1ad:5
(o res( (o arr:e 1here5 (o arr:e 1o:er (here5 (o a(he mar/e( place a*(ernoon+ n (he a*(ernoon necessar-+ necess(noon+ da-(me+ d)rn' (he da-(me a( n'h( no9 1Spansh loan 9ord5 here o:er (here
K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!.
Lee 9na2 /)′6lan pa (a2 /o′ch chaa2′a′. Laa /o4aa(n pa 4a′ /am/ Laa /oopan la pa (nam( /am/ K)′l lee /(aa( lee a/ ′alaa′ /am/ ′eena2′4. ))6lan ala2 pa ′e 9r. Knoopan pa / ′a-′al pa 2′4. Ra4a9a6/ /o4oopan 4ee la′ chaa2′a′. Laa /))l la 9araal ch9e′2 %ee /))6lan lee ala pa ′e+ /oopan pa ro′ch chaa2′a′. Ka′(n lee a/ ′alaa′ pa 4a′. Ra4a9a6/ anna2 /oopan ala2 pa / ′a-′al.
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!.
,he man res(ed -es(erda- n (he a*(ernoon. ,he man res(s (oda- n (he a*(ernoon. ,he 9oman arr:ed here a( home 1pa 4a5. ,he 9oman arr:es here a( home. ,he chldren arr:ed o:er (here a( noon -es(erda-. ,he chldren arr:e o:er (here a( noon (oda-. o) 1laal5 a(hed n (he r:er a( n'h(. o) 165 a(he n (he r:er a( n'h(. I( s necessar- (ha( I arr:e here a( (he mar/e( place a( noon. ,he- arr:ed 1here5 n (o9n -es(erda-. ,he- 9ll arr:e here n (o9n (omorro9.
#
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. Laa /a( ′ee 9))/ ′
Are -o) 'on' 9(h me
?. Km′ee a9))/ ′.
Im 'on' 9(h -o). 1I 9an( (o 'o 9(h -o)5
3. Km′ee/+ r′.
Im 'on' r'h( a9a-.
. Ja9 /a(′ee 9
%here are -o) 'on'
. Km′ee ch)9a 4a.
Im 'on' home.
!
LESSON ,%EL@E IM0ERA,I@ES IN ,HE SIM0LE IN,RANSI,I@E @ERBS %e ha:e seen (ha( (he smple n(rans(:e :ers n comple(ed ac(on ha:e (he aspec( mar/er 6F and (hose n ncomple(ed ac(on ha:e (he aspec( mar/er /F. ,he mar/er *or (he mpera(:e s chF or /F+ e(her o* 9hch s accep(ale. In (he mpera(:e o* (he (hrd person (here s no aspec( mar/er n (he sn')lar *orm 1See Specal No(e elo95. L/e9se+ 9e ha:e seen (ha( (here s a (ermna(on mar/er *or o(h (he comple(ed and ncomple(ed *orms. I( s /F. Rememer (ha( (hs dsappears 9hen (he :er s no( )((erance *nal. In (he mpera(:e o* (hese :ers+ (he (ermn(on mar/er s ;o2F 9hen (he :er s n )((erance *nal= ( s ;aF 9hen (he mpera(:e s no( )((erance *nal.
SCHEMA O$ ,HE IM0ERA,I@E 1((erance $nal5 Y chn9aro2 1/n9aro25 /a(9aro2 9aro2 9ara la
le( me sleep sleep le( hm sleep sleep
/o49aro2 /69aro2 chee9aro2 YY 9ar a ′la2
le( )s sleep sleep le( (hem sleep sleep
Y (he *rs( person sn')lar mpera(:e *orm s rarel- *o)nd YY n (he second person *ormal pl)ral+ (he normal *orm 9o)ld e 9ara ala2 ;; )( a *)son o* (he :o9els (a/es place ':n' )s (he *orm 9ar a ′la2 sn' (he same :er elo9+ 9e 9ll )se (he e6clama(or- ′aa ′F *ollo9n' (he mpera(:e. No(e no9 ho9 (he o2F (ermna(on chan'es (o ;aF 9hen ano(her 9ord *ollo9s (he mpera(:e. SCHEMA O$ ,HE IM0ERA,I@E 1No( ((erance $nal5 chn9ara ′aa′ /a(9ara ′aa′ 9ara ′aa ′ Y 9ara ′aa la
9ell+ le( me sleep 9ell+ sleep 9ell+ le( hm sleep 9ell+ sleep
/o49ara ′aa′ /69ara ′aa ′ chee9ara ′aa′ YY 9ara ′a′ la2
9ell+ le( )s sleep 9ell+ sleep 9ell+ le( (hem sleep 9ell+ sleep
Y no(e (ha( (he ′aa′F comes e(9een (he :er and (he person mar/er laF and (he 'lo((al s(op on ′aaF dsappears YYno(e (ha( (he same :o9el *)son (a/es place n (hs second person *ormal pl)ral *orm+ as no(ed ao:e
?
S0ECIAL NO,E> In (he (hrd person sn')lar *orm o* (he mpera(:e+ (here s no aspec( mar/er *or (hose :ers (ha( s(ar( 9(h a consonan(. Ho9e:er+ *or (hose :ers (ha( e'n 9(h a :o9el+ (he chF *orm s )sed. Apparen(l- (he na(:e spea/er doesn( l/e (o e'n (he mpera(:e 9(h a :o9el *orm. ,hs r)le s also applcale (o (he laalF and ala2F *orms. Belo9 s (he con4)'a(on o* a :er n (he mpera(:e. ,hs :er s(em e'ns 9(h a :o9el ;; )6lanF ;; (o res(.
SCHEMA O$ ,HE IM0ERA,I@E ;; LAN 1((erance $nal5 chn))6lano2 /a())6lano2 ch))6lano2 ch))6lana la
le( me res( res( le( hm res( res(
/o4))6lano2 /6))6lano2 ch) ′6lano2 ch))6lan a ′la2
le( )s res( res( le( (hem res( res(
SCHEMA O$ ,HE IM0ERA,I@E ;;LAN 1No( ((erance $nal5 chn))6lana ′aa ′ /a())6lana ′aa′ ch))6lana ′aa′ ch))6lana ′aa la
/o4))6lana ′aa′ /6))6lana ′aa ′ ch)′6lana ′aa′ ch))6lana ′a′ la2
9ell+ le( me res( 9ell+ res( 9ell+ le( hm res( 9ell+ res(
@OCABLAR ee(′an eel a2′an 2′′(a4 pa6 la2 9ara′al 9o′2′al nma2′a′ ′aa′ p)9′
1:5 1:5 1:5 1:5 1:5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1ad:5 1ad:5 1prep5
pan)9′ pa9′ p)9′ pa9′ la pa2a9′ p9′ pa/9′ pa9′ ala2
(o pla(o lea:e (o clm (o ecome ored (o rea/ cla- dsh sleepn' place ea(n' place n (he mornn' 9ell+ oh on (op o* (+ on hs head ao:e me+ on m- head+ on (op o* me ao:e -o)+ on -o)r head+ on (op o* -o) ao:e hm 1her+ (5+ on hs head+ on (op o* hm ao:e -o)+ on -o)r head+ on (op o* -o) ao:e )s+ on o)r heads+ on (op o* )s ao:e -o)+ on -o)r heads+ on (op o* -o) ao:e (hem+ on (her heads+ on (op o* (hem ao:e -o)+ on -o)r heads+ on (op o* -o)
3
9ell+ le( )s res( 9ell+ res( 9ell+ le( (hem res( 9ell+ res(
K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#.
Ach4aa′+ /6eela pa lee 9ara ′al. Ko4′na pa / ′a-′al nma2′a′. 0a6a lee la2 9ee /apa6/. Ka(aa(na pa 2′4. Ch′aa9a lee ach 9))/ ′. Ch)′6lana lee 9na2 pa lee 9o ′2′al chaa2′a′. Ko49ara ′aa 4ee la′ /am/. ′+ /6a2′ana p)9′ lee chee′. A/′alaa Ch))6lana la 9araal+ (aa(. Ka′- a′la2 9araal+ naan.
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ".
Le(s res( here n (he mar/e( place. Le( (he chldren pla- n (he ea(n' place. Res( 1laal5 n (he sleepn' place+ sr. Clm )p 1a(5 n (he (ree. Go o)( o* (he (o9n+ srs 1ala25. Le( (he ca( clm )p on (op o* (he ho)se. 0la- n (he mar/e(+ chldren 165. %ell loo/ 1a(5 o:er (here I* -o) 'e( ored+ 'e( ored 1see U 3 ao:e5
S0ECIAL EERCISES> Chan'e (he :ers n (he *ollo9n' sen(ences n(o mpera(:es+ re9r(n' (he en(re sen(ence. !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ".
Ke′(′an lee a/ ′alaa ′ pa / ′a-′al. Ko4a2′an p)9′ lee chee′. Ka2aa4 ala2 pa lee (nam(. K))l lee ach 9araal pa 2′4. pa6 lee la2 pa 4a. K))6lan la 4ee la′+ (aa(. 6eel pa 4a. Ka(9ar 9araal pa 9o′2′al ch9e2. e2′′(a4 lee a/ ′alaa′ pa 4)-)′.
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. Jampaa ch /a(pee(/
%hen are -o) comn' a'an
?. Kmpee ch ch9e′2.
Ill come a'an (omorro9.
3. Chaa/o94 ′/.
H)rr- alon'. 1(o someone depar(n'5
. Ka(aan lo2.
Come here 2)c/l-.
. Chaa/o94 lo2.
Come here 2)c/l-. or H)rr- ac/.
LESSON ,HIR,EEN NEGA,I@ES ,he ne'a(:n' *orm n K ′che′ s na;;;;;(a145F+ 9(h (he 9ord or 9ords (o e ne'a(:ed sand9ched e(9een (hem. No( onl- :ers+ )( no)ns+ prono)ns+ ad4ec(:es ad:ers and prepos(ons can e ne'a(:ed. ,he ne'a(:e *orm na;;;;;(a4F s )sed * (a4F s (he las( 9ord n (he )((erance. ,he ne'a(:e *orm na;;;;;(aF s )sed 9hen (he (aF s *ollo9ed - some o(her 9ord n (he )((erance.
MO&ELS A. %(h @ers>
Na /o49ar (a4.
%e don( sleep.
Na /o49ar (a 9araal.
%e don( sleep here.
Y Na /a9ar (a la.
o) don( sleep.
Y 9(h (he laalF and ala2F *orms+ (he second elemen( o* (he ne'a(:e 'oes e(9een (he (he :er and (he prono)n. B. %(h No)ns>
C. %(h 0rono)ns>
&. %(h Ad4ec(:es>
E. %(h Ad:ers>
Na ee 9na2 (a4.
1,he- are5 no( people.
Na ee 9na2 (a la′.
1,he- are5 no( people ;; (hose ones.
Na nm ′6o2 (a4.
1She s5 no( a ' 9oman.
Na nm ′6o2 (a lee al.
,he 'rl 1s5 no( a ' 9oman.
Na n (a4
I( s no( I.
Na n ela2′oom (a4.
I am no( a (he*.
Lee ach+ na / ′a′n (a4.
,he man+ he s no( mean.
Na / ′a′n (a lee ach.
,he man s no( mean.
Na ch9e2 (a4.
1I( s5 no( (omorro9.
Na ch9e2 (a /mpee(/. 1I( s5 no( (omorro9 (ha( I come.
7
$. %(h 0repos(ons>
Na 9)/ (a4.
No( 9(h me.
Na r)/ ′ (a lee ach.
No( 9(h (he man.
NO,E> ,hese are 4)s( some o* (he possle 9ord orders n (he models. %ord order and 9hch 9ords are ne'a(:ed can e chan'ed *or emphass.
@OCABLAR o/ o2′ )6 /ar ch/op a4/ ′aaa4/ ′a-′ chanm 9a′ la′
1:5 1:5 1:5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1ad:5 1dem5 1dem5
(o en(er (o cr(o ecome *sh anmal seller sellers r'h( no9+ 2)c/l(hs one+ (hese ;; :er- close (o (he spea/er (ha( one+ (hose ;; presen( (o (he :son or spea/er+ or spo/en o* as * ( 9ere presen(
K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!. !?. !3. !. !. !7. !. !8.
Na -a9aa′ (a lee sa2a /ee4. Na /a/am (a lee a/ ′)leel. Na /o4′ee (a pa / ′a-′al chanm. Na /e′(′an (a lee ala ′oom pa 4)-) ′. Na /6o2′ (a4+ a/ ′alaa′. La′+ na /a′ee (a pa chaa/ nma2 ′a′. Na me′s (a la′. Na /(aa( (a 9a ′. Na n)9))4 (a4. Na (′′ (a4. Na / ′a6 (a4. Na o4 ela2′omaa′ (a4. Na a′re′ (a4. Na 6 (a4. Na ′eena2′4 (a4. Na anna2 (a /ee′n lee 6o2 ′. Na nm (a lee chee′. Na ee sa2 (a lee (′′.
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!. !?. !3. !. !. !7. !. !8. !". ?#. ?!. ??. ?3. ?. ?. ?7. ?. ?8. ?". 3#.
I am no( 'on'. ,ha( one 9ll no( de. ,he sc/ one does no( 'o o)( *rom 1pa5 (he ho)se. %e do no( ecome (red eca)se o* (he 9or/. Bo-s+ don( pla- here. o) 1laal5 do no( 'o o:er (here (oda-. o) 1a(5 9ll no( ea( n (he mar/e( (omorro9. ,hose are no( anmals. ,hs s no( m- oo/. ,he 9or/er s no( a la- one. ,he 9oman s no( an am(o)s one. ,he men are no( (he:es. ,he mo)n(an s no( roc/. ,ha( s no( a do'. o) 1a(5 are no( 'ood. %e are no( la-. He s no( sc/. o) 1ala25 are no( '. o) 165 are no( 9or/ers. I am no( a chld. ,he- are no( 9omen. %e are no( (he:es. She s no( *a(. ,he horses are no( 9h(e. ,he chldren are no( sc/. No( 2)c/l- do (he o-s come. No( n (he mornn' are 9e 'on' (o (he mar/e(. No( slo9l- do I 'o. No( (oda- 9ll -o) 1laal5 de. No( -es(erda- dd -o) 165 come.
K ′ICHE′ &RILL> Chan'e (he *ollo9n' )nderlned par(s o* (he sen(ences n(o ne'a(:es+ re9r(e (he en(re sen(ence and (ransla(e (o En'lsh. !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#.
Kee/am lee /ar anna2. Ko4′ee a9)/ ′ pa / ′a-′al. Ka′n la pa ′e. Kee′e lee a′ch4aa ′ pa 4)-)′. Ka′(n lee ′6o2′ pa 4a′. K6ee(′an nma2′a′ pa 9o′ch. Ka′ee ala2 pa chaa/ eena2′4. ,′′ la′. Ela2′oom lee a/ ′aal. Nm ′6o2 lee r6o2l.
8
!!. !?. !3. !. !. !7. !. !8. !". ?#. ?!. ??. ?3.
D′or a′ch. Chooma (′′ lee ch/op. N)9aa la′. A( ela2′oom. Ala2 a4/ ′a-′. In -a9aa′. Are′ ela2′oom. O4 o4 2′or′. Laal choom. In / ′a′n. Anna2 6ee′ee lee a/ ′alaa′. Chanm 6o′/ lee a4/ ′a-′ pa 4a. I9r 6mpee pa / ′a-′al.
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. Chna9-e′ 4 na 4)′2′.
%a( *or me a second.
?. Kn(er′ ′ cha94.
Im 'on' (o (a' alon' a*(er -o).
3. pee n)9araam.
I:e ecome sleep-.
. n/oos/. Ko4))6lana na 4) ′2′.
I:e ecome (red. Le(s res( a mn)(e.
. Jasa ora chanm
%ha( (me s ( no9
"
LESSON $OR,EEN ,HE 0AR,ICLE %IF 1F+ %F5 %I,H &IREC,ION AN& LOCA,ION %OR&S In K ′che′ (here are a n)mer o* drec(onal 9ords or phrases s)ch as> 9here+ (o+ *rom+ n(o+ e(c.+ 9hch ndca(e mo:emen( (o9ard or a9a- *rom a person+ o4ec(+ or place. Also (here are 9ords or phrases 9hch ndca(e loca(ons> e.'.+ here+ (here+ 9here+ n+ on+ )nder+ esdes+ e(c. In a cla)se+ * (hese drec(onal or loca(onal 9ords are placed e*ore (he :er o* (he cla)se+ (hen (he drec(onal or loca(onal par(cle 9F 'enerall- *ollo9s mmeda(el- a*(er (he :er+ as n (he *rs( model elo9. I* (he drec(onal or loca(onal 9ord or phrase *ollo9s (he :er+ (he 9F par(cle s no( )sed. A( (mes * (hs par(cle s *ollo9ed - o(her 9ords and spo/en a( an ordnar- or *as( pace+ ( ecomes )F or 9)F. $or (he sa/e o* smplc(-+ 9e shall *or no9 onl- )se 9F. ,he par(cle 9F per*orms a n)mer o* o(her *)nc(ons n (he lan')a'e (ha( are e-ond (he scope o* (hs asc 'rammar. MO&ELS Ja9 /a( ′ee 9 %here -o) 'o 1(o5 %here are -o) 'on'
0a /′a- ′al /m′ee 9. ,o mar/e( place I 'o 1(o5. I am 'on' (o mar/e(.
@OCABLAR oo/ ′o9 9a′/a( / ′s / ′aslemaal s9aan nee′ 4a9′ 9araal ch;;ee 1ch5
1:5 1:5 1:5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1ad:5 1ad:5 1prep5
(o pass -+ (o 'o (o (a/e a pleas)re 9al/ 1pasearF+ n Spansh5 (o end+ (ermna(e+ *nsh l*e ')ll-+ can-on a9here here (o+ *rom
&eclenson o* ch;;e1ch5 ch9ee 1ch5 ch;a9;ee 1ch5 ch;ee 1ch5 ch;ee 1ch5 la
a( me+ (o me+ *rom me a( -o)+ (o -o)+ *rom -o) a( hm+ (o hm+ *rom hm a( -o)+ (o -o)+ *rom -o)
,he las( chF s op(onal
#
ch;2;ee 1ch5 ch;9;ee 1ch5 ch;/;ee 1ch5 ch;ee 1ch5 ala2
a(+ (o+ *rom )s a(+ (o+ *rom -o) a(+ (o+ *rom (hem a(+ (o+ *rom -o)
K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#.
0a (nam( 6mpee 9. Ja9′ 6eepee 9 lee a/ ′alaa′ 0a 4)-)′ /o4′n 9. R)/′ lee ach 6a( ′ee 9. %araal /a9a′ 9 la. 0a ′e 6/ ′s 9 )/ ′aslemaal lee ach. Cheech lee a4chaa/ 6pee 9 lee p9a2. Ja9′ /a′ee 9 ala2 Jee la′ 6(a2 9 lee nee′. 0a lee nma 4a /no/ 9.
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ %r(e (he *ollo9n' sen(ences n K ′che′ p)((n' (he drec(onal or loca(onal 9ord or phrase *rs(. !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#.
%here do -o) 165 come *rom ,he o- 9en( (o 9or/. %e pla- 9(h (he chldren. ,he r:er 14a′5 passes n (he ')ll-. I loo/ a( (he man. o) 1ala25 (a/e a pleas)re 9al/ n (he hlls 1pa 4)-) ′5. ,he hardshp 1/ ′a65 comes *rom (he people. %here do (he 9omen 9al/ (o ,he 9omen 9al/ n (he mar/e(. Are -o) 1a(5 'on' (o (he mar/e( (oda-
K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH Chan'e (he *ollo9n' sen(ences so (ha( (he drec(on or loca(on 9ord or phrase comes *rs( *or emphass and place 9F n (s proper place and (ransla(e (hem (o En'lsh. !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#.
Ka′ee la pa / ′a-′al. /oos lee 9acha4l pa chaa/. Ko49a′/a( pa ′e. K6/a′- ch2eech. Laa /apee ala2 pa (nam( Laa /a( ′ee r)/ ′ lee a(aa( n9a′ /)/ ′ lee 9na2 ee9ar 9araal 9r. Lee (′′ /e′(′an pa lee 4a. Koo/ ′o9 lee ch′ch′ 1a)(omole5 pa lee nma ′e.
!
SE$L E0RESSIONS
!. Laa aree ′e 9a′ /a′ee pa (nam(
Is (hs (he road (ha( 'oes (o (o9n
?. Jasa ora 6a(pee chla′
%ha( (me dd -o) lea:e *rom (here 1(o come here5
npee a las (res ′eena2′4. 3. Jasa ora 6a()l 9araal n)l pa (a2 )moo-.
I came 1le*(5 *rom (here a( (hree n (he a*(ernoon. %ha( (me dd -o) arr:e here I arr:ed a( d)s/.
?
LESSON $I$,EEN ,RANSI,I@E @ERBS ;; CLASS ? ;; %HOSE ROO,S BEGIN %I,H CONSONAN,S AN& EN& %I,H @O%ELS IN INCOM0LE,E AC,ION IN @OICE ! In (hs chap(er. 9e shall e'n - e6plann' each par( o* (he chap(er headn'+ ao:e. ,hen 9e shall sho9 (he s(r)c()ral ma/e;)p o* (hese :ers. And *nall- 9e presen( ':e some con4)'a(ons as models.
E6plana(on o* Chap(er Headn' !. ,rans(:e @ers %e ha:e seen (ha( n(rans(:e :ers are (hose 9hch ha:e onl- (9o man elemen(s n (he :er phrase+ namel- s)4ec( and :er 1e.'. ,he man *ell5. ,rans(:e :ers are (hose :ers 9hch - (her na()re ma- ha:e (hree elemen(s n (he :er phrase+ namel- s)4ec(+ o4ec( and :er 1e.'. ,he man sells read5. ?. Classes o* D)che ,rans(:e @ers
h(+
Class !> @ers o* (hs class are (hose (rans(:e :ers 9hose roo(s end n consonan(s and are o* one s-llale 1monos-llac5. E6amples are> ; ′an;F ;; (o do+ ma/e= ;cha-;F ;; (o s(r/e. Class ?> @ers o* (hs class are (hose (rans(:e :ers 9hose roo(s end n :o9els and are o* more (han one s-llale 1pol-s-llac5. Some e6amples o* Class ? :ers are> ;/a-;F ;; (o
sell+ ;spa;F ;; (o ':e as a '*(. NO,E> In (hs 'rammar+ 9e are *rs( 'on' (o (rea( o* Class ? (rans(:e :ers eca)se (her s(r)c()re s less comple6. 3. ,rans(:e @er Roo(s %hch Be'n %(h Consonan(s ,rans(:e :ers ma- ha:e roo(s 9hch e'n 9(h consonan(s. ,hs s (r)e *or Class !+ e.'.+ ′an;F ;; (o do+ ;cha-;F ;; (o h(. I( s also (r)e *or Class ?+ e.'.+ ;/a-;F ;; (o sell+ ;spa;F ;; (o ':e as a '*(. In (hs chap(er 9e are (rea(n' o* Class ? :ers (ha( s(ar( n a consonan( and end n a :o9el. In a la(er lesson+ 9e shall (rea( o* (hose Class ? :ers 9hose roo(s s(ar( 9(h a :o9el. . In Incomple(e Ac(on %e ha:e seen (he ds(nc(on e(9een comple(e ac(on and ncomple(e ac(on n Lesson Nne. Incomple(e ac(on 'enerall- means (ha( (he ac(on has no( -e( een done+ or * e')n+ has no( -e( een *nshed.
3
. @oce ! In K ′che′+ (here are *:e :oces *or (rans(:e :ers. Each o* (hese *:e :oces s a 9a- o* placn' emphass or *oc)s on one or more o* (he man elemen(s o* (he cla)se 9(h (he (rans(:e :er 1.e.+ s)4ec(+ :er or o4ec(5. @oce !+ 9(h 9hch 9e are dealn' n (hs lesson places e2)al emphass on all (hree o* (he elemen(s> s)4ec(+ :er and o4ec(. La(er n (hs lesson 9e shall see (he mar/er *or @oce !. S,RC,RE O$ CLASS ? @ERBS IN @OICE ! @ers o* (hs (-pe+ namel- (rans(:e :ers+ Class ?+ n @oce ! are made )p o* > Y aspec(
Y o4ec(
Y s)4ec(
Y roo(
Y :oce mar/er
!. Aspec( %hen 9e s()ded n(rans(:e :ers n Lesson Nne+ 9e sa9 (he ds(nc(on e(9een comple(e and ncomple(e aspec(. ,he same (9o aspec(s e6s( n (rans(:e :ers 9(h (he same meann' and (he same mar/ers> /a;F 1/;F5 *or ncomple(e ac(on and 6;F *or comple(e. In (hs lesson 9e are dealn' 9(h ncomple(e ac(on. ?. O4ec( %hen 9e (al/ o* o4ec( 9e sho)ld no(e (ha( e:en (ho)'h (he o4ec( ma- e e6pressed as a separa(e 9ord 1e.'.+ I /lled (he men5+ n K ′che′ (he o4ec( s also al9a-s e6pressed n (he :er n (he o4ec( pos(on as a prono)n 1(+ hm+ her+ (hem+ e(c.5. $or e6ample+ I /lled 1(hem5 (he men.F 9(h (he (hemF placed n (he o4ec( slo( o* (he :er. ,he o4ec( mar/ers *or (rans(:e :ers are (he same as (he s)4ec( mar/ers *or (he n(rans(:e :ers> ;n; ;a(; ;[; la
me -o) hm+ her+ ( -o)
;o4; ;6; ;ee 1′5; ala2
)s -o) (hem -o)
3. S)4ec( ,he (hrd elemen( n (he *orm)la s (he s)4ec( o* (he (rans (:e :er n @oce !. ,he *ollo9n' are (he s)4ec( mar/ers 9hen (he :er roo( e'ns 9(h a consonan(. In a la(er lesson 9e shall see (ha( 9hen (he roo( e'ns 9(h a :o9el+ a sl'h(l- d**eren( se( o* s)4ec( mar/ers s )sed. ;n; ;aa; ;)); la
I -o) hm+ her+ ( -o)
;2a; ;; ;/; ala2
9e -o) (he-o)
I( sho)ld e no(ed (ha( (hese s)4ec( mar/ers are (he same mar/ers (ha( 9e ha:e alreadlearned as possess:es *or no)ns 9hose roo(s e'n 9(h consonan(s 19(h (he e6cep(on o* (he *rs( person sn')lar 9here n);F ecomes ;n;F5. . Roo( ,he roo( s (he *o)r(h elemen( o* (he :er accordn' (o o)r *orm)la and ( s (he hear( o* (he :er phrase+ ':n' ( (s real meann'. In (hs lesson+ 9e are dealn' onl- 9(h Class ? roo(s 1.e.+ pol-s-llac and (ermna(n' n :o9els5 9hch e'n 9(h consonan(s. . @oce Mar/er ,he las( elemen( n o)r *orm)la *or Class ? :ers n @oce ! s (ha( 9hch ndca(es 9e are )sn' @oce !. ,hs mar/er s ;4.F ,hs ;4F ne:er dsappears *rom (he :er.
CONJGA,ION O$ A MO&EL CLASS ? @ERB IN @OICE !
Y Aspec(
Y O4ec(
Y S)4ec(
Y @oce Mar/er
Y Roo(
V
$)ll $orm
/;
;a(; -o)
;n; I
;()/)); loo/ *or
;4
V /a(n()/))4 I loo/ *or -o).
/;
;[; hm
;n; I
;()/)); loo/ *or
;4
V /n()/))4 I loo/ *or hm.
;n; I
;()/); loo/ *or
;4
/;
la -o)
V /n()/)4 la I loo/ *or -o).
/;
;6; -o)
;n; I
;()/)); loo/ *or
;4
V /6n()/))4 I loo/ *or -o).
/;
;ee; (hem
;n; I
;()/)); loo/ *or
;4
V /en()/))4 I loo/ *or (hem.
/;
;n; ;()/); ;4 ala2 V /n()/)4 ala2 I loo/ *or -o) I loo/ *or -o). ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
Y Aspec( /;
Y O4ec( ;n; me
Y S)4ec( ;aa; -o)
Y Roo( ;()/)); loo/ *or
Mar/er ;4
V $)ll $orm V /naa()/))4 o) loo/ *or me.
/;
;[; hm
;aa; -o)
;()/)); loo/ *or
;4
V /aa()/))4 o) loo/ *or hm.
/;
;o4; )s
;aa; -o)
;()/)); loo/ *or
;4
V /o4aa()/))4 o) loo/ *or )s.
/;
;ee; (hem
;aa; -o)
;()/)); loo/ *or
;4
V /a ′()/))4 o) loo/ *or (hem.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; /; ;n; ;)); ;()/)); ;4 V /n))()/))4 me he loo/s *or He loo/s *or me. /;
;a(; -o)
;)); he
;()/)); loo/s *or
;4
V /a())()/))4 He loo/s *or -o).
/;
;[; hm
;)); he
;()/)); loo/s *or
;4
V /))()/))4 He loo/s *or hm.
/;
;o4; )s
;)); he
;()/)); loo/s *or
;4
V /o4))()/))4 He loo/s *or )s.
/;
;6; -o)
;)); he
;()/)); loo/s *or
;4
V /6))()/))4 He loo/s *or -o).
;ee; ;)); ;()/)); ;4 V /) ′()/))4 (hem he loo/s *or He loo/s *or (hem. ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; /; ;n; ;()/); ;4 la V /n()/)4 la me loo/ *or -o) o) loo/ *or me. /;
/a;
;[; hm
;()/); loo/ *or
;4
la -o)
V /a()/)4 la o) loo/ *or hm.
/;
;o4; )s
;()/); loo/ *or
;4
la -o)
V /o4()/)4 la o) loo/ *or )s.
/;
;ee; ;()/); ;4 la V /ee()/)4 la (hem loo/ *or -o) o) loo/ *or (hem. ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
7
Y Aspec(
Y O4ec(
Y S)4ec(
Y Roo(
Mar/er
V
$)ll $orm
/;
;a(; -o)
;2a; 9e
;()/)); loo/ *or
;4
V /a(2a()/))4 %e loo/ *or -o).
/a;
;[; hm
;2a; 9e
;()/)); loo/ *or
;4
V /a2a()/))4 %e loo/ *or hm.
;2a; 9e
;()/); loo/ *or
;4
/a;
la -o)
V /a2a()/)4 la %e loo/ *or -o).
/;
;6; -o)
;2a; 9e
;()/)); loo/ *or
;4
V /62a()/))4 %e loo/ *or -o).
/;
;ee; (hem
;2a; 9e
;()/)); loo/ *or
;4
V /ee2a()/))4 %e loo/ *or (hem.
/a;
;2a; ;()/); ;4 ala2 V /a2a()/)4 ala2 9e loo/ *or -o) %e loo/ *or -o). ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; /; ;n; ;; ;()/)); ;4 V /n()/))4 me -o) loo/ *or o) loo/ *or me. /;
;[; hm
;; -o)
;()/)); loo/ *or
;4
V /()/))4 o) loo/ *or hm.
/;
;o4; )s
;; -o)
;()/)); loo/ *or
;4
V /o4()/))4 o) loo/ *or )s.
/;
ee; (hem
; -o)
;()/)); loo/ *or
;4
V /′()/))4 o) loo/ *or (hem.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
Y Aspec(
Y O4ec(
Y S)4ec(
Y Roo(
Mar/er
V
$)ll $orm
/;
;n; me
;/; (he-
;()/)); loo/ *or
;4
V /n/()/))4 ,he- loo/ *or me.
/;
;a(; -o)
;/; (he-
;()/)); loo/ *or
;4
V /a(/()/))4 ,he- loo/ *or -o).
/a;
;[; hm
;/; (he-
;()/)); loo/ *or
4
V /a/()/))4 ,he- loo/ *or hm.
/;
;o4; )s
;/; (he-
;()/)); loo/ *or
;4
V /o4/()/))4 ,he- loo/ *or )s.
/;
;6; -o)
;/; (he-
;()/)); loo/ *or
;4
V /6/()/))4 ,he- loo/ *or -o).
/;
;ee; ;/; ;()/)); ;4 V /ee/()/))4 (hem (heloo/ *or ,he- loo/ *or (hem. ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; /; ;n; ;()/); ;4 ala2 V /n()/)4 ala2 me loo/ *or -o) o) loo/ *or me. /a;
;[; hm
;()/); loo/ *or
;4
ala2 -o)
V /a()/)4 ala2 o) loo/ *or hm.
/;
;o4; )s
;()/); loo/ *or
;4
ala2 -o)
V /o4()/)4 ala2 o) loo/ *or )s.
/;
;ee; ;()/); ;4 ala2 V /ee()/)4 ala2 (hem loo/ *or -o) o) loo/ *or (hem. ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; Class ? (rans(:e :ers n @oce ! n ncomple(e and comple(e aspec(s end n ;;::4 * (he- are (he las( 9ord n a cla)se= * no(+ (he :o9el ecomes shor(ened= .e. ;;:4 1/n()/))4 ;; I loo/ *or (F+ /n()/)4 lee ach I loo/ *or (he manF5. In order (o a:od ee Y aa *or -o) ; (hemF+ (hs *orm ecomes a ′.F ,he same lo'c as 9e sa9 n ee ach4aa ′ V a ′ch4aa ′. L/e9se ee Y )) ecomes )+ and ee Y ecomes . He loo/s *or -o)F+ ,he- loo/ *or -o)F= 9(h (he laal and ala2 *orms s no( )sed n (hs :oce. La(er 9e 9ll see ho9 (hs s sad.
S0ECIAL NO,E> Inanma(e and non sel* mo:n' 1non l:n'5 (hn's are no( pl)raled n (he :er as e(her s)4ec( or o4ec(. $or e6ample> Ka/()/)4 (a2 lee a ′a4 ;; ,he- loo/ *or roc/sF. In K ′che′+ snce (he o4ec( s nanma(e+ (s correspondn' o4ec( mar/er n (he :er s sn')lar. ,he pl)ral n)mer o* (he o4ec( s (hen e6pressed o)(sde o* (he :er 9(h (a2F.
8
@OCABLAR / ′a- cha4 /amsa lo2′o ()/) 4as(a2 / ′s/ ′ mal(-oo6 9a al/ ′)aal aal 6aa
1(:5 1(:5 1(:5 1(:5 1(:5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1pn5 1pn5 1ad:5
(o sell (o (a/e care o*+ ')ard (o /ll (o lo:e (o loo/ *or+ search (hn' 'oa( (han/s (or(lla n 'eneral+ *ood made *rom 'ran do)'h chld or chldren o* a co)ple+ or o* a man chld or chldren o* a 9oman 4)s( 1con(rar- (o 9ha( s e6pec(ed or hoped *or5 e.'.+ -o) 4)s( sold ( 1)ne6pec(ed5
K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#.
Kn/′ a-4 lee (′′. Ko4/cha44 lee 2a(aa( 2anaan. Mal(-oo6 /nlo2′o4 la+ (aa(. Laa 6aa /′/amsa4 lee ( ′/n Na /a()/)4 (a ala2+ naan. Lee ach s′ala4 /)′lo2′o4 lee ral/ ′)′aal. Lee /6o2l lee a ′ch4aa ′ /a// ′a-4 9a pa / ′a-′al. K62a()/)4 ch9e′2 pa (nam(. Kee2acha44 lee 2a/ ′s/ ′ pa 4)-)′. Lee ala′oom /a// ′a-4 /4as(aa2 pa (nam(.
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8.
o)r 165 *a(her and mo(her lo:e -o). ,he o-s /ll (he rds. %e sell (or(llas n (he mar/e( place. o) 1ala25 9omen reall- (a/e care o* -o)r chldren. Ill 4)s( loo/ *or -o) 1laal5 (ommorro9. ,han/s+ -o) 1a(5 (a/e care o* m- ho)ses. %ll 1do5 -o) 1ala25 (a/e care o* )s+ srs ,he (he:es loo/ *or (hn's n (he ho)se.
"
S0ECIAL &RILL Chan'e (he s)4ec( and o4ec( mar/ers n (he *ollo9n' model sen(ence as ndca(ed> !. /a(/cha44
(he- (a/e care o* -o) -o) 1a(5 me I (hem 9e -o) 1laal5
?. /ee2a()/))4
9e loo/ *or (hem I (hem He -o) 1a(5 o) 1ala25 )s
3. /)′/ ′a-4
He sells (hem %e sell ho)ses o) 165 sell -o)r do's I sell m- ' horse
E,RA &RILL !. %r(e (en sen(ences n K ′che′ )sn' n each one a Class ? (rans(:e :er n @oce ! n ncomple(e ac(on ?. Con4)'a(e (he *ollo9n' Class ? (rans(:e :ers n @oce ! n ncomple(e ac(on )sn' all (he possle s)4ec(;o4ec( comna(ons. &o no( loo/ a( (he model n (hs lesson 9hle don' (hs e6cercse> /amsa cha4 lo2′o
SE$L E0RESSIONS> !. Laa na4 /′ oo 9 lee a9o′ch Jee′+ na4 / ′oo 9. ?. Jasa ora /o4oopan/ a mero /o4oopan/. 3. a 6o4)l/.
Is -o)r ho)se a lon' 9a-s a9a- es+ (s a lon' 9a-s. %ha( (me 9ll 9e arr:e %e are almos( (here. %e:e arr:ed 1a( o)r des(na(on5.
7#
LESSON SI,EEN CLASS ? ,RANSI,I@E @ERBS %HOSE ROO,S BEGIN %I,H CONSONAN,S IN COM0LE,E& AC,ION IN @OICE !
%hen 9e deal( 9(h (he dea o* comple(ed ac(on n (he n(rans(:e :ers+ 9e sa9 (ha( (he aspec( mar/er *or (he ncomple(ed ac(on 9as /; 1/a;5. ,hs chan'ed (o 6; *or comple(ed ac(on. ,he same aspec( mar/er 6; s )sed *or comple(ed ac(on n Class ? (rans(:e :ers 9hose roo(s e'n 9(h a consonan( n @oce !. ,he o(her componen(s reman )nchan'ed= see e6amples elo9. a.
Kn2′al)4 lee a/ ′aal. I hold n arms (he chld
. Ka(/lo2′oo4. ,he- lo:e -o).
n2′al)4 lee a/ ′aal. I held n arms (he chld. a(/lo2′oo4. ,he- lo:ed -o).
MO&EL SEN,ENCE Lee a4-)2′aa ′ 6ee/-)2′)4 lee //arne′laa′ pa 4)-)′ 9r. ,he shepherds ; (he- herded (hem ; (her sheep n (he hlls -es(erda-. ,he shepherds herded (her sheep n (he hlls -es(erda-.
@OCABLAR -)2′) 2′al) pa6 spa a4-))2′ a4-)2′aa ′ /arne′l /arne′laa′ la2 leme′( aree(a2 ono4eel
1(:5 1(:5 1(:5 1(:5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1con45 1n5
(o shepherd (o hold n arms (o rea/ (o ':e as a '*( shepherd shepherds sheep 1sn'5 sheep 1pl5 cla- dsh o((le 9hen all o*+ e:er- 1c.*. elo95
7!
rono4eel !. all o* (hem e.'. rono4el (a2 chee all o* (he (rees
2ono4eel 9ono4eel /ono4eel ono4el ala2
all o* )s all o* -o) all o* (hem all o* -o)
?. e:er-+ each Rono4eel 9na2 /a/am/. E:er- person des. Rono4el 2′4 /apee(/. Each da- comes.
K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#.
Lee 6o2′ 6ee/2′al)4 lee /aal pa 4a 9r. aa 6pa64 rono4el (a2 lee leme′( aree(a2 66ee( ′an/. Laa pa s9aan 6ee-)2′)4 9 la lee /arne ′laa′ la S′ala4 )( lee /o( ′′ 4 62aspa4 ch/ee lee a/ ′alaa′. )′/amsa4 lee / ′a′na (a2 (′′ lee ala 1no(e 9ord order ;; :er+ o4ec(+ s)4ec(5. aa 6enspa4 lee ch′)(2 (a2 ch/op cheech ala2. Laa 6/′ a-4 (a2 lee 4as(aa2 pa / ′a-′al 9r eecha44 lee al/ ′)′al ala2 pa 2o′ch 9r. I9ono4el 6′-)2′)4 lee ch/oop. Lee ee (′′ 6ee//amsa4 /ono4el (a2 lee me ′s pa 2a(nam(.
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#.
,he o-s 'a:e (he cla- dshes as a '*( (o (her mo(her. All o* -o) 1ala25 herded -o)r sheep n (he ')lles -es(erda-. &d -o) 165 rea/ (he o((les -es(erda- ,he ad do's /lled o)r sheep 1pl5. o) held m- chld 19omans5 n -o)r arms 9hen -o) arr:ed here -es(erda-. ,he chldren ro/e all (he cla- dshes 9hen (he- pla-ed n (he ho)se. I (oo/ care o* (he chldren n m- ho)se. %e 'a:e (he l((le do's as '*(s (o (he 'rls. E:er- da- (he 9oman sold (or(llas n (he mar/e(. ,he roc/s /lled (he sheep.
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. Laa /′ a / ′oo na /araa4 /o4oopan/ K ′a / ′ool/.
Is (here s(ll some (o 'o e*ore 9e 'e( (here. ,heres s(ll some (o 'o.
?. Sala4 / ′a6 lee ′e 9araal.
,he road s :er- d**c)l( here.
3. 0)2laa4 lee ′e.
,he road s d)s(-.
. a2′o′l lee ′e.
,he road s m)dd-.
LESSON SE@EN,EEN 7?
CLASS ? ,RANSI,I@E @ERBS IN @OICE ! %HOSE ROO,S BEGIN %I,H A @O%EL %hen 9e s()ded possess:e prono)ns n Lessons Se:en and E'h(+ 9e sa9 (ha( no)ns (ha( e'n 9(h consonan(s (oo/ one se( o* prono)ns+ and (hose 9hch e'an 9(h :o9els (oo/ ano(her se(+ o(h se(s ha:n' den(cal meann'. %hen 9e s()ded (rans(:e :ers+ Class ?+ @oce !+ 9hose roo(s e'an 9(h a consonan(+ 9e sa9 (ha( (he s)4ec( prono)ns corresponded e6ac(l- 9(h (he possess:e prono)ns )sed 9(h no)ns (ha( e'an 9(h consonan(s. In K ′che′+ (here are a n)mer o* Class ? :ers (ha( e'n 9(h :o9els. Correspondn'l-+ 9e no9 )se as s)4ec( mar/ers (hose possess:e prono)ns (ha( are )sed *or no)ns 9hch e'n 9(h :o9els. ;9; 1;n9;5 ;aa9; ;r; la
I -o) he -o)
;2; ;9; ;/; ala2
9e -o) (he-o)
,he models 9e sa9 n Lesson $*(een reman (he same e6cep( *or (he chan'e o* (hese person mar/ers. ,hs chan'e occ)rs+ (hen+ 9hen (he roo( e'ns 9(h a :o9el. MO&EL CONJGA,ION /a;9;eesaa4 /;n9;eesaa4 /;aa9;eesaa4 /a;r;eesaa4 /;eesa4 la
I (a/e ( o)(
/a;2;eesaa4
9e (a/e ( o)(
-o) (a/e ( o)( he (a/es ( o)( -o) (a/e ( o)(
/;9;eesaa4 /a;/;eesaa4 /;eesa4 ala2
-o) (a/e ( o)( (he- (a/e ( o)( -o) (a/e ( o)(
MO&EL SEN,ENCES a. Lee 6o2 6reesa4 lee a(′a2 p)/ ′ol′al 1pa Y )/ ′ol′al5. ,he 9oman ;; she (oo/ ( o)( ;; (he clo(hes *rom 1n5 (her place ,he 9oman (oo/ (he clo(hes o)( *rom (her place. . Kn9eere4 lee s′ pa 9)lee9. I ha)l ( ;; (he *re9ood ;; on m- land I ha)l (he *re9ood on m- land.
73
@OCABLAR esa elesa ela2′a o2′e e2a ere ′o′ 4 /am-on /ars / ′ol′al p)/ ′ol′al s′ nee′ e2a′n )lee9 2′a′areel 9ee
1(:5 1(:5 1(:5 1(:5 1(:5 1(:5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1con45
(o remo:e+ (a/e o)(+ (a/e a9aal(erna(e *orm o* esa (o s(eal+ ro (o cr- ao)( (o carr- a load (o ha)l coo/n' )(ensls made o* cla(r)c/ 1Spansh loan5 4al 1Spansh loan5 place+ d9elln' place n (s place *re9ood aload+ car'o land+ ear(h+ 'ro)nd+ sol dr)n/ person *
K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#.
Lee ala′oom 6/ela2′a4 lee )s ′ lee ach. Lee ach 6ro2′e4 )9ach lee r6o2l aree(a2 6/am/. Rono4el 2′4 /a2e2a4 nma2 (a2 ee2a ′n. Laa 6esa4 la lee 9a pa / ′a-′al aa 69o2′e4 )9ach lee -a9aa ′. Na /ela2′a4 (a ala2 lee )lee9. I6 6 a4cha/′+ /9ere4 lee )lee9 pa lee /am-on. 0a 4)-)′ /a/ela2′a4 9 lee s ′ lee ela2′omaa′. %ee /ela2′a4 la lee )lee9+ /a ′ee la pa /ars 14al5. 2elesa4 lee 2′a′areel pa 4a.
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ !. ?. 3 . . 7. . 8. ". !#.
o) 165 carr- *re9ood n (he hlls. %e ha)l roc/s (o (he ')ll-. ,he- cred o:er (her mo(her. I roed a cla- po( n (he ho)se. ,he 9oman remo:ed (he do' *rom (he ho)se. o) 1ala25 roed (he land *rom (he man. o) 1a(5 carr- (he a- n (he mar/e(. ,he 9or/ers roed )s. %e remo:ed (he dr)n/ person *rom o)r ho)se. o) 1laal5 cred o:er -o)r 9*e.
7
S0ECIAL &RILL A. Con4)'a(e (he :er o2′e 1(o cr-5 n all e'h( persons+ )sn' ;;; (hrd sn')lar o4ec( prono)n n @oce ! n o(h comple(e and ncomple(e ac(on B. Con4)'a(e (he :er e2a 1(o carr- a load5 n all e'h( persons+ comnn' each o* (he e'h( 9(h all o* (he possle o4ec( prono)ns 1as n 'rammar Lesson $*(een5. &o (hs n @oce ! n o(h comple(e and ncomple(e ac(on.
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. Sala4 pa2al/ lee ′e.
,he road s s(eep )phll.
?. Sala4 6)lan/ lee ′e.
,he road s s(eep do9nhll.
3. ( lee ′e.
,he road s 'ood.
. I6 4anpaa /6 ′ee/
Ho9 man- o* -o) are 'on'
O4 4o′oo′.
%e are *:e.
7
LESSON EIGH,EEN IM0ERA,I@ES O$ ,RANSI,I@E @ERBS ;; CLASS ? ;; @OICE ! AN& ,HE RE$LEI@ES IM0ERA,I@ES O$ ,HE ,RANSI,I@E @ERBS CLASS ? ;; @OICE ! In o)r s()d- o* (he mpera(:es o* n(rans(:e :ers n Lesson ,9el:e+ 9e sa9 (9o man pon(s> !. ,he re')lar mpera(:e mar/er+ /;+ 9as replaced - ch; n (he (hrd person sn')lar+ *or :ers 9hose roo(s e'n 9(h :o9els> .
ch)6lano2 le( hm res(
?. ,he (ermna(on mar/er (ha( ndca(ed mpera(:eF 9as ;o2 1;a5> /a(9aro2 'o (o sleep $or mpera(:es o* (rans(:e :ers n @oce !+ ch; s also (he mar/er. Ho9e:er+ (he ;o2 s no( (he (ermna(on mar/er. Class ? :ers n @oce ! re(an (he ;4 (ermna(on mar/er.
IM0ERA,I@E CONJGA,ION ;; ,RANSI,I@E @ERBS ;; CLASS ? ;; @OICE ! (4o ;; (o (each
chaa(4oo4 ch))(4oo4 Y (4o4 la
(each hm le( hm (each hm (each hm
Y 2a(4oo4 ch(4oo4 ch/(4oo4 Y (4o4 ala2
le( )s (each hm (each hm le( (hem (each hm (each hm
Y NO,E> %e no(ce (ha( n (he *rs( person pl)ral and n (he la and ala2 *orms (ha( (he ch; does no( occ)r 9hen (he o4ec( s (hrd person 1 hm+ her+ or (5. Ho9e:er+ * (he :er roo( sho)ld e'n 9(h a :o9el+ (hen (he ch; does occ)r> e.'.+ chesa4 la ;; (a/e ( o)(. I* (he o4ec( s o(her (han (hrd person sn')lar+ (hen (he ch; s al9a-s )sed> chn(4o4 la ;; (each me chee(4o4 la ;; (each (hem
77
,HE RE$LEI@ES ,he re*le6:e 9ord n K ′che′ s ;′+ meann' sel*F. &eclenson o* Re*le6:e ; ′ 9′ a9′ r′ ′ la
m-sel* -o)rsel* hm1her+ (5sel* -o)rsel*
2′ 9′ /′ ′ ala2
o)rsel:es -o)rsel:es (hemsel:es -o)rsel:es
In o)r model sen(ence elo9+ 9e see> Da(4o4 2 ′ chee lee chaa/.F 9hch means+ Le(s (each o)rsel:es ao)( (he 9or/.F %e see (ha( 2a(4o4 2 ′ means Le(s (each o)rsel:es.F In (he :er (he o4ec( prono)n s ;[;+ or (hrd person sn')lar. ,he re*le6:e 9ord 2 ′ s a no)n and s (he drec( o4ec( o* (he :er. I( s (here*ore mar/ed as (he drec( o4ec( 9(hn (he :er 9(h ;[;. ,he )se o* (he re*le6:e can e seen n (he con4)'a(on elo9. I( s )sed 9(h all e'h( persons here 9(h a :er n ncomple(e ac(on> /n(4o4 9 ′ /aa(4o4 a9′ /))(4o4 r ′ /a(4o4 ′ la
/a2a(4o4 2 ′ /(4o4 9 ′ /a/(4o4 / ′ /a(4o4 ′ ala2
I (each m-sel* -o) (each -o)rsel* he (eaches hmsel* -o) (each -o)rsel*
9e (each o)rsel:es -o) (each -o)rsel:es (he- (each (hemsel:es -o) (each -o)rsel:es
NO,E> In (he la and (he ala2 *orms+ (he prono)ns la and ala2 are no( repea(ed (9ce as lo'c m'h( dc(a(e 1e.'.+ /a(4o4 la ′ la and /a(4o4 ala2 ′ ala25+ )( as n (he ao:e con4)'a(on 1/a(4o4 ′ la and /a(4o4 ′ ala25. ,hs s also (r)e *or la and ala2 :er *orms * (he drec( o4ec( s also possessed - (he same prono)n> e.'.+ /acha44 la lee ( ′′ la+ -o) (a/e care o* -o)r do'F 9o)ld ordnarl- ecome /acha44 lee (′′ la+ 9(h (he *rs( la droppn' o)(. Ho9e:er+ ( s permssle (o )se o(h las and ala2s * one so 9shes. @OCABLAR
]
(4o ch′aa ′e (4o /a4ma cha/) chaa2′ ch/op 4))n ;′ 9′ a9′ r′ ′ la
1(:5 (o (each someone 1(:5 (o (al/ (o someone 1(:5 (o (ell ao)( some(hn'+ (o (al/ ao)( some(hn' 1(:5 man(an+ s)s(an+ ser:e 1(:5 (o 9or/ some(hn' 1n5 -o)n'er sln' 1n5 anmal 1nde* ar(5 an+ one 1n5 sel* m-sel* 2′ o)rsel:es -o)rsel* 9′ -o)rsel:es hm1her+ (5sel* /′ (hemsel:es -o)rsel* ′ ala2 -o)rsel:es
7
MO&EL SEN,ENCES a. Chaacha44 lee achaa2′+ al. (a/e care o* hm ;; -o)r -o)n'er ro(her ;; 'rl ,a/e care o* -o)r -o)n'er ro(her+ 'rl. . Da(4o4 2′ chee lee chaa/. Le(s (each o)rsel:es ao)( (he 9or/.
&RILLS A. Chan'e (he *ollo9n' sen(ences n(o mpera(:es - chan'n' (he :er (o (he mpera(:e *orm and (hen (ransla(e (he en(re sen(ence. !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#.
Kacha44 ′ ala2. Kaa(4o4 a9 ′. Kee2a/a4ma4 lee 2al/ ′)′aal. K′ch′a′e4 lee 9na2. Kaalo2′o4 lee (aa( la. aa/amsa4 lee ch/op. 2ach′a′e4 lee ach. Kcha44 lee chaa2′. eech′a′e4 ala2 /ono4el lee 9na2. Ka(4o4 la lee )(a chaa/.
B. Comne each :er 9(h (he re*le6:e prono)n ':en n each e6ercse+ p)((n' (he :ers n (he mpera(:e mood and ':e (ransla(ons. E6ample>
!. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ".
esa ;; a9′ chaa9esa4 ;; a9′
cha4 ;; ′ ala2 o2′e ;; 9′ /a4ma ;; ′ ala2 esa ;; 2′ o2′e ;; r′ ch′aa ′e ;; 2′ lo2′o ;; ′ la (4o ;; a9′ /amsa ;; /′
78
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!. !?. !3. !. !. !7. !. !8. !". ?#.
,a/e care o* 1cha45 -o)rsel* 1laal5+ sr. ,each -o)r 1a(5 chldren e:er- da-. %or/ 1ala25 (he land n (he hlls 1pa 4)-) ′5. Le(s (ell ao)( (he (he*. Spea/ 9(h 165 (he 9oman. Le( hm carr- (he *re9ood. Remo:e -o)rsel* 1laal5 *rom (he ho)se. Carr- 1a(5 (he a- n -o)r arms. Lo:e 165 one ano(her 1-o)rsel:es5. Le(s /ll (he 'oa(. ,a/e care o* 1a(5 me. Lo:e (hem 1laal5 ,al/ (o )s 165 Kll 1ala25 (he anmals ,a/e care o* 1laal5 -o)r da)'h(er+ madam ,al/ (o 1a(5 me Le( )s (al/ (o (hem ,a/e )s a9a- 1a(5 Kll ( 165 %or/ 1laal5 (he land
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. Ja9 /a(/ana4 9 /aano2
%here are -o) 'on' (o 'e( o**
?. ,eren /an lee 2ach′l.
O)r companon s *ollo9n' alon' ehnd.
3. Ka(()/)6/.
Someone s loo/n' *or -o).
. Ka(ch′aa ′e6/.
Someone s (al/n' (o -o) 1* he doesn( hear5.
7"
LESSON NINE,EEN CLASS ? ,RANSI,I@E @ERBS IN @OICE ?
%ha( s (he meann' o* @oce ? %e sa9 e*ore (ha( :oceF n K ′che′ :ers s a 9a- o* spo(l'h(n' one or more o* (he (hree elemen(s o* (he :er phrase ;; s)4ec(+ :er or o4ec(. $or e6ample+ n @oce ! 9e sa9 (ha( (he spo(l'h( 9as e2)all- on all (hree elemen(s+ namel-+ (he s)4ec(+ :er+ and o4ec(. @oce ? no9 s9(ches and p)(s (he emphass on (he o4ec(. %e no9 'e( (he :er and (he o4ec( n (he :er phrase. $or e6ample+ n (he 9ord> /n/)na6/F ;n; s (he o4ec( and ;/)na; s (he :er roo( and ;6/; s (he (ermna(on. Kn/)na6/ appro6ma(el- means I am c)redF. ,he @oce ? s some9ha( smlar (o (he pass:e :oce n En'lsh+ and s )s)all- (ransla(ed (ha( 9a- n(o En'lsh. I( sho)ld e no(ed (ha( 9(h Class ? (rans(:e :ers+ @oce ? has (s o9n spec*c (ermna(on mar/er 9hch s ;6/. ,hs replaces (he (ermna(on mar/er ;4 o* @oce ! :ers. ,he ;/ o* ;6/ dsappears * (he :er s no( (he *nal 9ord n (he )((erance. I( sho)ld also e no(ed (ha( (he *orms andor persons n (hs :oce are con4)'a(ed n (he same 9a- as n(rans(:e :ers o(h n (he ncomple(ed and comple(ed ac(on aspec(s.
CONJGA,ION O$ ,HE ,RANSI,I@E @ERB ;; CLASS ? ;; @OICE ? K)na ;; (o c)re Incomple(ed Aspec( /n/)na6/ /a(/)na6/ /a/)na6/ /a/)na6 la
I am c)red -o) are c)red he s c)red -o) are c)red
/o4/)na6/ /6/)na6/ /ee/)na6/ /a/)na6 ala2
9e are c)red -o) are c)red (he- are c)red -o) are c)red
I 9as c)red -o) 9ere c)red he 9as c)red -o) 9ere c)red
6o4/)na6/ 66/)na6/ 6ee/)na6/ 6/)na6 ala2
9e 9ere c)red -o) 9ere c)red (he- 9ere c)red -o) 9ere c)red
le( -o) e c)red le( hm e c)red le( -o) e c)red
/o4/)na6o2 /6/)na6o2 chee/)na6o2 /)na6 a ′la2
le( )s e c)red le( -o) e c)red le( (hem e c)red le( -o) e c)red
Comple(ed Aspec( 6n/)na6/ 6a(/)na6/ 6/)na6/ 6/)na6 la Impera(:e
/a(/)na6o2 /)na6o2 /)na6a la
#
In (he En'lsh pass:e :oce+ 9e can ha:e an a'en(. $or e6ample+ He 9as c)red - (he manF. B- (he manF s (he a'en(. In @oce ? (o e6press a'en( or - 9hom (he ac(on 9as done+ 9e )se (he prepos(on ;)maal 1c.*. Lesson ,en *or declenson5. ,here*ore+ n K ′che′ 9e can sa-> /)na6 lee -a9aa ′ r)mal lee a42′4. He 9as c)red ;; (he sc/ one ;; - (he d:ner ,he sc/ one 9as c)red - (he d:ner.
In En'lsh+ 9e can also sa- (ha( he 9as c)red - -o)F+ - meF+ or - )sF. In K ′che′+ n (hs :oce+ (he a'en( can onl- e e6pressed - (he (hrd person> a. /)na6 lee -a9aa ′ r)mal lee a42′4. He 9as c)red ;;(he sc/ one ;; - hm ;; (he d:ner He 1(he sc/ one5 9as c)red - (he d:ner. . /)na6 lee -a9aa ′ /)mal lee a42′4aa′. He 9as c)red ;;(he sc/ one ;; - (hem ;; (he d:ners ,he sc/ one 9as c)red - (he d:ners.
In order (o e6press (he dea (ha( I+ 9e+ or -o) c)red someone+ 9e m)s( re()rn (o @oce !> n/)na4 lee ach.
I c)red (he man.
a(n/)naa4.
I c)red -o).
I( s not correc( n K ′che′ (o sa- (he *ollo9n'> /)na6 lee -a9aa ′ He (he sc/ one 9as c)redF
9)maal a9)maal )mal la 2)maal 9)maal )mal ala2
- me - -o) - -o) - )s - -o) - -o)
NO,E> %e no(ed n Lesson $*(een (ha( one canno( correc(l- ha:e (he (hrd person s)4ec( and second person *ormal o4ec( comna(on n @oce !. I* one s spea/n' n (he *ormal *orm and 9shes (o sa- he or (he- c)re -o)F 1*ormal sn')lar or pl)ral5+ (hen one common 9a- (o do (hs s (o )se @oce ?> /a/)na6 la r)maal /a/)na6 la /)maal /a/)na6 ala2 r)maal /a/)na6 ala2 /)maal
-o) are c)red - hm -o) are c)red - (hem -o) 1pl5 are c)red - hm -o) 1pl5 are c)red - (hem
!
@OCABLAR NO,E> $rom no9 on all Class ? (rans(:e :ers 9ll e ls(ed )nder @oce ? 9(h (he ;6/ (ermna(on mar/er. /)na6/ choma6/ ee(a′ma6/ (′aap6/ 4os2′6/ ma46/ m)l6/ a42′4 a42′4aa′ ch′aa ′al ch′a′oo4 )ch′ )ch 4a chee′ chee′ es/9ela
1(:5 1(:5 1(:5 1(:5 1(:5 1(:5 1(:5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1ad45 1n5
(o e c)red (o e (ho)'h(+ (o e planned+ (o e arran'ed (o e learned (o e closed+ loc/ed )p (o e cleaned (o e e')n (o e 'a(hered (o'e(her d:ner d:ners lan')a'e+ Chrs(an doc(rne *'h(+ dsp)(e hs mo)(h+ openn' door 1o* (he ho)se5 9ood+ (ree+ 4al r'd+ n*le6le school 1Spansh loan5
K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!. !?. !3. !. !. !7. !.
ma46 4)n nma chaa/ 9r /)mal lee a′ch4aa ′. Ka(′aap6 lee )ch 4a r)mal lee 6o2. 4os2′6 lee )lee9 /)mal lee a ′ 4cha/′. Ch9e′2 /achoma6 lee ch′a′oo4. Ra4a9a6/ /ee(a′ma6 lee ch′aa ′al /)mal /ono4el lee 9na2. Ch9e′2 /am)l6 (a2 a ′a4 pa lee chaa/. ela2′a6 lee p9a/ pa 4a r)mal 4)n ela2 ′oom. 0a es/9ela 1school5 /ee(4o6 9 lee a ′/ ′alaa ′. Keech′aa ′e6 lee ee -a9a ′′ r)mal lee a42′4. (4o6 lee ch′a′oo4 /)mal lee ala ′oom. /amsa6 lee nma ch/op r)mal lee 2a(aa(. ee(′aap6 lee ela2′omaa′ pa chee′ /)mal lee 9na2. o4ela2′a6 r)mal lee (eel ach. elesa6 ala2 pa chaa/ /)mal lee /(aa( lee a/ ′alaa′. 6ch′aa ′e6 pa ′e r)mal lee a4-)2′. A/ ′aal+ 6aa 6a(( ′aap6 pa 4a r)mal lee anaan. o2′e6 a9ach r)mal lee a9acha4l.
?
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!. !?.
,he chldren are carred n arms - (her *a(hers. I( s necessar- (ha( (he o((les e sold. ,he cla- po(s 9ere ro/en - (he sellers on (he road. %e 9ll e loc/ed n 4al - (he ad men. E:er- da- (he 'rls are (a)'h( a( school. o) 1ala25 9ere (al/ed ao)( - o)r mo(her -es(erda-. o) 1laal5 are ser:ed - -o)r 9*e. I 9as carred 1pac/ed on ac/5 - (he ' man. ,he *re9ood s ha)led - (he o-s n (he mornn'. ,he land 9as 9or/ed - m- *a(her. o) 165 9ere cred o:er - -o)r mo(her. ,he (he* 9ll e loo/ed *or n (he hlls - (he men.
&RILLS !. Replace (he appropra(e 9ords n (he lan/s. /ncha46 I am (a/en care o*
r)mal -
n(aa( m- *a(her
a.
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ -o) are (a/en care o*
r)mal
\\\\\\\\\ -o)r *a(her
.
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ 9e are (a/en care o*
r)mal
\\\\\\\\ o)r *a(her
c.
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ (he- are (a/en care o*
/)mal
\\\\\\\\\ (her *a(her
d.
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ -o) 165 are (a/en care o*
/)mal
\\\\\\\\\ -o)r *a(her
e.
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ he s (a/en care o*
r)mal
\\\\\\\\ hs *a(her
?. Chan'e all o* (he :ers *rom @oce ! n(o @oce ?+ lea:n' (he person;o4ec(s (he same and s)s(()(n' r)maalF or /)maalF *or (he s)4ec(. a. . c. d. e. *. '.
n))(4o4 lee ach. Ka(/lo2′o4 lee a(aa( anaan. Lee ala 6ree(′ama4 lee ch′a′al. Ko4/ch′aa ′e4 lee a/ ′alaa′. /ma44 lee ch′a′oo4 lee 9na2. Lee 6o2′ 6ee/m)l4 lee /aal. Lee a42′4 66))( ′ap4 pa chee′.
3
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. Laa /′ oo r a(aa( pa 4a
Is -o) *a(her a( home
K ′ool/.
He s.
Na / ′oo (a4.
He sn(.
?. Ja9 ′eena2 9 r a(aa( B′eena2 pa chaa/. 3. Jasa ora /))l/ %ee ne /))l pa (a2 a las /9a(ro. . Kmpee ch na pa 4)n ra(o.
%here has -o)r *a(her 'one He has 'one (o 9or/. %ha( (me 9ll he arr:e here Ma-e hell arr:e a( *o)r ocloc/. Ill come ac/ n a 9hle.
LESSON ,%EN, CLASS ? ,RANSI,I@E @ERBS IN @OICE 3 MEANING O$ @OICE 3 Bo(h @oce ? and @oce 3 ha:e man- o* (he 2)al(es o* (he pass:e :oce n En'lsh. In o(h o* (hese :oces+ (he o4ec( or (he recpen( o* (he ac(on o* (he :er s ':en emphass. ,he d**erence e(9een @oce ? and @oce 3 s (ha( (he ac(on done (o (he o4ec( rece:es a d**eren( emphass. In @oce ? (he *oc)s s placed on (he o4ec( 9(h (he emphass on (he ac(on done (o (he o4ec(. In @oce 3 9e s(ll ha:e (he spo(l'h( *oc)sed on (he o4ec( o* (he :er phrase+ )( no9 9e are no( concen(ra(n' so m)ch on (he ac(on done (o ( as 9e are on emphasn' (he cond(on or s(a(e o* (he o4ec(+ res)l(n' *rom (he ac(on done (o (. ,here*ore n @oce ? /a/ ′a-6/ means ( s soldF+ or someone sells (F. In @oce 3 /a/ ′a-(a4/ means ( 9ll 'e( soldF or ( 9ll *nsh en' soldF. @oce 3 emphases (he ecomn'F 1comn' (o e n a s(a(e5.
$ORMA,ION O$ @OICE 3 %e sa9 (ha( (he mar/er *or> @oce ! s ;4F @oce ? s ;61/5F ,he mar/er *or @oce 3 s ;(a41/5F @ers n (hs :oce are con4)'a(ed e6ac(l- l/e n(rans(:e :ers.
CONJGA,ION ;; /)na6/ 1(:5 ;; (o e c)red Incomple(ed Ac(on /n/)na(a4/ /a(/)na(a4/ /a/)na(a4/ /a/)na(a4 la
I shall 'e( c)red -o) 9ll 'e( c)red he 9ll 'e( c)red -o) 9ll 'e( c)red
/o4/)na(a4/ /6/)na(a4/ /ee/)na(a4/ /a/)na(a4 ala2
9e shall 'e( c)red -o) 9ll 'e( c)red (he- 9ll 'e( c)red -o) 9ll 'e( c)red
Comple(ed Ac(on 6n/)na(a4/ 6a(/)na(a4/ 6/)na(a4/ 6/)na(a4 la
I 'o( c)red -o) 'o( c)red he 'o( c)red -o) 'o( c)red
6o4/)na(a4/ 66/)na(a4/ 6ee/)na(a4/ 6/)na(a4 ala2
9e 'o( c)red -o) 'o( c)red (he- 'o( c)red -o) 'o( c)red
'e( c)red le( hm 'e( c)red 'e( c)red
/o4/)na(a4o/ /6/)na(a4o/ chee/)na(a4o/ /)na(a4 a ′la2
le( )s 'e( c)red 'e( c)red le( (hem 'e( c)red 'e( c)red
Impera(:e Ac(on
/a(/)na(a4o/ /)na(a4o/ /)na(a4a la
S0ECIAL NO,E> In En'lsh+ 9e can sa- s)ch (hn's as ( can e learnedF+ or ( can e arran'edF. In K ′che′+ one o* (he 9a-s o* e6pressn' appro6ma(el- (he same dea s - )sn' @oce 3 n ncomple(ed ac(on. $or e6ample> /e(a ′ma(a4/ ;; ( can e learnedF= /achoma(a4/ ;; ( can e arran'ed.F
,HE S,A,I@E AS0EC, %e ha:e )n(l no9 seen (hree aspec(s o* n(rans(:e and (rans(:e :ers+ namel-+ ncomple(e+ comple(ed+ and (he mpera(:e. In @oce 3 (here s a ne9 aspec( (ha( s pec)lar (o (hs :oce> S(a(:e Aspec(. %ha( does (hs S(a(:e Aspec( mean %e sa9 n (he *rs( par( o* (hs lesson (ha( n @oce 3 n o(h comple(ed and ncomple(ed ac(on 9e ha:e emphass on (he s(a(e o* (he o4ec( res)l(n' *rom an ac(on (o e done or (ha( 9as done (o (. In (he S(a(:e Aspec( (he emphass s s(ll on (he s(a(e o* (he o4ec(+ )( no9 9(h no men(on o* (he ac(on (ha( p)( (he o4ec( n (ha( s(a(e. ,he S(a(:e Aspec( has (s o9n par(c)lar mar/er. c.*. elo9> !. ?. 3. .
Incomple(ed Ac(on Comple(ed Ac(on Impera(:e ac(on S(a(:e Aspec(
aspec( mar/er aspec( mar/er aspec( mar/er aspec( mar/er
/;+ /a; 6; /ch;;;o/ ;(al 1/5
CONJGA,ION O$ S,A,I@E AS0EC, n /)na(al/ a( /)na(al/ /)na(al/ /)na(al la
I am c)red -o) are c)red he s c)red -o) are c)red
o4 /)na(al/ 6 /)na(al/ ee /)na(al/ /)na(al ala2
7
9e are c)red -o) are c)red (he- are c)red -o) are c)red
E0RESSION O$ AGEN, %I,H )maalF In @oce 3 (he a'en( o* (he ac(on can e e6pressed n all e'h( persons - (he prepos(on )maalF ;; me+ -o)+ hm / ′a-(a4 lee 9a a9)maal. *nshed en' sold (he (or(llas - -o) ,he (or(llas 9ere *nshed en' sold - -o). K ′a-(al lee 9a 2)maal. are sold (he (or(llas - )s ,he (or(llas are sold 1n (he s(a(e o* en' sold5 - )s.
MO&EL SEN,ENCE !. Aree(a2 6/ ′a-(a4 lee /a6lan 9a /)mal lee a4Na9ala ′′+ 6ee(al4 pa /(nam(. 9hen ( 9as *nshed en' sold;; read ;; - (hem;;(he Nah)alenans W(he- re()rned (o (her (o9n %hen (he read 9as *nshed en' sold - (he Nah)alenans+ (he- re()rned (o (her (o9n. ?. A′ 4la(al /ono4el lee 9na2 9araal r)mal / ′a(′al (4. ,he- are co)n(ed;; all o* (he people W here;; - ( ;; (he 'o:ernmen( All (he people here are co)n(ed - (he 'o:ernmen(
@OCABLAR (al4 (al6/ a4la6/ ′6/ poro6/ ra4l ra4aa9 /a6lan 9a / ′a(′al (4 ma-es(r 9ee ne ch aree ch
1:5 1(:5 1(:5 1(:5 1(:5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1ad:5 1con45 1con45
(o re()rn (o e re()rned (o e co)n(ed (o e sad (o e )rned mone(s o9ner read co)r( ho)se+ 'o:ernmen( (eacher 1Spansh loan5 perhaps+ ma-e (ha( n order (ha(
K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#.
Aree(a2 6poro(a4 lee 4a r)mal lee ra4a9+ 6( ′aap6 pa chee′. eechoma(a4 lee 9na2 pa / ′a(′al (4. Aree(a2 6′(a4 la′ r)mal lee ach 6)ma44 ch′a′oo4. (al(a4 lee ra4l chee lee ra4aa9 r)mal lee ela2 ′oom. A′ 4la(al lee 9na2 9araal pa (nam( r)mal lee ma-es(r. Kee(a′ma(a4 lee 4)n chaa/+ 9ee sa/ ′aa4 4))n. E2a(al lee nee′ r)mal )naan. Aree(a2 6′(a4 ch9ee ch na /a/ ′a-6 (a lee )lee9+ 6n(al4 pa 9o ′ch. %ee /arela2′a4 lee p9a/ lee a/ ′aal+ 9ee ne /a(′aap(a4 pa chee′. Lee / ′s/ ′ /a/m)l4 / ′ pa ′e aree ch na /ee/amsa(a4 (a r)mal lee ( ′′.
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ !. ? 3. . . 7. . 8. ".
%hen (he 9or/ 9as *nshed en' planned - )s+ 9e re()rned home. ,he chld s 1n (he s(a(e o*5 en' cared *or - hs *a(her. %e 'o (o 9or/ n (he mornn' n order (ha( (he land 9ll 'e( cleaned 2)c/l-. I* (he *'h( 'e(s resol:ed 1choma6/5 2)c/l- n (he co)r( ho)se+ ( 1(he *'h(5 9ll end 1/ ′s5 o:er (here. I* -o) 165 (a/e care o* -o)rsel:es on (he road+ -o) 9on( 'e( /lled. ,he po( 9as re()rned (o (s place - (he 9oman. es(erda-+ (he mans clo(hes 'o( )rned. ,he man sa-s (ha( (he chldren ha:e ecome (a)'h( ao)( 1chee5 (he doc(rne. Ma-e Ill 'o * (he mone- 'e(s re()rned (o me.
A&&I,IONAL &RILL Chan'e (he *ollo9n' :ers o* @oce ! n(o @oce 3 /eepn' (he same o4ec(s and e6pressn' (he s)4ec(s ;)maalF n (s appropra(e *orm. ,ransla(e (he ne9 sen(ences n(o En'lsh. !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#.
2aporo4 lee chaa/ 9r. Lee ach4aa′ /a/(al4 lee p9a/ cheech lee ra4aa9. Keechoma4 la lee 9na2 pa / ′a(′al (4. Lee ala 6n))ch′a′e4 pa ′e. ′m)l4 lee ch/op pa /oral 1corral5 aree ch na /e ′la2a6 (a4. Ka′ 4la4 ala2 lee 9na2 pa (nam(. Aree(a2 6m′4 9a′ ch/eech lee a4cha/ ′+ 6ee′ee pa chaa/. ))(′aap4 )ch lee 4a lee ala. Aree(a2 /a2a(′aap4 )ch 4a+ na /o ′/ (a lee 9na2. aama44 chaa/ 9r.
8
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. K ′oo 4)n n)(a4/l a9))/ ′.
I ha:e an errand 9(h -o).
?. Jasa lee a(a4/l
%ha( s -o)r errand
3. Laa /′ oo a(a4/l
&o -o) ha:e an errand 1do -o) 9an( some(hn'5
. Jasa /aa9aa4
%ha( do -o) 9an(
. Jachn 6a(a2o9 lo2
%ho sen( -o) here
"
LESSON ,%EN, ONE CLASS ? ,RANSI,I@E @ERBS IN @OICE %e ha:e seen (ha( (he d**eren( :oces n K ′che′ :ers are 9a-s o* p)((n' emphass on one or more o* (he (hree elemen(s o* (he (rans(:e :er cla)se. %e are no9 'on' (o (rea( o* @oce . ,hs :oce s )sed 9hen one 9shes (o place (he emphass on (he AC,ION o* (he :er cla)se 9(h secondar- emphass on (he ac(or+ 9(h no o4ec( men(oned 1e6cep( ndrec(l-+ as 9e shall see5. Snce 9e ha:e n (hs :oce onl- s)4ec( and :er e6pressed+ (hs :oce resemles an n(rans(:e :er. I( ma- help (o (hn/ o* (hs :oce as a 9a- o* n(rans(:n' (rans(:e :ers. %e sa9 (ha( n each o* (he :aro)s :oces+ (here are d**eren( mar/ers> @oce ! @oce ? @oce 3 @oce
;4 ;6 ;(a4 ;n
cha/);4 cha/);61/5 cha/);(a41/5 cha/);n1/5
,he mar/er *or @oce s ;n1/5. ,o see ho9 (hs :oce 9or/s+ oser:e *ollo9n' sen(ences> I* 9e )se :er cha/)6/ (o 9or/n :oce !+ 9e m'h( sa-> Lee ach4aa /a/cha/)4 le )lee9 pa 4)-).. ,he men (he-;9or/ (he land n hlls ,he men 9or/ (he land n (he hlls. No(e (ha( n @oce !+ (he :er e6presses (he o4ec(+ (he land ol'a(orl- o(h n K ′che′ and n (he En'lsh (ransla(on. I* 9e )se (hs :er n @oce n (he same sen(ence+ onl- e6cl)dn' (he o4ec( 9e 'e(> Keecha/)n lee ach4aa pa 4)-) ,he-;9or/ (he men n hlls ,he men 9or/ n (he hlls.
8#
In En'lsh+ as n K ′che+ 9e ha:e (he :er e6pressed alon' 9(h (he s)4ec( o* (he :er. ,he o4ec( s e6cl)ded. In K ′che′+ as n En'lsh+ man- (rans(:e :ers can e )sed 9(ho)( o4ec(s. ,o do (hs n K ′che ′+ one )ses @oce . @oce :ers eha:e e6ac(l- as n(rans(:e :ers n (her *orma(on. Incomple(e Ac(on Yaspec( / / /a /a / / / /a
Ys)4ec( n a( ;; ;; o4 6 ee 1′5 ;;
Yroo( 2′o4oma 2′o4oma 2′o4oma 2′o4oma 2′o4oma 2′o4oma 2′o4oma 2′o4oma
Ymar/er n n n n la n n n n ala2
Y(ermna(on / / / / / /
I pla- 1m)sc5 -o) pla- 1m)sc5 he pla-s 1m)sc5 -o) pla- 1m)sc5 9e pla- 1m)sc5 -o) pla- 1m)sc5 (he- pla- m)sc -o) pla- 1m)sc5
Comple(ed Ac(on Yaspec( 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Ys)4ec( n a( ;; ;; o4 6 ee 1′5 ;;
Yroo( 2′o4oma 2′o4oma 2′o4oma 2′o4oma 2′o4oma 2′o4oma 2′o4oma 2′o4oma
Ymar/er n n n n la n n n n ala2
Y(ermna(on / / / / / /
I pla-ed 1m)sc5 -o) pla-ed 1m)sc5 he pla-ed 1m)sc5 -o) pla-ed 1m)sc5 9e pla-ed 1m)sc5 -o) pla-ed 1m)sc5 (he- pla-ed m)sc -o) pla-ed 1m)sc5
Impera(:es Yaspec(
Ys)4ec(
/;
a(; [;
/; /; ch
o4; 6; ee 1′5;
Yroo( 2′o4oma; 2′o4oma; 2′o4oma; 2′o4oma; 2′o4oma; 2′o4oma; 2′o4oma;
Ymar/er n; n; n; n; n; n; n;
8!
Y(ermna(on o/ 1a5 o/ 1a5 a la o/ 1a5 o/ 1a5 o/ 1a5 a ′la2
pla- 1m)sc5 le( hm pla- 1m)sc5 pla- 1m)sc5 le( )s pla- 1m)sc5 pla- 1m)sc5 le( (hem pla- 1m)sc5 pla- 1m)sc5
Se:eral pec)lar(es o* :ers n (hs :oce sho)ld e no(ed !. No( all (rans(:e :ers are )sed n (hs :oce. ,he- can all e (heore(call- *ormed n @oce + )( man- are no( )sed. Apparen(l-+ (o (he na(:e spea/er (he- ma/e no sense. ,here are se:eral Class ? :ers 9hch 9e ha:e seen 9hch (heore(call- can e *ormed+ )( ma- no( e )sed> /n9esa4 /nesan/
I (a/e ( o)(F I (a/e o)(F
correc( ncorrec(
/n9o2′e4 /no2′en/
I cr- o:er hmF correc( I cr- o:erF ncorrec(
No(e (ha( n (he e6amples 4)s( ':en+ (her (ransla(on n(o En'lsh s ncorrec( )nless (he o4ec( s e6pressed. Man- o* (he (rans(:e :ers 9hch canno( e )sed n (hs :oce ha:e correspondn' n(rans(:e :ers 9hch are )sed n (her place= e.'. ns(ead o* /no2 ′en/+ I cr- o:er+ 9hch s no( )sed+ 9e )se (he n(rans(:e :er+ /no2 ′/+ I cr-F. In (he :er ch′aa ′e6/+ (o e spo/en (oF+ 9e *nd 9e canno( sa- /nch ′aa ′en/+ I spea/ (oF. In (hs case (he correspondn' n(rans(:e :er s )sed (o e6press (he dea> /nch ′aa9/+ I spea/F. ?. %hen )sn' a :er n (hs :oce+ one m)s( no(e 9he(her (he s)4ec( o* (he sen(ence s no9 (he doer o* (he ac(on or ecomes (he rece:er o* (he ac(on. $or e6ample+ n (he :er /amsa6/+ (o e /lledF+ * 9e )se (hs :er n @oce 9e 'e( /n/amsan/+ I /llF. %e see (ha( (he s)4ec( IF n (hs case s s(ll (he ac(:e a'en( o* (he ac( o* /lln'. Ho9e:er+ * 9e )se (he :er ra26/+ (o e ro/en openF+ n @oce 9e 'e( /nra2n/+ I rea/ openF. Here 9e see (ha( (he s)4ec( s no9 (he rece:er o* (he ac(on ra(her (han (he doer. 0)((n' (hs :er n @oce !+ 9e 'e( an ac(:e a'en(> /nra24 lee a ′a4+ I rea/ open (he roc/F. I* 9e re*lec( )pon (hs dea+ 9e can see (ha( 9e do appro6ma(el- (he same (hn' n En'lsh. %e don( ha:e (o loo/ *ar(her (han (he las( (9o e6amples. In I /ll hmF and I /llF+ 9e ha:e (he s)4ec(s as doers o* (he ac(on n o(h cases. In I rea/ open (he roc/F and I rea/ openF+ 9e ha:e (he doer o* he ac(on n (he *rs( sen(ence ecomn' (he rece:er o* (he ac(on n (he second e6ample. And so ( s n K ′che′. Some :ers 9hose s)4ec(s ecome recpen(s o* (he ac(on n @oce ha:e correspondn' n(rans(:e :ers 9hch e6press (he same den(cal meann'. $or e6ample+ 9e sa9 (ha( /ara2n/ means ( rea/s openF. ,here s a correspondn' n(rans(:e :er+ /ara2aro ′/+ 9hch m'h( e appro6ma(el- (ransla(ed as ( ecomes ro/en openF. $or all prac(cal p)rposes (hese (9o *orms are n(erchan'eale. 3. %e men(oned ao:e (ha( no o4ec( s e6pressed drec(l- n @oce . Ho9e:er+ one ma- )se an o4ec( ndrec(l- a( (mes n (hs :oce. ,hs s done - )sn' (he prepos(on ch;ee 1ch;eech5+ (o or *or me+ -o)+ hmF. %e ha:e seen (ha( 9e can sa-> /n))lo2 ′o4 lee n(aa(+ m- *a(her lo:es meF. In @oce + 9e can e6press (he same dea - sa-n' /alo2 ′on lee n(aa( ch9ee+ m- *a(her lo:es 1(o5 meF. ,he d**erence seems (o e (ha( n @oce 9e are placn' mos( o* (he emphass on hs ac( o* lo:n'+ and (he one 9ho s (he o4ec( o* (hs ac( s onl- o* secondar- mpor(ance. ,hs mechansm o* e6pressn' (he o4ec( ndrec(l- 9(h @oce s )sed :er- commonl- n (9o cases>
8?
a.
,o a:od con*)son 9hch arses n @oce ! n (r-n' (o sa- I Y :er Y -o) 1laal5F+ e.'. I loo/ *or -o)F+ as ds(nc( *rom -o) 1laal5 Y :er Y meF+ e.'. -o) loo/ *or meF. In K ′che′+ o(h o* (hese sen(ences come o)( den(call- n @oce !> Kn()/)4 la. In order (o a:od (hs am')(-+ (he K ′che′ spea/er 9ll o*(en s9(ch (o @oce 9hen )sn' nF 9(h laalF. ,hen ( s mmeda(el- clear 9ho s (he s)4ec( and 9ho s (he o4ec(> Kn()/)n chee la+ I am loo/n' *or -o)F= and Ka()/)n la ch9ee+ o) are loo/n' *or meF.
. %e sa9 9hen (al/n' ao)( @oce ! (ha( (hrd person s)4ec(s canno( e )sed 9(h laal or ala2 as o4ec(s. One canno( correc(l- sa-> /))()/)4 la+ He s loo/n' *or -o)F. In (he s()d- o* @oce ? 9e sa9 (ha( one 9a- (o e6press (hs dea s (o )se @oce ?> e.'. /a()/)6 la r)maal+ -o) are en' loo/ed *or - hmF. Ano(her 9a- (o e6press (hs dea s (o )se @oce > Ka()/)n chee la+ He s loo/n' *or -o)F.
MO&EL SEN,ENCE Kee2′o4oman lee a42′o4omaa′ pa (a/ nma2′4. (he- pla- ;; (he marma pla-ers ;; a( *es(as ,he marma pla-ers pla- a( *es(as.
@OCABLAR s/ ′6/ 2′o4oma6/ ra26/ (aa(a ′e6/ ela2′/ ′so6/ ′6a6/ ch′o ′46/ cha/)6/ a42′o4oom a42′o4omaa′ nma2′4 ′rn paam ma4aa ′ 6a2 4as chee 4as chemna r)mal r
1(:5 1(:5 1(:5 1(:5 1(:5 1(:5 1(:5 1(:5 1(:5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1pn5 1ad:5 1ad:5 1n(er5 1n(er5
(o e called+ (o e n:(ed (o e pla-ed 1a m)scal ns(r)men(5+ especall- a marma (o e ro/en or )rs( open (o e ls(ened (o @oce o* ela2′a6c 1(:5 ;; (o e s(olen or roed 1rre')lar5 (o e sad ao)( (o e s)n' (o e *o)'h( o:er (o e 9or/ed marma pla-er marma pla-ers *es(a+ ' da')nn- sac/ s(omach+ nsde no( -e( no more (han+ onl-+ 4)s( 9h- 9h- no( eca)se o* (ha( 1pas(5+ eca)se
83
K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!.
Na /eecha/)n (a lee 9na2 pa (a2 nma2′4. Kee′son lee a/ ′alaa ′ r)mal r 6/am lee /naan. Ma4aa /as/ ′n lee ach chee la+ (aa(. a2 /o4(aa(a ′en/ aree(a2 /o4ch′aa ′e6 /)mal lee 2ama-es(r. (′aapn lee )ch 4a. Rono4el 2′4 /6/ ′a-n pa / ′a-′al. Jaschee /ee′6an lee a/ ′alaa′ pa 4a ra2n )paam lee / ′s/ ′ r)mal r 6aa -a9aa′. Kee()/)n lee ( ′′ pa (a2 4)-) ′. Laa /ee()/)n lee 9na2 chee la+ (aa( Jaschemna /ee2an ala2
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ se onl- @oce n (he :ers !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#.
I 9or/ 9(h m- *a(her e:er- da- n (he hlls. ,he chldren ls(en (o (he (eacher. %h- ddn( (he door (o (he ho)se close ,he men do no( (hn/ 1choma6/5+ (he- onl- ro. ,he ')nn- sac/ )rs( open 9hen ( *ell. o) 1a(5 are sad eca)se -o) *o)'h( 9(h -o)r 9*e. ,he o-s are loo/n' *or -o)+ srs 1ala25. ,he marma pla-ers s(ll do no( pla- a( (he *es(as. %h- don( -o)r chldren 9or/ 9(h -o) n (he hlls+ sr 1laal5 %here do -o)r do's h)n(+ o-s
&RILLS Chan'e (he :ers n (he *ollo9n' sen(ences n(o @oce om((n' (he o4ec(s. Re9r(e and (ransla(e each sen(ence n(o En'lsh. !. ?. 3. . 7. . 8. ". !#.
Lee a′/ ′alaa′ /a/′so4 )9ach lee /naan. Ka2acha/)4 lee 2)lee9 rono4el 2 ′4. K2′o4oma4 lee 2′o4oom pa lee nma2′4. Jaschee 6a2 /a′9ela2′a4 lee 9na2 Lee a′ch4aa ′ /a// ′a-4 leme′( pa / ′a-′al. Kee2a()/)4 lee (eel (a2 ch/op pa (a2 4)-) ′. K)′/amsa4 lee ( ′/n lee me′s. Lee ach 6))ra24 lee ′rn 1ma/e s)re n (hs sen(ence (ha( (he a' s (he (hn' (ha( )rs(s5. Kee2a4 ala2 lee ′o′ 4 pa (a2 ′e. Cha′9a4la4 lee ach/oop.
8
Chan'e (he *ollo9n' sen(ences *rom @oces ! and ? n(o @oce e6pressn' (he o4ec( ndrec(l- 9(h ch;ee. ,ransla(e (he ne9 sen(ence n(o En'lsh. !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#.
Ka2as/′ 4 la+ naan. /amsa6 lee (′′ r)mal lee ach. Ka()/)6 ala2 /)mal lee a/alaa. Kn()/)4 la 1laF s (he o4ec( here5. Knlo2′o4 ala2 1nF s (he o4ec(5. Kacha46 lee p9a2 /)mal lee ala′oom. Ma4aa /a2a(aa(a′e4 lee ach. ,)/)6a la r)mal lee al. Chchoma4 lee / ′aslemaal. Ko4)/)na4 lee a42 ′4.
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. Ka(o/ )′lo2.
Come on n here.
?. Ka(′)-)lo2.
S( do9n.
3. Ka(/′ oola na 4) ′2.
S(a- aro)nd a9hle lon'er.
. Jasa /)laa ′anaa ch′
%ha( ha:e -o) come here (o do
. Janpaa 2′4 /a′ ′anaa chla
Ho9 lon' are -o) 'on' (o e (here
8
LESSON ,%EN, ,%O CLASS ? ,RANSI,I@E @ERBS IN @OICE RE@IE% O$ ,HE MEANING O$ @OICE ,he :oces n K ′che′ (rans(:e :ers are 9a-s o* p)((n' emphass on one or more o* (he (hree man elemen(s o* (he :er phrase> s)4ec(+ :er+ or o4ec(. a. @oce !> emphass s p)( e2)all- on all (hree elemen(s ;; s)4ec(+ :er and o4ec( . @oce ?> emphass s p)( on (he o4ec( 1smlar (o (he pass:e :oce n En'lsh5 c. @oce 3> emphass s on (he cond(on or s(a(e o* (he o4ec( d. @oce > emphass s on (he :er 1l/e n(rans(:e :ers5
@OICE Meann' ,hs **(h :oce o* (he K ′che′ (rans(:e :er s a'an placn' emphass on one o* (he elemen(s o* (he :er phrase. In @oce + (he emphass s placed on (he s)4ec( or a'en( o* (he ac(on. In En'lsh (o place (he emphass on (he s)4ec( o* (he :er phrase+ 9e 9o)ld sa-> I m-sel* (oo/ (he o- (o schoolF. I m-sel*F en' (he phrase 9e )se (o emphase (he s)4ec( or a'en( o* (he ac(on. L/e9se+ 9e can do (hs 9(h (he o(her persons n En'lsh> -o) -o)rsel*F+ he hmsel*F+ 9e o)rsel:esF+ e(c. ,o 'e( (hs /nd o* emphass n K ′che′+ 9e )se @oce . $orma(on o* @oce In @oce all (hree man elemen(s are ol'a(orl- presen(> s)4ec(+ :er+ o4ec(. Ho9e:er+ n e:er- ns(ance a( leas( s)4ec( or o4ec( m)s( e a (hrd person 1sn')lar or pl)ral5 or laal or ala2. In (he e:en( (ha( o(h s)4ec( and o4ec( are o(her (han (hrd person or o(her (han laal or ala2+ (hen (hs :oce canno( e )sed *or emphasn' (he s)4ec(. %e shall see n (he ne6( lesson o(her 9a-s o* emphasn' (he persons n (he :ers.
87
SCHEMA> Separa(ed S)4ec( 0rono)ns n a( are′ 1are5 laal o4 6 a′re′ 1a′ree5 ala2
I -o) he -o) 9e -o) (he-o)
Yaspec(
Yo4ec(
Ys)4ec(
Incomple(e /; 1/a;5
n; a(; [; la o4; 6; ee; ala2
n; a(; [; la; o4; 6; ee; ala2
Comple(e 6; Impera(:e ch; 1rare5
me -o) hm -o) )s -o) (hem -o)
I -o) he -o) 9e -o) (he-o)
Yroo(
Y:oce mar/er
^(ermna(on
;;;;; ;;;;; ;;;;; ;;;;; ;;;;; ;;;;; ;;;;; ;;;;;
;n ;n ;n ;n ;n ;n ;n ;n
1;/5 1;/5 1;/5 1;/5 1;/5 1;/5 1;/5 1;/5
No(e n (he schema ao:e (ha( (he separa(ed s)4ec( prono)n s (o emphase (he s)4ec( o* (he :er and m)s( a'ree 9(h (he s)4ec( 9(hn (he :er n person and n)mer. Rarel-+ (hs separa(ed s)4ec( maappear mmeda(el- *ollo9n' (he :er ra(her (han e*ore (. In (he (hrd person sn')lar or pl)ral+ * a no)n s presen( as (he s)4ec(+ (hen (he separa(ed s)4ec(+ areare+ ma- or ma- no( e )sed+ e.'. aree lee achF or lee achF. Sample Con4)'a(on o* a Class ? @er n @oce n Incomple(ed Ac(on sn' All 0ossle $orms K)na> ;; (o c)re+ (o heal !. %(h nF as s)4ec( a. %(h o4ec( (hrd person sn')lar ;; eroF In /n/)nan/. I m-sel* c)re hm. . %(h o4ec( second person *ormal ;; laalF In /n/)nan la. I m-sel* c)re -o). c. %(h o4ec( (hrd person pl)ral eeF In /n/)nan lee a ′ch4aa ′. I m-sel* c)re (he men. d. %(h (he o4ec( second person pl)ral *ormal ;; ala2F In /n/)nan ala2. I m-sel* c)re -o). ?. %(h a(F as s)4ec( a. %(h o4ec( (hrd person sn')lar ;; eroF A( /a(/)nan/. o) -o)rsel* c)re hm. . %(h o4ec( (hrd person pl)ral eeF A( /a(/)nan lee a ′ch4aa ′. o) -o)rsel* c)re (he men.
8
3. %(h eroF 1(hrd person sn')lar5 as s)4ec( a. %(h o4ec( *rs( person nF Aree /n/)nan/. He hmsel* c)res me. Aree lee ach /n/)nan/. ,he man s (he one 9ho c)res me. . %(h o4ec( second person sn')lar a(F Aree /a(/)nan/. He hmsel* c)res -o). Aree lee ach /a(/)nan/. ,he man s (he one 9ho c)res -o). c. %(h o4ec( (hrd person sn')lar ;; eroF Aree /a/)nan/. Heshe hmsel*hersel* c)res hmher(. Aree lee ach /a/)nan/. ,he man s (he one 9ho c)res hmher(. d. %(h o4ec( second person sn')lar *ormal ;; laalF Aree /a/)nan la. Heshe hmsel*hersel* c)res -o). Aree lee ach /a/)nan la. man s (he one 9ho c)res -o).
,he
e. %(h o4ec( *rs( person pl)ral o4F Aree /o4/)nan/. Heshe hmsel*hersel* c)res )s. Aree lee ach /o4/)nan/. ,he man s (he one 9ho c)res )s. *. %(h o4ec( second person pl)ral 6F Aree /6/)nan/. Heshe hmsel*hersel* c)res -o). Aree lee ach /6/)nan/. ,he man s (he one 9ho c)res -o). '. %(h o4ec( (hrd person pl)ral eeF Aree /ee/)nan/. Heshe hmsel*hersel* c)res (hem. Aree lee ach /ee/)nan/. ,he man s (he one 9ho c)res (hem. h. %(h o4ec( second person pl)ral *ormal ;; ala2F Aree /a/)nan ala2. Heshe hmsel*hersel* c)res -o). Aree lee ach /a/)nan ala2. ,he man s (he one 9ho c)res -o). . %(h laalF as (he s)4ec( a. %(h o4ec( *rs( person sn')lar nF Laal /n/)nan la. o) -o)rsel* c)re me. . %(h o4ec( (hrd person sn')lar ;; eroF Laal /a/)nan la. o) -o)rsel* c)re hmher. Laal /a/)nan la lee ach. o) are (he one 9ho c)res (he man. c. %(h o4ec( *rs( person pl)ral o4F Laal /o4/)nan la. o) -o)rsel* c)re )s. d. %(h o4ec( (hrd person pl)ral eeF Laal /ee/)nan la. o) -o)rsel* c)re (hem. Laal /ee/)nan la lee ach4aa. o) are (he one 9ho c)res (he men. . %(h o4F as s)4ec(
88
a. %(h o4ec( (hrd person sn')lar ;; eroF O4 /o4/)nan/. %e o)rsel:es c)re hm. O4 /o4/)nan lee ach. %e are (he ones 9ho c)re (he man. . %(h o4ec( second person sn')lar *ormal ;; laalF O4 /o4/)nan la. %e o)rsel:es c)re -o).
8"
c. %(h o4ec( (hrd person pl)ral eeF O4 /o4/)nan/ %e are (he ones 9ho c)re (hemhm. O4 /o4/)nan lee a ′ch4aa ′. o)rsel:es c)re (he men.
%e
d. %(h o4ec( second person pl)ral *ormal ;; ala2F O4 /o4/)nan ala2. %e o)rsel:es c)re -o). 7. %(h 6F as s)4ec( a. %(h o4ec( (hrd person sn')lar ;; eroF I6 /6/)nan/. o) -o)rsel:es c)re hm. I6 /6/)nan lee ach. o) are (he ones 9ho c)re (he man. . %(h o4ec( (hrd person pl)ral eeF I6 /6/)nan/. o) are (he ones 9ho c)re (hemhm. I6 /6/)nan lee ach4aa ′. (he ones 9ho c)re (he men.
o) are
. %(h eeF 1(hrd person pl)ral5 as s)4ec( In (hs person+ (he separa(ed s)4ec( prono)n+ a ′re 1a′ree5+ or a pl)ral no)n s o*(en (he onl- cl)e (ha( (he s)4ec( s pl)ral a. %(h o4ec( *rs( person sn')lar nF A′ree /n/)nan/. ,he- (hemsel:es c)re me. Lee 6o2 /n/)nan/. ,he 9omen are (he ones 9ho c)re me. . %(h o4ec( second person sn')lar a(F A′ree /a(/)nan/. ,he- (hemsel:es c)re -o). Lee 6o2 /a(/)nan/. ,he 9omen are (he ones 9ho c)re -o). c. %(h o4ec( (hrd person sn')lar ;; eroF A′ree /ee/)nan/. ,he- (hemsel:es c)re hmher((hem. Lee 6o2 /ee/)nan/. ,he 9omen are (he ones 9ho c)re hmher((hem. d. %(h o4ec( second person sn')lar *ormal ;;FlaalF A′ree /ee/)nan la. ,he- (hemsel:es c)re -o). Lee 6o2 /ee/)nan la. ,he 9omen are (he ones 9ho c)re -o). e. %(h o4ec( *rs( person pl)ral o4F A′ree /o4/)nan/. ,he- (hemsel:es c)re )s. Lee 6o2 /o4/)nan/. ,he 9omen are (he ones 9ho c)re )s. *. %(h o4ec( second person pl)ral 6F A′ree /6/)nan/. ,he- (hemsel:es c)re -o). Lee 6o2 /6/)nan/. ,he 9omen are (he ones 9ho c)re -o). '. %(h o4ec( (hrd person pl)ral eeF A′ree /ee/)nan lee a ′ch4aa ′. ,he- (hemsel:es c)re (he men. Lee 6o2 /ee/)nan le ach4aa. ,he 9omen are (he ones 9ho c)re (he men. h. %(h (he second person pl)ral *ormal ;; ala2F
"#
A′ree /ee/)nan ala2. ,he- (hemsel:es c)re -o). Lee 6o2 /ee/)nan ala2. ,he 9omen are (he ones 9ho c)re -o). NO,E> Here 9here (he o4ec( s (hrd person pl)ral+ (he mar/er s no9 eroF+ as n (he (hrd person sn')lar 1ns(ead o* eeF+ 9hch s (he ordnar- (hrd person pl)ral mar/er5. ,he *ac( (ha( (he o4ec( s pl)ral can onl- e dsco:ered *rom (he separa(ed o4ec( 9ord (ha( s pl)ral 1e.'.+ men5.
"!
A&&I,IONAL NO,ES I( can easl- e seen (ha( (he s(r)c()re o* @oce :ers :er- closel- resemles (ha( o* @oce + especalld)e (o (he *ac( (ha( (he- ha:e (he same (ermna(on mar/er+ ;nF. In sp(e o* (he con*)sn'l- smlar s(r)c()re e(9een (he (9o :oces+ (her meann's are 2)(e d**eren( and can easl- e ds(n')shed *rom (he en:ronmen( n 9hch (he :er s )sed. ,o con4)'a(e a Class ? :er n @oce n comple(ed ac(on+ as n all o(her cases 9e ha:e seen+ (he /;F 1/a;F5 s chan'ed (o 6;F Incomple(ed
Comple(ed
n /n/)nan/ I m-sel* c)re hm n 6n/)nan/ I m-sel* c)red hm a( /a(/)nan/ -o) -o)rsel* c)re hm a( 6a(/)nan/ -o)r -o)rsel* c)red hm aree /a/)nan/ he hmsel* c)re hm aree 6/)nan/ he hmsel* c)red hm Class ? :ers 9hose roo(s e'n 9(h :o9els are con4)'a(ed n @oce e6ac(l- as (hose 9hose roo(s e'n 9(h consonan(s+ e.'.> e2a6/+ 1(:5+ (o carr- on ac/+ (o pac/> In /ne2an lee -a9a ′. I m-sel* carr- (he sc/ one. SOME COMMON SES O$ @OICE !. %(h n(erro'a(or- 9ord 4achn 19ho5> I( s :er- common (o )se (hs :oce 9hen as/n' a 2)es(on ao)( (he s)4ec( o* (he sen(encecla)se 9hen (he n(rod)c(or- 9ord s 4achn 9ho. Jachn 6/)nan lee -a9aa ′ Jachn 6a(/)nan/
%ho 9as (he one 9ho c)red (he sc/ one %ho 9as (he one 9ho c)red -o)
?. Commonl- )sed n ans9ern' 2)es(ons ao)( (he s)4ec(> Aree lee a42′4 6/)nan/. Lee n(aa( 6n/)nan/.
,he d:ner hmsel* c)red hm. M- *a(her hmsel* c)red me.
3. %hen as/n' * s)ch and s)ch a person dd (he ac(on (ha( has an o4ec( Laa aree lee ach /a/)nan la Are′.
Is (he man hmsel* (he one 9ho c)res -o) He 1s5 (he one.
Laa a( /a(/)nan lee -a9a ′ Na n (a4.
Are -o) -o)rsel* (he one 9ho c)res (he sc/ person I( 1s5 no( I.
"?
. %(h /ooF+ a :er (ha( means (here s someone or some(hn'F and maa4F+ a :er (ha( means (here s noneF+ (here s no(hn'F+ (here s no oneF. Koo /n/)nan/.
,here s someone 9ho c)res me.
Laa maa4 /ee/)nan lee 9na2 Maa4 1/ee/)nan/5.
Is (here no one 9ho c)res (he people ,here s no one 9ho c)res (hem.
@OCABLAR / ′as)6/ 6′6/ 9ar(sa6/ ram6/ 4a(′6/ ())/)r 6′neel 6′nelaa′ ch′ch′ /olo′ ala4
1(:5 1(:5 1(:5 1(:5 1(:5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1ad45
chee 4achn1a25
1prep5 1n(er5
(o e a9a/ened (o e *r'h(ened (o e p)( (o sleep (o e c)( (o e (ed o9l 'hos( 'hos(s an- me(allc o4ec(+ mache(e+ car rope small 1al(erna(e *orm s la4F. %hen la4F s 9ord *nal n an )((erance+ ( ecomes la ′ 4F5 9(h 1ns(r)men(al(-5 9ho
Jachn ch2ee 1ch5 4achn ch9ee 1ch5 4achn ch/ee 1ch5 4achn cheech ala2
9ho o* )s 9ho o* -o) 9ho o* (hem 9ho o* -o)
K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#.
Aree lee 2a(aa( 6o4/ ′as)n nma2′a′. Laa /oo 6ramn lee la4 chee′ A′ree lee 6′nelaa′ /ee6′n lee 9na2 pa (a2 ′e. Laa aree lee al/ ′)′al la 6span lee p9a2 chee la Jachn 64a( ′n lee la4 ( ′′ pa 4a Ee 4achn (a2 lee 6o2′ /ee/ ′a-n 9a pa / ′a-′al Laa ala2 69ar(san ala2 lee la4 a/ ′aal pa 4a Aree &-oos /o4lo2′on/. I6 664a(′n lee /ee4 chee /olo ′. Jachn ch2eech /a/ ′as)n lee 2anaan
"3
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ !. ?. 3. . . 7 . 8. ". !#.
&d -o) -o)rsel:es 165 (e (he ca(s n (he ho)se &d -o) 1laal5 -o)rsel* *r'h(en )s %hch one o* -o) 1ala25 c)(s (he l((le (rees on (he hll %hch one o* )s 9ll p)( (he chld (o sleep (on'h( ,he- are 'hos(s (ha( *r'h(ened (he chldren -es(erda-. ,he o-s *a(her hmsel* /lled (he o9l eca)se ( 9as an e:l anmal. I( 9as (he (he* hmsel* 9ho (oo/ (he mache(e *rom (s place. Are -o) 165 (he ones 9ho are 'on' (o (a/e care o* o)r ho)se (omorro9 No one (a/es care o* (he sc/ people n (her ho)se. Is (here no one o* (hem (o 'o 9(h )s (o mar/e( (omorro9
A&&I,IONAL &RILL Ans9er (he *ollo9n' 2)es(ons n K ′che′ !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#.
Laa /oo 6ramn lee /olo′ Laa 6 66cha4n lee a/ ′alaa′ 9r Laa aree lee /(aa( lee a/ ′alaa′ 6/ ′a-n lee ( ′′ ch9eech Laa ala2 6poron lee chaa/ pa 4)-) ′ Jachn ch9eech 6m)ln lee a ′a4 pa (nam( 9r Laa a′ree lee nma2 (a2 a ′ch4aa ′ 6eem)ln lee 9na2 pa 2′a(′al (4 Laa aree lee a(aa( 6a((4on chee lee ch′aa ′al Laa aree lee a42′4 /a/)nan lee -a9aa ′ ch9e′2 Jachn ch2eech /a()/)n lee 2as ′ pa s9aan Laa laal 6( ′aapn la )ch lee 4a aree(a2 6o4 ′ee pa / ′a-′al
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. Ko49o′o2.
Le(s ea(.
?. Ka(9o′o2.
Ea(.
3. Cha(4aa lee a9aa.
Ea( -o)r *ood.
Mal(-oo6. . Mal(-oo6 chee 2a9aa. &-oos 6-o ′9/.
,han/ -o). ,han/s *or o)r *ood. God s (he one 9ho 'a:e (.
"
LESSON ,%EN, ,HREE S0ECIAL SB;CLASSES O$ CLASS ? ,RANSI,I@E @ERBS AN& ,HE SE O$ ,HE SE0ARA,E& 0ERSONAL 0RONONS $OR EM0HASIS Specal S);Classes o* Class ? ,rans(:e @ers %e ha:e seen (ha( (he Class ? roo(s end n :o9els 1a+ e+ + o+ and )5. ,here are (9o s);classes o* Class ? :ers 9hose endn's :ar- sl'h(l- *rom (hose 9e ha:e alread- seen *or :ers 9hch smpl- end n :o9els. O(her (han (hs one :ara(on (he- are con4)'a(ed e6ac(l- as (he Class ? :ers.
!. ,-pes %hose Roo(s End In>
;a′ ;e′ ;′ ;o′ ;)′
E6ample )/ ′a′ ;; (o carr-e′ ;; (o 9a( *or (e9ech′ ;; (o less -o′ ;; (o shoo a9a2′)′ ;; (o co:er )p 9(h
No9 9e shall see ho9 (hese Class ? roo(s 9hch end n (he :o9el Y 'lo((al s(op 1 ′5 are (ermna(ed n each o* (he *:e :oces. @oce ! Endn's ((erance $nal ;a′a4 ;e′e4 ;′4 ;o′o4 ;)′)4
/n9)/′a′ aa4. /n9-e′ee4. /n(e9ech′4. /n-o′oo4. /n2′)′))4.
I carr- ( I 9a( *or hm. I less hm. I shoo hm o)(. I co:er )p 9(h (.
No( ((erance $nal ; a ′4 ; e ′4 ; ′ 4 ; o′ 4 ; )′ 4
/n9)/ ′a′ 4 la′. /n9-e′ 4 na. /n(e9ech′ 4 la′. /n-o′ 4 la′. /n2′)′ 4 la′.
I carr- (ha(. Ill 9a( *or hm a9hle. Ill less (ha( one. Ill shoo (ha( one a9a-. Ill co:er )p 9(h (ha(.
"
@oce ? Endn's ;a′61/5 ;e′61/5 ;′61/5 ;o′61/5 ;)′61/5
/))/′a ′6/. /-e′6/. /a(e9ech′6/. /a-o ′6/. /a2′)′6/.
I( 9ll e carred. He 9ll e 9a(ed *or. He 9ll e lessed. He 9ll e shooed a9a-. I( 9ll e )sed (o co:er )p 9(h.
/)/′a ′(a4/. /-e′(a4/. /(e9ech′(a4/. /a-o ′(a4/. /a2′)′(a4/.
I( 9ll ecome carred. Hell ecome 9a(ed *or. He 9ll ecome lessed. He 9ll ecome shooed a9a-. I( 9ll ecome )sed (o co:er )p 9(h.
@oce 3 Endn's ;a′(a41/5 ;e′(a41/5 ;′(a41/5 ;o′(a41/5 ;)′(a41/5 @oce Endn's ;a′n1/5 ;e′n1/5 ;′n1/5 ;o′n1/5 ;)′n1/5
1lac/n' n (hs :er5 /-e′n/. /a(e9ech′n/. 1lac/n' n (hs :er5 1lac/n' n (hs :er5
He 9a(s. He lesses.
@oce Endn's ;a′n1/5 ;e′n1/5 ;′n1/5 ;o′n1/5 ;)′n1/5
n /n)/′a ′n/. n /n-e′n/. n /n(e9ech′n/. n /n-o′n/. n /n2′)′n/.
I m-sel* carr- (. I m-sel* 9a( *or hm. I m-sel* less hm. I m-sel* shoo hm a9a-. I m-sel* co:er )p 9(h (.
?. ,-pes %hose Roo(s End In ; ′a′ E6amples o* s)ch roo(s>
/)l) ′a′ ;; (o marr- o** (′)-)′a′ ;; (o sea(
Belo9 are (he appropra(e endn's *or each o* (he *:e :oces. A model *orm o* (he :er /)l) ′a′+ (o marr- o**F+ 9ll e ':en *ollo9n' each :oce. @oce ! Endn'>
; ′a′
/)/ ′)l) ′a′.
He marres hm o**.
;′aa
/)/′)l) ′aa lee ral/ ′)′aal.
He marres hs chld o**.
"7
@oce ? Endn'>
; ′a61/5
′a6/. 6ee/′)l)
,he- 9ere marred o**.
@oce 3 Endn'>
; ′a(a41/5
66/′ )l)′a(a4/.
o) 'o( marred o**.
@oce Endn'>
; ′an1/5
′an/. /o4/′)l)
%e are ma(ch ma/ers.
@oce Endn'>
; ′an1/5
laal 6/′ )l)′an la.
o) -o)rsel* marred hm o**.
,he se o* (he Separa(ed 0ersonal 0rono)ns *or Emphass ,he separa(ed personal prono)ns (ha( 9e sa9 n Lesson ,9en(- ,9o _n+ a(+ 1r5 are+ laal+ o4+ 6+ 1r5 are ′+ and ala2 can e )sed n an- s()a(on 9here 9e 9sh (o emphase (he person n some )((erance. !. In non;:eral sen(ences> %e ha:e seen ho9 (o sa- n n achF+ ;; I m-sel* am a manF+ 9hch can also e sad n ach nF. ,he d)plca(on o* (he n seems (o ':e more emphass (o (he person. I( can also e correc(l- sad n achF+ ;; I am a manF+ 9(ho)( (he d)plca(on o* (he prono)n (o ':e ( emphass. ,hs same d)plca(on o* (he prono)n *or emphass can e done n all e'h( prono)ns. ?. In n(rans(:e :ers and @oce (o emphase (he s)4ec(> Here (he prono)n s placed mmeda(el- e*ore or mmeda(el- *ollo9n' (he :er. O4 /o4ch ′aa9/F or /o4ch′aa9 o4F o(h mean %e o)rsel:es spea/F. ,he separa(ed prono)n s also )sed *or as/n' and ans9ern' 2)es(ons 9(h n(rans(:e :ers and n @oce > D> Laa 6 66(aa2/ A> Jee′ o4 16o4(aa2/5.
%ere -o) (he ones 9ho *ell es+ 9e 9ere 1(he ones 9ho *ell5.
D> Jachn /acha/)n 9))/ ′ A> Aree lee ala /acha/)n a9))/ ′
%ho 9ll 9or/ 9(h me I( s (he o- 9ho 9ll 9or/ 9(h -o).
3. In @oce ! (o emphase (he s)4ec(> In /a(ncha44. or Ka(ncha44 n.
I m-sel* (a/e care o* -o).
Jachn /nlo2′on/ In /a(nlo2′oo4.
%ho lo:es me I m-sel* lo:e -o).
. In @oce ! (o emphase (he o4ec(> I6 662ach′aa′e4. or 62ach′aa ′e4 6. Jachn 6))ch′aa ′e4 O4 6o4))ch′aa ′e4
o) are (he ones 9e spo/e (o.
%ho dd he spea/ (o %e are (he ones he spo/e (o.
"
. In :oces ? and 3 (o emphase (he o4ec(> Ala2 6/)na6 ala2 r)maal.
o) -o)rsel:es 9ere c)red - hm.
Jachn 6choma(a4/ Aree lee 2anaan 6choma(a4/.
%ho 9as (red I( 9as o)r mo(her 9ho 9as (red.
7. %(h no)ns (o emphase possesson> N)9))4 n la ′.
I( s mne (ha( oo/ (here.
. %(h prepos(ons (o emphase (he o4ec(> spa6 ch9ee n. 1spa6 n ch9ee.5
,o me ( 9as ':en.
NO,E> Ano(her 9a- o* emphasn' some elemen( o* a phrase s - p)((n' ( *rs( n (he )((erance> %)/ ′ 6pee 9. 0a 4a /m′ee 9. Anna2 6pee(/. Aree lee n(aa( 6))/)na4 lee ach.
%(h me he came. ,o (he ho)se I am 'on'. D)c/l- he came I( 9as m- *a(her (he man c)red.
MO&EL SEN,ENCE !. Chna9-e′ 4 na 4)ch′n+ / ′a(ee / ′) r′ /o4′ee pa / ′a-′al. %a( *or me ;; s(ll a ( ;; and a*(er (ha( 9ell 'o (o (he mar/e( %a( *or me a ( -e( and (hen 9ell 'o (o (he mar/e( ?. 0an)9′ n 6(e9ech′n 9 &-oos. pon me m-sel* he lessed God I( 9as )pon me God 'a:e hs lessn'. @OCABLAR (e9ech′6/ -e′6/ / ′)l) ′a6/ )/ ′a′6/ (erne′6/ ch′a2a′a6/ (′)-)′a6/ 2′)′6/
1(:5 1(:5 1(:5 1(:5 1(:5 1(:5 1(:5 1(:5
(o e lessed (o e 9a(ed *or 1@oce has (9o *orms> -e ′n/ and -e′ ′/5 (o e marred o** (o e carred (o e *ollo9ed+ (o e con(n)ed (o e made 9e( (o e sea(ed (o e co:ered )p 9(h
"8
-o′6/ 1(:5 (eem 1n5 / ′))l 1n5 a/ ′ 1n5 4)ch′n 1ad:5 / ′a(ee / ′) r′ 1ad:5 na 1ad:5 4ee′ 1ad:5 4a′′ 1ad:5 1or smpl- noF5
(o e shooed a9achar+ ench lan/e( chc/en a (+ momen( and a*(er (ha(+ and (hen *rs(+ s(ll+ -e(+ la(er+ *or a9hle+ ha:e (o -es no
&RILLS !. %r(e o)( (he con4)'a(on o* (he *ollo9n' :ers *or (he e'h( persons n all aspec(s n all *:e :oces. &o (hs e6ercse (9ce. ,he *rs( (me 9(h onl- (he :er 1e.'.+ /n(e9ech ′45 and (he second (me 9(h (he :er *ollo9ed - (he par(cle naF 1e.'.+ /n(e9ech ′ 4 na5. G:e (he En'lsh (ransla(on *or each *orm. -e′6/ (erne′6/ ch′a2aa6/
1(:5 1(:5 1(:5
(o e 9a(ed *or (o e *ollo9ed (o e made 9e(
?. ,ransla(e (he *ollo9n' 2)es(ons (o En'lsh+ (hen ans9er (hem n K ′che′ and (ransla(e (hem a'an n(o En'lsh 1e.'. Laa a( 6a( ′ee pa chaa/ 9rF ;; %as ( -o) 9ho 9en( (o 9or/ -es(erda- Jee ′+ nF. ;; -es+ ( 9as I.5 1Laa /a/)na4 lee -a9aa ′ /am/F ;; Are -o) 'on' (o c)re (he sc/ one (oda- Na /n/)na4 (a nF. ;; No I 9on( c)re hm -e(. a. . c. d. e. *. '. h. .
Jachn 6pee 9)/ ′ pa chaa/ 9r Laa 6 66ch′a2a′a6 r)mal lee 4a ′ Ja9 /o4/-e′ 4 9 lee ala′oom ch9e′2 Laa /a(erne′ 4 na la lee chaa/ Laa anna2 /a/ ′)l)′a6 lee ala r)mal )(aa( Jachn /)/ ′a′n lee 9a pa / ′a-′al Laa 669a′/ aree(a2 66( ′)-)′a(a4 r)mal lee (aa( Laa ch9e′2 /a2a/)na4 na lee 2anaan Laa aree lee / ′))l /2′)′ 4 chaa2′a′
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. Laa 6a()(r/ Jee′+ n)(r/.
Are -o) *nshed 1ea(n'5 es+ Im *nshed
?. Kn))m ch/.
Im h)n'r-.
3. Kacha24 n)ch′.
Im (hrs(-.
. Laa /a/′ a-6 9a 9araal
Is *ood sold hereF
""
LESSON ,%EN, $OR ,HE &EMONS,RA,I@E AR,ICLES AN& RELA,I@E 0RONONS> %EE+ LEE+ RII &EMONS,RA,I@E AR,ICLES In K ′che′ (he ar(cles 9hch 9e (ransla(e n En'lsh as (heF are also demons(ra(:es 1l/e (hsF and (ha(F n En'lsh5 n Kche. %e ha:e alread- )sed *re2)en(l- n (hs 'rammar one o* (he demons(ra(:es+ namel- lee ;; (he 1(ha( one presen( (o (he spea/er or spo/en o* as * ( 9ere presen(5. ,here are (hree o* (hese demons(ra(:e ar(cles. ,he pro6m(- 1ph-scal or ps-cholo'cal5 o* (he o4ec( spo/en ao)( (o (he spea/er s sho9n - (he ar(cle )sed 9(h (. 9ee
(he 1(hs one :er- near (o me5
lee
(he 1(ha( one presen( (o (he :son or spo/en o* as * presen(5
r
(he 1(ha( one no( presen( (o (he :son5
In (he *ollo9n' e6amples 9e can see ho9 (hese ar(cles are )sed> !. ( 9ee n)( ′′.
,he 1(hs one :er- near me5 m- do' s 'ood.
?. ( lee n)( ′′.
,he 1(hs one presen( (o o)r :son5 m- do' s 'ood.
3. ( r n)( ′′.
,he 1(ha( one no( presen( (o m- :son5 m- do' s 'ood.
%ee+ Lee+ and R as Rela(:e 0rono)ns ,he (hree demons(ra(:e ar(cles are also )sed as rela(:e prono)ns 9(h (he *ollo9n' meann's> 9ee
9hoF 1(hs one 9ho5+ 9hchF 1(hs one 9hch5 :er- close (o spea/er or 4)s( no9 done
lee
9hoF 1(ha( one (here 9ho5+ 9hchF 1(ha( one (here 9hch5 presen( (o (he :son o* spea/er or 4)s( recen(l- done
r
9hoF 1(ha( one 9ho5+ 9hchF 1(ha( one 9hch5 no( presen( (o (he spea/er+ no( -e( done or done n (he pas(
!##
In (he *ollo9n' e6amples+ 9e can see ho9 (he rela(:e prono)ns are )sed> 9ee>
9hchF ;; )sed 9(h (hn's :er- close (o (he spea/er ( 9ee n)( ′′ 9ee 6spa4 ch9e. 'ood (he m- do' ;; (hs one;; -o) 'a:e me ,hs s a 'ood do' 9hch -o) 'a:e me. 9hoF ;; )sed 9(h persons :er- close (o spea/er ( 9ee ach 9ee 6n/)nan/. 'ood (he man W (hs one W (he one 9ho c)red me ,hs man 9ho c)red me s 'ood.
lee>
9hchF ;; )sed 9(h (hn's presen( (o+ or recen(l- seen - (he spea/er ( lee n)(′′ lee 6spa4 ch9ee. 'ood (he m- do' ;; (ha( one ;; -o) 'a:e me ,ha( do' (here 9hch -o) 'a:e me s a 'ood one. 9hoF ;; )sed 9(h persons presen( (o or recen(l- seen - (he spea/er ( lee ach lee 6n/)nan/. 'ood (he man ;; (ha( one W (he one 9ho c)red me ,ha( man (here 9ho c)red me s 'ood.
r>
9hchF ;; )sed 9(h (hn's no( presen( ( r n)( ′′ r 6spa4 ch9ee. 'ood (he m- do' ;; (ha( one ;;-o) 'a:e me ,he do' 9hch -o) 'a:e me s 'ood. 9hoF ;; )sed 9(h persons no( presen( ( r ach r 6n/)nan/. 'ood (he man ;; (ha( one W(he one 9ho c)red me ,ha( man 9ho c)red me s 'ood.
!#!
NO,E> In (he ao:e e6amples (he ar(cles )sed 9(h (he no)ns ma(ch (he rela(:e prono)ns )sed 9(h (hem. 9ee ach 9ee lee ach lee r ach r
(hs man 9ho (ha( man (here 9ho (ha( man 9ho
I( sho)ld e no(ed (ha( (hs s no( al9a-s (he case. %e ma- 'e( :aro)s comna(ons> lee ach r 9ee ach r 9ee ach lee
(he man 9ho
Be a9are (ha( (hese :ara(ons e6s(. In a smple 'rammar s)ch as (hs+ 9e 9ll no( a((emp( (o e6plan (hs comple6 'ramma(cal prolem. ,he rela(:e prono)ns can also e )sed 9(h :ers> 9ee>
Ch(a(a ′ee4 14asa5 9ee /m′4. Ls(en (o 19ha(5 W(hs 9hch ;;I saLs(en (o (hs 9hch I sa-.
lee>
Ch(a(a ′e4 14asa5 lee /m′4. Ls(en (o 19ha(5 W(ha( 9hch ;;I saLs(en (o (ha( 9hch I sa-.
r>
Ch(a(a ′e4 14asa5 r /m′4. Ls(en (o 19ha(5 W(ha( 9hch ;;I saLs(en (o (ha( 9hch I sa-.
MO&EL SEN,ENCE !. pee lee ach lee 6n/)na4 /a′4r. he came (he 1(ha(5 man ;;(ha( one 9ho ;; I c)red (he da- e*ore -es(erda,he man 9hom I c)red (he da- e*ore -es(erda- came. ?. Chnma4 14asa5 9ee /m′4 ch9e. oe- ;; 19ha(5 ;; (hs 9hch ;; I sa- (o -o) Oe- (hs 9hch I am sa-n' (o -o).
!#?
@OCABLAR nma6/ /ee4 o4eer /a′4r 9ee 9ee lee lee r r
1(:5 1n5 1ad:5 1ad:5 1rel pro5 1dem ar(5 1rel pro5 1dem ar(5 1rel pro5 1dem pro5
(o e oe-ed+ respec(ed horse a lon' (me a'o (he da- e*ore -es(erda(hs one 9ho+ (hs one 9hch (he 1(hs one5 1(ha( one (here5 9ho+ 1(ha( one (here5 9hch (he 1(ha( one (here5 (ha( one 9ho+ (ha( one 9hch (he 1(ha( one5
K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!. !?.
/am r /(aa( lee a/ ′alaa′ o4eer. ( 9ee a/ ′aal= /n))nma4. K ′a6 lee 6 ′4 la chee lee ach. Laa ma4aa /apee r (aa( pa 4)-) ′ O4eer /aa(n r 6o2 pa 4a ′ rono4el 2′4. Kam/ /eecha/)n pa (nam( lee 9na2 lee 6ee/ ′a-n lee /ee4 ch9ee. R 6o2 r 66/)nan/+ s′ala4 /6))lo2′oo4. Ka2a4a( ′4 lee (′′ r 6/amsan r 4)n me′s. )l lee ach r 6ch′aa ′en la ca′4r. K))nma4 lee a/ ′aal 4asa r /a ′6 chee r)mal r )(aa(. Na )( (a4 9ee /ncha/))4. Ka2′′(a4 lee )(aa( lee a/ ′aal chee lee /)′4 lee ral/ ′)′aal.
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#.
,hs man c)red me a lon' (me a'o. I( s 'ood (ha( 9hch -o) sad (o (he people n (he c(- hall (he da- e*ore -es(erda-. ,he man 9ho spo/e (o -o) -es(erda- 9ll come (oda- n (he a*(ernoon. ,he horse 9hch -o) sold me s sc/ no9. ,he chldren oe-ed (ha( 9hch (her *a(her sad (o (hem. ,ha( o- 9ho le*( (he da- e*ore -es(erda- 9or/s here. ,he *a(her o* m- 9*e ded a lon' (me a'o. Has -o)r older ro(her s(ll no( arr:ed *rom (o9n I( s necessar- (ha( (he man 9ho 'a:e me (hs horse 'o 9(h )s (o (he co)r( ho)se. ,he chld 9hom -o) c)red a lon' (me a'o s sc/ a'an.
!#3
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. Laa maa4 /′ a6 cha9e Maa4.
Is (here no(hn' 9ron' 9(h -o) No(hn'.
?. Jas /′ a6 cha9e
%ha(s 9ron' 9(h -o)
3. K ′a6 n)4oloom.
M- head h)r(s
n)9ach.
M- e-e1s5 h)r(.
n)6/n.
M- ear1s5 h)r(.
n)9are.
M- (oo(h aches.
n)2)l.
M- (hroa( h)r(s.
n)paam.
M- s(omach h)r(s.
. K ′oo pamaa4 ch9e.
I ha:e darrhea.
K ′oo /a2a pamaa4 ch9e.
I ha:e d-sen(er- 1lood- darrhea5.
K ′oo /)ma( ch9e.
I ha:e rh)me(sm.
Maa4 n)ch)2′aa ′
I don( ha:e an- s(ren'(h.
. Na /ara4 (a n)9aa
I don( ha:e an appe((e.
7. Laa a/)nam a9′
Ha:e -o) c)red -o)rsel* 1(a/en medcne5
!#
LESSON ,%EN, $I@E ,HE &EMONS,RA,I@E 0RONONS> %A′+ LA′+ RI′
%e ha:e alread- seen s)ch sen(ences as>
Ch/op 9a ′. Me′s la′.
,hs s an anmal. ,ha( 1one (here5 s a ca(.
%a′ n (he ao:e e6ample means (hsF La′ n (he ao:e e6ample means (ha( 1one (here5F ,here s a (hrd one o* (hese demons(ra(:es 9hch comple(es (he se( o* (hree + namel-+ r ′+ (ha(F 1no( presen(5. 9a′
,hsF 1:er- close (o (he spea/er5 s (he demons(ra(:e prono)n 9hch s (he companon o* (he demons(ra(:e ar(cle 9eeF+ 9hch 9e sa9 n (he las( lesson.
la′
,ha(F 1one (here5 1presen( (o (he :son o* (he spea/er + or spo/en o* as * ( 9ere5 ;; s (he demons(ra(:e prono)n 9hch s (he companon o* (he demons(ra(:e ar(cle leeF+ 9hch 9e sa9 n (he las( lesson.
r′
,ha(F 1no( presen( (o (he :son o* (he spea/er + or some ac(on done n (he pas( (me or no( -e( done5 ;; s (he demons(ra(:e prono)n 9hch s (he companon o* (he demons(ra(:e ar(cle rF+ 9hch 9e sa9 n (he las( lesson.
Some Common ses o* %a′+ La ′+ and R′ A. sed alone as (hsF or (ha(F as s)s(()(es *or (he names o* persons+ (hn's or ac(ons. 9a′
la′
%(h 0ersons>
A4chaa/ 9ee ala. ,hs o- s a 9or/er.
A4chaa/ 9a ′. ,hs s a 9or/er.
%(h ,hn's>
Nm 9ee a ′a4. ,hs roc/ s '.
Nm 9a′. ,hs s '.
%(h Ac(ons>
( 9ee /ncha/)4. ,hs 9hch I am laorn' o:er s 'ood.
( 9a ′. ,hs s 'ood.
%(h 0ersons>
/oos lee ach. ,ha( man 'o( (red
/oos la ′ ,ha( 1one5 'o( (red.
%(h ,hn's>
K ′ a′n lee (′′. ,ha( do' s mean.
K ′a′n la′. ,ha( 1one5 s mean.
!#
la′
%(h Ac(ons>
( lee 6) ′4 lee ach. ,ha( 9hch (he man sad s 'ood.
( la′. ,ha( s 'ood.
r′
%(h 0ersons
Jachn r ach %ho s (ha( man
Jachn r ′ %ho s (ha(
%(h ,hn's>
pa6 r ′o4. ,ha( po( ro/e.
pa6 r′. ,ha( ro/e.
%(h Ac(ons
K ′ a6 r /ach′aa9/. ,ha( 9a- n 9hch he (al/s s harsh.
K′a6 r′. ,ha( s harsh.
B. sed 9(h (her companon demons(ra(:e ar(cles+ 9ee+ lee+ and r (o n(ens*- (he demons(ra(:es. 9a′ Y 9ee
9a′ 9ee ach.
(hs man here.
la′ Y lee
la′ lee ach.
(ha( man (here.
r′ Y r
r′ r ach.
(ha( :er- man. 1In(ens*es (he o4ec( spo/en o* e:en (ho)'h no( presen(.5
NO,E> As ao:e+ (hese (hree can also e )sed 9(h persons+ (hn's or ac(ons. C. sed 9(h are′ 1aree ;;;5+ heF+ sheF+ or (F+ or 9(h a ′re′ 1a′ree ;;;5 (he-F 1*or l:n' (hn's5 are′ Y 9a′ (hs sF
Aree 9a′ n)9))4. 1or5 Aree n)9))4 9a ′. ,hs s 1(5 m- oo/.
a′re′ Y 9a′ (hese areF
A′ree 9a′ raal. 1or5 A′ree raal 9a ′. ,hese are 1(he-5 her chldren.
are′ Y la′ (ha( sF
Aree la′ /))cha/))4. 1or5 Aree /)cha/)4 la ′. ,ha( s 9ha( he laors o:er.
a′re′ Y la′ (hose areF
A′ree la′ lee 9aal. 1or5 A′ree 9aal la′. ,hose are m- chldren.
are′ Y r′ (ha( sF 1no( presen(5
Aree r′ /o′ch. 1or5 Aree /o′ch r′. ,ha( 1no( presen(5 s (her ho)se.
a′re′ Y r′ (hose areF 1no( presen(5
A′re r′a4/ ′a-′. 1or5 A′re a4/ ′a-′ r′. ,hose 1no( presen(5 are sellers.
NO,E> ,hese *orms can e )sed as s)s(()(es *or persons+ (hn's or ac(ons.
!#7
&. sed 9(h 4e′ (o ndca(e manner+ or drec(on. Je′ s appro6ma(el- (ransla(ed as (hs 1(ha(5 9a-. 4ee 9a′
4ee la′
4ee r′
Manner;; l/e (hsF
Jee 9a′ r n)/ee4 n. M- horse s l/e (hs.
&rec(on;; (hs 9a-F
Jee 9a ′ /a(pee(/. Come (hs 9a-
Manner;; l/e (ha(+ (hereF
Jee la′ 6)′4 lee ach ch9ee. L/e (ha(+ (here+ he sad ( (o me.
&rec(on;; (ha( 9a-F
ee′ee lee 9na2 4ee la ′. ,he people 9en( (ha( 9a-.
Manner;; l/e (ha(F
Jee r′ /acha/)n r ach. L/e (ha( (he man 9or/s.
&rec(on;; ,hs *orm 9ll no( e (rea(ed *or (he presen(. NO,E> In (hs Lesson and n Lesson ? 9e ha:e s()ded n some de(al some o* (he demons(ra(:es and (her )ses n K ′che′. ,here remans m)ch (o e sad ao)( (hs pec)lar(- o* (he lan')a'e+ )( (he (rea(men( o* s)ch comple6 'ramma(cal prolems s e-ond (he scope o* (hs 'rammar. @OCABLAR 9a′ la′
1dem pro5 1dem pro5
r′
1dem pro5
9a′ 9ee la′ lee r′ r
1dem pro5 1dem pro5 1dem pro5
are′ 1aree ;;5 a′re′ 1a′ree ;;5 aree 9a′ a′ree 9a′ aree la′ a′ree la′ aree r′ a′ree r′ 4ee 9a′ 4ee la′ 4ee r′
1per pro5 1per pro5 1dem5 1dem5 1dem5 1dem5 1dem5 1dem5 1manner+ dr5 1manner+ dr5 1manner+ dr5
(hs+ (hs one 1:er- close (o (he spea/er5 (ha( (here+ (ha( one (here 1presen( (o (he :son o* (he spea/er+ or spo/en o* as * ( 9ere5 (ha( one+ (ha( :er- one 1no( presen( (o (he spea/er= a *)()re+ pas(+ or h-po(he(cal e:en(5 (hs :er-+ (hs ;;; here (ha( ;;; (here (ha( :er- 1n(ens*es (he o4ec( spo/en o* e:en (ho)'h no( presen(5 he+ she+ ( (he(hs s (+ (hs s (hese are (he-+ (hese are ;; (ha( (here s (+ (ha( (here s ;; (hose (here are (he-+ (hose (here are ;; (ha( s (+ (ha( s ;; (hose are (he-+ (hose are ;; (hs 9a-+ l/e (hs l/e (ha( (here+ (ha( 9a- (here l/e (ha(
!#
K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!. !?. !3. !. !. !7. !. !8.
Nma chaa/ 9a′ 9ee /a2acha/))4. Jachn la′ Kapee ch na r′ ch9e′2. La′ 6o4))ch′a′e4 9r. Jas chee na /spa4 (a 9a ′ ch2ee Cha44 ala2 rono4el la′ lee 6m′4 cheech ala2. Aree r′ n)(′′ r 6n/ ′a-4 chee r ach. Laa aree la′ r (nam( r /a ′ee 9 na la Aree 9a′ 6))′4 r n(aa( ch9ee aree(a2 6m ′ee r)/ ′ pa chaa/. A′ree la′ ee raal lee 6o2 lee 6ch ′aa9 2)/ ′ 9r. Jee la′ /eel lee ′e /a′ee pa (nam(. Jee r′ /ach′aa9 lee 9a(. K6oo/ ′o9a 4ee 9a′. o′/ ′o9 r′ r 9na2. K′ a6 6))′4 r′ r ach ch9ee. ( 4ee la′ /a′4 la. Kan))m ch la′ lee ala. Laa aree 9a′ a9a(′aa2
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!. !?. !3. !. !. !7.
,hs one s sc/. ,hs man here 9ll 'o 9(h )s (ommorro9. ,ha( man (here 'a:e )s (he land as a '*(. ,hese are (he mans horses. ,ha( s o)r ho)se (here. ,hose 1no( presen(5 are 'ood chldren. M- ho)se s l/e (ha( one (here. ,he sc/ one 9as c)red o:er (here. ,he o-s clo(hes are l/e (hese. ,ha( one ded -es(erda-. ,ha( one 1:sle5 9ll come a'an. ,ha( oo/ (here s ne9. En(er 1ala25 o:er (here. ,he mar/e( n m- (o9n s l/e (ha( one 1no( presen(5. ,hs 9hch I am sa-n' s 'ood. o) 1a(5 close (he door o* (he ho)se l/e (hs.
!#8
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. ( /aa/)na4 a9′.
o) sho)ld c)re -o)rsel* 1(a/e medcne5.
?. Janpaa ch )ma4m lee -aa′l cha9ee
Ho9 lon' ha:e -o) een sc/
3. %emna /a(/)na6 anna2+ /a(nma(a4/.
I* -o) don( 'e( medcal a((en(on 2)c/l-+ -o)ll 'e( 9orse.
. Laa /′ oo /)na′al /a(a4n /aa(4o
Are -o) (a/n' medcne
. Chaa(4aa o6′ pas(-a pa 4)n 2 ′4> 4)n nma2′a′+ 4)n ′eena2′4+ 4)n chaa2′a′.
,a/e (hree plls a da-> one n (he mornn'+ one n (he a*(ernoon+ and one n (he n'h(.
!#"
LESSON ,%EN, SI CLASS ! ,RANSI,I@E @ERBS IN @OICES ! AN& ? IN INCOM0LE,E AN& COM0LE,E& AS0EC,S AN& IN,ENSI$ICA,ION O$ A&JEC,I@ES %I,H ;ALAJ ,rans(:e @ers In Lessons ! (hro)'h ?3 9e s()ded Class ? (rans(:e :ers n all *:e :oces n ncomple(e+ comple(ed and mpera(:e aspec(s. Class ? (rans(:e :ers+ 9e sa9+ are (hose 9hose roo(s end 9(h :o9els. %e 9ll no9 e'n 9(h (he s()d- o* Class ! :ers. Class ! :ers are (hose 9hose roo(s are monos-llac and end e(her n consonan(s or 'lo((al s(ops. Class ! :ers+ l/e Class ? :ers+ are con4)'a(ed n (he *:e :oces n (he ncomple(e+ comple(ed and mpera(:e aspec(s. ,he :oces and (he aspec(s *or Class ! :ers ha:e (he same den(cal meann's (ha( (he- ha:e *or Class ? :ers. ,he onl- d**erence e(9een (he (9o classes s (he sl'h( d**erence n (her *orma(on 9hch 9e 9ll see elo9. ,9o S);classes o* Class ! @ers S);class A> Roo(s 9hch end n consonan(s+ o(her (han 'lo((al s(ops. E.'.> / ′)( ;; sho9=
′an ;; do+ or ma/e
S);class B> Roo(s 9hch end n 'lo((al s(ops. E.'.> s)′ ;; 9pe=
-a′ ;; ':e=
(o′ ;; help
Generall-+ (hese (9o s)classes are con4)'a(ed den(call- e6cep( n rare ns(ances 9hch 9ll e pon(ed o)( 9hen enco)n(ered. Meann' o* @oce ! In K ′che′ 9e ha:e *:e :oces *or (rans(:e :ers. Each o* (hese *:e :oces s a 9a- o* placn' emphass or *oc)s on one or more o* (he man elemen(s o* (he cla)se 9(h (he (rans(:e :er> s)4ec(+ :er+ or o4ec(. @oce !+ 9(h 9hch 9e are dealn' n (hs lesson+ places e2)al emphass on all (hree o* (he elemen(s> s)4ec(+ :er+ and o4ec(+ as 9e sa9 n Lesson !.
!!#
O* Incomple(e and Comple(ed Ac(on In (he K ′che′ :ers ( s e((er (o (al/ o* aspec(s o* an ac(on ra(her (han o* (me 1see Lessons " and !#5. ,he aspec( mar/ers 9e ha:e seen so *ar n (he :er ndca(es 9he(her (he ac(on s ncomple(e 1mar/ed - a /;F or /a;F5 or 9he(her ( s comple(ed 1mar/ed - 6;F5.
$ORMLA Yaspec(
Yo4ec(
Incomple(e /; 1/a;5
Comple(ed 6;
Ys)4ec(
n a( ;;; la o4 6 ee 1′5 ala2
Yroo(
n 195 aa 1a95 )) 1 r5 la la 2a 125 195 / 1/5 ala2 ala2
^(ermna(on ) * :o9el n roo( s )
o * :o9el n roo( s o(her (han )
In (he *orm)la ( sho)ld e no(ed (ha( (he onl- d**erence e(9een Class ! :ers and Class ? :ers appears n (he (ermna(on mar/er. In Class ? :ers 9e sa9 (ha( (he (ermna(on n @oce ! 9as ;4 mmeda(el- *ollo9n' (he roo( 1e.'. /n9eesaa4 ;;I (a/e ( o)(5 or ;a ′ as 9e sa9 n Lesson ?3 1e.'.+ /nch′a2a′a′ ;; I 9e( (5. In Class ! :ers+ (he (ermna(on mar/er *or @oce ! s (he (ermna(on )F or oF. ,he (ermna(on mar/er ) s )sed *or a :er 9hose roo( :o9el s )= o(her9se o s )sed *or all :ers.
Model Con4)'a(on o* $o)r Class ! @ers> ,9o n s);class A+ one 9hose roo( :o9el s ) and one 9hose roo( :o9el s no( )= (9o n s);class B+ one 9hose roo( :o9el s )+ and one 9hose roo( :o9el s no( ) ;; n @oce ! ;; ncomple(e and comple(ed aspec(s 1here (he o4ec( 9ll al9a-s e (hrd person sn')lar5. S);class A ;; Roo( @o9el )> / ′)( ;; sho9 Incomple(e Aspec( /n/ ′)() /aa/ ′)() /))/ ′)() /a/ ′)( la
/a2a/′)() //′)() /a// ′)() /a/ ′)( ala2
I sho9 ( -o) sho9 ( he sho9s ( -o) sho9 (
!!!
9e sho9 ( -o) sho9 ( (he- sho9 ( -o) sho9 (
Comple(ed Aspec( 6n/ ′)() 6aa/ ′)() 6))/ ′)() 6/ ′)( la
I sho9ed ( -o) sho9ed ( he sho9ed ( -o) sho9ed (
62a/ ′)() 6/ ′)() 6// ′)() 6/ ′)( ala2
9e sho9ed ( -o) sho9ed ( (he- sho9ed ( -o) sho9ed (
S);class A ;; Roo( @o9el O(her ,han )> ′an ;;ma/e or do Incomple(e Aspec( /m′ano /aa′ano /))′ano /a′an la
I do ( -o) do ( he does ( -o) do (
/a2a ′ano / ′ano /a/′ano /a ′an ala2
9e do ( -o) do ( (he- do ( -o) do (
I dd ( -o) dd ( he dd ( -o) dd (
62a ′ano 6 ′ano 6/′ano 6 ′an ala2
9e dd ( -o) dd ( (he- dd ( -o) dd (
Comple(ed Aspec( 6m′ano 6aa′ano 6)) ′ano 6′an la
No(e> Class !A (rans(:e :ers al9a-s ha:e a shor( :o9el n (he roo( n :oce !. S);class B ;; Roo( @o9el )> s) ′ ;;9pe /ns)′) /aas)′) /))s) ′) /as)′ la
I 9pe ( -o) 9pe ( he 9pes ( -o) 9pe (
/a2as) ′) /s) ′) /a/s) ′) /as) ′ ala2
9e 9pe ( -o) 9pe ( (he- 9pe ( -o) 9pe (
I 9ped ( -o) 9ped ( he 9ped ( -o) 9ped (
62as) ′) 6s) ′) 6/s) ′) 6s) ′ ala2
9e 9ped ( -o) 9ped ( (he- 9ped ( -o) 9ped (
/a2a(o′o /(o ′o /a/(o′o /a(o′ ala2
9e help hm -o) help hm (he- help hm -o) help hm
Comple(ed Aspec( 6ns)′) 6aas) ′) 6))s)′) 6s)′ la
S);class B;; Roo( @o9el o(her (han )> (o ′ ;; help Incomple(e Aspec( /n(o′o /aa(o′o /))(o′o /a(o′ la
I help hm -o) help hm he helps hm -o) help hm
!!?
Comple(ed Aspec( 6n(o′o 6aa(o′o 6)(o′o 6(o′ la
I helped hm -o) helped hm he helped hm -o) helped hm
62a(o ′o 6(o′o 6/(o ′o 6(o′ ala2
9e helped hm -o) helped hm (he- helped hm -o) helped hm
In (he *o)r model :ers con4)'a(ed ao:e+ * (he :er s no( *nal n an )((erance+ (he ) and o (ermna(on ordnarl- dsappear> /n/ ′)() /m′ano /ns)′) /n(o′o
Kn/′)( lee chaa/. Km′an lee chaa/. Kns)′ lee 9a(′a2 Kn(o′ lee ach
I sho9 ( I do ( I 9pe ( I help hm
I sho9 (he 9or/. I do (he 9or/. I 9pe m- clo(hes I help (he man.
In(ens*ca(on o* Ad4ec(:es %(h ;ala4 In Lesson $o)r 9e sa9 (ha( (he ad4ec(:es can e n(ens*ed 9(h (he )se o* (he ad:er s ′ala4F 1 ′ala45+ 9hch means :er-F. nm V ' s′ala4 nm V :er- '. Ano(her 9a- (o n(ens*- ad4ec(:es 9hch also ':es (he meann' o* :er-F s (o a((ach ;ala4 (o (he end o* (he ad4ec(:e. nm V ' / ′a′n V mean )( V 'ood (eel V e:l / ′a6 V d**c)l(
nmala4 V :er- ' /′a′ nala4 V :er- mean )(ala4 V :er- 'ood (elala4 V :er- e:l /′a6ala4 V :er- d**c)l(
,he d**erence n )sa'e e(9een 1!5 s ′ala4 Y ad4ec(:e and 1?5 ad4ec(:e Y ala4> 1!5 s )sed 9hen (he ad4ec(:e s e2)a(ed 9(h (he no)n> S′ala4 nm lee ( ′′. S′ala4 sa2 lee 4a ′.
,he do' s :er- ' ,he 9a(er s :er- clear.
1?5 s )sed 9hen (he ad4ec(:e mod*es (he no)n> nmala4 (′′ sa2ala4 4a ′
:er- ' do' :er- clear 9a(er
!!3
@OCABLAR ′an 1(:!5 ma/e+ do / ′)( 1(:!5 sho9 (o′ 1(:!5 help s)′ 1(:!5 9pe lo2′ 1(:!5 )-a′ 1(:!5 ':e 1-a 9hen no( *nal5 /e(al 1n5 G)a(emalan mone(ar- )n( 4))n 1n)m5 one /e′e′ 1n)m5 (9o 1/e′ 9hen no( *nal5 o6′ 1n)m5 (hree /a4′ 1n)m5 *o)r 4o′oo′ 1n)m5 *:e 14o′ 9hen no( *nal5 4ee ;;; 4asa so ;;; as 14ee /′an 6 4asa r /m′an n. V So do as I do.5 ch;9ach 1prep5 e*ore+ n *ron( o* Ch)9a 4a V n *ron( o* (he ho)se+ home Km′e ch)9a 4a. V I am 'on' home. chn)9ach n *ron( o* me cha9ach n *ron( o* -o) ch)9ach 1ch)9a5 n *ron( o* hm+ her ch9ach la n *ron( o* -o) ch/a9ach n *ron( o* )s ch9achn *ron( o* -o) ch/9ach n *ron( o* (hem ch9ach ala2 n *ron( o* -o) $rom no9 on n (he :oca)lar- all Class ! (rans(:e :ers 9ll e laeled 1(:!5+ and all Class ? (rans(:e :ers 9ll e laeled 1(:?5. MO&EL SEN,ENCES !. Rono4el 2′4 lee ee /ee′ a′ch4aa ′ /a/′an lee / ′a6ala4 /chaa/ pa 4)-) ′. e:er- da- (he (9o men ;; (he- do ( (he :er- hard (her 9or/ ;; n hlls E:er- da- (he (9o men do (her :er- hard 9or/ n (he hlls. ?. Lee 6o2 6))/ ′)( lee / ′aa/ ′ a(′a/ ch)9ach lee raal al. (he 9oman she sho9ed (he ne9 clo(hes e*ore her chld da)'h(er ,he 9oman sho9ed her ne9 clo(hn' (o her da)'h(er. 3. R )(ala4 ala /o4))(o ′ chee r chaa/. (he :er- 'ood o- he helps )s 9(h (he 9or/ ,he :er- 'ood o- helps )s 9(h (he 9or/.
!!
K ′ICHE ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!. !?. !3. !. !. !7.
aa /aa′an / ′a6 ch/eech lee o ′6′ a9al/ ′)′aal r)mal r /a(2′a′ar/. n/(o′ lee 9na2 aree(a2 6o4 ′ee pa /a-′al. Jee /a′an ala2+ 4asa 9a ′ 9ee /m′ano+ r′. 2a-aa 4o′ /e(al ch9eech+ ra4l lee / ′s/ ′ 62alo2′ ch9eech. s)′ la )ch lee ′o4 chee lee a( ′a2. Lee a′ 4cha/′ /ee/lo2′ na ee /a4′ chomala4 (a2 /ee4. K/′ )( lee ra4aa9 lee nmala4 )lee9 ch2a9ach. Laa ch9ach ala2 6)) ′an 9 r ch′a′oo4 r ala Ja9 /a2a(o′ 9 2′ ch)9ach lee 4)n / ′a6 R 2anaan /areesa4 na p)/ ′ol′al r p9a2 r 6))-aa r 2a(aa( cheech. Ch′4 4asa lee 6// ′)( lee ma-s(r ch9ach. Lee /(aa( /naan lee a′/ ′alaa′ /a// ′)( r )(ala4 (a2 chaa/ ch/9ach lee /al/ ′)′aal. I9r 6nlo2′ la′ lee 2′anala4 me′s chee 4)n ach r /acha/)n 9))/ ′. Jachn /a(o′ ala2 pa / ′a-′al Aree 9a′ 6-aa la ch9ee 9r. Ko4′ee na ch)9a 4a. Ra4a9a6/ /a2a(o ′ 2a(aa( chla′.
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!. !?. !3. !. !.
,ommorro9 (he men are 'on' (o sho9 me (he :er- d**c)l( 9or/. ,hs 9hch I ':e -o) 1laal5 s :er- 'ood. o) 165 helped )s (9o da-s 9(h (he 9or/. %e 9pe (he o((le 9(h (he :er- 9h(e clo(h. ,he (hree :er- 'ood chldren are 'on' home. I( s necessar- (ha( (he- ma/e (her *a(hers *re9ood (here. &d (he d:ner help -o) 1a(5 n (he *ace o* (he :er- ' d**c)l(- So help one ano(her 165 as I help -o). o) 1ala25 o)'h( (he :er- ' (ree *rom (s o9ner. ,hese are (he :er- 9h(e *lo9ers (he 9oman 'a:e )s. ,he (he:es do a lo( o* harm n (her l:es. So sho9 (he :er- 'ood 9or/s (o -o)r chldren as -o)r paren(s sho9ed (hem (o -o) a lon' (me a'o. I am 'on' home. I ha:e (o ma/e m- *a(hers (or(llas n order (ha( he 'o (o 9or/. ,ha( man (here s (he one 9e helped 9(h (he 9or/. Slo9l- (he chldren sho9ed (hemsel:es (o )s *rs(+ and a*(er (ha( (he- spo/e (o )s. %ha( do -o) 1laal5 do e:er- da- 9hen -o) 'o (o (o9n
!!
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. Jas )9ach /)na ′al /a(a4n /aa(4o
%ha( /nd o* plls are -o) (a/n'
?. Laa /′ oo 2′aa2′ cha94
&o -o) ha:e (empera()re
3
K ′ool/.
I ha:e.
Maa4.
I ha:en(.
Chaa′anaa 4ach/e r /)) ′4 lee doc(or cha9ee.
&o 9ha(e:er (he doc(or (ells -o).
. Mach′( a9′.
&on( do an-(hn' (o ma/e -o)rsel* 9orse.
!!7
LESSON ,%EN, SE@EN CLASS ! ,RANSI,I@E @ERBS IN @OICE ! IM0ERA,I@ES AN& SE O$ ,HE 0ROGRESSI@E AC,ION %OR& KA,AJINIKF Impera(:es ,he mpera(:es *or Class ! (rans(:e :ers n @oce ! are *ormed accordn' (o (he *ollo9n' *orm)la> Impera(:e Mar/er ch; 1/;5
O4ec( n a( ;;; la o4 6 ee 1′5 ala2
S)4ec(
Roo(
,ermna(on
n 195 aa 1a95 )) 1r5 la /a 1/5 195 / 1/5 ala2
,he mpera(:e mar/er can e e(her chF+ 9hch s (he more accep(ale or common *orm+ or smpl- (he /F so)nd. %(h (he *rs( person pl)ral and 9(h (he laalF and ala2F *orms+ (he chF does no( occ)r 9hen (he o4ec( s (hrd person sn')lar 1hm+ her (5. In (he laalF and ala2F *orms+ (he mpera(:e mar/er s onl- )sed * (he :er roo( sho)ld e'n 9(h a :o9el 1chlaa la V see5. I* (he o4ec( s o(her (han (hrd person sn')lar+ (hen (he chF 1/F5 s al9a-s )sed 1see model con4)'a(ons elo95. ,he laalF or ala2F *orms o* (he :ers+ e(her as s)4ec( or o4ec(+ al9a-s appear mmeda(ela*(er (he :er and are ne:er *o)nd n (he place 9here (he o(her s6 s)4ec( and s6 o4ec( prono)ns occ)r. See elo9 *or a de(aled dsc)sson o* (he (ermna(ons *or (he mpera(:es *or Class ! (rans(:e :ers n @oce !. %e sa9 (ha( (he (ermna(on *or Class ? :ers n @oce ! 9as al9a-s ;4F+ e:en 9(h (he mpera(:es. ,he (ermna(on *or Class ! mpera(:es n @oce ! s de(ermned - (he :o9el occ)rn' n (he roo( o* (he :er as *ollo9s>
!!
Roo( @o9el
Impera(:e ,ermna(on
a ′an
a′ 1aa;;5 ′ana′
e mes
a′ 1aa;;5 mesa′
(4
a′ (4a′
o lo2′
o′ 1oo;;5 lo2′o′
) / ′)(
)′ 1));;5 / ′)()′
%e 9ll no9 (a/e (9o e6amples *or roo(s con(ann' each o* (he *:e :o9els+ *:e *or S)class A and *:e *or S)class B+ and con4)'a(e (hem n (he mpera(:e n @oce ! )sn' al9a-s (he (hrd person sn')lar o4ec( *or smplc(-. NO,E> %hen (he mpera(:e s no( )((erance *nal+ (he 'lo((al s(op s re(aned * (he *ollo9n' so)nd s a :o9el+ )( (he 'lo((al s(op s los( * (he ne6( so)nd s a consonan(. %hene:er (he 'lo((al s(op s los(+ (he :o9el o* (he mpera(:e s)**6 ecomes lon' 1e.'.+ ′anaa la5.
S)class A !. Roo( :o9el aF ;; ′an ;;do+ ma/e
chaa′ana′ ch)) ′ana′ ′anaa la
do ( le( hm do ( do (
2a′ana′ ch′ana′ ch/′ana′ an a ′la2
le(s do ( do ( le( (hem do ( do (
2amesa′ chmesa′ ch/mesa ′ mes a ′la2
le(s s9eep ( s9eep ( le( (hem s9eep ( s9eep (
?. Roo( :o9el eF ;; mes ;; s9eep
chaamesa ′ ch))mesa′ mesaa la
s9eep ( le( hm s9eep ( s9eep (
!!8
3. Roo( :o9el F ;; l ;; see Roo( o* (hs :er e'ns 9(h a :o9el and s con4)'a(ed e6ac(l- l/e Class ? :ers 9hose roo(s e'n 9(h :o9els 1see Lesson !5.
cha9la′ chrla ′ 1rla′5 chlaa la
see ( le( hm see ( see (
2la′ ch9la′ ch/la ′ chl a ′la2
le(s see ( see ( le( (hem see ( see (
2alo2′o′ chlo2′o′ ch/lo2′o′ lo2′o′ ala2
le(s )- ( )- ( le( (hem )- ( )- (
2a/ ′)()′ ch/′)() ′ ch//′ )()′ /′)() ′ ala2
le(s sho9 ( sho9 ( le( (hem sho9 ( sho9 (
2a-a′a′ ch-a ′a′ ch/-a ′a′ -a ′a′ ala2 1-a′ ala25
le(s ':e ( ':e ( le( (hem ':e ( ':e (
2a2′′a′ ch2′′a′ ch/2′′a′ 2′′a′ ala2
le(s ear ( ear ( le( (hem ear ( ear (
. Roo( :o9el oF ;; lo2′ ;; )-
chaalo2′o′ ch))lo2′o′ lo2′oo la
)- ( le( hm )- ( )- (
. Roo( :o9el )F ;; / ′)( ;; sho9
chaa/ ′)()′ ch))/ ′)()′ / ′)()) la
sho9 ( le( hm sho9 ( sho9 (
S)class B !. Roo( :o9el aF ;; -a′ 1-a5;; ':e
chaa-a ′a′ ch))-a ′a′ -a′aa la
':e ( le( hm ':e ( ':e (
?. Roo( :o9el eF ;;no e6ample *o)nd 3. Roo( :o9el F ;; 2′′;;9(hs(and
chaa2′′a′ ch))2′′a′ 2′′aa la
ear ( le( hm ear ( ear (
!!"
. Roo( :o9el oF ;; (o′ ;; help chaa(o′o′ ch))(o′o′ (o′oo la
help hm le( hm help hm help hm
2a(o′o′ ch(o′o′ ch/(o′o′ (o′o′ ala2
le(s help hm help hm le( (hem help hm help hm
2as)′)′ chs)′)′ ch/s) ′)′ s) ′)′ ala2
le(s 9pe ( 9pe ( le( (hem 9pe ( 9pe (
. Roo( :o9el )F ;; s)′ ;; 9pe
chaas)′)′ ch))s) ′)′ s)′)) la
9pe ( le( hm 9pe ( 9pe (
0ro'ress:e Ac(on Mar/er /a(a4n/F 1(a4nF5 !. Meann' In En'lsh 9e e6press pro'ress:e ac(on 1ac(on 'on' on a( (he (me spo/en o*5 9(h (he :er (o eF Y n'F *orm o* (he man :er. ,he man s 9or/n'F n presen( (me+ or ,he man 9as 9or/n'F n pas( (me. In K ′che′ (hs same dea s e6pressed 9(h (he pro'ress:e ac(on 9ord /a(a4n1/5F *ollo9ed a (rans(:e or n(rans(:e :er n (s proper person al9a-s n (he ncomple(e aspec( eca)se o* (he pro'ress:e na()re o* (he ac(on.
?. se a. ,o e6press pro'ress:e ac(on n presen( (me+ /a(a4n Y :erF n ncomple(e aspec( s )sed. ,he con(e6( (ells (ha( (he ac(on s pro'ressn' n presen( (me. Ka(a4n / ′)l lee 9na2 chanm. ,he people are arr:n' no9. . ,o e6press pro'ress:e ac(on n pas( (me + /a(a4n Y :erF n ncomple(e ac(on s )sed+ )( (he con(e6( sho9s (ha( ( s n (he pas( (me. Ka(a4n /a4os2′6 lee )lee9 aree(a2 6noopan chla ′. ,he land 9as en' cleared 9hen I arr:ed o:er (here. ,he comple(ed aspec( 6;F n 6nopan/F ndca(es (ha( Ka(a4n /a4os2 ′6F s n (he pas( (me.
!?#
c. ,o e6press pro'ress:e ac(on n *)()re (me+ /a(a4n Y :erF n ncomple(e ac(on s )sed+ )( (he con(e6( sho9s (ha( ( s *)()re (me. Ka(a4n /ee9a′ lee 9na2 aree(a2 /o4o/ pa 4a. ,he people 9ll e ea(n' 9hen 9e en(er (he ho)se. d. A( (mes /a(a4nF ma- e )sed 9(ho)( o(her :ers> Ka(a4n 4a ′.
I(s rann'.
Ka(a4n lee 2′o4om.
,he marma s pla-n'.
NO,E> /a(a4n/F can e )sed 9(h n(rans(:e and (rans(:e :ers n all *:e :oces> !5 %(h n(rans(:e :ers Ka(a4n /o49a ′/. %e are ea(n'. ?5 %(h (rans(:e :ers ;; @oce ! Ka(a4n /6))/)na4 lee (aa(. o) *a(her s c)rn' -o).
35 %(h (rans(:e :ers ;; @oce ? Ka(a4n /n/)na6 9araal. I am en' c)red here. 5 %(h (rans(:e :ers ;; @oce 3 Ka(a4n /ee/)na(a4 lee ee -a9a ′′. ,he sc/ ones are 'e((n' c)red. 5 %(h (rans(:e :ers ;; @oce Laa /a(a4n /a/)nan lee a42 ′4 chee laF Is (he d:ner c)rn' -o). 75 %(h (rans(:e :ers ;; @oce Laal /a(a4n /a/)nan la lee a2 ′aal. o) -o)rsel* are c)rn' (he chld.
!?!
@OCABLAR mes l (4 2′′ a4′/ ′ a4′/ ′aa ′ pr))(a paam 9aa2′ 9)2)) ′ 9a46a2 ′ ′ele4ee′ la4))4
1(:!5 1(:!5 1(:!5 1(:!5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n)m5 1n)m5 1n)m5 1n)m5 1n)m5
s9eep see+ loo/ a*(er ea( ear+ 9(hs(and mad+ ser:an(+ pad - (he mon(h mads+ ser:an(s *r)( s(omach+ nsde s6 se:en e'h( nne (en
)pa 4a
nsde o* a ho)se+ ho)sehold
ch;pam 1prep5 nsde o* ;; chn)paam chapaam ch)paam chpaam la
nsde o* me nsde o* -o) nsde o* hm nsde o* -o)
ch2apaam chpaam ch/paam chpaam ala2
nsde o* )s nsde o* -o) nsde o* (hem nsde o* -o)
MO&EL SEN,ENCES !. ,4aa lee 9a la (aa(+ -a hora ch/ /o4′ee/. ea( ( (he *ood ;; -o) sr ;; no9 (me ;; 9e 'o Ea( -o)r *ood+ sr= ( s no9 (me *or )s (o 'o. ?. Ka(a4n /))mes )pa lee 4a lee a4 ′/ ′ aree(a2 6o4o/ ch)paam. she s s9eepn' nsde (he ho)se ;; (he mad ;; 9hen 9e en(ered ;; nsde ( ,he mad 9as s9eepn' nsde (he ho)se 9hen 9e en(ered (.
K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8.
Cha9la′ )paam lee 9a2′ pr))(a+ 9ee )(. Ka(a4n /a/2′′ / ′a6 lee ee ′ele4ee′ ach4aa′ r)mal r /ee2a′n. Damesaa na )pa lee 4a+ / ′a(ee / ′) r′ /o4′ee pa nma2′4. Ch′laa la la′ lee ee 9a46a2 ′ 9na2 lee /a(a4n /ee′n 4ee la ′. R (aa(+ naan+ ra4a9a6/ ch// ′)()) r )(a (a2 chaa/ ch/9ach lee ee /al/ ′)′aal. 9lo ch lee ee la4))4 ch/op /a(a4n /a/(4 lee pr)(a pa lee 9)le9 aree(a2 6noopan pa chaa/. Ch(4aa lee 9a areech /2 ′′ lee ′ee. Ch′9laa lee a/ ′alaa ′ pa 4a+ 6 a4 ′/ ′aa ′.
!??
". !#. !!. !?. !3. !. !.
Cheelo2′o′ ala2 r ee 9a2)) ′ /arne′laa′ r /a(a4n /ee/ ′a-6 4ee la′. Ch))/ ′)()) na lee chaa/ ch/9ach lee a4 ′2′aa ′ lee ach+ / ′a(ee / ′) r′ /a2a-aa )9aa. Chnaa(o′o chee lee ee2a′n. B′anaa ′aa ala2 4asa r 6 ′6 cheech ala2 9r. aa la r pr))(a ch/ee lee ch/op areech /)′6 1ecomes5 choma ′2. Da(o′oo 2′ pa 2a/ ′aslemaal. Cha-a ′a′ )9aa lee ach+ /an))m ch/.
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!. !?. !3. !. !.
Sho9 -o)rsel* 1laal5 (o (he doc(or n order (ha( he c)re -o). %pe 1a(5 (he nsde o* (he coo/n' po( n order (ha( I p)( (he *ood 1r/ ′l5 n (. Help one ano(her 1ala25 9(h (he :er- hard 9or/. Le( (he man sho9 (he road (o (he e'h( o-s 9ho are passn' n *ron( o* hs ho)se. Ea( -o)r 1laal5 *ood *rs( and (hen 9ell help -o). See 165 (hose (en men (here= (he- are 9or/n' 9(h me. Le(s do (he 9or/ 9hch o)r *a(hers 'a:e )s -es(erda-. Le( (hose e'h( men )- (her (or(llas n (he mar/e(. G:e 1a(5 )s (he s6 mache(es (ha( are necessar- *or )s. Le( (hem help )s nne da-s n (he 9or/. %e 9ere ma/n' o)r *re9ood 9hen (he shepherds arr:ed (here 9(h )s. %e aren( 'on' (o 'o -e(= 9e are helpn' o)r *a(her. %h- are (he 9omen ma/n' (he (or(llas a( n'h( ,he 'rl 9as s9eepn' (he nsde o* (he ho)se 9hen she 9as called - her mo(her. ,he o-s are )-n' clo(hes n (he mar/e(.
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. Laa 6a2 4ee′ )′anom lee -a ′l cha9e.
Are -o) 'e((n' alon' alr'h( 1as/ed o* a sc/ person5
?. Laa /)-a ch a9ech
Are -o) *eeln' e((er no9
3. Laa 6(an lee -a′l cha9e
Has -o)r sc/ness passed
. K)ln)(a ch a(4ol ch9e′2.
Ill come (o :s( -o) a'an (ommorro9.
. Cha(4a′ a9a arech /ape ach)2 ′a′.
Ea( -o)r *ood n order (ha( -o) 'e( -o)r s(ren'(h ac/.
!?3
LESSON ,%EN, EIGH, CLASS ! ,RANSI,I@E @ERBS IN @OICE ? Meann' o* @oce ? %e ha:e alread- seen (ha( :oceF n K ′che′ s a 9a- o* spo(l'h(n' one or more o* (he (hree man elemen(s o* (he :er phrase ;; s)4ec(+ :er+ or o4ec(. @oce ? s )sed 9hen one 9shes (o place emphass or spo(l'h( on (he o4ec( o* (he :er phrase. I( s some9ha( smlar (o (he pass:e :oce n En'lsh. $orma(on %e sa9 (ha( (he mar/er *or @oce ? :ers n Class ? s ;61/5F a((ached (o (he :er roo(. Class ! :ers ha:e no s)ch mar/er a((ached (o (he roo(+ )( are con4)'a(ed e6ac(l- as n(rans(:e :ers n ncomple(e and comple(ed aspec(s> YAspec(
Y0erson
/; 1/a;5 ncomple(e
± /
YRoo(
n a( ;;; la o4 6 ee 1′5 ala2
6; comple(ed
In ncomple(e and comple(ed aspec(s o(h s)classes A and B are con4)'a(ed den(call-. Incomple(e S)class A /nch′aa-/ /a(ch′aa-/ /ach′aa-/ /ach′aa- la /o4ch′aa-/ /6ch′aa-/ /eech′aa-/ /ach′aa- ala2
I am h( -o) are h( he s h( -o) are h( 9e are h( -o) are h( (he- are h( -o) are h(
S)class B /n(o′/ /a((o ′/ /a(o′/ /a(o′ la /o4(o′/ /6(o ′/ /ee(o′/ /a(o′ ala2
!?
I am helped -o) are helped he s helped -o) are helped 9e are helped -o) are helped (he- are helped -o) are helped
Comple(ed S)class A 6nch′aa-/ 6a(ch′aa-/ 6ch′aa-/ 6ch′aa- la 6o4ch′aa-/ 66ch′aa-/ 6eech′aa-/ 6ch′aa- ala2
I 9as h( -o) 9ere h( he 9as h( -o) 9ere h( 9e 9ere h( -o) 9ere h( (he- 9ere h( -o) 9ere h(
S)class B 6n(o′/ 6a((o ′/ 6(o ′/ 6(o ′ la 6o4(o′/ 66(o ′/ 6ee(o′/ 6(o ′ ala2
I 9as helped -o) 9ere helped he 9as helped -o) 9ere helped 9e 9ere helped -o) 9ere helped (he- 9ere helped -o) 9ere helped
Impera(:e In (he mpera(:es+ (he *orma(on o* (he (9o s)classes :ares sl'h(l-+ )( onl- *rom (he roo( on9ard. S)class A> *ormed e6ac(l- l/e mpera(:es o* n(rans(:e :ers
/a(ch′aa-o/ ch′aa-o/ ch′aa-a la
e h( le( hm e h( e h(
/o4ch′a-o/ /6ch′aa-o/ cheech′aa-o/ ch′aa- a′la2
le( )s e h( e h( le( (hem e h( e h(
S)class B> ,he *orma(on o* (he @oce ? mpera(:es n (hs s)class s es( sho9n smpl- - ':n' (9o e6amples each *or (he roo(s ha:n' each o* (he *:e :o9els. In (he *rs( e6ample n each case+ (he :er 9ll e )((erance *nal. In (he second e6ample+ (he :er 9ll no( e )((erance *nal. @o9el len'(h s no( re')lar *or (he roo( :o9els n (hs s)class. !. Roo( :o9el aF ;; -a′ ;; (o ':e ((erance $nal /a(-o′o/ -o′o/ -o′/a la
e ':en le( ( e ':en e ':en
/o4-o′o/ /6-o ′o/ chee-o′o/ -o ′/ a′la2
le( )s e ':en e ':en le( (hem e ':en e ':en
No( ((erance $nal
/a(-o′/a chee -o′/a chee -o′/a la chee
e ':en (o hm le( hm e ':en (o hm e ':en (o hm
/o4-o′/a chee /6-o ′/a chee chee-o′/a chee -o ′/ a′la2 chee
!?
le( )s e ':en (o hm e ':en (o hm le( (hem e ':en (o hm e ':en (o hm
?. Roo( :o9el eF ;; no e6ample *o)nd 3. Roo( :o9el F ;; 2′′ ;; (o e (olera(ed+ (o e 9(hs(ood ((erance $nal /a(2′′o/ 2′′o/ 2′′o′/a la
e (olera(ed le( hm e (olera(ed e (olera(ed
/o42′′o/ /62 ′′o/ chee2′′o/ 2′′o′/ a′la2
le( )s e (olera(ed e (olera(ed le( (hem e (olera(ed e (olera(ed
No( ((erance $nal /a(2′′o′/a r)maal 2′′o′/a r)maal 2′′o′/a la r)maal /o42′′o′/a r)maal /62′′o′/a r)maal chee2′′o′/a r)maal 2′′o′/ a′la2 r)maal
e (olera(ed - hm le( hm e (olera(ed - hm e (olera(ed - hm le( )s e (olera(ed - hm e (olera(ed - hm le( (hem e (olera(ed - hm e (olera(ed - hm
. Roo( :o9el oF ;; (o′ ;; (o help ((erance $nal
/a((o′o/ (o′o/ (o′/a la
e helped le( hm e helped e helped
/o4(o′o/ /6(o ′o/ chee(o′o/ (o′/ a′la2
le( )s e helped e helped le( (hem e helped e helped
No( ((erance $nal /a(o′/a r)maal (o′/a r)maal (o′/a la r)maal /o4(o′/a r)maal /6(o′/a r)maal chee(o′/a r)maal (o′/ a′la2 r)maal
e helped - hm le( hm e helped - hm e helped - hm le( )s e helped - hm e helped - hm le( (hem e helped - hm e helped - hm
. Roo( :o9el )F ;; s)′ ;; (o 9pe ((erance $nal /a(s)′o/ s)′o/ s)′/a la
e 9ped le( ( e 9ped e 9ped
/o4s)′o/ /6s) ′o/ chees) ′o/ s) ′/ a′la2
!?7
le( )s e 9ped e 9ped le( (hem e 9ped e 9ped
No( ((erance $nal /a(s)′/a r)maal s)′/a r)maal s)′/a la r)maal /o4s)′/a r)maal /6s)′/a r)maal chees)′/a r)maal s)′/ a′la2 r)maal
e 9ped - hm le( ( e 9ped - hm e 9ped - hm le( )s e 9ped - hm e 9ped - hm le( (hem e 9ped - hm e 9ped - hm
@OCABLAR ch′a-/ ′a′/ ch′a4/ (′/ chap/ 2′a′ 6a′n (′4 chPla ′aa′
1(:!5 (o e h( 1(:!5 (o e che9ed 1(:!5 (o e 9ashed 1(:!5 (o e ((en 1- anmals5 1(:!5 (o e (a/en hold o*+ (o e ca)'h(+ (o e e')n 1n5 hand+ hands 1n5 mos2)(o 1n5 mea( 1(′ ;; 9hen possessed - ea(er+ e.'. n)( ′ ;; m- mea( (o ea(5 1common e6presson5 9ell loo/
NO,E> $rom no9 on all Class ! :ers 9ll e ls(ed n @oce ? ;; /F *orm> e.'.+ ch′a-/
1(:!5
(o e h(
MO&EL SEN,ENCES !. ch′aa4 lee a(′a2 /)mal lee 6o2 ′ pa 4a′. ( 9as 9ashed ;; (he clo(hes ;; - (hem ;; (he 9omen ;; n (he r:er ,he clo(hes 9ere 9ashed n (he r:er - (he 9omen ?. Cheechaapa r a ′ch4aa= 6a2 /ee/ch′a- r /6o2l. le( (hem e 'raed ;; (he men ;; 4)s( (he- h( (hem ;; (he (her 9:es Le( (he men e 'raed= (he- 4)s( h( (her 9:es.
!?
K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#.
ee(′ lee a/ ′alaa′ /)mal lee 6a ′n. Rono4el 2′4 cheech′aa4a lee a/ ′alaa′ /)mal lee /naan. K6ch′aa-a /)mal lee (aa( 9ee / ′an / ′a6 ch/ee lee chaa2′. o4chaap chee 2a2′a′ r)mal 2anaan aree(a2 6o4 ′ee pa /a-′al. Ra4a9a6/ /a′a r (′4 aree(a2 /a(4/. ( /a′l la 1/l la5 r)mal lee doc(or ch9e ′2+ 6aa laal -a9aa ′. ChPla ′aa ′+ na /m′e (a4. Keech′aa- lee o′6′ ala4 (a2 a/ ′alaa′ r)mal lee /(aa( 9ee /ee ′ee pa nma2′4. Na /6(′ (a /)mal 6a ′n 9ee /2′)′ 4 lee / ′)l chaa2′a ′. Laa 6(o′ ala2 /)mal lee al/ ′)′al ala2 pa lee chaa/
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#.
%ell e helped 9(h (he load - o)r older ro(her. %as (he mone- ':en (o (he 9or/ers - (he o9ner o* (he 9or/ I am (a/en - (he hand - m- mo(her 9hen I 'o 9(h her (o (he mar/e(. ,he clo(hes are en' 9ashed - (he l((le 'rls n (he r:er. I* (he mea( s che9ed+ ( 9on( do one harm 1(o one5. &d (he mos2)(oes (e -o) 1ala25 9hen -o) a(hed n (he r:er ,he doc(or c)red (he man 9ho 9as ((en - (he do'. I* (he o-s ro a( (he *es(a+ (he- 9ll e ca)'h(. ,he nsde o* (he ho)se 9as en' s9ep( 9hen (s o9ner arr:ed (here. %ho 9as h( - (he chld on (he road.
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. Jas )′ 9a′
%ha( s (hs called
?. Jas )′6/ 9a ′ pa chaa′al
Ho9 do -o) sa- (hs n -o)r lan')a'e
3. Jas )9ach 9a ′
%ha( s (hs
. Jas )pa(aan 9a′
%ha( s (hs )sed *or
. Na 9ee(a′m (a mas ch′aa ′al. or Na /n(aa (a mas ch′aa ′al.
I don( )nders(and -o)r lan')a'e :er- 9ell.
!?8
LESSON ,%EN, NINE CLASS ! ,RANSI,I@E @ERBS IN @OICES 3 AN& @oce 3 @oce 3+ l/e @oce ?+ has (he spo(l'h( *oc)sed on (he o4ec( o* (he :er phrase. Ho9e:er+ @oce 3 emphases (he cond(on or s(a(e o* (he o4ec(+ res)l(n' *rom (he ac(on done (o ( 1see Lesson ?#5. $orma(on Incomple(e and comple(ed aspec(s> Aspec( /; 1/a;5 ncomple(e 6; comple(ed
0erson
Roo(
@o9el
(a4
/
n a( ;;; o4 6 ee 1′5 ala2
S(a(:e aspec( 0erson
Roo(
@o9el
(al
/
Same Mar/ers see ao:e Impera(:e aspec( Aspec( /;+ ch e6cep( n 3rd sn'.+ laal+ ala2 9here ( s ero
0erson
Roo(
@o9el
(a4
o/
same mar/ers see ao:e
No(e> ,he :o9el n (he *orm)las s presen( e(9een (he roo( and (he (a4F 9(h some s)class A roo(s (o *acl(a(e pron)nca(on> e.'.+ /a/ ′)()(a4/ ;; ( 9ll ecome sho9n. %(h o(hers ( s no( needed> e.'.+ /a′an(a4/ ;; ( 9ll 'e( done. Roo(s 9hch (a/e (hs :o9el m)s( e memored. ,here appears (o e no smple *6ed r)le (o predc( (s occ)rance. %(h s)class B roo(s+ (he :o9el s ne:er added> e.'.+ 6(o ′(a4/ ;; he 'o( helped= 6s) ′(a4/ ;; ( 'o( 9ped.
!?"
Con4)'a(on o* @oce 3 ,9o model :ers are con4)'a(ed n @oce 3> l/F 1S)class A5 ;; (o e seen+ and (o ′/F 1S)class B5 ;; (o e helped S)class A> l/F ;; (o e seen
S)class B> (o ′/ ;; (o e helped
Incomple(e Aspec( /nl(a4/ I 9ll ecome seen /a(l(a4/ -o) 9ll ecome seen /l(a4/ he 9ll ecome seen /l(a4 la -o) 9ll ecome seen /o4l(a4/ 9e 9ll ecome seen /6l(a4/ -o) 9ll ecome seen /′l(a4/ (he- 9ll ecome seen /l(a4 ala2 -o) 9ll ecome seen
Incomple(e Aspec( /n(o ′(a4/ I 9ll 'e( helped /a((o ′(a4/ -o) 9ll 'e( helped /a(o ′(a4/ he 9ll 'e( helped /a(o ′(a4 la -o) 9ll 'e( helped /o4(o ′(a4/ 9e 9ll 'e( helped /6(o ′(a4/ -o) 9ll 'e( helped /ee(o ′(a4/ (he- 9ll 'e( helped /a(o ′(a4 ala2 -o) 9ll 'e( helped
Comple(ed Aspec( 6nl(a4/ I ecame seen 6a(l(a4/ -o) ecame seen 6l(a4/ he ecame seen 6l(a4 la -o) ecame seen 6o4l(a4/ 9e ecame seen 66l(a4/ -o) ecame seen 6′l(a4/ (he- ecame seen 6l(a4 ala2 -o) ecame seen
Comple(ed Aspec( 6n(o ′(a4/ I ecame helped 6a((o ′(a4/ -o) ecame helped 6(o ′(a4/ he ecame helped 6(o ′(a4 la -o) ecame helped 6o4(o ′(a4/ 9e ecame helped 66(o ′(a4/ -o) ecame helped 6ee(o ′(a4/ (he- ecame helped 6(o ′(a4 ala2 -o) ecame helped
S(a(:e Aspec(S(a(:e Aspec( n l(al/ I am seen a( l(al/ -o) are seen l(al/ he s seen l(al la -o) are seen o4 l(al/ 9e are seen 6 l(al/ -o) are seen ′l(al/ (he- are seen l(al ala2 -o) are seen
n (o ′(al/ a( (o ′(al/ (o ′(al/ (o′(al la o4 (o ′(al/ 6 (o ′(al/ ee (o′(al/ (o ′(al ala2
Impera(:e Aspec( chnl(a4o/ le( me ecome seen /a(l(a4o/ ecome seen chl(a4o/ le( me ecome seen chl(a4a la ecome seen /o4l(a4o/ le( )s ecome seen /6l(a4o/ ecome seen ch′l(a4o/ le( (hem ecome seen chl(a4 a ′la2 ecome seen
Impera(:e Aspec( chn(o ′(a4o/ le( me ecome helped /a((o ′(a4o/ ecome helped (o ′(a4o/ le( hm ecome helped (o ′(a4a la ecome helped /o4(o ′(a4o/ le( )s ecome helped /6(o ′(a4o/ ecome helped chee(o′(a4o/ le( (hem ecome helped (o′(a4 a′la2 ecome helped
!3#
I am helped -o) are helped he s helped -o) are helped 9e are helped -o) are helped (he- are helped -o) are helped
@oce @oce s )sed 9hen one 9shes (o place (he emphass on (he ac(on o* (he :er cla)se 9(h onlsecondar- emphass ':en (o (he ac(or+ 9(h no drec( o4ec( presen( 1see Lesson ?!5. $orma(on Incomple(e and comple(ed aspec(s> Aspec( /; 1/a;5 ncomple(e
6; comple(ed
0erson n a( ;;; la o4 6 ee 1′5 ala2
Roo(
@o9el
n
/
Roo(
@o9el
n
o/
I -o) he+ she+ ( -o) 9e -o) (he-o)
Impera(:e aspec( Aspec(
0erson
/;+ ch same mar/ers e6cep( n 3rd sn'.+ see ao:e laal+ ala2 9here ( s ero No(e> %(h S)class A roo(s+ (he :o9el s al9a-s presen(> e.'.+ /ns) ′an/F ;; I dece:e. %hen (he roo( :o9el s )F+ (he :o9el s also )F. I* (he roo( :o9el s aF+ (he :o9el s also aF> e.'.+ /ach′a-an/F ;; he h(s. I* (he roo( :o9el s eF+ F+ or oF+ (he :o9el s oF> e.'.+ /ameson/F ;; he s9eeps. %(h S)class B roo(s+ (he :o9el s no( necessar-> e.'.+ Kal) ′n lee a/.F ;; ,he p' roo(s. Con4)'a(on o* @oce S)class A> mes/F 1(:!5 ;; (o e s9ep(
S)class B> s) ′/F 1(:!5 (o e 9ped
Incomple(e Aspec( /mmeson/ I s9eep /a(meson/ -o) s9eep /ameson/ he s9eeps /ameson la -o) s9eep /o4meson/ 9e s9eep /6meson/ -o) s9eep /eemeson/ (he- s9eep /ameson ala2 -o) s9eep
Incomple(e Aspec( /ns) ′n/ I 9pe /a(s) ′n/ -o) 9pe /as) ′n/ he 9pes /as) ′n la -o) 9pe /o4s) ′n/ 9e 9pe /6s) ′n/ -o) 9pe /ees) ′n/ (he- 9pe /as) ′n ala2 -o) 9pe
!3!
Comple(ed Aspec( 6mmeson/ I s9ep( 6a(meson/ -o) s9ep( 6meson/ he s9ep( 6meson la -o) s9ep( 6o4meson/ 9e s9ep( 66meson/ -o) s9ep( 6eemeson/ (he- s9ep( 6meson ala2 -o) s9ep(
Comple(ed Aspec( 6ns) ′n/ I 9ped 6a(s) ′n/ -o) 9ped 6s) ′n/ he 9ped 6s) ′n la -o) 9ped 6o4s) ′n/ 9e 9ped 66s) ′n/ -o) 9ped 6ees) ′n/ (he- 9ped 6s) ′n ala2 -o) 9ped
Impera(:e Aspec( chnmesono/ le( me s9eep /a(mesono/ s9eep mesono/ le( me s9eep mesona la s9eep /o4mesono/ le( )s s9eep /6mesono/ s9eep cheemesono/ le( (hem s9eep meson a′la2 s9eep
Impera(:e Aspec( chns) ′no/ le( me 9pe /a(s) ′no/ 9pe s) ′no/ le( hm 9pe s) ′na la 9pe /o4s) ′no/ le( )s 9pe /6s) ′no/ 9pe chees) ′no/ le( (hem 9pe s) ′n a′la2 9pe
No(e> J)s( as 9e sa9 *or Class ? :ers 1Lesson ?!5+ (here are also man- Class ! :ers (ha( can (heore(call- e *ormed n @oce )( are no( )sed eca)se (he- ma/e no sense (o (he na(:e spea/er. @OCABLAR r2/ 1(:!5 /))r2 (-eempo 6)r2 (-eempo (o′an/ 1(:!5 (′/ 1(:!5 ch′a4/ 1(:!5 (// 1(:!5 lo2′/ 1(:!5 2′ol/ 1(:!5 /ape 1n5 /na2′ 1n5 a′6 1n5 a9ee6 1n5 -a mero 1ad:5 na2aa4 1ad:5 ch;na2aa4 1prep5 chn)na2aa4 chana2aa4 ch)na2aa4 chna2aa4 la
(o e *o)nd+ (o e enco)n(ered+ (o e me( (he (me 9ll arr:e (he (me arr:ed (o e helped+ 1@oce rre')lar> (o ′/ or (o′an/5 (o e ((en 1anmal (e5+ 1@oce rre')lar> (o ′n/5 (o e 9ashed 1? *orms @oce > rre')lar ;; ch ′a4o′man/ ;; (o do la)ndr-= re')lar ;; ch ′a4an/ ;; (o 9ash onesel*5 (o e plan(ed 1? *orms n @oce > (/on/+ (/ona4/5 (o e o)'h( 1@oce rre')lar> lo2 ′o′man/5 (o e pc/ed ;; co**ee+ eans+ e(c. 1@oce rre')lar> 2 ′olo9/5 co**ee eans corn plan( corn plan(n' almos(+ nearl- 1Spansh5 near+ near-+ close - 1(me 9se5 near near me ch2ana2aa4 near )s near -o) chna2aa4 near -o) near hm ch/na2aa4 near (hem near -o) chna2aa4 ala2 near -o)
!3?
MO&EL SEN,ENCES !.
(/(a4 r a6 pa 4)-) ′ /)mal lee ach4aa ′. ( 'o( plan(ed ;; (he corn ;; n hlls ;;- (hem ;; (he men ,he corn ecame plan(ed - (he men n (he hlls.
?.
Lee ala′oom /ee(o′an na chee lee a9ee6 aree(a2 /))r2 (-eempo cheech. (he o-s ;; (he- 9ll help la(er ;; 9(h (he corn plan(n' ;; 9hen ( mee(s (me. ,he o-s 9ll help 9(h (he corn plan(n' 9hen (he (me arr:es *or (.
K ′ICHE ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!. !?. !3.
K)′6lan na /ee′ o6′ 2′4 lee a ′ch4aa ′ aree(a2 /a′an(a4 lee 4ach′ /)maal. Ka(a4n /ee2′olo9 r ′6o2′ ch)na2aa4 lee (nam(. K ′a6 /ee(′on lee ee (′′. Ko4(o′ana ch/ee lee 2a(aa(. (/(a4 lee /na2′ p)lee9 r)/ ′ lee a′6. Lee la4 al /a(a4n /ameson ch2ana2aa4. D′olo(a4a lee /ape anna2= -a mero /apee 4a ′. Laa 6′an(a4 lee chaa/ )mal ala2 Jachn ch9eech 6r2(a4 pa nma2 ′4. a2 /62′′(a4/ 9ee /6 ′ee pa a9ee6 2))/ ′. a mero /))r/ (-eempo /o4′ee pa 4ach′. In /n(/o′na4 /)/ ′ lee a′ch4aa ′ aree(a2 /a/′an a9ee6 ch2ana2aa4. Na -a ′(al (a ch9eech /69a ′ /)/ ′ nma2 (a2 9na2.
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!. !?.
%hen (he people *nshed ea(n' 19hen (he *ood 'o( ea(en - (he people5 (he- 9en( (o 9or/ a'an. Le(s help 9(h (he har:es( 9hen (he (me arr:es *or (. ,he 'rls pc/ near (her mo(hers. ,he corn 9ll ecome plan(ed - (he 9or/ers near o)r ho)se. I(s almos( (me *or (he corn plan(n'= (he ran s near no9. &d -o)r 1a(5 *a(her h( -o) 9hen -o) ecame *o)nd a( (he *es(a - hm I(s no( *or -o) 165 1(s no( ':en (o -o)5 (o h( -o)r 9:es 9hen -o) ecome dr)n/. %h- 9ere -o) )-n' n (he mar/e( a( n'h( 9hen 9e arr:ed (here. ,he 9omen do la)ndr- near (he ' roc/ n (he r:er. %e don( pass e*ore (ha( mans ho)se= hs do' (es. ,hese are (he eans (ha( 'o( pc/ed -es(erda- near (he (o9n. %hen (he eans 9ere o)'h( - )s+ 9e 'a:e (hem (o o)r ser:an(s.
!33
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. Mas 2′aa2′ /am/.
I(s ho( (oda-.
?. Mas (ee9 /am/.
I(s cold (oda-
3. Kapee 4a′.
I(s 'on' (o ran.
. Km′ee nma2′a′.
Im 'on' n (he mornn'.
Km′ee pa 2′4.
Im 'on' a( noon.
Km′ee ′ena2′4.
Im 'on' n (he a*(ernoon.
Km′ee cha2′a′
Im 'on' a( n'h(.
!3
LESSON ,HIR, CLASS ! ,RANSI,I@E @ERBS IN @OICE AN& SES O$ B′ANIKF %I,H S0ANISH @ERBS @oce places (he emphass on (he s)4ec( or a'en( o* (he :er phrase. In En'lsh 9e 9o)ld e6press (hs dea l/e (hs> I m-sel* do (.F or I am (he one 9ho does (.F 1see Lesson ??5. %e sa9 n Lesson ?? (ha( (he mar/er *or Class ? :ers n @oce s ;nF mmeda(el- *ollo9n' (he roo(. In Class ! :ers (he mar/er *or @oce s ;9F or :o9el Y 9F mmeda(el- *ollo9n' (he roo(. ,he *orm)la *or @oce n ncomple(e and comple(ed ac(on s> separa(ed s)4ec( prono)n n a( are′ laal o4 6 a′re′ ala2
Yaspec(
Yo4ec(
Ys)4ec(
/; 1/a;5 ncomple(e
n a( ;;; la o4 6 ee 1′5 ala2
n a( ;;; la o4 6 ee 1′5 ala2
6; comple(ed
Yroo(
^:o9el
Y9
E(her s)4ec( or o4ec( m)s( e 3rd person or laalF or ala2F as 9e sa9 n de(al n Lesson ??. In s)class B (he roo( n :oce (a/es (he *ollo9n' *orms> Roo( :o9el aF>
;o′9 1/5
-a ′
-o′9 1/5
Roo( :o9el eF>
No e6ample *o)nd
Roo( :o9el F>
;′o9 1/5
2′′ 4′
2′′o9 1/5 4′o9 1/5
Roo( :o9el oF> ;o′9 1/5
(o′
(o′9 1/5
;)′9 1/5
s)′
s)′9 1/5
Roo( :o9el )F
,hs :o9el s (o ad pron)nca(on and s onl- *o)nd *ollo9n' s)class A roo(s> I* roo( :o9el s )F+ :o9el s )F> / ′)( ;;; / ′)()9/ I* roo( :o9el s o(her (han )F 1a+ e+ + o5+ :o9el s oF. ′an ;; ′ano9/ ′e- ;; ′e-o9/
(/ ;; (/o9/ lo2′ ;; lo2′o9/
!3
^/
3. Model @er 1no(e> *or smplc(- (he o4ec( 9ll al9a-s e 3rd person sn')lar ;; ero.5 S)class A> / ′)(/ ;; (o e sho9n Incomple(e Aspec( n /n/ ′)()9/ a( /a(/ ′)()9/ aree /a/ ′)()9/ laal /a/ ′)()9 la o4 /o4/ ′)()9/ 6 /6/ ′)()9/ a′ree /ee/ ′)()9/ ala2 /a/ ′)()9 ala2 Comple(ed Aspec( n 6n/ ′)()9/ a( 6a(/ ′)()9/ aree 6/ ′)()9/ laal 6/ ′)()9 la o4 6o4/ ′)()9/ 6 66/ ′)()9/ a′ree 6ee/ ′)()9/ ala2 6/ ′)()9 ala2
S)class B> -a ′/F ;; (o e ':en
I m-sel* sho9 ( -o) -o)rsel* sho9 ( he hmsel* sho9s ( -o) -o)rsel* sho9 ( 9e o)rsel:es sho9 ( -o) -o)sel:es sho9 ( (he- (hemsel:es sho9 ( -o) -o)rsel:es sho9 (
Incomple(e Aspec( n /n-o ′9/ a( /a(-o ′9/ aree /a-o ′9/ laal /a-o ′9 la o4 /o4-o ′9/ 6 /6-o ′9/ a ′ree /ee-o′9/ ala2 /a-o ′9 ala2
I m-sel* ':e ( -o) -o)rsel* ':e ( he hmsel* ':es ( -o) -o)rsel* ':e ( 9e o)rsel:es ':e ( -o) -o)rsel:es ':e ( (he- (hemsel:es ':e ( -o) -o)rsel:es ':e (
I m-sel* sho9ed ( -o) -o)rsel* sho9ed ( he hmsel* sho9ed ( -o) -o)rsel* sho9ed ( 9e o)rsel:es sho9ed ( -o) -o)sel:es sho9ed ( (he- (hemsel:es sho9ed ( -o) -o)rsel:es sho9ed (
Comple(ed Aspec( n 6n-o ′9/ a( 6a(-o ′9/ aree 6-o ′9/ laal 6-o ′9 la o4 6o4-o ′9/ 6 66-o ′9/ a ′ree 6ee-o′9/ ala2 6-o ′9 ala2
I m-sel* 'a:e ( -o) -o)rsel* 'a:e ( he hmsel* 'a:e ( -o) -o)rsel* 'a:e ( 9e o)rsel:es 'a:e ( -o) -o)rsel:es 'a:e ( (he- (hemsel:es 'a:e ( -o) -o)rsel:es 'a:e (
Impera(:e Aspec( %e are no( 'on' (o con4)'a(e (he Class ! (rans(:e :er n @oce n (he mpera(:e aspec( snce ( s so rarel- )sed.
se o* B′an/ %(h Spansh @ers As K ′che′ spea/ers come more and more n con(ac( 9(h Spansh+ (he- e'n (o adop( manSpansh 9ords n(o (her o9n lan')a'e. %hen a Spansh :er s (a/en n(o K ′che and s(ll )sed as a :er+ ( s done - )sn' (he K ′che′ :er ′an/F ;; (o e done+ madeF n (he desred :oce+ aspec(+ and person 9(h (he n*n(:e o* (he orro9ed Spansh :er *ollo9n' 1 ′an/F s one o* (he mos( commonl- )sed :ers n (he lan')a'e5. E6amples o* ′an/F 9(h a Spansh loan :er> @oce !> m′an en'a`ar lee ach.
I dece:ed (he man.
@oce ?> m′an en'a`ar r)mal lee ach.
I 9as dece:ed - (he man.
@oce 3> m′an(a4 en'a`ar r)mal lee ach. I 'o( dece:ed - (he man.
!37
@oce > No( )sed 9(h (hs par(c)lar Spansh loan 9ord. @oce . Lee ach 6m′ano9 en'a`ar.
,he man s (he one 9ho dece:ed me.
@OCABLAR ′e-/ m)2/ (o4/ na′/ cha-/ en'a`ar+ ′an/ /amna2 /amna2′ maa(aam (a-/
1(:!5 1(:!5 1(:!5 1(:!5 1(:!5 1(:!5 1n+ ad45 1n+ ad45 1ad:5 1(:!5
(o e dela-ed (o e )red (o e pad+ (o e pad *or (o e *el( (o e chosen+ (o e selec(ed 1con4)'a(ed as (a-/F5 (o e dece:ed dead+ dead one dead+ dead ones la(e (o e heard 1rre')lar5
@oce !> (o 1)((erance *nal5 (aa 1no( )((erance *nal5 @oce ?> Incomple(e and Comple(ed Aspec(s (a/ 1)((erance *nal5 (aa 1no( )((erance *nal5 Impera(:e Aspec( (o2 1)((erance *nal5 (o2a 1no( )((erance *nal5 @oce 3> (aa(a4/ @oce > (aan/ 1rare5 @oce > (oo9/ MO&EL SEN,ENCES !. Aree lee 2anaan 6(oo9 ch2eech 9ee maa(aam /o4pee pa / ′a-′al. ( s (he o)r mo(her ;; she hersel* ;; as/ed ( (o )s ;; * la(e ;; 9e come ;; *rom mar/e( I( 9as o)r mo(her 9ho as/ed )s * 9e 9o)ld come ac/ la(e *rom mar/e(. ?. K ′a6 /a/′an lee 9na2 9ee 6a2 /a/ ′an en'a`ar /. ad (he- do ( ;; (he people ;; * 4)s( (he- dece:e one ano(her ,he people do ad * (he- dece:e one ano(her.
!3
K ′ICHE ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#.
Maa(aam 66)l/+ 4achn 66′e-o9 pa ′e In 6n-o′9 lee /o(′4 chee lee a/ ′aal. echa o′6′ ch/ee lee ee /ee4 areech /a/e2a4 /4as(a2 lee 9na2. Jachn /a(o9/ 4asa lee /m′4 ch9ee %ee ne /eenman lee a/ ′alaa′ 9ee ala2 /a/ ′)()9 ala2 ch/9ach. o4′an en'a`ar aree(a2 6 ′6 ch2ech ch /o4(o4 anna2. Jachn ch9ech /ee(o4o9 lee a ′ch4aa ′ A′ree lee a′ch4aa ′ /eem)2)9 lee /amna2. O4 6o4no′9/ aree(a2 6)l lee 6 ′nel cha2′a′. Laal /a(o′9 la lee ach ch9e′2.
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#.
Are -o) 165 (he ones 9ho are 'on' (o ':e me (he mone- n order (ha( I pa- *or (he *ood Shall 9e 9or/ 9(h (he man 9ho selec(ed )s. %e came la(e. I( 9as o)r *a(her 9ho dela-ed )s. o) 1a(5 9ere (he one 9ho dece:ed )s 9hen -o) 'a:e )s (he mone-. %ho 9ll )r- (he dead ones %ho selec(ed -o) 1ala25 *or (he 9or/ n (he co)r( ho)se I m-sel* *el( (+ (ha( 9e helped (he sc/ 9oman. %ho 9ped (he nsde o* (hs po( 9(h a ra' ,he people ecame dela-ed 9hen (he- heard (ha( (here 9as no one (o pa- (hem. %e are (he ones 9ho 9ashed (he clo(hes o* (he dead person 9hen he 9as )red.
&RILL Con4)'a(e (he :er (a/F n all e'h( persons n all (hree aspec(s 1ncomple(e+ comple(ed+ mpera(:e5 n (he *:e :oces and ':e (he En'lsh (ransla(on *or each.
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. (/′ F lee 2′4.
I(s noon (me.
?. o/ )mo-.
I(s d)s/.
3. Je′l sa2′4 /am/.
I(s a lo:el- s)nn- da- (oda-.
. el sa2′4.
,he dr- season has s o:er.
. o/ 2′alaa4.
,he ran- season has e')n.
!38
LESSON ,HIR, ONE ,HE NEGA,I@E IM0ERA,I@E AN& O,HER NEGA,I@E $ORMS ,he Ne'a(:e Impera(:es %e ha:e seen (he mpera(:e *orms *or (he n(rans(:e :ers and (he (9o classes o* (rans(:e :ers n (he :aro)s :oces 1Lesson !35. No9 9e shall s()d- (he ne'a(:e mpera(:e *or (hese same :ers. Meann'> ,he ne'a(:e mpera(:e n En'lsh can e (ransla(ed n (he *ollo9n' manner> Le( me no(F+ &o no(F+ &on(F+ Le( hm no(+F e(c. $orma(on> ,he mar/er *or (he ne'a(:e mpera(:e s m;F. In order (o *orm (he ne'a(:e mpera(:e 9(h an- :er n an- :oce or person+ (he /;+ /a;F ncomple(e(e aspec( mar/er s e6chan'ed *or m;F or ma;F 1ma;F s )sed 9here (he /a;F s )sed n (he ncomple(e aspec(. Here+ as n (he ncomple(e aspec(+ ( s )sed (o *acl(a(e pron)nca(on5. ,hs s (he onl- chan'e (ha( occ)rs. O(her9se+ (he :ers are con4)'a(ed as 9e ha:e seen n (he ncomple(e aspec(. Con4)'a(on o* a Model In(rans(:e @er 2′a′ar ;; ecome dr)n/ mn2′a′ar/ ma(2′a′ar/ ma2′a′ar/ ma2′a′ar la
mo42′a′ar/ m62 ′a′ar/ mee2′a′ar/ ma2′a′ar ala2
le( me no( 'e( dr)n/ don( 'e( dr)n/ le( hm no( 'e( dr)n/ don( 'e( dr)n/
le(s no( 'e( dr)n/ don( 'e( dr)n/ le( (hem no( 'e( dr)n/ don( 'e( dr)n/
Con4)'a(on o* a Model Class ! ,rans(:e @er n @oces !+ ?+ 3+ ch′a-/ ;; (o e h( @oce ! mnch′a-o maach′a-o m))ch′a-o mach′a- la
le( me no( h( hm don( h( hm le( hm no( h( hm don( h( hm
ma2ach′a-o mch′a-o ma/ch ′a-o mach′a- ala2
!3"
le(s no( h( hm don( h( hm le( (hem no( h( hm don( h( hm
@oce ? mnch′aa-/ ma(ch′aa-/ mach′aa-/ mach′aa- la @oce 3 mnch′a-a(a4/ ma(ch′a-a(a4/ mach′a-a(a4/ mach′a-a(a4 la @oce mnch′a-an/ ma(ch′a-an/ mach′a-an/ mach′a-an la
le( me no( e h( don( e h( le( hm no( e h( don( e h(
le( me no( 'e( h( don( 'e( h( le( hm no( 'e( h( don( 'e( h(
le( me no( h( don( h( le( hm no( h( don( h(
mo4ch′aa-/ m6ch ′aa-/ meech′aa-/ mach′aa- ala2
le(s no( e h( don( e h( le( (hem no( e h( don( e h(
mo4ch ′a-a(a4/ m6ch ′a-a(a4/ meech′a-a(a4/ mach ′a-a(a4 ala2
mo4ch′a-an/ m6ch ′a-an/ meech′a-an/ mach′a-an ala2
le(s no( 'e( h( don( 'e( h( le( (hem no( 'e( h( don( 'e( h(
le(s no( h( don( h( le( (hem no( h( don( h(
Con4)'a(on o* Model Class ? ,rans(:e @er n @oces !+ ?+ 3+ ela2′a6/ ;; (o e s(olen+ (o e roed @oce ! ma9ela2′aa4 le( me no( s(eal ( 1mn9ela2′aa45 maa9ela2′aa4 don( s(eal ( marela2′aa4 le( hm no( s(eal ( meela2′a4 la don( s(eal (
m9ela2 ′aa4 don( s(eal ( ma/ela2′aa4 le( (hem no( s(eal ( meela2′a4 ala2 don( s(eal (
@oce ? mnela2′a6/ ma(ela2′a6/ meela2′a6/ meela2′a6 la
mo4ela2′a6/ m6ela2 ′a6/ me′la2′a6/ meela2′a6 ala2
le( me no( e roed don( e roed le( hm no( e roed don( e roed
@oce 3 mnela2′a(a4/ le( me no( 'e( roed ma(ela2′a(a4/ don( 'e( roed meela2′a(a4/ le( hm no( 'e( roed ′a(a4 la don( 'e( roedmeela2′a(a4 ala2
@oce 1rre')lar n (hs :oce> ela2 ′/5 mnela2′/ le( me no( s(eal ma(ela2′/ don( s(eal meela2′/ le( hm no( s(eal meela2′ la don( s(eal
ma2ela2′aa4
mo4ela2 ′a(a4/ m6ela2 ′a(a4/ me′la2′a(a4/ don( 'e( roed
mo4ela2′/ m6ela2′/ me′la2′/ meela2′ ala2
!#
le(s no( s(eal (
le(s no( e roed don( e roed le( (hem no( e roed don( e roed
le(s no( 'e( roed don( 'e( roed le( (hem no( 'e( roed meela2
le( )s no( s(eal don( s(eal le( (hem no( s(eal don( s(eal
O(her Ne'a(:e $orms Laamna ;; ne'a(:e 2)es(on 9ord %e sa9 n Lesson 7 (o as/ a 2)es(on n K ′che′ 9here (here s no n(erro'a(:e 9ord )sed s)ch as 9hoF+ 9ha(F+ e(c.+ (he 9ord laaF s placed a( (he e'nnn' o* (he sen(ence (o ndca(e a 2)es(on 1e.'.+ Laa /a( ′ee 9))/ ′F Are -o) 'on' 9(h meF5. ,o *orm a ne'a(:e 2)es(on+ (he ne'a(:e 2)es(on 9ord laamnaF s placed a( (he e'nnn' o* (he sen(ence. Laamna /a(′ee 9))/ ′
Aren( -o) 'on' 9(h me
Laamna 6))-aa lee 9))4 cha9ee
&d he no( ':e -o) (he paper
%emna ;; * no(F s (he ne'a(:e *orm o* 9eeF 1*5 %emna /a2a′an lee chaa/+ /o4))ch ′a- 2a(aa(.
I* 9e don( do (he 9or/+ o)r *a(her 9ll h( )s.
%emna /o4′ee/+ /a′son r 2anaan.
I* 9e don( 'o+ o)r mo(her 9ll e sad.
%ee nemna ;; perhaps no(F s (he ne'a(:e *orm o* 9ee neF ;; perhaps %ee nemna /o4/(o′ lee 9na2.
0erhaps (he people 9on( help )s.
%ee /a/am lee ach+ 9ee nemna /a/m)2 lee 9na2 pa )(nam(. I* (he man des+ perhaps (he people 9on( )r- hm n hs (o9n. 0nemna ;; e:en (ho)'h ;; no(F s (he ne'a(:e *orm o* pneF ;; e:en (ho)'h Kn-aa 9a′ 9ee ch′ch′ cha9ee+ pnemna )(. Ill ':e -o) (hs mache(e + e:en (ho)'h ( s no( 'ood. 0nemna /a′ee lee 9a(+ /m ′ee n pa / ′a-′al. E:en (ho)'h m- older ro(her doesn( 'o+ Im 'on' (o (he mar/e(. Jas chemna ;; 9h- no(F 1(hs s also sad 9(h 4as chee Y na ;; (a45 Jas chemna /ee9ar lee 9na2 9araal
1Jas chee na /ee9ar (a lee 9na2 9araal5
%h- don( (he people sleep here Jas chemna 6) ′an lee r/′l lee la4 al
1Jas chee na 6) ′an (a lee r/′l lee la4 al5
%h- ddn( (he l((le 'rl ma/e (he meal
!!
In (he ao:e *:e ne'a(:e 9ords+ 9e can see (ha( (he- 9ere *ormed - addn' ;mnaF (o (her pos(:e co)n(erpar(s. ,here are o(her ne'a(:e 9ords 9hch are *ormed n (he same 9a-+ )( onl- (hese *:e 9ll e n(rod)ced here.
MO&EL SEN,ENCES Jee m′an 6 4asa /a/ ′an lee ee n/ ′a4 ch 9na2. In (he manner don( -o) do ( 9ha( (he- do (he res( o* he people. &on( -o) do 9ha( (he res( o* (he people do. %emna /a(pee aa(aam+ na /a(9-e ′ 4 (a4. I* no( -o) come earl-+ no( Ill 9a( *or -o). I* -o) don( come earl-+ I 9on( 9a( *or -o).
@OCABLAR /o4/ / ′am/ (ee9 n/ ′a4 n/ ′a4 ch/ aa(aam 9ee nemna 9eemna pne pneemna 4as chee 4as chemna laamna
1(:!5 1(:!5 1n5 1n+ ad45 1ad:5 1ad:5 1con45 1con45 1con45 1n(er5 1n(er5 1n(er5
(o e p)(+ ele:ed+ p)( on (o e rece:ed+ 'o((en cold hal* res( o*+ remander earlperhaps no( * no( e:en (ho)'h+ al(ho)'h e:en (ho)'h ;; no(= al(ho)'h ;; no( 9h- 9h- ;; no( ne'a(:e 2)es(on 9ord
K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#.
Na /ncha/)n (a n+ 9emna /o4(o′/. Jas chemna /))/ ′am lee p9a2 lee ala r 6spa6 chee r)mal r )(aa( %emna /)l r ach aa(aam+ /o49ar/. Laamna )( /aa9l 9a′ 9ee /ee4 1)( Y l/ ;; (o l/eF ;; :s)al 4)d'emen(5. %emna /aa2′′ lee ee2a′n+ /aa′4 chee lee a9a(+ areech /a())(o ′ chee. Laamna 6mes )pa lee 4a 9r %emna /a/o4 a(′a2 la+ (ee9 /ana ′ la. %emna /o4(o′(a4 chee lee chaa/+ 9ee nemna /o4 ′ee 9)/ ′ pa nma2′4. 0nemna /n9a′ n 9)/ ′ ch9e′2+ /a9a′ r n(aa(. Jas chee na /a(o′an (a ala2 ch/ee lee 9na2 aree(a2 /a/r2 / ′ pa 2′a(′al (4
!?
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#.
E:en (ho)'h 9e *o)'h( o:er (he land a lon' (me a'o+ 9e s(ll lo:e one ano(her. %h- don( -o) 1laal5 )- (ha( *re9ood (here. Aren( -o) 165 'on' (o ea( -o)r eans I* 9e don( ':e hm (he mone-+ o)r *a(her 9ll h( )s. &on( place 1a(5 (he o((le near (he roc/. Le(s no( 9or/ (ommorro9. Le( (he man no( do harm (o hs 9*e. Le( )s no( do 9ha( (he res( o* (he people do 9hen (he- *'h(. &on( co:er )p 1laal5 9(h (he lan/e( -e(+ * -o) aren( 'on' (o sleep. &on( h( one ano(her+ chldren.
&RILLS Con:er( (he mpera(:es n (he *ollo9n' sen(ences n(o ne'a(:e mpera(:es and (hen re9r(e (he sen(ences and (ransla(e (hem n(o En'lsh. !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8.
%ar a′la2 pa 4a /am/. Ka/o4oo lee / ′aa/ ′ a(′a2. Ch-a ′aa lee n/ ′a4 ch r/′l pa lee o′ 4. Chaa(4aa lee a9aa chanm. Chn(o′oo la chee lee cha/. Ch))chapaa lee a/ ′ lee a/ ′aal. Cheechaa la la′ lee o6′ ach4aa′ Ka(cha/)na pa 9)lee9 ch9e′2.
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. Kana′(a4 ch9ee.
I rememer ( 1( s rememered (o me5.
?. Kasachan ch9ee.
I *or'e( ( 1( s *or'o((en (o me5.
3. Laa(′ n)9ach.
I am )s-.
. ,olon n)9ach.
I am *ree 1no( )s-5.
. Kasaach n)/ ′)′6.
I ecome )pse(.
!3
LESSON ,HIR, ,%O 0ER$EC, AS0EC, O$ CLASS ! AN& ? ,RANSI,I@E @ERBS IN @OICES ! AN& ? AN& S0ECIAL CASE O$ E,A′MAIK 1,@?5 ;; ,O BE LEARNE& Meann' o* 0er*ec( Aspec( A :er n (hs 0er*ec( Aspec( ndca(es (ha( (he ac(on 9as e')n n some pas( (me and (he ac(on (sel*+ or (he e**ec(s o* (he ac(on+ con(n)e )p (o (he presen( (me. ,he per*ec( n K ′che′ s some9ha( smlar (o (he per*ec( (ense n En'lsh. $orma(on Classes ! < ? ,rans(:e @ers n @oces ! < ? ,he @oce mar/er n (hese cases s (he (ermna(on ;mF. @oce ! 1@oce ! places emphass n all (hree o* (he man elemen(s o* (he :er phrase> s)4ec(+ :er and o4ec(. See Lesson !5. O4ec( n a( ;;; la o4 6 ee1′5 ala2
S)4ec(
Roo(
@o9el
m
n) 195 a 1a95 ) 1r5 la 2a 125 195 / 1/5 ala2
%(h Class ! :ers (hs :o9el s oF )nless (he :o9el n (he roo( s )F+ and (hen (hs :o9el ecomes )F. Class ? :ers do no( re2)re (hs :o9el.
Model Con4)'a(ons $or (he sa/e o* smplc(-+ 9e shall )se onl- *rs( person sn')lar and second person sn')lar 1*amlar5 *orms as o4ec(s.
!
Class ! S)lass A> l/ ;; (o e seen
Class ? ()/)6/ ;; (o e searched *or
a( 9loom n a9loom a( rloom n lom la a( 2loom n 9loom a( /loom n lom ala2
a( n)()/))m n a()/))m a( )()/))m n ()/)m la a( 2a()/))m n ()/))m a( /()/))m n ()/)m ala2
I ha:e seen -o) -o) ha:e seen me he has seen -o) -o) ha:e seen me 9e ha:e seen -o) -o) ha:e seen me (he- ha:e seen -o) -o) ha:e seen me
I ha:e searched *or -o) -o) ha:e searched *or me he has searched *or -o) -o) ha:e searched *or me 9e ha:e searched *or -o) -o) ha:e searched *or me (he- ha:e searched *or -o) -o) ha:e searched *or me
S)class B> (o′/ ;; (o e helped a( n)(o′oom n a(o′oom a( )(o′oom n (o′m la a( 2a(o′oom n (o′oom a( /(o′oom n (o′m ala2
1a( n)(o′m ;;5 1n a(o′m ;;5 1a( )(o′m ;;5 1a( 2a(o′m ;;5 1n (o′m ;;5 1a( /(o′m ;;5
I ha:e helped -o) -o) ha:e helped me he has helped -o) -o) ha:e helped me 9e ha:e helped -o) -o) ha:e helped me (he- ha:e helped -o) -o) ha:e helped me
@oce ? 10laces emphass on (he o4ec( o* (he :er phrase. See Lesson !"5 $orm)la 0erson n a( ;;; la o4 6 ee 1′5 ala2
Roo(
@o9el
m
%(h Class ! :ers (hs :o9el s oF )nless (he :o9el n (he roo( s )F and (hen (hs :o9el ecomes )F. Class ? :ers do no( re2)re (hs :o9el.
!
Class ! S)lass A> l/ ;; (o e seen
Class ? ()/)6/ ;; (o e searched *or
n loom a( loom loom lom la o4 loom 6 loom ′loom lom ala2
n ()/))m a( ()/))m ()/))m ()/)m la o4 ()/))m 6 ()/))m ee ()/))m ()/)m ala2
I ha:e een seen -o) ha:e een seen he has een seen -o) ha:e een seen 9e ha:e een seen -o) ha:e een seen (he- ha:e een seen -o) ha:e een seen
I ha:e een searched *or -o) ha:e een searched *or he has een searched *or -o) ha:e een searched *or 9e ha:e een searched *or -o) ha:e een searched *or (he- ha:e een searched *or -o) ha:e een searched *or
S)class B> (o′/ ;; (o e helped n (o′oom a( (o′oom (o′oom (o′m la o4 (o′oom 6 (o′oom ee (o′oom (o′m ala2
1n (o′m ;;5 1a( (o′m ;;5 1(o′m ;;5 1o4 (o′m ;;5 16 (o′m ;;5 1ee (o′m ;;5
I ha:e een helped -o) ha:e een helped he has een helped -o) ha:e een helped 9e ha:e een helped -o) ha:e een helped (he- ha:e een helped -o) ha:e een helped
No(e> %e sa9 n Lesson ?3 a specal (-pe o* Class ? (rans(:e :er 9hch (ermna(es n @oce ! n :o9el pl)s 'lo((al s(op pl)s :o9el pl)s 4F. In (he per*ec( aspec( n @oces ! < ? (hese (-pes o* Class ? :ers are con4)'a(ed as *ollo9s> (erne′6/
1(:?5
(o e *ollo9ed
@oce ! n)(erne′eem I ha:e *ollo9ed hm 1n)(erne′m ;;5 1* no( )((erance *nal5 @oce ? n (erne′eem I ha:e een *ollo9ed 1n (erne′m ;;5 1* no( )((erance *nal5
Some $)r(her ses o* (he 0er*ec( Aspec( !. Con(n)ed Ac(on In K ′che′ man- :ers+ 9hen )sed n (he 0er*ec( Aspec(+ can e6press (he dea o* an ac(on e')n n pas( (me and con(n)n' n(o (he presen(. ,hs )se o* (he 0er*ec( s 'enerall- (ransla(ed n(o En'lsh as an n'F *orm o* (he :er> Lee ach )chapom )ch′ch′ aree(a2 6o2 pa 4a. ,he man 9as holdn' hs mache(e 9hen he en(ered n(o (he ho)se.
!7
Dee2am lee /ape aree(a2 6o4 ′ee pa /a-′al. %e 9ere carr-n' (he co**ee 9hen 9e 9en( (o (he mar/e(. ?. @eral Ad4ec(:e A( (mes (he :er n (he 0er*ec( Aspec( s )sed as an ad4ec(:e> ,a/om sa2mo′l.
Coo/ed e''.
Ela2′am p9a2.
S(olen mone-.
3. 0l)per*ec( Aspec( ,he 0er*ec( Aspec( s (ransla(ed as (he 0l)per*ec( 1hadF5 9hen ( s )sed n a sen(ence accompaned - a second :er phrase 9hose :er s n (he Comple(ed Aspec(> K′anom ch /chaa/ lee ach4aa ′ aree(a2 6ee2ach′aa ′ee4. ,he men had alread- done (her 9or/ 9hen 9e spo/e (o (hem. Dalo2′om ch lee 4a aree(a2 6aa(aa chee ra4aa9. %e had alread- o)'h( (he ho)se 9hen -o) as/ed (s o9ner *or (. . $)()re 0er*ec( Aspec( ,he 0er*ec( aspec( s (ransla(ed as (he $)()re 0er*ec( 19ll ha:eF5 9hen ( s )sed n a sen(ence accompaned - a second :er phrase 9hose :er s n (he Incomple(e Aspec(> %ee ne ma4m ch lee chomaal aree(a2 /o4oopan/. 0erhaps (he mee(n' 9ll ha:e alread- e')n 9hen 9e arr:e. Ee 2am)lm ch lee a/ ′alaa′ pa 4a aree(a2 /)′l lee /naan. %e 9ll ha:e alread- 'a(hered (he chldren n (he ho)se 9hen (her mo(hers arr:e. Con4)'a(on o* e(a ′ma6/ 1(:?5 ;; (o e learned 1con4)'a(ed l/e an- re')lar Class ? :er5> Incomple(e Aspec(>
/aa9ee(a′maa4 ;; -o) learn (
Comple(ed Aspec(>
6aa9ee(a′maa4 ;; -o) learned (
Impera(:e Aspec(>
chaa9ee(a ′maa4 ;; learn (
0er*ec( Aspec(
a9ee(a′maam ;; -o) ha:e learned (
Ho9e:er+ 9(h (hs :er (here s an add(onal aspec(+ :er- smlar n cons(r)c(on (o (he 0er*ec( Aspec(+ and ndca(es (ha( (he s)4ec( s n (he s(a(e o* ha:n' learned some(hn'+ or /no9s some(hn'. ,hs S(a(:e Aspec( s con4)'a(ed as *ollo9s>
!
9ee(a′aam a9ee(a′aam ree(a′aam ee(a′m la 2ee(a′aam 9ee(a′aam /ee(a′aam ee(a′m ala2
19e(a′m ;;5 1a9e(a′m ;;5 1re(a′m ;;5 12e(a′m ;;5 19e(a′m ;;5 1/e(a′m ;;5
I /no9 ( -o) /no9 ( he /no9s ( -o) /no9 ( 9e /no9 ( -o) /no9 ( (he- /no9 ( -o) /no9 (
MO&EL SEN,ENCES ! O4eer ch n)lo2′om 9a′ 9ee n)(′′. I(s een a lon' (me snce I:e o)'h( (hs do' o* mne. ?. Lee n)4′ r)/ ′a′m lee chm aree(a2 6oopan ch)9a 9o ′ch. M- son;n;la9 9as carr-n' (he a' 9hen 9e arr:ed a( m- ho)se. 3. Lee n)′al))/ )/ ′a-m ch r )lee9 aree(a2 62a/ ′)l)′aa lee 9anaa′ r))/ ′. M- ro(her;n;la9 had alread- sold (he land 9hen 9e marred m- ss(er (o hm.
@OCABLAR ′ol/ (a// sa2′))l chomaal achalaal 4′ ′al))/ anaa′ 6′aal o4eer o4eer ch/ 4anpa′ naa′e / ′m))l
1(:!5 1(:!5 1n5 1n5 1pn5 1pn5 1pn5 1pn5 1pn5 1ad45 1n(er5 1n)m+ ad:5 1ad:5
(o e roas(ed n *re (o e coo/ed - oln' or coo/ed - s(eam plan(an *a(ness+ mee(n'+ plan+ n(en(on sln'+ near rela(:e son;n;la9 ro(her;n;la9 ss(er 1males5 ro(her 1*emales5 a lon' (me a'o (s een a lon' (me snce ;; ho9 man-+ ho9 m)ch *rs(+ a( *rs( man- (mes
K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . .
Da(4om (a/om sa2 ′))l pa /a- ′al. Lee n)′al))/ )′cha4m lee ral/ ′)′aal pa 4a aree(a2 62ach′aa ′ee4. B′anom ch lee s′ r)mal lee )6′aal lee al aree(a2 /))(4 )9aa. Lee la4 ala ree2am )9aa aree(a2 6 ′ee pa chaa/. O4 /-e′m ch lee ee 2achalaal aree(a2 6o4o/ pa nma2 ′4.
!8
7. . 8. ". !#. !!. !?.
Kam/ /o4/′/o(/ r)mal r 2ar2om 2 ′ /)/ ′ 9a′ 9ee 2achalaal. O4eer ch )r2om -aa′l lee 2anaan. Lee n)4′ )/ ′a-m r )4as(aa2 r)mal r /a2 ′a′ar/. Naa ′e s′ala4 /a/(o′ / lee 9na2= /am/ ch/ na /(o ′m (a ch /′. Lee 9anaa′ )(a/om 9a′ 9ee sa2′))l ch2eech. Janpaa ch relesam r′ lee a/ ′aal pa chaa/ Janpaa ch a-o ′m r )9aa lee ala
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!. !?.
%ho are -o) 1a(5 9a(n' *or 1)se per*ec(5. ,he dead 1per*ec(5 man s )red 1per*ec(5 near (he ' (ree. ,he man 9as carr-n' 1per*ec(5 (he mone- 9hen he 9en( (o (he mee(n' a( n'h(. I don( /no9 (he road (ha( 'oes (o (o9n. ,he door o* (he ho)se 9as (ed 9hen 9e sa9 (. I ha:e helped -o) man- (mes 9(h (he corn plan(n'. %h- ha:e -o) 1laal5 no( done -o)r 9or/ I( has een a lon' (me snce (he people ha:e spo/en (o (her rela(:es n (o9n. I 9as 9a(n' *or m- *rends n *ron( o* (he ho)se 9hen (s o9ner came. ,he mee(n' had alread- e')n 9hen (he men spo/e (o each o(her. o) 1laal5 9ere (a/n' care o* )s 1per*ec(5 9hen o)r *a(her 9en( (o 9or/. Ho9 lon' has ( een snce -o) 1laal5 ha:e spo/en (o )s
S0ECIAL &RILL Con4)'a(e (he *ollo9n' :ers n (he 0er*ec( Aspec( n @oce ! 1)sn' all (he possle s)4ec(;o4ec( comna(ons5 and @oce ?. !. ?. 3. . .
lo2′o6/ (o′/ (4o6/ l/ (erne′6/
1(:?5 1(:!5 1(:?5 1(:!5 1(:?5
(o e lo:ed (o e helped (o e ns(r)c(ed (o e seen (o e *ollo9ed
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. /′a4 n)9ach.
I learned a hard lesson 19on( do ( a'an5.
?. Kno/ l chee.
I *)ss o:er hm.
3. Ke′ )/ ′)′6 /))′ano.
He does ( )n9lln'l-.
. R)/′ )/ ′)′6 /))′ano.
He does ( 9lln'l- 19(h all hs hear(5.
. Keel n)/′ )′6 chee.
M- hear( 'oes o)( (o hm.
!"
LESSON ,HIR, ,HREE 0ER$EC, AS0EC, O$ IN,RANSI,I@E @ERBS AN& CLASS ! AN& ? ,RANSI,I@E @ERBS IN @OICES 3+ + AN& ,he Meann' o* 0er*ec( Aspec( As 9e sa9 n Lesson 3?+ a :er n (he 0er*ec( Aspec( ndca(es (ha( (he ac(on 9as e')n n some pas( (me and (he ac(on (sel*+ or (he e**ec(s o* (he ac(on+ con(n)e )p (o (he presen( (me. ,he 0er*ec( Aspec( n K ′che′ s some9ha( smlar (o (he 0er*ec( ,ense n En'lsh.
$orma(on In(rans(:e @ers 0erson
Roo(
na2
n a( ;;; la o4 6 ee 1′5 ala2 %(h some :ers (hs F s )sed (o *acl(a(e pron)nca(on
Model Con4)'a(on n aa(nna2 a( aa(nna2 aa(nna2 aa(nna2 la
I ha:e a(hed -o) ha:e a(hed he has a(hed -o) ha:e a(hed
o4 aa(nna2 6 aa(nna2 a ′(nna2 aa(nna2 ala2
9e ha:e a(hed -o) ha:e a(hed (he- ha:e a(hed -o) ha:e a(hed
,rans(:e @ers Classes ! < ? n @oces 3 < @oce 3 places emphass on (he s(a(e o* (he o4ec( 1see Lesson ?#5. @oce places emphass on (he ac(on o* (he :er phrase 1see Lesson ?!5
!#
0erson
Roo(
@o9el
n a( ;;; la o4 6 ee 1′5 ala2
@oce Mar/er
na2
(a4 1@oce 35
n 1@oce 5
A( (mes (hs :o9el s presen( *ollo9n' Class ! roo(s (o help *acl(a(e pron)nca(on Model Con4)'a(on 1@oce 35 Class ! S)class A> l/ ;; (o e seen n l(a4na2 I ha:e ecome seen a( l(a4na2 -o) ha:e ecome seen l(a4na2 he has ecome seen l(a4na2 la -o) ha:e ecome seen o4 l(a4na2 9e ha:e ecome seen 6 l(a4na2 -o) ha:e ecome seen ′l(a4na2 (he- ha:e ecome seen l(a4na2 ala2 -o) ha:e ecome seen
Class ? /)na6/ ;; (o e c)red n /)na(a4na2 I ha:e ecome c)red a( /)na(a4na2 -o) ha:e ecome c)red /)na(a4na2 he has ecome c)red /)na(a4na2 la -o) ha:e ecome c)red o4 /)na(a4na2 9e ha:e ecome c)red 6 /)na(a4na2 -o) ha:e ecome c)red ee /)na(a4na2 (he- ha:e ecome c)red /)na(a4na2 ala2 -o) ha:e ecome c)red
S)class B> (o ′/ ;; (o e helped n (o′(a4na2 I ha:e ecome helped a( (o′(a4na2 -o) ha:e ecome helped (o′(a4na2 he has ecome helped (o′(a4na2 la -o) ha:e ecome helped o4 (o′(a4na2 9e ha:e ecome helped 6 (o′(a4na2 -o) ha:e ecome helped ee (o′(a4na2 (he- ha:e ecome helped (o′(a4na2 ala2 -o) ha:e ecome helped Model Con4)'a(on 1@oce 5 Class ! S)class A> ch ′a-/ n ch′a-anna2 a( ch′a-anna2 ch′a-anna2 ch′a-anna2 la o4 ch′a-anna2 6 ch′a-anna2 ee ch′a-anna2 ch′a-anna2 ala2
;; (o e h( I ha:e h( -o) ha:e h( he has h( -o) ha:e h( 9e ha:e h( -o) ha:e h( (he- ha:e h( -o) ha:e h(
Class ? /)na6/ ;; (o e c)red n /)nanna2 I ha:e c)red a( /)nanna2 -o) ha:e c)red /)nanna2 he has c)red /)nanna2 la -o) ha:e c)red o4 /)nanna2 9e ha:e c)red 6 /)nanna2 -o) ha:e c)red ee /)nanna2 (he- ha:e c)red /)nanna2 ala2 -o) ha:e c)red
!!
S)class B> s) ′/ ;; (o e 9ped n s)′nna2 I ha:e 9ped a( s)′nna2 -o) ha:e 9ped s)′nna2 he has 9ped s)′nna2 la -o) ha:e 9ped
o4 s) ′nna2 6 s) ′nna2 ee s) ′nna2 s) ′nna2 ala2
9e ha:e 9ped -o) ha:e 9ped (he- ha:e 9ped -o) ha:e 9ped
,rans(:e @ers Classes ! < ? n @oce @oce places emphass on (he s)4ec( o* (he :er phrase. %(h @oce s)4ec(+ :er and o4ec( m)s( all e presen( n (he :er phrase 1see Lesson ??5. Separa(ed s)4ec( 0rono)n n a( are′ laal o4 6 a′re′ ala2
O4ec(
n a( ;;; la o4 6 ee 1′5 ala2
S)4ec(
Roo(
n a( ;;; la o4 6 ee 1′5 ala2
@o9el
@oce Mar/er
na2
9 1Class !5 n 1Class ?5
In (hs :oce e(her s)4ec( or o4ec( m)s( e (hrd person 1sn')lar or pl)ral5 or laal or ala2 1see Lesson ??5. ,hs :o9el s o*(en presen( *ollo9n' Class ! roo(s (o *acl(a(e pron)nca(on 1see Lesson 3#5. ,hs F al9a-s *ollo9s (he @oce mar/er 9F *or Class ! :ers 1;9na25+ )( s no( )sed *ollo9n' (he @oce mar/er nF *or Class ? :ers 1;nna25
Model Con4)'a(ons 1$or (he sa/e o* smplc(- (he o4ec( 9ll al9a-s e (hrd person sn')lar5 Class ! S)class A> ch ′a-/ ;; (o e h( n n ch′a-o9na2 I m-sel* ha:e h( hm a( a( ch′a-o9na2 -o) -o)rsel* ha:e h( hm aree ch′a-o9na2 he hmsel* has h( hm laal ch′a-o9na2 la -o) -o)rsel* ha:e h( hm o4 o4 ch′a-o9na2 9e o)rsel:es ha:e h( hm 6 6 ch′a-o9na2 -o) -o)rsel:es ha:e h( hm a′re′ ee ch′a-o9na2 (he- (hemsel:es ha:e h( hm ala2 ch′a-o9na2 ala2 -o) -o)rsel:es ha:e h( hm
!?
S)class B> (o ′/ ;; n n (o′9na2 a( a( (o′9na2 aree (o′9na2 laal (o′9na2 la o4 o4 (o′9na2 6 6 (o′9na2 a′re′ ee (o′9na2 ala2 (o′9na2 ala2
(o e helped I m-sel* ha:e helped hm -o) -o)rsel* ha:e helped hm he hmsel* has helped hm -o) -o)rsel* ha:e helped hm 9e o)rsel:es ha:e helped hm -o) -o)rsel:es ha:e helped hm (he- (hemsel:es ha:e helped hm -o) -o)rsel:es ha:e helped hm
Class ? /)na6/ ;; (o e c)red n n /)nanna2 I m-sel* ha:e c)red hm a( a( /)nanna2 -o) -o)rsel* ha:e c)red hm aree /)nanna2 he hmsel* has c)red hm laal /)nanna2 la -o) -o)rsel* ha:e c)red hm o4 o4 /)nanna2 9e o)rsel:es ha:e c)red hm 6 6 /)nanna2 -o) -o)rsel:es ha:e c)red hm a′re′ ee /)nanna2 (he- (hemsel:es ha:e c)red hm ala2 /)nanna2 ala2 -o) -o)rsel:es ha:e c)red hm NO,E> %e sa9 n Lesson ?3 a specal (-pe o* Class ? (rans(:e :er 9hch (ermna(es n @oce ! n :o9el pl)s ′ pl)s :o9el pl)s 4. In (he 0er*ec( Aspec( n @oce (hese (-pes o* Class ? :ers are con4)'a(ed as *ollo9s> @oce )/′a′6/ 1(:?5 (o e carred+ (o e s)ppor(ed n n )/ ′a′nna2 I m-sel* ha:e carred ( a( a( )/ ′a′nna2 -o) -o)sel* ha:e carred ( aree )/ ′a′nna2 he hmsel* has carred ( laal )/ ′a′nna2 la -o) -o)rsel* ha:e carred ( o4 o4 )/ ′a′nna2 9e o)rsel:es ha:e carred ( 6 6 )/ ′a′nna2 -o) -o)rsel:es ha:e carred ( a′re′ ee )/ ′a′nna2 (he- (hemsel:es ha:e carred ( ala2 )/ ′a′nna2 ala2 -o) -o)rsel* ha:e carred ( ,hs (-pe o* Class ? ,rans(:e @er can also e con4)'a(ed n @oces 3 < n (he 0er*ec( Aspec(+ )( (hese *orms are so rarel- )sed (ha( (he- 9ll no( e ncl)ded n (hs 'rammar. Some $)r(her ses o* (he 0er*ec( Aspec( !. Con(n)ed Ac(on In K ′che′ man- :ers+ 9hen )sed n (he 0er*ec( Aspec(+ can e6press (he dea o* an ac(on e')n n pas( (me and con(n)ed n(o (he presen(. ,hs )se o* (he 0er*ec( s 'enerall- (ransla(ed n(o En'lsh as an n'F *orm o* (he :er>
!3
%arna2 lee a/ ′aal.
,he chld s sleepn'.
%ee ne pee(na2 r ach chaanm.
Ma-e (he man s comn' no9.
?. @eral Ad4ec(:e A( (mes (he :er n (he 0er*ec( Aspec( s )sed as an ad4ec(:e> Kamna2 (′′.
&ead do'.
Saachna2 ach.
Los( man.
3. 0l)per*ec( Aspec( ,he 0er*ec( Aspec( s (ransla(ed as (he 0l)per*ec( 1hadF5 9hen ( s )sed n a sen(ence accompaned - a second :er phrase 9hose :er s n (he comple(ed aspec(> Kamna2 ch r ach aree(a2 6o4oopan pa ro ′ch. ,he man had alread- ded 9hen 9e arr:ed a( hs ho)se. O4 aa(nna2 ch/ aree(a2 6o49l pa ′e. %e had alread- a(hed 9hen -o) sa9 )s on (he road. . $)()re 0er*ec( Aspec( ,he 0er*ec( Aspec( s (ransla(ed as (he $)()re 0er*ec( 19ll ha:eF5 9hen ( s )sed n a sen(ence accompaned - a second :er phrase 9hose :er s n (he ncomple(e aspec(. Oo′/na2 ch lee ′6o2′ pa / ′a-′al aree(a2 /ee2l ch9e′2. ,he 9omen 9ll ha:e alread- en(ered (he mar/e( 9hen 9e see (hem (ommorro9. Ra4a9a6/ 6 )lna2 ch/ aree(a2 /o4 ′ee o4. I(s necessar- (ha( -o) 9ll ha:e alread- arr:ed 9hen 9e 'o.
MO&EL SEN,ENCES !. K ′m))l o4 oo/ ′o9na2 9araal. %e ha:e passed here man- (mes. ?. Aree(a2 ′an(a4na2 che lee chaa/ /)maal lee a ′ch4aa ′+ 6) ′6lan/. %hen (he 9or/ had ecome done - (he men+ (he- res(ed. 3. Jachn ee2anna2 la′ lee s′ %hos ac/ pac/n' (ha( *re9ood (here
!
@OCABLAR a4 chm chomaal 2′aa2′ ach′l m-eer ;m))l 4))m))l /aam))l o6m))l / ′m))l 4anpaa m))l ma 6aa / ′) 4ee r′
1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1pn5 1ad:5 1ad:5 one (me (9o (mes (hree (mes man- (mes 1n(er5 1con45 1con45
*resh corn 9o:en a' mee(n'+ plan *re+ l'h(+ hea( companon+ *rend earler n (he da;; (mes
ho9 man- (mes eca)se and *or (ha( reason
K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!. !?.
Aree 9anaa′ (a/o9na2 9ee sa2 ′))l ch2eech. O6m))l n ch′aa9na2 r)/ ′ lee ach pa (a2 ′aa4. Jachn -o′9na2 lee ′olom a4 ch9eech Laa m-eer )lna2 ala2 Naa ′e s′ala4 /eecha/)n lee ala ′om= /am/ ch/ na ee cha/)nna2 (a ch/. 0a6na/ (a2 lee sa2mo′l= 6aa / ′) 4ee r′ na 6nlo2′ (a4. O4 (o′anna2 cheech ala2. aa 4ee r ′ ra4a9a6/ /o4(o′ ala2 /am/. I-e′ ′na2 ch r 2ach ′l aree(a2 6o4oopan pa ro ′ch. Aree(a2 -a ′(a4na2 ch lee a4 pa lee 2 ′aa2′ r)maal+ lee 6o2 6))(4 )9aa. B′an(a4na2 ch lee chomaal aree(a2 6/-a4 / ′ lee 9na2. %arna2 lee a/ ′aal chaanm ma 6aa -a9aa ′. Laa / ′m))l 6 pee(na2 9araal
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ !. Ho9 man- (mes has -o)r 165 companon come here ?. ,he chld 9as sleepn' 1per*ec(5 9hen (he (he* en(ered (he ho)se+ and *or (hs reason he dd no( hear hm. 3. ,hree (mes I ha:e helped on (he coas( 9(h (he corn plan(n'. . %ho /no9s (he road (ha( 'oes (o (o9n . ,he mone- had alread- een placed n (he a' eca)se ( 9as (o e ':en 1ncomple(e aspec(5 (o (he man. 7. %hch one o* -o) 165 9as carr-n' 1per*ec(5 (he l'h( 9hen -o) 9en( (o (o9n a( n'h( . I ha:e 9or/ed man- (mes on (he coas(.
!
8. ". !#. !!. !?.
%ere -o) 1laal5 res(n' 1per*ec(5 9hen -o)r *rend called -o) ,he chld has *allen (hree (mes here. I(s een a lon' (me snce I ha:e passed - here. ,he o-s are sc/+ and *or (ha( reason (he- ha:e no( pla-ed recen(l- 1ch/5. Are -o) (he one 1a(5 9ho has (ed (he do' n *ron( o* (he ho)se
S0ECIAL &RILL Con:er( (he :ers n (he *ollo9n' sen(ences n(o 0er*ec( Aspec(. !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!. !?. !3. !. !. !7. !. !8. !". ?#. ?!.
ncha/)n chla ′. eepee lee a′ 4cha/′ pa (a2′aa4. K69ar 4eela′ pa 4a. Ka/am lee -a9aa ′. Koo/ la pa /a-′al. o4(o′(a4 /)mal lee 2achalaal. Kl(a4 ala2 /)mal lee al/ ′)′al ala2. Kas/′ (a4 lee ach r)mal rach ′l. ()/)(a4 lee p9a2 2)maal. Ka′an(a4 r chaa/ 9)maal. Keelo2′o′man lee 6o2′′ pa /a-′al. ,o a′la2 ch/ee lee -a9a ′′. o42′olo9 /)/ ′ lee 9na2. ee(o4on lee 9na2 cheech ala2. Jas chee 66ch′o′ 4n /)/ ′ lee 9achalaal Jachn 6/ ′a-n la′ lee )lee9 chee la Laa 6 /6lo2′o9 lee /ape chee lee a/ ′aal. O4 6o4rlo9 lee p9a2 pa ′e. Laa ala2 /a-o′9 ala2 /9aa lee 9na2 Jachn ch/eech lee 9na2 66(o ′9 chee lee chaa/ Laa 6 66(o9 lee chomaal pa 2′a(′al (4
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. Ka/′ aman ch9ee.
I 'e( acc)s(omed (o (.
?. K)/′ am )9ach ch94.
He 'e(s )sed (o me.
3. Cha9ach /′ oo 9.
I(s )p (o -o).
. Maa4 9ee cha9ee.
%ha( -o) do s none o* m- )sness.
. Maa4 a9ee ch9ee.
%ha( I do s none o* -o)r )sness.
!7
LESSON ,HIR, $OR S,A,I@E IN,RANSI,I@E @ERBS IN INCOM0LE,E+ COM0LE,E& IM0ERA,I@E+ 0ER$EC,+ AN& S,A,I@E AS0EC,S Meann' %e ha:e alread- s()ded n(rans(:e @ers n Lessons "+ !#+ !!+ !?+ and 33. ,hs (-pe o* n(rans(:e :er 9hch 9e ha:e alread- s()ded n (he ao:e men(oned Lessons 9e shall *rom no9 on call Smple In(rans(:e @ers n order (o ds(n')sh (hem *rom ano(her (-pe o* n(rans(:e :er 9hch 9e shall no9 s()d-. ,hs ne9 (-pe 9e shall call S(a(:e In(rans(:e @ers. %ha( s (he d**erence e(9een (he Smple In(rans(:e @er 9e ha:e alread- seen+ and (he S(a(:e In(rans(:e @er $rs( o* all ( sho)ld e no(ed (ha( (he- are al/e n (he *ac( (ha( (he- e6press onl- a s)4ec( and (he ac(on done - ( and do no( e6press an- drec( o4ec(. ,he d**erence s (ha( (he Smple In(rans(:e @er e6presses an ac(on o* a s)4ec( 1I 9al/+ .e.+ I do (he ac(on o* 9al/n'5+ 9hle (he S(a(:e In(rans(:e @er e6presses (he s(a(e or cond(on 9hch (he s)4ec( s n 1Im sea(ed+ .e.+ I am n a sea(ed s(a(e5+ or (he ac(on 9hch rn's or ro)'h( (he s)4ec( n(o (ha( s(a(e 1I sa( do9n+ .e.+ I 'o( n(o a sea(ed s(a(e5. Con4)'a(on ,he s()c()ral d**erence e(9een (he (9o classes o* n(rans(:e :ers can e seen n (he sl'h(lds(nc( 9a-s n 9hch (he- are con4)'a(ed. %e shall no9 see n de(al (he con4)'a(on o* (he S(a(:e In(rans(:e @er. Incomple(e and Comple(ed Aspec(s o* S(a(:e @ers> As 9e ha:e seen+ n K ′che′ ( s e((er (o (al/ o* (he aspec(s o* an ac(on ra(her (han o* (me 1see Lessons " and !#5. ,he Incomple(e Aspec( ndca(es (ha( (he ac(on s ncomple(e rela(:e (o (he (me en' spo/en ao)(. ,he Comple(ed Aspec( ndca(es (ha( (he ac(on s comple(e rela(:e (o (he (me spo/en ao)(. ,he S(a(:e In(rans(:e @er n (he Incomple(e Aspec( e6presses (he ac(on 9hch rn's a s)4ec( n(o a cer(an s(a(e 1I s( do9n+ .e.+ I 'e( n(o a sea(ed s(a(e5. ,he S(a(:e In(rans(:e @er n (he Comple(ed Aspec( e6presses (he ac(on 9hch ro)'h( a s)4ec( n(o a cer(an s(a(e 1I sa( do9n+ .e.+ I 'o( n(o a sea(ed s(a(e5.
!
,he S(a(:e In(rans(:e @ers 9hen con4)'a(ed n (hese (9o aspec(s )se 9ha( 9e shall call (he Ac(:e Roo( o* S(a(:e @ers and s easl- reco'ned - (he *ac( (ha( ( al9a-s ends n ′ 1/5 1(he /F+ l/e (he /F (ermna(on n Smple In(rans(:e @ers+ dssappears 9hen (he :er s no( )((erance *nal. Ho9e:er (he ′ s al9a-s re(aned snce ( s par( o* (he roo(5. Some e6amples o* Ac(on Roo(s o* S(a(:e In(rans(:e @ers are> (′)-′ (a/ ′′ 2′o-′ / ′)l′ / ′as′
;; ;; ;; ;; ;;
s( s(and le do9n marrl:e
sn' (he Ac(:e Roo(+ (he S(a(:e In(rans(:e @er n Incomple(e and Comple(ed Aspec(s s con4)'a(ed e6ac(l- l/e (he Smple In(rans(:e @er n (hese Aspec(s 1see Lessons " and !#5. Model Con4)'a(on> ( ′)-′ ;; s( Incomple(e Aspec( o* S(a(:e @ers /n(′)-′/ I s( /o4(′)-/ /a((′)-′/ -o) s( /6( ′)-′/ /a(′)-′/ he s(s /ee(′)-′/ /a(′)-′ la -o) s( /a( ′)-′ ala2
9e s( -o) s( (he- s( -o) s(
Comple(ed Aspec( o* S(a(:e @ers 6n(′)-′/ I sa( 6o4(′)-/ 6a(( ′)-′/ -o) sa( 66( ′)-′/ 6(′)-′/ he sa( 6ee(′)-′/ 6(′)-′ la -o) sa( 6( ′)-′ ala2
9e sa( -o) sa( (he- sa( -o) sa(
In Impera(:e+ 0er*ec(+ and S(a(:e Aspec(s o* S(a(:e @ers ,he S(a(:e In(rans(:e @ers 9hen con4)'a(ed n (hese (hree aspec(s )se a second roo( o* (he :er 9hch 9e shall call (he S(a(:e Roo( o* (he S(a(:e In(rans(:e @er. ,he 'rea( ma4or(- o* S(a(:e In(rans(:e @ers ha:e Ac(:e Roo(s n one o* (he *orms> 1!5 Consonan( pl)s :o9el pl)s consonan( pl)s ′ are:a(ed as> C@CY ′ 1e.'.+ (′)-′ ;; s(5. 1?5 Consonan( pl)s :o9el pl)s ′ pl)s ′ are:a(ed as> C@ ′Y′ 1e.'.+ /)′′ ;; s(5.
!8
*ollo9n' (9o
,he S(a(:e Roo(s are *ormed *rom (hese Ac(:e Roo( (-pes n (he *ollo9n' 9a-s> Ac(:e Roo( C@CY′
S(a(:e Roo( C@CY@Yl
Ac(:e Roo( C@′Y′
S(a(:e Roo( C@′Yl
(a/ ′′ pen′ 2′o-′ (′)-′
(a/ ′al ;; s(and penel ;; coa( (hc/l2′o-ol ;; le do9n (′)-)l ;; s(
2′a′′ 2′e′′ cho′′ /)′′
2′a′l ;; lean 2′e′l ;; ()rn len'(h9se cho′l ;; loosen /)′l ;; s(
No(e> ,he second :o9el o* (he S(a(:e Roo( s al9a-s (he same as (he *rs( :o9el o* (hs roo( 1e.'.+ (a/ ′al+ (′)-)l5. %e see (ha( (he le((er l mar/s (he S(a(:e Roo( n each o* (he ao:e e6amples+ 1e.'.+ (a/ ′al+ penel5. Ho9e:er+ * (he second consonan( n C@C Y ′ s l or r+ (hen @o9el Y n al9a-s (a/es (he place o* (he )s)al l as (he mar/er *or (he S(a(:e Roo(> / ′)l′ chol′ (er′ /or′
/ ′)lan ;; marrcholan ;; lne )p (eren ;; *ollo9 /oron ;; loosen
Impera(:e Aspec( o* S(a(:e @ers ,he Impera(:e Aspec( *or (he S(a(:e In(rans(:e @er s *ormed e6ac(l- l/e (he Impera(:e *or (he Smple In(rans(:e @er 1see Lesson !?5+ onl- no9 (he S(a(:e Roo( s )sed> Model Con4)'a(on chn2′o-olo2 /a(2′o-olo2 2′o-olo2 2′o-ola la
le( me le do9n le do9n le( hm le do9n le do9n
/o42′o-olo2 /62 ′o-olo2 chee2′o-olo2 2′o-ol a ′la2
le(s le do9n le do9n le( (hem le do9n le do9n
0er*ec( Aspec( o* S(a(:e @ers ,hs aspec( re*ers (o some ac(on e')n n pas( (me 1rela(:e (o (he (me spo/en o*5 and (he ac(on or (he e**ec(s o* (he ac(on con(n)e )p (o (he presen( 1see Lesson 3?5. ,hs aspec( o* (he S(a(:e @er s con4)'a(ed e6ac(l- l/e (he Smple In(rans(:e @er n (he 0er*ec( Aspec( 1Lesson 3?5+ onl- no9 (he S(a(:e Roo( s )sed.
n (′)-)lna2 a( ( ′)-)lna2 (′)-)lna2 (′)-)lna2 la
I ha:e sa( -o) ha:e sa( he has sa( -o) ha:e sa(
o4 ( ′)-)lna2 6 ( ′)-)lna2 ee ( ′)-)lna2 ( ′)-)lna2 ala2
!"
9e ha:e sa( -o) ha:e sa( (he- ha:e sa( -o) ha:e sa(
S(a(:e Aspec( o* S(a(:e @ers nl/e (he Smple In(rans(:e @ers+ e:er- S(a(:e In(rans(:e @er has a S(a(:e Aspec( 9hch s den(cal n meann' (o (he @oce 3 S(a(:e Aspec( o* ,rans(:e @ers endn' n (al 1/5 1see Lesson ?#5. ,hs S(a(:e Aspec( ndca(es (ha( (he s)4ec( o* (he :er phrase s n some cond(on or s(a(e 1hence (he name S(a(:e @er5. Con4)'a(on 0erson
S(a(:e Roo(
/
n a( ;;; la o4 6 ee ala2 ,he / ordnarl- dsappears * (he :er s no( )((erance *nal. ,he la and ala2 *orms ordnarl- *ollo9 (he :er 1see model con4)'a(on elo95 Model Con4)'a(on n (′)-)l/ a( ( ′)-)l/ (′)-)l/ (′)-)l la
I am sea(ed -o) are sea(ed he s sea(ed -o) are sea(ed
o4 ( ′)-)l/ 6 ( ′)-)l/ ee ( ′)-)l/ ( ′)-)l ala2
9e are sea(ed -o) are sea(ed (he- are sea(ed -o) are sea(ed
In (he S(a(:e Aspec( (he *o)r pl)ral *orms 1o4+ 6+ ee+ and ala25 can 'enerall- ha:e an al(erna(e cons(r)c(on+ ha:n' (he same meann' as (he pl)ral *orms 9e sa9 ao:e 1o4 ( ′)-)l/ ;; 9e are sea(ed+ e(c.5. $orma(on o* Al(erna(e 0l)ral $orm> Ac(on Roo( ,-pe C@CY′ S(andard 0l)ral $orm (′)-)l (a/ ′al 2′o-ol m)lan / ′)lan
Al(erna(e 0l)ral $orm
Ac(on Roo( ,-pe C@′Y′ S(andard 0l)ral $orm
(′)-)( ′)4 (a/′a(o4 2′o-o2′o4 m)l)m)l /′)l)/ ′)4
2′a′l 2′e′l cho′l /)′l
!7#
Al(erna(e 0l)ral $orm 2′a′2′o4 2′e′2′o4 cho′cho4 /)′/)4
,he Meann' and Con4)'a(on o* (he S(a(:e In(rans(:e @er ;; / ′oo4F K ′oo4′ s one o* (he mos( mpor(an( and *re2)en(l- )sed :ers n K ′che′. I( has se:eral (ransla(ons> (o e 1n place5+ (o e6s(+ (here s 1are5+ (o ha:e . Snce (hs :er s so *re2)en(l)sed and eca)se ( s some9ha( rre')lar+ 9e shall con4)'a(e ( n all o* (he *orms (ha( 9e ha:e so *ar s()ded. Incomple(e Aspec( /n/ ′oo4′/ I 9ll e /a(/ ′oo4′/ -o) 9ll e /a/ ′oo4′/ he 9ll e /a/ ′oo4′ la -o) 9ll e
/o4/′oo4 ′/ /6/′oo4 ′/ /ee/′oo4 ′/ /a/′oo4 ′ ala2
9e 9ll e -o) 9ll e (he- 9ll e -o) 9ll e
Comple(ed Aspec( 6n/ ′oo4′/ I 9as 6a(/ ′oo4′/ -o) 9ere 6/ ′oo4′/ he 9as 6/ ′oo4′ la -o) 9ere
6o4/′oo4 ′/ 66/′oo4 ′/ 6ee/′oo4 ′/ 6/′oo4 ′ ala2
9e 9ere -o) 9ere (he- 9ere -o) 9ere
Imper(:e Aspec( chn/ ′oolo2 le( me e /a(/ ′oolo2 e / ′oloo2 le( hm e / ′oola la e
/o4/′oolo2 /6/′oolo2 che/′oolo2 /′ool a ′la2
le( )s e e le( (hem e e
0er*ec( Aspec( n / ′oolna2 a( / ′oolna2 / ′oolna2 / ′oolna2 la
o4 /′oolna2 6 / ′oolna2 ee /′oolna2 / ′oolna2 ala2
9e ha:e een -o) ha:e een (he- ha:e een -o) ha:e een
o4 /′ool/ 6 / ′ool/ ee /′ool/ /′oo ala2 1ala2 /′ool/5
9e are -o) are (he- are -o) are
S(a(:e Aspec( n / ′ool/ a( / ′ool/ / ′ool/ / ′oo la 1laal / ′ool/5
I ha:e een -o) ha:e een he has een -o) ha:e een 1((erance $nal5 I am -o) are he s -o) are
S(a(:e Aspec( 1No( ((erance $nal5 n / ′oo 9araal I am here a( / ′oo 9araal -o) are here / ′oo 9araal he s here / ′oo la 9araal -o) are here 1laal / ′oo 9araal5
o4 /′oo 9araal 6 /′oo 9araal ee /′oo 9araal /′oo ala2 9araal 1ala2 /′oo 9araal5
!7!
9e are here -o) are here (he- are here -o) are here
S(a(:e Aspec( n maa4 a( maa4 maa4 maa4 la o4 maa4 6 maa4 ee maa4 maa4 ala2
;; Ne'a(:e $orm Ma4F 1na n /′oo (a45 1na a( /′oo (a45 1na /′oo (a45 1laal maa45 1na /′ oo (a la5 1na o4 /′oo (a45 1na 6 /′oo (a45 1na ee /′oo (a45 1ala2 maa45 1na /′ oo (a ala25
I am no( -o) are no( he s no( -o) are no( 9e are no( -o) are no( (he- are no( -o) are no(
!. Some ses o* (he S(a(:e @er K ′oo4′ ;; (o e 1n place5+ (here s 1are5> a. K ′oo r ach pa 4a.
,he man s a( home.
. Na n / ′oo (a pa chaa/ aree(a2 6pee 4a ′.
I 9as no( a( 9or/ 9hen ( raned.
c. ee/ ′oo4′ r 9na2 pa nma2 ′4.
,he people 9ere a( (he *es(a.
d. O4 / ′oolna2 chla ′ pa (nam(.
%e ha:e een (here n (o9n.
e. Ee maa4 2achalaal aree(a2 6o4oopan pa /o′ch.
O)r rela(:es 9ere no( (here 9hen 9e arr:ed a( (her home.
? ,o ha:e a. Ka/ ′oo4′ na ap9a2 9ee /a(cha/)n/.
o) 9ll ha:e mone- * -o) 9or/. 1,here 9ll e la(er -o)r mone- * -o) 9or/F5
. Maa4 n)9aa.
I ha:e no *ood.
c. Laa ee maa4 9ach′l
&on( -o) ha:e an- companons
d. Laa / ′oo / ′a6 cha9e
&o -o) ha:e an- pan
e. Maa4 1/ ′a6 ch9ee5. 1ans9er (o d.5
I don( 1ha:e pan5.
!7?
MO&EL SEN,ENCES !. Janpaa ch 6 / ′)lan/ $or ho9 lon' no9 are -o) marred ?. K ′oola na la. Na /a′ee (a la chaanm. S(a- a9hle more. &on( 'o no9. 3. Ja9 /a(′ee 9 Maa4 /m′ee 9. %here are -o) 'on' Im no( 'on' an-9here. . Laa /′ a6 a( / ′ool/ Are -o) n pan. . D′ala / ′)′6 ch94 ch /6n(o ′o. Ha:e con*dence n me (ha( I 9ll help -o).
@OCABLAR (′)-′ (a/ ′′ 2′o-′ / ′)l′ / ′oo4′
1s:5 1s:5 1s:5 1s:5 1s:5
s( s(and le marre 1n place5+ e6s(+ (here s 1are5+ ha:e 1see model con4)'a(on ao:e5 maa4 1s:5 1:er /′o4 ′+ ne'a(:e *orm o* S(a(:e Aspec(5 (here s no( /)′′ 1s:5 s( chol′ 1s:5 lne )p 6)l′ 1s:5 'o do9n pa2′ 1s:5 'o )p /or′ 1s:5 loosen cho′′ 1s:5 loosen 2′e′′ 1s:5 ()rn len'(h9se m)l′ 1s:5 'a(her (o'e(her 2′a′′ 1s:5 lean 2′a′ / ′)′6 ;; e consoled+ con*de 1l(eral> hear( leansF5 na4 1s:5 *ar+ a lon' (me / ′as′ 1s:5 l:e+ e a9a/e rre')lar *orm o* / ′as′> Impera(:e Aspec(> /a(/ ′aslo2 ;; l:e S(a(:e Aspec(> a( / ′asl/ 1a( / ′as ;;5 &-oos 1n5 God a2′a′ 1n5 n'h(+ earl- mornn' 6a2 1ad:5 onl-+ 4)s(+ 1no more (han5 6e9 16e) ;;5 1ad:5 onl- 1o* all possl(es+ onl- (hs5
!73
K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!. !?. !3. !. !.
Na4 6o4/′ oo4′ pa (nam( aree(a/ 6o4 ′ee pa nma2′4. Ee /′ oo ′ele4ee′ )/arne′laa′ r /(aa( r 2achalaal. B′s ee / ′oo lee a/ ′alaa′ r)mal r 6/am r /(aa(. Ra4a9a6/ /a2′a′ 2a/ ′)′)6 chr4 &-oos= 6e9 r are ′ /o4(o′9/. , ′)-)l a ′la2+ ,aa(. Ko4ch′aa9 4)ch′n )/ ′ ala2. Ee s′ala4 9na2 ee m)lan pa /a- ′al= /a(a4n /eelo2′o′man chla′. Laa ee /′ as/ ′o4 lee (aa(+ naan ala2 K62′o-olo2+ a/ ′alaa′= -a hora ch/ /o49ar/. Ch9e′2 /ono4el r a ′ch4aa ′ /ee6)l′ pa (a2′aa4. K ′oo 4ach′ /a/′an chla′. D′e′l lee nma chee′ pa lee ′e= 6aa / ′) 4ee r′ na 6o4oo/ ′o9 (a 4ee la ′. Na4 / ′oo 9 lee (nam( chee lee 9o ′ch. Cholan lee nma2 (a2 chee′ chr4 lee 4a. J)n a2′a′ 6/ ′as′ lee 6o2 r)/ ′ lee -a9aa ′. /or′ lee ee2a′n chr4 lee ach= na /o (a 4a( ′m. a2 ee (a/ ′a(o4 lee ala ′om ch)9ach lee /o′ch aree(a2 6oo/ ′o9 lee /anaa′.
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!. !?.
%h- don( -o) le do9n+ mo(her+ * -o) are (red ,he 9oman 9as consoled 9hen she sa9 her h)sand al:e. Is -o)r *a(her home+ chldren Are -o) marred (o 1r)/ ′5 (he man 9ho -o) 9ere (al/n' (o -es(erda- ,here s no one n (he ho)se. Ha:e -o) 1ala25 een n (he (o9n ehnd (ha( mo)n(an (here S( do9n+ chldren= (here s some(hn' 1/ ′o5 I am 'on' (o sho9 -o). ,he dr)n/s sa( a lon' (me n *ron( o* (he marma. %e 9ere (he onl- ones 16e9 r o45 9ho s(ood )p 9hen 9e 9ere called. All o* (he men 9ere 'a(hered n (he co)r( ho)se 9hen 9e sa( do9n. ,he man s(a-ed a9a/e all n'h( 9hen he marred o** hs da)'h(er. &d no one spea/ 9hen -o) as/ed 9ho dd (
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. Sa2 2a9ach chee.
He s 9ell /no9n (o )s.
?. Jan/ ′.
I don( /no9 1ans9er (o a 2)es(on 9hen repl- no( /no9n5.
3. aa(al ch9ee+ /nch′aa9/.
I am 9or(h- (o spea/.
)p)l )9achl 4achn 6 ′ano9/.
I( s no( /no9n 9ho dd (.
. Sa2 )9achl 4achn 6 ′ano9/.
I( s /no9n 9ho dd (.
!7
LESSON ,HIR, $I@E NOMINALIXE& $ORMS O$ SIM0LE AN& S,A,I@E IN,RANSI,I@E @ERBS AN& CLASS ! AN& ? ,RANSI,I@E @ERBS IN @OICES ? AN& In K ′che+ :ers o(h n(rans(:e and (rans(:e can e nomnaled+ .e.+ (he- can e chan'ed n(o no)ns and (hen eha:e as no)ns 1can e possessed+ can e s)4ec(s or o4ec(s o* :er phrases+ or can e o4ec(s o* prepos(ons5. ,hese nomnaled :er *orms are ordnarl- (ransla(ed n(o En'lsh as 'er)nds 1n'F *orms+ e.'.+ 9al/n'5 or as n*n(:es. In (hs lesson 9e shall see some o* (hese nomnaled *orms alon' 9(h some o* (her more common )ses. Nomnaled $orms o* Smple and S(a(:e In(rans(:e @ers 0ossess:e 0rono)n
@er Roo(
@o9el ;m ,ermna(on
n) 195 a 1a95 ) 1r5 la 2a 125 195 / 1/5 ala2 $or S(a(:e @ers (he S(a(:e Roo( s )sed 1Lesson 335 ,hs :o9el s ordnarl- ee+ )( ocassonall- ( s aa or . Models> Smple> @er Roo(
9a′ 9ar ′n /a′ ′ee pee(
;; ;; ;; ;; ;; ;;
Nomnaled $orm n @o9el ;m ea( sleep 9al/ loo/ 'o come
9a′m 9araam ′neem /a′-eem ′eenaam pee(eem
;; ;; ;; ;; ;; ;;
!7
ac( o* ea(n' ac( o* sleepn' ac( o* 9al/n' ac( o* loo/n' ac( o* 9al/n' ac( o* comn'
S(a(:e> @er Roo(
(′)-)l (a/ ′al 2′o-ol /)′l / ′)lan
;; ;; ;; ;; ;;
Nomnaled $orm n @o9el ;m s( s(and le do9n s( marr-
( ′)-)leem (a/ ′aleem 2′o-oleem /)′leem /′)laneem
;; ;; ;; ;; ;;
ac( o* s((n' ac( o* s(andn' ac( o* l-n' do9n ac( o* s((n' ac( o* marr-n'
ses 1!5 O4ec( o* 0repos(ons 1a5 %(h pa ;; (o+ *or Ko4′ee pa 9a′m %e are 'on' (o ea( 1*or (he ac( o* ea(n'5. ee′ee lee 9na2 pa /a ′-eem. ,he people 9en( (o loo/ 1*or (he ac( o* loo/n'5 Laa /6′ee 2)/ ′ pa ee(′aneem Are -o) 'on' 9(h )s (o pla- 1*or (he ac( o* pla-n'5. ′ee lee al pa / ′)laneem. ,he 'rl 9en( (o 'e( marred 1*or (he ac( o* marr-n'5. 15 %(h chee ;; *rom n2′′(a4 chee lee ′neem. I ecame ored *rom 9al/n' 1*rom (he ac( o* 9al/n'5. ee/oos lee ach4aa ′ chee lee (a/ ′aleem. ,he men ecame (red *rom s(andn' 1*rom (he ac( o* s(andn'5. 1?5 S)4ec( o* @ers pee n)9araam. I′m sleep- 1m- sleepness came5. Lee pa2aleem /) ′an / ′a6 ch2eech. ,he clm 1ac( o* 'on' )p5 does )s harm.
!77
135 O4ec( o* ,rans(:e @ers 0ee(eem /))′an lee ala chaanm. ,he o- s comn' 1does (he ac( o* comn'5 r'h( no9. 2ama44 pa2aleem ch)9a lee 4)-) ′. %e e'an 'on' )p 1(he ac( o* 'on' )p5 on (he *ace o* (he mo)n(an. 15 No)n 0hrases n Non;@eral Sen(ences K ′a6 ′neem chaa2′a′. %al/n' 1ac( o* 9al/n'5 s hard a( n'h(. Na )( (a /a ′-eem pa (a2 nma2′4. %a(chn' 1(he ac( o* 9a(chn'5 a( *es(as s no( 'ood.
Nomnaled $orms o* Class ! < ? ,rans(:e @ers n @oce ? $orma(on 0ossess:e 0rono)n n) 195 a 1a95 ) 1r5 la 2a 125 195 / 1/5 ala2
@er Roo(
,ermna(on
/ 1Class !5 6/ 1Class ?5
,he @oce ? nomnaled *orms o* Class !A (rans(:e :ers al9a-s ha:e a lon' roo( :o9el 1e.'. ′aan/5. ,he ;/ s)**6 ecomes ;/ 9hen possessed. ,he lon' ma- s)se2)en(l- e shor(ened re')lar phonolo'cal r)les.
!7
Models> @er Roo(
Nomnaled $orm n ;/ or ;6/ Class !
′an ;; do -a′ ;; ':e
′aan/ ;; (o e done 1en' done5 -a′/ ;; (o e ':en 1en' ':en5 Class ?
()/) )/ ′a′
;; search *or ;; carr-
()/)6/ )/′a′ 6/
;; (o e searched *or 1en' search *or5 ;; (o e carred 1en' carred5
ses 1!5 O4ec( o* 0repos(ons %(h pa ;; (oF+ *orF Km′ee pa /)na6/ ch9e′2 pa (nam(. Im 'on' (o e c)red 1*or en' c)red5 (ommorro9 n (o9n. Lee (′′ 6aa /))-aa r ′ pa /amsa6/. ,he do' 4)s( ':es hmsel* (o e /lled 1*or en' /lled5. %(h chee ;; *orF Ko4′ee ch)loo2′/ 2a9aa. %e 'o (o )- 1*or ( (o e o)'h(5 o)r *ood. , ′)-)l lee ach chla ′ chre-e′6/ r r6o2l. ,he man s sea(ed o:er (here (o 9a( *or 1her (o e 9a(ed *or5 hs 9*e. / ′oo4′ lee a/ ′aal ch)9a 4a ch)cha46/ )chaa2 ′. ,he chld s(a-ed n *ron( o* (he ho)se (o (a/e care o* 1*or hs (o e cared *or5 hs -o)n'er sln'.F eepee lee 2achalaal ch 2ach ′aa ′e6/. O)r rela(:es came (o spea/ (o )s 1*or o)r en' spo/en (o5. Laa /6′ee pa /a-′al ch // ′a-6/ lee /arne ′l Are -o) 'on' (o mar/e( (o sell 1*or (hem (o e sold5 -o)r sheep eepa2′ lee ach4aa ′ ch)9′ lee 4)-)′ ch /ee2a6/ lee -a9a ′′. ,he men 9en( )p on (op o* (he mo)n(an (o carr- 1*or (hem (o e carred5 (he sc/ ones.
!78
No(e> In (hrd person sn')lar *orms 9e 'e(> chee Y )loo2′/ chee Y r-e′6/ 1See no(e on pa'e !?5
ch)loo2′/ chre-e′6/
ch> e.'.+ ch 2ach′aa ′e6/ ;; *or o)r en' spo/en (o 1?5 O4ec( o* ,rans(:e @ers Ra4a9a6/ /a2a ′an )(ala4 /lo2′o6/ lee 2a(aa( 2anaan. I( s necessar- (ha( 9e lo:e o)r *a(her and mo(her :er- m)ch 19e do :er- 'ood (he ac( o* (her en' lo:ed5.F Lee ach 6))chap )-a ′/ lee p9a2 ch/ee lee a4cha/ ′. ,he man e'an (o ':e 1(he ac( o* (s en' ':en5 (he mone- (o (he 9or/ers. 135 No)n 0hrases n Non;@eral Sen(ences ( rl/ la′ lee 4)-) ′ ,ha( mo)n(an (here s nce (o loo/ a( 1'ood (s en' seen5. K ′a6 )′an/ lee chaa/ pa (a2 4)-) ′. I( s d**c)l( (o do 1( (o e done5 (he 9or/ n (he hlls. Na / ′a6 (a /cha46/ lee a/ ′alaa ′. I( s no( d**c)l( (o (a/e care o* 1(her (o e (a/en care o*5 (he chldren.
Nomnaled $orms o* Class ! < ? ,rans(:e @ers n @oce $orma(on 0ossess:e 0rono)n
@er Roo(
n/
n) 195 a 1a95 ) 1r5 la 2a 125 195 / 1/5 ala2
!7"
Models> @er Roo(
Nomnaled $orm n ;n/ Class !
(o4 ch′a4
;; pa;; 9ash
(o4on/ ;; ac( o* pa-n' ch′a4an/ ;; ac( o* 9ashn'
Class ? / ′a- /)na
;; sell ;; c)re
/′a-n/ ;; ac( o* selln' /)nan/ ;; ac( o* c)rn'
%(h Class !A :ers a :o9el s placed e(9een (he roo( and ;n/ (o *acl(a(e pron)nca(on 1e.'.+ (o4on/+ ch′a4an/5. ses O4ec( o* 0repos(on %(h pa ;; (oF+ *orF Ka′ee lee ach pa /)nan/. ,he man 'oes (o c)re 1*or (he ac( o* c)rn'5. Ee ′eena2 lee 6o2′ pa / ′a-n/. ,he 9omen ha:e 'one (o sell 1*or (he ac( o* selln'5. 15 %(h chee ;; *orF+ *romF 2′′(a4 lee ala chee r (o ′an/. ,he o- 'o( ored 9(h helpn' 1*rom ac( o* helpn'5. Lee a42′4 /a/o9n chee lee /)nan/. _/o9n 1(:5 (o e ale ,he d:ner s ale (o c)re 1*or (he ac( o* c)rn'5. 1?5 O4ec( o* ,rans(:e @ers %a′ 9ee ach4aa ′ /a/′an / ′a-n/ pa (a2 (nam(. ,hese men here do selln' 1ac( o* selln'5 n (he (o9ns. Lee al ma4aa /aree(a ′ma4 r )chapan/. ,he 'rl s(ll has no( learned her 9or/ 1her ac( o* 'raspn' 9(h hands5. Ka2ama44 choman/ pa / ′a(′al (4 ch9e′2. %e 9ll e'n plannn' 1ac( o* plannn'5 n (he co)r( ho)se (ommorro9.
!#
135 No)n 0hrase n Non;@eral Sen(ence K ′a6 lee ()/)n/ pa (a2 4)-) ′. Searchn' 1h)n(n'5 s d**c)l( n (he mo)n(ans. Na )( (a lee /amsan/. Klln' 1ac( o* /lln'5 s no( 'ood. NO,ES> !. Man- ,rans(:e :ers n @oce and a *e9 Smple In(rans(:e @ers ha:e rre')lar nomnaled *orms> In(rans(:e @er Roo(
Nomnaled $orm
o2′ ;; cr-
o2′ee4 ;; ac( o* cr-n'
,rans(:e @er Roo(
Nomnaled $orm
lo2′ ;; )ch′a4 ;; 9ash ee2a ;; ac/ pac/ -a4 ;; scold ela2′a ;; ro cha/) ;; 9or/
lo2′o′man/ ;; ac( o* )-n' ch′a4o′n ;; ac( o* 9ashn' ee2a′n ;; ac( o* pac/n' 1load5 -aa4 ;; ac( o* scoldn' ela2′ ;; ac( o* ron' 1roer-5 chaa/ ;; ac( o* 9or/n' 19or/5
?. Class ! < ? ,rans(:e @ers also ha:e nomnaled *orms n @oces ! < 3. Ho9e:er+ (hese *orms 9ll no( e s()ded n (hs prelmnar- 'rammar. 3. Smple and S(a(:e In(rans(:e @ers ha:e an add(onal nomnaled *orm 9hch (ermna(es n ;/ ns(ead o* :o9el;m. ,hose *orms 9ll no( e ncl)ded n (hs 'rammar. Ho9e:er+ ( sho)ld e /ep( n mnd (ha( man- n(rans(:e :ers ha:e o(h o* (hese *orms 1pe(eem+ pee(/5+ 9hle o(hers onl- ha:e one or (he o(her o* (he (9o 19a ′m+ ;; ac( o* ea(n'= 2′a′ar/ ;; ac( o* 'e((n' dr)n/5. . $rom no9 on all Smple and S(a(:e In(rans(:e @ers (ha( ha:e (he nomnaled :o9el;m *orm 9ll e ls(ed n (he :oca)lar- )nder (hs *orm. I* a :er does no( ha:e (hs *orm+ (hen (he nomnaled ;/ *orm 9ll e )sed.
!!
@OCABLAR /o9neem 1:5 2′nomareem 1:5 (analeem 1:5 /eem/ 1(:!5 ch′aa// 1(:!5 pl/ 1(:!5 paa4/ 1(:!5 a4/ ′aa1n5 a4/ ′a-′ 1n5 2′noom 1n+ ad:5 2′nomaa′ 1n5 po′( 1n5 9aa/a6 1n5 6m 1n5 lee4 1n5 ra4l 1n5 /apa2 ′ ra4l /a2aa4 ra4l
e ale ecome rch s(op+ cease (o e 9ea:ed (o e 9on+ earned (o e )(chered (o e 9e'hed seller sellers rch+ rch one rch ones 9o:en lo)se co9+ )ll dr-+ shelled corn (or(lla (s prce+ mone(s prce 'oes )p (s prce 'oes do9n
K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!. !?. !3. !. !. !7. !. !8.
))chap pa2aleem ra4l lee 6m pa / ′a-′al. Nm a2′a′ lee a4cha/′ /a/chap )leem pa / ′a-′al. n/oos/= /m′ee na pa 9araam. No′ 4maal lee ala 6))′4 / ′)laneem chee lee al. Na /o4/o9n (a ch)ch′aa// 2ara4l. a o4 -a9aa ′. Lee 2′noom a ′ch 62′nomar chee lee / ′a-n/. Lee nma 9aa/a6 na /))-aa (a r′ pa pl/. Jasa hora /a′ee ala2 ch9e′2 ch /loo2′/ lee ee aa2 Jampaa /a(pee ch ch 2ach′aa ′e6/ K′ a6 )paa4/ lee 6m. Rono4el 2′4 lee ach /a′ee pa ()/)n/ pa (a2 4)-) ′. Ma4aa /))chap ′neem lee a/ ′aal. Kapee na lee 2ach′l chee r /)na6/ ala2. aa 6-o4(a4 lee 2ach′ch′ 1a)(omole5. Ch9e′2 /a2a-aa pa s)/ ′)ma6/. Na /))′an (a ch 2aa4eem ra4l lee 9a. Chaa′ana )(ala4 )/eem/ lee po ′(. Na /o4(an′ (a chee lee ′neem. Lee 2′a′areel o4eer ch )ma4m ) ′aan/ / ′a6 cheech )ra4l.
!?
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!. !? !3. !. !. !7. !.
,he 'rls ha:e 'one (o a(he n (he r:er. %e'h (he corn 9ell 1do :er- 'ood (s ac( o* en' 9e'hed (he corn5. ,he chldren are no( ale (o 9al/ n (he hlls. ,he 'rls 'o (o mar/e( (o help (her mo(hers. ,ommorro9 o)r *a(her s 'on' (o e c)red. es(erda- (he rch man e'an (o )(cher co9s n *ron( o* (he mar/e(. A( 9ha( (me s (here en(rance n (he mar/e( 1ac( o* en(ern' s made5 ,he sellers 'e( ored *rom 1chee5 (her en' n mar/e(s. es(erda- (he prce o* (he dr- shelled corn e'an 'on' do9n. I 9as no( ale (o )- (he lo)se. %hen 9ll -o) 165 'o (o see (he men ,he rch ones do no( s(op 'a(hern' (her mone- 1(he- do no( s(op *or (he (s en' 'a(hered (her mone-5. %e ha:e come (o spea/ (o -o) 1ala25. S(a- 1e5 1a(5 here (o sell -o)r (or(llas. I ha:en( s(ar(ed (o sell n (he mar/e( -e(. I( s necessar- (ha( -o) 1ala25 'o (o ea( 9(h (he men. ,he 9omen are no( ale (o ac/ pac/ (her chldren.
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. Kn(4 n)ch)2′aa ′ ch)′aan/.
Ill do m- es( (o do (.
?. Kn/ ′s n)/ ′)′6 ch)′aan/.
Ill (r- one las( (me (o do (.
3. K ′oo )pa(aan ch9ee.
I( s )se*)l (o me.
. Maa4 )pa(aan ch9ee.
I( s no( )se*)l (o me.
. a2 9ee 9 ch n / ′a′n.
I am mean - na()re 1( s 4)s( (he 9a- I am (ha( I am mean5.
!3
LESSON ,HIR, SI $ORMA,ION O$ 0ERSON AGEN,S %I,H SIM0LE IN,RANSI,I@E @ERBS AN& CLASS ! AN& ? ,RANSI,I@E @ERBS IN @OICE AN& ,HE SE O$ $AMILIAR 0RE$IES AF AN& ALF %I,H 0RO0ER NAMES 0erson a'en(s can e *ormed *rom a 'ood ma4or(- o* (he Smple In(rans(:e and ,rans(:e @ers n K ′che′. ,hs phenomena s :er- m)ch l/e 9ha( 9e ha:e n En'lsh 9here a person a'en( can e *ormed - s)**6n' ;er (o (he :er> @er
0erson A'en(
9al/ 9a(ch sleep help /ll
9al/er 9a(cher sleeper helper /ller
,he 'eneral r)le n K ′che′ *or (he *orma(on o* person a'en(s s (he s)**6n' o* l or :o9el Y l (o (he :er roo(. %e shall no9 see n more de(al (he *orma(on and )se o* (hese person a'en(s. 0erson A'en(s *or Smple In(rans(:e @ers $orma(on YRoo(
Y eel
Roo( ′n /a′/am oo/ ′o9 2′a′ar
0erson a'en( ′neel /a′-eel /ameel oo/′o9eel 2′a′areel
(ra:el loo/+ 9a(ch de pass 'e( dr)n/
ses !. $)nc(ons as a No)n Nmala4 2′a′areel lee ach. ,he man s a ' dr)n/. aa n /a′-eel 6npee pa nma2′4. I came (o (he *es(a 4)s( as a 9a(cher.
!
(ra:eler 9a(cher one 9ho des passerdr)n/
aa o4 /ameel+ 6aa o4 oo/ ′o9eel pa 9ee )9ach )lee9. %e are 4)s( ones 9ho de+ 9e are 4)s( passers;- n (hs 9orld. 1A common sa-n' amon' (he people5 ?. $)nc(ons as an Ad4ec(:e 1no( as common as !5 ′neel 4a′
r)nnn' 9a(er 1r:ers or s(reams5.
0erson A'en(s *or Class ! < ? ,rans(:e :ers n @oce $orma(on ±0ossess:e
YRoo(
±@o9el
Y@oce Mar/er
Yneel
n) 195 a 1a95 ) 1r5 la 2a 125 195 / 1/5 ala2 A( (mes (hs :o9el s here a*(er Class !A roo(s (o ad pron)nca(on 1see Lesson ?"5. Models> Class ! Roo( ch′as)′ /ol
h( dece:e sa:e+ de*end
0erson A'en( ch′a-aneel h((er s)′)neel dece:er /oloneel sa:or+ de*ender
Class ? Roo( /amsa ee2a 2′al)
/ll ac/ pac/ hold n arms
0erson A'en( /amsaneel /ller ee2aneel ac/ pac/er 2′al)neel one 9ho holds n arms 1God paren( a( Bap(sm5
No(e> Almos( an- Class ! or Class ? ,rans(:e @er (ha( can e con4)'a(ed n @oce 9ll also ha:e 0erson A'en( *orms n (hs :oce.
!
ses> !. $)nc(ons as a No)n Ra4a9a6/ /a2as/ ′4 4)n ee2aneel chee lee ee2a ′n. %e m)s( call a ac/ pac/er *or (he load. K ′oo 4)n /oloneel pa 2 ′a(′al (4. o) ha:e a de*ender n (he co)r( ho)se. ?. $)nc(ons as an Ad4ec(:e 1no( as common as !5 ch′a-aneel a ′ch
p)'naco)s man
/amsaneel ( ′′
/ller do'
No(es> !. ,here are some Smple In(rans(:e @ers and man- ,rans(:e @ers n @oce (ha( *orm (he 0erson A'en( n 9a-s ds(nc( *rom (he one 9e 4)s( sa9 ao:e> In(rans(:e Roo( 6o4o9
dance
0erson A'en( a46o4oloo ′ dancer
9or/ ro herd
0erson A'en( a4chaa/ 9or/er ela2′oom (he* a4-))2′ shepherd
,rans(:e Roo( cha/) ela2′a -)2′)
a4 pre*6 on 9ords ndca(es or'en or occ)pa(on+ e.'.> a4chaa/ ;; 9or/er= a4-))2′ ;; shepherd a4N9ala ′ ;; *rom Nah)ala= a49araal ;; *rom here ?. Mos( 0erson A'en(s *orm pl)rals 9(h (he s)**6 ;a ′> Sn')lar 2′a′areel ch′a-aneel
dr)n/ard h((er
0l)ral 2′a′arelaa′ ch′a-anelaa′
!7
dr)n/ards h((ers
3. Class ! < ? ,rans(:e @ers n @oce ! also ha:e 0erson A'en( *orms+ )( (he- 9ll no( e presen(ed n (hs prelmnar- 'rammar.
se o* (he $amlar 0re*6es AF and AlF 9(h 0roper Names 0roper Names n General $rs( names )sed n K ′che′ *or o(h se6es are 'enerall- Spansh *rs( names adap(ed (o (he K ′che′ so)nd s-s(em. K′che ′ Name
Spansh Name Males Man)el J)an 0edro ,oms &e'o 1San(a'o5 M')el $rancsco An(ono
%eel 9aan L))′ Maa6 ,e′/ M/eel S′s ,))n $emales
Man)ela J)ana Mcaela $rancsca Ma'dalena Ca(arna &omn'a 0asc)ala Isaela
%e′l 9a′n M/e′l S/a′ Ma′( ,aln Ram))6 K)′l e′ p
$amlar @ers)s $ormal Con(ras( n Namn' %e ha:e seen (ha( n K ′che (here are (9o 9a-s o* addressn' a person> 9(h (he *amlar a(F *orm + or (he *ormal laalF *orm. ,hs *amlar ; *ormal con(ras( s also emplo-ed 9hen )sn' peoples names+ e(her drec(l- n addressn' (hem+ or ndrec(l- 9hen spea/n' o* (hem.
!
!. sn' Names on $amlar Bass 1a(5 a. $or Bo-s or Men> ,o )se male names on a *amlar ass aF s pre*6ed (o (he desred name. ,hs pre*6 aF s a shor(ened *orm o* ala ;; o-. sn' (hs *amlar *orm 9(h (he aF pre*6 9e 'e( s)ch *orms as> a%eel a9aan
aL)) ′ aMaa6
Man)el J)an
0edro ,oms
. $or Grls or %omen ,o )se *emale names on a *amlar ass alF s pre*6ed (o (he desred name. ,hs pre*6 alF s a shor(ened *orm o* al ;; 'rl.F In some (o9ns 1Sama-ac5 (he comple(e *orm+ al+ s )sed n place o* (he shor(er al. sn' (hs *amlar *orm 9(h (he alF pre*6 9e 'e( s)ch *orms as> al%e′l al,aln
alMar ′alRam))6
Man)ela Ca(arna
Mara &omn'a
I* one s addressed 9(h (he *amlar a(F+ (hen 9hen spea/n' (o hm 1her5 or ao)( hm 1her5+ (he ao:e *orms 1a < 5 are )sed> Laa /a( ′ee 9))/ a%eel
Are -o) 'on' 9(h me + Man)el
Ka′ee lee al%e′l 9))/ ′.
Man)ela s 'on' 9(h me.
?. sn' Names on $ormal Bass 1laal5 a. $or Men> ,o )se male names on a *ormal ass (he K ′che′ name s )sed 9(ho)( an pre*6. ,he 9ord (aa( ;; srF+ can e op(onall- placed mmeda(el- e*ore (he name *or added respec(. sn' (he *ormal 9(h laal 9e 'e( s)ch *orms as> 1(aa(5 %eel 1(aa(5 9aan
1(aa(5 L)) ′ 1(aa(5 Maa6
Man)el J)an
0edro ,oms
a. $or %omen> ,o )se *emale names on a *ormal ass (he K ′che′ name s )sed 9(ho)( an- pre*6. ,he 9ord naan ;; ma′amF+ can e op(onall- placed mmeda(el- e*ore (he name *or added respec(.
!8
sn' (he *ormal 9(h laal 9e 'e( s)ch *orms as> 1naan5 %e′l 1naan5 ,aln
1naan5 Mar ′1naan5 Ram))6
Man)ela Ca(arna
Mara &omn'a
I* one s addressed 9(h (he *ormal laalF+ (hen 9hen spea/n' (o hm 1her5 or ao)( hm 1her5+ (he ao:e *orms 1a < 5 are )sed> Laa /a′ee la 9))/ ′+ 1(aa(5 %eel Are -o) 'on' (o 'o 9(h me+ Man)el Ka′ee lee 1naan5 %e′l 9))/ ′. Man)ela s 'on' 9(h me.
MO&EL SEN,ENCES !. Rono4el 2′4 /ee′ee lee cha4nelaa ′ ch)cha46/ lee /a ′6. E:er- da- (he ')ards 'o (o ')ard (her corn. ?. a2 9a′/a(eel lee ach= maa4 /)cha/))4. ,he man s 4)s( a 9anderer+= he doesn( 9or/ a( an-(hn'. 3. Laa a9eech 9a′ 9ee 4a+ a%eel Is (hs ho)se -o)rs+ Man)el . Jampaa ch /apee la+ Naan %e′l %hen 9ll -o) come a'an+ Man)ela
@OCABLAR 4ampa′ )9ach )lee9 ′neel /a′-eel /ameel oo/ ′o9eel 9a′/a(eel 2′a′areel ch′a-aneel s)′)neel /oloneel ee2aneel 2′al)neel /amsaneel a46o4oloo′ %eel
1ad:5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5
9hen 9orld (ra:eler 9a(cher one 9ho des passer;9anderer dr)n/ard h((er dece:er de*ender+ sa:or ac/ pac/er one 9ho holds n arms+ 'od;paren( n Bap(sm /ller dancer Man)el
!"
9aan L))′ Maa6 ,e′/ S′s ,))n %e′l S/a′ Ma′( ,aln Ram))6 e′ p ee 1ch5
1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5
J)an 0edro ,oms &e'o+ San(a'o $rancsco An(ono Man)ela $rancsca Ma'dalena Ca(arna &omn'a Isaela
1possess:e prono)n5
9ee 1ch5 a9ee 1ch5 ree 1ch5 ee 1ch5 la
mne -o)rs hs+ hers+ (s -o)rs
2ee 1ch5 9ee 1ch5 /ee 1ch5 ee 1ch5 ala2
o)rs -o)rs (hers -o)rs
K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!.
Lee ach / ′oo 4as(a2 reech= ma 6aa ela2 ′oom. O4 /a′-elaa′ 6o4pee pa nma2′4. Chaacha44 a9′ ch9ach lee /amsaneel ( ′′. S′ala4 /a/2′′ ee2a′n lee ee2anelaa ′. Aree(a2 6(aa2 lee 2′a′areel pa 4)n ′neel 4a′+ 6/am/. Laa eech la 9ee 9))4+ (aa( Maa6 Aree 2eech 9a′+ al,aln. aa o4 oo/′ o9eel pa 9ee )9ach )lee9= na na4 (a /o4/ ′oo4′/. La′ lee alRam))6 6aa ch′a-aneel= /))ch′a- lee )chaa2 ′. Lee alSca′+ aree 2′al)neel ch/ee lee a/ ′alaa′. Reech ale′ p 9a′ 9ee 4a.
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#.
,ha( 9o:en a' (here s $rancscos 1*amlar5. Is (ha( -o)rs. Ma'dalena 1laal5. Le( J)an 1*amlar5 e 'raed= hes 4)s( a h((er. I sa9 (he c)rer= hs name s s &e'o 1*ormal5. Are (hese (hn's here -o)rs+ 0edro 1laal5 ,he dancers are 4)s( ' dr)n/ards. ,he men came as ac/ pac/ers 1see U ?+ K ′che′ (o En'lsh ao:e5. &on( 'o 1a(5 (o (he *es(a+ An(ono+ (here are h((ers (here. ,he /ller 9ll pa- hs 1o**enses5 n 4al. ,here are man- 9anderers n (hs 9orld.
!8#
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. ,o2′o′ )9ach.
He s (o e p(ed 1poor ')-5.
?. Chaa′anaa 4)n (o2′o′ ch9ee ;;;;.
&o me a *a:or+ ;;;;.
3. Chaa/)-)) n)maa/. or Chaasachaa n)maa/
0ardon me. 1)sed *re2)en(l- 9hen one e'ns spea/n' and s 'on' (o as/ a *a:or5
. Ra4 6npee(/.
I almos( came.
. Maa4 ra4 6npee(/.
I almos( dd no( come.
!8!
LESSON ,HIR, SE@EN $ORMA,ION O$ NONS $ROM A&JEC,I@ES AN& N0OSSESSE& $ORMS O$ OBLIGA,ORIL 0OSSESSE& NONS $orma(on o* No)ns $rom Ad4ec(:es In En'lsh man- ad4ec(:es can e (rans*ormed n(o as(rac( no)ns - addn' (he s)**6 ;nessF (o (hem+ e.'.+ 'ood ;; 'oodness= ' ;; 'ness= 9h(e ;; 9h(eness. In K ′che′+ n a :er- l/e manner+ ad4ec(:es can e (rans*ormed n(o as(rac( no)ns - addn' (he s)**6 :o9el Y l> Ad4ec(:e )( nm choom -a9aa′ sa2 / ′a′n
No)n 'ood ' *a( sc/ 9h(e+ clear mean
)(l nmaal chomaal -aa ′l sa2l /′a′naal
'oodness+ peace 'ness+ se *a(ness sc/ness 9h(eness+ clearness meanness
No(es>
are
!. I( canno( e predc(ed 9ha( :o9el 9ll occ)r n (he :o9el Y lF s)**6. AaF and F appear (o e (he mos( commonl- occ)rn' :o9els+ (ho)'h eeF+ ooF+ and ))F )sed. ?. ,he :o9el Y lF (ermna(on can also e s)**6ed (o no)ns (o ndca(e n(ma(e possesson+ e.'.+ 6o2 ;; 9oman+ 96o2l ;; m- 9*e 1(he 9oman I possess n(ma(el-5. ,hs )se o* (he :o9el Y lF s)**6 9(h no)ns 9ll no( e (rea(ed n (hs prelmnar- 'rammar.
npossessed $orms o* Ol'a(orl- 0ossessed No)ns In (he :oca)lares o* (he pas( lessons 9e ha:e *o)nd a *e9 no)ns 9hch 9ere laeled 1pn5 V ol'a(orl- possessed no)n+ e.'.> ch′ paam al/ ′)′aal / ′a4ool
1pn5 1pn5 1pn5 1pn5
mo)(h+ ed'e+ openn'+ door s(omach+ nsde+ darrhea chld son 1mans5.
!8?
%hen 9e sa- (ha( (hese no)ns are ol'a(orl- possessed+ ( s (o e )nders(ood (ha( (hs class o* no)ns has one *orm 9hen accompaned - possess:e prono)ns 1m-+ -o)r+ e(c.5+ and a ds(nc( *orm 1ordnarl-5 9hen no( possessed. ,he ao:e *o)r e6amples o* ol'a(orl- possessed no)ns *all n(o (9o ca(e'ores> !. Bod- 0ar(s> ch′ ; mo)(h paam ;; s(omach ?. Knshp ,erms> al/ ′)′aal ;; chld / ′a4ool ;; son 1mans5 Mos( no)ns 9hch *( n (he 1!5 Bod- 0ar(s Ca(e'or-+ and some no)ns 9hch *( n (he 1?5 Knshp ,erms Ca(e'or-+ 9hen )sed 9(ho)( possess:e prono)ns 1m-+ -o)r+ e(c.5+ are (ermna(ed 9(h a 'eneraln' s)**6 (o ndca(e (ha( (he possessor s no( e6pressed. Generaln' S)**6 1aa45 *or Bod- 0ar(s Mos( no)ns 9hch *( n (hs ca(e'or- 9hen )sed 9(ho)( possess:e prono)ns are 'enerall(ermna(ed 9(h (he 'eneraln' s)**6 aa4> 0ossessed $orm n)ch′ n)paam n)4oloom n)pala4 n)9′ n)9ach 9a2an n)′′
npossessed $orm ch′4 1ch′aa45 pamaa4 4olomaa4 pala4aa4 9′aa4 9achaa4 a2anaa4 ′′aa4
m- mo)(h m- s(omach m- head m- *ace m- har m- *ace+ m- e-es m- *oo( 1*ee(5 m- name
mo)(h s(omach head *ace har *ace+ e-es+ e-e n*ec(on *oo( 1*ee(5 name
Here (he (ermna(on s e(her aa4 or 4.
Generaln' S)**6 16eel5 *or Knshp (erms Some no)ns o* (hs ca(e'or- 9hen )sed 9(ho)( possess:e prono)ns are (ermna(ed 9(h (he 'eneraln' s)**6 6eel> 0ossessed $orm
npossessed $orm
n)/ ′a4ool nchaa2′ 9al/ ′)′aal n(aa( n)naan n)4′
/′a4ola6eel cha2 ′6eel al/′9 ′ala6eel (a(a6eel nana6eel 4-a ′6eel
m- son 1mans5 m- -o)n'er sln' m- chld m- *a(her m- mo(her m- son;n;la9
!83
son 1mans5 -o)n'er sln' chld *a(her mo(her son;n;la9
No(es> !. In (he ao:e e6amples 9e can see (ha( a :o9el s added e(9een (he no)n and (he 6eel s)**6 (o ad pron)nca(on. ?. ,he )npossessed 6el *orm o* ol'a(orl- possessed no)ns s pl)raled 9(h (he (ermna(on 6elaa ′> Sn')lar
0l)ral
/ ′a4ola6eel al/ ′9a′la6eel
son chld
/′a4ola6elaa ′ al/ ′9a ′la6elaa′
sons chldren
3. ,here are a *e9 no)ns 9hch rece:e (he 6eel (ermna(on e:en 9hen possessed> (4o6eel
s()den(
n)(4o6eel
m- s()den(
3. ,here are a( leas( (9o commonl- )sed no)ns o* (he Knshp ,erm ca(e'or- 9hose )npossessed *orms are (ermna(ed n (he s)**6 oomF> 0ossessed $orm
npossessed $orm
96o2l 9acha4l
6o2loom acha4loom
m- 9*e m- h)sand
9*e h)sand
MO&EL SEN,ENCES !. S′ala4 /eech′o′ 4n la′ lee 9na2= na /a/a4 (a )(l. ,hose people (here *'h( alo(= (he- don( 9an( peace. ?. Ka9a4 4)n n)′o4+ 4e′ )nmaal la ′. I 9an( a cla- po( (ha( se. 3. K ′a6 /))′an lee 2′o6oom 4olomaa4 ch2eech. Headaches 1head colds5 harm )s. . Na )( (a4 9emna /ee(o′ lee al/ ′9a′la6elaa′ ch/ee r /(aa(+ /naan. I( s no( 'ood * (he chldren don( help (her paren(s.
@OCABLAR )(l nmaal chomaal -a′l
1n5 1n5 1n5 1n5
'oodness+ peace 'ness+ se *a(ness sc/ness
!8
sa2l 1n5 9h(eness+ clearness / ′a′nal 1n5 meanness ch′4 1ch′aa45 1pn5 mo)(h+ openn'+ door+ ed'e pamaa4 1pn5 s(omach+ nsde+ e6cremen(+ darrhea 4olomaa4 1pn5 head pala4aa4 1pn5 *ace 9′aa4 1pn5 har 9achaa4 1pn5 *ace+ e-es+ e-e n*ec(on a2anaa4 1pn5 *oo(+ *ee( ′′aa4 1pn5 name / ′a4ola6eel 1pn5 son 1manbs5 / ′a4ola6ela ′ 1pl5 al/ ′9a′la6eel 1pn5 chld= al/ ′9a ′la6elaa ′ 1pl5 cha2′6eel 1pn5 -o)n'er sln' cha2 ′6elaa ′ 1pl5 4-a′6eel 1pn5 son;n;la9 4-a ′6elaa′ 1pl5 1;4′ V possessed *orm5 (a(a6eel 1pn5 *a(her (a(a6elaa ′ 1pl5 nana6eel 1pn5 mo(her nana6elaa ′ 1pl5 acha4loom 1pn5 h)sand 6o2loom 1pn5 9*e (4o6eel 1n5 s()den(+ dscple (4o6elaa ′ 1pl5 a4(4 1n5 (eacher a4(4aa ′ 1pl5 /)na ′al 1n5 medcne 2′o6oom 1n5 pan+ soreness 2′o6oom 4olomaa4 head ache 2′o6oom pamaa4 s(omach ache e(c. 1*or o(her par(s o* (he od-5 4)naam 1ad4+ ad:5 e2)al+ same 4)naam r)/ ′ e2)al 9(h (+ same as (
K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#.
Aree la′ /)/)na4 lee 2 ′o6oom 4olomaa4. Laa /′ oo /)na ′al rech 9achaa4 )/ ′ la Lee 2′aa2′ pa (a2′aa4 /))-aa pamaa4 ch/ee lee a4cha/ ′. Ra4a9a6/ /as/ ′6 lee ′′aa4 pa 2′a(′al (4. Laa ar2om lee 2′o6oom pamaa4 %a′ 9ee ala+ )(ala4 / ′a4ola6eel. R acha4loom ra4a9a6/ /a/lo2′ /′ r)/ ′ r r6o2l. R nana6eel /)′ch′a4 lee ee raal rono4el nma2 ′a ′. Lee 4-a′6elaa ′ /a(a4n /ee/(o′ lee /(aa(. aa 4)naam r // ′a′nal r cha2′6eel r)/ ′ r ra(.
!8
sons 1mans5 chldren -o)n'er sln's sons;n;la9 *a(hers mo(hers
s()den(s+ dscples (eachers
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#.
I( s (he mans meanness (ha( does hm harm. ,he people ecome dsco)ra'ed 1ored5 9(h (he sc/ness. ,he 9h(eness o* (he (9o clo(hes s 4)s( (he same. ,hs medcne here c)res darrhea. ,here s a ' *ace on (he *ron( o* (he roc/. I( s necessar- (ha( all (he chldren 1al/ ′9a′la6elaa′5 e lo:ed e2)all- 1e2)al 9(h (her en' lo:ed5. ,he h)sand m)s( lo:e and (a/e care o* hs 9*e. ,he s()den(s are no( e2)al 9(h (her (eacher. ,he -o)n'er sln' s helped - hs older sln'. I( s (he *'h( (ha( 'a:e (he headache (o me.
S0ECIAL &RILLS A. Chan'e (he *ollo9n' ad4ec(:es n(o no)ns and ':e (he (ransla(ons n En'lsh> !. ?. 3. . . 7.
2′e2 2′or sa2′aa4 2′an ra6 4oron
lac/ laam(o)s -ello9 'reen cold
B. Chan'e (he names o* (he *ollo9n' od- par(s *rom (he ':en possessed *orms n(o )npossessed *orms> !. ?. 3. . . 7.
n)6/n n)(a′m n)9are n)2)l n)/ ′)′6 n)ch′)/
m- ear m- nose m- (oo(h 1(ee(h5 m- (hroa( m- hear( m- elo9
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. a2 ch)′aan/ /)) ′ano+ /o4))-a4o.
J)s( (o e mean he a9ls )s o)(.
?. Ka(-o′9 /))na′ ch9ee.
He s en:o)s and ha(e*)l o* me.
3. pee ro-o9aal.
He ecame an'r-.
. 2aa4 ro-o9aal.
He calmed do9n.
. Na4 )9′ ch9ee.
He s(ares a( me.
!87
LESSON ,HIR, EIGH, &IREC,IONAL AN& LOCA,IONAL A&@ERBS LOD+ B′IIK+ AN& KAANOD AN& CONJGA,ION O$ IRREGLAR CLASS ? ,RANSI,I@E @ERB AJA%AIK ;; ,O BE %AN,E&F+ ,O BE LO@E&F AN& SE O$ AILIAR @ERBS KO%INEM AN& AJA%AIK In K ′che (here are se:en ad:ers 9hch ndca(e e(her (he drec(on n 9hch an o4ec( s mo:n' or (he loca(on n 9hch ( s. In (hs lesson 9e are 'on' (o s()d- re*l- (hree o* (hese ad:ers> lo2+ /+ and /aano2. &rec(onal and Loca(onal Ad:er Lo2 Meann'> hereF 1n (hs drec(on (o9ard (he spea/er5 ,hs ad:er s der:ed *rom (he smple n(rans(:e :er )l ;; arr:e here ses> ,hs par(cle s )sed n a 'rea( n)mer o* 9a-s. Here 9e shall see onl- a *e9 o* (s )ses 9(h n(rans(:e and (rans(:e :ers. %(h In(rans(:e @ers Lee ach 6/a′- lo2. ,he man loo/ed here n (hs drec(on. I9r 6n(al4 lo2. es(erda- I re()rned here. %(h ,rans(:e @ers %ee / ′oo ara4l chaa/ ′amaa lo2. 1/ ′am/ 1(:!5 (o e rece:ed Y lo2 V (o e ro)'h( here5 I* -o) ha:e mone- + rn' ( here. Lee ach 6aa (a/ ′al p)9′ lee la4 4)-) ′ aree(a2 6o4rl lo2. ,he man 9as 4)s( s(andn' on (op o* (he small hll 9hen he sa9 )s here.F
!8
Al(erna(e *orm o* Lo2 a. Lo2 has (he *orm la 9hen ( s no( )((erance *nal> I9r 6o4(al4 la pa /a- ′al. es(erda- 9e re()rned here *rom mar/e(. %ee / ′oo ara4l+ chaa/ ′amaa la ch9e2. I* -o) ha:e mone-+ rn' ( here (ommorro9. . Lo2 1la5 comnes 9(h cer(an 9ords 9hch precede ( n (he *orm ) ′lo2 1)′la ;;5> 1see no(e pa'e !?5 %(h na 1ad:5 la(er+ a*(er9ards+ *rs(> na Y lo2 n)′lo2 1na Y la ;; na′la ;;5 Ch9e2 /n/ ′am n)′lo2. 1Kn/ ′am n)′la ch9e2.5 ,ommorro9 I 9ll rn' ( here a*(er9ards. %(h la 1pro5 -o) 1*ormal5> la Y lo2 l)′lo2 1la Y la ;; l)′la ;;5 Laa anna2 /a(al4 l) ′lo2 1Laa /a(al4 l) ′la anna2 %ll -o) re()rn here 2)c/l- %(h 9 1ad:5 ndca(es drec(on n 'eneral 9 Y lo2 9)′lo2 19 Y la ;; 9)′la ;;5 La′ lee a(a2 ;; 4a9 6aa/ ′am 9)′lo2 1Ja9 6aa/ ′am 9)′la la′ lee a(a25 %here dd -o) rn' (ha( clo(hn' *rom %(h ch 1ad:5 a'an+ no9> ch Y lo2 ch)′lo2 1ch Y la ;; ch)′la ;;5 Lee ach 6/a ′- ch)′lo2. 1/a′- ch)′la lee ach.5 ,he man loo/ed (hs 9a- a'an.
!88
%(h na ;; (a4 1ne'a(:e5> na ;; (a p l)s lo2 1na ;; (a pl)s la ;;
na ;; ()′lo2 na ;; ()′la ;;5
R′ na n)/ ′amom ()′lo2. 1Na n)/ ′amom ()′la r′.5 I ha:e no( ro)'h( (ha( here. &rec(onal ;; Loca(onal Ad:er B ′/ Meann'> a9a- *rom hereF+ o)( *rom hereF 1n a drec(on a9a- *rom (he spea/er5. ,hs ad:er s der:ed *rom (he smple n(rans(:e :er ′e ;; 'oF ses> ,hs par(cle s )sed n a 'rea( n)mer o* 9a-s. Here 9e shall see onl- a *e9 o* (s )ses 9(h n(rans(:e and (rans(:e :ers> %(h In(rans(:e @ers> Lee al 6el ′/. ,he 'rl 9en( o)( a9a- *rom here. Lee ach4aa′ 6ee2′a′ar ′/. ,he men 'o( dr)n/ e*ore 'on' a9a- *rom here. %(h ,rans(:e @ers> Chaa/ ′amaa ′/. 1/ ′am/ 1(:!5 (o e rece:ed Y ′/ V (o e (a/en a9a,a/e ( a9a- *rom here. o4ch′aa- ′/. %e 9ere ea(en a9a- *rom here. Al(erna(e $orms o* B′/> B′/ has (he *orm ′ 9hen ( s no( )((erance *nal> Lee al 6el ′ pa 4a. ,he 'rl 9en( o)( o* (he ho)se a9a- *rom here. Chaa/ ′amaa ′ ach′ch′. ,a/e -o)r mache(e a9a- *rom here.
!8"
B′/ 1′5 comnes 9(h cer(an 9ords 9hch precede ( n (he *orm> )′ ′/ 1)′ ′ ;;5. %(h na 1ad:5 la(er+ a*(er9ards+ *rs(> na Y ′/ 1na Y ′ ;;
n)′ ′/ n)′ ′ ;;5
Ch9e′2 /n/ ′am n)′ ′/. 1Kn/ ′am n)′ ′ ch9e′2.5 ,ommorro9+ a*(er9ards+ Ill (a/e ( a9a- *rom here. %(h la 1pro5 -o) 1*ormal5> la Y ′/ 1la Y ′ ;;
l)′ ′/ l)′ ′ ;;5
Laa /am/ /a/ ′am l)′ ′/ 1Laa /a/ ′am l)′ ′ /am/5 Are -o) (a/n' ( a9a- *rom here (oda- %(h 9 1ad:5 drec(on n 'eneral> 9 Y ′/ 19 Y ′ ;;
9) ′′/ 9)′ ′ ;;5
Lee p9a2 pa 4a 6ela2 ′a6 9)′ ′/. 10a 4a 6ela2′a6 9)′ ′ lee p9a2.5 ,he mone- 9as s(olen a9a- *rom nsde (he ho)se. %(h ch 1ad:5 a'an+ no9> ch Y ′/ 1ch Y ′ ;;
ch) ′′/ ch) ′′ ;;5
Lee a/ ′ala′ 6e/ ′am ch)′ ′/. 1e/ ′am ch)′ ′ lee a/ ′ala′.5 ,he chldren 9ere (a/en a9a- a'an. %(h na ;; (a4 1ne'a(:e5> na ;; (a Y ′/ 1na ;; (a Y ′ ;;
na ;; ()′ ′/ na ;; ()′ ′ ;;5
Kam/ na /a2a/ ′am ()′ ′/. 1Na /a2a/ ′am ()′ ′ /am/.5 %e 9ll no( (a/e ( a9a- (oda-.
!"#
&rec(onal;Loca(onal Ad:er Kaano2> Meann'> ehndF 1remann' ehnd5 ehnd5 ,hs ad:er s der:ed *rom (he smple n(rans(:e :er /aana4 ;; reman. ses> ,hs par(cle s )sed n a 'rea( n)mer o* 9a-s. Here 9e shall see onlonl- a *e9 o* (s )ses 9(h n(rans(:e and (rans(:e :ers> %(h In(rans(:e @ers> Na 6pee (a r 2ach′l+ 6aa 9arna2 /aano2. O)r companon dd no( come+ he 4)s( remaned ehnd sleepn'. Lee a4cha/′ 6ee/aana4 /aano2. ,he 9or/ers remaned ehnd. %(h ,rans(:e @ers> /a-aa /aano2. [-a′/ 1(:!5 (o e ':en Y /aano2 V (o e le*( ehnd ] %e le*( ( ehnd. Lee 2a(aa( 6)) ′4 /aano2 ch /apee ch na. O)r *a(her sad e*ore he le*( (ha( he 9o)ld come a'an la(er. 1hes 'one 'one )( hs 9ords reman ehnd5 3. Al(erna(e $orms o* Kaano2> Kaano2 has (he *orm /aan 9hen ( s no( )((erance *nal> ee/aana4 /aan lee a4cha/ ′. ,he 9or/ers remaned ehnd. n-aa /aan lee n)chm pa / ′a-′al. I le*( m- 9o:en a' ehnd n (he mar/e(. Kaano2+ )nl/e lo2 and ′/+ )nder'oes no chan'e 9hen ( precedes s)ch 9ords as> na+ la+ 9+ ch/+ and na ;; (a4> Ka-aa na /aan lee p9a2. ,he mone- 9ll e le*( ehnd la(er. Con4)'a(on o* Irre')lar Class C lass ? ,rans(:e @er A4a9a6/ ;; (o e 9an(edF+ (o e lo:edF Snce (hs s one o* (he mos( commonl- )sed :ers n (he lan')a'e+ 9e shall con4)'a(e ( here n (he *o)r :oces n 9hch ( s )sed 1!+ ?+ 3+ and 5. ,he roo( *or (he @o @oce ! con4)'a(on s smpl- aaF. ,he roo( *or (he con4)'a(on con4)'a(on o* @o @oces ?+ 3+ and s a4a9a.
!"!
@oce ! 1*or smplc(- (he o4ec( 9ll al9a-s e 3rd person sn')lar5 Incomple(e Aspec( /a9aa4 /aa9aa4 / a r a a4 /aa4 la
I 9an( ( -o) 9an( ( he 9an(s ( -o) 9an( (
/a2aa4 /9aa4 /a/aa4 /aa4 ala2
9e 9an( ( -o) 9an( ( (he- 9an( ( -o) 9an( (
62aa4 69aa4 6/aa4 6/aa4 ala2
9e 9an(ed ( -o) 9an(ed ( (he- 9an(ed ( -o) 9an(ed (
Comple(ed Aspec( 69aa4 6aa9aa4 6raa4 6/aa4 la
I 9an(ed ( -o) 9an(ed ( he 9an(ed ( -o) 9an(ed (
Impera(:e Aspec( chaa9aa4 9an( ( charaa4 le( hm 9an( ( chaa4 la 9an( (
/a2aa4 le(s 9an( ( ch9aa4 9an( ( ch/aa4 le( (hem 9an( ( chaa4 ala2 9an( (
0er*ec( Aspec( 1rarel1rare l- )sed5
@oce ? 1*or smplc(- (he o4ec( 9ll al9a-s e 3rd person sn')lar5 Incomple(e Aspec( /na4a9a6/ /a(a4a9a6/ /aa4a9a6/ /aa4a9a6 la
I am 9an(ed -o) are 9an(ed he s 9an(ed -o) are 9an(ed
/o4a4a9a6/ /6a4a9a6/ ′ 4a9a6/ /a 4a9a6/ /a4a9a6 ala2
9e are 9an(ed -o) are 9an(ed (he- are 9an(ed -o) are 9an(ed
No(e> $rom (he nom nomnale naled d *orm o* (hs :oce :oce 9e 9e 'e( (he (he commonlcommonl- )sed *orm *orm (ha( 9e ha:e ha:e alread- )sed> ra4a9a6/ ra4a9a 6/ ;; ( s necessar- 1( s (o e 9an(ed5. Comple(ed Aspec( 6na4a9a6/ 6a(a4a9a6/ 6aa4a9a6/ 6aa4a9a6 la
I 9as 9an(ed -o) 9ere 9an(ed he 9as 9an(ed -o) 9ere 9an(ed
6o4a4a9a6/ 66a4a9a6/ 6a 4a9a6/ ′ 4a9a6/ 6aa4a9a6 ala2
Impera(:e Aspec( 1rarel1rarel - )sed5 0er*ec( Aspec( 1rarel1rare l- )sed5
!"?
9e 9ere 9an(ed -o) 9ere 9an(ed (he- 9ere 9an(ed 9an(ed -o) 9ere 9an(ed
@oce 3 Incomple(e Aspec( /na4a9a(a4/ /a(a4a9a(a4/ /aa4a9a(a4/ /aa4a9a(a4 la
I am ecomn' 9an(ed -o) are ecomn' 9an(ed he s ecomn' 9an(ed -o) are ecomn' 9an(ed
/o4a4a9a(a4/ /6a4a9a(a4/ /a 4a9a(a4/ ′ 4a9a(a4/ /aa4a9a(a4 ala2
9e are ecomn' 9an(ed -o) are ecomn' 9an(ed (he- are ecomn' ecomn' 9an(ed 9an(ed -o) are ecomn' 9an(ed
6o4a4a9a(a4/ 66a4a9a(a4/ ′ 4a9a(a4/ 6a 4a9a(a4/ 6aa4a9a(a4 al ala2
9e 9ere ecomn' 9an(ed -o) 9e 9ere ecomn' 9an(ed (he- 9ere ecom ecomn' n' 9an(ed 9an(ed -o) 9e 9ere ecomn' 9an(ed
Comple(ed Aspec( 6na4a9a(a4/ 6a(a4a9a(a4/ 6aa4a9a(a4/ 6aa4a9a(a4 la la
I 9as ecomn' 9an(ed -o) 9e 9ere e ecomn' 9an(ed he 9as ecomn' 9an(ed -o) 9e 9ere ecomn' 9an(ed
Impera(:e Aspec( 1rarel1rarel - )sed5 0er*ec( Aspec( 1rarel1rare l- )sed5 S(a(:e Aspec( n a4a9a(al/ a( a4a9a(al/ aree a4a9a(al/ a4a9a(al la
I am 9an(ed -o) are 9an(ed he s 9an(ed -o) are 9an(ed
o4 a4a9a(al/ 6 a4a9a(al/ a ′ree a 4a9a(al/ ′ 4a9a(al/ a4a9a(al ala2
9e are 9an(ed -o) are 9an(ed (he- are 9an(ed 9an(ed -o) are 9an(ed
@oce @oce 1(hs :er :e r s no( )sed n (hs @oce5 @oce5 @oce 1*or smplc(- (he o4ec( 9ll al9a-s e 3rd person sn')lar5 Incomple(e Aspec( n /na4a9an/ a( /a(a4 a(a4a9 a9an an/ / aree /a4a9an/ laal /a /a4a9an la la
I m-sel* 9an( ( -o) -o)rs o)rsel el** 9an( 9an( ( he hmsel* 9an(s ( -o) -o -o)rse rsel* 9an( ( (
o4 /o4a4a9an/ 6 /6a /6a4a 4a9a 9an n/ / a ′ree /a 4a9an/ ′ 4a9an/ ala2 /a /a4a9an al ala2
9e o)rsel:es 9an( ( -o) -o)rs o)rsel el: :es 9an( 9an( ( (he- (hemse (hemsel:es l:es 9an( ( -o) -o -o)rsel:es 9an( ( (
o4 6o4a4a9an/ 6 66a 66a4a 4a9a 9an n/ / a ′ree 6a 4a9an/ ′ 4a9an/ ala2 ala2 6a4a 6a4a9a 9an n ala2 ala2
9e o)rsel:es 9an(ed ( -o) -o)rs o)rsel el:e :ess 9an( 9an(ed ed ( (he- (hemse (hemsel:es l:es 9an(ed ( -o) -o)rs o)rsel el: :es 9an( 9an(eed (
Comple(ed Aspec( n 6na4a9an/ a( 6a(a 6a(a4a 4a9a 9an n/ / aree 6a4a9an/ laal laal 6a4a 6a4a9a 9an n la la
I m-sel* 9an(ed ( -o) -o)rs o)rsel el** 9an( 9an(ed ed ( he hmsel* 9an(ed ( -o) -o)rs o)rsel el** 9an( 9an(ed ed (
Impera(:e Aspec( 1rarel1rarel - )sed5
!"3
0er*ec( Aspec( n n a4a9anna2 a( a( a4a9anna2 aree a4a9anna2 laal a4a9anna2 la o4 o4 a4a9anna2 6 6 a4a9anna2 ′ 4a9anna2 a′re′ a 4a9anna2 ala2 ala2 a4a9 a4a9an anna na2 2 ala2 ala2
I m-sel* ha:e 9an(ed ( -o) -o)rsel* ha:e 9an(ed ( he hmsel* has 9an(ed ( -o) -o)rsel* ha:e 9an(ed ( 9e o)rsel:es ha:e 9an(ed ( -o) -o -o)rsel:es ha:e 9an(ed ( (he- (hensel:es (hensel:es ha:e 9an(ed 9an(ed ( ( -o) -o)rs o)rsel el:e :ess ha:e ha:e 9an( 9an(ed ed (
One se o* A)6lar- @ers Ko9neem and A4a9a6/ In En'lsh a)6lar- :ers l/e aleF and 9an(F are )sed (o'e(her 9(h (he n*n(:e *orm o* (he man :er o* (he cla)se> I am ale (o 9or/.F or I 9an( (o 'o.F In Lesson 3 9e sa9 some 9a-s (o *orm man :ers 9(h (her a)6lares n K ′che′> I* (he a)6lar- :er s n(rans(:e> Knco9n ch) ′aan/ lee chaa/. I am ale (o do (he 9or/. I* (he a)6lar- :er s (rans(:e> ))ma44 ) ′aan/ lee chaa/. He e'an (o do (he 9or/. Ano(her 9a- (o *orm man :ers 9(h (her a)6lares s (o )se (he a)6lar- :er 1n(rans(:e or (rans(:e5 n (he desred person and aspec( *ollo9ed - (he man :er 9hch m)s( a'ree 9(h ( n person and aspec( 1ordnarl-5. ,9o o* (he a)6lar- :ers mos( commonl- )sed n (hs 9a- are> /o9neem a4a9a6/
1:5 1(:?5
e ale (o e 9an(ed
Incomple(e Aspec( Kn/o9n/ /m ′ee/. I am ale (o 'o. 1I am ale+ I 'o.5 Ka9aa4 /m′ee/ I 9an( (o 'o. 1I 9an( (+ I 'o.5
!"
Comple(ed Aspec( a(/o9n/ 6aa ′ano. o) 9ere ale (o do (. 1o) 9ere ale+ -o) dd (.5 aa9aa4 6aa ′ano o) 9an(ed (o do (. 1o) 9an(ed+ -o) dd (.5 No(e> Some a)6lares canno( e )sed n (hs parallel a)6lar- ; man :er (-pe o* cons(r)c(on. E.'.+ (he :er ma46/ 1(:?5 (o e )')n+ does no( adm( )sa'e n (hs (-pe o* parallel cons(r)c(on. %hen (hs (-pe o* :er s )sed as an a)6lar- (o (he man :er+ ( m)s( e 9(h (he man :er n a nomnaled *orm as 9e sa9 n Lesson 3> ))ma44 n)-aa4/. He e'an (o scold me. 1He e'an m- en' scolded.5
MO&EL SEN,ENCES !. Kn/o9n/ /n/ ′am lee p9a2 9ee /ara4 r n(aa(. I can (a/e (he mone- a9a- * m- *a(her 9an(s me (o. ?. Laa /aa4 la /o4(al4 la anna2 &o -o) 9an( )s (o re()rn here 2)c/l-. 3. O4 6o4a4a9an/ 6-aa /aan lee 9a /)mal lee a4/ ′a-′. %e o)rsel:es 9an(ed (he (or(llas (o e le*( ehnd - (he sellers. . Kacho/on lee /olo′ ch2eech= chaa/ ′amaa lo2. ,he rope s )se*)l (o )s= rn' ( here.
@OCABLAR cho/onem 1:5 e o* )se /aana4em 1:5 reman a4a9a6/ 1(:?5 (o e 9an(ed+ lo:ed ;aa;> @oce ! roo( ;a4a9a;> @oce ?+ 3+ roo( lo2 1la ;;5 1ad:5 here+ n (hs drec(on ′/ 1′ ;;5 1ad:5 a9a-+ o)( *rom here+ a9a- *rom here /aano2 1/aan5 1ad:5 ehnd / ′aam/ 1(:!5 (o e rece:ed Y lo2 V (o e ro)'h( here (o e rece:ed Y ′/ V (o e (a/en a9a-a′/ 1(:!5 (o e ':en Y /aano2 V (o e le*( ehnd
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K ′ICHE ,O ENGLISH !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!. !?.
Ka/′ amaa ′ lee (′′. a /a2aspa4 che lee 2achalal. Janpaa ch 6 2aa4na2 la 9araal pa (nam( Kara4 lee ach /))(4 )9aa chaanm= chaa/ ′amaa lo2. Laa /aa4 la /a′ee la 2)/ ′ pa m)2)n/ /aana4 /aan lee ach 4ee la′ pa (a2′aa4. Na 6))2′′ (a ch/ 6pee 2))/ ′ Na 6ee/o9n (a lee 9na2 6ee// ′am lee /al/ ′)′aal 9araal pa /)na6/. Kacho/on lee la2 ch9ee= )( /-aa /aano2. Ra4a9a6/ /a-aa la 2a9aa r)mal lee a4 ′/. K))(4 n)′ ′ lee )9aa lee 9acha4l+ / ′a(ee / ′) r′ /a′ee pa chaa/. Janpaa /a/o9n la /a(al4 ch l) ′lo2 Na /o49a′ (a ch/. (4(a4 la lee 2eech ch)9a 4a. Lee -a9aa ′ 6reesa4 /aan lee ree2a ′n aree(a2 6))ma44 pa2aleem ch)9a lee 4)-) ′.
ENGLISH ,O K ′ICHE′ !. ?. 3. . . 7. . 8. ". !#. !!.
&o -o) 1laal5 9an( (o (a/e (he do' a9a- 9(h -o) I 9as no( ale (o rn' m- *rend here (oda-. Lea:e 1ala25 (he dred ears o* corn n (he ho)se. I* (he marma s )se*)l (o (he marma pla-ers 9ell rn' ( here (ommorro9 a*(er9ards. Im no( sad *or (he man 1′so6/ )9ach5= he hmsel* 9an(ed (o s)**er. ,he chld le*( *rom (he ho)se n (hs drec(on. I( s necessar- (ha( (he mone- e re()rned here (o (s o9ner. Im 'on' (o ea( m- *ood e*ore 'on' 1n) ′ ′/5. ,he man dd no( 9an( me (o (a/e hs son (o e c)red. %e are no( ale (o help -o) 1ala25 eca)se 9e ha:e (o lea:e a9a- *rom here (oda-. &o -o) 165 9an( (o help me (a/e a9a- *rom here (he *resh ears o* corn
SE$L E0RESSIONS !. K ′a 4an (a2 pa /apee(/.
$rom (me (o (me he comes.
?. K ′oo r /apee(/+ / ′oo r na /apee (a4.
A( (mes he comes+ a( (mes he does no( come.
3. J)n (4 /m′ee/.
I am 'on' *or 'ood.
. Na (4 (a4 chee.
I( sn( mpor(an( (o hm.
. Na (4 (a4 ch 6))′ano.
I(s no( (r)e (ha( he dd (.
,4 ch 6)) ′ano.
I(s (r)e (ha( he dd (.
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@OCABLAR> K ′ICHE′ ,O ENGLISH
aa
a42′4 1n5 d:ner= a42′4aa′ 1pl5 d:ners a42′o4oom 1n5 merma pla-er= a42′o4omaa′ 1pl5 merma pla-ers a4(4 1n5 (eacher+ ns(r)c(or= a4(4aa′ 1pl5 (eachers+ ns(r)c(ors a46o4oloo′ 1n5 dancer= a46o4oloo′ 1pl5 dancers a4-))2 1n5 shepherd= a4-)2′aa′ 1pl5 shepherds a4′/ ′ 1n5 mad+ ser:an( pad - (he mon(h=
aa ′ 1n5 hammoc/ aa4 1n5 reed aa/ ′ 1n5 (-pe o* 'ran 1chan n Spansh5 aal 1pn5 9omans chld= 1ad45 hea:aanma4em 1:5 r)n a9a-+ *lee aa2 1n5 p' aa2′ 1pn5 (on')e aa2′anem 1:5 (o clm )p aa(aam 1ad:5 earlaa(nem 1:5 a(he
a4′/ ′aa ′ 1pl5 mads+ ser:an(s a/ ′ 1n5 chc/en a/ ′aal 1n5 chld= a/ ′alaa ′ 1pl5 chldren ala 1n5 o-= ala ′oom 1pl5 o-s ala4 1ad45 small 1see la ′ 45 alan6a6 1n5 oran'e+ oran'e (ree ala6/ 1(:?5 (o e orn 1':en r(h (o5= 1n5 rela(:es+ ro(hers 1e.'. O4 ala6/. %e are ro(hersF ala2 1per pro5 -o) 1*ormal;pl)5= 1poss pro5 -o)r 1*ormal;pl)5 1see Lessons < 85 al 1n5 'rl= al(omaa ′ 1pl5 'rls al/al(e 1n;Span5 ma-or al/ ′9a′la6eel 1pn5 chld= al/ ′9a′la6elaa′ 1pl5 chldren ;al/ ′)′aal 1possessed *orm5 am 1n5 spder ama2′el 1ad:5 al9a-s amoolo 1n5 ho)se*lanaa′ 1pn5 ss(er 1males5 anma 1n;Span5 hear(+ so)l anna2 1ad:5 2)c/lapano2 1apan;;5 1ad:5 o:er (here 1a( a de(ermned ds(ance5 a2anaa4 1pn5 *oo( 1*ee(5 a2′a ′ 1n5 n'h(+ earl- mornn' n/ ′a4 a2′a′ ;; mdn'h( chaa2′a′ ;; a( n'h( nma2′a′ ;; n (he mornn' a2′ano2 1a2′an;;5 1ad:5 )p+ )p ao:e aree 1see are′5
a a; 1poss pro5 -o)r 1sn';*amlar5 a′a4 1n5 roc/+ s(one a′6 1n5 corn plan( acha4loom 1pn5 h)sand= ;acha4l 1possessed *orm5 achalaal 1pn5 sln'+ near rela(:e ach 1n5 man= ach4aa ′ 1pl5 men ach/ ′a6/ 1(:?5 (o e dreamed ao)( ach′l 1pn5 companon+ *rend
a4 1n5 *resh corn a4aa9 1pn5 o9ner a4a9a6/ 1(:?5 (o e 9an(ed+ lo:ed ;aa; > @oce ! roo( ;a4a9a; > @oce ?+ 3+ roo( 1see lesson 385
a4chaa/ 1n5 9or/er+ a4cha/′ 1pl5 9or/ers a4ch′a′oo4 1n5 *'h(er+ solder+ a4ch′o′ 4′ 1pl5 *'h(ers+ solders a44 1n5 s)'ar cane a4l 1pn5 prce 1some(hn's5 /apa/ ′ ra4l ;; (s prce 'oes )p /a2aa4 ra4l ;; (s prce 'oes do9n ; a4l ;( ′a2aa( 1pn5 ro(hers 1(erm o* endearmen(5 a4/ ′aa- 1n5 seller= a4/ ′a-′ 1pl5 sellers a4la6/ 1(:?5 (o e co)n(ed
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aree ch 1con45 n order (ha( aree ch′ 1ad:5 a( (ha( (me= 1con45 and so aree la′ 1dem5 (ha( (here s (+ (ha( (here s ;; 1see Lesson ?5 aree r′ 1dem5 (ha( s (+ (ha( s ;; 1see Lesson ?5 aree(a2 1con45 9hen aree 9a′ 1dem5 (hs s (+ (hs s ;; 1see Lesson ?5 are′ 1are;;5 1per pro5 he+ she+ (+ hm+ her asaron 1n;Span5 hoe a( 1per pro5 -o) 1*amlar;sn'5 a(′( 1pn5 'randmo(her a( 1pn5 older sln' a(′aam 1n5 sal( a(′a2 1n5 clo(hn'+ clo(h a9; 1poss pro5 -o)r 1*amlar;sn'5 1see Lesson 85 a9aas 1n5 (aoo a9ee6 1n5 corn plan(n' a′ree 1see a′re′5 a′ree la′ 1dem5 (hose (here are (he-+ (hose (here are;;+ 1See Lesson ?5 a′ree r′ 1dem5 (hose are (he-+ (hose are ;; 1see Lesson ?5 a′ree 9a′ 1dem5 (hese are (he-+ (hese are ;; 1see Lesson ?5 a′re′ 1a′ree;;5 1per pro5 (he-+ (hem
′a-′s 1n5 ra( ′a′/ 1(:!5 (o e mas(ca(ed+ che9ed ′eenaam 1:5 'o Incom. ;; /m′ee 1/5 ;; I 'o Comp. ;; 6m′ee 1/5 ;; I 9en( 0er*. ;; n ′eena2 ;; I ha:e 'one Imper*. ;; rre')lar ′eena2′4 1ad:5 n (he a*(ernoon ′ee-/ 1(:!5 (o e dela-ed ′e 1n5 road+ (ral ′ele4ee′ 1n)m5 nne ′e′eel 1pn5 ones road 1(ha( s e6cl)s:elhs5= ) ′e′el correc(ness ′/ 1′;;5 1ad:5 a9a-+ o)( *rom here+ a9a*rom here ′neel 1n5 (ra:eler ′neem 1:5 9al/+ (ra:el ′2′/ 1(:!5 (o e s9allo9ed+ ')lped ′s 1n5 sadness ′(′/ 1(:!5 (o e (orn ′rreem 1:5 roar 1as ocean+ car mo(or5 ′so6/ 1(:?5 (o e sad ao)( ′(′ 1n5 a (earn' so)nd ′6a6/ 1(:?5 (o e s)n' ′6/ 1(:?5 (o e sad ′′aa4 1pn5 name 1s5 ′ool/ 1(:!5 (o e roas(ed n *re ′oo2/ 1(:!5 (o e p)lled o)( - roo(s ′och′6/ 1(:?5 (o e co)r(ed+ com*or(ed+ coa6ed+ pac*ed 1a a-5 ′o′ 4 1n5 cla- coo/n' po(
′ ′aalam 1n5 4a')ar ′aa2 1ad45 (hn= 1n5 one+ needle ′aa2/ 1(:!5 (o e 9ashed 1har5 ′aa( ′ 1n5 da- n Ma-an ceremonal calendar ′aa ′ 1′aa ;;5 1e6clam5 9ell+ oh ′a 1n5 'opher;l/e anmal ′a46/ 1(:?5 (o e naled+ scre9ed on+ p)( on ('h(l ′al6/ 1(:?5 (o e loaded+ *lled )p ′al/a(6/ 1(:?5 (o e rolled o:er ′al/a′(eem 1:5 roll o:er ′al)/ 1pn5 ro(her;n;la9 ′an/ 1(:!5 (o e made+ done ′a2laal 1pn5 od ′a2′9achaa4 1pn5 e-e1s5+ e-e all ′a(′ 1n5 (hread
ch chaa4 1n5 ash chaa/ 1n5 9or/ chaanm 1ad:5 r'h( no9+ 2)c/lcha4 1n5 pne (ree+ pne p(ch cha46/ 1(:?5 (o e (a/en care o*+ ')arded cha/ach 1n5 as/e( cha/)6/ 1(:?5 (o e 9or/ed 1as land5 cha24em 1:5 ecome drcha24sa6/ 1(:?5 (o e dred cha2′ 4 1ad45 drcha2′ 1ad45 *a(+ coo/ed+ rpe cha2′a4eem 1:5 ecome *a(+ coo/ed+ rpe
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ch24 ehnd )s ch94 ehnd -o) ch/4 ehnd (hem ch4 ala2 ehnd -o) chm 1n5 9oo:en a' ch 1con45 (ha( ch 1prep5 9(h 1see ch\eech5 ch/ 1ch;;5 1ad:5 a'an+ no9 ch/op 1n5 anmal+ nsec( ch′4 1ch′aa45 1pn5 mo)(h+ openn'+ ed'e= )ch 4a ;; door o* (he ho)se ch\na2aa4 1prep5 near chn)na2aa4 near me chana2aa4 near -o) ch)na2aa4 near hm chna2a4 la near -o) ch2ana2aa4 near )s chna2aa4 near -o) ch/na2aa4 near (hem chna2a4 ala2 near -o) choo// 1(:!5 (o e con(rac(ed 1some 9or/5 chool/ 1(:!5 (o e lned )p+ p)( n order choom 1ad45 *a(= choma ′2 1pl5 1*a( ones5 cho 1n5 la/e+ pond cho/oneem 1:5 e o* )se cho/onsa′e6/ 1(:?5 (o e )sed chomaal 1n5 *a(ness chomaal 1n5 mee(n'+ plan+ n(en(on choma6/ 1(:?5 (o e (ho)'h( ao)(+ planned+ arran'ed cho2on 1n5 (c/ln'+ (c/lsh cho2ona6/ 1(:?5 (o e (c/led cho′leem 1s:5 loosen ch\paam 1prep5 nsde o* \\ chn)paam nsde o* me chapaam nsde o* -o) ch)paam nsde o* hm chpam la nsde o* -o) ch2apaam nsde o* )s chpaam nsde o* -o) ch/paam nsde o* (hem chpam ala2 nsde o* -o)
cha2′a4sa6/ 1(:?5 (o e coo/ed+ rpened+ *a((ened cha2′6eel 1pn5 -o)n'er sln'= cha2′6elaa ′ 1pl5 -o)n'er sln's= cha2′ 1poss *orm5 cha-/ 1(:!5 (o e chosen+ selec(ed= 1rre')lar ;; see Lesson 3#5 cha′ 1chaa;;5 1:;rre')lar5 sa- 12)o(a(a(:e5 Incomple(e Aspec( /ncha′ I sa/a(cha ′ -o) sa/acha′ he sa-s /achaa la -o) sa/o4cha′ 9e sa/6cha′ -o) sa/eecha′ (he- sa/acha′ la2 -o) saComple(ed Aspec( 6ncha′ I sad 6a(cha′ -o) sad 6cha′ he sad 6chaa la -o) sad 6o4cha′ 9e sad 66cha ′ -o) sad 6eecha′ (he- sad 6cha′ la2 -o) sad 1Also )sed n Impera(:e and 0er*ec( Aspec(s5 ch\ee 1ch5 1prep5 (o \\+ *or \\+ *rom \\= ch9ee 1ch5 (o me cha9ee 1ch5 (o -o) chee 1ch5 (o hm chee 1ch5 la (o -o) ch2ee 1ch5 (o )s ch9ee 1ch5 (o -o) ch/ee 1ch5 (o (hem chee 1ch5 ala2 (o -o) chee 1ch5 V 9(h 1ns(r)men(all-5 e.'. /amsa6 ch ch′ch′ ;; He 9as /lled 9(h a mache(e.F chee′ 1n5 (ree+ 9ood+ 4al= 1ad45 s(**+ r'd che′rem 1:5 ecome r'd+ s(**
ch))n 1n5 lme+ lmes(one ch))p/ 1(:!5 (o e p)( o)(+ e6(n')shed as a *re or l'h( ch) 1ad45 smellch)′aa4 1pn5 sal:a+ sp((le ch)′a6/ 1(:?5 (o e sp( on= @oce > ch) ′an/ sp( ch)ch 1prep5 a( (he ed'e o* (+ a(=
ch\4 1prep5 ehnd+ o:er+ aro)nd ch94 ehnd me cha94 ehnd -o) chr4 1ch45 ehnd hm ch4 la ehnd -o)
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al(erna(e *orm ;; ch ′ 1ch;;5 ch)laa4 1pn5 )rne ch)2e′ 1ch)2ee;;+ ch)/;;5 1ad:5 also+ n add(on ch\9ach 1prep5 e*ore \\+ n *ron( o* \\ chn)9ach e*ore me cha9ach e*ore -o) ch)9ach 1ch)9a5 e*ore hm ch9ach la e*ore -o) ch2a9ach e*ore )s ch9ach e*ore -o) ch/9ach e*ore (hem ch9ach ala2 e*ore -o) ch9e′2 1ad:5 (ommorro9 ch\6ee′ )nder \\+ elo9 \\ chn)6ee′ )nder me cha6ee′ )nder -o) ch)6ee′ )nder hm ch6ee la )nder -o) ch2a6ee′ )nder )s ch6ee′ )nder -o) ch/6ee′ )nder (hem ch6ee′ ala2 )nder -o) ch\6o′l 1prep5 amon'+ e(9een ch)6o′l amon' (hem 1non;l:n'5 ch2a6o′l amon' )s ch6o′l amon' -o) ch/6o′l amon' (hem ch6o′l ala2 amon' -o)
ch′a2aleem 1s:5 ecome 9e( ch′a-aneel 1n5 h((er ch′a′/ 1(:!5 (o e complaned ao)( ch′a′/ 1n5 sores on s/n ch′a′oo4 1n5 *'h(+ dsp)(e+ 9ar ch′ch′ 1n5 car+ mache(e+ an- me(allc o4ec( ch′(/ 1(:!5 (o e 9orsened 1sc/ness5 ch′oo′/ 1(:!5 (o e comprehended+ anno)nced ch′ool/ 1(:!5 (o e peeled+ s/nned ch′oop 1n5 pneapple ch′o 1n5 mo)se ch′o′ 4′e6/ 1(:?5 (o e *o)'h( o:er ch′o′ 4neem 1:5 *'h( ch′o′ 46/ 1(:?5 (o e *o)'h( o:er ch′o/ 1n5 a (-pe o* lac/ rd ch′)ch′)4 1ad45 smoo(h+ so*( ch′))2/ 1(:!5 (o e co:ered ch′)ml 1n5 s(ar 1s5 ch′)(′n 1ad45 small= ch′)(′2 1pl5 small 1ones5
d &-oos 1n;Span5 God
ee \ee 1ch5 1poss pro5 9ee 1ch5 mne a9ee 1ch5 -o)rs ree 1ch5 hs ee 1ch5 la -o)rs 2ee 1ch5 o)rs 9ee 1ch5 -o)rs /ee 1ch5 (hers ee 1ch5 ala2 -o)rs ee/ ′ 1n5 a (-pe o* (ree paras(e ee2aneel 1n5 carrer+ ac/ pac/er ee2a6/ 1(:?5 (o e carred on ac/ ee2a′n 1n5 load+ car'o eera 1n5 place 9here 9hea( s (hrashed eesa6/ 1(:?5 (o e remo:ed+ (a/en o)( (a/en a9a-
ch′ ch′aa ′al 1n5 lan')a'e+ chrs(an doc(rne ch′aa ′e6/ 1(:?5 (o e spo/en (o+ :s(ed ch′aa4/ 1(:!5 (o e 9ashed= (9o @oce *orms> ch′a4an/ ;; 9ash onesel*+ ch′a4o′man/ ;; do la)ndr-+ mens(r)a(e ch′aa// 1(:!5 (o e 9on+ earned+ ')essed ch′aa( 1n5 ed ch′aa9eem 1:5 (al/+ spea/ ch′a4ch′o4 1ad45 clean+ )nlemshed+ p)re ch′a4o′n 1n5 la)ndr-+ 9ashn' ch′am 1ad45 acdc+ so)r ch′am′- 1n5 9al/n' s(c/+ s(a**+ cane ch′a2a′a6/ 1(:?; ′a′5 (o e made 9e(
ee(a′ma6/ 1(:?5 (o e learned+ /no9n= S(a(:e ,ense> ee(a′aam 1\e(a′m5
?##
1See Lesson 3?5 ee(′aneem 1:5 pla-
/ra6/ 1(:?5 (o e carred on (he head la9ach6/ 1(:?5 (o e oser:ed l/ 1(:!5 (o e seen+ 9a(ched n 1per pro5 I+ me n))p 1n5 cea (ree (eel 1ad45 e:l+ ad 9; 1poss pro5 -o)r 1pl;*amlar5 1See Lesson 85 9r 1ad:5 -es(erda6 1per pro5 -o) 1pl;*amlar5 6m 1n5 dr- /ernals o* corn 6o2 1n5 9oman= 6o2 1pl5 9omen 6o2loom 1pn5 9*e= \6o2l 1poss *orm5 -e′6/ 1(:?5 (o e 9a(ed *or= @oce @oce > -e ′n/+ or -e ′ ′/ -oom 1n5 md9*e
e ela2′ 1n5 (he*(+ s(ealn' ela2′a6/ 1(:?5 (o e roed+ s(olen= @oce @oce ;; ela2 ′/ @oce @oce ;; ela2 ′an/ ela2′oom 1n5 (he*= ela2′omaa ′ 1pl5 (he:es eleem 1:5 lea:e+ 'o o)( elesa6/ 1(:?5 (o e remo:ed+ (a/en o)(+ (a/en a9aen'a`ar+ ′an/ 1(:!;Span5 (o e dece:ed 1See Lesson 3#5 en'a`o 1n;Span5 dece( ere6/ 1(:?5 (o e ha)led e(aal 1n5 s'n+ mar/ e(a6/ 1(:?5 (o e meas)red e(ela6/ 1(:?5 1(:? 5 (o e ha(ed e(′a′a′l 1n5 (o-+ pla-(hn' e(′a′e6/ 1(:?5 (o e pla-ed 9(h
4 4aa2/ 1(:!5 (o e opened opened 4aal/ 1(:!5 (o e chan'ed+ chan'ed+ e6ceed e6ceeded ed 1'o pas( (he correc( place or meas)re5 4aam/ 1(:!5 (o e :aca(ed+ :aca(ed+ emp(ed emp(ed 4a 1n5 ho)se+ )ldn )ldn' ' 4a′ 1n5 ran 4a′)6/ 1(:?5 (o e sca((ered 4acha′ 14achaa;;5 14achaa; ;5 1prep5 l/e+ as 4achna2 4achna2 14achn\\5 14achn\\5 1n(er5 9ho 4achn ch2ee ch2ee 1ch5 9ho o* o* )s 4achn ch9ee ch9ee 1ch5 1ch5 9ho o* o* -o) 4achn ch/ee ch/ee 1ch5 9ho o* o* (hem+ 9hch one 4achn cheech cheech ala2 9ho o* o* -o)
′ 1re*le6:e pro5 sel* 9′ m-sel* a9′ -o)rsel* r′ hmsel* ′ la la -o)rsel* 2′ o)rsel:es 9′ -o)rsel:es /′ (hemsel:es ′ ala2 -o)rsel:es
4ach/ee 4ach/ee 14achn ch/ee5 ch/ee5 1n(er pro5 9ha( 1one5+ 9hch 1one5+ 9ha(e:er 4ach′ 1n5 corn har:es( 4al 1n5 dred ears o* corn 4ampa′ 14ampaa;;5 14ampaa;; 5 1n(er+ ad:5 9hen+ ho9 m)ch 4anpa′ 14anpaa;;5 1n(er5 ho9 man-+ man-+ ho9 m)ch 4as 14asa5 1n(er5 9ha(= 1prep5 as+ l/e 14asa;;;;4ee′+ as;;;;so= e.'. Jasa /a2a′an o4+ 4ee /′an 6. As 9e do+ so do -o).F5 -o).F5 4as chee 1n(er5 9h 4as chemna chemna 1n(er5 9h-;;;no( 9h-;;;no( 4as(a2 1n5 (hn' 4a( 1:5 'o 1see ′enam ;; rre')lar ?nd
4 1pn5 co:ern'+ s/n+ ac/= 1n5 measles / 1n5 chle+ dsh o* *ood accompan-n' (or(llas / ′ 1n5 moon+ mon(h
; 1poss pro5 -o)r 1pl;*amlar5 1See Lesson 5 chaa4 1n5 edle hers+ 'reens+ :e'e(ales /a4 1n5 a6
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person sn' sn' mpera(:e mpera(:e *orm5 4a(′6/ 1(:?5 (o e (ed 4a9′ 14a9;;5 1ad:5 9here 4a′ 1n5 9a(er+ l2)d+ l2)or 4a′ee 1ad:5 alr'h(+ *ne+ o/a 4a′ 1ad:5 no 4ee la la′ 1manner+ dr5 (ha( 9a-+ l/e (ha(+ o:er (here 1See Lesson ?5 4ee/ ′/ 1(:!5 (o e p)lled 4ee r′ 1manner+ dr5 l/e (ha( 1See Lesson ?5 4ee 9a 9a′ 1manner+ dr5 (hs 9a-+ l/e (hs 1See Lesson ?5 4e′ 14ee;;5 1ad:5 -es+ l/e+ n s)ch a manner+ n s)ch a 9a-= 4ee;;;4asa+ so;;;as+ e.'. Jee /′an 6+ 4asa r /m ′an n. So do as I do.F 4e′l/ 14e′l;;5 1ad45 pre((-+ lo:el-+ lo:el-+ ea)(*)l a((rac(:e 4′ ach 1pn5 *a(her;n;la9 4′ 6o2 1pn5 mo(her;n;la9 mo(her;n;la9 4a′6eel 1pn5 son;n;la9= 4a ′6elaa′ 1pl5 sons;n;la9= \4 ′ 1poss *orm5 42′/ 1:5 cho/e+ dro9n 4(′a6/ 1(:?5 (o e s(ran'led+ h)n' 4oo4 1n5 cro9 4oo/ ′/ 1(:!5 (o e 'ro)nd 1as co**ee5 4olomaa4 4olomaa4 1pn5 head 1s5 4o/ ′o′m 1n5 a meal o* 9hole eans prepared n a 'ro)nd corn ro(h 4oro′eem 1:5 ecome cold 4oro′eem 1:5 pleasan( or *resh *eeln' 1as (empera()re5 4oron 1ad45 cold= 1n5 cold 9a(er 4os2′6/ 1(:?5 (o e cleaned 4o′oo′ 14o′;;5 1n)m5 *:e 4))m))l 4))m))l 1ad:5 one (me (me 4))n 1n)m5 one= 1nde*n 1nde*n(e (e ar(cle5 ar(cle5 a+ an 4)′/ ′ 1ad:5 a momen(+ momen(+ a l((le+ a ')lp 1l(erall-5 4)ch′n 1ad:5 a (+ a momen( 4)l 1n5 hole 4)naam 1ad45 e2)al+ same= same= 4)nam \)/ \)/ ′ V e2)al 9(h \\+ same as \\ 4)nel/ 4)nel/ 1ad:5 )nendn' )nendn'++ e(ernal 4)p)leem 4)p)leem 1s:5 le *ace *ace do9n do9n 4)-)′ 1n5 mo)n(an+ hlls
/ /; 1poss pro5 (her 1See Lesson 85 /aa4 1ad:5 (he da- a*(er (ommorro9 /aam))l 1ad:5 (9o (mes /aana4em 1:5 reman /aano2 1/aan;;5 1ad:5 ehnd /aa′ 1n5 'rndn' s(one /a4′ 1n)m5 *o)r /a4ma6/ 1(:?5 (o e ser:ed /am/ 1ad:5 (oda/am)l6/ 1(:?5 (o e done a second (me /andl 1n;Span5 'as lamp /arna′( 1n5 passon *r)( 1'ranadaF n Spansh5 /arne′l 1n5 sheep= /arne ′laa′ 1pl5 sheep /a-e6/ 1(:?5 (o e ((en 1as - a do'5 /a′-eel 1n5 9a(cher /a′-eem 1:5 see+ loo/+ 9a(ch /a′-e6/ 1(:?5 (o e loo/ed a(+ ea(ched /a′4r 1ad:5 (he da- e*ore -es(erda/ameel 1n5 one 9ho des /ameem 1:5 de /amna2 1ad45 dead= 1n5 dead one= /amna2′ 1pl5 dead ones /amsaneel 1n5 /ller /amsa6/ 1(:?5 (o e /lled /ape 1n5 co**ee /a2 1ad45 red /a22′ 1n5 9nd+ ar /ar 1n5 *sh /a6lan 1ad45 *ore'n /a6lan 9a 1n5 read /ee4 1n5 horse /eem 1n5 9ea:n' /eem/ 1(:!5 (o e 9o:en /e(al 1n;Span5 G)a(emalan mone(ar- )n( /e′e′ 1/e′;;5 1n)m5 (9o /e′eem 1pn5 soa/ed /ernals o* corn read- *or 'rndn'= \/e ′ 1poss *orm5 /e′6/ 1(:?5 (o e 'ro)nd 1as corn5 // ′ 1n5 lood= \// ′eel 1poss *orm5 /r/ 1(:!5 (o e )n(ed /; 1poss pro5 (her 1See Lesson 5 / 1n5 ma')e- plan( /na2′ 1n5 eans /′/o(eem 1:5 e happ/′/o(rsa6/ 1(:?5 (o e made happ/oo4/ 1(:!5 (o e placed+ p)(+ p)( on+ ele:ed ele:ed
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/ool/ 1(:!5 (o e sa:ed+ de*ended /oo/ ′ 1ad45 *nel- 'ro)nd /ooseem 1:5 ecome (red /o 1ad45 s(ron'+ hard /och6/ 1(:?5 (o e rece:ed as a '*( /o4ee4 1ad:5 n *o)r da-s /oloneel 1n5 sa:or+ de*ender /olo′ 1n5 rope /ompesan(o 1n5 ceme(ar/oro′a6/ 1(:?; ′a′5 (o e loosened /oroneem 1s:5 loosen /o(′ 4 *lo9er+ candle candle ′ 4 1n5 *lo9er+ /o9neem 1:5 e ale /o96/ 1(:?5 (o e h)rred /o′/ 1n5 9ooden o6 )sed *or pac/n' o4ec(s+ 4al /o′l/ 1ad45 small= /o′/o4 1pl5 small ones /o4 1n5 lon /on 1ad45 s()pd /o2 1/a;;5 1ad:5 n+ nsde+ n close /))/ 1n5 s2)rrel /))-/ 1(:!5 (o e pardened /)ma( 1n5 sna/e /)na ′al 1n5 medcne /)na6/ 1(:?5 (o e c)red /)′leem 1s:5 s(
/ ′a4ool 1poss *orm5 / ′a4sa6/ 1(:?5 1no meann' alone5 / ′a4sa6/ 9achaa4 9achaa4 ;; (o e (a)'h( a hard lesson 19on( do ( a'an5 / ′amaal ′e 1n5 ')de+ marra'e ro/er / ′amo 1n5 (han/s / ′amo9a6/ 1(:?5 (o e ':en (han/s *or / ′asleem 1s:5 e al:e+ e a9a/e / ′aslemaal 1n5 l*e / ′as(a4eem 1:5 9a/e )p+ res)rrec( res)rre c( / ′as)6/ 1(:?5 (o e a9a/ened / ′a( 1n5 a da- n Ma-an ceremonal calendar / ′a(an 1n5 ho( l2)d= 1ad45 :er- ho(+ )rnn'+ )rnn'+ scaldn' / ′a(e′ 1/ ′a(ee;;5 1ad:5 as o*+ *rs( (me+ a*(er / ′a(ee 9a′ ;; as o* (hs (me+ (me+ (hs s (he *rs( (me / ′a(ee la′ ;; as o* o* (ha( (me+ (ha( s (he *rs( (me / ′a(ee r′ ;; as o* (ha( (me+ a*(er (ha( / ′a(ee / ′) r′ ;; and a*(er (ha( / ′a6 1ad45 d**c)l(+ pan*)l= 1n5 s)**ern' d**c)l(-+ pan
/ ′a6eel 1n5 replacemen(+ e6chan'e+ namesa/e 1chld named a*(er 'randparen(5 / ′e′6 ;; al(erna(e *orm / ′a-′al 1n5 mar/e( place / ′a-6/ 1(:?5 (o e sold / ′a′aam 1n5 :ne+ s(rn'+ one c)erda meas)re o* land / ′a′n 1ad45 mean / ′a′naal 1n5 meanness / ′a′nareem 1:5 ecome an'r/ ′ee6/ 1(:!5 (o e chan'ed+ e6chan'ed / ′el 1n5 a (-pe o* 'reen parro( parro ( / ′m))l 1ad:5 man- (mes / ′seem 1:5 end+ (ermna(e+ *nsh / ′ 1ad45 man-+ m)ch+ alo( / ′m 1n5 (ha(ch= / ′ma 4a ;; (ha(ched roo* ho)se / ′ss 1n5 cedar (ree / ′s/ ′ 1n5 'oa(
/ ′ / ′aa4eem 1:5 1no meann' alone5 / ′aa4eem 9achaa4 ;; learn a hard lesson 19on( do ( a'an5 / ′aa / ′ 1ad45 ne9 / ′aam/ 1(:!5 (o e rece:ed+ 'o((en= / ′aam/ pl)s lo2 ;; (o e ro)'h( here / ′aam/ pl)s ′/ ;; (o e (a/en a9a/ ′aa2/ 1(:!5 (o e (hro9n+ sho(+ s(r)c/ / ′aa( 1n5 car'o ne( / ′aa(eem 1:5 )rn / ′aa(/ 1(:!5 (o e )rned / ′a 1ad45 ((er / ′a 1ad:5 s(ll+ -e( / ′a′a/ ′/ 1ad45 'apn' 1mo)(h5 / ′a4 1ad45 p)l:ered= 1n5 *lo)r / ′a4olo6eel 1pn5 son 1males5= / ′a4olo6elaa ′ 1pl5 sons=
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lee4/ 1(:!5 (o e made ;; (or(llas *rom corn do)'h leem/ 1(:!5 (o e p)( n order+ n lne leme′( 1n5 o((le l/ ′l/ 1ad45 spread o)( lool 1n5 'rasshopper loo2′/ 1(:!5 (o e o)'h(= @oce > lo2′o′man/ lo 1ad:5 perhaps lo2 1la;;5 1ad:5 here+ n (hs drec(on lo2′o6/ 1(:?5 (o e lo:ed L))′ 1n5 0edro
/ ′oo / ′ 1ad45 *ra'ran( / ′ooleem 1s:5 e 1n place5= e6s(= ha:e 1See Lesson 35 / ′ool/ 1(:!5 (o e p)( a9a-+ s(ored / ′oo(/ 1(:!5 (o e d)' / ′o4o6/ 1(:?5 (o e pa(ched / ′ol′al 1n5 place+ d9elln' place / ′olo/ ′/ 1ad45 sphercal / ′o(6/ 1(:?5 (o e d)' o)( / ′))l 1n5 lan/e( / ′))l/ 1(:!5 (o e me( / ′))(/ 1(:!5 (o e sho9n / ′)ch 1n5 )ard / ′)laneem 1s:5 marr-= 1n5 marra'e / ′)la6/ 1(:?5 (o e me(+ accep(ed / ′)leel 1n5 enem/ ′)l)′a6/ 1(:?; ′a′5 (o e marred o** / ′)l)la ′6/ 1(:?5 (o e despsed / ′)( 1/ ′);;5 1con45 and+ )( / ′)()neem 1:5 appear / ′)′/ 1(:!5 (o e hdden / ′)′6aa4 1pn5 hear(+ core
m maa4 1s:5 1:er / ′olem ;; ne'a(:e *orm o* s(a(:e aspec(5 he sn ′(+ (here sn( 1See model con4)'a(on Lesson 335 maa4/ 1(:!5 (o e (a/en hold o*+ 'raed+ e')n maam 1n5 'rand*a(her maa(aam 1ad:5 la(e Maa6 1n5 ,homas maa-/ 1(:!5 (o e 9ondered a(+ s)rpred s)rpr ed a( ma 1con45 eca)se ma4aa ′ 1ma4aa;;5 1ad:5 no( -e( ma/aa4 1pn5 sn ma/aleem 1s:5 ecome 9ea/ ma/)6/ 1(:?5 (o e snned a'ans( mal(-oo6 1n5 (han/s mal(-o66/ 1(:?5 (o e ':en (han/s *or mas 1ad:;Span5 :er-+ alo(+ m)ch+ :er- m)ch masaa( 1n5 deer ma(aleem 1s:5 e 2)e(+ s(ll Ma′( 1n5 Ma'dalena mee4/ 1(:!5 (o e en(+ do)led mees/ 1(:!5 (o e s9ep( me′aa ′ 1ad45 poor= 1n5 poor person+ orphan= me′a′′ 1pl5 poor people+ orphans me′a′l 1n5 po:er(-+ elon'n's 1a pol(e 9a- o* sa-n' ones rches emphasn' ho9 sl'h( (he- are5 me′s 1n5 ca( mch′/ 1(:!5 (o e p)lled 1har+ 9hs/ers5+ (o e pl)c/ed m2′/ 1(:!5 (o e 9armed mn/ 1(:!5 (o e *orced n(o+ crammed n(o m2′n 1ad45 9arm= 1n5 9arm l2)d
l laa 1n(erro'a(:e par(cle5 1See Lesson 75 laal 1per pro5 -o) 1sn';*ormal5 laamna 1n(er5 ne'a(:e 2)es(on 9ord 1See Lesson 3!5 laa(′ 1ad45 cro9ded= laa(′ n)9ach ;; Im )slaa(′o′eem 1:5 ecome cro9ded cro9de d laa9aalo 1ad45 sero)sl- ll la 1poss pro5 -o)r 1sn';*ormal5 1See Lessons and 85 la4))4 1n)m5 (en la2 1n5 cla- dsh la′ 1dem pro5 (ha( (here+ (ha( one (here 1presen( (o (he :son o* (he spea/er+ or spo/en o* as * ( 9ere5 la 4 ′ 4 1ala4;;+ la4;;5 1ad45 small la′ lee 1dem pro5 (ha(;;;(here lee 1dem ar(5 (he 1(ha( one (here5= 1rel pro5 (ha( one (here 9ho+ (ha( one (here 9hch 1See Lesson ?5 lee4 1n5 (or(lla
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o* (he n'h(5 nm 1ad45 '= nma ′2 1pl5 ' 1ones5 nmaal 1n5 'ness+ se nma2′a′ 1ad:5 n (he mornn' nma2′4 1n5 *es(a nmareem 1:5 ecome '+ enlar'ed+ ecome pro)d nma(a4eem 1:5 ecome sc/er= 9orsen nma6/ 1(:?5 (o e oe-ed+ respec(ed noo4eem 1:5 ecome *lled noo4sa6/ 1(:?5 (o e *lled )p no′ 4m 1no ′4maal5 1ad:5 slo9ln); 1poss pro5 m- 1See Lesson 5 n))meen 1:5 e h)n'r-
m2′sa6/ 1(:?5 (o e made 9arm+ 9armed )p mool/ 1(:!5 (o e 'a(hered moo// 1(:!5 (o e hred moo6 1ad45 men(all- )nalanced person= mo6′ 1pl5 men(all- )nalanced people= 1pn5 le*( hand 1e.'. n)moo6 ;; m- le*( hand5 moo6reem 1:5 ecome men(all)nalanced moo- 1ad45 lnd= 1n5 lnd one= mo-′ 1pl5 lnd ones moo-reem 1:5 ecome lnd m))l 1ad:5 (mes 4))m))l one (me /aam))l (9o (mes o6m))l (hree (mes / ′m))l man- (mes m))2/ 1(:!5 (o e )red m)laneem 1s:5 'a(her (o'e(her m)l6/ 1(:?5 (o e 'a(hered (o'e(her m-eer 1ad:5 earler (oda-
oo oo4 1n5 a:acado oo/ ′o9eel 1n5 passer;oo/ ′o9eem 1:5 pass oopaneem 1:5 arr:e n ano(her place
o n
ochoch 1o′ch5 1pn5 ho)se+ home o4 1per pro5 9e+ )s o4eer 1ad:5 n pas( (mes= o4er /ano2 ;; a lon' (me a'o o/eem 1:5 en(er+ ecome \ono4eel 1ad45 all o* \\+ each o* \\+ e:er- one o* \\+ rono4eel all o* (hem non;l:n'F+ each+ e:er- 1e.'. rono4el 9na2 /a/am/. E:er- person 9ll de.F5 2ono4eel all o* )s 9ono4eel all o* -o) /ono4eel all o* (hem ono4el ala2 all o* -o) o2a(a6/ 1(:?5 (o e chased o2′aa ′ 1n5 an edle 'reen o2′ee4 1n5 ac( o* 9eepn'+ ac( o* cr-n' 1nomnaled *orm o* o2 ′eem 1:5 cr-5 o2′eem 1:5 cro2′e6/ 1(:?5 (o e cred ao)(+ cred o:er ora 1n;Span5 ho)r+ (me o9a6/ 1(:?5 (o e hdden o64 1ad:5 n (hree da-s o6′ 1n)m5 (hree
naa′e 1n)m5 *rs(= 1ad:5 a( *rs( 1see na5 naa′e4em 1:5 'o *rs( naan 1n5 maam 1drec( address5= 1pn5 mo(her 1see nana6eel5 na 1ad:5 *rs(+ s(ll+ -e(+ la(er+ *or a9hle+ ha:e (o= 1shor(ened *orm o*> naa ′e 1n)m5 *rs(5= na / ′)( 1na / ′);;5 oh+ 9ell+ -es na4 1ad:5 *ar+ a lon' 9a-s+ a lon' (me+ *or a lon' (me nana6eel 1pn5 mo(her= nana6elaa ′ 1pl5 mo(hers= \naan 1poss *orm5 na;;(a 145 1par(5 ne'a(:er 1See Lesson !35 na2aa4 1ad:5 near+ near-+ close -+ near 1(me;9se5 na′/ 1(:!5 (o e *el( nee′ 1n5 a-+ n*an( ne′ 1ne;;5 1ad:5 ac()all-+ realln/ ′a4 1n5 hal*= n/a4 ;; res( o*+ remander o*+ o(her hal*= 1ad45 mddle o*= n/ ′a4 a2′a′ a( mdn'h( 1l(. mddle
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o64r 1ad:5 (hree da-s a'o o6m))l 1ad:5 (hree (mes o-o9aal 1n5 an'er= /ape o-o9al ;; 'e( an'ro′ch 1ochoch5 1pn5 ho)se+ home
poo- 1n5 scarecro9 po2on 1ad45 ho( 1spc-5 po2′o9eem 1:5 ol poro6/ 1(:?5 (o e )rned po9′ 1pa9′5 1n5 ha( po′ 4 1n5 a (-pe o* (ree po′( 1n5 9o:en lo)se pr)(a 1n5 anana p9a2 1n5 mone p))ch′ 1n5 ma((er *rom e-es p))m 1n5 a (-pe o* rd p))p) 1n5 aloon p\9′ 1prep5 on+ on (op o* pan)9′ on (op o* me pa9′ on (op o* -o) p)9′ 1ch)9′5 on (op o* ( pa9′ la on (op o* -o) pa2a9′ on (op o* )s p9′ on (op o* -o) pa/9′ on (op o* (hem pa9′ala2 on (op o* -o) p)-6/ 1(:?5 (o e p)shed
p paa4/ 1(:!5 (o e 9e'hed paamaa4 1pn5 s(omach+ n(eror+ darrhea= )pa 4a ;; (he n(eror o* (he ho)sehold+ *aml paar 1n5 s/)n/ paas 1n5 sash paa(/ 1(:!5 (o e pac/ed 1clo(hes+ e(c5+ (o 'e( dressed )p pa 1prep5 n+ n(o+ (o9ard+ (o+ *rom+ a( pach′)6/ 1(:?5 (o e raded pa/ ′aleem 1s:5 le *ace )p pala4aa4 1pn5 *ace 1s5 pa2aleem 1s:5 'o )p pa2ch6/ 1(:?5 (o e p)shed+ sho:ed pa 2′4 1ad:5 a( noon+ n (he da-(me pa(aan 1n5 ser:ce+ )se pa(aan6/ 1(:?5 (o e ser:ed pa(an 1n5 head s(rap )sed *or carr-n' loads 1mecapalF n Spansh5 pa(ap/ 1ad:5 sha'' pa(′an 1n5 dred plan( s(al/ pa6eem 1:5 rea/ 1dsh+ o((le+ e(c.5 pa66/ 1(:?5 (o e ro/en 1dsh+ o((le+ e(c.5 pa- 1ad45 s()pd+ ncompe(en(= 1n5 s()pd person= pa-′ 1pl5 s()pd people pa-reem 1:5 ecome s()pd+ ncompe(en( pa-) 1n5 hand/erche*+ andana pa′6/ 1(:?5 (o e d:ded+ ro/en n hal* pa′/ 1n5 crac/ed hands peepe 1n5 )((er*l-+ mo(h pee(eem 1:5 come pl/ 1(:!5 (o e )(chered pm 1ad45 (hc/ pr/ 1(:!5 (o e ro/en n(o peces 1read+ (or(llas5 ps/ 1(:!5 (o e 9rapped )p p(′/ 1(:!5 (o e pressed do9n+ p)shed n pne 1con45 al(ho)'h+ e:en (ho)'h pnemna 1con45 e:en (ho)'h;;;no(+ al(ho)'h;;;no( poom 1n5 copal poop 1n5 s(ra9 ma(
2 2; 1poss pro5 o)r 1See Lesson 85 2aa4em 1:5 'o do9n+ lo9er 2aa4/ 1(:!5 (o e orro9ed 2aa4o2 12a4;;5 1ad:5 do9n+ do9n elo9 2aasana′ 1n5 ap(sm 2a; 1poss pro5 o)r 1See Lesson 5 2′eem 1:5 dra9 near 2ool/ 1(:!5 (o e scra(ched or s/nned 2)m)6/ 1(:?5 (o e dr)n/
2′ 2′aa4eem 1:5 rea/ 1as a one5 2′aa4/ 1(:!5 (o e ro/en 1as a one5 2′aa2′ 1n5 *re+ l'h(+ hea( 2′aa(/ 1(:!5 (o e s(opped+ ro/en o**+ c)( o** 2′aa6eem 1:5 pass -+ pass *rom one place (o ano(her 2′aa-eem 1:5 ro( 2′a′aa4 1pn5 hand 1s5
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2′a′areel 1ad45 dr)n/= 1n5 dr)n/ person= 2′a′arelaa′ 1pl5 dr)n/ people 2′a′areem 1:5 ecome dr)n/ 2′a′a6/ 1(:?5 (o e lamed *or 2′alaa4 1n5 clear+ :sle 2′alaa4neem 1:5 ecome clear 2′alaa4sa6/ 1(:?5 (o e made clear+ :sle 2′al)neel 1n5 one 9ho holds n arms= 'od paren( n ap(sm 2′al)6/ 1(:?5 (o e held n arms 2′an 1ad45 -ello9 2′apoo4 1n5 -o)n' 9oman+ maden= 1ad45 -o)n' 19oman5= 2′apo4′ 1pl5 -o)n' 9omen+ madens 2′a(aleem 1s:5 s(op+ loc/ 2′a(aneem 1:5 pass -
2′o6oom 1n5 pan+ ache+ soreness 2′o6oom 4olomaa4 head ache 2′o6oom pamaa4 s(omach ache e(c. 2′o-oleem 1s:5 le do9n 2′o′/ 1(:!5 (o e emrodered+ adorned @oce > 2′o′9/ 2′o′oo4 1n5 emroder-+ adornmen( 2′or 1ad45 la-= 1n5 la- one= 2′or′ 1pl5 la- ones 2′or6/ 1(:?5 (o e la- ao)( 2′))2′ 1n5 2)e(al rd 2′)l6/ 1(:?5 (o e scalded+ )rned 2′)′aa4 1pn5 lan/e(+ co:ern'= \ 2′)) 1poss *orm5 2′)′6/ 1(:?5 (o e co:ered )p 9(h
2′a(′al (4 1n5 co)r( ho)se+ la9+ 'o:ernmen( 2′a(e6/ 1(:?5 (o e loc/ed+ hndered 2′a()6/ 1(:?5 (o e nspec(ed 2′a6e6/ 1(:?5 (o e passed *rom one place (o ano(her= 2′a6e6/ (4 ;; (ransla(e n(o ano(her lan')a'e 2′a-ees 1n5 9eeds+ )nder'ro9(h 2′a′leem 1s:5 lean+ reclne= 2′a′leem / ′)′6aa4 ;; e consoled+ con*de 1l(erall- ;; hear( leans5 2′e2 1ad45 lac/ 2′e′leem 1s:5 ()rn sde9a-s+ e (rans:ersed 2′4 1n5 da-+ s)n+ mpor(ance 2′l/ 1(:!5 (o e correc(ed 1n a dscplnarmanner5 2′noom 1ad45 rch= 1n5 rch person= 2′nomaa′ 1pl5 rch ones 2′nom 1n5 a (-pe o* *r)( 2′nomareem 1:5 ecome rch 2′nomarsa6/ 1(:?5 (o e made rch 2′ ′/ 1(:!5 (o e eared 9(h+ 9(hs(ood 2′′(a4eem 1:5 ecome ored 2′ooch/ 1(:!5 (o e 9rn/led 2′o4oom 1n5 marma+ m)sc 2′o4oma6/ 1(:?5 (o e pla-ed 1a m)scal ns(r)men(+ especall- merma5 2′oo2′ 1n5 a (-pe o* s2)ash 2′ool/ 1(:!5 (o e pc/ed 1co**ee+ eans+ e(c.5 @oce > 2′olo9/
r r; 1poss pro5 hs+ her+ (s 1See Lesson 85 raam/ 1(:!5 (o e c)( ra4a9a6/ 1nomnaled @oce ? *orm o* (:? ;; a4a9a6/;;(o e 9an(ed5 necessar-+ necess(ram6/ 1(:?5 (o e c)( o**+ c)( do9n Ram))6 1n5 &omn'a rapa6/ 1(:?5 (o e 9hpped ra26/ 1(:?5 (o e ro/en open+ )rs( open ra-6/ 1(:?5 (o e desred ra- ′n 1n5 desre ra6 1ad45 'reen+ )nrpe+ )ncoo/ed re(ra(o 1n;Span5 pc()re+ pho(o'raph r 1dem ar(5 (he 1(ha( one no( presen(5= 1rel pro5 (ha(+ 9ho+ 9hch 1no( presen(5 1See Lesson ?5 r2/ 1(:!5 (o e *o)nd+ me(+ me(+ reached+ enco)n(ered= /))r/ (-eempo chee;;; (me arr:es *or;;; r/′l 1n5 dsh o* *ood (ha( accompanes (or(llas r′ 1dem pro5 (ha( one+ (ha( :er- one 1no( presen( (o (he spea/er+ a *)()re pas( or h-po(he(cal e:en(5= (hose 1pl5 1See Lesson ?5 r′ 4 1ad45 'ro9n+ ma()re= 1n5 'ro9n)p r′ 4aa′ 1pl5 'ro9n)ps r′ 4o′eem 1:5 ecome old+ ma()re+ 'ro9n )p r′ r 1dem pro5 (ha( :er- 1n(ens*es (he o4ec( spo/en o* e:en (ho)'h ( s no(
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