Kehidupan Rahasia Nabi Muhammad oleh AA Ahmed

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L A I \ A R G ] G $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $$ $ $ $ $ $ G G [ N D L A @ ^ J^ J ^ A D $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ G Y \nd|adf [ndfaradf [ndfaradf $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ Y On}ao}gad On}ao}gad C~r|al Lr$ Lr$ A$ A$ A`cnl $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$ YG BA B G

A ] A J ^ ] ^ J G ] J A C $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1

Badf~dad² Badf~dad² Oa‗ba` $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$2 $$$$$$$$$$$$2 \a`~d Faea` $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$2 $$$$$2 C~dm~jdwa C~dm~jdwa Dabg wadf Lg|~dff~#|~dff Lg|~dff~#|~dff~$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ~$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$6 $$$$$6 [nr}no~|~ad [nr}no~|~ad lndfad ]~o~² Cnlgda $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$6 $$$$$6 BA B GG GG

D A B G C ^ @ A C C A L $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 7

[ncbad|agad [ncbad|agad Wa`~lg Q~rawua`$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Q~rawua`$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$ 11 [ndwnradfad [ndwnradfad Oàwbar Oàwbar $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$ 1< ^}aà Cndwnradf Cndwnradf Onoag}arad Onoag}arad Rhcavg $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$1> $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$1> [ndaoj~oad [ndaoj~oad Cnoa`$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Cnoa`$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$ 16 BA B GGG GGG

[ N [ NR N R A D FA F A D L G C A ] A A VA V A J D N FA F A R A G ] JA J A C $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $$ $$ $ 2 ;

BA B GY GY

O A J G I A @ A B ^ B A O R A J # ] G L GQ G Q $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2 >

\ai}gr Bar~ C~r|al$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ C~r|al$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$2> $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$2> BA B Y

O A J G I A @ ‐ ^C ^ C A R G B D A J# J # O @ A \ \ A B $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ = 1

[ncb~d~àd [ncb~d~àd Oajgia` ‐^car$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ‐^car$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$ == [nra|~rad [nra|~rad ‐^car $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$ => BAB YG

O A J G I A @ ^ \ @ C A D G B D ‐ A I I A D $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ = 0

BA B Y G G

D A ] G O @ L A D C A D ] ^ O @ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ < 1

BA B Y GGG

] A W W G L C A @ C H ^L ^ L A J # Q G C DG D G $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ < 0

Rab Aj#Uacad (\~àd Ca}a Ogdg' lad Oa}~} [ndfalgjad [ndfal gjad $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ >2 \~d|~|ad |nràla{ |nràla{ B~o~ Rabb Aj Uacad$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Uacad$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$ >= On{~|~}ad On{~|~}ad [ndfalgjad $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$ >< Adajg}a aj#Qgcdg aj#Qgcdg |nd|adf ]neara` Avaj G}jac $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$ >9 Aj#Qgcdg Cndargo Oncbajg \~jg}addwa $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$ >7 BA B GP GP

A E A R A D C ^ @ A C CA C A L \ N D \ AD A D F V AD A D G \ A $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 9 1

C~}jgca` C~}jgca` lad B~lawa $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$ 9> Jnjaog Jnbg` ]~{nrghr ]~{nrghr Lgbadlgdfoad Vadg|a $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$ 99 Vadg|a B~oad ]ao}g wadf Bago lad \ao \a`~ Bnr|nrgcaoa}g`$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$99 Vadg|a alaja` ‐A^RA\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$ 96 Vadg|a alaja` \~jadf R~}~o wadf Bndfoho $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ 96 @ao² C~}jgc aoad C~}jgca`$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ C~}jgca`$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$ 90 [nc~o~jad [nc~o~jad a|a} Vadg|a$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Vadg|a$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$ 97 1 Bab#bab larg b~o~ gdg alaja` ohjno}g larg caoaja` wadf }awa |~jg} }njaca }|~lg ]areada lad [a}ma ]areada }awa lg bgladf ]|~lg Afaca lad Igj}aia| lg ^dgynr}g|a} Oadala$


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ON@GL^[AD RA@A]GA DABG C^@ACCAL BA B P

A E A R A D C ^ @ A C CA C A L \ N D \ A D F D G O A @ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 6 2

Lnigdg}g Dgoa` $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$62 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$62 \gfa Endg} [nrdgoaàd [nrdgoaàd lajac G}jac$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ G}jac$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$ 6= ]~da| C~}jgca` C~}jgca` lajac G}jac$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ G}jac$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$ 67 BA B PG PG

C ^ @ A C CA C A L ] A D F [ H J G F A CG C G ] $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ 0 ;

[nd~jg} C~}jgc C~}jgc Chlnrd \glao Cndl~o~df [hjgfacg$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$ 0= BA B PGG PGG

] O A D L A J ² [ N R D G O A @A @ A D C ^ @ A C CA C A L $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 0 >

]aigwa bgd| @~waww$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ @~waww$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 09 Uagdab bgd| Eaà}` $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$ 06 ‐A‗g}wa` ‐A‗g}wa` bgd|g Ab~ Baor $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$ 07 G}|rg² C~àccal C~àccal $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ 7< BA B PGGG PGGG

C ^ @ A C CA C A L ] A D F [ N R A C [ HO H O $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ 7 >

[nrac{hoad [nrac{hoad Balr $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$ 1;1 [nradf ^`~l$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ^`~l$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$ 1;= [nr|nc{~rad [nr|nc{~rad Badg Q~ragua$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Q~ragua$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$ 1;9

O N ] G C [ ^ JA J A D $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1 12 12 R N I N R N D ] G $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $$ $ 1 1 = GDLÔ BÔ^#BÔ^ G]JAC$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$116


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A]AJ ^]^J G]JAC Lajac b~o~dwa wadf bnre~l~j Aj#@gub Aj#@a}`cg Va \a}g} Aj#Lavja Aj#G}jacwa (Onjhc{ho @a}cg| lad La}ar Dnfara G}jac'* ]awwlg Caàch~l aj#Qgccg= cndnj~}~rg a}aj#~}~j afaca G}jac larg |hoh` bnrdaca Abl Aj#C~|ajab* oaono Dabg C~àccal$ ‚Egoa \~àd gdfgd cndlgrgoad }nb~a` dnfara* caoa Lga aoad cndmg{|aoad hradf² }n{nr|g gdg*– oa|a Abl Aj#C~|ajab }acbgj cnd~de~o {~|ra²dwa (aj#Qgccg 17795 >1'$ Cnd~r~| aj#Qgccg* fafa}ad cndlgrgoad dnfara lad afaca G}jac bnra}aj larg oaono Dabg C~àccal$ Abl Aj#C~|ajab cndfnr|g ba`va }~o~² Arab |ao c~dfogd bnr}a|~ lg bava` }a|~ onraeaad oarnda |galadwa ~d}~r {ncnr}a|~ }~o~² |nr}nb~|$ Lajac }nb~a` onraeaad* }~o~ wadf bnro~a}a aoad cndlhcgda}g }~o~² jagd lad àj gdg |nd|~dwa |ao la{a| lg|nrgca }~o~² wadf |ao bnro~a}a$ Oarnda g|~ja`* }a|~²dwa mara cndwa|~oad }~o~² Arab alaja` lndfad cndmg{|aoad Raea# Dabg wadf bnro~a}a a|a} cnrnoa }nc~a$ On}a|~ad }n{nr|g gdg |glao la{a| lg|hjao oarnda lgadffa{ }nbafag {nrgd|a` Gjja`g$ \a|oaja Abl Aj#C~|ajab cndfnr|g {nrca}ajaàddwa* lga cncgdeac mhd|h` og}a` Raea#Dabg Wa`~lg waodg Raea La~l lad adaodwa waodg Raea ]ajhch$ ]n|nja` g|~* lga cndmg{|aoad afacadwa }ndlgrg waodg Aj#@adaigwa<* wadf lga |nj~}~rg a}ajdwa larg oaono chwadf ca}waraoa| Arab waodg Gbra`gc a|a~ Abraàc$ Lajac cndwnjglgog a}aj#~}~j Dnfara G}jac* aj#Qgcdg e~fa cndwnjglgog |nd|adf oaono b~w~| C~àccal* waodg Q~}aw Gbd Ogjab$ Lg eacad {ra#G}jac* badwao }~o~² Arab wadf bnr|goag ~d|~o cncgjgog ohd|rhj a|a} oh|a {nd|gdf Cnoa`$ ]~o~ Gbd Daeear cndfacbgj ajg` Cnoa` larg }~o~ F~rabad* lad jaj~ }~o~ Calar cndfajaòad Gbd Daeear lad cndfacbgj ajg` ono~a}aad Cnoa`$ Larg Calar* ohd|rhj oh|a Cnoa` lg|nr~}oad on }~o~ larg Wncnd waodg Oàua`$ Lad ao`grdwa }~o~ Q~rag}`* lg bava` {gc{gdad Q~}aw Gbd Ogjab* cndf~a}ag Cnoa`$ Cnjaj~g ‚|g{~ c~}jgà|* Q~}aw Gbd Ogjab cncbava o~dmg² aj#Oa‗ba`> larg Fnb}àd aj#O`h~}a‗G* cnjaj~g {nr|~oarad lndfad }nbh|hj cgd~cad adff~r– (aj#Qgcdg 1779511>'$ 9 \a|oaja lga cndf~a}ag oh|a Cnoa` lad Oa‗ba`* Q~}aw cndlgrgoad Lar Aj#Dalva a|a~ ‚R~ca` Bnr}aca– (gbgl5 02* cndf~|g{ larg Gbd Oa|`gr* aj Bnlwa va aj#Dgàga* àj$ 172'$ Lg bava` ono~a}aad Q~}aw* Cnoa` ealg dnfara onmgj lad Lar aj#Dalva cndealg |nc{a| lnchora}g bafg

= ]awwgl Ca`ch~l aj#Qgcdg g} a ‚{nd~jg} {rhfrn}gi lad lh}nd ^dgynr}g|a} Magrh lg bgladf ]h}ghjhfg Afaca$– Lga cncnfadf fnjar aoalncg} [`$L$ larg ^dgynr}g|a} Aj#Auàr Aj#]àrgi* Magrh* Cn}gr$ < Aj#@adaigwa alaja` afaca chdh|`ng} lg eacad {ra#G}jac$ G}jac lgadffa{ }nbafag jade~|ad larg afaca g|~$ > Badf~dad onraca| o~dh lg Cnoa`* wadf lg}nb~| }nbafag R~ca` Ajjâ` lajac G}jac$ 9 Ao~ aoad cndmad|~coad }~cbnr wadf lgf~daoad hjn` aj#Qgcdg$


1


}~o~² Bal~w Arab$ Cnd~r~| Gbd Oa|`gr* Q~}aw cndealg raea lad }nj~r~` }~o~² Arab |~dl~o {aladwa (gbgl'$

BADF^DAD² OA‗BA@ Lg ca}a g|~* Cnoa` b~oadja` }a|~²dwa oh|a Arab wadf cncgjgog oa‗ba`$ \nrla{a| oa‗ba` lg Daerad* oa‗ba` lg ]àlal aj#Agalg* lad oa‗ba` lg Qa|aiad (gbgl59>'$ ]n|ga{ oa‗ba` lglgrgoad }nbafag r~ca` bafg |hoh` {ncgc{gd bn}ar }~o~* wadf lge~j~og }nbafag Rabb a|a~ ‚|~ad–* a|a~ r~ca` bafg ba|~ }~mg$ Ba|~² f~d~df bnra{g lad ba|~² cn|nhr cnr~{aoad bndla² wadf lg}ncba` hjn` ca}waraoa| Arab Bal~w$ Cnrnoa cndfadffa{ onl~a endg} ba|~ |nr}nb~| onraca| oarnda ba|~ bnra{g la|adf larg lajac b~cg lad ba|~ cn|nhr la|adf larg lgdlgdf² r~ca` \~àd lg }~rfa$ Rgmàrl B~r|hd* bgd|adf igjc |nrondaj A]* l~j~ {~ra² ealg C~}jgc lad cndf~de~dfg Cnoa`* }acbgj cndfacbgj }nlgog| bafgad larg Ba|~ @g|ac (@aear A}val' lad jaj~ cndnjg|g endg} ba|~ |nr}nb~|$ [ndnjg|gad cncb~o|goad ba`va Ba|~ @g|ac cnr~{aoad }nr{gào lad ba|~ cn|nhr (gbgl5 2>'$ \nrla{a| bnrbafag ynr}g lhdfndf² G}jacga` |nd|adf a}aj#~}~j Ba|~ @g|ac$ ]nb~a` lhdfndf cndwa|aoad ba`va Alac lg~}gr onj~ar larg }~rfa lad lga cncbava Ba|~ @g|ac gdg larg }~rfa lad |~r~d on b~cg$ Ba|~ g|~ l~j~ }adfa| mncnrjadf lad {~|g` |a{g cndealg `g|ac oarnda cndwnlh| }nc~a lh}a hradf² wadf cndmg~cdwa }n|ga{ |a`~d lg gbala` @aeg$ Lhdfndf jagd cndfa|aoad Ba|~ @g|ac gdg cgjgo Abraàc lad {~|radwa G}`canj$ Lgoa|aoad ba`va Abraàc lad {~|radwa cndff~daoad Ba|~ @g|ac gdg }nbafag |adffa ~d|~o cncbadf~d Oa‗ba`$

\A@^D FAEA@ ]nb~a` onealgad {nd|gdf |nrealg lg |a`~d >97 a|a~ >6; C* wadf lgondaj hjn` ca}waraoa| Arab }nbafag \a`~d Faea`* wadf cndacba` {nd|gdfdwa badf~dad Oa‗ba` lg Cnooa` (gbgl5 69* aj ]~àgjg cndf~|g{ larg Gbd @g}wac* lg b~o~dwa aj# Ravl* àj$ 66'$ [ncgc{gd N|`gh{ga wadf bnrdaca Abraà bnr~}aà ~d|~o cndfàdm~road Oa‗ba`* |a{g |glao bnrà}gj$ Jnfndla G}jac cndfa|aoad ba`va b~r~df² larg }~rfa wadf lg}nb~| }nbafag ‚\agr aj#Aba‗abgj– cndea|~òad ba|~² {ala |nd|ara² {ndwnradf$ Aoad |n|a{g* {nd~jg} N|`gh{ga bnrdaca Abba} Ca`ch~l aj# Afaal waogd ba`va |nd|ara Abraà |nr}nradf {ndwaog| mamar (gbgl5 69* cndf~|g{ larg Aj#Afaal* \‗avaj‗ag aj#Bg‗a|à aj#C~àccalga* àj$ 1<>#1<9'$ Aj#Afaal cndfacbgj on}gc{~jad gdg larg ma|a|ad² }neara` Bwuad|g~c wadf lg|~jg} hjn` a`jg }neara` bnrdaca [rhmh{n* wadf cndf~de~dfg Cnoa` lg \a`~d Faea`$ C~dl~rdwa {a}~oad Abraà cncb~a| ca}waraoa| Cnoa` waogd ba`va |~àd }~o~ Q~rag}` |nja` cndadf bnr{nradf bafg cnrnoa$ On|goa Q~}aw Gbd Ogjab cndgdffaj* lga cndgdffajoad varg}ad Oa‗ba` lad {ncgc{gdad Cnoa` {ala {~|ra {nr|acadwa alaja` Abl Aj#Lar$ Aoad |n|a{g* {~|ra onl~adwa waodg Abl Cadai cndfgdfgdoad onl~l~oad abadfdwa lad cndmhba cnrnb~| ono~a}aad lndfad ononra}ad$ Aj#Qgcdg cndfadffa{ {nd~jg}² }neara` lad


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{ndai}gr G}jac |glao algj oarnda bnr{gào {ala Abl Cadai lad b~oaddwa bnr{gào {ala Abl Aj#Lar (gbgl507'$ [~|ra² Abl Cadai waodg @a}wgc* Abl ]àc}* Abl C~|ajab* lad Daviaj* }nc~adwa gdfgd bnr{nradf cnjavad {~|ra² Abl Aj#Lar$ Aoad |n|a{g* {~|ra² Abl Aj#Lar cndfacbgj on{~|~}ad ~d|~o cndf`hrca|g awa` cnrnoa lndfad cndf`gdlarg {nr|~c{aàd lara` lad {nr{nmaàd }n`gdffa cnrnoa cndwnraòad ono~a}aad {ala }a~lara² cg}addwa$ Aj#Qgcdg cndenja}oad {nrb~a|ad {~|ra² Abl Cadai }nbafag bnrgo~|5 ‚Lad on{ncgc{gdad wadf lgacbgj ajg` cnjaj~g ononra}ad larg r~ca` Abl Aj#Lar* ao`grdwa ea|~` on |adfad @a}wgc* {~|ra Abl Cadai$– (gbgl5 7;* cndf~|g{ aj#\abarg* aj#\argo`* àj$ 12='$ \ao jaca }n|nja` Abl ]àc} vaia|* {~|radwa waodg ^cawwa` cndmhba cndfacbgj ajg` ono~a}aad larg {acaddwa @a}wgc lndfad ononra}ad$ ]~o~ Q~rag}` }noajg jafg cndmnfa` {n{nradfad lndfad mara cncgd|a on{~|~}ad algj larg }nhradf gcac Oàuag$ Gcac gdg cndn|a{oad ba`va ^cawwa` àr~} lga}gdfoad }nmara }~oarnja }njaca 1; |a`~d$ M~m~ ^cawwa` wadf bnrdaca C~‗avgwwa dad|gdwa cndmhba cnrnb~| ono~a}aad wadf lgrac{a} larg oaono b~w~|dwa* lad lga jaj~ cndlgrgoad onoajgiaàd ^cawwa` lad cncb~d~` àbg} on|~r~dad @a}wgc }ac{ag |gala wadf |nr}g}a jafg (gbgl'$

Abl aj#‐Agug

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Abl Aj#C~|ajab ]n|nja` onca|gad @a}wgc* on{ncgc{gdad Cnoa` lad Oa‗ba` lgvarg}oad {ala Abl Aj#C~|ajab (gbgl5 70'$ \ao jaca }n|nja` lga cndealg {ncgc{gd* Abl Aj#C~|ajab c~jag ‚cnjn|aooad ihdla}g afaca bar~ lg cada }nc~a à|g àr~} lg}a|~oad bafg }a|~ \~àd– (gbgl5 77'$ Lga cncnrgd|aòad {ndfà{~}ad bnràja²$ \~àd |glao aoad cndnrgca gbala` }n}nhradf onm~ajg cnjaj~g {nrb~a|ad² bagodwa$ \~àd wadf lgcao}~ldwa alaja` \~àd Gbra`gc a|a~ Abraàc* ba{ao }nfaja }~o~² Arab lad Wa`~lg$ Abl Aj#C~|ajab cndla{a| {ndfjgà|ad on|goa lga }nladf |gl~r lg àjacad Oa‗ba` ba`va \~àddwa Gbra`gc |nja` cncnrgd|aòaddwa ~d|~o cndffajg }~c~r Uac#uac0 (gbgl5 1;;* cndf~|g{ larg Gbd @g}wac* aj ]gra* àj$ 1=9* 1=7'$ Lga jaj~ cnjaradf }nc~a {ndwncbaàd lad gbala` {ala bnràja² lad cncgd|a ca}waraoa| Cnoa` oncbajg {ala afaca Gbra`gc* wadf lg}nb~|dwa }nbafag afaca @adaigwa$ On|goa b~jad Racalàd |gba* lga aoad {nrfg on f~a @gra 7 ~d|~o bnr|a{a lg }ada$ Abl C~|ajab c~jag cndfaeao ca}waraoa| Cnoa` ~d|~o bnrb~a| bago lad cndf`gdlarg oneaà|ad oarnda lga {nrmawa aoad onbadfog|ad egva² hradf ca|g lad {ndfàogcad lg àrg ogaca|$ ]nbndardwa Abl Aj#C~|ajab b~oadja` {ndlgrg {nr|aca afaca @adaigwa$ Cnd~r~| aj#Qgcdg* bnbnra{a hradf larg Wncnd cndlgrgoad afaca gdg lg abal {nr|aca Ca}n`g }nbnj~c onja`grad Wn}~} (gbgl5111* cndf~|g{ larg Lr$ Eaval ‐Ajg* aj#C~ia}aj* àj$ >7* lad \`~rga Cadq~h}`* aj#\av`gl* àj$ 1>7'$ Abl Aj# C~|ajab |glao |a`~ a}aj#~}~j afaca @adaigwa lad oarndadwa lga cncgjg` }aea dabg Wa`~lg waodg Gbra`gc (gbgl* cndf~|g{ larg aj#Iao`r aj#Raug'$ Ca}waraoa| Wncnd }~la` |nrbga}a cndwncba` }a|~ |~àd wadf cnrnoa }nb~| }nbafag Aj#Ra`cad (gbgl* cndf~|g{ larg Lr$ Eaval ‐Ajg* aj#C~ia}aj* àj$ >7'$ Badwao hradf wadf jaj~ cndnrgca afaca Abl Aj#C~|ajab lad bnbnra{a larg cnrnoa e~fa cndfncbadfoaddwa$ [ndfgo~|² afaca @adaig 1; wadf {ajgdf ~|aca alaja`5

Qa} Gbd ]a‗al aj#Ga‗alg Lga cndfaeao hradf² ~d|~o cndfgo~|g ‚]a|~ \~àd* wadf |glao cnja`groad lad lgja`groad* lad {alaDwaja` }nfaja }n}~a|~ aoad oncbajg– (gbgl5 112* cndf~|g{ larg aj#]à`gr}|adg* aj#Cgjaj va aj#Dg`nj 17>1* àj$ 79'$ Oarndadwa* lgaja` hradf {nr|aca lg Eaugra` Arabga wadf cndwnb~| |nd|adf \a~`gl a|a~ \~àd wadf N}a$

]~agl Gbd A‗acgr aj#C~}|ajaq Lga cndfa|aoad ‚hradf |glao bnrlawa cndfajacg àj wadf enjno a|a~ bago$ ]nc~adwa }~la` lg|aolgroad hjn` \~àd$– (gbgl* cndf~|g{ larg aj#Ava}g* Bhjhq Ajarab* àj$ 217* 2>7'$ Caoa aj#C~}|ajaq cndn|a{oad {ndfnr|gad |nd|adf |aolgr$

0 ]~c~r }~mg lg Cnoa`$ C noa`$ 7 Dabg C~àccal cndfao~ ba`va cajagoa| Egbrgj la|adf {aladwa ~d|~o {nr|aca oajg lg f~a gdg lad cndwac{agoad awa| {nr|aca Q~r&ad$ Lg eacad {ra#G}jac* f~a gdg lgondaj }nbafag ‚Oàr O`gra`–* wadf cnr~{aoad e~j~oad |nc{a| ca}waraoa| Cnoa` b~adf àea|$ Lg eacad g|~ ca}waraoa| Arab |glao {~dwa VM lg lajac |ndla cnrnoa$ 1; …


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‐Avoga Bgd Uh`gr aj#Ga‗alg Lga cndfao~ }nbafag Dabg (gbgl* cndf~|g{ larg Gbd @abgb* aj#Ca`bar* àj$1=9* adl aj#Ava}g* Bhjhq Ajarab* àj$ 29;'$ Lga l~j~ }nrgdf {nrfg on |nc{a| wadf rndla` lg Cnoa`* jaj~ dago |adffa* lad cndfa|aoad {ala hradf² ba`va \~àd bnroa|a {aladwa larg |nc{a| gdg$ Aoad |n|a{g ‐Avoga |glao bnrà}gj lajac ~}aàdwa cndfao~ }nbafag Dabg (gbgl'$

Varaqa Gbd Daviaj Lga cndfaeao hradf² ~d|~o bnrgbala` {ala \~àddwa Gbra`gc lad cndfgo~|g afaca @adaigwa {ala c~jadwa* |a{g lga jaj~ cncnj~o afaca Org}|nd$ Lga alaja` }a~lara }n{~{~ g}|rg {nr|aca }adf Dabg* waodg Oàlgea`$ Cnjaj~g Daviaj* Oàlgea` ealg waogd ba`va }~acgdwa alaja` }nhradf Dabg (gbgl5 11<* cndf~|g{ Gbd @g}wac* aj#]gra* àj$ >11#>12'$

Aja‗ai Gbd ]`gàb aj#\acgcg Lga {nrmawa onn}aad \~àd* onbadfog|ad egva² wadf ca|g* lad {aàja bafg {nrb~a|ad bago lad `~o~cad bafg {nrb~a|ad eaà| (gbgl5 11>* cndf~|g{ larg aj# Ava}g* Bhjhq Ajarab* àj$ 266'$ ^ca| @adaigwa cnjao~oad {rao|no² gbala` }n{nr|g ‚}~da|* dago àeg on Cnoa`* v~l`~ }n|nja` bnr}n|~b~`* cndhjao {ndwncbaàd bnràja* {nrmawa {ala }a|~ \~àd wadf cndnd|~oad da}gb bago lad enjno* lad }nc~a lg eafal rawa gdg |nja` lg|aolgroad lad lg|~jg} da}gbdwa$– (gbgl5 119* cndf~|g{ larg Lr$ Eaval ‐Ajg* aj# Caia}aj* àj$ 27;'$ Cnd~r~| aj#Qgcdg* }a|~²dwa wadf bnj~c ala bafg ~ca| @adaigwa alaja` }nhradf Dabg (gbgl5 119'$ On|goa ~ca| @adaigwa }alar {nd|gdfdwa cncgjgog }nhradf Dabg* cnrnoa jaj~ bnr}agdf }a|~ }aca jagd ~d|~o cndnd|~oad }ga{a lgad|ara cnrnoa wadf jawao ealg Dabg$ Cnrnoa cndfgra va`w~ aoad lgdwa|aoad {ala }a|~ hradf wadf cndma{ag |gdfoa| }{grg|~aj lad on}~mgad wadf |gdffg (gbgl5 116'$ ]aja` }a|~ larg cnrnoa* waodg Uawl Gbd ‐^car Gbd Daigj* |ndar aoad onrhàdgaddwa lad lga |glao cgd~c cgd~cad bnrajoh`hj* |glao caoad badfoag* lara`* babg lad }nc~adwa wadf lg}ncbnjg` |ad{a cndwnb~| daca Ajjâ` a|a~ a{a{~d wadf lg{nr}ncbaòad {ala bnràja (gbgl5110* cndf~|g{ Gbd @g}wac* àj$ 2;9'$ ^ca| @adaigwa jagddwa alaja` ^cagwwa Gbd Abl Ajja` Gbd Abg aj#]aj| wadf |glao {nrda` cndnrgca G}jac oarnda cndfgra lga }ndlgrg aoad ealg Dabg (gbgl5 121* cndf~|g{ Lr$ Eaval ‐Ajg* àj$ 20;#201* Gbd @g}àc àj$ 2;0#2;7* lad Gbd Oa|`gr àj$ 2;9* 2;0'$ On|goa lga lgbnrg|a`~ ba`va Dabg C~àccal cncb~d~` hradf² Cnoa` lajac {nradf Balr* lga cndwhbno#dwhbno bae~dwa lad cnra|a{#|adfg} lad bnroa|a egoa lga alaja` Dabg* caoa lga |glao aoad cncb~d~`g onj~arfadwa }ndlgrg (gbgl* cndf~|g{ larg Lr$ Eaval ‐Ajg* àj* =66* =60* =0='$ Aj#Qgcdg cndwa|aoad badwao }aeao² wadf lg|~jg} hjn` onl~a {ncnj~o @adaigwa* wadf jaj~ lgca}~ooad on lajac Q~r‗ad (gbgl* àj$ 110#12='$ Bnrgo~| alaja` mhd|h` awa| wadf lg|~jg} hjn` ^cagwwa Gbd Abl Ajja` Gbd Abg ]aj| lad lgca}~ooad on lajac Q~r‗ad5


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ON@GL^[AD RA@A]GA DABG C^@ACCAL \nd|adf Gbra`gc on|goa lga bnrcgc{g aoad cncb~d~` {~|radwa G}cagj* ^cagww a bnroa|a* ‚V ‚V aàg {~|rao~* ao~ | nja` nja` c ncbnrgoadc ncbnrgoadc ~ }nbafag {nr}ncbaàd {ala \~àd* bnr}abarja` oarnda Ajja` aoad cndffad|gc~$ [~|radwa cndeavab ba`va }nfajadwa cgjgo Ajjâ` |ad{a {nronm~ajgad$ Jao~oad a{ a w adf |nja` oa~ eadegoa eadegoa {ala Ajja` Ajja` lad eadfad c njgà| njgà| laraò~ wadf cnd~|~{g bae~o~$ Lad }aa| lga cndadffajoad bae~ adaodwa* Ajjâ` c ndffad|g {~|radwa lndfad {nr}nc {nr}nc baàd àjaj }nnoh }nnohrr lhc ba$ \nd|adf Carga lad {~|radw a Wn}~}* Wn}~}* ^cagww a bnroa|a* Lad lajac afacac~ oarnda \~àddwa Carga alaja` }nb~a` |adla* wadf |nd|adf Wn}~} {~|ra Carga$ ]nhradf ]nhradf c ajagoa| ajagoa| la|adf {ala C arga {ala }aa| hradf² }nladf }nladf |gl~r* lad c ajagoa| ajagoa| g|~ |ac {gj dw a|a lad |glao |nr}nc |nr}nc b~dwg$ Lga Lga bnroa|a bnroa|a * ‚Eadf ad |ao ~| a|a~ | ao {nrmawa {al a {ara c ajagoa| \~àd lar g ‐Aal lad Eargàc $ Ao~ alaja` ~|~}ad ~|~}ad aj#Ra`cad wad f c ncbnrgc ncbnrgc ~ }nhradf }nhradf {~|ra$– Carga bnroa|a* ‚Bafagc ‚Bafagc ada c ~dfo gd ao~ {~d wa {~ |ra }nladfoa d ao~ |glao {nrda` ealg ealg v adg|a eajadf eajadf a|a~ c ndfadl~df8 \nd|adf C~}a lad @ar~d lad og}a` cnrnoa lndfad Igra~d* ^cagwwa bnroa|a* Oarnda onbagoad lad {ndfac{~dadC~ oa~ cndfadfoa| C~}a }nbafag }nhradf Dabg$ Oa~ bnroa|a {aladwa* {nrfgja` oa~ lad @ar~d cndfàla{ Igra~d wadf mhdfoao$ Oa|aoad {aladwa* a{aoa` oa~ cncb~a| b~cg |ad{a f~d~df² ~d|~o c njgdl~dfgdwa8 njgdl~dfgdwa8 Lad oa|aoad {aladwa* a{aoa` oa~ c ncb~a| jadfg| jadfg| |ad{a {gjar² {ndl~o~df8 \nd|adf @arg Ogac Ogac a|* ^c ^c agwwa bnroa|a* On|goa cnrnoa cndfàla{ {ala \ao`|a Ajjâ`* wadf cndfn|a`~g wadf |nr}ncb~dwg lad wadf dwa|a$ On|goa oacg la|adf cndfàla{Dwa* Lga alaja` \~àd wadf {ndfa}g` lad eadegDwa lg{nd~`g$ Lad oa~c bnrlh}a lgbava lndfad |njadeadf on |nc{a| |nro~|~|o bafg cnrnoa$ Lg }ada cnrnoa |glao c a|g ~d|~o bnrg} bnrg}|graà|* |graà|* lad c nrnoa nrnoa |n|a{ bnrala lajac ja~|ad a{g$

Aj#Qgcdg cndf~|g{ {nrdwa|aad Lr$ Eaval ‐Ajg }nbafag bnrgo~|5 \nrla{a| badw badw ao on}acaad {ndla{a| lajac awa|² {~g}g {~g}g lg a|a} lndfad lndfad a{a wadf | nr|~jg} nr|~jg} lajac Q~r‗ad Q~r‗ad |nd| adf @ arg Ogac Ogac a|* ]~rfa* lad Dnraoa $ \nrjn \nrjnbg` bg` jafg* jafg* og|a og|a la{a|oad lajac {~ g}g² g}g² ^cagww a ohd}|r~o}g lad g}g oajgca| oajgca| wadf }ac a }n{nr|g }n{nr|g wad f |nrmad|~c lajac Q~r‗ad Q~r‗ad lad aàlg}$ \nd|~ }aea |glao c ~dfo gd ba`v a ^c agww a c ndeg{jao ndeg{jao {~g}g |nr}nb~| |nr}nb~| larg Q~r‗ad Q~r‗ad }nbab }aa| }aa| g|~ Q~r‗ad Q~r‗ad bnj~c l gv a`w ~oad $ Cn}og{~d Cn}og{~d lga c ndgdffaj lg |a`~d on 7 @gerga`* og|a |glao bg}a bg}a c ncb~a| o n}gc{~jad n}gc{~jad ba`v a lga c ndm~rg ndm~rg awa|² Q~r‗ad ~r‗ad oarnda }aa| g|~{~ d Q~r‗ad Q~r‗ad b nj~c }njn}ag }njn}ag lgv a`w ~oa d$ (gbgl5 12=#1 12=#12<* 2<* Lr$ Eav al ‐Ajg* ‐Ajg* aj#Cai}a j* àj$ =0<#=0>'$

]njagd |nd|adf afaca @adaigwa* aj#Qgcdg e~fa cncbaà} }nlgog| |nd|adf afaca Aj# ]abga` a|a~ ]abgad$ Cnd~r~| lga* ~ca| ]abgad ‚bga}a }ncba`wadf bnroajg#oajg


9


}n|ga{ àrg lad àj gdg cnr~{aoad onvaegbad gbala`$ Lajac }ncba`wadf cnrnoa cnjao~oad qgwac (bnrlgrg' lad r~o‗~ (bnrj~|~| lad bnr}~e~l'* cnjao~oad v~l`~ }nbnj~c }ncba`wadf* lad cndm~mg |~b~` cnrnoa }n|nja` bnr`~b~dfad }np* lad cnrnoa {~dwa bnbnra{a on|nd|~ad wadf cncba|ajoad v~l`~$– (gbgl5 111* cndf~|g{ larg Ca`ch~l aj#‐Aqaal 1796* àj$ 1<<'$ 1 <<'$

C^DM^JDWA DABG WADF LG\^DFF^#\^DFF^ ]n|nja` {ndenja}ad ja|ar bnjaoadf onalaad* aj#Qgcdg bnroa|a* ‚lad }n|nja` C~àcal ]AV c~jag cndfgo~|g eneao jadfoa` oaonodwa Abl Aj#C~|ajab lg f~a @gra* lad f~a gdg bnr~ba` ealg |nc{a| }~mg lad |nrondaj lajac }neara`… lad lga bnrgcad {ala afaca @adaigwa* lad }nbnj~c cndma{ag ~}ga <; |a`~d* lga cndwa|aoad lgrg }nbafag Dabg ~cca|11* }n|nja` \~àd Gbra`gc cndwa|aoad lgrg {aladwa$– (gbgl5 1=2'$ [ala c~jadwa* ca}waraoa| Cnoa` |glao cndnd|adf a|a~ cndnrgca afaca bar~ C~àccal$ Aoad |n|a{g* {ara {ncgc{gd Cnoa` c~jag {rh|n} on|goa awa|² Q~r‗ad c~jag cndf`gda cnrnoa (gbgl5 1=<'$ Mhd|h`dwa* lajac ]~ra Qajac ([nda'* awa| 9051=* Q~r‗ad cndwnb~| Aj#Ao`da} Gbd ]àrgq }nbafag adao àrac oarnda lga cndwnb~| C~àccal }nbafag hradf }aog| egva a|a~ hradf on}~r~{ad (gbgl* cndf~|g{ larg Gbd Oa|`gr* àj$ 2<='$ 12 Lajac ]~ra` Aj#C~lla|`|`gr* awa| 6<5>;* Q~r‗ad cndwa|aoad ba`va {ara on|~a ca}waraoa| }~o~ }nbafag onjnlag² oarnda cnrnoa cndhjao ca}~o G}jac (gbgl'$1= Lajac ]~ra Aj#Ca}al 111 (A{g'* Q~r‗ad cncbad|a` {nrdwa|aad {acad C~àccal wadf bnrdaca Abl aj#‐Agug* lad cndwnb~| lga }nbafag Ab~ Jaàb a|a~ ‚Awa` A{g*– lad cndwnb~| g}|rgdwa wadf cnr~{aoad }a~lara {nrnc{~ad Ab~ ]~iwad* }nbafag {ncbava oaw~ baoar lg dnraoa$ Lad lg ]~ra Aj#Oaigr~d 1;7* Q~r‗ad cndwnb~| ca}waraoa| Cnoa` }nbafag oaigr (gbgl51=>'$ Aoad |n|a{g* {ara on|~a Cnoa` |glao cnjgà| baàwa larg G}jac }ac{ag C~àccal c~jag cncb~e~o {ara b~lao ~d|~o cncbnrhd|ao |nràla{ caegoad² cnrnoa$ [ala }aa| gdg onjhc{ho Abl Aj#Lar c~jag bnr}no~|~ lndfad }~o~² Cnoa` jagddwa ~d|~o cndmnfa` G}jac bnroncbadf (gbgl5 1<1* cndf~|g{ Gbd @g}wac* àj$ 2=0* 2<1'$ Cnrnoa }noaradf cnjgà| ba`va {~|ra² Abl Cadai cndmhba cndf~a}ag }nj~r~` }~o~² Arab cnjaj~g mara }nbafag Dabg bar~$

[NR]NO^\ÂD LNDFAD ]Ô^² CNLGDA On|goa C~àccal c~jag on`gjadfad àra{ad ~d|~o cndla{a| l~o~dfad lg Cnoa`* lga cndnrgca aeaoad hradf² Wa`|rgb1< larg }~o~ Aj#Oàhu lad Aj#Oàurgf ~d|~o |gdffaj lg Wa|`rgb lad ealg on|~a cnrnoa (gbgl51>;'$ ]~o~² Wa|`rgb gdfgd cndf~a}ag 11 Qajac 9051= ‚wadf oao~ oa}ar* }njagd larg g|~* wadf |nrondaj oneaà|addwa$– 12 C~lla|`|`gr 6<5>; ‚}naoad#aoad cnrnoa g|~ onjnlag jgar wadf jarg |nrone~|– 1= Dabg C~àccal cndffad|g daca oh|a Wa|`rgb ealg Cnlgda$ 1< Oa~c Ad}ar cnr~{aoad {ndl~o~df Dabg larg Cnlgda* lad oa~c C~ea`grgd alaja` ~ca| C~}jgc Cnoa` wadf `gera` bnr}aca Dabg on Cnlgda$


6


oh|a Cnoa` lndfad mara cndwnradf lad cndmnfa| oaigja`² lafadf Cnoa` wadf la|adf larg Aj#]àc a|a~ ]wrga cnd~e~ on Cnoa`$ [nrb~a|ad {ndwnradfad gdg lgàjajoad lajac G}jac (gbgl'$ ]~o~² Wa`~lg wadf }aa| g|~ |gdffaj lg Wa|`rgb cndnrgca {nr}n|~e~ad larg }~o~² Aj#Oàhu lad Aj#Oàurgf* lad bnreadeg ~d|~o bnr{nradf bnr}aca lndfad cnrnoa$ Lndfad bnfg|~* awa|² Q~r‗ad cnc~eg#c~eg oa~c Wa`~lg lad dabg²cnrnoa c~jag bnrc~dm~jad$ Awa|² gdg cndwa|aoad ca}waraoa| Wa`~lg cnjnbg`g }nfaja ca}waraoa| jagd lg }nj~r~` l~dga _jgà| Q~r‗ad* ]~ra² Aj#Baqara` 25 92* Aj#Cagla` >5 <<* Aj#A‗rai 65 1>6* adl A}#]aii 915 9S (Gbgl5 1>;'$ Aoad |n|a{g* }goa{ raca` C~àccal |nràla{ oa~c Wa`~lg gdg |glao jaca bnrjadf}~df$ ]adf Dabg ‚bnr}goa{ raca` ~d|~o bnbnra{a }aa| {ala oa~c Wa`~lg* jaj~ c~jag bnrlnba| lndfad cnrnoa* lad cnd~dff~ bnr|gdlao }ac{ag la|adf on}nc{a|ad bago ~d|~o cndmab~| o~o~² cnrnoa (cndwgo}a cnrnoa'* lad ao`grdwa cndfàdm~road cnrnoa }n{nd~`dwa– (gbgl5 1>1* cndf~|g{ larg A`cnl aj#]àrgi* Caooa va aj#Calgda* àj$ <1>'$ \ao jaca }n|nja` }adf Dabg {gdla` on Wa`|rgb* wadf jaj~ lgdacaoaddwa }nbafag Cnlgda* lga cncb~a| {nreadegad lndfad oa~c Wa`~lg lad c~jag cndwnradf oaigja`² lafadf Cnoa`* wadf la|adf larg Aj#]àc a|a~ ]wrga (gbgl5 1>='$ [nr}no~|~ad ad|ara }~o~² Cnlgda lad C~àccal bnr{nradad {nd|gdf lajac cndfajaòad }~o~² Cnoa`$ Lad ao`grdwa cncadf Cnoa` ea|~` lad onjhc{ho onj~arfa @a}`cg cndfacbgj ajg` ono~a}aad lg oh|a Cnoa` lad Cnlgda$ On|goa C~àccal cndf~a}ag Oa‗ba`* }~o~² Arab cndnrgca afaca bar~ G}jac (gbgl5 1><'$ Aoad |n|a{g* ono~a}aad onj~arfa @a}`cg |glao bnrjadf}~df jaca }n|nja` }adf Dabg vaia|$ [~|ra² ^cawwa`* wadf lga}gdfoad on ]wrga* cnd~dff~ }aa| wadf |n{a| ~d|~o cncbaja} lndlac |nràla{ onj~arfa @a}`cg$ Lad on|goa on}nc{a|ad bago |gba* cnrnoa |glao àdwa cndfacbgj ajg` ono~a}aad* |a{g e~fa cncb~d~` }nc~a adffh|a onj~arfa @a}`cg$ Cnrnoa cncb~d~` m~m~² C~àccal waodg @a}ad lad @~}wngd* lad cnc~}daòad }nj~r~` onj~arfa @a}`cg larg c~oa b~cg$ Cnrnoa e~fa baòad cndfàdm~road Oa‗ba` lndfad on|n{nj² rao}a}a (gbgl5 1><'$ Ca‗~vgwa`* wadf cnr~{aoad oajgia` {nr|aca badg ^cawwal cnd~jg} }wagr wadf cndwargoad b~o~ wadf lg|~jg}dwa waodg Aj#@gub Aj#@a}`cg5 ]~o~ @a}`cg bnrc bnrc agd#cagd lndfad on{ncgc on{ncgc {gdad \gala oabar oabar a|a~ v a`w~ w adf la|adf larg }~rfa

(gbgl5 1><* cndf~|g{ larg C~àccal aj#Qau~dg* àj$ 7* lad Gbd Oa|`gr* aj# Bnlawga va aj#Dgàga* àj$ 226'$ Aoad |n|a{g* og}a`dwa |glao bnr`nd|g lndfad on}gc{~jad g|~* |a{g lg|nr~}oad lajac b~o~ Aj#Qgcdg lajac bab @~r~b Lavja| Aj Ra}~j ([n{nradfad Dnfara Dabg'$


0


BA B GG

DABG C^@ACCAL Lajac bab @~r~b Lavja| Aj Ra}~j ([n{nradfad Dnfara Dabg'* aj#Qgcdg cndnjaa` }nmara ln|agj {n{nradfad wadf lgjao~oad Dabg C~àccal lad la}ar ~|aca dnfara G}jac {nr|aca$ [ndnjaaàd aj#Qgcdg bnrbnla lndfad a{a wadf bga}adwa lg~df# oa{oad {nd~jg} }neara`$ Lga cndwgdfogroad }nfaja og}a` c~ugua|² a|a~ mac{~r |adfad gjja`g lajac {n{nradfad |nr}nb~|* wadf lg{nrmawa {ara }nearavad C~}jgc }nbafag aja}ad ~|aca oncndadfad {nradf lg Dnfara G}jac cgjgo Dabg$ ]nbajgodwa* aj#Qgcdg cndgjag oncndadfad gdg |nrealg oarnda on{ncgc{gdad lad |ao|go cgjg|nr Dabg C~àccal$ \nrjnbg` jafg* aj#Qgcdg waogd ba`va oncndadfad gdgja` wadf cncb~a| Dabg C~àccal cndffad|g daca oh|a Wa|`rgb cndealg Cnlgda$ ]nbnj~c `gera` larg Cnoa` on Cnlgda* {n}ad G}jac bnrla}ar {ala {ndlnoa|ad lacag |ad{a {ncao}aad$ ]aa| g|~* aearad G}jac cndfaeao ~ca| C~}jgc ~d|~o bnr}abar lad cnd~dff~ {aàja cnrnoa lg }~rfa$ Aoad |n|a{g* }n|nja` `gera` on Cnlgda* ‚}nc~a ~ca| C~}jgc* bago C~}jgc Ad}ar ca~{~d C~}jgc C~àegrgd* 1> lg~ba` ealg |~oadf {nradf* {ndwnradf²* lad {rae~rg| Dnfara G}jac lg Cnlgda$ ]nc~a {nr~baàd gdg |nrealg }n|nja` |~e~ad bnr~ba` larg ca}waraoa| wadf bnrgbala` {ala |~àd oaono chwadf cndealg {ndlgrgad }nb~a` Dnfara * wadf lgvaogjg hjn` {rae~rg| {nradf lad lara`$– (aj#Qgcdg 2;;15 19<'$ Lndfad aladwa {nr~baàd g|~* {ndfgo~| Dabg {~d ealg cnjhdeao jnbg` badwao e~cja`dwa lad àj gdg cndfaogba|oad oncndadfad lg Balr* }n{nr|g wadf lgenja}oad aj#Qgcdg }nbafag bnrgo~|5 Lad gdg alaja` {nr~baàd ca|nrg wadf {ajgdf bnrbaàwa* wadf bnr{nrad }adfa| {nd|gdf ~d|~o cndargo cgda| bnrfab~df {ara |~oadf {nradf larg }~o~² wa df jnbg` jnbg` jnc jnc a`* }n|nj }n|nja` a` }adf D abg bnr~}aà bnr~}aà }njac }njac a |gfa bnja} bnja} |a`~d lg Cnoa` cndfaeao hradf² c ncnj~o afac adwa |ad{ a onbnrà} onbnrà}gj gjad ad dw a|a$ L~j~ lg Cnoa`* aeaoad cncnj~o G}jac lgjao~oad lndfad eadeg dgoca| lad `gl~{ bnronjgc{aàd dad|gdwa lg }~rfa… Aoad |n|a{g* }n|nja` Ajjâ` cncbnrg gegd {ala Dabg lad ~ca| C~}jgc wadf }n|ga ~d|~o cndfacbgj àr|a oaigr* c aoa |~e~ad alaja` alaja` c ncgjgog ncgjgog àr|a l~dgavg lad gdg |nd|~dwa c ndargo ndargo c gda| hradf² hradf² c g}ogd$ g}ogd$ Gcgdf² àr|a earaàd earaàd l~dgavg l~dgavg gdg cnc b~a| hradf² hradf² jnca` c g}ogd g}ogd bnrfab~d f ealg {rae~rg| lg D nfara G}jac bar~$ (gbgl5 (gbgl5 19>'$ 19>'$

1> C~}jgc Ad}ar alaja` {ndl~o~df Dabg wadf `gl~{ lg Cnlgda`* }nladfoad C~}jgc C~àegrgd alaja` ~ca| C~}jgc a}aj Cnoa` wadf go~| `gera` bnr}aca Dabg on Cnlgda$


7


Cnd~r~| aj#Qgcdg* }adf Dabg bnr~}aà bnr}no~|~ lndfad |gfa }~o~ Wa`~lg ~|aca waodg Q~awd~qa* aj#Dalgr* lad Q~rawua` lg Cnlgda* on|goa lga ca}g` jnca` lad |glao {~dwa badwao {ndfgo~| (aj#Qgcdg5 1<1'$ [ala }aa| g|~* awa|² Q~r‗ad cndfa|aoad ‚onl~l~oad ~ca| G}ranj wadf |gdffg lajac }neara` {hjg|go lg lanra` ono~a}aad La~l lad ]ajhch* lad |nc{a|dwa wadf |nr`hrca| lg }neara` afaca Dabg² larg D~` }ac{ag Abraàc lad G}ào lad W~}~i lad C~}a* ljj– (gbgl'$ Q~r‗ad lndfad enja} cndf`hrca|g lad cndfao~g \a~ra| cgjgo ~ca| Wa`~lg (gbgl'$ [ala }aa| g|~* Dabg {~a}a lg àrg [a}oa` Wa`~lg lad }aa| }`hja| bnrqgbja 19 on Wnr~}ajnc* oh|a }~mg ~ca| Wa`~lg$ Aj#Qgcdg waogd ba`va oa~c Wa`~lg Cnlgda cndnrgca {nr}no~|~ad lndfad C~àccal oarnda aladwa onc~dfogdad àj gdg cndla|adfoad on~d|~dfad {~ja bafg cnrnoa lg ca}a ln{ad (gbgl'$ Aoad |n|a{g* ‚Wa`~lg Cnlgda* wadf cndfàra{ {nr~d|~dfad ca}a ln{ad* cndla{a|oad ba`va cnrnoa }adfa| }aja` l~fa* |nr~|aca }n|nja` cndfajaòad {a}~oad Q~rag}` lg Balr$ ]~la` enja} }noaradf ba`va {ara C~}jgc cnrac{a} àr|a bndla Q~rag}` lg Balr lad cnrnoa ealg {nd~` {nrmawa lgrg lad |glao b~|~` {nr}no~|~ad lndfad oa~c Wa`~lg jafg– (gbgl5 1<1#1<2'$ \ao jaca }n|nja` Dabg cndadf {nradf lg Balr* ‚lga cndf~c{~joad hradf² Wa`~lg lg {a}ar Q~awd~qa lad bnroa|a {ala cnrnoa5 ‐vaàg ca}awaraoa| Wa`~lg* |nrgcaja` G}jac }nbnj~c |nrealg {alac~ a{a wadf |nja` |nrealg {ala }~o~ Q~rag}`‗– (gbgl52<=* cndf~|g{ larg aj#Bgàqg* àj$ 16='$ Cn}og{~d Dabg |glao cncbnrg Wa`~lg Q~awd~qa {gjgàd jagd onm~ajg G}jac a|a~ ca|g* aj#Qgcdg cndenja}oad ba`va b~o~² ]gra G}jac16 cnd~de~ooad {ndfàjajad }goa{ {ncbad|ajad {nreadegad lndfad oa~c Wa`~lg (gbgl5 2<<'$ Cnd~r~| {ara {nd~jg} }neara` lg ]gra G}jac* }nhradf C~}jgca` la|adf on {a}ar Q~awd~qa ~d|~o bnjadea lad }nonjhc{ho {nc~la Wa`~lg cndffhladwa lad àj gdg cndfaogba|oad bafgad |~b~`dwa |nr}gdfoa{$ Oarnda g|~ }nhradf C~}jgc cncb~d~` }aja` }nhradf larg {nc~la² Wa`~lg g|~* lad {ara Wa`~lg jaj~ cncbaja} b~d~` C~}jgc |nr}nb~|$ Aj#Qgcdg cndhjao cndnrgca on|nradfad gdg }nbafag {ndfàjajad {ndf~}grad }nj~r~` }~o~ Wa`~lg Q~awd~qa larg Wa|`rgb }n`gdffa cnrnoa |nr{ao}a onj~ar larg Eaugra` Arabga lad |gdffaj lg aj#]àc a|a~ ]wrga (gbgl5 2<9* cndf~|g{ larg aj#@ajabg* àj$ <60'$ ]~o~ Wa`~lg wadf onl~a alaja` }~o~ aj#Dalgr* wadf lg|~l~` Dabg bnrndmada ~d|~o cncb~d~`dwa$ Aj#Qgcdg }noajg jafg cnraf~oad aja}ad }n{nr|g g|~ }nbafag {ndfàjajad {ndf~}grad }nj~r~` }~o~ aj#Dalgr larg Arabga }n|nja` cnrac{a} }nc~a àr|a bndla lad onoawaad cnrnoa lad jaj~ cncbafg#bafgoaddwa lgad|ara ~ca| C~}jgc$ Aoad |n|a{g* oajg gdg {ndfàjajad lgdwa|aoad larg }~rfa oarnda ‚}~rfa cncbnrg|a`~ }adf Dabg cnjaj~g cajagoa| Egbrgj ba`va }nbafgad Wa`~lg bnroa|a }a|~ }aca jagd* ‐oa~ |glao aoad cndla{a|oaddwa }n{nr|g lga }noaradf gdg*‗ lad Ra}~j Ajjâ` }nladf l~l~o lnoa| }aja` }a|~ |ncbho cnrnoa* ‐}n}nhradf àr~} dago on a|a} r~ca` lad cndea|~òad ba|~ {aladwa }n`gdffa cncb~d~`dwa lad og|a jaj~ bg}a `gl~{ lndfad |ndadf– (gbgl5 =>>* cndf~|g{ Gbd Oa|`gr* aj#Bnlwa* àj$ 69'$ ]n|nja` cajagoa| Egbrgj cndwa|aoad rndmada {ncb~d~àd g|~ {ala Dabg* lga jaj~ cndwnradf 19 Ara` }`hja|$ 16 ]gra alaja` b~o~² wadf cnd~jg}oad on`gl~{ad }adf Dabg$


1;


}~o~ Dalgr lad cncao}a cnrnoa cndwnra` {aladwa$ ]n|nja` g|~* jafg² }adf Dabg cncbafg#bafgoad àr|a onoawaad oa~c Wa`~lg lgad|ara ~ca| C~}jgc lad oa~c Wa`~lg {~d àr~} onj~ar larg Arabga lad ao`grdwa |gdffaj lg [ajn}|gda (gbgl5 =9;'$

[NCBAD\AGAD WA@^LG Q^RAWUA@ ]~o~ Wa`~lg Q~rawua` lg|~l~` bnr}nohdfohj lndfad c~}~` lg Oàuva| aj# Oàdlaq a|a~ [nradf [arg|$ Cnd~r~| aj#Qgcdg* {gào }no~|~ Cnoa` cndfn{~df Cnlgda lad bnr~}aà cndwnradf C~àccal lad ~ca| C~}jgc$ On|goa C~àccal |a`~ |nd|adf {ndwnradfad gdg* lga cndffajg {arg| lg }nonjgjgdf Cnlgda ~d|~o cndmnfa` c~}~` ca}~o oh|a g|~$ ]a|~²dwa |nc{a| wadf |glao lgjgdl~dfg alaja` |nc{a| |gdffaj badg Q~rawua` wadf `gl~{ lajac bnd|ndf² cnrnoa wadf o~a|$ Dabg |a`~ |g|go jnca` {nr}n|~e~addwa lndfad ~ca| Wa`~lg$ On|goa {gào c~}~` }nladf cndfn{~df Cnlgda* C~àccal cndlndfar bnrg|a ba`va oa~c Wa`~lg }n|~e~ ~d|~o cncb~oa bnd|ndf² cnrnoa }n`gdffa {gào c~}~` la{a| ca}~o lad cndfàdm~road {a}~oad C~}jgc$ Aoad |n|a{g* aj#Qgcdg cnraf~oad onbndarad rndmada raà}ga oarnda ondwa|aad }~o~ Wa`~lg |glao {nrda` cncb~oa bnd|ndf cnrnoa ~d|~o c~}~`$ Aj#Qgcdg bnr{ndla{a|* egoaja~ }noajg{~d oa~c Wa`~lg }n|~e~ ~d|~o cncb~oa bnd|ndf² cnrnoa |a{g {ala ondwa|aad cnrnoa |glao cnoaj~oad àj g|~* caoa }nàr~}dwa cnrnoa |glao bg}a lg|~l~` cnjadffar {nreadegad lndfad Dabg (gbgl5 =0<'$ Lajac on|nradfad rgdmg wadf |rafg} lad lraca|g}* aj#Qgcdg cndfg}aòad bafagcada }~o~ Q~rawua` lg{ndffaj |ad{a ac{~d |ao jaca }n|nja` |nd|ara }no~|~ Cnoa` cndgdffajoad Cnlgda$ ]noajg jafg* Egbrgj#ja` wadf cncbg}gog }adf Dabg ~d|~o cae~ lndfad {a}~oaddwa on }~o~ Q~rawua`$

Lgog}aòad hjn` Ag}wa`5 on|goa Ra}~j Ajjâ` bnba} larg }nradfad }no~|~* lga ca}~o r~ca` jaj~ cnjao~oad v~l`~ ~d|~o }`hja|* Egbrgj la|adf {aladwa* o~jgà| on{aja Dabg lg|~|~{g lnb~$ Egbrgj bnroa|a {ala Dabg ‐H` C~àccal* a{aoa` oa~ |nja` cnjn|aooad }ndea|ac~8‗ Dabg bnroa|a {aladwa* ‐Oacg |nja` cnjn|aooad }ndea|a² oacg$‗ Egbrgj bnroa|a {aladwa* ‐Oacg bnj~c cnjn|aooad }ndea|a² oacg$ Badfog| lad {nrfgja` on Bad~ Q~rawua`…‗ Ra}~j Ajja` cncnrgd|aòad c~uungd10 ~d|~o cncadffgj hradf²* wadf cndlndfar àr~} cnd~r~| ~d|~o |glao cnjao~oad }`hja| A}war onm~ajg lg |nc{a| Bad~ Q~rawua` (gbgl5 =7;#=71* cndf~|g{ larg Gbd Oa|`gr* àj$ 117'$ ]~o~ Q~rawua` |glao {~dwa {gjgàd onm~ajg cndwnra` {ala {a}~oad C~}jgc lad cnd~dff~ da}gb cnrnoa$ Cnrnoa cndfgra Dabg aoad cndf}~}gr cnrnoa }n{nr|g wadf lgjao~oaddwa {ala onl~a }~o~ Wa`~lg |nrla`~j~* lad e~fa cnrac{a} }nc~a àr|a onoawaad* |nrdao cnrnoa$ Aoad |n|a{g C~àccal cndwnraòad on{~|~}ad 10 [adffgjad ~d|~o ]`hja| a|a~ [nradf$


11


aoad da}gb cnrnoa {ala }nhradf on|~a Arab wadf bnrdaca ]a‗al bgd C~‗aau (wadf j~oa {ara` aogba| {nradf Oàdlaq'$ ]a‗al cndf~}~joad }nc~a {rga lgb~d~` lad vadg|a* adao²* lad onoawaad lgbafg#bafg lgad|ara ~ca| C~}jgc$ ^}~j gdg lg|nrgca Dabg lad lga bnroa|a {ala ]a‗al bgd C~‗aau* ‚Oa~ |nja` cndfàogcg cnrnoa lndfad {ndfàogcad Ajjâ`* wadf lgbnrgoad {alac~ larg |~e~` }~rfa– (gbgl5 =7>* cndf~|g{ larg aj#\abarg* àj$ >06#>00'$ Aj#Qgcdg cnjade~|oad* ‚Lad oacg cndfn|a`~g }n}~a|~ wadf bar~ larg {ncbad|agad gdg$ \nrdwa|a {ncbad|agad |glao lgjao~oad àdwa {ala {rga lnva}a }aea* |a{g e~fa {ala adao² jaog wadf ca}g` onmgj– (gbgl5 =70* cndf~|g{ larg aj#\abarg* àj$ >71'$ Cnd~r~| {nd~jg}² }neara` ]gra* Ajjâ` cndfàlga`g ]a‗al bgd C~‗aau oarnda ~}~j {ncbad|agaddwa lad lga ca|g }non|goa }n|nja` {ncbad|agad lgjao~oad$ Cajagoa| Egbrgj la|adf on{ala Dabg lg |ndfa` cajac lad cndfa|aoad {aladwa ba`va ]a‗al bgd C~‗aau ca|g lad |ao`|a Ajjâ` bnrf~dmadf ~d|~o cndf`hrca|g ]a‗al$ ^{amara {ndf~b~rad endaua` ]a‗al lgo~de~dfg hjn` |~e~` {~j~` cajagoa| (gbgl5 =76* cndf~|g{ larg aj#Bgàqg* àj$ 20#27'$ Aj#Qgcdg cndwajaòad {ara {nd~jg} ]gra |nr~|aca Gbd @g}wac oarnda cndacba`#dacba`g c~ugua|² lg }ada#}gdg f~da cnd~de~ooad {ndfàjajad {ncbad|agad ca}waraoa| Wa`~lg Bad~ Q~rawua` lad onfafajad |nd|ara }no~|~ Cnoa` cndl~l~og Cnlgda$ Aj#Qgcdg cnd~jg}* ‚Cn}og{~d Gbd @g}wac cndfn|a`~g lg cada {ndg{~ad lgjao~oad* bafagcada {ndg{~ad g|~ lgjao}adaoad* lad }ga{a wadf cnjao}adaoad ~d|~o cndfgo~|}nr|aoad Q~rawua` lndfad |nd|ara }no~|~ Cnoa`* |a{g Gbd @g}wac |n|a{ }aea }nbafag C~}jgc cndfa|aoad lndfad waogddwa ba`va ‐Ajjâ` cndffafajoad rndmada² cnrnoa– (gbgl5 =00'$ Lad gd|nrynd}g gjja`g gdg lgdwa|aoad {~ja lg Q~r‗ad ==57 wadf cndfa|aoad*

‚@ag hradf#hradf wadf bnrgcad* gdfa|ja` aoad dgoca| Ajja` (wadf |nja` lgoar~dgaoad' on{alac~ on|goa la|adf on{alac~ |nd|ara#|nd|ara* jaj~ Oacg ogrgcoad on{ala cnrnoa adfgd |h{ad lad |nd|ara wadf |glao la{a| oac~ cnjgà|dwa$ Lad alaja` Ajja` Caà Cnjgà| aoad a{a wadf oac~ onreaoad$– [ara |nd|ara cajagoa| |glao bnr{nradf lg [nradf Oàdlaq }n{nr|g lg [nradf Balr* |a{g cnrnoa cndmg{|aoad balag onra} wadf cncb~a| {gào |nd|ara }no~|~ oaja` lad ao`grdwa c~dl~r (gbgl5 =07'$ Cnd~r~| aj#Qgcdg* onoajaàd lad c~dl~rdwa |nd|ara }no~|~ Cnoa` |glao ala `~b~dfaddwa lndfad }nfaja c~ugua| gjja`g$ ]adf Dabg |a`~ aoad àj gdg$ ]aca }n{nr|g oa~c C~}jgc {~dwa |g|go jnca` waodg {nrgàj Bad~ Q~rawua`* {gào }no~|~ {~d {~dwà |g|go jnca` waodg }~o~ Fa|àiad* wadf cnr~{aoad rad|gdf }~o~² Iauarg (gbgl5 =0>'$ Cnjaj~g ca|a²dwa* }adf Dabg |a`~ ba`va }~o~ Fa|àiad bnrfab~df lndfad {a}~oad }no~|~ Cnoa` ~d|~o baja} lndlac oarnda C~àccal cncb~d~` {ncgc{gd vadg|a cnrnoa wadf bgeao waodg ^cc Qgria lndfad mara cndargo |~b~`dwa lndfad l~a nohr ~d|a }ac{ag |~b~`dwa |nrbnja` l~a (gbgl5 277* cndf~|g{ larg aj#\abarg* àj$ 9<=* lad aj#]~àgjg* àj$ 2=6'$ ^cc Qgria }aa| g|~ bnr~}ga 1;; |a`~d lad lga lgb~d~` lndfad mara }adfa| oneg |ad{a aja}ad a{a{~d* onm~ajg oarnda lga |nrondaj }nbafag vadg|a bgeao}ada lg Arabga (gbgl'$ C~àccal |a`~ ba`va lga


12


la{a| cnrnlaoad acara` }~o~ Fà|aiad lndfad cncbnrg cnrnoa àr|a bndla egoa cnrnoa ca~ cndgdffajoad |nd|ara }no~|~ Cnoa`$ ]adf Dabg }nmara raà}ga cndfgrgc ~|~}ad on{ala onl~a |hoh` {ncgc{gd Fà|aiad waodg @~}d lad @arg} bgd ‐Avi* lad cncgd|a cnrnoa cndf~dl~road lgrg larg |nd|ara }no~|~ lndfad eadeg cncbnrg cnrnoa }n{nr|gfa à}gj {adnd aj#Cnlgda$ \a{g ‐Agdga` wadf }nraoa` cncgd|a }n{ar~` à}gj {adnd Cnlgda$ ]adf Dabg }n|~e~ ~d|~o cncbnrgoad }n{ar~` à}gj {adnd lndfad }wara| {ara {ncgc{gd Fà|aiad àr~} cncnma`#bnja` }~o~ Q~rawua` lad |nd|ara }no~|~ Cnoa` (gbgl5 =0>* cndf~|g{ larg Gbd ]a‗al* àj$ >2'$ Cnjaj~g {nreadegad lad {ndg{~ad raà}ga gdg* on|~a Fà|aiad wadf bnrdaca Dag‗ac bgd C~‗aau* wadf lgac² ealg C~}jgc* bnrà}gj cndmg{|aoad {nr{nmaàd ad|ara |nd|ara }no~|~ Cnoa` lad Q~rawua` (gbgl5 =09#=06'$ Lga bnrà}gj cnwaogdoad Wa`~lg Q~rawua` ~d|~o |glao cncb~oa bnd|ndf² cnrnoa ~d|~o |nd|ara }no~|~ Cnoa` oarnda cnrnoa |gdffaj lg Cnlgda lad aoad bnraogba| b~r~o bafg cnrnoa egoa {a}~oad Q~rag}` Cnoa` lad Fà|aiad oncbajg on oh|a a}aj cnrnoa$ Dag‗ac bgd C~‗aau e~fa bnrà}gj cnwaogdoad {ncgc{gd Q~rag}` Cnoa` waodg Ab~ ]~iwad bgd @arb ba`va Wa`~lg Q~rawua` cndwn}aj a|a} on{~|~}ad cnrnoa lad cncgd|a ac{~d {ala }adf Dabg$ Oa|adwa* {ara Wa`~lg bnroa|a {ala }adf Dabg* ‚A{aoa` oa~ aoad }ndadf egoa oacg cndadfoa{ onl~a {ncgc{gd }~o~² Q~rag}` lad Fà|aiad* lad cndwnraòad cnrnoa {alac~ afar oa~ bg}a cncndffaj on{aja cnrnoa8 Jaj~* oacg aoad bnrfab~df bnr}acac~ lg cnlad {nradf }ac{ag og|a bnrà}gj cndfàdm~road |nd|ara cnrnoa$ ]adf Dabg cndeavab {ala cnrnoa* ‐Wa‗– (gbgl5 =06'$ Aj#Qgcdg cndwargoad on}gc{~jaddwa |nd|adf [nradf Oàdlaq lad {ncbad|agad Bad~ Q~rawua` lndfad cndf~|g{ {nroa|aad Dabg {ala Dag‗ac bgd C~‗aau* ‚\g{~ja` cnrnoa bafg oacg egoa oa~ bg}a* oarnda {nradf cnr~{aoad {ndg{~ad– (gbgl5 =09'* larg Gbd @g}wac* àj 29>'$ ]n|nja` {ndf~}grad l~a }~o~ Wa`~lg Q~awd~qa lad Dalgr lad {ncbad|agad }~o~ Wa`~lg Q~rawua* caoa |ao ala }a|~ {~d }~o~ Wa`~lg wadf |nr}g}a lg Cnlgda$ Wadf ca}g` ala àdwaja` }~o~ Wa`~lg wadf |gdffaj lg oh|a Oàwbar$ ]nj~r~` oh|a lg`~dg ca}waraoa| Wa`~lg$ Oh|a gdg cncgjgog bnd|ndf² wadf o~a|$ ]adf Dabg cncbnrg|a`~ ~ca|dwa ba`va lga cndnrgca va`w~ }~rfavg ~d|~o cndfajaòad oh|a gdg (gbgl5 <<2* cndf~|g{ larg aj#Bgàqg* àj$ 176'$ \ao jaca }n|nja` onealgad [nreadegad @~lawbgwa`17* Dabg cndfacbgj on{~|~}ad cndwnradf Oàwbar$ Cnd~r~| aj#Qgcdg* }aa| gdg }adf Dabg bndar² |nja` cncnradfg ca}waraoa| Wa`~lg lad afaca cnrnoa }n{nd~`dwa lad c~jag cndnra{oad gbala`² afaca {afad Cnoa` on lajac G}jac$ \nd|adf àj gdg aj#Qgcdg bnroa|a* ‚]adf Dabg |a`~ }noajg ba`va oa~c Wa`~lg lndfad og|ab }~mg lad varg}ad b~lawa }neara` cnrnoa* |glao aoad {nrda` cndfao~gdwa }nbafag Dabg lg oh|a Cnlgda* lg dnfara G}jacdwa wadf onmgj$ Oarnda g|~ja` lga cnjao~oad }nradfad mn{a| cncbnr}gòad Wa|`rgb larg oa~c Wa`~lg– (gbgl5 =96'$ ]njagd g|~* aj#Qgcdg waogd ba`va ca}waraoa| {afad Cnoa` }ndadf 17 [nreadegad Lacag* wadf lg|adla|adfadg Dabg lndfad hradf² oaigr Cnoa`$ Cnd~r~| {a}aj² {nreadegad g|~ aoad ala 1; |a`~d {nrlacagad ad|ara C~}jgc lad hradf² oaigr Cnoa`$


1=


lndfad ondwa|aad C~àccal cnca}~ooad ~d}~r gbala` {afad Cnoa` on lajac G}jac$ ]noaradf }nc~a }gcbhj² afaca Wa`~lg lajac G}jac lg|adffajoad$ Qgbja on Wnr~}ajnc lgfad|g ealg qgbja on Oa‗ba` lg Cnoa`$ ]adf Dabg jaj~ c~jag cnc~eg#c~eg Oa‗ba` wadf }ndad|ga}a lg}ncba` oa~c {afad Arab lg }n{adeadf }neara` cnrnoa lg ca}a Ea`gjgwa`$ [nr~baàd gdg lgon|a`~g hjn` }~o~² Q~rag}` lg Cnoa`$ Cnrnoa |a`~ ba`va }n|nja` [nradf Oàdlaq* Dabg cndwgdfogroad }~o~ Wa`~lg |nrao`gr lg Wa|`rgb* lad lndfad {nreadegad @~lawbgwa`* à|g Dabg oncbajg on{ala a}aj#~}~jdwa waodg Arab#Cnoa`#Q~rag}`$ Lga jaj~ cndwnra{ |a|amara gbala` {afad Q~rag}` (gbgl5 <=6'$

[NDWNRADFAD O@AWBAR L~a{~j~` àrg }n|nja` [nreadegad @~lawbgwa`* }adf Dabg cncgc{gd {a}~oad C~}jgc cndwnradf Oàwbar$ Oàwbar alaja` oh|a onl~a* }n|nja` Cnoa`* wadf |nr{nd|gdf lad |nrbago ono~a|ad cgjg|nrdwa$ Ca}waraoa| Wa`~lg Oàwbar |glao cndfgra C~àccal aoad cndwnradf cnrnoa }n`gdffa on|goa |nd|ara C~}jgc |gba* cnrnoa }adfa| oafn|$ Aoad |n|a{g* oh|a gdg lgjgdl~dfg hjn` bnd|ndf² Oàwbar wadf ohoh` lad cnrnoa cndhjao |~d|~|ad Dabg afar cnrnoa cndwnra` (gbgl5 <<<'$ On|goa oh|a Oàwbar cndhjao ~d|~o cndwnra`* ‚]adf Dabg cndfacbgj on{~|~}ad ~d|~o cndff~daoad on|n{nj² rao}a}a– ~d|~o cndfàdm~road bnd|ndf (gbgl'$ Cnd~r~| aj#Qgcdg* on|n{nj² }n{nr|g g|~ bnj~c {nrda` lgf~daoad }nbnj~cdwa lg Arabga (gbgl'$ On|goa {a}~oad Wa`~lg cnjgà| on|n{nj² |nr}nb~|* ‚cnrnoa |a`~ onca|gad cnrnoa }~la` àc{gr |gba* lad egoa Dabg cndncbao oh|a lndfad on|n{nj² g|~* caoa oh|a g|~ aoad àdm~r bnrad|aoad lad }nc~a {ndl~l~o oh|a aoad ca|g– (gbgl'$ ^d|~o cndf`gdlarg onàdm~rad `nba| }n{nr|g g|~* {ncgc{gd Oàwbar waodg Ogdada` bgd Abg aj#@aqgq c~dm~j larg oh|a lad cncnfadf bndlnra |adla cndwnra`$ Lga cndfàla{ Dabg lad cndfa|aoad ongdfgdad ca}waraoa| Oàwbar ~d|~o cndadla|adfadg {nreadegad lacag lndfad Dabg$ ]adf Dabg }n|~e~ ~d|~o cncb~a| {nreadegad lndfad }wara| ‚cnrnoa àr~} cndfh}hdfoad oh|a lad cndwnraòad {ala Dabg }nc~a ~adf* bnd|ndf²* lad |ada` cnrnoa* lad cnrnoa |glao bhjn` cncbava bndla o~dgdf a|a~ {~|g` onm~ajg bae~ wadf cnd~|~{g |~b~` cnrnoa– (gbgl* cndf~|g{ larg Gbd Oa|`gr* aj#Bnlaga* àj$ 2;;'$ ]njagd g|~* Dabg cndfa|aoad {ala Ogdada` egoa lga bnradg cndwncb~dwgoad }n}~a|~ larg Dabg caoa Ajjâ` lad Ra}~jDwa |glao jafg |nrgoa| {nreadegad (gbgl5 <<>* cndf~|g{ Gbd Oa|`gr* àj$ 2;<'$ Aj#Qgcdg e~fa cndfacbgj }~cbnr jagd |nd|adf {nrg}|gva gdg lad cnd~jg} ba`va Dabg bnroa|a {ala Ogdada`* ‚Lad egoa oa~ cndwncb~dwgoad }n}~a|~ lad ao~ dad|gdwa cndfn|a`~g àj g|~* caoa lara`c~ lad vadg|a²c~ àjaj bafg oacg– (gbgl5 <<>* cndf~|g{ larg Gbd ]a‗al* aj#\abaqaa|* àj$ 01'$ 01 '$ ]n|nja` Ogdada` }n|~e~ ~d|~o cndwnraòad }nfaja àr|a lad ~adf cnrnoa* Dabg bnr|adwa {aladwa |nd|adf àr|a oar~d wadf lgcgjgog Wa`~lg Oàwbar (gbgl'$ Ogdada` cndwadfoaj àr|a g|~ bndar² ala$ Cnd~r~| aj#Qgcdg* {nr|adwaad Dabg àdwaja` enbaoad }aea oarnda ‚Dabg }~la` |a`~ |nd|adf àr|a oar~d wadf badwao g|~ lad lg


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cada àr|a g|~ lg}ncb~dwgoad– (gbgl5 <<>* cndf~|g{ Gbd ]a‗al* àj$ 66'$ On|nradfad |nd|adf àr|a oar~d g|~ |nja` lgon|a`~g Dabg larg }nhradf Wa`~lg wadf ‚cnde~aj ca}waraoa|dwa lad cndf~dfoa{oad raà}ga {nr}ncb~dwgad àr|a oar~d g|~– (gbgl5<<9'$ ]adf Dabg cncnrgd|aòad aj#Ugbgar bgd aj#‗Avac ~d|~o cndwgo}a Ogdada` }ac{ag lga cndwa|aoad {nr}ncb~dwgad àr|a oar~d |nr}nb~|$ Cnd~r~| Gbd @g}wac* ‚Aj#Ugbagr cndff~daoad hbhr a{g lad cncbaoar {ncgc{gd Wa`~lg g|~ }ac{ag lga ca|g$ ]n|nja` g|~* Dabg cndw~r~` C~àccal bgd ]ajaca` cncadm~df jn`nr Ogdada` lad jn`nr }a~lara Ogdada` waodg Caàch~l bgd C~}jaca`– (gbgl* cndf~|g{ larg Gbd @g}wac* àj$ <='$ ]n|nja` Ogdada` lad }a~lara jaogdwa lg{adm~df* ‚{nladf G}jac cncbaba|g {ara Wa`~lg wadf |nja` cndwnra`* lad cncb~d~` }ncbgjad {~j~` |gfa hradf Wa`~lg* bnfg|~ cnd~r~| {ndenja}ad Gbd ]a‗al– (gbgl5<<6* cndf~|g{ larg Gbd ]a‗al* àj$ 66'$ @ar|a rac{hoad lad {ara vadg|a Wa`~lg jaj~ lgbafg#bafg lgad|ara {ara C~}jgc (gbgl5 <<0'$ Cnd~r~| ‚}nc~a {nd~jg} ]gra lad }neara` G}jac* lajac {ndwnradfad Oàwbar gdg* {ara C~}jgc cncao}a vadg|a² Wa`~lg ~d|~o bnr`~b~dfad }no} lndfad cnrnoa lg |nc{a| |nrb~oa* lad vadg|a² Oàwbar lg{nroh}a bnracag#racag* }ac{ag Dabg cndf`nd|goad {nroh}aad |nràla{ vadg|a² wadf }nladf àcgj– (gbgl* cndf~|g{ larg Gbd ]agl aj#Da}* ‐^w~d aj#A|àr* àj* 169'$ ]adf Dabg }ndlgrg cndfacbgj ]aigwa bgd| @~awa (g}|rg on|~a Wa`~lg Oàwbar Ogdada` bgd Abg aj# @aqgq' }n|nja` Dabg cncb~d~` }~acgdwa lad awa` ]aigwa (lg {ncbad|agad Wa`~lg Q~rawua lg {a}ar Cnlgda' (gbgl5 <<0#<<7'* cndf~|g{ larg Gbd Oa|`gr* àj$ 176'$ Aoad |n|a{g* }nhradf vadg|a Wa`~lg Oàwbar bnrdaca Uagdab bgd| aj#@arg|` bnr~}aà cncb~d~` Dabg lndfad cndw~f~òad lafgdf oacbgdf bnram~d lg r~ca` ]aigwa bgd| @~awa (gbgl5 <>=* cndf~|g{ larg Gbd Oa|`gr* àj$ 211'$ On|goa Dabg cndadwag Uagdab cndfa{a lga bnr~}aà cncb~d~`dwa* Uagdab cndenja}oad {ala Dabg* ‚oa~ |nja` cncb~d~` awaò~* {acado~* }~acgo~* lad }a~lara jaogo~– (gbgl5 <><* cndf~|g{ larg aj#Bgàqg* àj$ 2>6'$ Uagdab lgb~d~` }non|goa$ Ram~d larg lafgdf oacbgdf |nr}nb~| |nr~} |gdffaj lajac |~b~` Dabg }njaca |gfa |a`~d }ac{ag ao`grdwa cndwnbaboad onca|gad Dabg (gbgl5 <><* cndf~|g{ Gbd Oa|`gr* àj$ 211'$ Lndfad lncgogad* ~ca| C~}jgc waogd ba`va Dabg ca|g }nbafag }wa`gl (gbgl5 <><* cndf~|g{ Gbd Oa|`gr* àj$ 219'$

^]A@A CNDWNRADF ONOAG]ARAD RHCAVG Aj#Qgcdg cndfg}aòad }nmara ln|agj bnrbafag {ndwnradfad wadf lgjao~oad |nd|ara C~}jgc |nràla{ }~o~² Arab* lg bava` {nrgd|a` lad ohcadlh }adf Dabg$ ]nradfad cgjg|nr g|~ |nr~} lgjao~oad }ac{ag àc{gr }nj~r~` }~o~² Arab lgoajaòad lad |~dl~o lg bava` ono~a}aad dnfara G}jac }adf Dabg$ ]a|~²dwa oh|a wadf ca}g` bnj~c lgo~a}ag dnfara G}jac alaja` oh|a Cnoa`$ Dabg cndfa|aoad {ala {a}~oaddwa ba`va Ajjâ` |nja` bnreadeg ~d|~o cndwnraòad àr|a onoawaad Onoag}arad Rhcavg lad [nr}ga$ ^d|~o cncnd~`g eadeg gdg* Dabg cndfgrgcoad {adfjgca cgjg|nrdwa waodg Uawl bgd @arg|` (bnoa} adao adfoa| C~àccal' ~d|~o cncgc{gd |gfa rgb~ {a}~oad C~}jgc on ]wrga ~d|~o cndwnradf Onoag}arad


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Rhcavg* lad ‚Dabg |a`~ }noajg ba`va {nr|nc{~rad lndfad {a}~oad Rhcavg aoad |nrealg* lad bafagcada à}gj ao`grdwa– (gbgl5 (gbgl 5 <97* cndf~|g{ Gbd Oa|`gr* àj$ 2<1'$ On|goa {adfjgca {nradf Rhcavg waodg @nrm~jn} cndlndfar onla|adfad |nd|ara C~}jgc* ‚lga }ndlgrg cncgc{gd {a}~oad Rhcavg ~d|~o cndfàla{g {a}~oad {ndwnradf wadf bnradg cndlnoa|g onoag}araddwa* lndfad e~cja` 1;;$;;; |nd|ara Rhcavg lad 1;;$;;; |nd|ara larg }~o~² Arab wadf `gl~{ lnoa| {nrba|a}ad ]wrga lad bnr}no~|~ lndfad {gào Rhcavg– (gbgl'$ [a}~oad @nrm~jn} wadf aca| bn}ar gdg cncb~d~` |gfa {adfjgca {a}~oad C~}jgc lad badwao |nd|ara C~}jgc jagddwa$ On|goa Oàjgl bgd aj#Vajgl (}aja` }a|~ {ncgc{gd {a}~oad C~}jgc' cjngà| |nd|ara C~}jgc oaja`* lga cndfacbgj bndlnra G}jac lad cncnrgd|aòad {a}~oad C~}jgc c~dl~r lad oncbajg on Cnlgda$ Lg {gd|~ fnrbadf oh|a Cnlgda* ~ca| C~}jgc cnjnc{arg {a}~oad C~}jgc lndfad {a}gr lad cndf~|~og cnrnoa oarnda cndgdf# fajoad cnlad {nradf (gbgl5 <6;'$ Aoad |n|a{g }adf Dabg cncndadfoad ~ca| C~}jgc lad bnroa|a {ala cnrnoa* ‚|nd|ara C~}jgc |glao cnjargoad lgrg* |a{g cndf~dl~road lgrg ~d|~o }ncnd|ara vao|~– (gbgl5 <6;'$ [nroa|aad Dabg gdg cndf~dfoa{oad ongdfgdaddwa ~d|~o ‚|nr~} cndwnradf ono~a}aad Rhcavg lad Man}ar'– (gbgl'$ Lajac on}nc{a|ad }njade~|dwa* Dabg }ndlgrg {nrfg cncgc{gd =;$;;; {a}~oad C~}jgc lndfad 1;$;;; o~la ~d|~o cndwnradf ]wrga$ On|goa {a}~oad C~}jgc |gba lg {nrba|a}ad Onoag}arad Rhcavg lg ]wrga* {a}~oad Rhcavg wadf bn}ar lad lg{gc{gd @nrm~jn} |nja` }ga{ cndfàla{g cnrnoa$ ]adf Dabg bnr~ba` {gograd lad oncbajg on Cnlgda (gbgl* cndf~|g{ Gbd Oa|`gr* àj$ 160 lad Gbd ]agl aj#Da}* àj$ 266'$ ^d|~o cncbndaroad |gdlaoad Dalg c~dl~r larg cnlad {nradf cnjavad Rhcavg* {ara {nd~jg} ]gra cndwajaòad Wa`~lg wadf lg|~l~` cnrnoa cnjao~oad rndmada jgmgo$ Cnd~r~| aj#Bgàqg* ‚aja}ad wadf cncb~a| Dabg {nrfg cnjavad Rhcavg alaja` oarnda rndmada jgmgo Wa`~lg… |a{g Ajjâ` cndwnjaca|oaddwa larg rndmada jgmgo |nr}nb~|– (gbgl'$ Rndmada jgmgo gdg lgdwa|aoad hjn` Egbrgj {ala Dabg on|goa Dabg cndma{ag \ab~o* }n`gdffa lga cncba|ajoad {ndwnradfad lad oncbajg on Cnlgda (gbgl5 >==* Q~r‗ad* ]~ra Aj#G}raa (16'* awa| 69* 66'$ Lndfad lncgogad* eadeg Dabg ~d|~o cndfajaòad hradf² Rhcavg lad cndfacbgj àr|a onoawaad cnrnoa lad {ara vadg|adwa |n|a{ |glao |nr{nd~`g lg eacad Dabg$ Caja` }nbndardwa d~b~a| Dabg lajac àlg} bnrgo~| |n|a{ |glao |nr{nd~`g }ac{ag àrg gdg5 ‚]nradf \ab~o afar oa~ bg}a cndfacbgj falg}² bnrvarda o~dgdf lad vadg|a² oa~c Rhcavg$ Ajfgl bnroa|a* bnrgoad gegdc~* |a{g eadfad fhla oacg lndfad vadg|a²– (aj#\abarg cndenja}oad awa| Q~r‗ad lg aj#\a~ba (7'* awa| <7'$ On|goa Dabg àc{gr |gba aeaj* lga cndfgrgc {adfjgca cgjg|nrdwa waodg ^}aca bgd Uawl bgd aj#@arg|` (adao Uawl bgd aj#@arg|` wadf alaja` bnoa} adao adfoa| Dabg'* ~d|~o cndwnradf {a}~oad Rhcavg lg aj#]àc a|a~ ‚B~jad ]abg| ]~b~r–$ Bnr}aca ^}aca* Dabg e~fa cndfgrgc l~a }aàba|dwa waodg cnd|nrg² Ab~ Baor lad ^car bgd aj#Oà||ab (gbgl5 >>='$ Aoad |n|a{g onl~a cnd|nrg Ab~ Baor lad ^car |a`~ ba`va Dabg cndfgrgc cnrnoa bnrl~a bnr}aca |nd|ara G}jac afar cnrnoa bnrl~a |glao |nr{gjg` }nbafag Oajgia` {nr|aca oarnda Dabg gdfgd Ajg wadf ealg Oajgia` {nr|aca cndffad|gdwa$ Aoad àj gdg aj#Qgcdg cnd~jg}* ‚\a{g cnrnoa |a`~ rndmada Dabg* lad


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oarndadwa cnrnoa cndhjao {nd~de~ooad ^}aca bgd Uawl$ Cnrnoa cnd~dla {ndfgrgcad |nd|ara lg Egra{`2; }ac{ag Dabg vaia|$ [ala }aa| g|~* cnrnoa cncba# |ajoad rndmada {ndwnradfad lad cndmh{h| onl~l~oad ^}aca }nbafag {adfjgca |nd|ara C~}jgc– (gbgl5 >>9'$

[NDAOJÔAD CNOA@ Cnd~r~| [nreadegad @~lawbgwa`* }nàr~}dwa {nrlacagad ad|ara ~ca| C~}jgc lad ca}waraoa| Q~rag}` Cnoa` bnrjadf}~df }njaca 1; |a`~d$ On|goa {nreadegad gdg lg|adla|adfadg* }~o~² Arab jagddwa lgbnrg {gjgàd ~d|~o bnrfab~df bnr}aca C~àccal a|a~ Q~rag}` (gbgl5 <6='$ Oarnda g|~* ‚}~o~ O`hua‗a bnrfab~df bnr}aca C~àccal* lad }nvaeardwa {~ja c~}~` }~o~ O`hua‗a waodg }~o~ Baor* bnrfab~df bnr}aca Q~rag}`– (gbgl'$ [nrc~}~àd }~o~ O`hua‗a lad }~o~ Baor }~la` bnrjadf}~df jaca }nbnj~c [nreadegad @~lawbgwa` lg|adla|adfadg$ [ndenja}ad larg b~o~² ]gra5 Oncbajg on ca}a }nbnj~c aeaoad ca}~o G}jac lgc~jag$ B~o~² gdg cndwa|aoad {ala og|a raà}ga lg bnjaoadf {njadffarad [nreadegad @~lawbgwa`$ B~o~² gdg cndenja}oad {ala og|a {nrc~}~àd {nd~` lndlac ad|ara }~o~² O`hua‗a lad }~o~² Baor lgc~jag on|goa }nhradf {nlafadf Baor cnjao~oad {nreajadad cnjnva|g lanara` }~o~ O`hua‗a$ On|goa lga |gba lg {nr~caàd O`hua‗a* ca}waraoa| O`hua‗a cncb~d~`dwa lad cnrac{a} baradf lafadfdwa (gbgl'$ [ncb~d~àd {nlafadf Baor gdg cndfaogba|oad {nradf bnrlara` ad|ara onl~a }~o~ |nr}nb~| lad {nrc~}~àd |nr~} |nrealg on|goa [nreadegad @~lawbgwa` lg|adla|adfa# dg$ ]n|a`~d }n|nja` [nreadegad lg|adla|adfadg ‚|nrealg {nradf ad|ara }~o~² Baor lad O`hua‗a* lad {nd~jg}² C~}jgc cndwajaòad }~o~ Baor* b~o~² ]gra cndwa|aoad5 onalaad ealg jnbg` b~r~o on|goa }ne~cja` hradf Q~rag}` cncbnrg bad|~ad }ndea|a {ala }~o~ Baor* lad bnbnra{a hradf Q~rag}` c~dfogd go~| bnr{nradf lndfad }~o~ Baor cnjavad }~o~ O`hua‗a– (gbgl5 <6<* cndf~|g{ larg Gbd @g}wac* àj$ 0<#0>'$ On|goa bnrg|a gdg lglndfar Dabg* lga jaj~ cndf~c~coad {nradf cnjavad Q~rag}`* lad cncnrgd|aòad {a}~oaddwa ~d|~o bnr}ga{ cndwnradf c ndwnradf Cnoa` (gbgl5 <66'$ On|goa {gào Q~rag}` cndlndfar aoad rndmada {ndwnradfad gdg* ‚cnrnoa cndfgrgc on|~a }~o~ Q~rag}` lad {ncnfadf bndlnra Q~rag}` waodg Ab~ ]~iwad ]aoàr bgd @arb ~d|~o cndnc~g {ncgc{gd Cnlgda– (gbgl5 <6>#<69'$ [ncgc{gd Q~rag}` cncgd|a Dabg ~d|~o |glao cndwnradf oarnda Q~rag}` |glao go~| mac{~r lajac {nr|goagad onl~a }~o~ wadf bnrc~}~àd* lad ca}g` |n|a{ cncnfadf |nf~` [nreadegad @~lawbgwa`$ Aoad |n|a{g Dabg cndhjao {nrcgd|aad Ab~ ]~iwad$ Dabg baòad |glao ca~ bgmara lndfad {ncgc{gd Q~rag}`$ Oarnda g|~* Ab~ ]~iwad cndla|adfg Ab~ Baor lad ^car bgd aj#Oà||ab lad cncgd|a cnrnoa ~d|~o cndmnfa` {nradf$ \a{g Ab~ Baor lad ^car |glao bnr}nlga cnjao~oad g|~ }n`gdffa {ncgc{gd Q~rag}` {nrfg on r~ca` ‐Ajg bgd \ajgb lad cncgd|a lga ~d|~o cndmnfa` 2; Daca |nc{a| lg lanra` }nog|ar Cnlgda


16


{nradf* |a{g ‐Ajg {~d |glao ca~ cnjao~oaddwa$ ]n|nja` g|~ Ab~ ]~iwad cndla|adfg Ia|gca* g}|rg ‐Ajg lad e~fa {~|rg Dabg* lad cnch`hd Ia|gca ~d|~o cndmnfa` {nradf$ Cn}og{~d Ab~ ]~iwad |nja` cnch`hd lndfad cndwgdff~df {nrgàj {~|radwa waodg aj#@~}}ngd* Ia|gca |n|a{ |glao ca~ cncbad|~ Ab~ ]~iwad (gbgl5 <69#<66'$ [ncgc{gd Q~rag}` |nr~} cndf~de~dfg }a|~ r~ca` on r~ca` jagddwa lg Cnlgda }ac{ag lga bnr|nc~ lndfad aj#‐Aba}}* {acad C~àccal$ Aoad |n|a{g aj#‐Abba} bnroa|a {aladwa* ‚@a|g²ja` oa~* |nrgca G}jac lad bnr}ao}gja` |gala |~àd }njagd Ajjâ`* lad C~àccal alaja` Ra}~j Ajjâ`* }nbnj~c jn`nrc~ lg{h|hdf$ ]non|goa g|~ {~ja {ncgc{gd Q~rag}` cndf~ma{oad ]waàla` 21 lad cndealg C~}jgc– (gbgl5 <0;* cndf~|g{ Gbd @g}wac* àj$ 77'$ Cnd~r~| aj#Qgcdg* {ncgc{gd Q~rag}` cndf~ma{# oad ]waàla` oarnda |ao~| lgb~d~`* |a{g lajac à|g lga |n|a{ cndfgo~|g afaca oaono chwadfdwa (gbgl'$ ]n|nja` Ab~ ]~iwad cndf~ma{oad ]waàla`* lga bnr|adwa {ala Dabg* ‚A{a wadf àr~} o~jao~oad lndfad Lnvgo~ ‐ûua8 ^car bgd Oà||ab cndlndfar {nr|adwaad Ab~ ]~iwad oarnda lga bnrala lg }nbnja` |ndla Dabg$ ^car cndeavab Ab~ ]~iwad lndfad }~ara onra} {nd~` nenoad* ‚Oacg aoad b~adf àea| lg a|a} Lnvg g|~$– Ab~ ]~iwad bnroa|a* ‚@a|g²ja` oa~ ^car$ Oa~ alaja` hradf oneg$ Bgaroad ao~ bnr}aca lndfad }a~lara }n{~{~o~* oarnda lndfad lgaja` ao~ bnrbgmara– (gbgl5 <01* cndf~|g{ Gbd @g}wac* àj 77'$ ]nbnj~c oncbajg on Cnoa`* Ab~ ]~iwad gdfgd cndwnjaca|oad ca}waraoa| Q~rag}` larg {ncbad|agad hjn` |nd|ara C~}jgc wadf bnrfnrao cndlnoa|$ Oarndadwa* lga cncgd|a {acad Dabg waodg aj#‐Aba}} ~d|~o cndfàla{ C~àccal ~d|~o cndeacgd on}njaca|ad ca}waraoa| Cnoa`$ Dabg cndeavab {nrcgd|aad gdg }nbafag bnrgo~|* ‚]ga{a{~d wadf ca}~o r~ca` Ab~ ]~iwad aoad }njaca|* }ga{a{~d wadf cnd~|~{ {gd|~ r~ca`dwa lad lgac lg lajac r~ca`dwa aoad }njaca|* lad }ga{a{~d wadf ca}~o Cn}egl }~mg aoad }njaca|– (gbgl5 <01'$ Lndfad lncgogad* }nvao|~ {a}~oad C~}jgc ca}~o Cnoa`* oh|a g|~ |ac{ao oh}hdf$ Dabg jadf}~df cndf~de~# dfg Oa‗ba` lad cncnrgd|aòad {ndfàdm~rad {a|~df² bnràja lg }nog|ardwa$ ]njagd g|~* lga cncnrgd|aòad {ncb~d~àd bnbnra{a {rga lad vadg|a wadf l~j~ cndwaog|g à|gdwa on|goa lga ca}g` |gdffaj lg Cnoa` (gbgl5 <06'$ ]n}~ag lndfad {nrgd|a` Dabg* hradf² gdg |glao bhjn` lgac{~dg* ‚baòad egoa cnrnoa onla{a|ad bnr}ncb~dwg lg bajgo |grag² Oa‗ba`– (gbgl'$ Aoad |n|a{g* oarnda bnbnra{a hradf lgac{~dg a|a} {nr# cgd|aad }aàba| Dabg$ Cnd~r~| aj#Qgcdg* bnja} oa}gàd Dabg |nràla{ ca}waraoa| Q~rag}` lg Cnoa` cndfne~|oad ~ca| C~}jgc* |nr~|aca C~}jgc Ad}ar a|a~ ‚{ncbad|~²dwa– larg Cnlgda$ Lndfad lncgogad* C~}jgc Ad}ar |nrone~|* lad ca}waraoa| Q~rag}` {~d |nrone~|* on|goa cnrnoa cnjgà| Dabg cndaàd |adfad² C~}jgc Ad}ar |nràla{ ca}waraoa| Cnoa`* lad cndaàd |adfad hradf² |nràla{ }a|~ }aca jagd* cndf~c~coad 21 ]waàla alaja` {ndfao~ad ‚ao~ bnr}ao}g |gala gjja` jagd }njagd Ajjâ`* lad C~àccal alaja` Ra}~j Ajjâ`$–


10


on}~mgad Oa‗ba` ~d|~o }njacadwa* cncbnba}oad ca}waraoa| Q~rag}` |ad{a }wara|* lad bhjn` bnrgbala` }nc~a afaca lg Cnoa`* baòad e~fa cndf`hrca|g lad cndfao~g on}~mgad Ba|~ @g|ac (gbgl5 <07* cndf~|g{ Gbd @g}wac* àj$ 7<#7>'$ ]n|nja` cndaoj~ooad Cnoa` |ad{a {nr|~c{aàd lara`* Dabg oncbajg on gb~oh|adwa waodg Cnlgda* lad lg }ada lga |nr~} cndfgrgcoad ]argà#dwa a|a~ ‚{ndwnradfad cgjg|nr G}jac– ~d|~o cndwnradf }~o~² Arab jagddwa lad cncao}a cnrnoa |~dl~o lndfad {nladf lg bava` ono~a}aad dnfara G}jac$ Lndfad bnfg|~* }~o~² Arab |ao {~dwa {gjgàd onm~ajg bnrfab~df lndfad dnfara G}jac wadf o~a| lad cndwnjaca|oad dwava cnrnoa larg admacad b~d~` |nd|ara C~}jgc* lad e~fa cndwnjaca|oad vadg|a² cnrnoa afar |glao ealg ]abaga a|a~ ‚|avadad {nradf vadg|a }nbafag bafgad larg earaàd {nradf$– Oarnda g|~ja` |a`~d {ndaoj~ooad Cnoa` lgondaj }nbafag |a`~d {njao}adaad (gbgl5 ><='$ Badwao }~o~² Arab wadf cndfgrgcoad vaogj² cnrnoa ~d|~o cndwa|aoad gdfgd bnrfab~df lndfad dnfara bar~ G}jac lad cncnj~o G}jac$ Aj#Qgcdg cndwgc{~joad lajac b~o~dwa @~r~b Lavja| Aj Ra}~j ([n{nradfad Dnfara Dabg' cnjaj~g {nroa|aad Dabg wadf lgoa|a# oaddwa lg àrg² cndenjadf onca|gaddwa* ‚Ajjâ` cncbnrgoad oncndadfad² bafgo~ cnjaj~g |nrhr (~}aà cncb~a| |ao~|'* lad cncbnrgoad {alao~ àr|a² earaàd {nradf– (gbgl5 >>=* cndf~|g{ larg Gbd Oa|`gr* àj$ 176'$


17


BA B GGG

[N[NRADFAD LG CA]A AVAJ DNFARA G]JAC E~cja` {n{nradfad lg ca}a avaj Dnfara G}jac alaja` badwao$ ‚Gb~ larg ]nfaja ]~cbnr Jg|nra|~r G}jac– cndeabaroad lndfad ln|agj }n|ga{ {nradf$ ^d|~o cndf# `gdlarg ln|agj² cndfnrgoad* caoa o~mad|~coad lai|ar {nradf oneg wadf lgjao~oad C~àccal lad ~ca|dwa$

C~àccal bnroa|a* ‚Ao~ |nja` lg{nrgd|aòad ~d|~o cncnradfg hradf² }ac{ag cnrnoa bnroa|a ‚|gala gjja` jagd }njagd Ajjâ` lad C~àccal alaja` Ra}~j Ajjâ`–* cnjao~oad }`hja|* lad bawar uaoa|$ Egoa cnrnoa cnjao~oad g|~* caoa dwava lad àr|a cnrnoa }njaca|$– (]a`g` C~}jgc* -;;==* lad ]a`g` aj#B~oàrg* yhj~cn 1* -=06'$ Gdg alaja` g}g }~ra| Dabg C~àccal {ala E~jadla bnr}a~lara wadf lg}ac{agoad hjn` ~|~}ad Dabg waodg ‐Acr bgd aj#‐A} aj#]a`cg lad Ab~ Uagl aj#Ad}arg5

Lacag bn}nr|a lga wadf cndfgo~|g eajad wadf bndar! Ao~ cncadffgj oa~ ~d|~o cncnj~o G}jac$ \nrgcaja` {adffgjado~* lad oa~ |ao aoad lgj~oag$ Ao~ alaja` Ra}~j Ajjâ` bafg ~ca| cad~}ga* lad l~dga àr~} bnba} larg {ara {ndfama~$ Egoa oa~ cndnrgca G}jac* ao~ aoad bnrg oa~ ono~a}aad$ \a{g egoa oa~ cndhjao G}jac* ono~a}aadc~ aoad `gjadf* o~la²o~ aoad bnr|acba| lg lanra`c~ lad d~b~a|o~ aoad |nrealg |nràla{ onraeaadc~$ 92= 92= 92= 92= 92< 92< 92< 92< 92< 92< 92<

# # # # # # # # # # #

[nradf aj#Daoàja [nradf Vallad [nradf ]aivad [nradf L~j#A}`gr C~àccal c~jag cndwnradf oaigja`²* }~o~² Arab lad Wa`~lg [nradf Balr [nradf Badg ]ajgc [nradf Unn Acr [nradf Badg Qagd~qa [nradf ]avgq [nradf Fà|iad


2;


92< 92> 92> 92> 92> 92> 929 929 926 926 926 926 926 926 920 920

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

9=; 9=; 9=; 9=2 9=2

# # # # #

9== 9== 9== 9== 9== 9== 9=< 9=< 9=< 9=< 9=< 9=< 9=> 9=> 9=> 9=> 9=9 9=9

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

[nradf Ba`rad [nradf ^`~l [nradf L~ca|~j Eadlaj$ [nradf @~cra#~j#A}al [nradf Bad~ D~lagr [nradf Là|~r#Rgqa [nradf Balr~#ô`ra [nradf Bad~ C~}|ajaq [nradf [arg|Oàdlaq [nradf Aùab [nradf Badg Q~ragua [nradf Badg Ja`wad [nradf Fàgba [nradf Oàgbar [nradf @~cagd$ C~àccal cndadla|adfadg [nreadegad @~lawbgwa` lndfad }~o~ Q~rag}`$ C~àccal cndaoj~ooad Caooa$ [nradf @~dawd ^}aà cndwnradf \ab~o C~àccal vaia| Ab~#Baor* Oajgia` {nr|aca* bnr}aca lndfad ^car* Oajgia` onl~a* cndnr~}oad {ndwnradfad cgjg|nr ~d|~o cndaoj~oad Arabga lg bava` G}jac$ [nradf Hcad [nradf @alraca~| [nradf Oaugca [nradf Vajaea [nradf ^jjng} [nradf Adbar [nradf Ba}ra [nradf Laca}m~} [nradf Aedalgd Oajgia` Ab~ Baor vaia|$ ^car Gbd aj#Oà||ab ealg Oajgia` onl~a [nradf Dacaraq [nradf ]aqa|ga [nradf Encba|ad [nradf B~vagb [ndaoj~oad Laca}m~} [nradf Ia`j [nradf Wnrc~o [nradf Qal}gwga


21


9=9 9=6 9=0 9=0 9=0 9=7 9<2 9<= 9<< 9<< 9<< 9<6 9<0 9>1 9>< 9>9 9>0 9>7 991 992 999 966 906 971 6;; 6;2 611 611 61= 619 6=2 6<; 6<1 6<< 6<9 6<0 6<7 6<7 6>; 662 666

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

[ndaoj~oad Calagd [nradf Eaj~ja [nradf Warch~o \nd|ara C~}jgc} cndaoj~oad |nd|ara Rhcavg lad ca}~o on Wnr~}ajnc [ndaoj~oad Eaugra` [ndaoj~oad O`~gug}|ad lad ^}aà Cndwnradf Cn}gr [nradf ]gdar lg [nr}ga [ndaoj~oad Auarbagead [ndaoj~oad Iar} [ndaoj~oad Oàrad$ ^car lgb~d~`$ ^|`cad Gbd ‐Aiiad ealg Oajgia` on|gfa [ndaoj~oad {~ja~ Mw{rn}} [nradf |nràla{ Bwuad|g~c [nradf Dayaj cnjavad Bwuad|g~c$ G}jac cndwnbar on Airgoa ^|ara ^|`cad lgb~d~`$ Ajg ealg Oajgia` onnc{a| [nradf Da`ravad [nradf Cn}gr Ajg lgb~d~` Cn}gr ea|~` lajac ono~a}aad G}jac ]g}gjga lg}nradf C~}jgc [ndfn{~dfad a|a} Mhd}|ad|gdh{jn [nradf O~ia [nradf Lngr ~j Eajgq [nradf Airgoa ^|ara [nradf Lngr ~j Eacgra C~}jgc cndwnradf Fgbraj|ar [ndaoj~oad ]{adwhj [ndaoj~oad C~j|ad [nradf Ohd}|ad|gdh{nj [nradf \h~r} lg [nradmg} [nradf Dhbjn}$ [nradf Baflh~ra lg Airgoa ^|ara [nradf Agd aj E~rr$ [nradf R~{ar \`~|à [nradf Raww$ [nradf G}iaàd [nradf Dgàvadl [nradf Uab [nradf Eadbg lg Airgoa ^|ara [nradf ]arafh}}a lg ]{adwhj


22


[ N [ N R A D F A D D N F A R A D A B G ] N \ N J A @ O A I G J A @ ^ \ @ C A D 22 9>9 9>9 9>6 9>6 9>0 9>7 99; 991 992 999 96; 962 96< 966 90; 90; 902

90= 90< 90> 909 906 971 972 97>

6;; 611 616

# ^|`cad lgb~d~`$ Ajg gbd Abg \ajgb cndealg Oajgia` onnc{a|$ # [nradf Hd|a$ (\nd|ara Ajg y}$ |nd|ara Ag}wa`'$ # Ajg cncgdlaòad gb~oh|a larg Cnlgda on O~ia lg Graq* 16; oc }nbnja` }nja|ad Baf`lal$ # [nradf ]giigd # [nradf Da`ravad$ # Cn}gr lg|aoj~ooad hjn` C~avgwa` G$ # Ajg cndf~a}ag oncbajg @geau lad Wncnd larg ono~a}aad C~avgwa`$ C~avgwa` G cndf~c~coad }nbafag Oajgia` lg Laca}o~}$ # Ajg lgb~d~`$ Lgfad|goad hjn` adaodwa @a}ad bgd Ajg lad {ndfgo~|dwa$ C~avgwa` ealg }a|~²dwa Oajgia`$ # C~}jgc Oàrgeg| cncbnrhd|ao # [ndwnradfad a|a} ]gmgjw # Cae~ |nr~} on Airgoa ^|ara$ ^qba bgd Dain cndnc~oad oh|a Qagrhvad lg \~dg}ga$ [ndaoj~oad a|a} Oab~j$ # [ndaoj~oad oh|a R`hln}$ [ndwnradfad a|a} O`~ra}ad$ # \nd|ara C~}jgc cndwnbradf on Hp~}$ B~oàra cndealg dnfara oa{aj$ # [ndaoj~oad ]acaroadl lad \grcgu$ [ndfn{~dfad a|a} Ohd}|ad|gdh{nj$ # C~avgwa` vaia|$ Waugl G ealg Oajgia`$ # [nradf Oarbaja lad @~}awd bgd Ajg lgb~d~`$ # Larg Airgoa ^|arac ^qba bgd Dain cndwnbradf }ac~lra A|jad|g} lad lg}nradf |gba² lad lgb~d~` lg Bg}ora$ C~}jgc cndgdffajoad Qagrhvad lad c~dl~r on B~rqa$ # Waugl vaia|$ C~avgwa GG ealg Oajgia`$ # Abl Ajja` gbd U~bawr cndf~c~coad lgrg }nbafag Oajgia` lg Cnoa`$ Carvad G ealg Oajgia` lg Laca}o~}$ Laca} o~}$ [nradf Care Raà|$ # Carvad G vaia|$ Abl aj#Cajgo ealg Oajgia` lg Laca}o~}$ [nradf Agd ~j Vala$ # C~o`|ar cndf~c~coad lgrg }nbafag Oajgia` lg O~ia$ # [nradf O~ia ad|ara {a}~oad C~o`|ar adl Abl Ajja` gbd U~bawr$ C~o`|ar lgb~d~`$ # [nradf Lngr ~j Eajgq$ O~ia ea|~` on |adfad Abl~j Cajgo$ # Cnooa ea|~`$ Onca|gad gbd U~bawr$ Abl~j Cajgo ealg }a|~²dwa Oajgia` # C~}jgc Oàrgeg|n cncbnrhd|ao lg Eaugra lad A`vau$ [nradf Oar~d$ [ndwnradfad a|a} Oa`gda lg Airgoa ^|ara$ \nd|ara C~}jgc jafg² c~dl~r on Barqa$ \nd|ara C~}jgc cnca}~og \radhpgada lad cndl~l~og Og}`$ # [ndwnradfad |nràla{ oa~c Bnrbnr lg Airgoa ^|ara$ # C~}jgc c~jag cndaoj~oad ]gdl` lg Aifàdg}|ad$ # C~}jgc bnr~}aà cndf~a}ag gb~oh|a Bwuad|g~c lad fafaj$

22 \gcnjgdn hi G}jacgm @g}|hrw* 6|` Mnd|~rw* ‚Vgog{nlga– Ad}vnr}$mhc `||{5((vvv$ad}vnr}$mhc(|h{gm(|gcnjgdn#hi# g}jacgm#`g}|hrw#6|`#mnd|~rw


2=


6=2

# Lg [nradf [hg|gnr}* }nradfad G}jac lg|aàd lg [nradmg}* |a{g |nr~} ca}~o on A}ga lad Airgoa$


2<


BA B GY

OAJGIA@ AB^ BAOR AJ#]GLGQ Ab~ Baor cnr~{aoad Oajgia` {nr|aca wadf cndffad|goad C~àccal$ Lga alaja` awa` larg Ag}wa`* g}|rg iayhrg| Dabg C~àccal$ Aj#Qgcdg cnd~jg} |nd|adf Ab~ Baor lajac b~o~dwa wadf bnre~l~j5 ]`~orad… Gbd Jalnd (\nrgca oa}g`… Gbd Jalnd'* lg bava` ar|gonj wadf bnre~l~j ‚C~r|al lajac G}jac$– Lga gdfgd cncb~o|goad ba`va a|~rad c~r|al alaja` à}gj oaradfad Oaigja` {nr|aca Ab~ Baor ~d|~o cndwgdfogroad {ara }agdfad {hjg|godwa wadf cndnd|adf on{ncgc{gdaddwa$ [ara C~}jgc a`jg G}jac eacad }noaradf bnr}gonra} ba`va a|~rad c~r|al }a` bnrla}aroad àlg} ]a`g` Aj#B~oàrg* lndfad lncgogad Ab~ Baor àdwaja` cndfgo~|g a{a wadf lg|n|a{oad Dabg* waodg cncb~d~` C~}jgc wadf c~r|al cndgdffajoad G}jac$ Lajac ar|gonj gdg* aj#Qgcdg cncbad|a` {adladfad g|~$ ]~cbnr {nr|aca bafg {ara a`jg G}jac alaja` àlg} lg cada Dabg bnroa|a* ‚ ]g ] g a { a { ~ d w a d f c n d g d f fa f a j o a d a f a c a d w a * b ~ d ~ ` l g a – (Qgcdg 2;;<52;2'$ Gdg alaja` àlg} ]a`g` B~oàrg2= lad cnr~{aoad àlg} |nr{nrmawa bafg ~ca| C~}jgc lad {ara a`jg G}jac$ ]~cbnr onl~a alaja` og}a` lg cada {ara }aàba| Dabg cncb~d~` }n}nhradf wadf cndgdffajoad G}jac$ ‐^car Gbd Aj#Oà|ab {rh|n} |nràla{ {ncb~d~àd g|~ oarnda {ara }aàba| |glao cncbnrg caoad hradf |nr}nb~| }njaca |gfa àrg lad |glao cncgd|adwa ~d|~o oncbajg cncnj~o G}jac }nbnj~c cnrnoa cncb~d~`dwa$ ]~cbnr on|gfa* wadf baòad jnbg` lg{nrmawa {ara a`jg G}jac alaja` [nradf C~r|al wadf |nrondaj lg cada Ab~ Baor }nbafag Oajgia` [nr|aca cncnradfg bnbnra{a }~o~ Arab wadf |glao ca~ bawar uaoa| }n|nja` onca|gad Dabg$ Aj#Qgcdg cnc{nr|adwaoad on|gfa }~cbnr gdg lad e~fa cnc{nrca}ajaòad {ndai}grad bar~ aoad c~r|al wadf lgmg{|aoad {ara a`jg G}jac larg [~}a| Rg}n| G}jac ^dgynr}g|a} Aj#Auàr$

\AI]GR BAR^ C^R\AL Bnbnra{a a`jg G}jac Aj#Auàr wadf |nrondaj lad |nr{adladf cndfnj~aroad ade~rad bar~ aoad `~o~c c~r|al lajac G}jac$ Cnd~r~| ade~rad gdg* egoa }nhradf C~}jgc c~r|al lad cndgdffajoad ~ca| G}jac caoa da}gbdwa |nr}nra` {ala vajgdwa$ Egoa onc~r|aladdwa |glao cncbaàwaoad ~ca| C~}jgc caoa vajgdwa àr~} }njaj~ cncgd|adwa bnr|hba| }n{adeadf `gl~{dwa lad oarndadwa lga |glao ~}a` lgb~d~`$

2= H|nd|go (A}jg'


2>


\a{g egoa onc~r|aladdwa cncbaàwaoad ~ca| C~}jgc caoa vajgdwa lg{nrbhjn`# oad ~d|~o cncb~d~`dwa (gbgl5 177' [ndai}grad c~r|al wadf bar~ gdg bnr|nd|adfad lndfad a|~rad oja}go @~ll2< |nd|adf c~r|al wadf lg}n|~e~g hjn` }nc~a ajgrad G}jac$ Bnrla}aroad ]warga` G}jac* C~}jgc cnjao~oad c~r|al egoa lga cndgdffajoad G}jac lad cncnj~o afaca jagd$ C~r|algd àr~} lgbnrg vao|~ |gfa àrg ~d|~o bnr|hba| lad lgb~d~` lg àrg onnc{a|$ Lajac {ndai}grad jaca* c~r|algd lgbnrg vao|~ |gfa àrg ~d|~o bnr|hba| lad oncbajg cncnj~o G}jac lad egoa |ao ca~ caoa aoad lgb~d~` lg àrg onnc{a|$ \a{g lajac {ndai}grad bar~ |nrla{a| l~a endg} |gdlaoad c~r|al lad ca}gdf² endg} cndla{a| {ndadfadad wadf bnrbnla$ Lajac oa}~} {nr|aca5 C~}jgc cndgdffajoad G}jac lad cncnj~o afaca jagd |a{g |gdlaoaddwa |glao cncbaàwaoad G}jac lad ~ca| C~}jgc }n`gdffa vajgdwa |glao {nrj~ cncb~d~`dwa$ \a{g egoa c~r|algd cncba# àwaoad G}jac lad ~ca| C~}jgc* caoa vajgdwa àr~} cncb~d~`dwa$ Bafg Qgcdg* {ndai}grad bar~ hjn` gjc~vad Aj#Auàr gdg bnr|~e~ad ~d|~o cndwgdfogroad {ara {ncgogr jgbnraj }no~jnr lg Cn}gr lad cndfàjajoad {ncb~d~àd a|a} Iarae Ihla$ ]~cbnr a|~rad c~r|al {nr|aca bnra}aj larg ]a`g` B~oàrg wadf ‚lgadffa{ }nbafag b~o~ G}jac wadf {ajgdf lg{nrmawa }n|nja` Q~r‗ad– (gbgl52;2'$ Aj#Qgcdg cndhjao àlg} gdg a|a} bnbnra{a aja}ad$ [nr|aca* egoa cncadf bn|~j Dabg wadf cndfa|aoad g}g àlg} g|~ caoa cndfa{a Oajgia` Ab~ Baor |glao cndwgdff~df àj gdg |a|oaja ‐^car Gbd Aj#Oà||ab lad bnbnra{a }aàba| Dabg jagddwa |glao }n|~e~ lndfad on{~|~}ad Ab~ Baor cnjao~oad [nradf C~r|al8 (gbgl5 2;>'$ \nrjnbg` jafg* egoa àlg} g|~ cncadf bndar² ala cndfa{a {ara }aàba| |nr}nb~| bnradg cndnd|adf {nrgd|a` Dabg b~d~` c~r|al~d8 Larg {ncgograd gdg* Qgcdg cndfacbgj on}gc{~jad ba`va g}g àlg} gdg àdwaja` à}gj oaradfad lg ca}a }njade~|dwa$ Qgcdg e~fa cndhjao }~cbnr onl~a wadf bnrla}aroad og}a` ‐^car* lndfad aja}ad wadf }aca$ \nd|adf [n{nradfad C~r|al lg eacad Oajgia` [nr|aca Ab~ Baor* ‐^car Gbd Aj# Oà||ab bnroa|a* ‚Onoajgiaàd Ab~ Baor cnr~{aoad }~a|~ on}ajaàd* }nchfa Ajjâ` cnjgdl~dfg ~ca| C~}jgc larg oneaà|ad onoajgiaàd |nr}nb~| lad egoa ala hradf jagd wadf cndmhba cndf~jadfg on}ajaàd onoajgiaàd g|~* caoa lga àr~} lgb~d~`– (gbgl5 21='$ \ac{aodwa* ‐^car cndnd|adf |gdlaoad Ab~ Baor cncb~d~`g ca}waraoa| }~o~² Arab wadf cndhjao on{ncgc{gdaddwa lad maradwa lga lg{gjg` ealg Oajgia` {nr|aca$ Cnd~r~| Q~r‗ad* {ncgjgàd {ncgcgd àr~} lgjao~oad cnjaj~g ]`~ra (}n|ga{ }~o~ lg|adwag {ndla{a|dwa lad àr~} cndla{a|oad {nr}n|~e~ad cnrnoa'$ ]nvao|~ Ab~ Baor ealg Oajgia` {nr|aca* badwao }~o~² wadf |glao lgbnrg|a`~ lad cnrnoa wadf cndhjao lg|~l~` }nbafag c~r|al lad jaj~ lgb~d~`$ Aj# Qgcdg cndwgdff~df }a|~ onealgad lg cada on|~a }~o~² Oàurgf wadf }adfa| |~a lad |glao bg}a eajad jafg* |glao ca~ cndfao~g onoajgiaàd Ab~ Baor$ ‐^car ealg endfonj |nràla{ on|~a }~o~ |nr}nb~| lad cndfgdeao |~b~`dwa }nvao|~ lga bnrbargdf lg jad|ag }aa| bnrbgmara bnr}aca ‐^car lad Ab~ Baor$ Ala {~ja {ncgc{gd jagd wadf cndhjao cndfao~g onoajgiaàd Ab~ Baor lad cnjargoad lgrg on ]wrga$ Ab~ Baor 2< [ndfalgjad a|a~ `~o~cad


29


cndfgrgc }n}nhradf ~d|~o cncb~d~`dwa$ Bnbnra{a }~cbnr G}jac jagd cndfa# |aoad ba`va egd |nja` cncb~d~`dwa oarnda lga b~adf agr onmgj lg }nb~a` |ncbho lad bnrlgrg lg a|a} oaog egd g|~$ Aj#Qgcdg cndfa|aoad badwao C~}jgc a`jg G}jac eacad }noaradf wadf ca}g` {nrmawa mnrg|a |aoàw~j }n{nr|g g|~$ Cnd~r~| aj#Qgcdg* {n{nradfad wadf lgohbaroad Ab~ Baor bnr|~e~ad ~d|~o cnd~dl~ooad }~o~² Arab wadf |glao ca~ cndnrgcadwa }nbafag Oajgia` }n|nja` onca|gad Dabg oarnda cnrnoa |glao lgcgd|a {ndla{a|dwa |nrjnbg` la`~j~ lad oarndadwa cnrnoa bnr`nd|g bawar uaoa|$ ‐^car lad bnbnra{a }aàba| {rh|n} |nràla{ {n{nradfad gdg oarnda ca}waraoa| }~o~² |nr}nb~| ca}g` C~}jgc lad cncb~d~` cnrnoa |nd|~dwa bnr|nd|adfad lndfad @alg} Dabg lg cada lga cndfa|aoad ‚Ao~ |nja` lg{nrgd|aòad ~d|~o cncnradfg hradf² }ac{ag cnrnoa cndfao~ |gala gjja` jagd }njagd Ajjâ` lad C~àccal alaja` Ra}~j Ajjâ`– (gbgl5 21<'$ ]njaca [nradf C~r|al* {ara |nd|ara Oajgia` ‚cnjao~oad {nrb~a|ad orgcgdaj cndfnrgoad oarnda cndndffnjacoad {ara C~}jgc lg lajac }~c~r²* cndlhrhdf cnrnoa larg f~d~df² wadf |gdffg* lad cncbaoar wadf jagd lndfad a{g– (gbgl'$ Aj# Qgcdg cndfg}aòad bafagcada ohcadlad |nd|ara G}jac waodg Oàjgl Gbd Aj#Vajgl* }aja` }a|~ hradf wadf lgeadegoad }~rfa hjn` Dabg* |nja` cncb~d~` on|~a }~o~ Oada‗a oarnda cncgjgog g}|rg wadf mad|go enjg|a$ On|~a }~o~ lad ca}waraoa|dwa cncbnrg|a`~ Oàjgl ba`va cnrnoa alaja` C~}jgc$ ^d|~o cncb~o|goad ba`va cnrnoa bnrgcad {ala G}jac* cnrnoa cncbnrg|a`~ Oàjgl ba`va cnrnoa bar~ }aea cnjao~oad }`hja| caf`rgb$ Oàjgl cncnrgd|aòad cnrnoa ~d|~o cndwnra` lad cnjn|aooad {nladf² cnrnoa lad bnreadeg ~d|~o dnfh}ga}g }n|nja` g|~$ On|goa ca}waraoa| Oada‗a |nja` cndwnra`* Oàjgl cncnrgd|aòad |nd|aradwa ~d|~o cncb~d~` cnrnoa$ Cnd~r~| aj#Qgcdg* |~e~ad Oàjgl cncb~d~` on|~a }~o~ Oada‗a alaja` oarnda lga cndfgdfgdoad g}|rgdwa wadf mad|go$ Oàjgl cndgl~rg vadg|a gdg lg cajac wadf }aca Oàjgl cncb~d~` }~acgdwa lad gdg bnrar|g lga cnjadffar Q~r‗ad oarnda lga |glao cnd~dff~ ca}a ‐Gla (|gfa b~jad lad }n{~j~` àrg'$ On|goa Oàjgl oncbajg on Cnlgda* ‐^car cndnc~gdwa lad bnroa|a {aladwa* ‚Oa~ |nja` cncb~d~` C~}jgc lad cndfacbgj g}|rgdwa$ Ao~ bnr}~c{a` lncg Ajjâ` ao~ aoad cnraeac oac~ }ac{ag ca|g– (gbgl5 216'$ Aoad |n|a{g* Oajgia` Ab~ Baor |glao cndfadffa{ Oàjgl bnrugda` lad oarndadwa Oàjgl |glao {nrj~ lgraeac$ ‐^car |glao cndnrgca on{~|~}ad Ab~ Baor lad bnroa|a {ala Oàjgl* ‚Oa~ alaja` c~}~` Ajjâ` oarnda oa~ |nja` cncb~d~` }nhradf C~}jgc lad cnc{nroh}a g}|rgdwa– (gbgl'$ Bafg aj#Qgcdg* hradf² }n{nr|g Oàjgl lad Ab~ Baor |glao jawao lg`hrca|g oarnda {njadffarad² wadf cnrnoa jao~oad$ Aj#Qgcdg jaj~ cndenja}oad ba`va }neara` {n{nradfad gdg jaj~ lg{aj}~oad lad lgaearoad {ala adao² }nohja` }nbafag {n{nradfad wadf bndar (gbgl 217'$ [n{nradfad gdg cnr~{aoad {n{nradfad {hjg|go lad bnr|~e~ad ~d|~o cncao}a }~o~² Arab cndfao~g Oajgia` Ab~ Baor* wadf }nbndardwa lg{ao}aoad {ala cnrnoa$ Lndfad bnfg|~* C~}jgc cada{~d wadf {rh|n} |nràla{ on{ncgc{gdad Ab~ Baor jaj~ lg|~l~` }nbafag c~r|algd lad jawao lgb~d~`* g}|rgdwa lgrac{a}* ~adfdwa lgrac{ho* lad adao²dwa lge~aj }nbafag b~lao lg {a}ar b~lao (gbgl 2<0'$ On{~|~}ad Ab~ Baor gdg ‚}adfa| cndfnrgoad lad cnr~{aoad `~o~c |nrhrg} wadf }ac{ag àrg |n|a{ bnrjao~ lg ]warga` G}jac lndfad


26


cnrac{a} gcad hradf²* cndmnogo jn`nr² cnrnoa* cnc{nrcaj~oad vadg|a² cnrnoa* cndfàdm~road on`hrca|ad cnrnoa* cnc{nrb~lao adao² cnrnoa* lad cnrac{a} ~adf lad onoawaad cnrnoa– (gbgl5 2>;'$ \gala a`jg C~}jgc wadf bnradg cndfa|aoad {ala {ara C~}jgc ba`va ‚{ara }aàba| Dabg {rh|n} |nràla{ on{~|~}ad Oajgia`* lad lgad|ara cnrnoa alaja` ‐^car Gbd Aj#Oà|ab cn}og{~d ‐^car cndargo oncbajg {rh|n}dwa on|goa lga cndf~ma{oad ‚Ao~ cnjgà| Ajjâ` cnjn|aooad on{~|~}ad lajac à|g Ab~ Baor lad ao~ jaj~ |a`~ g|~ cnr~{aoad àj wadf bndar– (gbgl52>1'$ Aj#Qgcdg cndwgc{~joad ba`va* ‚onbadwaoad on{~|~}ad lgb~dfo~} }nbafag {nrgd|a` gjja`g ~d|~o cndealg {nladf bafg jn`nr {ara C~}jgc* {alaàj on{~|~}ad g|~ lgb~a| hjn` cad~}ga bga}a }aea$ Mhd|h`dwa* Aj#B~oàrg cncgjg` }nbafgad àlg} }nbafag ]a`g` lad cndhjao àlg} jagddwa oarnda bnr# la}aroad aja}ad {nra}aaddwa cndnd|~oad wadf cada àlg} wadf bndar lad wadf }aja`$ Lndfad lncgogad* aj#B~oàrg |nja` bnr{nrad }nbafag |~àd lad {ndfaradf b~o~ gjja`g wadf lg}n|~e~g }nc~a a`jg G}jac }nbafag b~o~ wadf {ajgdf lg{nrmawa }n|nja` b~o~ Ajjâ`–(gbgl'$ [ndai}grad bar~ @~o~c C~r|al hjn` gjc~vad Aj#Auàr bnrar|g* ‚la{a| cndfar|goad à}gj {ndwnjglgoad gjcga` a`jg G}jac cada{~d }nbafag |gdlaoad orgcgdaj* cnjaradf {ncgograd bar~ a{a{~d* }n`gdffa aoaj gdg |glao bhjn` bnr{gogr* lad on|goa oa~ cnjao~oad {ndwnjglgoad lad cndla{a|oad on}ajaàd lajac ]warga`* caoa oa~ lndfad mn{a| jaj~ lg|~l~` c~r|al lad lara`c~ ealg àjaj* àdwa oarnda oa~ |nja` cndnc~oad on}aja` larg `~o~c g|~ lad on}ajaàd {ndnra{ad `~o~c lad e~fa àogc {njao~ `~o~c– (gbgl5 2>2'$ Aj#Qgcdg cnd~de~o {ala |gfa {nrg}|gva bar~² gdg lg cada {ara a`jg G}jac cndff~daoad @~o~c C~r|al ~d|~o cndmnfa` {ara {ncgogr G}jac cndf~ja} {adladfad cnrnoa aoad G}jac$ Onealgad {nr|aca alaja` {ncb~d~àd {ncgogr jgbnraj C~}jgc Cn}gr waodg Lr$ Iarae Ihla$ ]aja` }nhradf a`jg G}jac Aj Auàr bnrdaca Lr$ Ca`ch~l Caurha| bnroa|a ‚}ga{a{~d wadf cndmhba cndmnfa` ]warga` Ajjâ` lad gdfgd cndnra{oad `~o~c b~a|ad cad~}ga alaja` }nhradf c~r|al lad àjaj bafg ~ca| C~}jgc ~d|~o cncgjg` }ga{a{~d ~d|~o cnjao}adaoad @~ll bafg c~r|algd |nr}nb~|– (gbgl5 2;0'$ Oarnda Ia|va gdg lad badwao Ia|va jagddwa wadf lgonj~aroad {ara a`jg Aj#Auàr* Lr$ Iarae Ihla lgb~d~` lg |a`~d 1772 hjn` }nonjhc{ho C~}jgc iada|go$ Onealgad onl~a |nrealg {ala lgrg aj#Qgcdg }ndlgrg$ ]nb~a` Ia|va larg nlg|hr ohrad G}jac \`n \r~|` (Onbndarad' lgonj~aroad bafg aj#Qgcdg lg |adffaj 0 Cng* 1777$ Ia|va gdg cndwa|aoad* ‚Lr$ ]awwgl Aj#Qgcdg bnradg cndmg{|aoad onraf~ad aoad onvaegbad ]warga` a|a~ on{nrmawaad wadf {nd|gdf lajac G}jac wadf |glao aoad lgraf~oad hjn` C~}jgc cada{~d* onm~ajg egoa hradf g|~ alaja` c~r|algd$ Lga cndwadfoaj ]~dda` Dabg lad hradf wadf bnradg cndwadfoaj àj g|~ alaja` Oaigr lad àj gdg lg}n|~e~g hjn` bnrbafag a`jg G}jac– (gbgl5 2;7'$ Oarnda Ia|va gdg aj#Qgcdg cndfajacg badwao {ndgdla}ad lad {ndwnradfad larg {gào `~o~c* C~}jgc iada|go* lad {ara a`jg G}jac Aj#Auàr$ Onealgad on|gfa bnr`~b~dfad lndfad a`jg G}jac Aj#Auàr Da}r @acgl Ab~ Uawl wadf bnrbnla lndfad onbadwaoad a`jg G}jac Aj#Auàr lajac }nfaja àj$ Da}r @acgl


20


Ab~ Uawl cnr~{aoad }nhradf C~e|a`lgd (a`jg G}jac* lg{nrmawa jawao cndai}groad ]warga`' |nrbago lgad|ara {ara a`jg G}jac Aj#Auàr$ Aoad |n|a{g* oarnda {adladfad bar~dwa aoad G}jac* caoa ‚{hjg}g cndwnradf r~ca`dwa lad cnrac{a} }nc~a |~jg}ad lad {ndadwa oarnda lgadffa{ bnrbaàwa bafg on|ndadfad dnfara Cn}gr– (gbgl'$ Aj#Qgcdg cndwgc{~joad {ndenja}addwa wadf {adeadf jnbar |nd|adf c~r|al lndfad cndfa|aoad ‚bnrla}aroad a{a wadf oacg ~dfoa{oad* cnd~l~` C~}jgc }nbafag c~r|algd oarnda lga cndwadfoaj }a|~ larg onvaegbad G}jac* cnr~{aoad |gdlaoad `~o~c |nrhr* lg |adfad |nrhrg}* lgf~daoad hjn` |nrhrg}* lad lgjao~oad hjn` |nrhrg}– (gbgl5 2=7'$ Lndfad lncgogad* aj#Qgcdg cndfadffa{ ba`va @~o~c C~r|al G}jac alaja` `~o~c |nrhrg} ~d|~o cndfhd|rhj lad cndnrhr }ga{a{~d wadf bnradg cndhjao }nbafgad `~o~c i~dlacnd|aj G}jac lajac ]warga`$ [ala ondwa|aaddwa* badwao {adladfad i~dlacnd|aj wadf |glao bnra}aj larg G}jac oarnda |glao |nrla{a| lajac Q~r‗ad a|a~ ]~da`$ A|~rad i~dlacnd|aj G}jac gdg lgmg{|aoad hjn` {ara Oajgia` lad lg|nra{oad hjn` {ara a`jg G}jac ~d|~o cndfàjajoad {ncb~d~àd |nràla{ }ga{a{~d wadf |glao }n|~e~ lndfad cnrnoa$ Hjn` oarndadwa* |gdlaoad cnrnoa bnr|nd|adfad lndfad G}jac g|~ }ndlgrg$ Aj#Qgcdg cndwajaòad Ab~ Baor* Oajgia` [nr|aca* oarnda |glao cndfgegdoad Ia|gca {~|rg Dabg cnvarg}g onoawaad awa`dwa }n|nja` Dabg vaia|$ Ab~ Baor cndfao~ cndlndfar Dabg bnroa|a* ‚Oacg {ara Dabg |glao cndwnraòad àr|a varg}ad oacg {ala onj~arfa oacg– (Aj#Qgcdg 2;;<5 2<2'$ ]njagd Ab~ Baor* |gala }nhradf {~d wadf cndfao~ cndlndfar àlg} gdg larg Dabg$ Ealg }a|~²dwa }~cbnr àlg} gdg alaja` Ab~ Baor }ndlgrg$ Aj#Qgcdg bnroa|a }nmara }aroa}|go ba`va c~dfogd Ab~ Baor cndlndfar àlg} gdg on|goa lga bnrl~aad }aea lndfad Dabg lajac }nb~a` f~a$ ]njagd àlg} gdg* Ab~ Baor cndfg}aòad àlg} }a|~ jagd wadf cndfàjajoad on{~|~}addwa ~d|~o cnvarg}g |ada`² cgjgo Dabg }nbnj~c Dabg vaia|$ On|goa Ajg lad Ia|gca la|adf cndnc~g Ab~ Baor ~d|~o cncgd|a |ada`² cgjgo Dabg }nbafag varg}ad bafg cnrnoa* Ab~ Baor cndfao~ cndlndfar Dabg bnroa|a* ‚egoa Ajjâ` cncbnrg caoad }nhradf Dabg* Lga cndwnraòad caoadad bafg hradf wadf bnro~a}a }n|nja` Dabg g|~– (gbgl* àj$ 2<='$ Lad hradf wadf bnro~a}a }n|nja` Dabg vaia| |nd|~dwa alaja` Ab~ Baor$ Aj#Qgcdg cndf~|g{ {nrlnba|ad ad|ara Ia|gca lad Oajgia` Ab~ Baor* wadf |nrmad|~c lajac og|ab \abaqaa| larg Gbd ]a‗al2>5

Ia|gca Ab~ Ab~ Baor Baor Ia|gca Ab~ Baor Ia|gca

5 ]ga{aoa` ]ga{aoa` wadf cnvarg}g cnvarg}g àr|a cgjgoc~ cgjgoc~ }n|nja` oa~ ca|g8 5 [~|rao [~|rao~ ~ lad onj~arf onj~arfao~ ao~$$ 5 Oaja~ bnfg|~* bnfg|~* cndfa{a cndfa{a oa~ cnvarg}g cnvarg}g àr|a Dabg lad b~oad oacg wadf cnvarg}gdwa8 5 Vaàg {~|rg Ra}~j Ajjâ`* ao~ |glao cnvarg}g cnvarg}g nca} lad {nrao larg awa`c~$ 5 Lad bafgadc~ bafgadc~ larg Oàwbar lad |ada`² cgjgo awaò~$

2> Og|ab \abaqaa| larg Gbd ]a‗al cnr~{aoad }aja` }a|~ |ai}gr Q~r‗ad* o~c{~jad @alg} wadf {ajgdf |nr{nrmawa lajac jg|nra|~r G}jac$ Gbd ]a‗al `gl~{ lg eacad Oajgia`² lad {ncgc{gd avaj G}jac$


27


Ab~ Baor Ia|gca

5 Ao~ cndlndfar cndlndfar Dabg bnroa|a* bnroa|a* ‚Oacg {ara Dabg* |glao cnvarg}oad àr|a oacg {ala onj~arfa oacg$– 5 Ajja` |nja` bnroa|a lajac b~o~Dwa b~o~Dwa ‚]~jagcad ‚]~jagcad cnvarg}g cnvarg}g àr|a La~l$– 29

On|goa Ia|gca cndwalarg ba`va Ab~ Baor |glao aoad cndwnraòad àr|a Dabg {aladwa* Ia|gca la|adf on cn}egl ~d|~o cndfàla{g Ab~ Baor lg ln{ad {ara C~}jgc Aj#Ad}ar a|a~ C~}jgc Cnlgda lad cndf~ma{oad {n}ad wadf {adeadf jnbar lad bnrao`gr lndfad oa|a² ‚{nradfg gcac² Oai~r 26 wadf |ao bnrgcad }ac{ag cnrnoa |hba|– (gbgl* àj$ 2<<'$ Wadf lgcao}~l Ia|gca }nbafag gcac² alaja` Ab~ Baor lad ‐^car oarnda cnrnoa |glao cndfgegdoad Ia|gca cnvarg}g àr|a lad |ada` Dabg$ Aj#Qgcdg cndnradfoad ba`va Ia|gca vaia| lg ~}ga =; |a`~d* àdwa ndac b~jad }n|nja` onca|gad awa`dwa$ Ia|gca |glao {nrda` cndfnj~` }aog| a{a{~d }nbnj~cdwa* lad {ndwnbab onca|gaddwa {~d |ao lgon|a`~g$ Oarnda aja}ad gdg* aj#Qgcdg cndl~fa ba`va Ab~ Baor cncb~d~` Ia|gca }aca }n{nr|g wadf lgjao~oaddwa |nràla{ {ncgc{gd² }~o~² Arab C~}jgc wadf cndnd|adfdwa$

29 Gdg |acbaàd on|nradfad |nd|adf {nr|goagad Ia|gca lad Ab~ Baor bnrondaad |nd|adf àr|a varg}ad Dabg$ ]a`g` B~oàrg Yhj~cn <* Bhho >=* D~cbnr =2> Lgog}aòad hjn` Ag}wa`5 ]n|nja` onca|gad Ra}~j Ajjâ`* Ia|gca {~|rg Ra}~j Ajjâ` cncgd|a Ab~ Baor A}#]gllgq ~d|~o cncbnrgoad bafgad varg}addwa wadf lg|nrgca Ra}~j Ajjâ` l~j~ }nbafag Iag (earaàd {nradf wadf lgla{a| |ad{a {n{nradfad oarnda oaigr cnjargoad lgrg' wadf lgbnrgoad Ajjâ` {ala Dabg$ Ab~ Baor bnroa|a {ala Ia|gca* ‚Dabg }~mg ]AV bnroa|a* ‐Onoawaad oacg |glao bhjn` lgvarg}oad* a{a{~d wadf oacg ({ara Dabg' |gdffajoad alaja` ]alaqa (lgf~daoad ealg }nlnoa`'$– Ia|gca* {~|rg Ra}~j Ajjâ` ealg cara` lad |glao ca~ jafg bnrbgmara {ala Ab~ Baor* lad |nr~} bnrjao~ lncgogad }ac{ag lga ca|g$ Ia|gca` |n|a{ `gl~{ }ac{ag ndac b~jad }n|nja` onca|gad Dabg }~mg ]AV$ 26 Oai~r 3 oaigr* waodg hradf² wadf |ao bnrgcad {ala G}jac$


=;


BA B Y

OAJGIA@ ‐^CAR GBD AJ#O@A\\AB C~àccal vaia| }nbnj~c cac{~ cnv~e~load gc{gaddwa ~d|~o cnrac{ho lad cndeara` onoawaad* vadg|a² lad adao² lg j~ar vgjawa` Arabga$ [ndffad|g C~àccal wadf {nr|aca waodg Ab~ Baor e~fa vaia| }nbnj~c bg}a cnv~e~load gc{gad Dabg$ Oajgia` Ab~ Baor cndfàbg}oad l~a |a`~d ca}a ono~a}aaddwa ~d|~o cndaoj~ooad }~o~² Arab wadf lg|~l~` c~r|al larg G}jac }n|nja` Dabg vaia|$ Aoad |n|a{g* lg ca}a Onoajgiaàd Onl~a ‐^car bgd Aj#Oà||ab (1; |a`~d' lad ca}a Onoajgiaàd On|gfa ^|`cad gbd ‐Aiiad (1= |a`~d'* l~dga dhd#Arab lg}nradf |nd|ara C~}jgc lad {ara }aàba| Dabg cnv~e~load gc{gad Dabg$ Lg ca}a {ncnrgd|aàd Oajgia` ^car* |nd|ara C~}jgc cndwnradf badwao dnfara lad cndma{ag lanra` A}iaàd lg Grad }ac{ag \rg{hjg lg Jgbwa$

¶ Lg |a`~d 1< @ (1< @gerga` 3 9=> C'* Laca}o~}* @ac}* Bajabao lad aj#Ba}ra lg}nradf lad lg|aoj~oad$ ¶ Lg |a`~d 1> @ (9=9 C'* Whrladga lg}nradf lad |nd|ara C~}jgc cndfajaòad |nd|ara Rhcavg lg [nradf aj#Warc~o* lad cndaoj~oad [nr}ga lg [nradf aj# Qalg}ga$ ¶ Lg |a`~d 19 @* |nd|ara C~}jgc cndwnradf aj#A`vau lad aj#Calagd lg [nradf Eavaja* lad Oag}ar [nr}ga oaja` lad cnjargoa` lgrg lg [nradf Wauglgfnr$ Lg |a`~d wadf }aca \aorg| lg }nbnja` }nja|ad Grao lg}nradf* lad |nd|ara C~}jgc e~fa cndwnradf Qad}argd* @ajab* Ad|aoga* ]hrhhf* lad Qgrqa}a$ ¶ Lg |a`~d 10 @gerga`* Eavad* aj#Raàl* ]gcg}a* @arad* Da}gbgnd* aj#Cav}gj* lad aj#Eaunnra lgad|ara Graq adl ]wrga lg}nradf lad lgeara`$ ¶ Lg |a`~d 17 @gerga`* }nbafgad |ada` | ada` ono~a}aad Man}ar lg|aoj~oad$ ¶ Lg |a`~d 2; @* |nd|ara C~}jgc cndwnradf }nbnja` bara| Cn}gr lad oh|a \a}|ar lg Grad$ ¶ Lg |a`~d 21 @* |nd|ara C~}jgc cndwnradf Ajnpadlrga lg Cn}gr* Daàvadl lg Grad* lad Barqa` lg Jgbwa$ ¶ Lg |a`~d 22 @* |nd|ara C~}jgc cndwnradf Aunrbagead* aj#Lgdghr* Ca}gbuado* @auad* aj#Rag* lad A}onr lad Qacvac} lg A}ga \ndfa`* lad \rg{hjg lg Jgbwa$ ¶ Lg |a`~d 2= @* Oajgia` ^car lgb~d~`* |nd|ara C~}jgc cndwnradf Onrcad* ]aeg}|ad* Caorad* lad G}iaàd$ Lajac {nr|nc{~rad bnrlara` gdg* rgb~ad oaigr lgb~d~` hjn` |nd|ara C~}jgc$ Badwao {ara vadg|a wadf lg{nroh}a lad badwao adao² wadf lg{nrb~lao$ Badwa r~ca`² wadf lgbaoar* lgeara`* lad rgb~ad onj~arfa lgàdm~road$ [ara C~}jgc cnrac{hog lad cndeara`g onoawaad lanra`² |nr}nb~|* cncbafg#bafg onoawaad* `||{5((bnrg|ac~}jgc$vhrl{rn}}$mhc

=1


{ara vadg|a* lad adao² lgad|ara cnrnoa }ndlgrg$ Cnrnoa |glao gdfgd bnro`h|ba` |nd|adf G}jac* |a{g àdwa gdfgd cnrac{ho* cnc{nrb~lao* lad cnc{nroh}a$ @aj gdg cndfgdfa|oad og|a aoad {nroa|aad Wn}~} |nd|adf ]n|ad lg cada lga bnroa|a* ‚[ndm~rg (]n|ad' la|adf àdwa ~d|~o cndm~rg* ~d|~o cncb~d~` lad ~d|~o cnr~}ao$ \n|a{g Ao~ la|adf ~d|~o cncbnrg on`gl~{ad lad `gl~{ wadf bnronjgc{aàd$– ^d|~o cndfn|a`~g }nbnra{a bn}ar onr~}aoad lad onàdm~rad wadf lgjao~oad {ara C~j}gc C~ea`glgd |nràla{ dnfara² wadf cnrnoa }nradf* carg bama on|nradfad {nd~jg} }neara` G}jac aj#\abarg lg b~o~²dwa wadf bnregjgl#egjgl badwaodwa* wadf bnre~l~j aj#\argo a|a~ ]neara`$ ]aja` }a|~ |nd|ara C~}jgc Arab wadf bnrdaca Caàiau cndfg}aòad {ndfajacaddwa lajac {n{nradfad g|~$ Lg |a`~d 19 @* lga go~| lajac [nradf Eavaja lg Grad$ Lga bnroa|a* ‚Oacg cnca}~og oh|a lad ao~ cnjgà| vadg|a wadf bafagoad }nnohr ogeadf lajac onenjg|aaddwa lad vaea`dwa bnrmaàwa bafagoad ca|aàrg$ Ao~ acbgj lga lad bae~dwa lad lga ealg Earga` a|a~ ‐b~lao vadg|a‗ cgjgoo~$– (aj#\abarg* yhj~cn <* àj$ 29#26'$ \~e~ad {n{nradfad lad {ndwnradfad gdg |glao àdwa ~d|~o cnc{nrb~lao lad cnc{nroh}a {ara vadg|a lg dnfara² |nr}nb~|* |a{g e~fa ~d|~o cnrac{ho àr|a onoawaad$ Lajac bnbnra{a |a`~d }aea* {ara }aàba| Dabg ealg bnfg|~ oawarawa }n`gdffa onoawaad cnrnoa bnre~cja` e~|aad lgdar$ Bnbnra{a mhd|h` bnrgo~| cnd~de~ooad bnra{a badwao àr|a wadf lgrac{a} {ara }aàba| Dabg larg dnfara² wadf cnrnoa }nradf$ On|goa Oajgia` on|gfa ^|`cad lgb~d~`* lga cncgjgog ‐rgb~ad a|a} rgb~ad‗ lad jgca ra|~} rgb lgràc lad }nra|~} rgb~ lgdar$ @aj gdg }aca lndfad onoawaad eacad chlnrd e~|aad lhjjar A]$ Aj#Ugabrg gbd aj#Avac cncgjgog àr|a }nbadwao jgca{~j~` larg rgb~ad a|a} rgb~ad lgràc lad l~a ra|~} rgb~ lgdar$ ]njagd g|~ lga {~dwa badwao {nr~caàd lg Ajnpadlrga* Ba}ra* lad O~ia$ On|goa lga ca|g* lga cndgdffajoad }nb~a` |acad wadf bn}ar wadf bnràrfa rgb~ad a|a} rgb~ad lad ndac ra|~} rgb~ lgdar$ Abl nj#Ra`cad gbd Avhi on|goa vaia| cndgdffajoad nca} wadf lg{nma`# {nmaòaddwa lndfad cndff~daoad oac{ao$ ]a‗al gbd Abg Vaqa} cndgdffajoad àr|a }nbadwao l~a ra|~} lad jgca{~j~` rgb~ lgràc$ Gbd Ca}hhl cndgdffajoad àr|a }nbadwao }ncbgjad {~j~` rgb~ lgràc$ \ajà bgd Ablg Ajjâ` cncgjgog mgdmgd nca} wadf bnr|ao`|aoad bnrjgad$ Daioa`dwa }nàrg#àrg la|adf larg |ada`dwa lg Grao wadf cndfà}gjoad ~adf }nbadwao }nrgb~ lgràc a|a~ nc{a| ra|~} a|a~ jgca ra|~} lgràc }n|ga{ |a`~d$ On|goa lga vaia|* lga cndgdffajoad l~a rgb~ lad l~a ra|~} rgb~ lgràc lad l~a ra|}~ rgb~ lgdar$ ]njagd g|~* lga cncgjgog ra|~}ad ondlg {nd~` lndfad nca}$


=2


^car bgd aj#A‗a} cndgdffajoad àr|a }nbadwao |~e~` {~j~` ondlg bnrg}g nca} c~rdg$ On|gao lga àc{gr ca|g* lga cndavaroad nca}dwa {ala {~|ra²dwa |a{g cnrnoa cndhjaodwa oarnda waogd àr|a g|~ lgcgjgog cnjaj~g mara wadf |glao bndar$ On|goa Uawl vaia|* lga cndgdffajoad nca} wadf lg{h|hdf#{h|hdf lndfad oac{ao$ (\abaqa| larg gbd ]a‗al* àj$ >=* 69* 66* 1>6? aj#Ca}hhlg lajac b~o~ C~rh~e aj# Uaàb* yhj~cn 1* àj$ ><<#><>* O`g|a| aj#Caqargug* yhj~cn 1* àj$ 1<;* >9<'$

[NCB^D^@AD OAJGIA@ ‐^CAR ‐^car }nrgdfoajg cnc{nrgdfa|oad f~bnrd~r² C~}jgcdwa ~d|~o |glao cndfgrgc b~lao a{a{~d a|a~ c~ajai cada{~d on gb~oh|a dnfara G}jac lg Cnlgda$ Lga |ao~| ba`va hradf² wadf on`gjadfad g}|rg* adao* lad }adao onj~arfa fara² lg}nradf C~}jgc aoad baja} lndlac |nràla{dwa$ ‐^car cndwnb~| hradf² dhd#Arab lndfad }nb~|ad ‐Ajvhe wadf bnrar|g oh|hr a|a~ daegu$ Lg lajac }n|ga{ }~ra|dwa {ala {ara f~bnrd~rdwa* lga cncnrgd|aòad afar cnrnoa cndea~òad {ara ‐Ajvhe larg lga$ Cn}og{~d lncgogad* }aja` }a|~ ‐Ajvhe gdg bnrà}gj la|adf on Cnlgda lad cncb~d~` ‐^car lajac ~}aà baja} lndlac a|a} onàdm~rad onj~arfadwa$ Ab~ Jhjha alaja` }nhradf [nr}ga wadf ealg |avadad {nradf C~}jgc lg oh|a Daàvadl* [nr}ga$ \nd|ara Arab C~}jgc cndfàdm~road r~ca`dwa* onj~arfadwa* adao²dwa* lad dnfaradwa* {alaàj ca}waraoa| Grad |glao {nrda` cndffadff~ ~ca| C~}jgc }aca }noajg$ ]n|nja` Ab~ Jhjha on`gjadfad }nfajadwa* lga lgealgoad b~lao cgjgo caegoad C~}jgcdwa waodg aj#C~qgra` bgd ]à‗ba$ ^d|~o aja}ad |nr|nd|~* aj# C~qgra` cndfgrgc Ab~ Jhjha on Cnlgda$ On|goa Ab~ Jhjha ca}~o Cnlgda* lga }nlg` }noajg cnjgà| adao² [nr}ga lad dnfara² jagd cncnd~`g eajadad Cnlgda$ Lga cndmarg adao²dwa }ndlgrg lgad|ara cnrnoa |a{g |ao cndla{a|oaddwa$ \adfg}ad adao² gdg cncb~a| à|gdwa }ncaogd àdm~r$ Cnd~r~| Gbd ]a‗al* ‚Ab~ Jhjha }nrgdf cndnc~g adao² |avadad {nradf lad lga cndadfg} |ga{ oajg lga cnjgà| cnrnoa lad cndf~}a{ on{aja cnrnoa lndfad |adfaddwa* lad lga bnroa|a* ‐Hradf² Arab cncaoad à|go~$‗ Caoa lga cncb~d~` ‐^car a|a} {ncbaja}ad bafg wadf lgjao~oad ‐^car |nràla{ {ara |avadad {nradf$– (Gbd ]a‗al* aj#\abaqa| aj#O~bara* yhj~cn =* àj$ 261'$ Ab~ Jhjha cncb~d~` Oajgia` ‐^car lg lajac cn}egl }aa| }`hja| }~b~`$ Lga bnr{~ra#{~ra ealg C~}jgc lad ca}~o cn}egl ~d|~o }`hja| lg bnjaoadf Oajgia` ‐^car$ ]aa| Oajgia` ‐^car lad ~ca| C~}jgc }nladf bnrj~|~| lajac bnr}`hja|* Ab~ Jhjha cae~ lad cnd~}~o ca|g ‐^car$ ]n|nja` {ndla`~j~ad }gdfoa| |nd|adf on{ncgc{gdad ‐^car* carg og|a oncbajg {ala aj#Qgcdg lad a{a {ndla{a|dwa |nd|adf ‐^car$ Aj#Qgcdg cndwajaòad ‐^car gbd aj# Oà||ab* }adf Oajgia` onl~a* oarnda cnjaradf a{a wadf lggegdoad lajac Q~r‗ad$ Q~r‗ad cndfgegdoad {rao|no dgoa` C~|a‗a (dgoa` }ncnd|ara a|a~ dgoa` ~d|~o }ndadf² }aea' (Q <52<'* |a{g Oajgia` ‐^car cnjaradfdwa lad cndfadmac cndf`~o~c }ga{a{~d wadf bnradg cnjao~oad àj g|~ (Aj#Qgcdg 2;;<5 2=9'$ On|goa Dabg àc{gr cndgdffaj* Dabg cncgd|a {ndfgo~|dwa ~d|~o cncbnrgdwa }nb~a`


==


onr|a} afar lga cnd~jg} }~ra| ~d|~o cndmnfa` ~ca| C~}jgc cndwnjnvndf larg a|~rad G}jac$ ‐^car bnroa|a* bgaroad lga }ndlgrgad* lga g|~ fgja (gbgl'20$ ]njagd g|~* 20 On|nradfad &^car cnd~l~` C~àccal gdg bg}a lgjgà| {~ja lg }gdg5 ]~mmn}}ghd |h C~àccal ([ndffad|gad Eaba|ad C~àccal'$ [ndwaog| C~àccal wadf \nrao`gr C~àccal cncgd|a gegd larg g}|rg²dwa ~d|~o bhjn` cndfàbg}oad àrg² |nrao`grdwa bnr}aca g}|rg iayhrg|dwa Ag}wa` lad lga ca|g lajac onalaad on{ajadwa bnrbargdf lg {adfo~adf Ag}wa`$ Lgog}aòad ba`va }nbnj~c lga ca|g* C~àccal cncbnrg on{nrmawaad bn}ar {ala Ajg lndfad cncgd|a Ajg cncgc{gd }`hja|² lg cn}egl }nbafag gcac # gdg cnr~{aoad {nradad bn}ar lad {nd|gdf wadf lg|~de~ooad C~àccal }ndlgrg$ Bnrla}aroad }neara` G}jac* gcac cn}egl }njaj~ cnr~{aoad {ncgc{gd ~ca| C~}jgc? C~àccal cncgd|a }nb~a` }nmargo onr|a} lad {nda |a{g ^car cndhjaodwa lad cndfa|aoad C~àccal cndfajacg fadff~ad lg on{ajadwa$ On|nradfad jagd aoad àj gdg bg}a e~fa lgjgà| lajac bnrbafag @alg} ]a`g`5

]a`g` C~}jgc Bhho ;1=* D~cbnr <;195 Gbd Abba} rn{hr|nl5 V`nd Ajja`&} Cn}}ndfnr (caw {namn bn ~{hd `gc' va} abh~| |h jnayn |`g} vhrjl* |`nrn vnrn {nr}hd} (arh~dl `gc' gd `g} `h~}n* &^car b$ aj#Oba||ab bngdf hdn hi |`nc$ | `nc$ Ajja`&} A{h}|jn (caw {namn bn ~{hd `gc' }agl5 Mhcn* G caw vrg|n ihr wh~ a lhm~cnd|? wh~ vh~jl dh| fh a}|raw ai|nr |à|$ \`nrn~{hd ^car }agl5 Ynrgjw Ajja`&} Cn}}ndfnr (caw {namn bn ~{hd `gc' g} lnn{jw aiijgm|nl vg|` {agd$ Wh~ àyn |`n Q~rad vg|` wh~$ \`n Bhho hi Ajja` g} }~iigmgnd| ihr ~}$ \`h}n v`h vnrn {rn}nd| gd |`n `h~}n lgiinrnl$ ]hcn hi |`nc }agl5 Brgdf `gc (|`n vrg|gdf ca|nrgaj' }h |à| Ajja`&} Cn}}ndfnr (caw {namn bn ~{hd `gc' caw vrg|n a lhm~cnd| ihr wh~ adl wh~ vh~jl dnynr fh a}|raw ai|nr `gc Adl }hcn achdf |`nc }agl và| &^car àl (ajrnalw' }agl$ V`nd |`nw gdl~jfnl gd dhd}nd}n adl bnfad |h lg}{~|n gd |`n {rn}ndmn hi Ajja`&} Cn}}ndfnr (caw {namn bn ~{hd `gc'* `n }agl5 Fn| ~{ (adl fh avaw' &^bagl~jja` }agl5 Gbd Abba} ~}nl |h }aw5 \`nrn va} a `nayw jh}}* gdlnnl a `nayw jh}}* |à|* l~n |h |`ngr lg}{~|n adl dhg}n$ Ajja`&} Cn}}ndfnr (caw {namn bn ~{hd `gc' mh~jl dh| vrg|n (hr lgm|a|n' |`n lhm~cnd| ihr |`nc$ \nrencaàd5 Gbd Abba} cnja{hroad5 On|goa Ra}~j Ajjâ` àc{gr cndgdffaj l~dga* ala bnbnra{a hradf lg }nog|ardwa lg lajac r~ca`dwa* lad &^car bgd aj#Oà||ab alaja` }aja` }a|~ larg cnrnoa$ Ra}~j Ajjâ` bnroa|a5 Carg* ao~ aoad cnd~jg} }nb~a` on|nradfad bafg oajgad* afar oajgad |glao }n}a| }n|nja` gdg$ Cndlndfar g|~ &^car bnroa|a5 ]~la` enja} Ra}~j Ajjâ` }adfa| |nrfadff~ oarnda }aog|$ Oajgad }~la` {~dwa Q~r&ad$ B~o~ Ajjâ` g|~ }~la` m~o~{ bafg og|a$ Hradf² lg r~ca` g|~ }ajgdf bnrbnla {ndla{a|$ ]nbafgad larg cnrnoa bnroa|a5 Acbgjoad aja|² |~jg} afar Ra}~j Ajjâ` bg}a cnd~jg} on|nradfad bafgc~ lad oac~ |glao ealg }n}a| }n|nja` lga vaia| lad }nbafgad wadf jagd }n|~e~ lndfad a{a wadf lgoa|aoad &^car$ \a|oaja cnrnoa c~jag bnr|ndfoar lg àla{ad Ra}~j Ajjâ`* Ra}~j Ajjâ` bnroa|a5 [nrfg oajgad$ &^bagl~jja` bnroa|a ba`va Gbd Abba} }nrgdf cndfa|aoad5 Gdg cnr~{aoad on`gjadfad wadf bn}ar* bndar² on`gjadfad wadf bn}ar oarnda |nrealg onrgb~|ad lad {nr|goagad g|~$ Ra}~j Ajjâ` |glao ealg cnd~jg} on|nradfad bafg cnrnoa$ ]a`g` C~}jgc Bhho ;1=* D~cbnr <;1<5 ]a&gl b$ E~bagr rn{hr|nl |à| Gbd &Abba} }agl5 \`~r}law* (adl |`nd }agl'5 Và| g} |`g} \`~r}law8 @n |`nd vn{| }h c~m` |à| `g} |nar} chg}|ndnl |`n {nbbjn}$ G }agl5 Gbd &Abba}* và| g} (}gfdgigmad|' abh~| \`~r}law8 @n (Gbd &Abba}' }agl5 \`n gjjdn}} hi Ajja`&} Cn}}ndfnr (caw {namn bn ~{hd `gc' |hho a }nrgh~} |~rd (hd |`g} law'* adl `n }agl5 Mhcn |h cn* }h |à| G }`h~jl vrg|n ihr wh~ a lhm~cnd| |à| wh~ caw dh| fh a}|raw ai|nr cn$ \`nw (|`n Mhc{adghd} arh~dl `gc' lg}{~|nl* adl g| g} dh| cnn| |h lg}{~|n gd |`n {rn}ndmn hi |`n A{h}|jn$ \`nw }agl5 @hv g} `n (Ajja`&} A{h}|jn'8 G} `n |ajogdf dhd}nd}n8 \rw |h jnard irhc `gc (|`g} {hgd|'$ @n (|`n @hjw [rh{`n|' }agl5 Jnayn cn$ G ac bn||nr gd |`n }|a|n (|àd |`n hdn gd v`gm` wh~ arn ndfafnl'$ G caon a vgjj abh~| |`rnn |`gdf}5 \~rd h~| |`n {hjw|`ng}|} irhc | `n |nrrg|hrw hi Arabga? }`hv `h}{g|ajg|w |h |`n (ihrngfd' lnjnfa|ghd} a} G ~}nl |h }`hv |`nc `h}{g|ajg|w$ @n (|`n darra|hr' }agl5 @n (Gbd Abba}' on{| }gjnd| hd |`n |`grl {hgd|* hr `n (|`n darra|hr' }agl5 B~| G ihrfh| | à|$ \nrencaàd5 ]a&gl bgd E~bagr cndfg}aòad ba`va Gbd &Abba} bnroa|a5 Oacg} lad jaj~ bnroa|a5 A{aoa` }noaradf àrg Oacg}8 Lga jaj~ cndadfg} |nr}nl~#}nl~ }ac{ag agr ca|adwa ea|~` cncba}a`g onrgogj²$ Ao~ bnroa|a5 Gbd &Abba}* cncadfdwa ala a{a lndfad àrg Oacg}8 Gbd &Abba} bnroa|a5 [ndwaog| Ra}~j Ajjâ` ealg |acba` {ara` lg àrg g|~* lad lga bnroa|a5 Carg on }gdg* afar ao~ bg}a cnd~jg}oad {alac~ }nb~a` on|nradfad wadf cndmnfa`c~ }n}a| }n|nja` ao~ ca|g$ Cnrnoa ({ara }aàba| lg }nonjgjgdfdwa' bnr|ndfoar* lad }nàr~}dwa cnrnoa |glao bnr|ndfoar lg àla{ad Ra}~j$ Cnrnoa bnroa|a5 Bafagcada onalaad Ra}~j Ajjâ`8 A{aoa` lga cndmnrama~ (dfhchdf dfav~r'8 Mhba bnjaear larg lga }noardaf$ ]adf Dabg bnroa|a5 \gdffajoad ao~$ Onalaado~ jnbg` bago (larg{ala onalaad oajgad'$ Ao~ cncb~a| |gfa ongdfgdad5 ]gdfogroad ca}waraoa| {afad larg lanra` Arabga? bnr}goa{ raca`ja` |nràla{ {ara ~|~}ad a}gdf }n{nr|g wadf bga}a o~jao~oad$ [ndwac{ag og}a` bnroa|a ba`va5 Gbd Abba} lgac }aea |nd|adf àj wadf on|gfa* a|a~ lga ({ndwac{ag og}a`' bnroa|a5 \a{g ao~ j~{a {n}ad wadf on|gfa$


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}n|nja` bnro~a}a ‐^car |nrondaj }~oa cndw~r~` {ndfgo~|dwa cnca|a#ca|ag r~ca`² hradf lg cajac àrg$

[NRA\^RAD ‐^CAR On|goa |nd|ara G}jac cndwnradf lanra`² Org}|nd }n{nr|g Cn}gr* Whrladga* ]wrga* [ajn}|gda* lad Jnbadhd* Oajgia` onl~a waodg &^car gbd aj#Oà||ab cncao}a {ndl~l~o lanra` g|~ ~d|~o cndadla|adfadg {nra|~rad lndfad [ncnrgd|a` C~}jgc wadf cndeaea` cnrnoa5

¶ Oac Oac g |glao |glao aoad c ncbadf~d lajac lajac oh|a oacg lad jgdfo~dfad jgdfo~dfad {nr~caàd oac g* bgara² bar~* fnrnea² fnrnea² bar~* |nc{a|² gbala` bar~* lad oac g {~d |glao |glao aoad c nc{nrbagog lg }gadf }gadf a|a~ ca jac àrg badf~dad² g|~ egoa egoa r~}ao a|a~ egoa egoa |nrjn|ao |nrjn|ao lg lanra` ~c a| C~ }jgc }jgc $ ¶ Oacg aoad cncbgaroad {gd|~ {afar oacg |nrb~oa bafg hradf wadf bnr|ac~ a|a~ {ndfnjada$ Oacg aoad cndwnlgaoad |nc{a| |gdffaj bafg }nc }nc ~a C~}jgc C~}jgc wad f c njnva|g njnva|g eajadad eajadad oa c g }nj }njac ac a |gfa àrg$ àrg$ ¶ Oac Oac g |glao |glao aoad c ndwnlga ndwnlgaoad oad |nc{a| {nr}nc {nr}nc b~dwgad bafg c a|a² wadf lgmarg lgmarg C~}jg C~}jgc c lg lajac lajac fnrnea² fnrnea² a|a~ r~c a`² oac g$ ¶ Oacg |glao aoad c ndfaear ndfaear Q~r‗ad on{ala adao² oac g$ ¶ Oac Oac g |glao |glao aoad c ndwnbaroad ndwnbaroad afac afac a oac g lg c ~oa ~c~c a|a~ cndfaeao cndfaeao }ga{a{~d cncnj~o afaca oacg$ Oacg |glao aoad cndfàjadfg }ga{a{~d adffh|a onj~arfa onj~arfa oac g cnc nj~o nj~o G}jac G}jac egoa egoa c nrnoa nrnoa c ndf`ndlaogdwa$ ndf`ndlaogdwa$ ¶ Oacg aoad cnd~de~ooad ra}a` `hrca| {ala C~}jgc* lad oacg aoad bnrlgrg larg |nc {a| l~ l~o egoa C~}jgc gdfgd l~l ~o lg }g|~$ }g|~$ ¶ Oacg |glao aoad c ndgr~ ndgr~ C~}jgc C~}jgc lajac c ncaoag {aoagad* |~rbad* }n{a|~* }n{a|~* a|a~ mara cndwg}gr racb~|dwa$ Oacg |glao bhjn` bgmara }n{nr|g mara c nrnoa nrnoa bnrbgm bnrbgmara* lad oac g {~d |glao bhjn` bhjn` c ndgr~ ndgr~ mara C~}jgc C~}jgc c ncbnrg e~j~oad e~j~oad `hrca| (o~dwa'$ ¶ Oacg |glao aoad d ago {njada* {njada* |glao aoad c ndfa}a` {nladf* {nladf* a|a~ c ndfnda# ndfnda# oad a|a~ c nc bava }ndea }ndea|a$ |a$ ¶ Oacg |glao aoad c ndhrnòad ndhrnòad |~jg} |~jg}ad ad Arab {ala |ad la ma{ }|nc }|nc {nj oac g$ ¶ Oacg |glao aoad c nde~aj nde~aj cgd~c ad bnrajoh`h bnrajoh`hj$ j$ ¶ Oacg aoad c ndm~o~r ndm~o~r bafgad ln{ad on{aja on{aja oac g (|adla (|adla Arab wad f bnrar|g `gdaad' ]a`g` C~}jgc Bhho ;1=* D~cbnr <;1>5 ]a&gl b$ E~bagr rn{hr|nl irhc Gbd Abba} |à| `n }agl5 \`~r}law* adl và| abh~| \`~r}law8 \`nd |nar} bnfad |h ijhv ~d|gj G }av |`nc hd `g} m`nno} a} g| |`nw vnrn |`n }|rgdf} hi {narj}$ @n (|`n darra|hr' }agl |à| Ajja`&} Cn}}ndfnr (caw {namn bn ~{hd `gc' }agl5 Brgdf cn a }`h~jlnr bjaln adl gdo#{h| (hr |abjn| adl gdo{h|'* }h |à| G vrg|n ihr w h~ a lhm~cnd| (bw ihjjhvgdf v`gm`' wh~ vh~jl dnynr fh a}|raw$ \`nw }agl5 Ajja`&} Cn}}ndfnr (caw {namn ~{hd `gc' g} |ajogdf dhd}nd}n$ \nrencaàd5 ]a&gl bgd E~bagr cnja{hroad larg Gbd Abba} ba`va lga bnroa|a5 Oacg}* lad ala a{a }g` lg àrg Oacg}8 Jaj~ agrca|adwa bnrea|~àd }ac{ag cncba}a`g {g{gdwa bafagoad ~d|agad {nrca|a$ Lga ({ndfg}a`' bnroa|a Ra}~j Ajjâ` bnroa|a5 Bava {alao~ |~jadf ba`~ lad bh|hj |gd|a (a|a~ cnea |~jg} lad |gd|a'* afar ao~ bg}a cnd~jg} on|nradfad wadf bg}a lggo~|g oajgad afar oajgad |glao }n}a|$ Cnrnoa bnroa|a5 Ra}~j Ajjâ` cndmnrama~ (dfhchdf dfav~r'$


=>


¶ Oacg aoad {ao ag {aoagad lndfad lndfad mara }aca lad aoad }nj }njaj~ cndfgoa|oad u~da u~da r lg }nonjgj }nonjgjgdf gdf {gdffa df o ac g$ ¶ Oacg |glao aoad c nd~de~ooad }ajg }ajgb² b² oac g a|a~ b~o~² b~o~² oac g lg eajadad eajadad a|a~ lg {a}ar C ~}jgc$ ~}jgc$ Oac g aoad bnr|n{~o |adfad {nrjaàd {nrjaàd lajac fnrnea² fnrnea² oac g$ Oacg |glao aoad cndadfg} onra}² onra}² egoa egoa ala adffh|a oacg wad f c a|g$ Oacg |glao aoad cndff~daoad {ndnradf lg eajadad a|a~ {a}ar C~}jgc$ Oacg |glao aoad c ndf~b~r endaua` endaua` oa~c oac g lnoa| lnoa| ~c a| C~}jgc C~}jgc $ ¶ Oacg |glao c ndfac bgj b~lao w adf | nja` nja` lg}nlgaoad lg}nlgaoad bafg C~}jgc C~}jgc $ ¶ Oacg |glao aoad cncbadf~d r~ca` wadf jnbg` |gdffg larg{ala r~ca`² C~}jgc$ (On|goa ao~ cncbava }~ra| gdg {ala ^car* }nchfa Ajjâ` bnrondad {ala# dw a* lga lga c ndac baòad * ‚Oac g |glao |glao aoa d c ndwnrad f C~}jgc$–' C~}jgc$–' Oacg c ndnrgca ndnrgca onalaad² gdg bafg oac g lad bafg c a}waraoa| oac g* lad }nbafag }nbafag gcbajad oac g cndnrgc cndnrgc a onacada d$ Egoa oacg cnjadffar {nra|~rad gdg* oacg on`gjadfad }|a|~} l`gccg* lad oac g aoad aoad lg`~o~c lg`~o~c $ ‐^car gbd gbd aj#Oà||ab aj#Oà||ab c ncnrgd|a`5 \adla|adfadg { nrdwa|aad c nrnoa* nrnoa* |a{g |acbaòad l~a àj lad |n|a{oadja` cnrnoa lndfad |acbaàd {nr}wara|ad gdg5 ‚Cnrnoa |glao bhjn` bhjn` c ndnb~} }ga{a{~d }ga{a{~d wa df l gealgoad gealgoad |av adad hjn` hjn` ~c a| C~}jgc *– lad ‚]ga{a{~d ‚]ga{a{~d w adf c ndwnrad f C~}jgc lndfad }ndfaea aoad on`gjadfa on`gjadfa d {nrjgdl~dfad wa df lg}n|~e~g lajac {nreadegad {nreadegad gdg$–

‐^car Gbd lgondaj ~ca| C~}jgc }nbafag }nbafag àogc a|a~ {ndf~a}a wadf {ajgdf bgeao wadf {nrda` ala lg c~oa b~cg$ Oarnda aja}ad gdgja` caoa lga lge~j~og ‐^car aj Iar~q wadf bnrar|g ‐^car wadf Bgeao$ Aoad |n|a{g A|~rad ‐^car lg a|a} |glao }n}~ag lndfad e~j~oad g|~$ Aj#Qgcdg cndf~|g{ on|nradfad Gbd Oa|`gr bafagcada ‐^car cnc~|~}oad ca}aja` |~l~àd ugda`$ Gdg cnr~{aoad oa}~} {nd|gdf wadf cnd~de~ooad bafagcada ‐^car gbd aj#Oà||ab cndnra{oad `~o~c raeac lajac oa}~} ugda`… Og}a` gdg cnr~{aoad og}a` }neara` |nrondaj lajac }neara` Arab$ Og}a` gdg |nrealg lg |a`~d 16 @gerga`$ \gala b~o~ G}jac wadf |glao cnc~a| og}a` gdg$ \gfa }aàba| Dabg wadf {nd|gdf waodg Abg Bgora* Daig ‗a bgd aj#@arg|`* lad ]`gbaj bgdCa‗abal cndfao~ lg àla{ad ‐^car gbd aj#Oà||ab ba`va cnrnoa cndwao}goad aj#C~f`gra` gbd ]`~kba` bnrugda` lndfad ^c Eacgj }nvao|~ aj#Cagj ca}~o on lajac aj#C~oaàj$ [ara |gfa }aàba| cndfao~ cnjgà| {nrugdaàd |ad{a ra}a caj~ a|a~ |ao~|$ On|goa }aàba| Dabg wadf onnc{a| waodg Uagal gbd ]àcaja` c~dm~j* Oajgia` ‐^car cnwaogdoaddwa ba`va lga |glao aoad cndfnmnvaoad aj#C~f`gra` gbd ]`~kba`$ Jaj~ lga cndadwaoad a{a wadf lgjgà| Uagal$ Lga Lga cndeav ab* ‚Ao~ c njgà| njgà| c nrnoa* nrnoa* lad c ndlndfar lndf~ }ad daia} w adf o~a|* lad o~jgà| lga lga |nj~dfo~{ |nj~dfo~{ lg a|a} {nr~| {nr~| lad {aw~lara ^c Eac gj$– gj$– ‐^c ar bnroa|a * ‚A{aoa ` oa~ c njgà| njgà| lga c nc a}~o#onj~aroad { ndg}dwa }aa| aj#Cagj c a}~o on lajac aj#C~oaàj8– aj#C~oaàj8–


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ON@GL^[AD RA@A]GA DABG C^@ACCAL Lga Lga c ndeav ab* ‚\glao$ \a{g ao~ c njgà| njgà| lga c ndfadf oa| o nl~a oao g ^c Eacgj lad |~b~`dwa dago |~r~d lgad|ara onl~a oaog ^c Eacgj$ Lad ao~ cnjgà| lga cnjao~oaddwa lndfad }n{nd~` |ndafa lad ao~ cndlndfar lndf~}ad daia} w adf o nra}$– nra}$– ‐^c ar bnr|adw a* ‚A{aoa ` oa~ c njgà| njgà| lga c nc a}~o#onj~aroad {ndg}dw a }aa| aj#Cagj c a}~o on lajac aj#C~oaàj8– aj#C~oaàj8– Lga Lga c ndeav ab* ‚\glao ‚\glao $– 27 ‐^c ar bnroa |a* ‚Ajja`~ ‚Ajja`~ Ao bar$ [adffgj aj#C~f`gra` gbd ]`~kba` oncarg lad bnrg on|gfa on|gfa }ao }g lnja{ad lnja{ad {~j~` mac b~oad $– (gbgl5 (gbgl5 2; ;1* ;1* c ndf~|g{ la rg Gbd Gbd Oa|`gr* aj#Bnlw aj#Bnlw ga v a aj#Dgàga* àj$ 0=#0<'$

^d|~o cncb~o|goad |~l~àd ugda` lajac G}jac* àr~} ala nc{a| }ao}g wadf cndfao~ lg {ndfalgjad ba`va cnrnoa cndwao}goad {njao~ cnjao~oad {nrugdaàd$ ]nbnj~c g}|rg iayhrg| Dabg waodg Ag}wa` lg|~l~` bnrugda` lndfad {nc~la C~}jgc |ac{ad ]aivad bgd Aj#C~a|aj Aj#]~jacg* {nrugdaàd bg}a lgb~o|goad m~o~{ lndfad }ao}g 2 C~}jgc }aea a|a~ 1 C~}jgc / 2 C~}jgca` }aea$ Aoad |n|a{g* }n|nja` oa}~} Ag}wa` lad ]aivad* Q~r‗ad jaj~ cndacbaòad e~cja` }ao}g ealg < C~}jgc$ =;

Q~r‗ad* ]~ra Ad#D~~r (2<'* awa| < Lad hradf#hradf wadf cnd~l~` vadg|a#vadg|a wadf bago#bago (bnrb~a| ugda' lad cnrnoa |glao cndla|adfoad nc{a| hradf }ao}g* caoa lnraja` cnrnoa (wadf cnd~l~` g|~' lnja{ad {~j~` oajg lnra* lad eadfadja` oac~ |nrgca on}ao}gad cnrnoa b~a| }njaca#jacadwa$ Lad cnrnoa g|~ja` hradf#hradf wadf ia}go$ Cn}og{~d lncgogad* }n|nja` oa}~} aj#C~f`gra` gbd ]`~kba` lad ^c Eacgj* Oajgia` ‐^car gbd aj#Oà||ab cnc{nrondajoad {ndff~daad bndadf }nbafag cn|hla {nd|gdf lajac cncb~o|goad |~l~àd ugda`$ Ealg* }njagd àr~} ala < }ao}g* ]warga` cnd~d|~| }ao}g cncbava }nb~a` bndadf lad cnca}~ooad bndadf g|~ lgad|ara |~b~` {nugda` vadg|a lad |~b~` {nugda` {rga$ Egoa bndadf |glao bnrà}gj cnjaj~g onl~a |~b~` cnrnoa* caoa àj gdg cncb~o|goad {ndg} {rga ca}~o on lajac yafgda vadg|a$ Bnfgdgja` b~o|g wadf lgcgd|a Oajgia` ‐^car larg onnc{a| }ao}g wadf cncadf cnjgà| aj#C~f`gra` gbd ]`~kba` lad ^c Eacgj bnr}n|~b~`$ Cnjgà| mara ‐^car cndadfadg oa}~} ugda` gdg* a{aoa` ‐^car g|~ jawao lge~j~og }nbafag àogc wadf {ajgdf bgeao wadf {nrda` ala lg c~oa b~cg8

27 Ajja` Caà Bn}ar =; Jgà| oa}~} ‚Ag}wa` Lg|~l~` Bnrugda`–


=6


BAB YG

OAJGIA@ ^\@CAD GBD ‐AIIAD ^|`cad cnr~{aoad Oajgia` on|gfa lgad|ara cnrnoa wadf lg}nb~| ~ca| C~}jgc }nbafag Nc{a| Oajgia` \njalad* waodg Ab~ Baor* ‐^car* ^|`cad* lad ‐Ajg$ Lajac b~o~dwa wadf bnre~l~j Rab Aj#Uacad (\~àd Ca}a Ogdg'* lg bava` ar|gonj wadf bnre~l~j ‚Og|a \glao Bhjn` Cnj~{aoad ]neara` lad @ar~} Cncgjgog @goca| lad On}alarad–* Aj Qgcdg cnj~r~}oad |~l~àd wadf cndfa|aoad }nhradf Wa`~lg bnrdaca Gbd ]aba&a cncb~d~` Oajgia` ^|`cad gbd ‐Aiiad (gbgl5 1;>'$ Cnd~r~| aj# Qgcdg* gbd ]aba&a |glao bnr}aja` a|a} lara` ^|`cad$ Oajgia` ^|àc }ndlgrgja` wadf bnr}aja` a|a} onca|gaddwa$ Aj#Qgcdg bnr|adwa ‚Egoaja~ dnfara G}jac g|~ cnr~{aoad dnfara |nr`nba| lg l~dga lg }aa| Oajgia` on|gfa wadf |nja` cndnra{oad ]warga` G}jac lad @~l~l* lad cndnfaooad gbala` lad a|~rad G}jac* caoa cndfa{a lga jaj~ lgb~d~`8– (Aj#Qgcdg 17795 1;>'$ Aj#Qgcdg cndeavab ar|gonj G}jac wadf lg|nrbg|oad lg ohrad Aj#G`rac wadf cndwa|aoad ‚{ala eacad ^|`cad* |nrla{a| onoawaad bnrjgc{a`#r~a` lg Cnlgda* }ac{ag² Eargwa (b~lao vadg|a' lge~aj lndfad e~cja` nca} wadf }aca lndfad bnra| baladdwa– (gbgl5 1;6'$ Cnd~r~| aj#Qgcdg* caegoad Eargwa wadf mad|go enjg|a g|~ cncbawar }adfa| caàj oarnda cndfàra{oad vadg|a g|~ la{a| cnc~a}oaddwa lg radeadf$ Aoad |n|a{g* {nr|adwaad aj#Qgcdg wadf |nr{nd|gdf alaja`5 larg cada nca} }nbadwao g|~ lgcgjgog C~}jgc8 ^d|~o cndeavab {nr|adwaad gdg* aj#Qgcdg bnroa|a* ‚Nca} g|~ la|adf larg dnfara² wadf lg}nradf lad lgeara` |nd|ara C~}jgc$ ]nbnj~c nca}² g|~ lgcgjgog caegoad Eargwa* nca}² g|~ |nr}nbar lajac àrfa }nnohr oacbgdf cgjgo {n|adg Cn}gr cg}ogd* lajac àrfa fadl~c cgjgo hradf Graq wadf `gl~{ lajac f~b~f* lajac àrfa oacbgdf cgjgo hradf ]wrga wadf cndffncbajaoad |nrdaodwa lg {aladf r~c{~|– (gbgl'$ Lndfad oa|a jagd* |nd|ara C~}jgc cnrac{hog |nrdao lad fadl~c cgjgo {ara {ndffncbaja* {n|adg* lad b~r~` cg}ogd lg dnfara² wadf cnrnoa }nradf lajac daca G}jac$ @a}gj |nrdao lad fadl~c rac{hoad gdg lgbava on Cnlgda lad lge~aj lad à}gjdwa bnr~{a nca} wadf lgf~daoad ~d|~o cncbnjg Eargwa a|a~ b~lao vadg|a$ Lndfad lncgogad* onrgdfa| {ara {n|adg Cn}gr* {nlafadf Grao* lad {ndffncbaja ]wrga lgo~c{~joad lad lge~aj lad ‚lg|~adfoad lajac }a|~ vala` |gcbadfad lad lg vala` |gcbadfad jagddwa bnrlgrg }nhradf Eargwa wadf mad|go enjg|a– (gbgl'$ B~o~² }neara` G}jac cndenja}oad ba`va ‚}aja` }a|~ }aàba| dabg cndgdffajoad àr|a }nbadwao jnbg` larg > e~|a lgdar }n|nja` lga ca|g lad }aàba| jagddwa cndgdffajoad nca} wadf lgbafg#bafg lndfad oac{ao$– (gbgl'$ Oajgia` ^car |nrondaj aoad }goa{ dn{h|g}cndwa$ Lga cndfacbgj àr|a larg {nrbnlaàraad }h}gaj ~ca| C~}jgc lad cndwhfho hradf² wadf cndnd|adf ono~a}aaddwa (gbgl'$ Lga cndfgrgc l~a }aàba| Dabg ” Aba Uar aj#Eagiarg lad Wa}gr gbd Acar ” on {ndfa}gdfad oarnda onl~adwa bnradg cndnf~r onbgeao}adaaddwa `||{5((bnrg|ac~}jgc$vhrl{rn}}$mhc

=0


(gbgl'$ ]nbnj~c lga}gdfoad* ^|`cad |nrjnbg` la`~j~ cndfgdeao#gdeao Wa}gr lndfad oaogdwa }ac{ag Wa}gr {gdf}ad$ Wa}gr alaja` }aja` }nhradf larg hradf² C~}jgc wadf lgeadegoad }~rfa hjn` Dabg$ ^|`cad cnd~de~o Gbd Abg aj#]ara` }nbafag f~bnrd~r ({ndf~a}a' Cn}gr }nladfoad }nc~a ~ca| C~}jgc {ala }aa| g|~ cndfn|a`~g ba`va ala awa| Q~r‗ad wadf cnd~l~` Gbd Abg aj#]ara` }nbafag oaigr$ Aj#Qgcdg |glao cndwnb~| a{a awa| Q~r‗ad gdg* |a{g |ac{aodwa lga cndfn|a`~g gdg larg }aja` }a|~ |ai}gr Q~r‗ad$ Lajac b~o~²dwa* aj#Qgcdg cndf~|g{ {nd~jg}² C~}jgc |nrondaj lajac ^caà‗a| aj#Og|ab aj#G}jacga a|a~ Gb~ larg ]nfaja ]~cbnr Jg|nra|~r G}jac* }n{nr|g cg}ajdwa Gbd Oa|`gr* aj#\abarg* Gbd ]a‗al* Aj#Q~r|~bg* Aj#]gra Aj#@ajabgwa`* ]gra| Gbd @g}wac* ]a`g` Aj#B~oàrg* lad ]a`g` C~}jgc$ On|goa aj#Qgcdg lgae~oad on {ndfalgjad fara² b~o~dwa wadf bnre~l~j Rab aj#Uacad (\~àd Ca}a Ogdg'* {gào {nd~d|~| {ndfalgjad |glao bg}a cndwnradfdwa oarnda }nc~a wadf lg|~jg} aj#Qgcdg bnr}~cbnr larg b~o~² jg|nra|~r G}jac* wadf lgao~g on}a`gàddwa hjn` ^dgynr}g|a} Aj#Auàr$ Oncbajg {ala og}a` ^|`cad* aj#Qgcdg cndenja}oad ba`va on|goa bnbnra{a hradf Cn}gr la|adf on Cnlgda lad cndfnj~` {ala ^|`cad |nd|adf Gbd Abg aj#]ara`* ^|`cad cndfàrlgo cnrnoa lad cncb~d~` }aja` }nhradf larg cnrnoa$ ^|`cad e~fa cnd~de~o }a~lara jaog |grgdwa wadf bnrdaca Aj#Vajgl Gbd Afaba }nbafag f~bnrd~r O~ia* {alaàj ~ca| C~}jgc }~la` cndfn|a`~g Aj#Vajgl |nja` {nrda` cndg{~ Dabg lad ealg c~r|algd }n|nja` Dabg vaia|$ Aj#Vajgl Gbd Afaba }nrgdf cncgc{gd ~ca| C~}jgc }`hja| lg O~ia lajac onalaad cab~o bnra| (gbgl5 1;7'$ Onjao~ad Aj#Vajgl Gbd Afaba wadf |glao G}jacga` gdg cncb~a| Gbd Aj#A}`|ar cndnf~r ^|`cad lndfad onra}* ‚Larg Cajgo Gbd aj#@arg|` {ala Oajgia` wadf ohr~{* bnrlh}a* bndmg aoad ]~dda` Dabg* lad lgac² cndwadfoaj a|~rad Q~r‗ad* ea~òad oacg larg Vajgl lad ]a‗al cgjgoc~ lad larg }ga{a{~d wadf oa~ ogrgc larg r~ca`c~ {ala oacg$– (gbgl5 1;0'$ [ncbnrhd|aoad C~}jgc Cn}gr lgohbaroad hjn` C~àccal Gbd Abg @~ugia* Chàccal gbd Abg Baor aj#]algq ({~|ra Ab~ Baor* Oajgia` {nr|aca'* lad Wa}gr gbd Acar (gbgl5 1;7'$ On|gfa }aàba| Dabg gdg bnradfoa| larg Cnlgda on Cn}gr ~d|~o cndffnraooad ca}}a cnjavad ^`|cad$ Lg }ac{gdf }nc~a {nr|nd|adfad gdg* ^|`cad e~fa cndf~c{~joad C~}aài a|a~ b~o~² bnrbafag ynr}g Q~r‗ad (gbgl5 1;7# 11;'$ \nrla{a| badwao endg} Q~r‗ad lg eacad ^`|cad* wadf ca}gdf² bnrg}g bnrbafag ]~ra lad awa|² wadf bnrbnla lndfad wadf jagd$ Mhd|h` }gdfoa|dwa* ala C~}aài ynr}g Ag}wa`* ynr}g @ai}a* lad ynr}g Gbd Ca}~l$ ^|`cad cncgjg` C~}aài cgjgo @ai}a* {~|rg Ab~ Baor }adf Oajgia` {nr|aca* lad cncbaoar }nc~a C~}aài jagddwa$=1 [nrb~a|ad ^|`cad gdg cndwnbaboad ‚Gbd Ca}~l* wadf lg}nb~| }nbafag }aàba| }nea|g lad |nrmgd|a Dabg* {rh|n} bnra| |nràla{ a{a wadf lgjao~oad ^|`cad {ala igrcad Ajjâ`– (gbgl5 11;'$ ]nbafag eavabaddwa* ^|`cad cndf~}gr Gbd Ca}~l onj~ar larg cn}egl lad cncnrgd|aòad {nc~o~jad a|a} lgrgdwa }ac{ag |~jadf gfadwa {a|a` (gbgl'$ Ajg bgd Abg \ajgb* }adf Oajgia` onnc{a| lad }~acg Ia|gca ({~|rg Dabg'* |glao ca~ cndwnraòad C~}aài cgjgodwa* |a{g ^|`cad cnrac{a}dwa =1 @aj gdg bnr`~b~dfad lndfad {ndenja}ad aj#Qgcdg |nd|adf Da}go` lad Cad}~o`$


=7


lndfad {ao}a$ Aj#Qgcdg cnd~jg} on}gc{~jad lajac ar|gonjdwa lndfad {nr|adwaad* ‚A{aoa` {nradad Gbd ]aba‗a lajac àj gdg lad }ga{aoa` }nbndardwa wadf cnjavad Ajjâ`8– (gbgl5 11;'$ A{a wadf lgcao}~l aj#Qgcdg alaja` onbgeao}adaad ^|`cad wadf ohr~{* dn{h|g}* lad |nrmnja cndwnbaboad lgrgdwa |nr|gc{a bndmada* }ac{ag ao`grdwa lga lgb~d~`$


<;


BA B Y GG

DA]GO@ LAD CAD]Ô@ Lajac b~o~dwa wadf bnre~l~j Aj#G}jacga| ([ara G}jacg}'* Aj#Qgcdg c~jag cncbaà} Da}go` lad Cad}~o` a|a~ ‚A|~rad [ncba|ajad– awa| lajac Q~r‗ad lndfad cndnradfoad og}a` Awa|² ]n|ad (aj#Qgcdg 2;;15 >9='$ Cnd~r~| aj#Qgcdg* Dabg C~àccal bnràra{ Ajjâ` |glao cnva`w~oad igrcad a{a{~d wadf bg}a cndwnbaboad ca}waraoa| Cnoa` cndhjaodwa$ On|goa C~àccal* ~ca| C~}jgc* lad {ara {ncgc{gd ca}waraoa| {afad Cnoa` }nladf }`hja| lg Cn}egl aj#@arac* C~àccal cndnrgca va`w~ larg Ajjâ` wadf lgbamaoaddwa onra}² }nbafag bnrgo~|5

Q~r‗ad* ]~ra Ad#Daec* awa| >=5 17#2; 17 A{aoa` oa~ |nja` cnjgà| Ja| lad ‐ûua8 2; Lad wadf jagddwa* wadf on|gfa waodg (lnvg' Cada|8 ]adf Dabg cndnr~}oad va`w~dwa5

‚Cnrnoa alaja` lnvg² a|a~ {ncgc{gd² gbala` |nr|gdffg lad bnroa`² cnrnoa lgàra{oad– ]n|nja` C~àccal cncbamaoad awa|² gdg* ‚|gala }nhradf {~d wadf |n|a{ bnrala lajac Cn}egl* bago C~}jgc ca~{~d oaigr wadf |glao bnr}~e~l bnr}aca }adf Dabg– (gbgl'$ Jaj~ C~àccal bnroa|a ba`va cajagoa| Egbrgj la|adf lad cndnf~rdwa }acbgj cndfa|aoad {aladwa ba`va lga cnjaiajoad {ala hradf² awa| wadf |glao lgva`w~oad Ajjâ` {aladwa$

Q~r‗ad* ]~ra Aj#G}ra‗a (16'* awa| 6=#6< Lad }n}~dff~`dwa cnrnoa àc{gr cncajgdfoad oac~ larg a{a wadf |nja` Oacg va`w~oad on{alac~* afar oac~ cncb~a| wadf jagd }nmara bh`hdf |nràla{ Oacg? lad oaja~ }~la` bnfg|~ |nd|~ja` cnrnoa cndfacbgj oac~ ealg }aàba| wadf }n|ga$ Lad oaja~ Oacg |glao cnc{nro~a| (à|g' c~* dg}mawa oac~ àc{gr#àc{gr mhdlhdf }nlgog| on{ala cnrnoa* Oarnda g|~* Dabg cnc{nrbagog awa|dwa lg ]~ra Ad#Daec }nbafag bnrgo~|5

Q~r‗ad* ]~ra Ad#Daec* awa| 17#22


<1


17 Caoa a{aoa` {a|~| oac~ (àg hradf#hradf c~}wrgo' cndfadffa{ Aj Ja|a lad Aj ûua* 2; lad Cada` wadf on|gfa* wadf {ajgdf |nronc~lgad (}nbafag adao {nrnc{~ad Ajja`'8 21 A{aoa` ({a|~|' ~d|~o oac~ (adao' jaog#jaog lad ~d|~o Ajja` (adao' {nrnc{~ad8 22 Wadf lncgogad g|~ |nd|~ja` }~a|~ {ncbafgad wadf |glao algj$ Aj#Qgcdg cndenja}oad lndfad |nr{nrgdmg rnao}g {ara C~}jgc lad dhd#C~}jgc |nràla{ awa|² |nr}nb~|* wadf lgondaj {~ja }nbafag awa|² Fàradgq =2$ Aoad |n|a{g* wadf jnbg` |nr{nd|gdf jafg alaja` ba`va awa|² gdg cnr~{aoad awa|² Q~r‗ad* wadf lgr~ba` lad lgfad|g hjn` awa|² jagd lad }nbafgad awa|² |nr}nb~| `gjadf$ Q~r‗ad }ndlgrg cndfao~g ondwa|aad |nr}nb~| lajac awa|² bnrgo~|5

Q~r‗ad* ]~ra Aj#Da`j (19'* awa| 1;1 Lad a{abgja Oacg jn|aooad }~a|~ awa| lg |nc{a| awa| wadf jagd }nbafag {ndffad|gdwa {alaàj Ajja` jnbg` cndfn|a`~g a{a wadf lg|~r~doad#Dwa* cnrnoa bnroa|a5 ‚]n}~dff~`dwa oac~ alaja` hradf wadf cndfala#alaoad }aea–$ Baòad onbadwaoad cnrnoa |gala cndfn|a`~g$ Q~r‗ad* ]~ra Aj#Baqara` (2'* awa| 1;9 Awa| cada }aea wadf Oacg da}aoòad* a|a~ Oacg ealgoad (cad~}ga' j~{a on{aladwa* Oacg la|adfoad wadf jnbg` bago larg{aladwa a|a~ wadf }nbadlgdf lndfaddwa$ \galaoa` oac~ cndfn|a`~g ba`va }n}~dff~`dwa Ajja` Caà O~a}a a|a} }nfaja }n}~a|~8 Q~r‗ad* ]~ra Ar#Ra‗l (1='* awa| =7 Ajja` cndfà{~}oad a{a wadf Lga on`ndlaog lad cndn|a{oad (a{a wadf Lga on`ndlaog'* lad lg }g}g#Dwa#ja` |nrla{a| ^c~jog|ab (Jh`caì~u'$ Lndfad lncgogad* awa|² Fàradgq a|a~ awa|² ]n|ad g|~ lgoa|aoad hjn` Dabg oarnda dga|dwa }ndlgrg lad e~fa oarnda fhlaad ]n|ad$

Q~r‗ad* ]~ra Aj#@aee (22'* awa| >2 Lad Oacg |glao cndf~|~} }nbnj~c oac~ }nhradf ra}~j {~d lad |glao ({~ja' }nhradf dabg* cnjagdoad a{abgja ga cnc{~dwag }n}~a|~ ongdfgdad* }n|ad {~d cnca}~ooad fhlaad#fhlaad |nràla{ ongdfgdad g|~* Ajja` cndf`gjadfoad a{a wadf lgca}~ooad hjn` }n|ad g|~* lad Ajja` cndf~a|oad awa|#awa|#Dwa$ Lad Ajja` Caà Cndfn|a`~g jafg Caà Bgeao}ada*

=2 Fàradgq lajac baà}a Arab bnrar|g "b~r~df |gdffg" |a{g lg }gdg wadf {ajgdf c~dfogd bnrar|g }waiaa| a|a~ lnvg$ Hradf#hradf Arab Cnoa` {nrmawa ba`va on|gfa lnvg Ja|* &ûua* lad Cada| alaja` {~|rg#{~|rg Ajja` (]adf [ndmg{|a' lad oarndadwa cnrnoa lg{~ea lad lg}ncba` lg Cnoa`$


<2


Og}a` awa|² Fàradgq lad }nbafgad awa|² Q~r‗ad wadf bnr|nd|adfad }a|~ }aca jagd* cndwnbaboad {ara C~}jgc a`jg G}jac avaj cndn|a{oad a|~rad Da}go` (cncba|aj# oad' lad Cad}~o` (lgba|ajoad'$ \nrla{a| |gfa endg} Da}go` lad Cad}~o` lajac Q~r‗ad5 A|~rad `~o~c larg awa| lgba|ajoad lgba|ajoad |a{g {njaiaj {njaiajaddw addw a |n|a{ bnrjao~$ bnrjao~$ [njaiaj njaiajad ad awa| lgba|ajoad* lgba|ajoad* |a{g a|~rad `~o~c dwa |n|a{ bnrjao~$ bnrjao~$ A|~rad `~o~c lad {njaiajad {njaiajad awa| lgba|ajoad$ lgba|ajoad$ (gbgl5 >6; >6; '

1$ A | ~ r a d ` ~ o ~ c } n b ~ a ` a wa w a | l g b a | a jo j o a d | a { g { n j a ia ia j a d d w a | n | a { bnrjao~

Mhd|h` |nrondaj larg {ncba|ajad endg} gdg alaja` awa| Raeac lad awa| Cndw~}~g [rga Lnva}a$ ]nbafgad bn}ar C~}jgc a`jg G}jac }n|~e~ ba`va awa| Raeac lgva`w~oad {ala Dabg lad onc~lgad lgacbgj oncbajg on }~rfa$ Lgoa|aoad ba`va Oajgia` ‐^car gbd aj#Oà||ab bnroa|a* ‚Oacg l~j~ }nrgdf cncbama awa| wadf cndfa|aoad egoa Aj#]wngo` a|a~ hradf |~a lad Aj#]wngoà a|a~ vadg|a |~a bnrugda` caoa raecajà cnrnoa }ac{ag ca|g oarnda ondgoca|ad wadf cnrnoa |nja` la{a|oad… lad egoa ao~ |glao oàva|gr hradf² aoad bnroa|a ‐^car |nja` cndacba` awa| Q~r‗ad* |nd|~dwa ao~ }~la` cndmad|~coad awa| g|~ lajac Q~r‗ad– (gbgl5 >6='$ Aoad |n|a{g* awa|² Q~r‗ad wadf bnrondaad lndfad `~o~c ugda` }aa| gdg |glao cndfa|aoad `~o~c raeac ra eac bafg {nugda` {rga a|a~ vadg|a$

Q~r‗ad* ]~ra Ad#Dg}a (<'* awa| 1> Lad (|nràla{' {ara vadg|a wadf cndfnreaoad {nrb~a|ad oneg* `ndlaoja` ala nc{a| hradf }ao}g lg ad|ara oac~ (wadf cndwao}goaddwa'$ Onc~lgad a{abgja cnrnoa |nja` cncbnrg {nr}ao}gad* caoa o~r~dfja` cnrnoa (vadg|a#vadg|a g|~' lajac r~ca` }ac{ag cnrnoa cndnc~g aeajdwa* a|a~ }ac{ag Ajja` cncbnrg eajad wadf jagd on{aladwa$ Q~r‗ad* ]~ra Ad#D~~r (2<'* awa| 2 [nrnc{~ad wadf bnrugda lad jaog#jaog wadf bnrugda* caoa lnraja` |ga{#|ga{ }nhradf larg onl~adwa }nra|~} oajg lnra* lad eadfadja` bnja} oa}gàd on{ala onl~adwa cndmnfa` oac~ ~d|~o (cndeajadoad' afaca Ajja`* egoa oac~ bnrgcad on{ala Ajja`* lad àrg ao`gra|* lad `ndlaoja` ({njao}adaad' `~o~cad cnrnoa lg}ao}goad hjn` }no~c{~jad larg hradf#hradf wadf bnrgcad$ Cn}og{~d lncgogad* `~o~c ]wagra` |n|a{ cndn|a{oad `~o~cad raeac bafg {rgavadg|a wadf |nja` cndgoa` egoa cnrnoa cnjao~oad ugda`* oarnda ~ma{ad Oajgia` ‐^car$ Awa| |nd|adf cndw~}~g {rga lnva}a bnrla}aroad {ala ja{hrad Ag}wa` lg cada lga bnroa|a* ‚Awa| Raeac lad awa| Cndw~}~g [rga Lnva}a |nja` lgdwa|aoad Dabg* lad on|goa lga ea|~` }aog|* oacg |nrjaj~ }gb~o cndf~r~} {ndwaog|dwa$ ]nnohr `nvad |nrdao cncaoad da}oa` wadf bnrg}g awa|² |nr}nb~|$ ]adf Dabg vaia| lad


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awa|² |nr}nb~| l~j~ lgbama }nbafag bafgad larg Q~r‗ad– (gbgl5 >0;'$ [nr|adwaad wadf lgadffa{ aj#Qgcdg }~oar ~d|~o lgeavab alaja`5 ‚A{aoa` awa| cndw~}~g {rga lnva}a |nja` lgba|ajoad }nbnj~c bgda|adf |nrdao cncaoaddwa* a|a~ a{aoa` awa| g|~ lg{nr|gcbadfoad }nbafag awa| wadf lgba|ajoad oarnda awa| g|~ |glao lg|nc~oad lajac egjgl² Q~r‗ad wadf lgo~c{~joad Oajgia` on|gfa ^|`cad bgd ‐Aiiad oarnda }nnohr bgda|adf |nja` cncaoaddwa8– (gbgl5 >01'$ Og}a` cndw~}~g {rga lnva}a lg}ac{agoad lajac }nb~a` àlg} hjn` Ag}wa`5

]~a|~ àrg* ]a`ja bgd|g ]~àgj la|adf cndnc~g Dabg lad bnroa|a {ala Dabg* ‚Ao~ cnjgà| vaea` Abg @~ugia (}~acg ]a`ja* lad gdg bnrar|g ]a`ja cnjgà| }~acgdwa cara`' }n|ga{ oajg ]ajgc la|adf on r~ca` oacg$– Dabg bnroa|a {aladwa* ‚[nr}gjaoad lga cndn|no (cndw~}~g' {alac~$– ]a`ja bnroa|a* ‚Bafagcada c~dfogd ao~ bg}a cndw~}~gdwa }nladfoad lga alaja` {rga lnva}a8– Dabg bnroa|a* ‚Cncadfdwa ao~ |ao |a`~ ba`va lga alaja` {rga lnva}a8– ]a`ja la|adf jafg {ala Dabg lg jagd vao|~ lad bnroa|a* ‚Ao~ bnr}~c{a` lncg Ajjâ` vaàg Dabg Ajjâ` ba`va ao~ |glao cnjgà| jafg oncaraàd lg vaea` Abg @~ugia$– (gbgl5 >0;' Lndfad cndfgo~|g da}nà| Dabg {ala ]a`ja bgd|g ]~àgj* ‚Ag}wa` }nrgdf cndw~r~` }a~lara {nrnc{~addwa waodg ^c Oaj|`~c lad adao² {nrnc{~ad }a~lara jaogdwa ~d|~o cndn|nog (cndw~}~g' jnjaog lnva}a cada{~d wadf lg{nr}gjaoad ca}~o r~ca` cnrnoa– (gbgl'$ [nr|adwaaddwa alaja`5 bafagcada c~dfogd vadg|a lnva}a a|a~ falg} rncaea cndw~}~g {rga lnva}a8 B~oadoa` àj }n{nr|g g|~ bg}a cncb~a| {rga g|~ |nradf}adf }nmara }no}~aj8 Lad bafagcada lndfad vadg|a |nr}nb~|8 A{aoa` vadg|a g|~ bg}a |ndadf² }aea }aa| bgbgr {rga lnva}a cndf~j~c {~||gdf {aw~laradwa8 Cnd~r~| aj#Qgcdg* awa| Cndw~}~g [rga Lnva}a }nàr~}dwa lg{nrjao~oad }aca }n{nr|g awa| Raeac |nràla{ aj#]wngo` lad aj#]wngoà ({rga lad vadg|a |~a' wadf cnjao~oad ugda`$ Aoad |n|a{g* {ara C~}jgc a`jg G}jac* |ad{a aja}ad wadf enja}* cnc{nr|aàdoad `~o~cad raeac lad |glao cndfgdlaòad a|~rad {ara C~}jgca` cndw~}~g {rga lnva}a wadf lg{nr}gjaoad la|adf bnro~de~df on r~ca` cnrnoa$ A|~rad cndw~}~g {rga lnva}a |nr~} lgjao~oad }ac{ag onca|gad Dabg lad }njaca g|~ Ag}wa` |nr~} cnjao~oaddwa lad cnda}nà|g }a~lara² lad on{hdaoad² {nrnc{~addwa ~d|~o cnjao~oad àj wadf }aca$ ]nbafgad C~}jgc a`jg G}jac cndfa|aoad ba`va awa| Cndw~}~g [rga Lnva}a gdg |nja` lgba|ajoad$ \a{g {nr|adwaad aj#Qgcdg bnrgo~|dwa alaja`5 oa{ad* bafagcada* lad hjn` }ga{a awa| Cndw~}~g [rga Lnva}a gdg lgba|ajoad8 Aj#Qgcdg |glao cndnrgca on|nradfad ba`va awa| gdg lgba|ajoad* oarnda |gala {ncba|ajad awa| Q~r‗ad a{a{~d }n|nja` Dabg vaia|$ [rgd}g{ gdg lgao~g ~ca| C~}jgc$ ]noajg jafg* hradf |nd|~dwa cncbawadfoad bafagcada Ag}wa` g}|rg iayhrg| C~àccal wadf c~la lad mad|go }nrgdfoajg cndw~}~g {rga² c~la lnva}a wadf lg{nr}gjaoad la|adf cnca}~og r~ca`dwa$ On|goa C~àccal vaia|* Ag}wa` ca}g` bnr~}ga 10 |a`~d lad lajac ~}ga }nc~la gdg |nd|~dwa Ag}wa` ca}g` {~dwa à}ra| }np$


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ON@GL^[AD RA@A]GA DABG C^@ACCAL 2 $ [ n ja j a i a ja ja d a wa wa | l g b a | a j o a d * | a { g a | ~ r a d ` ~ o ~ c d w a | n | a { b n r j a o ~ $

]nbafgad C~}jgc C~ea`grgd (C~}jgc Cnoa` wadf go~| `gera` bnr}aca Dabg on Cnlgda`' }nrgdfoajg cncadffgj Dabg jadf}~df lndfad dacadwa }aea lad cndf~de~dfgdwa |ad{a lg~dladf a|a~ |ad{a bgjadf |nrjnbg` la`~j~$ ]goa{ |ao }h{ad gdg cndendfonjoad Dabg lad lga jaj~ cndff~daoad Q~r‗ad ~d|~o cndfa|a}g ca}aja` gdg (gbgl5 >0='$ Awa| bar~ cndn|a{oad ba`va C~}jgc àr~} bawar egoa gdfgd bnr|nc~ lad bnrbgmara {ala Dabg (gbgl'$ Aj#Qgcdg cndenja}oad ba`va }nlnoa` lajac àj gdg bnrar|g ~adf ohd}~j|a}g wadf àr~} lgbawar on{ala Dabg$ Oa|a }nlnoa` e~fa bg}a bnrar|g cncbnrg ~adf {ala hradf cg}ogd$ Gdg awa|dwa5

Q~r‗ad* ]~ra Aj#C~eaalaja` (>0'* awa| 12 @ag hradf#hradf wadf bnrgcad* a{abgja oac~ cndfalaoad {ncbgmaraad o`~}~} lndfad Ra}~j `ndlaoja` oac~ cndfnj~aroad }nlnoa` }nbnj~c {ncbgmaraad g|~==$ Wadf lncgogad g|~ alaja` jnbg` bago bafgc~ lad jnbg` bnr}g`? egoa oac~ |gala cnc{nrhjn` (wadf aoad lg}nlnoaòad' caoa }n}~dff~`dwa Ajja` Caà [ndfac{~d jafg Caà [ndwawadf$ Awa| gdg cncb~a| {ara C~}jgc ndffad bnr|nc~ lad bnrohd}~j|a}g lndfad }adf Dabg$ On|goa {ara C~}jgc wadf gdfgd |a`~ cnc{nr|adwaoad awa| gdg* Ajjâ` jaj~ cncba|ajoad awa| lg a|a} lad cndffad|gdwa lndfad awa| bnrgo~|5

Q~r‗ad* ]~ra Aj#C~eaalaja` (>0'* awa| 1= A{aoa` oac~ |ao~| aoad (cndealg cg}ogd' oarnda oac~ cncbnrgoad }nlnoa` }nbnj~c {ncbgmaraad lndfad Ra}~j8 Caoa egoa oac~ |gala cnc{nrb~a|dwa lad Ajja` |nja` cncbnrg |hba| on{alac~ caoa lgrgoadja` }ncba`wadf* |~dagoadja` uaoa| lad |aa|ja` on{ala Ajja` lad Ra}~j#Dwa? lad Ajja` Caà Cndfn|a`~g a{a wadf oac~ onreaoad$ Awa| [nladf e~fa cnr~{aoad mhd|h` jagd wadf cncba|ajoad awa|² jagddwa$

Q~r‗ad* ]~ra A|#\a~ba`* awa| > A{abgja }~la` àbg} b~jad#b~jad @arac g|~* caoa b~d~`ja` hradf#hradf c~}wrgogd g|~ lg cada }aea oac~ e~c{ag cnrnoa* lad |adfoa{ja` cnrnoa$ On{~dfja` cnrnoa lad gd|agja` lg |nc{a| {ndfgd|agad$ Egoa cnrnoa bnr|hba| lad cndlgrgoad }aja| lad cnd~dagoad uaoa|* caoa bnrgja` onbnba}ad on{ala cnrnoa ~d|~o bnreajad$ ]n}~dff~`dwa Ajja` Caà [ndfac{~d jafg Caà [ndwawadf$

== Ln{af RG cndacbaòad oa|a ‐(on{ala hradf cg}ogd'‗ lajac oajgca| {nr|aca5 ‚a{abgja oac~ cndfalaoad {ncbgmaraad o`~}~} lndfad Ra}~j `ndlaoja` oac~ cndfnj~aroad }nlnoa` (on{ala hradf cg}ogd'– $ [alaàj }nlnoa` g|~ }nbndardwa ~d|~o Dabg C~àccal* lad {ndacbaàd oa|a (on{ala hradf cg}ogd' g|~ |nd|~dwa cndffad|g ar|g awa|$


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Cnd~r~| Gbd Aj#Arabg ‚}nc~a awa|² Q~r‗ad wadf cndwa|aoad {ndfac{~dad bafg oai~rd lad {ndmnfaàd cncb~d~` cnrnoa |nja` lgba|ajoad hjn` aa| {nladf… awa| gdg |nja` cncba|ajoad }nra|~} l~a {~j~` awa|– (gbgl5 >0<'$ Ca}aja` c~jag |gcb~j }aa| ^|`cad cndf~c{~joad awa|² Q~r‗ad lad cndw~}~d }nc~a awa| }nlncgogad r~{a }n`gdffa awa|² wadf lgba|ajoad |nrmac{~r al~o lndfad awa|² wadf cncba|ajoad (gbgl'$ [ndw~}~dad gdg cndgcb~joad onbgdf~dfad lad ohd|ralgo}g lajac Q~r‗ad ynr}g ^|`cad* wadf lgf~daoad }ac{ag àrg gdg$ = $ A | ~ r a d ` ~ o ~ c l a d { n ja j a i a ja ja d a w a | l gb gb a | a j o a d $

Cnd~r~| Ag}wa`* ]~ra Aj#Aùab |nrlgrg larg 2;; awa| on|goa Dabg ca}g` `gl~{* |a{g ‐^|`cad àdwa cndf~c{~joad 6; a|a~ 61 awa|² }aea (gbgl5 >7;'$ C~}jaca Gbd C~o`jgl bnroa|a* ‚Oa|aoad {alao~ l~a awa| wadf |ao |nr|~jg} lajac Q~r‗ad lad on|goa |gala }nhradf {~d wadf la{a| cncbnrg|a`~dwa* lga jaj~ cnjaiajoad ‐cnrnoa wadf {nrmawa* cnjao~oad `gera`* lad bnr{nradf lncg Ajjâ` lndfad ~adf lad egva cnrnoa? }n}~dff~`dwa cnrnoa alaja` hradf² wadf bnrà}gj$ Lad cnrnoa wadf cncbnrgdwa |nc{a| bnrda~df* oncndadfad* lad cncnradfg hradf² wadf lgo~|~o Ajjâ`* on{ala cnrnoaja` |gala egva wadf cndfn|a`~g {aàja wadf |nja` lg}nlgaoad }nbafag àlga` a|a} a{a wadf |nja` cnrnoa jao~oad‗– (gbgl5 >71'$ ^d|~o cncb~o|goad ba`va Q~r‗ad eacad }noaradf |glao jndfoa{* Aj#Qgcdg cndf~|g{ oa}~} Ag}wa` wadf cndw~r~` e~r~ |~jg} Q~r‗addwa ~d|~o cndacbaòad awa| bnrgo~|5 ‚[njgàraja` }nfaja }aja|* lad }aja| v~}|àa lad }aja| aj#a}r$ Bnrlgrgja` oarnda Ajja` lndfad o`~}w~o$– (gbgl'$ \aà @~}wngd bnroa|a |nd|adf àj gdg ‚Q~r‗ad lgva`w~oad lajac |~e~` `~r~i (lgajno' }aea=<* lad ‐^|`cad cndf~radfg a{a wadf gdfgd lgo~radfgdwa lajac Q~r‗ad lad cncbaoar a{a wadf gdfgd lga baoar larg Q~r‗ad$ Lndfad bnfg|~ ‚^|`cad cndf~radfg awa|² wadf |nja` lgva`w~oad Ajjâ` lad cncbaoar ynr}g² Q~r‗ad wadf cndfadl~df awa|² wadf lg{njaearg ~ca| C~}jgc larg }adf Dabg$ Gcac ^|`cad |glao }nàr~}dwa cndwncb~dwgoad }a|~ {~d awa| Q~r‗ad a|a~ cndfà{~} awa|² larg Q~r‗ad$– (gbgl'$ Cnd~r~| Aj#Qgcdg* onbnralaad awa|² Da}go` lad Cad}~o` lajac Q~r‗ad |glao }nàr~}dwa lgjgà| }nbafag ohd|ralgo}g (bnr|nd|adfad }a|~ lndfad wadf jagd'$ Bafgdwa* b~o~ Ajjâ` g|~ }nc{~rda* jndfoa{* lad bnba} larg ohd|ralgo}g$ Aoad |n|a{g* }~dff~` }~oar bafg {ndfaca| enjg ~d|~o |glao cnjgà| ohd|ralgo}g lajac Q~r‗ad$ Mhd|h`dwa* on|goa Dabg `gera` on Cnlgda`* ‚}g|~a}g lad ohdlg}g cncb~|~òad aladwa awa|² Q~r‗ad wadf cncnrgd|aòad C~}jgc ~d|~o cnc~eg#c~eg badg G}ranj* =< Lajac ohd|no} gdg* Aj#Qgcdg cndf~|g{ b~o~ \aà @~}wngd wadf bnre~l~j Ig aj#]`g‗gr aj#Ea`gjg ([rn#G}jacgm [hn|rw' wadf lg|nrbg|oad lg |a`~d 1729$ @~}wngd |glao cndfgo~|}nr|aoad `~r~i² Arab wadf cndmad|~coad |adla |g|go lad ohca oarnda Ab~ Aj#A}val Aj#Lvajg cnr~{aoad a`jg G}jac {nr|aca wadf cndacbaòad |adla |g|go ohca {ala `~r~i² Q~r‗ad* ]abavag cndacbaòad |adla |adwa|adla }nr~ lajac awa|² Q~r‗ad* lad Aj#Dabgqa Aj#Ugbgadg cndnra{oad a|~rad |a|abaà}a Arab on lajac Q~r‗ad$


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dabg² cnrnoa* lad {nrdwa|aad Ajjâ` wadf cncgjg` cnrnoa lg a|a} badf}a² jagd* ba`va \a~ra| cnr~{aoad b~o~ {ncbgcbgdf wadf bndar* lad cnrnoa àr~} cndfgo~|g a{a wadf |nr|~jg} lajac \a~ra| cnrnoa– (gbgl5 >00'$ Aoad |n|a{g }goa{ bnr}aàba| lndfad oa~c Wa`~lg gdg bnr~ba` oarnda {nr}no~|~ad lndfad oa~c Wa`~lg }~la` |glao lgb~|~òad jafg ‚}n|nja` oncndadfad lg [nradf Balr lg cada C~}jgc cndla{a|oad badwao }ndea|a* onoawaad* lad ono~a|ad– (gbgl5 >07'$ ]~dff~` cndfne~|oad ba`va }n|nja` {nrg}|gva Balr* Dabg |gba² }aea cndla{a|oad ba`va oa~c Wa`~lg ‚|nja` cndffad|g \a~ra| wadf a}jg }n`gdffa C~}jgc vaegb ~d|~o cncb~d~` cnrnoa oarnda |nja` cndffad|g awa|² Ajjâ`– (gbgl'$ Aj#Qgcdg cnjgà| {nrgjao~ C~àccal wadf }aca |nràla{ hradf² Org}|nd ‚}n|nja` C~}jgc |glao b~|~` Abw}}gdga lad Dafa}`g jafg* caoa awa|² Q~r‗ad {~d c~jag cndwnradf lhfca² Org}|nd– (gbgl'$ On|goa ~ca| C~}jgc ca}g` }nlgog| lad jnca` lg Cnoa` ‚awa|² bgeao Q~r‗ad mhmho lndfad {h}g}g cnrnoa wadf jnca` lg |ndfa`² ca}waraoa| {afad cawhrg|a} wadf cnc~}~`g cnrnoa* lad oarnda g|~ {~ja awa|² Q~r‗ad Cnoa` cndfadl~df {n}ad onbnba}ad bnrafaca lad |ao ala {ao}aad bnrafaca G}jac lad `~o~cad lg @arg Ogaca| aoad lg|nd|~oad Ajjâ`– (gbgl'$ Aj#Qgcdg cnjade~|oad* ‚}n|nja` `gera` larg Cnoa` on Cnlgda`* lad }n|nja` [nradf Balr lad bnr~ba`dwa onalaad ~ca| C~}jgc larg jnca` on o~a|* caoa c~dm~ja` awa|² Da}go` wadf cncba|ajoad oncnrlnoaad bnrafaca lad cncnrgd|aòad C~}jgc ~d|~o cncnradfg lad cncb~d~`g dhd#C~}jgc– (gbgl'$ Aj#Qgcdg bnr~}aà cndfa|a}g ca}aja` ohd|ralgo}g awa|² Q~r‗ad cnjaj~g {ndenja}ad ohd|no} }neara` cndfa{a awa|² g|~ lg|~r~doad a|a~ ‚a}bab aj#d~u~j–$


<6


BA B Y GG GGGG

]AWWGL CA@CH^L AJ#QGCDG ]awwgl Ca`ch~l aj#Qgcdg alaja` ‚{nd~jg} {rhfrn}}gyn lad lh}nd ^dgynr}g|a} Magrh lajac bgladf ]h}ghjhfg Afaca– (\`n Cglljn Na}| Cnlga Rn}narm` Gd}|g|~|n* ]n{|ncbnr 26* 2;;<5 1'$ Aj#Qgcdg ja`gr {ala |adffaj 1= Carn|* 17<6* lg oh|a Aj# Va}g|a* wadf |nrjn|ao lg {rh{gd}g ]nja|ad Cn}gr (Abl aj#Falgr* 2 Inb$* 2;;<'$ Awa`dwa alaja` ]wngo` Ca`ch~l aj#Qgcdg* j~j~}ad ^dgynr}g|a} Aj#Auàr$ ]wngo` aj#Qgcdg alaja` hradf Auàrg|n wadf }adfa| rnjgeg~} lad |ralg}ghdaj lad }njaj~ cndfndaoad {aoagad }n}~ag |ralg}g jaca$ Lg r~ca`dwa wadf bn}ar ]wngo` aj#Qgcdg cndwnjndffaraoad {nro~c{~jad gbala` afaca }n{nr|g on|goa lga l~j~ ca}g` ao|gi lg Aj#Auàr$ Onbadwaoad {nro~c{~jad lg}njndffaraoad lg b~jad Racalad$ Cn}og{~d ]wngo` aj#Qgcdg }adfa| rnjgeg~}* lga |n|a{ |nrb~oa |nràla{ {ndla{a| hradf jagd$ Oarnda g|~ {~ja lga cndnrgca fafa}ad rnihrca}g G}jac larg a`jg G}jac Cn}gr bnrdaca C~àccal Abl~`$ [~|ra ]wngo` aj#Qgcdg waodg ]awwgl lgbn}aroad lg r~ca` wadf {nd~` d~ad}a afaca G}jac$ Lga cndlnrg|a {ndwaog| fadff~ad ead|~df }neao onmgj (Ca`ch~l 2;;15 1'? aj# Qgcdg cndenja}oad lajac vavadmara lndfad A}àrgi Abl Aj#Falgr (2;;<' ba`va ca}a onmgjdwa |glao baàfga oarnda {ndwaog|dwa$ Cn}og{~d bnfg|~* lga bnrà}gj j~j~} larg ^dgynr}g|a} A‗gd ]àc} lg Magrh* larg E~r~}ad Igjh}hig$ ]n|nja` bnjaear Igjh}hig* aj#Qgcdg cndnr~}oad o~jga` lg ^dgynr}g|a} Aj#Auàr lad bnjaear |nd|adf ]neara` G}jac$ Onoajaàd Cn}gr |nràla{ G}ranj lg |a`~d 1796 cndealg |g|go bajgo {nr~baàd `gl~{dwa$ Lga gdfgd |a`~ cndfa{a Cn}gr bg}a oaja` lad àj gdg cncb~a|dwa cncbao|goad `gl~{dwa cnc{njaearg G}jac lad afaca² jagd$ Lga cnjao~oad {ndwnjglgoad aoad gjc~ gbala` G}jac }n{nr|g igq`* igjh}hig G}jac* lad oajac lajac bnbnra{a ajgrad G}jac* |a{g lga bar~ cndealg {nd~jg} lg |a`~d 170>$ \~jg}addwa |nr{~}a| {ala {ndnjaaàd lad lg}o~}g org|g} aoad G}jac$ Aoad |n|a{g* {ndwnradfad |nd|ara ]alac @~}}ngd (Graq' |nràla{ O~vag| lg |a`~d 1771 cnr~ba` }goa{ aj# Qgcdg wadf a}ajdwa alaja` }nhradf Da}arg| wadf {nrmawa aoad {nrj~dwa on}a|~ad ca}waraoa| Arab cndealg }nhradf wadf cnc~}a|oad {nrà|gad {ala on{nd|gdfad ca}waraoa| Cn}gr }aea$ Lndfad oa|a jagd* Cn}gr }nbafag dnfara àr~} cndffad|goad Cn}gr }nbafag dnfara Arab* bnfg|~ {ndla{a|dwa$ ]neao g|~* aj#Qgcdg {nrmawa aoad {aàc lad lhfca jgbnrajg}cn$ Cn}og{~d aj#Qgcdg |glao cndwa|aoad lndfad |nfa}* larg vavadmara lndfad A}àrgi Aj#Abl Aj#Falgr lad |~jg}ad²dwa wadf avaj* |ac{aodwa aj#Qgcdg }nladf bnonrea lg O~vag| }aa| |nd|ara ]allac cndfacbgj ajg` ono~a}aad O~vag|$ Badwao hradf² Arab wadf cnjargoad lgrg larg O~vag|* cndgdffajoad àr|a lad onoawaad cnrnoa$


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Aj#Qgcdg gdfgd cndfn|a`~g {ndwnbab on|nrbnjaoadfad Cn}gr$ \nd|adf àj gdg lga bnroa|a* ‚A{a wadf {ajgdf cndffadff~o~ alaja` on|nrbnjaoadfad dnfarao~ lad onoajaàd ca}waraoa|o~$ ]n|ga{ {rhwno wadf o~|adfadg bnr|~e~ad ~d|~o cndmarg {ndwnbab cndfa{a Cn}gr ealg dnfara |nrbnjaoadf lgbadlgdfoad dnfara² bnralab |gdffg jagddwa– (Abl Aj#Falgr* Inb$* 2;;<'$ [ala }aa| wadf bnr}acaad* lga gdfgd cnd~jg} oncbajg ]gra Dabg (bghfraig Dabg C~àccal' }n}~ag lndfad {nroncbadfad }neara` }aa| g|~* wadf cndla}arg |nrbnd|~odwa Dnfara [hjg|go G}jac lg eacad Dabg C~àccal$ Lga cncbaà} àj gdg lajac egjgl b~o~dwa wadf bnre~l~j aj#G}jacga| ([aàc G}jacg}cn'* wadf |nrlgrg larg l~a b~o~ waodg Aj#@gub Aj#@a}`cg Va \a}g} Aj#Lavja Aj#G}jacwga (Onjhc{ho @a}`cg| lad Ihdla}g Dnfara G}jac' lad @~r~b Lavja| aj#Ra}~j ([n{nradfad lg Dnfara Dabg'$ Lajac b~o~²dwa wadf bnre~l~j Aj#^}|hra Va Aj#\~ra|` (Lhdfndf lad Varg}ad' lad Og}a| Aj#Oàjgo (Og}a` [ndmg{|aad'* aj#Qgcdg cndnj~}~rg a}aj#~}~j lad aoar bnrbafag lhdfndf wadf ao`grdwa |nrmad|~c lajac afaca W~lag}cn* Org}|nd* lad G}jac$ ]aja` }a|~ {rhwno wadf lg|adfadg aj#Qgcdg }aa| gdg alaja` cndw~}~d oncbajg Q~r‗ad lajac orhdhjhfg wadf bndar$ Cnd~r~| aj#Qgcdg* Q~r‗ad wadf }noaradf lg}~}~d Oajgia` ^|`cad bafagoad cndw~}~d |ncbho }aea* waodg lgc~jag larg ]~ra |nr{adeadf }ac{ag ]~ra |nr{ndlno$ Oarnda {ndw~}~dad }n{nr|g gdg* awa|² Da}go` wadf cncba|ajoad ealg bnrlnoa|ad jn|aodwa lndfad awa|² Cad}~o` wadf lgba|ajoad* lad awa|² bnba} bnrafaca |nrmac{~r ba~r lndfad awa|² wadf cncb~a| G}jac }nbafag afaca vaegb lad |ao cndnrgca afaca jagd$ Oarnda {ndw~}~dad gdg* C~}jgc {ala ~c~cdwa |glao cndfnr|g Q~r‗ad |ad{a {ndenja}ad larg }nhradf C~ia}}gr a|a~ {ndai}gr Q~r‗ad$ Aj#Qgcdg waogd gdgja` aja}ad chdh{hjg |ai}gr Q~r‗ad hjn` }nonjhc{ho a`jg G}jac wadf cnra}a |ai}gr cnrnoa alaja` |ai}gr wadf |nrbndar$ \ai}gr jagddwa cnrnoa adffa{ }nbafag |ai}gr oaigr$ Lajac vavadmara lndfad Abl aj# Falgr* aj#Qgcdg cndenja}oad {ndla{a|dwa }nbafag bnrgo~|5 1$ Q~r‗ad Q~r‗ad {nrj~ lg}~}~d lg}~}~d ~jadf la d l g|gdea~ lndfad jnbg` jnbg` }no}ac }no}ac a$ 2$ \gala balad rn}cg rn}cg onafac aad (c aenjg aenjg}} {ara gcac ' lajac lajac G}jac G}jac $ =$ \ao ala `~o~c ad c ~r|al lajac Q~r‗ad$ Q~r‗ad$ <$ A`jg² A`jg² C~}jgc C~}jgc gdfgd c ndfàrfag ào² aua}g v adg|a |a{g lg }aa| wadf bnr}acaad* cnrnoa cnd~l~` oa~c vadg|a o~radf bnrafaca lad bhlh`* àj gdg gdg enja} enja} cnr~{a oad ohd|ra lgo}g$ >$ Ohd}n{ Egàl cnr~{aoad àj wadf ra}g} lad |glao bnrjao~ jafg lg eacad chlnrd$ 9$ A{a wadf lgjao~oad hjn` hjn` {ara C~}jgc C~ ea`glgd ea`glgd a|a~ {ne~adf² G}jac G}jac |nràla{ dnfara² wad f l~j~ cnrnoa }nradf }nradf {nrj~ {nrj~ lgc lgc aaioad lg eac eac ad chlnrd$ (Abl aj#Falgr aj#Falgr 2;; <5<'

Aj#Qgcdg bnr{ndla{a| ba`va {ndeaeaàd Cn}gr hjn` badf}a Arab àr~} lgadffa{ }nbafag {ndeaeaàd hradf a}gdf |nrjaca lg }nj~r~` l~dga (aj#C~`}gd* 29 Inb$* 2;;<51'$ Onc~dl~rad Cn}gr |nrealg oarnda* cnd~r~|dwa* Cn}gr cndnrgca }aea {ndeaeaàd wadf lgjao~oad badf}a Arab lad caja` cndwnra{ b~lawa Arab$ [adladfad aj#Qgcdg gdg |nd|~ }aea cncb~a| cara` {ara C~}jgc a`jg G}jac chlnra|


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lad ralgoaj lg Cn}gr$ Lajac b~o~dwa wadf bnre~l~j Aj#Ia}`~d va aj#Va|ad (Oa~c Ia}g} lad Dnfara'* aj#Qgcdg cndenja}oad {adladfaddwa |nd|adf nino larg b~lawa Arab {ala Cn}gr }nbafag bnrgo~|5 \nrla{a| |gfa b~lawa lg Cn}gr* lad |gala }a|~ {~d larg on|gfadwa wadf bhjn` lgadffa{ jnbg` jnbg` |gdffg larg wadf jagd$ B~law a² gdg alaja` b~lawa C n}gr n}gr o~dh* b~lawa Oh{|go wadf |nr|~jg} |nr|~jg} lajac lajac `~r~i² W~dadg* lad b~lawa Arab G}jac wadf bnra}aj larg Arabga$ ^}aà ^}aà b~law a Arab bnro~a}a lg a|a} b~lawa² jagd jagd bnr|nd|adfad lndfad {rgd}g{ dnfara Cn}gr$ ]ga{a{~d wadf gdfgd b~lawa Arab bnro~a}a lg Cn}gr |glao cnjgà| b~lawa jagd Cn}gr }nbafag b~lawadwa }ndlgrg* lad gdg bnrar|g lga |glao cndfadffa{ lgrgdwa }nbafag hradf Cn}gr* |a{g }nbafag ad|no {ndeaea` Arab$ Oarnda g|~* oacg ~jadfg* {ndfnr|gad on}a|~ad ~ca| C~}jgc }njaj~ lggo~|g lndfad {ncba|ajad on}a|~ad ohd}n{ bnrdnfara* lad jnbg` enjno jafg* àj gdg aoad cndfàdm~road dnfnra g|~ }ndlgrg$ (aj#Qgc (aj#Qgc dg 17775 17775 <7'$

Caoa larg g|~ja`* aj#Qgcdg bnradffa{ad ba`va ‚glnd|g|a} hradf C~}jgc Cn}gr àr~}ja` hradf Cn}gr lad b~oad hradf Aifàdg a|a~ hradf @geaug* lad glnd|g|a} hradf Org}|nd Cn}gr àr~}ja` hradf Cn}gr lad b~oad hradf Acnrgma a|a~ [nradmg}– (gbgl'$ Egoa glnd|g|a} Cn}gr bnrla}aroad {ala Arabga lad {nr}no~|~ad G}jacga`* caoa ‚hradf C~}jgc Cn}gr jnbg` cnra}a bnr}a~lara lndfad C~}jgc Bh}dga lgbadlgdfoad lndfad hradf Cn}gr Org}|nd Oh{|go$ Lndfad bnfg|~* cndm~raòad lara` hradf Cn}gr Oh{|go lgadffa{ àjaj* lad hradf Cn}gr Org}|nd Oh{|go gdg lgb~d~` oarnda a{a wadf |nrealg |nràla{ C~}jgc lg Bh}dga lad @~r}go– (gbgl5 >1'$ Oarnda {gla|h wadf lg~ma{oad aj#Qgcdg lg [nr|~de~oad B~o~ Gd|nrda}ghdaj lg Magrh {ala |adffaj < Ead~arg* 2;;<* ohrad C~}jgc Bnr}a~lara ‚aj#Ao`vad aj#C~}jgc~d– bnroa|a ba`va {gla|h g|~ lgcao}~load ~d|~o cndfàdm~road {gjjar² G}jac (‚aj# Ao`vad aj#C~}jgc~d–* 1 Ead~arg* 2;;<51'$ Ohrad gdg cndfa|aoad ba`va aj#Qgcdg bnroa|a C~}jgc wadf {nr|aca |nja` cndm~rg }nfaja àr|a bndla Cn}gr lad oarndadwa Cn}gr |glao bhjn` jafg lg}nb~| }nbafag dnfara Arab lad dnfara C~}jgc jafg$ G}jac |glao {nrj~ ealg afaca rn}cg Cn}gr lad @~o~c ]warga` |glao ~}a` lgealgoad la}ar ~|aca ^^L Cn}gr$ Lajac ar|gonj wadf bnre~l~j B~o~² Cnraf~oad (Lh~b|i~jj Bhho}'* lg ohrad aj#Va|ad* Abl Ajja` aj#]ac|g bnroa|a* ‚[nd~jg}² }n{nr|g Oàjgj Abl aj#Oargc* ]a‗gl aj#A}`cavg* ]awwgl aj#Qgcdg* aj#]algq Dg`~c* adl Davaj aj#]a‗alavg cndfgdfgdoad hradf ~d|~o {nrmawa ba`va Q~r‗ad |glao lgva`w~oad bnrla}aroad {nroa|aad C~àccal– (aj#]ac|g* 1> Carn|* 2;;25 1'$ Bafg {ara {nd~jg} gdg* C~àccal g|~ àdwa }nonlar |hoh` bn}ar lad b~oad cnr~{aoad Dabg |nrao`gr (gbgl'$ Lajac vavadmara jagd wadf lgalaoad hjn` @aja Ca`ch~l ~d|~o ohrad ‚Cglljn Na}| \gcn}–* {nvavadmara cndfa|aoad5 ]awwgl Aj Qgcdg cndnjaa` }neara` avaj G}jac lndfad onbnradgad wadf |glao {nrda` lg|~de~ooad hjn` }nearavad Cn}gr cada{~d$ Lga }njaca| larg |~l~àd c~r|al a|a~ ad|no Bara| oarnda lga cndff~daoad }nc~a }~cbnr wadf lgao~g hjn` Aj Auàr* |a{g badwao larg on}gc{~jaddwa wadf bg}a c ncb~a| Da}r @ac gl Ab~ Uawl {~ma| {~ma| {a}g$ {a}g$ \~jg}addwa² \~jg}addwa² lajac b~o~² Aj @gub


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ON@GL^[AD RA@A]GA DABG C^@ACCAL Aj @a}`gcg (Onjhc{ho @a}`gcg|'* Aj Lavja Aj Chàcalgwa (Dnfara Dabg C~àccal'* adl @~r~b Lavja| Aj Ra}~j ([n{nradfad Dnfara Dabg'* cndwnj~}~rg G}jac }nbafag |noadad {hjg|go lad b~oad }nbafag va`w~ gjja`g* }nladfoad b~o~dwa wadf bnre~l~j Aj Dabg Gbra`gc (Dabg Gbra`gc' cndwa# |aoad {ndenja} {ndenja}ad ad }no~jnr }no~jnr a|a} lhdfndf² lhdfndf² lg eac eac ad D abg² abg² av aj (Ca`c (Ca`c h~l* Cglljn Na}| \gc n}* àj$ 1'$ 1'$

On|goa lg|adwa hjn` @aja Ca`ch~l a{aoa` lga {nrda` cndfàla{g }nradfad ig}go a|a~ ynrbaj larg onjhc{ho ralgoaj G}jac* aj#Qgcdg cndeavab5 Wa* }nmara glnhjhfg lad ig}go$ [nr|aca#|aca àj gdg lgjao~oad hjn` Ia`cg @hvgnlw lg Aj A`rac$ Lga bnroa|a ao~ gdg jnbg` bnrbaàwa larg{ala ]ajcad R~}`lgn lajac ar| gonjdwa w adf bnre~l~j ‚[j ‚[j~ra ~ra jg}c jg}c n \ad{ a Onj~ar Onj~ar Ba |a}– lg b~jad C arn|* 1707$ 1707$ Lga c nd~jg}* nd~jg}* ‐Cnrnoa ‐Cnrnoa bnrbnla lndfad b~o~² R~}`lgn lajac àj {ndf`gdaad* {ndf`gdaad* |a{g |glao lajac àj {n}addwa‗ {n}addwa‗?? b~o~² g|~ c nj~oag nj~oag àj² wa df }aoraj‗? }aoraj‗? lad ‐og|a à r~} c ndf`nd|goad |~jg}ad² |~jg}ad² }n{nr|g }n{nr|g gdg$‗ Lga Lga àdwa c ndwnb~| lgrgoo~ lgrgoo~ }nbafag }nbafag ]Q ]Q |a{g lga lga c ndwnb~| e~l~j² e~l~j² b~o~o~$ Nc{a| |a`~d wadf jaj~* lajac Aj#G}jac Va|ad (G}jac alaja` ]nb~a` Dnfara'* }nhradf endlraj larg Ln{ar|ncnd Oncnd|rgad wadf bnrdaca N}}ac Nllgd Ablnj Ablnj Auawnc c nd~jg}* nd~jg}* ‐H` ‐H` \~àd* mnfa`ja` mnfa`ja` }ga{a{~d wa df }n{nr|g }n{nr|g hradf gdg ~d|~o `gl~{ lg |ada` oacg$ Cnrnoa cndfàdm~road afaca oacg lad c nja`groad nja`groad {ara oaigr$‗ Lr$ C~àcc al A`c nl Aj C~}awwar lg Aj Dh~r* b~jad E~jg lad Af~}|~}* 1772* 1772* c nd~jg} nd~jg} ‐@ar ‐@ar ~} ala hradf w adf c nc b~dfo ac c ~j~| hradf gdg$‗ gdg$‗ Lg |a`~d 1707* 1707* }n|nja` }n|nja` @ hv nglw nglw ar|gonj* ao~ }nladf c ndwn|gr chbgj lg oac{~df Fgua lg Balr}`ngd on|goa }n}nhradf cndncbaoo~ lndfad }nda{ad }nda{ad Oaja}`dg Oaja}`dgohy$ ohy$ Adao² o~ }aa| g|~ ala bnr}aca bnr}aca o~$ Gdg cnr~{aoad {nrgdfa|ad$ Egoa cnrnoa gdfgd cncb~d~ò~* cnrnoa |nd|~ bg}a }aea c njao~oa dd w a$ (gbgl5 (gbgl5 11 11'$

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ON@GL^[AD RA@A]GA DABG C^@ACCAL 1$ Cndfàjajoad a{a wadf lgàracoad lad cndfàracoad a{a wadf lgàjajoad$ 2 $ C n d f ~ c ~ c o a d o n c ~ r | a l a d * a | ` n g} g } c n * l a d c n d f a o ~ c n d n r g# g# c a v a ` w ~ l a r g A jj jj â ` $ =$ Cndf`gda Dabg a|a~ G}jac G}jac $ < $ C n d w n r a d f Q ~ r ‗a ‗a d l a d ] ~ d a ` $ >$ Cnc b~adf b~o~² @alg} a|a~ Igq` Igq` on |hdf |hdf }ac {a` lad c nj~la`gdwa$ nj~la`gdwa$ 9 $ Cndwad foaj onc~d fogdad c njgà| njgà| Ajjâ` Ajjâ` lg @arg Ogac Ogac a|$ 6$ Cndwadfoaj onc~dfogdad aladwa }go}aad o~b~r lad cnc{nr|adwaoad C~dogr l ad D aogr (lga |glao c ndwnb~| Aj#]~‗ Aj#]~‗abad abad Aj#Aqr‗ Aj#Aqr‗a a a|a ~ ~jar bh|ao vaja~{~d gdg c nr~{aoad àj wadf v aegb aegb lajac lajac afac a'$ => 0 $ Cndwad foaj ]grh| ]grh| lad {ndfalgjad {ndfalgjad @ arg Ogac Ogac a|$ 7 $ C n d w a | a o a d | g l a o { n r ma m a w a { a l a { n d w a c { a g m nr n r g| g | a l a ja ja c àlg}$ 1; $ C n d w a | a o a d { n r m a w a { a l a { n d w a c { a g mn m n r g| g| a l a j a c ` a l g } * | a { g c n r a f~ o a d ` a l g } |n r| nd | ~ $ 11$ C n d f a | a o a d { a l a C ~ } j g c { n d a i } gr gr a d a | a ~ { n d l a { a | w a d f | g l a o { n r d a ` l g l n d f a r d w a }n } n b nj nj~ c d w a $ 12 $ C n d g d f f a j o a d ` ~ o ~ c l a j a c Q ~ r ‗a ‗a d l a d ] ~ d d a l a d j n b g` g` c n c g jg j g ` ` ~ o ~ c b ~ a | a d c a d ~ } ga ga $ (Aj#Q (Aj#Qgc gc dg 2; ;<5 2=>'$ 2=>'$

RAB AJ#UACAD (\^@AD CA]A OGDG' LAD OA]^] [NDFALGJAD [ala |adffaj 10 Af~}|~}* 1776* bnrla}aroad ja{hrad larg Balad Rg}n| G}jac ^dgynr}g|a} Aj#Auàr (G}jacgm Rn}narm` Amalncw hi Aj#Auàr ^dgynr}g|w (GRA'' ‚{hjg}g cndwnrb~ {nr~}aàad² {nrmn|aoad b~o~ ~d|~o cndwg|a b~o~ Rab Aj#Uacad (\~àd Ca}a Ogdg' wadf lg|~jg} hjn` ]awwgl aj#Qgcdg– (Ndfnj 17705 1'$ Bnr`~b~dfad lndfad lgonj~aroaddwa ^^ Lar~ra| lg |a`~d 1701 bnrondaad lndfad {ncb~d~àd [rn}glnd Advar ]ala| ‚{gào Eao}a {nd~d|~| lg{nrbhjnòad ~d|~o cndwg|a ca|nrgaj }nbnj~c on{~|~}ad {ndfalgjad– (gbgl5 ='$ Aoad |n|a{g* ~d|~o cncb~a| {ndwg|aad gdg |ac{ao jnbg` }a`* Eao}a cnd~d|~| {nr|adff~dfadeavab Aj#Qgcdg lg [ndfalgjad Magrh ^|ara$ [ndfalgjad lgalaoad {ala |adffaj 1> ]n{|ncbnr* 1776* ‚lg bava` {gc{gdad [ao ]ajaca ]njgc– (‚Rg}n| ]a` lad [~}a| @AC– (Jnfaj Rn}narm` adl Rn}h~rmn Mnd|nr ihr @~cad Rgf`|}' 17705 1'$ Ja{hrad gdg cndwa|aoad5 ]nb~a` b~o~ wadf lg|~jg} hjn` {ncgogr G}jac ]awwgl Aj Qgcdg |nja` lg}g|a {hjg}g {ala |adffaj 19 Af~}|~}* 1776* |ad{a {nrgd|a` larg {gào [ndfalgjad* }n|nja` {ara a`jg larg Balad Rg}n| G}jac ^dgynr}g|a} Aj#Auàr cndn|a{oad b~o~ gdg cnjadffar `~o~c lad dhrca afaca$ Lg |adffaj 1> ]n{|ncbnr*

=> Encba|ad onmgj wadf àr~} lgjaj~g C~}jgc lg ajac baoa$


>2

ON@GL^[AD RA@A]GA DABG C^@ACCAL {gào [ndfalgjad cncba|ajoad on{~|~}ad |nr}nb~| lad cndfgegdoad {ndnr# bg|ad }nc }nc ~a oh{g b~o~ \~àd Ca}a Ogdg$ Ogdg$

Rg}n| ]a` lad [~}a| @AC cnvaogjg [ao Aj#Qgcdg lg {ndfalgjad(gbgl'$ [gào Eao}a [nd~d|~| bafg onacadad dnfara cncgd|a [ndfalgjad cnjaradf {ndnrbg|ad b~o~ g|~ ‚bnrla}aroad `~o~c b~|gr 170 Ohln @~o~c cndfndag {rh{afadla lad {rne~lg} cnjaj~g |~jg}ad” }nc~a {n}ad wadf cndhjao afaca G}jac* bnrla}aroad ja{hrad larg Balad Rg}n| G}jac ^dgynr}g|a} Aj#Auàr– (gbgl'$ Adlrnv @acchdl cncbnrg ohcnd|ar |nd|adf b~o~ g|~ lad }gladf {ndfalgjad5 B~o~ B~o~ [ao Aj#Qgc Aj#Qgc dg àdw aja` ohjno}g ohjno}g ar|gonj² ar|gonj² wa df | nja` nja` lg|nrbg|oad la jac bnbnra{a bnbnra{a |a `~d |nrao `gr lg bnrbafag bnrbafag ohrad² Cn}gr$ [ao Aj#Q Aj#Qgc gc dg lg|~l~` ‚c ndf`gda ndf`gda a fac a … [ara {nd~d|~| dw a alaja` hradf² wad f |nja` bnrlnba| bnrlnba| |a|a{ c ~oa c njav njav ad [ao Aj#Qg Aj#Qgc c dg lg }garad² }garad² \Y$ Cn}og Cn}og{~d {~d bnfg|~* bnfg|~* }nb }nb~a` ~a` balad o`~}~} larg Aj#Auàr wadf cnr~{aoad balad ]~ddg {ajgdf ohjh| |nja` cnjaradf {ndnrbg|ad b~o~ ]awwgl Aj#Qgcdg wadf bnre~l~j Rabb Aj Uacad (\~àd Ca}a Ogdg' }nbafag }a|~ larg 179 jagddwa wadf lgjaradf oarnda c nv aogjg fafa}ad }no~jnrg}c }no~jnrg}c n wadf }nc aogd bnronc badf (@ac c hl 17765 17765 1'$

\^D\^\AD \NR@ALA[ BÔ^ RABB AJ UACAD Balad Rg}n| G}jac ^dgynr}g|a} Aj#Auàr cndfnj~aroad |~d|~|ad }nbafag bnrgo~| |nràla{ b~o~ Aj#Qgcdg5 1$ B~o~ gdg cndfadl~df }aroa}cn lad `gdaad |nràla{ ~jaca G}jac lad ‐hradf w adf |nrbago w adf {nrd a` lgogrgc {a la ~c a|‗ lg dnfara gdg$ 2$ Lg àj$ =2* bnrla}aroad \a~ra| lgdwa|aoad |nd|adf Gbra`gc* {~|radwa G}`canj lad G}ào G}ào lad {~| radw a Wao~b* lad m~m~² m~m~² dw a$ Lg|adwaoad Lg|adwaoad {~ja {nrgàj jagd lg àj$ =2#<1 lad cncbadlgdfoaddwa lndfad og}a` larg \a~ra|$ =$ Lg Lg àj$ àj$ 99 lgdwa |aoa d ba`v a Igra~dja` Igra~dja` wad f c ncba df~d Oa‗ba`$ Oa‗ba`$ < $ Lg Lg àj$ àj$ 96 lgdw a|ao ad ba`v a Da bg² bnro~de~df C n}gr n}gr lad bnjaear bnjaear chdh|`ng}cn lg }ada lad bnro`h|ba` |nd|adf chdh|`ng}cn }n|nja` oncbajg on dnfara dnfara c a}gdf² a}gdf² $ >$ Lg àj$ 0;* {nd~jg} cndfg}aòad og}a` ]nd~bga (Ra|~ \alchr' lad ]n|ad lad àj gdg gdg c ndf`gda ndf`gda `~o~c Dabg ]~jagcad ]~jagcad $ 9 $ Lg àj$ 0<* lga cnd~jg} |nd|adf lnva Carl~o* wadf alaja` }aja` }a|~ bnràja wadf lg}ncba` lg Graq lg eacad Abraàc* wadf cnr~{aoad }aja` }aja` }a|~ bnràja bnràja w adf lgàdm~road Gbra`gc Gbra`gc $ [nrdwa|aad [nrdwa|aad gdg cnc b~|~`# oad {ndw njglg njglgoad oad w adf }no}aca$ 6$ Lga Lga c ndfa|ao ad l g àj$ 1;6 lad 1;7 bnbnra{a bnbnra{a onealgad bnrondaad lndfad Oajgia` Oajgia` ^|`c ad Gbd ‐Aiiad ‐Aiiad w adf lgraf~o ad onbndaradd wa $ 0 $ Lg àj$ 11 111* 11 112* la d 11 11>* lga c nd~ jg} `gda ad |nr àl a{ l~ a | hoh` G }jac ~|ac a waod g C~àcc al aj#F aj#Fàuaj àuajgg lad Ab~ Ab~ Auawnc$


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ON@GL^[AD RA@A]GA DABG C^@ACCAL 7 $ Lg àj$ 1<1 1<1#1 #1<7* <7* lga c ndf `gda ]w ngo` Abl nj ]ab~r ] àd gd$ Lg àj$ 1<6#1 1<6#1<0 <0 lga cndwgdff~df oa}~} Lr$ Da}r Ab~ Uawl lad }goa{ ]wngo` ]àdgd |nràla{ Ab~ Uaw l$ Lg àj$ 1>1 1>1 lga c ndf`gda bala d `~o ~c $ 1; $ Lg Lg àj$ 1><* 1><* lga lga bnroa|a ‐^c ar Gbd aj#Oà||ab aj#Oà||ab |nja` |nja` c ndfàrac oad a{a wad f lgàjajoad bafg v ad g|a lad gbala` à eg‗ (gbgl5 1#2'$ 1#2'$ 11$ Ja{hrad c ndwa|aoad b~o~ gdg cndf`gda Dabg W~}~i lad Oajgia` Oajgia` ^|`c ^|`c ad Gbd ‐Aii ad (V arr 17765 2'$

]goa{ Aj#Qgcdg wadf bnrà|g#à|g }nvao|~ cnd~jg} b~o~ Aj#@gub Aj#@a}`gcg (Onjhc{ho @a}`gcg|' |nrdwa|a |glao m~o~{ ~d|~o cndf`gdlaroad lgrgdwa larg }nradfad Balad Rg}n| G}jac ^dgynr}g|a} Aj#Auàr |nràla{ b~o~dwa wadf jagd Rab Aj#Uacad (\~àd Ca}a Ogdg'$ Lg b~o~ Aj#@gub Aj#@a}`gcg* lga cndff~daoad bnrbafag }~cbnr jg|nra|~r G}jac wadf lgao~g ^dgynr}g|a} Aj#Auàr lad oarndadwa {ara ~jaca |glao {~dwa m~o~{ b~o|g ~d|~o cnjaradf b~o~ g|~$ Aoad |n|a{g lg b~o~ Rab Aj#Uacad* Aj#Qgcdg |glao àdwa cndfrg|go {ara a`jg G}jac Aj#Auàr* |a{g e~fa cndfrg|go aàlg} Dabg C~àccal lad Aj#Q~r‗ad$

ON[^\^]AD [NDFALGJAD On{~|~}ad [ndfalgjad |ac{aodwa lg|n|a{oad bnrla}aroad }adffaàd² Aj#Qgcdg |nràla{ |~l~àd² a|a} b~o~dwa$ @aj gdg |ac{ao enja} larg {ndla{a| {ara {ncbama b~o~ g|~ lad ja{hrad [ndfalgjad$ ]ac{ag }noaradf ao~ bnj~c cncbama ja{hrad [ndfalgjad* |a{g ao~ |nr~} cndmhba cndla{a|oaddwa ~d|~o cndfn|a`~g bafagcada Aj#Qgcdg }~o}n} cncba|ajoad |~d|~|ad a|a} b~o~dwa$ Ao~ |nja` cndnrgca }nb~a` n#cagj larg {gào {ndnrbg| b~o~ wadf cndfa|aoad ba`va b~o~ g|~* ja{hrad [ndfalgjad* lad {ncbaà}ad larg cnlga |nja` | nja` lgogrgcoad {alao~ lg |adffaj 2= Cng* 2;;<$ Aoad |n|a{g* ao~ aoad cncbnrgoad on}gc{~jad on{~|~}ad @aogc [ndfalgjad a|a} b~o~ gdg* wadf |nja` lg|nradfoad }nmara }gdfoa| hjn` Rg}n| ]a` lad [~}a| @AC cnvaogjg [ao Aj#Qgcdg lg {ndfalgjad$ \nd|adf |~l~àd cndfndag mara b~o~ gdg cndfg}aòad Dabg² Wa`~lg Gbra`gc* G}`canj* G}ào* lad W~}~i lg àj$ =2#<2* {ao @aogc bnroa|a* ‚[nd~jg} cndwac{ag# oad org|godwa |nràla{ igjc wadf lg}~|ralarag hjn` W~}~i ]à`gd oarnda {nd~jg} cndfadffa{ mara igjc g|~ cndwac{agoad on|nradfad* onalaad* daca² larg \a~ra| |glao gjcga` lad }aja`$– (Rg}n| ]a` lad [~}a| @AC* 17705 2'$ Aj#Qgcdg cncbaà} cndfndag oaono chwadf badg G}ranj lajac igjc W~}~i ]à`gd wadf bnre~l~j Aj# C~àfgr ([ara Gcgfrad'$ Cnd~r~| aj#Qgcdg* W~}~i ]à`gd |glao e~e~r lajac ijgcdwa oarnda cndwncb~dwgoad iao|a ba`va og}a` W~}~i lajac igjc g|~ bnr}~cbnr larg \a~ra| lad b~oad larg Q~r‗ad$ Oa|a aj#Qgcdg* ‚[rhl~}nr igjc cncb~a| {h}|nr igjc lajac baà}a Arab wadf cndwa|aoad igjc gdg |gala `~b~dfaddwa lndfad og}a` Dabg W~}~i* |a{g lga e~fa cncb~a| {h}|nr igjc lajac baà}a [nradmg} wadf cndwa|aoad igjc gdg cndfg}aòad |nd|adf On|~r~dad Dabg W~}~i$– (gbgl5 =2'$ On|goa |hoh` {a`javad igjc gdg ca}~o Cn}gr* dara|hr cndfg}aòad og}a` W~}~i* lad on|goa |hoh`


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gdg cndgdffajoad Cn}gr* dara|hr cndfg}aòad og}a` C~}a$ \nd|adf {nrdwa|aad badg Wa`~lg |nd|adf d~b~a| lad \ada` [nreadegad* aj#Qgcdg cnd~jg}5 Ala }a|~ dnfara w adf lg{gjg` lg{gjg` \~àd lg a|a} dnfara² jagddw jagddw a* |nrla{a| }ne~c }ne~c ja` Dabg² }~mg mndlnogav mndlnogav ad* awa` c nrnoa nrnoa alaja` }nhradf }nhradf D abg lad cnja`groad }nhradf Dabg* lad cnrnoa |nr~} cndla{a|oad va`w~ gjja`g }nv }nv ao|~ c nrnoa nrnoa c nvarg}g |ada` [ajn} [ajn}|gda* |gda* c nrnoa nrnoa alaja` on|~r~dad |nrbago larg oa~c |nrbago* cnrnoa jnbg` ~dff~j lajac bnrgbala` }~mg lgbadlgdfoad dnfara² jagd* jagd* oaono oaono c hwadf c nrnoa nrnoa alaja` Gbra`gc Gbra`gc |ncad \~àd * lad awa`² c nrnoa nrnoa alaja` G}ào* lad Wao~b w adf lge~j~og lge~j~og }nbafag }nbafag G}ranj G}ranj** lad ad ao² dw a cnr~{aoad on|~r~dad |nr`hrca|* lad larg cnrnoa c~dm~ja` W~}~i wadf |ac{ad lad cndealg cnd|nrg wadf cndf~r~} }nc~a àr|a lg Cn}gr … lad }n|nja` lga c~dm~ja` C~}a Dabg |nrbn}ar G}ranj … jaj~ Raea La~l lad adaodw a Raea ]~jagcad* lad Raea gdg cndlgrgoad onraeaad onraeaad bn}ar wadf lg{~eg# lg{~eg# {~eg cnjaj~g dwadwgad hjn` bnrbafag b~o~ afaca lad jnfndla* lga bnro~a}a a|a} {ara bgda|adf* Aj#@hac* Egdd* lad Aj#Aiarga| (}n|ad'* lad lg ca}a {ncnrgd|aàddwa G}ranj G}ranj ealg ealg dnfara |nroawa }ac{ag² {nrao bnr}nraoad bnr}nraoad lg =9 eajadad bafagoad {a}gr (cnd~r~| \a~ra| ' lad cnd~r~| G}jac lga c nr~{aoad }a|~ larg nc{a| raea² l~dga wadf bnro~a}a larg ~e~df b~cg on ~e~df b~c g jagddw jagddw a (gbgl5 (gbgl5 =6#=0'$ =6#=0'$

Lg àj$ <1* aj#Qgcdg bnroa|a* ‚]nbndardwa* egoa og|a cndf~o~r onbn}arad oneawaad \a|ch}g} on|gfa a|a~ Rac}n} onl~a a|a~ Dnb~oaldnuuar* ono~a}aad ]~jagcad ealg |ac{ao }adfa| onmgj$– \nd|adf {nrdwa|ad gdg* @aogc cndwgc{~joad ‚lajac rg}n| gjcga` |ao ala {njadffarad a{a{~d |nràla{ {ara Dabg lad e~fa |nràla{ a{a wadf lgoa|aoad \a~ra| … Ja{hrad gdg |glao bnrbaàwa lad |glao cnjadffar G}jac– (Rg}n| ]a` lad [~}a| @AC* 17705 2'$ [ndfalgjad e~fa cncba|ajoad |~l~àd ba`va aj#Qgcdg cndf`gda Oajgia` ^|`cad Gbd ‐Aiiad$ Cnd~r~| @aogc* wadf lgdwa|aoad aj#Qgcdg |nd|adf ^|`cad àdwaja` o~|g{ad larg }~cbnr² jg|nra|~r G}jac |nrondaj lad lg{nrmawa5 1$ Aj Bnlawa vaj dnàwa (Avaj lad Ao`gr' hjn` ]`ngo` Ncal Gbd aj#Dnlaa G}`canj Gbd Hcar Gbd Oa|`gr$ Jgà| àj$ 17; lad 2>1* bafgad 6* yhj~cn <* nlg}g aj#Fàl aj#Fàl aj#Arabg$ 2$ Aj \aba oa| aj Ohbra Ohbra hjn` Chàc c nl Bgd ]a‗al* ]a‗al* lg}aò ad hjn` [rhi$ [rhi$ @acua aj Da}àr|g* [rhi$ Ablnj @aigu Iarafàjg lad Ablnj @acgl C~}|a ia$ Jgà| à j$ 92=* yhj$ 11 11 lg}|rgb~}g Aj A`ra c $ =$ \argo` aj G}jac aj Uaàbg (Eacad Nca} G}jac' G}jac' * yhj$ 11* àj$ 12= (lg|nrbg|o ad hjn` aj#Fàl aj#Fàl a j Arabg'$

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Cndfndag a{a wadf lgoa|aoad aj#Qgcdg |nd|adf ]wngo` C~àccal Aj#Fàuajg lad Endlraj N}}ac Nllgd Ab~j Auawc* @aogc bnroa|a* ‚Cn}og{~d lgdwa|aoad lndfad oa|a² onra}* àj gdg cnr~{aoad org|go wadf bhjn` lgdwa|aoad cnjaj~g {nrlnba|ad lgad|ara {ara a`jg lad {ncgogr |nronc~oa* lad àj gdg j~cra` lajac }neara` org|go lad lnba| gd|njno|~aj– (gbgl5 <'$ \nd|adf a{a wadf lg|~jg} aj#Qgcdg |nd|adf {nrad ]wngo` Abl ]ab~r ]à`gd lajac {ndfalgjad Da}r @acgl Ab~ Uawl* @aogc cndn|a{oad* ‚@aj gdg bg}a lgjgà| }nbafag {nrlnba|ad ad|ara {nd~jg} lad {adladfad ]à`gd– (gbgl'$ [ndlnodwa* @aogc cncba|ajoad }nc~a |~l~àd |nràla{ {nd~jg} lad {njaradfad b~o~dwa$ @aogc cndwgc{~joad on{~|~}addwa lndfad bnroa|a* ‚Oarnda }nc~a aja}ad |nr}nb~|* oacg cncba|ajoad {ndwg|aad b~o~ Rab Aj Uacad va Lnra}aa| Ho`ra hjn` {nd~jg}dwa [ao ]awwgl Ca`ch~l aj#Qgcdg* lad cnc{nr}gjaoad b~o~ g|~ lgmn|ao– (gbgl5 >'$

ADAJG ]A AJ#QGCDG \ND \ADF ]NEARA@ AVAJ G]JAC Lajac onbadwaoad |~jg}addwa* aj#Qgcdg cndmhba cncb~o|goad ba`va }neara` G}jac |nja` lgr~ba` lad lgfad|g$ ^d|~o cncb~o|goad àj gdg* aj#Qgcdg cnd~jg} |gfa b~a` b~o~ wadf ohd|rhynr}gaj (cndf~dladf badwao {nr|nd|adfad'* {nr| nd|adfad'* waodg5

¶ Aj#@gub Aj#@a}`cg Va \a}g} Aj#Lavja Aj#G}jacwga (Onjhc{ho @a}`cg|n lad La}ar Dnfara G}jac'* (1707' ¶ @~r~b Lavja| aj#Ra}~j ([n{nradfad Dnfara Dabg'* (1779' ¶ Rab Aj#Uacad (\~àd Ca}a Ogdg'* (1779' B~o~dwa wadf {nr|aca* Aj#@gub Aj#@a}`cg Va \a}g} Aj#Lavja Aj#G}jacwga* cncb~a| lgrgdwa lg}nradf {ara ~jaca ^dgynr}g|a} Aj#Auàr Aj#]àrgi$ Cnd~r~| ]gyad* ‚Lg |a`~d 1707* aj#Qgcdg cndnrbg|oad b~o~dwa wadf cndffnc{aroad* Aj# @gub Aj#@a}`cg* lg cada lga cncbaà} àj |ab~ }n{nr|g on`gl~{ad Dabg C~àccal (aj#Qgcdg cncbaà} {nre~adfad Dabg lg Cnoa` }nbafag ~}aà cnrag` ono~a}aad {hjg|go'$ ]nhradf a`jg G}jac |nronc~oa cndwnb~| aj#Qgcdg }nbafag ‚]ajcad R~}`lgn Arab– (]gyad 2;;=5 =7'$ Lajac b~o~dwa* aj#Qgcdg cndmhba cncb~o|goad ba`va oaono Dabg C~àccal waodg Abl aj#C~|ajab |nja` cndwga{oad eajad bafg |nrv~e~ldwa Dnfara G}jac$ Gc{jgoa}g larg {adladfad gdg cndwgra|oad ba`va {ndlgrg ~|aca Dnfara G}jac b~oadja` }nhradf Dabg* |a{g }adf Dabg àdwa cnv~e~load a{a wadf |nja` lgrgjg} hjn` oaonodwa$ ]njagd g|~* b~o~ gdg cndmhba cncb~o|goad ba`va badwao lho|rgd lho|rgd G}jac lajac Q~r‗ad |nrdwa|a cncgdeac fafa}ad larg {ara ~ca| @adaigwa* W~lag}cn* ]abgad* lad afaca {afad Arab$ B~o~ gdg e~fa cndwnb~| bnbnra{a awa|² {~g}g wadf lg}~}~d hjn` {ara {ndwagr Arab wadf `gl~{ lg eacad }nbnj~c G}jac a|a~ `gl~{ lg eacad C~àccal* wadf lgeg{jao {nr}g} on lajac Q~r‗ad lad ealg bafgad larg b~o~ }~mg G}jac$ [nrdwa|aad


>9


}n{nr|g gdg lgadffa{ C~}jgc }nbafag {ndwadfoajad |nràla{ ona}jgad igrcad gjja`g lajac Q~r‗ad lad lndfad bnfg|~ cnd~l~` Dabg C~àccal cndmhd|no a|a~ cnjao~oad {jafgarg}cn$ Lndfad bnfg|~* Q~r‗ad àdwaja` cndealg ‚{rhl~o b~lawa– lad ‚og|ab Q~r‗ad wadf a}jg lg }~rfa– lgadffa{ hchdf oh}hdf }aea (Daeear 2;;25 17<'$ Cn}og{~d bnfg|~* {ara C~}jgc a`jg G}jac larg Aj#Auàr |glao bg}a cndwadfoaj aj#Qgcdg oarnda org|godwa bnr}~cbnr larg jg|nra|~r G}jac wadf lgadffa{ }a`g` hjn` {ara ~jaca$ Cndf~|~o aj#Qgcdg bg}a e~fa bnrar|g cndwadfoaj onbndarad jg|nra|~r G}jac }a`g`$ B~o~² ~|aca wadf lgf~daoad aj#Qgcdg alaja` |~jg}ad² aj#\abarg* aj# Q~r|~bg* aj#]~w~|g* Gbd Oa|`gr* aj#Bgàqg* aj#@ajabg* Gbd @g}àc* lad Gbd ]a‗al$ ]ajva G}cagj cncbnrg ohcnd|ar a|a} |~jg}ad ohd|rhynr}gaj ]awwgl aj#Qgcdg lad Oàjgj Abl aj#Oargc5 Gdg Gdg alaja` }~c bnr² G}jac G}jac wa df lgao~ g Aj#Auàr$ Aj#Auàr$ @aj gdg |glao bg}a bg}a lg}adfoa j* oarnda {nd~jg {nd~jg}² }² c ndwa|aoad on|nradfad |nd|adf |nd|adf c a}waraoa| Cnoa` lad Cnlgda` Cnlgda` c njaj~g njaj~g }~c }~c bnr² bnr² |nr{nrm |nr{nrmawa$ awa$ [nd~jg [nd~jg}² }² gdg |glao |glao c nc{nr|adw aoad on}a`g` on}a`gàd ad }~c bnr* bnr* |a{g e~}|r~ e~}|r~ c ndff~daoad }~c bnr² bnr² gdg ~d|~o c ndwnradf {gào² wad f c ndnd|adf ndnd|adf c nrnoa$ nrnoa$ Egoa Egoa {gào Aj#Au Aj#Auàr àr c ndwa|aoad c a|nrg |~# jg}ad jg}ad g|~ }aja`* c aoa c nrnoa nrnoa àr~} c ndnjaa` ndnjaa` oncbajg b~o~² b~o~² }a`g` }a`g` G}jac G}jac * lad c nc adf bnfg|~ja` wad f lggdfgdoad { ara {nd~ jg} jg} |nr}nb~| |nr}nb~| (G}c agj 2;; <5 11 11<'$

Lajac b~o~ onl~adwa* @~r~b Lavja| aj#Ra}~j ([n{nradfad Dnfara Dabg'* aj#Qgcdg jafg² cnjadffar ba|a} |ab~ wadf lg|n|a{oad hjn` {ara ~jaca G}jac lndfad cncbaà} on`gl~{ad {hjg|go Dabg C~àccal$ Lga |glao àdwa cndfrg|go }neara` G}jac }aea* |a{g e~fa cndfrg|go on`gl~{ad {hjg|go Dabg C~àccal$ [ndnjaaàddwa cnd~de~ooad ba`va Dabg bnr}goa{ jgmgo lad {nd~` |g{~ lawa |nràla{ oa~c Wa`~lg$ On|goa lga ca}g` jnca` lad cncb~|~òad l~o~dfad oa~c Wa`~lg* lga cnc~eg#c~eg afaca lad Dabg² cnrnoa$ On|goa |glao jafg cncb~|~òad l~o~dfad oa~c Wa`~lg ~d|~o cndlgrgoad Dnfara G}jac* }adf Dabg cndmarg#marg on}nc{a|ad ~d|~o cndwgdfogroad cnrnoa }nc~a$ @aj gdg cnd~de~ooad Dabg }nbafag {hjg|go~} jgmgo wadf cnjao~oad }nfaja mara ~d|~o cnrag` mg|a²dwa$ Lajac baà}a chlnrd* }adf Dabg cndfgo~|g {rgd}g{ ‚|`n ndl e~}|gign} |`n cnad}– (wadf {nd|gdf à}gj ao`rgdwa }aea'$ Mhd|h` jagd alaja` }goa{ Dabg |nràla{ afaca oaono chwadf ca}waraoa| Cnoa`dwa$ Lg avaj oargrdwa* }adf Dabg cndhjao lad cndf~|~og afaca {afad wadf cnr~{aoad afaca oaono chwadf Arabdwa$ [ala vao|~ g|~* lga bnr}goa{ lacag lad cncbnrg ào {ala }ga{a{~d ~d|~o cndnrgca lad cndhjao {n}addwa$ \a{g {ala ao`gr `gl~{dwa* jg|nra|~r G}jac cnd~de~ooad ba`va }adf Dabg |nrdwa|a oncbajg cncnj~o afaca {afad oaono chwadfdwa lad cnca}~ooad }nc~a gbala` {afad on lajac G}jac* |nr~|aca gbala` @aeg$ Lg ca}a gdg* Q~r‗ad cndwadfoaj ào bnba} bnrafaca* lad G}jac cnr~{aoad {gjgàd }a|~²dwa bafg {afad Arab$ [ara a`jg G}jac cndmhba cndfa|a}g }nfaja ohd|ralgo}g lajac Q~r‗ad cnjaj~g lho|rgd Da}go` lad Cad}~o` a|a~ ‚{ncba|ajad$– Aoad |n|a{g* aj#Qgcdg cndfadffa{ lho|rgd gdg |glao cncnmaòad ca}aja`$ ]hj~}g wadf jnbg` bago lad e~e~r alaja` lndfad cnc{nr|gcbadfoad bnrbafag ohd|no} {hjg|go wadf lgajacg C~àccal$ Cnjaj~g {ndnjaaàd on`gl~{ad {hjg|go Dabg lad lho|rgd G}jac* |~jg}ad² aj#Qgcdg cncg}a`# oad lgrg larg {ndai}grad |ralg}ghdaj G}jac$


>6


Lajac b~o~dwa wadf on|gfa* Rab Aj#Uacad (\~àd Ca}a Ogdg'* aj#Qgcdg cndla{a| ca}aja` larg a`jg² G}jac Aj#Auàr$ Cnrnoa |glao bg}a jafg cndhjnrgr lgrgdwa jnbg` ea~`$ Cnrnoa cncgd|a [ncnrgd|a` cnjaradf b~o~dwa lad cncbava aj#Qgcdg on [ndfalgjad$ Cnrnoa cndfgra lndfad bnfg|~ aj#Qgcdg aoad lg`~o~c$ Aoad |n|a{g* aj#Qgcdg caja` cndadf lg [ndfalgjad oarnda lga cndff~daoad }~cbnr² G}jac wadf lgao~g Aj#Auàr$ Lndfad bnfg|~* |~jg}ad² aj#Qgcdg |n|a{ |glao bg}a lgbad|a` {ara a`jg G}jac$ Lajac b~o~dwa Rab Aj#Uacad* aj#Qgcdg cndmhba cncb~o|goad }neara` G}jac {nd~` {ncaj}~ad$ Lga cndff~daoad mhd|h` oa}~} {n{nradfad |nràla{ oa~c c~r|algd wadf lgjao~oad Ab~ Baor |nràla{ }~o~² Arab$ Cnd~r~| aj#Qgcdg {nradf gdg |gala `~b~dfaddwa lndfad afaca$ Ab~ Baor cndfhbaroad {nradf |nràla{ }ga{a{~d wadf cndhjao cndnrgcadwa }nbafag Oajgia` ~ca| C~}jgc$ ^d|~o cndfàjajoad {nradf g|~* Ab~ Baor cndwnj~b~dfgdwa lndfad {n}ad gjja`g$ Lga cndfaradf àlg} wadf cndfàjajoad {ncb~d~àd {ara C~}jgc Arab lad cndfa|aoad àlg} g|~ lg~ma{oad hjn` Dabg$ Aj#Qgcdg cndfa|aoad }neara` [nradf C~r|al~d gdg lg{aj}~oad lad lgaearoad {ala C~}jgc lg bnrbafag }nohja` G}jac lad lgadffa{ }nbafag {nradf }~mg$ Aj#Qgcdg e~fa cndfrg|go Oajgia` on|gfa ^|`cad Gbd ‐Aiiad }nbafag {ncgc{gd wadf ohr~{ lad aogba|dwa lga lgb~d~`$ ^d|~o cncb~a| ^|`cad |ac{ao bago* {ara {nd~jg} }neara` C~}jgc cnd~|~{g iao|a lad cndffad|g og}a` }neara` lad cndfa|aoad ^|`cad lgb~d~` hjn` hradf Wa`~lg! Lajac |~jg}addwa* ‚Aj#Qgcdg cnd~de~ooad {nr}agdfad {hjg|go lad {ndff~jgdfad ono~a}aad ~d|~o cnrag` onl~l~oad lajac G}jac– (G}cagj 2;;<5 1;2'$ \~e~ad ~|aca aj#Qgcdg alaja` ~d|~o cndfà{~} ‚adffa{ad {nrghln avaj G}jac }nbafag onalaad }h}gaj lad {hjg|go wadf glnaj– (gbgl5 1;='$ Aoad |n|a{g* |~jg}ad aj#Qgcdg cndgcb~joad onbndmgad C~}jgc |nràla{dwa$ [ara C~}jgc |nd|~dwa |glao bg}a cndnrgca ondwa|aad }gcbhj² G}jac lg{nr|adwaoad$ [ara ~jaca aj#Auàr cndfae~# oad l~a aja}ad cndfa{a }gcbhj² G}jac |glao bhjn` lg{nr|adwaoad5 [nr|aca#|ac a* }gc }gc bhj² bhj² G}jac G}jac g|~ c nr~{aoad bgcbgdfad w adf bndar }noajg$ }noajg$ ]n|ga{ ~}aà cnc{nr|adwaoad ono~a}aad lad h|hrg|a} G}jac àr~} lg}gdfogroad$ Onl~a* }nbafag {ncbgcbgdf* cnrnoa jnbg` bndar lgbadlgdfoad {ndgjag {ndgjagad ad a|a~ {nr|adw aad C ~}jgc ~}jgc av ac $ Lndfad Lndfad bnfg|~* bnfg|~* C~}jgc C~}jgc |glao {nrj~ {nrj~ cnc{nr|adwaoad$ Lga àdwa aoad bg}a bnrnao}g {nd~` nch}g }aea* lad |glao c ac {~ c ndnjaa` ndnjaa` lajac jnynj jnynj gd|njno gd|njno (gbgl'$ (gbgl'$

[nrdwa|aad aj#Auàr gdg lgae~oad on [ndfalgjad Rndla` Magrh ^|ara lajac ja{hrad wadf lg{nr}ga{oad hjn` Balad Rg}n| G}jac ^dgynr}g|a} Aj#Auàr$ Ja{hrad e~fa cndwa|aoad* ‚\~jg}ad b~o~ g|~ cndfadl~df on}ajaàd lad {ncjgd|grad lad }aja` |ai}gr aoad a{a wadf lgcndfnr|g }nbafag G}jac wadf }nbndardwa– (gbgl5 116'$ \a{g oarnda |glao bg}a cncb~o|goad |~l~àd lad oarnda oaja` lg [ndfalgjad* caoa {ara ~jaca cndffad|g |ao|go lad c~jag cnd~l~` aj#Qgcdg }nbafag |ao}gr a|a~ |ao bnrgcad {ala G}jac lad dwava aj#Qgcdg ealg |nradmac$ Aj#Qgcdg jaj~ cndwncb~dwgoad lgrg lg |a`~d 1770$ [ara {ndwnradfdwa |nrca}~o Lr$ ‐Abl aj#C~‗|g


>0


Baw~cg* lh}nd ^dgynr}g|a} Aj#Auàr larg Iao~j|a} La}ar Afaca* lad e~fa badwao a`jg G}jac |nronc~oa Auàrg jagddwa$

AJ#QGCDG CNDARGO ONCBAJG \^JG]ADDWA [ala |adffaj 16 E~jg* 2;;>* Lr$ ]awwgl Ca`ch~l aj#Qgcdg cndnrgca }~ra| larg aj# Qagla mabadf Grao wadf lg{gc{gd hjn` aj#Uarqavg$ ]~ra| gdg cndfa|aoad aj#Qgcdg aoad lgb~d~` egoa lga |glao cndffad|g |~jg}ad²dwa lad bnreadeg ~d|~o |glao cnd~jg} jafg$

[~egad àdwa bafg Ajjâ` }aea* lad lha lad lacag bafg lga wadf |gala jafg Dabg }n|nja` lga$ Oa~ àr~} |a`~* oa~ oaigr eaàdac wadf bnrdaca ]awwgl aj#Qgcdg* ba`va jgca C~}jgc \a~`gl lad }gdfa² Egàl |nja` cndfgdmar ~d|~o cncb~d~`c~$ Cnrnoa bnr}~c{a` {ala Ajjâ` wadf Caà \gdffg ba`va cnrnoa aoad cndlnoa|oad lgrg {alaDwa ~d|~o cnc~o~j on{ajac~* lad cndw~mgoad lh}a cnrnoa lndfad mara cndf~m~road lara`c~$ Lndfad cnjao~oad àj g|~* cnrnoa cncnd~`g {nrgd|a` Dabg |nr|gdffg* lha² \~àdo~ lad }ajac bafgdwa wadf cndfa|aoad* ‚}ga{a{~d wadf cndffad|g afacadwa àr~} lgb~d~`$– Oa~ {nd~l~` {aj}~* oacg |glao cagd²* }gjaoad ca~ {nrmawa a|a~ |glao* oacg |glao aoad cndf~jadf admacad oacg$ \gala f~da bafgc~ ~d|~o cnja{hr {ala {gào onacadad Cn}gr$ Cnrnoa |glao bg}a cnjgdl~dfg oac~$ Cnrnoa c~dfogd bg}a cnjgdl~dfgc~ ~d|~o }n}aa| |a{g }n|nja` g|~ cnrnoa aoad cndgdffajoadc~ ~d|~o lgealgoad ohrbad {ara }gdfa G}jac$ Gdg {~d egoa cnrnoa }n|~e~ ~d|~o cnjgdl~dfgc~$ \gala {ndfavaj {rgbalg wadf bg}a cnjgdl~dfgc~$ [ndfavaj²c~ |glao aoad cac{~ cndf`nd|goad {nj~r~ wadf lg|ncbaooad larg chbgj wadf cnjae~ a|a~ larg |nra} r~ca` |n|adffa$ \gala wadf bg}a cndf`nd|goad bhc cnjnlao lg chbgjc~ a|a~ mara {ncb~d~àd jagddwa$ Gdfa| hradf² wadf oacg ogrgc on jgadf o~b~r {alaàj jnbg` }~oar cncb~d~` cnrnoa larg{ala cncb~d~` oac~$ Hradf bgeao bnjaear larg on}ajaàd hradf jagd$ Gdg cndenrdgòad on}alarad oacg lad cndlgrgoad oncbajg aj#C~fa`=6 aj#C~fa`=6 lajac lgrgc~* oacg bnrg oac~ vao|~ }a|~ cgdff~ ~d|~o cndwa|aoad {nr|hba|ad lad |argo }nc~a |~jg}adc~ wadf c~r|al$ Oa~ àr~} cndf~c~coad {ndargoad |~jg}ad lg caeaja` ‚Rh}n#aj#W~}gi– lg cada oa~ }njaj~ cndnrbg|oad }nc~a |~jg}ad² oaigrc~$

=6 ^d|~o cncb~o|goad }~c{a` }n}nhradf wadf bgl‗a` (}n}a|' lad wadf c~r|al larg G}jac$


>7


Egoa oa~ dfh|h|* oa~ bhlh` lad |nr{nlawa* |n|a{ onra} on{aja lad |nr~} c~r|al lad a|`ng}* ]n|ad |nro~|~o bnrbg}go {alac~ ba`va oa~ {a}|g bg}a cndf`gdlarg onjhc{ho Egàl* caoa on|a`~gja` ba`va {nladf {ara C~}jgc aoad cncnd~`g onvaegbaddwa bafgc~$ ]aa| gdg oa~ bafagoad cawa| bnreajad lgad|ara {ara C~}jgc$ ]nbagodwa oa~ marg j~badf {nr}ncb~dwgad oarnda C~}jgc }n|ga {a}|g aoad cncb~r~c~$ Gdg alaja` {nrgdfa|ad bafgc~* onbadfog|ad alaja` eadeg oacg* lad {ala [ncgjgo \ao`|a Gjja`g }aea hradf cndnc~oad onbagoad$ \nr|adla5 Onjhc{ho Egàl* Cn}gr$ ]awadfdwa* aj#Qgcdg lg{ao}a cndargo oncbajg |~jg}addwa lad cndnrbg|oad {nr|hba|ad lg cnlga$ Cnd~r~| ja{hrad Marhjgdn Ogc* oarnda ‚cndfàla{g admacad dwava* caoa {nd~jg} Cn}gr |nrondaj ]awwgl aj#Qgcdg* lg |adffaj 19 E~jg cndargo oncbajg |~jg}addwa lad bnr}~c{a` ~d|~o |glao cnd~jg} jafg lg cnlga– (Ogc* 1> E~jg* 2;;>'$ Ao~ ogra l~dga C~}jgc lad Cn}gr |nr~|aca |glao aoad {nrda` jafg cndfà}gjoad {nd~jg} }ne~e~r* }nbnradg* lad }nendg~} Lr$ ]awwgl Ca`ch~l aj# Qgcdg$


9;


BA B GP

AEARAD C^@ACCAL \ND\ADF VADG\A Cnd~r~| Ladgnj Bhwargd* ‚Afaca enja} cnr~{aoad }g}|nc ~|aca lajac }nbafgad bn}ar b~lawa lajac cndnd|~oad {nradad fndlnr (jnjaog lad vadg|a'– (Bhwargd 17705 116'$ Oarnda g|~ja`* ~d|~o cndfn|a`~g {nradad jaog lad vadg|a lajac ~ca| C~}jgc* og|a àr~} cndfn|a`~g a{a wadf lgoa|aoad Q~r‗ad |nd|adf {nradad C~}jgc lad C~}jgca`$ Badwao |hoh` incgdg} C~}jgca` lg eacad chlnrd gdg wadf cndnjaa` }nmara org|g} lad cnd~jg} ~jadf {nrca}ajaàd fndlnr lajac G}jac$ Onbadwaoad larg cnrnoa cndfa|aoad C~}jgca` lg|noad lad lgjaradf bnroncbadf lajac G}jac$ Aoad |n|a{g* cnrnoa cncbad|a` àj gdg bnra}aj larg aearad Q~r‗ad* |a{g jnbg` cnr~{aoad à}gj |ralg}gb~lawa wadf cndnc{a|oad vadg|a lg {h}g}g rndla`$ ^d|~o cndagooad lnraea| vadg|a }neaear lndfad lnraea| {rga* {ara incgdg} C~}jgca` gdg cncgd|a aàlg} (àlg}² aoad {nroa|aad lad {nrb~a|ad Dabg' wadf cndenjnooad vadg|a àr~} lg}gdfogroad$ Cnrnoa waodg aàlg} }gaj gdg cnr~{aoad rnoawa}a {ara {ncgc{gd C~}jgc lad a`jg G}jac fndnra}g bnrgo~| }n|nja` Dabg vaia| lad aàlg} gdg |glao cnvaogjg {n}ad a}jg Q~r‗ad* wadf lgao~g cnrnoa cncbnrgoad {nr}acaad ào ad|ara jaog lad vadg|a$ Aoad |n|a{g* badwao C~}jgc a`jg G}jac wadf cndwadfoaj |~l~àd {gào incgdg} C~}jgca`$ I~dlncnd|ajg} C~}jgc waogd }noajg aàlg} g|~ cnr~{aoad {nroa|aad Dabg wadf a}jg 1;;. lad cndhjaodwa bnrar|g cndwadfoaj {nroa|aad Dabg C~àccal$ ]njagd g|~* cnrnoa waogd {~ja ba`va |glao c~dfogd ~d|~o bndar² cndfnr|g Q~r‗ad |ad{a {ndenja}ad larg àlg} wadf cndnradfoad g}g Q~r‗ad$ Lndfad lncgogad* lajac l~dga ~ca| C~}jgc chlnrd* àlg} (mara `gl~{* {nroa|aad lad {nrb~a|ad Dabg C~àccal' cndealg baàd {nrlnba|ad lgad|ara {ara a`jg G}jac$ Lg }a|~ {gào* oa~c incgdg} C~}jgca`* rnihrcg} G}jac* lad chlnrdg} C~}jgc cncgd|a {n}ad² G}jac wadf enjno wadf cnrnoa adffa{ bnr|nd|adfad lndfad {n}ad G}jac wadf a}jg ~d|~o lg}gdfogroad* }nladfoad {n}ad Q~r‗ad |nd|adf {nr}acaad ào bafg jaog lad vadg|a cnrnoa lgadffa{ }nbafag {n}ad| G}jac wadf a}jg$ Lg jagd {gào* oa~c i~dlacnd|ajg}* |ralg}ghdajg}* lad ohd}nrya|gi C~}jgc cndnrgca }nj~r~` aàlg} G}jac* wadf onc~lgad e~fa lg|nra{oad lajac @~o~c ]warga` G}jac=0$ Cn}og{~d {gào |nrao`gr gdg e~fa bnr~}aà cncbnlaoad cada àlg} wadf }a`g` lad cada wadf jnca`* |a{g {nr}n|nr~ad ad|ara onl~a {gào |n|a{ =0 @~o~c G}jac lgbnd|~o lg l~a ra|~} | a`~d {nr|aca }n|nja` onca|gad C~àccal$


91


bnrjadf}~df$ Oarnda {ndfar~`² j~ar* earao {nrbnlaad ad|ara onl~a {gào caogd jaca caogd jnbar$ [nr|nd|adfad àj aoalncg} lad ca}aja` G}jac gdg |glao bnr{ndfar~` badwao |nràla{ onl~l~oad C~}jgca` lajac ~ca| C~}jgc$ Onbadwaoad C~}jgc chlnrd cndnrgca }aea aearad G}jac wadf lg}ac{agoad {ala cnrnoa larg fndnra}g l~j~ on fndnra}g bnrgo~|dwa lad lg{nr|aàdoad lajac @~o~c ]warga`* wadf bnr}~cbnr larg Q~r‗ad lad @alg}$ Lajac |~jg}ad gdg* ao~ aoad cndnjaa` }nmara org|g} {adladfad² {ara incgdg} C~}jgca` lad cnjgà| a{aoa` {adladfad cnrnoa bg}a lg{nr|aàdoad lajac cndfàla{g |ralg}g |~r~d#|nc~r~d G}jac lg cada ]warga` G}jac wadf bnr}~cbnr {ala Q~r‗ad lad @alg} cndfa|~r }nc~a dhrca lad `~o~c on`gl~{ad C~}jgc$ [ara C~}jgc a`jg G}jac }n|~e~ aoad on}a`gàd l~a ohjno}g @alg} waodg B~oàrg ]a`g`=7 lad C~}jgc ]a`g`$ ]njagd g|~* |nrla{a| {~ja ohjno}g àlg} jagddwa }n{nr|g C~va||a Cajgo* ]~dad Ab~ La~l* lad \grcgug wadf e~fa lgao~g onbndaraddwa lad badwao lgf~daoad lajac ]warga`$ ^c~cdwa* ‚Ohjno}g @alg} cnr~{aoad |~jg}ad rgdmg |nd|adf a{a wadf lgoa|aoad lad lg{nrb~a| Dabg$ Bnr}aca Q~r‗ad* @alg} cnr~{aoad }~cbnr `~o~c lad am~ad ~d|~o cncbnlaoad cada wadf àrac lad àjaj* wadf bndar lad wadf }aja` ” }~cbnr² `~o~c gdg cncbnd|~o n|goa lad dgjag² chraj C~}jgc– (Cnrdg}}g 177=5 1'$ Bafg onbadwaoad C~}jgc* ‚@alg} }a`g` cnr~# {aoad |~jg}ad wadf }aoraj* wadf onl~a }n|nja` Q~r‗ad wadf }~mg– (]|rhva}}nr 17725 1'$ Lajac cncbadlgdfoad on}~mgad Q~r‗ad lad @alg}5 @alg} ]a`g` lgadffa{ }nbafag on|n|a{ad gjja`g |a{g b~oad }nbafag }n{nr|g v a`w ~ Ajjâ` Ajjâ` (oarnda lajac Q~r‗ad Q~r‗ad w adf C ~àc c al bnroa|a'* ‚lad |galaja` wadf lg~ma{oaddwa g|~ cnd~r~| onca~ad àva dai}~dwa$ ^ma{addwa g|~ |gala jagd jagd àdw aja` va`w ~ w adf lgv a`w~oad – (Q >=5=# >=5=#<'$ <'$ ]a|~² ]a|~² dw a {nrbnlaad {nrbnlaad ad|a ra Q~r‗ad Q~r‗ad lad @al g} alaja` Q~r‗ad Q~r‗ad lg}ac {agoad hjn` hjn` cajagoa| Egbrgj lad }n|ga{ oa|a bnra}aj larg Ajjâ`* }nladfoad @alg} lgdw a|ao ad |ad {a c njaj~g njaj~g `~r~i a|a~{~d oa|a (@ aqq ) Dnv |hd 177951 177951'$ '$

Q~r‗ad cndl~o~df on}a`gàd @alg} lad C~}jgc lad C~}jgca` àr~} |~dl~o {ala Q~r‗ad lad @alg}5

Q ==5=9 Lad |glaoja` {a|~| bafg jaog#jaog wadf c~ocgd lad |glao ({~ja' bafg {nrnc{~ad wadf c~ocgd* a{abgja Ajja` lad Ra}~j#Dwa |nja` cndn|a{oad }~a|~ on|n|a{ad* aoad ala bafg cnrnoa {gjgàd (wadf jagd' |nd|adf ~r~}ad cnrnoa$ Lad baradf }ga{a cndl~ràoag Ajja` lad Ra}~j#Dwa caoa }~df# f~`ja` lga |nja` }n}a|* }n}a| wadf dwa|a$ Cn}og{~d |nrla{a| onwaogdad o~a| aoad g}g @alg}* lg eacad chlnrd gdg og|a la{a|oad badwao C~}jgc a`jg G}jac wadf |glao raf~ cnc{nr|adwaoad ona}jgad @alg}* |nr~|aca oa~c incgdg} lad rnihrcg} C~}jgc$ Cnrnoa cndfao~g onl~l~oad =7 ]a`g` 3 \nr{nrmawa$


92


{nd|gdf @alg} lajac G}jac |a{g cnrnoa gdfgd cncbnlaoad @alg} wadf }a`g` lad wadf jnca`$ Cnrnoa cndff~daoad Q~r‗ad lajac cndnd|~oad {nrbnlaad gdg$ @alg} cada{~d wadf bnr|nd|adfad lndfad {n}ad Q~r‗ad |nd|adf on}acaad ào àr~} lg|hjao$ [adladfad }n{nr|g gdg |nd|~dwa cndfadffa{ Q~r‗ad |glao cndfadl~df {n}ad wadf enjno$ ]aja` }a|~ |hoh` incgdg} C~}jgca` alaja` Rgiia| @a}}ad wadf bnroa|a* ‚]~la` enja} lajac aearad Q~r‗ad ba`va jnjaog lad vadg|a {~dwa onl~l~oad }aca lg àla{ad Ajjâ`– (@a}}ad 2;;15 9='$ Cn}og{~d bnfg|~* {n}ad on}acaad ào lajac Q~r‗ad |n|a{ }aea lg{nrlnba|oad$ ]nbafgad incgdg} C~}jgca` cnjgà| ohd|ralgo}g lajac Q~r‗ad lad àj gdg |ac{ao dwa|a bafg cnrnoa lajac awa|² Q~r‗ad wadf cndfaearoad {rga jnbg` }~{nrghr lgbadlgdfoad vadg|a* {hjgfacg* mnrag* lad {nc~o~jad {ala g}|rg (Q <5 =<* <5 =* 25 220* 25 202* 95 1;'$ Incgdg} C~}jgca` Davaj Nj#]aalavg cnr~{aoad }aja` }a|~ incgdg} wadf cnjgà| ohd|ralgo}g lajac Q~r‗ad$ Lga bnroa|a* ‚Ajjâ` bnroa|a lajac b~o~ }~mgdwa ba`va Lga cndmg{|aoad jnjaog lad vadg|a larg }a|~ egva wadf }aca? |a{g lg àjacad jagd* Lga cndfa|aoad wadf }nbajgodwa* ba`va jnjaog jnbg` }~{nrghr lgbadlgdfoad vadg|a– (]aalavg 2;;15 <'$ Lndfad lncgogad* {nrdwa|aad ba`va Q~r‗ad cndfa|aoad jnjaog lad vadg|a bnronl~l~oad }aca |n|a{ cnr~{aoad ca}aja` wadf lg{nr|nd|adfoad$ Wadf cndfao~g on}acaad onl~l~oad jnjaog lad vadg|a lajac Q~r‗ad aoad }~oar cncndadfoad {nrlnba|ad$ @aj gdg oarnda ‚{ara C~}jgc {ala ~c~cdwa |glao }~oa aoad }goa{ cnc{nr|adwaoad on}a`gàd aàlg} lajac radfoa cndfar|goad oncbajg Q~r‗ad ~d|~o cndmg{|oad vaea` G}jac wadf bar~– (]|rhva}}nr 17725 1'$ Mhd|h` aàlg} wadf cnrndlaòad vadg|a5

]a`g` B~oàrg* @alg} dh$ =;1 lad 0>95 Ra}~j Ajjâ` }~a|~ }aa| bnroa|a {ala }nonjhc{ho vadg|a5 ‐Ao~ bnj~c {nrda` cnjgà| }nhradf {~d wadf jnbg` bhlh` lajac bnr{gogr lad bnrafaca lgbadlgdfoad oajgad$ Hradf wadf bgeao lad vara} bg}a lg}n}a|oad hjn` }nbafgad larg oajgad$‗ [ara vadg|a bnr|adwa* ‐Vaàg Ra}~j Ajjâ`* a{a }g` ono~radfad oacg lajac bnr{gogr lad bnrafaca8‗ Lga bnroa|a* ‐B~oadoa` on}ao}gad l~a vadg|a }aca dgjagdwa lndfad on}ao}gad }a|~ {rga8‗ Cnrnoa cncbndaroad aoad àj g|~$ Lga bnroa|a* ‐G|~ja` wadf cnr~{aoad onbhlhàdc~ lajac bnr{gogr$‗ … ‐B~oadoa` vadg|a |glao bhjn` }`hja| a|a~ {~a}a }aa| }nladf cndfajacg la|adf b~jad8‗ [ara vadg|a cncbndaroad àj g|~$ Lga bnroa|a* ‐G|~ja` wadf cnr~{aoad onbhlhàdc~ lajac bnrafaca$– On}a`gàd aàlg} lg a|a} }~la` lgao~g lajac l~dga G}jac$ G}g àlg} gdg lg~jadf bnroajg#oajg lajac l~a ohjno}g @alg} ]a`g` B~oàrg lad ]a`g` C~}jgc$ On|goa B~oàrg lad C~}jgc cndnrgca àlg} gdg* cnrnoa cndwnb~| àlg} gdg }nbafag ‚c~|aiaf~d ‐ajawg`g– wadf bnrar|g ‚lg}n|~e~g– (@aqq ) Dnv|hd 17795 ='$ Oajgca| Arab ‚aj#Dg}a dafg}a|ad ‐afjwad va lgd– (vadg|a g|~ bhlh` lajac bnr{gogr lad bnrafaca' |nrla{a| lajac ~e~df jgla` }n|ga{ C~}jgc$ Oajgca| gdg }nrgdf lgf~daoad hjn` {ara C~}jgc a`jg G}jac lad C~}jgc avac lajac cndenja}oad |nd|adf vadg|a$ Ala }nb~a` {nrgbaà}a |nrondaj lg dnfara² Arab* ‚Egoa }nhradf vadg|a cndealg }nb~a` oac{ao* lga |glao aoad bg}a cncbamho on{aja$– [nrgbaà}a gdg cndn#


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radfoad ba`va vadg|a |glao }aea jnca`* |a{g e~fa }aca }noajg |ao bnrf~da$ Mhd|h` àlg} jagd wadf cndf`gda vadg|a5

]a`g` B~oàrg* yhj$ YGG* dh$ 11= Vadg|a g|~ bafagoad |~jadf gfa? egoa oa~ cndmhba cnj~r~}oaddwa* caoa lga aoad {a|a`$ Ealg egoa oa~ gdfgd cncadiaa|oad lga* jao~oadja` cn}og{~d lga bndfoho$ ]a`g` B~oàrg* yhj$ G* dh$ 20 Vadg|a g|~ |ao |a`~ |nrgca oa}g` {ala }~acg² cnrnoa lad |ao bnr|nrgca oa}g` {ala {nr|hjhdfad lad onbagoad wadf lgbnrgoad {ala cnrnoa$ Egoa oa~ }njaj~ bago |nràla{ }aja` }a|~ larg {ara vadg|a g|~ lad lga jaj~ cnjgà| }n}~a|~ {ala lgrgc~ wadf |glao lg}~oagdwa* caoa lga aoad bnroa|a* ‐Ao~ |glao {nrda` cndnrgca onbagoad a{a{~d largc~$‗ ]a`g` C~}jgc* dh$ =2<; On|goa }nhradf vadg|a c~dm~j* lga aoad c~dm~j lajac bnd|~o }n|ad$ ]a`g` B~oàrg* yhj$ G* dh$ =;1 Dabg bnroa|a* ‚Vaàg oa~c vadg|a! Bnrg uaoa|* oarnda ao~ cnjgà| onbadwaoad {ndf`~dg dnraoa alaja` oajgad (oa~c vadg|a'$ ]a`g` C~}jgc* dh$ 99;; Lgad|ara {ndf`~dg ]~rfa* oa~c vadg|a cnr~{aoad onjhc{ho cgdhrg|a}$

Cnrnoa wadf cnc{nrmawaoad ca}aja` cnrnoa {ala }nhradf vadg|a |glao aoad {nrda` cndfajacg oncaoc~rad (Cnrdg}}g 177=5 <7'$ Ia|gca Cnrdg}}g cnd~jg} ba`va5 <;

]nbafgad àlg} larg og|ab B~oàrg wadf lg}ac {agoad hjn` hjn` f~r~² o~ c ndwao g|g à|go~$ Cnrnoa c ndwa| aoad ba `v a Dabg bnroa|a* ‚Adegdf* onjn onjnlag* lag* lad vadg|a aoad cncba|ajoad }`hja| C~}jgc egoa cnrnoa bnreajad lg <1 àla{ad C~}jgc* cncba|ajoad }`hja| C~}jgc lad ogbja| }`hja| $– Ao ~ o af n| }noajg cndlndfar àlg} }n{nr|g gdg lad |glao {nrda` cndf~jadf g}g àlg} g|~ jafg lajac {gogrado~ lndfad àra{ad ao ~ bg}a bg}a c nj~{aoadd nj~{aoadd wa$ Ao~ bnr|adwa* ‚Cndfa{a D abg c ndfa|aoad àlg} }n{nr|g }n{nr|g g|~ g|~ w adf }adfa| c ndwaog|oad à|go~ … Bafagcada c~dfogd Dabg |nrmgd|a }adff~{ cndwaog|g falg} mgjgo wadf }nladf |~cb~`* lad wadf bnr~}aà cndfglhjaoaddwa lajac gc{gad² rhc ad |g}dw a$– (Cnrd g}}g 1771 177155 0 2'$

<; B~o~ <1 Ara` }ncba`wadf ~ca| C~}jgc$


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C^]JGCA@ LAD B^LAWA C~dfogd {ndenja}ad {ajgdf |n{a| |nd|adf onl~l~oad C~}jgca` lajac l~dga G}jac |nrla{a| lajac |~jg}ad² {ncgogr C~}jgc jgbnraj Cn}gr ]awwgl Ca`ch~l aj#Qgcdg$ Lajac b~o~dwa Rab Aj#Uacad (\~àd Ca}a Ogdg'* lg bava` ar|gonj wadf bnre~l~j ‚Vadg|a lajac Varg}ad lad Jnfndla² Afaca*– lga cndwac{agoad g}g ar|gonj gdg }nbafag baàd o~jga` {ala [nr}a|~ad Vadg|a Ca}waraoa| Cae~ ([nh{jn‗} [rhfrn}}gyn Vhcnd‗} ^dghd'$ Aj#Qgcdg cnd~de~o G}jac }nbafag {gào wadf bnr|adff~df#eavab a|a} rndla`dwa onl~l~oad C~}jgca` (aj#Qgcdg 795 217'$ Cnd~r~|dwa* varg}ad afaca G}jac cncb~a| {ara C~}jgca` waogd ‚ba`va lga lgmg{|aoad larg |~jadf r~}~o wadf bndfoho* bhlh` lajac bnr{gogr lad bnrafaca* on}ao}gaddwa àdwa bnràrfa }n{ar~` lgbadlgdfoad on}ao}gad {rga* ea|a` varg}addwa àdwa }n{ar~` ea|a` varg}ad {rga* lad lga |glao bg}a cndmnragoad }~acgdwa– (gbgl5 22;'$ C~}jgca` waogd lgrgdwa cnr~{aoad enjcaad ]n|ad lad oarnda g|~ lga |glao bg}a cndfhd|rhj dai}~ bnra`gdwa (gbgl5 221'$ Cnd~r~| G}jac* ‚Vadg|a àdwa cnd~r~|g dai}~ bnra`gdwa lad |glao bg}a bnr{gogr* lga {~dwa onmndlnr~dfad ajacg ~d|~o cndfo`gada|g }~acgdwa* oarnda lga cnr~{aoad }a|~ larg nc{a| àj wadf |ao bg}a lg{nrmawa* ‐l~g|* ]~j|ad* vao|~* lad vadg|a– (gbgl5 22;'$ Vadg|a lgmg{|aoad ~d|~o ondwacadad lad on}ndadfad }~acgdwa }aea$ Lndfad bnfg|~* G}jac cncb~a| C~}jgca` ‚waogd ba`va lgrgdwa g|~ |ao jnbg` larg{ala }nonlar yafgda lad lg j~ar g|~ lga alaja` `hrca (|ab~' lad àrac$ Oarnda g|~ja`* egoa lga cnc{nr|aàdoad gcaddwa lad yafgdadwa lad cncb~a| }ndadf }~acg lad caegoaddwa* caoa lga aoad ca}~o }~rfa– (gbgl5 22;'$ Gcad C~}jgca` ‚|glao bg}a }nc{~rda onm~ajg egoa lga |~dl~o lad |aa| }n{nd~`dwa {ala }~acgdwa lad on|aa|ad }n{nr|g gdg aoad cncbnrgdwa |nc{a| lg }~rfa }nbafag }nhradf {njam~r lgad|ara badwao àrnc C~}jgc– (gbgl5 221'$ Facbarad da}gb C~}jgca` cndwnlgòad wadf lgae~oad aj#Qgcdg cncb~a| badwao {rhin}hr² C~}jgca` lad {ara ~jaca a|a~ a`jg G}jac Aj#Auàr endfonj oarnda cnrnoa waogd G}jac cndf`hrca|g vadg|a lad cnjn|aooad vadg|a lg onl~l~oad wadf |nr`hrca|$ Aj#Qgcdg bnroa|a Q~r‗ad cncbnrgoad l~a ào ohd|ralgo|gi aoad vadg|a (aj#Qgcdg 2;;<5 16;'$ Bnbnra{a awa| Q~r‗ad cndwa|aoad vadg|a bnronl~l~oad }aca lndfad jnjaog* cg}ajdwa ]~ra² aj#Gcrad5 17>* aj#Da`gj5 76* aj#\h~ba5 61* aj#Aùab5 =>* adl aj# Cagla5 =0$ [adladfad {h}g|gi aoad oa~c vadg|a gdg lge~dfogrbajgooad lndfad ]~ra aj#Dg}a <5=< ({nc~o~jad |nràla{ g}|rg wadf |glao |aa| {ala }~acg'$ Lajac }nb~a` àlg} B~oàrg* Dabg bnroa|a* ‚}n|ga{ hradf wadf cncgjg` vadg|a }nbafag {ncgc{gd |glao aoad caoc~r– (gbgl'$ Aj#Qgcdg cndf~|g{ badwao awa|² Q~r‗ad lad àlg}² ~d|~o cnd~de~ooad onl~l~oad C~}jgca` wadf rndla` lajac G}jac$ Lajac àj gdg* aj#Qgcdg cndwnb~| onealgad lg cada lga lg|~l~` }nbafag oaigr hjn` {ara {rhin}hr lad lho|hr (]=' C~}jgca` larg ^dgynr}g|a} Aj#Auàr oarnda lajac b~o~dwa wadf bnre~l~j Aj#Ia}`~d va Aj#Va|ad* (Oa~c Ia}g} lad Dnfara'* lga cndnradfoad G}jac cndnc{a|oad C~}jgca` lg onl~l~oadwadf rndla` ” ba`va C~}jgca` o~radf lajac }nfaja àj lgbadlgdfoad C~}jgc lad C~}jgca` lgmg{|aoad }nbafag {nc~a} dai}~ bnra`g C~}jgc$ Aja}ad ~|aca {rh|n} cnrnoa alaja` oarnda aj#Qgcdg cndwa|aoad ba`va cnrnoa ‚bnrjao~ }aja` oarnda bnradg cnd~d|~| ào²


9>


bafg vadg|a* {alaàj G}jac àdwa cncbnrg ào }n{nr|g g|~ {ala C~}jgc }aea– (gbgl5 166'$ Mhd|h`² àlg}² {nrndlaàd vadg|a lad {ndenja}ad aj#Qgcdg cnd~de~ooad |nhrg }nbndardwa aoad C~}jgca` lajac G}jac$ ]~la` enja} ba`va iao|a cnd~de~ooad C~}jgca` }nrgdfoajg lgadffa{ }nbafag admacad lajac on}|abgjad ca}waraoa| C~}jgc lad oarndadwa cnrnoa àr~} lg bava` ohd|rhj C~}jgc$ Larjndn C$ E~}mòa cnd~jg}* ‚Egoa oa~c vadg|a lgadffa{ ealg {ncbava }gaj }~a|~ b~lawa ” cg}ajdwa lgadffa{ }nbafag {ncb~a| onoama~ad* {nrgjao~ }np wadf |ao |nr`hrca|* lad }goa{ |ao ca}~o aoaj ” caoa ca}waraoa| cndfadffa{ {nrj~ cndfacbgj |gdlaoad ~d|~o cndnoad admacad gdg…– (E~}mòa 2;;15 191'$

JNJAOG JNBG@ ]^[NRGHR LGBADLGDFOAD VADG\A Q~r‗ad cndwa|aoad ba`va jnjaog lad vadg|a {~dwa on}acaad lajac onvaegbad bnrgbala`* {aàja lad `~o~cad* lad on}a|~ad {ndmg{|aad (Q =517>* <51'$ Aoad |n|a{g* awa|² Q~r‗ad jagd cndfaearoad {rga jnbg` }~{nrghr lad }a|~ lnraea| jnbg` |gdffg larg{ala vadg|a (Q <5=<* 25220'$ Ialnja C‗raba| larg Ajenrga cndfhcnd|arg Q <5=< }nbafag bnrgo~|* ‚A{a wadf }nbndardwa gdfgd lg}ac{agoad larg awa| gdg alaja` Ajjâ` jnbg` }~oa {ala {rga larg{ala vadg|a* oarnda vadg|a jnbg` jnca`$– (]cg|` 17605 >29'$ [rga jnbg` }~{nrghr larg{ala vadg|a lg bgladf {ndfn|a`~ad* ono~a|ad* ono~a}aad lad gdg oarnda Ajjâ` jnbg` }~oa aoad {rga larg{ala vadg|a lad {rga bnro~a}a a|a} vadg|a$ Jnbg` ea~` jafg* vadg|a lgadffa{ bhlh` lajac bnr{gogr lad bnrafaca$

VADG\A BÔAD ]AO]G WADF BAGO LAD \AO \A@^ BNR\NRGCAOA]G@ Q 25202 … Lad {nr}ao}goadja` lndfad l~a hradf }ao}g larg hradf#hradf jnjaog lg ad|arac~'$ Egoa |ao ala l~a hradf jnjaog* caoa (bhjn`' }nhradf jnjaog lad l~a hradf {nrnc{~ad larg }ao}g#}ao}g wadf oac~ rglag* }~{awa egoa }nhradf j~{a caoa }nhradf jafg cndfgdfa|oaddwa$ … ]a`g` B~oàrg* yhj$ G* dh$ 20 Vadg|a g|~ |ao |a`~ |nrgca oa}g` {ala }~acg² cnrnoa lad |ao bnr|nrgca oa}g` {ala {nr|hjhdfad lad onbagoad wadf lgbnrgoad {ala cnrnoa$ Egoa oa~ }njaj~ bago |nràla{ }aja` }a|~ larg {ara vadg|a g|~ lad lga jaj~ cnjgà| }n}~a|~ {ala lgrgc~ wadf |glao lg}~oagdwa* caoa lga aoad bnroa|a* ‐Ao~ |glao {nrda` cndnrgca onbagoad a{a{~d largc~$‗


99


VADG\A ALAJA@ ‐A^RA\ \gala lnigdg}g jagd wadf bnfg|~ badwao lg{aoag lad lg|nrgca C~}jgc }njagd lnigdg}g vadg|a alaja` A^RA\$ Nd}gojh{nlga G}jac cndenja}oad ba`va A~ra| alaja` ‚aja| onjacgd vadg|a a|a~ yafgda– (@aqq ) Dnv|hd 17795 >'$ Oa|a gdg lgacbgj larg oa|a bndla ‚|njadeadf–$ Ealg ar|gdwa ‚vadg|a alaja` yafgda$–

@alg} \grcgug* yhj$ GG* og|ab Alab aj#Dgoa`* àj$ 9> Ajg cnja{hroad ba`va Dabg bnroa|a* ‐Vadg|a {~dwa }n{~j~` a~ra|$ On|goa lga cndgoa`* }~acgdwa cnd~|~{g }a|~ a~ra|dwa* lad on|goa lga ca|g cnd~|~{g }n{~j~` a~ra|dwa$ Lg àlg} jagd* \grcgug cnja{hroad ba`va vadg|a alaja` A~ra|$

\grcgug* yhj$ GG* àj$ 9> ]nhradf vadg|a alaja` A~ra|$ On|goa lga onj~ar r~ca`* ]n|ad cndwacb~|dwa$ @alg} gdg cndfa|aoad ba`va vadg|a }njaj~ lgra}~og }n|ad²$ Lndfad bnfg|~* vadg|a lgadffa{ bnrbaàwa bafg ~ca| C~}jgc lad oarndadwa lga àr~} lg{ndeara lg lajac r~ca`dwa$ Onl~a àlg} gdg bnr`~b~dfad lndfad {ncao}aad vadg|a cncaoag onr~l~df$ \a{g a|~rad onr~l~df C~}jgca` {~d bnrbnla#bnla lad {ara |hoh` {ndlgrg nc{a| ajgrad G}jac ~|aca |glao cncgjgog a|~rad wadf }aca aoad àj gdg$ Ajgrad² G}jac Cajgog lad @adaig cndfgegdoad C~}jgca` ~d|~o cnd~de~ooad |adfad lad vaea`* }nladfoad }nj~r~` |~b~` lgonr~l~dfg$ Ajgrad ]àig‗g lad @adbajg cndfadffa{ }nj~r~` |~b~` vadg|a }nbafag a~ra| lad oarndadwa vadg|a vaegb cnd~|~{g }nj~r~` |~b~`* larg ~e~df on{aja }ac{ag ~e~df oaog$ (@aqq ) Dnv|hd 17795 >'$ ]nbafgad C~}jgc no}|rgc {ndl~o~df ]~da` Dabg cajaàd cndfadffa{ }~ara vadg|a }nbafag a~ra| }n`gdffa vadg|a baòad |glao bhjn` bgmara lg cada{~d$

VADG\A ALAJA@ \^JADF R^]Ô WADF BNDFOHO B~oàrg lad C~}jgc }n|~e~ aoad àlg}² bnrgo~|5

]a`g` B~oàrg* yhj$ YGG* dh$ 11= Vadg|a g|~ bafagoad |~jadf gfa? egoa oa~ cndmhba cnj~r~}oaddwa* caoa lga aoad {a|a`$ Ealg egoa oa~ gdfgd cncadiaa|oad lga* jao~oadja` cn}og{~d lga bndfoho$ Lajac og|ab Alab aj#Dgoa`* \grcgug cndwa|aoad lg àj$ >15


96


\gfa hradf egoa oa~ cndf`hrca|g cnrnoa caoa cnrnoa aoad cndf`gdac~ lad egoa oa~ cndf`gda cnrnoa caoa cnrnoa aoad cndf`hrca|gc~5 vadg|a* b~lao* lad hradf Daba}ga<2$

@AO² C^]JGC AOAD C^]JGCA@ G}jac cndn|a{oad ào² bafg C~}jgc lad C~}jgca`$ Wadf |nr{nd|gdf larg ào² gdg alaja` on|aa|ad |h|aj {gào C~}jgca` |nràla{ }~acg² C~}jgc cnrnoa$

On|aa|ad Badwao àlg} wadf cndnradfoad {nrgàj on|aa|ad bnr`~b~dfad lndfad Q <5=<$

Cg}òa| aj#Ca}abg`* B~o~ G* àlg} Dh$ 6< Ala |gfa hradf wadf }`hja|dwa |glao aoad lg|nrgca* a|a~ acajdwa |glao aoad lg`g|~df5 b~lao wadf cnjargoad lgrg }ac{ag lga oncbajg on caegoaddwa* vadg|a wadf }~acgdwa |glao {~a} aoad lgrgdwa* lad hradf cab~o }ac{ag lga }alar oncbajg$ Cg}òa| aj#Ca}abg`* B~o~ G* àlg} Dh$ 9; Vadg|a wadf ca|g lad }~acgdwa {~a} aoad lgrgdwa* caoa vadg|a g|~ aoad ca}~o }~rfa$ Cg}òa| aj#Ca}abg`* B~o~ G* àlg} Dh$ 91 Dabg Ajjâ` bnroa|a5 Egoa }nhradf {rga cncadffgj g}|rgdwa ~d|~o cnc~a}oad dai}~ bnra`gdwa* vadg|a g|~ àr~} }nfnra la|adf {ala }~acgdwa* cn}og{~d lga }aa| g|~ }nladf }gb~o lg la{~r$ ]a`g` B~oàrg* yhj$ YGG* dh$ 121 Ra}~j Ajjâ` bnroa|a5 Egoa }nhradf {rga cncadffgj g}|rgdwa on radeadfdwa lad g}|rg g|~ cndhjao* lad }~acg cnjaj~g cajac àrg lndfad ra}a cara`* caoa {ara cajagoa| aoad cndf~|~og g}|rg }ac{ag lga |nreafa lg {afg àrg$ C~}jgc cndwac{agoad àlg} }nr~{a lndfad g}g wadf afao bnrbnla5 Egoa }nhradf {rga cncadffgj g}|rgdwa on radeadfdwa* lad g}|rg cndhjao* Lga wadf lg }~rfa aoad cara` {ala }adf g}|rg }ac{ag }~acgdwa cnra}a {~a} lndfad dw a$ (@aqq ) Dnv |hd 17795 17795 6'$

Cg}òa| aj#Ca}abg`* B~o~ G* àlg} Dh$ 6;

<2 Daba}ga 3 ynfn|argad$


90


Egoa }aea ao~ àr~} cncnrgd|aòad hradf ~d|~o bnr}~e~l {ala hradf jagd* caoa ao~ aoad cncnrgd|aòad {ara vadg|a ~d|~o bnr}~e~l lg àla{ad {ara }~acg cnrnoa }n}~ag lndfad ào {rga a|a} vadg|a wadf |nja` lg|n|a{oad Ajjâ`$ @alg} gdg lgdwa|aoad {~ja hjn` Ab~ La~l* A`cal* \grcgug* Gbd Cafa`* lad Gbd @abad$

[NCÔ^JAD A\A] VADG\A Q ~ r ‗a d < 5 = < cndwa|aoad5

… ]nbab g|~ caoa vadg|a wadf }ajn`* gaja` wadf |aa| on{ala Ajja` jafg cncnjgàra lgrg on|goa }~acgdwa |glao ala* hjn` oarnda Ajja` |nja` cncnjgàra (cnrnoa'$ Vadg|a#vadg|a wadf oac~ oàva|groad d~}w~udwa* caoa da}gà|gja` cnrnoa lad {g}aòadja` cnrnoa lg |nc{a| |gl~r cnrnoa* lad {~o~jja` cnrnoa $… Awa| lg a|a} cndealg baàd {nrlnba|ad }ndfg| lgad|ara {ara a`jg G}jac chlnrd$ Onjhc{ho² incgdg}* rnihrcg}* lad C~}jgc jgbnraj bnradffa{ad awa| gdg |glao bnrar|g }~acg la{a| cnc~o~j g}|rgdwa egoa g}|rg bnrhd|ao$ Cnrnoa cndmhba cndmarg caoda jagd larg oa|a Arab ‚glrgb~`~d– afar |glao bnrar|g cnc~o~j$ Mhd|h` larg ~}aà gdg |ac{ao lg b~o~ A}ca [arj wadf bnre~l~j ‚C~}jgca` lajac G}jac$– Aoad |n|a{g ~}aà² }n{nr|g gdg }~oar lg|nrgca |a|oaja og|a cnjgà| ja|ar bnjaoadf onealgad |~r~ddwa awa|$ ‚Awa| lg a|a} lgdwa|aoad bnrondaad lndfad }nhradf vadg|a wadf cndfnj~` {ala C~àccal ba`va }~acgdwa cndac{ar vaea`dwa (lad bnoa} {~o~jad ca}g` |ac{ao enja} lg vaea`dwa'$ Avajdwa }adf Dabg bnroa|a {aladwa5 ‐Baja} {~o~j lga*‗ |a{g jaj~ cndacbaòad5 ‐\~dff~ }ac{ag ao~ cncgogroad àj g|~$‗ ]njade~|dwa awa| lg a|a} lgdwa|aoad* lg cada Dabg bnroa|a* ‐Oacg cndfgdfgdoad }n}~a|~ |a{g Ajjâ` cndfgdfgdoad àj jagddwa* lad a{a wadf lggdfgdoad Ajjâ` alaja` wadf |nrbago$– (@aqq ) Dnv|hd 17795 7'$ Cnc~o~j g}|rg cnr~{aoad àj wadf àjaj lajac ]warga` egoa |nrca}~o lajac nc{a| oa}~} bnrgo~|5

¶ Egoa g}|rg |glao ca~ bnrladlad a|a~ bnr`ga} lgrg {alaàj }~acgdwa cndf`ndlaog bnfg|~* ¶ Egoa g}|rg |glao ca~ bnr`~b~dfad }np lndfad }~acg |ad{a aja}ad wadf lgao~g G}jac* ¶ Egoa g}|rg lg}~r~` cncbnr}gòad lgrg ~d|~o }`hja| lad lga |glao ca~* lad ¶ Egoa lga {nrfg onj~ar r~ca` |ad{a gegd larg }~acgdwa$ Lajac àlg} C~}jgc }a`g`* Ag}wa` cndfa|aoad àlg} wadf {adeadf lgcada Dabg cnc~o~j laladwa }ac{ag |nra}a }aog|$


97


@alg} ]a`g` C~}jgc* b~o~ ;;<* dhchr 21265 C~àccal b$ Qag} bnroa|a on{ala hradf²5 @ar~}oa` ao~ cndmnrg|aoad {alac~ (}nb~a` àlg} larg }adf Dabg' bnrla}aroad vnvndadfo~ lad vnvndadf gb~o~8 Oacg cndfgra lga cndfa|aoad gb~dwa wadf cnja`groad lga$ Lga (C~àccal b$ Qag}' jaj~ cnja{hroad ba`va Ag}à#ja` wadf cndmnrg|aoad gdg5 @ar~}oa` ao~ cndmnrg|aoad {alac~ |nd|adf lgrgo~ lad Ra}~j Ajja` (]AV'8 Cnrnoa bnroa|a5 Wa$ Lga (Ag}à' bnroa|a5 Vao|~ g|~ alaja` fgjgrado~ ~d|~o cndfàbg}oad cajac àrg bnr}aca lndfad }adf Dabg$ Lga cncbargdfoad baladdwa* cncaoag bae~ àdfa|dwa lad cnjn{a} }n{a|~dwa lad jaj~ bnrbargdf }ac{ag lga cndfgra ao~ |nr|gl~r$ Lga cncnfadf bae~ àdfa|dwa {nrjaàd lad {njad² cncaoag }n{a|~dwa* lad cncb~oa {gd|~ lad on j~ar lad cnd~|~{ {gd|~ }nlgog|$ Ao~ cnd~|~{g on{ajao~* cndfndaoad onr~l~dfo~ lad cndfndmadfoad oagd {ncb~dfo~} {gdffadfo~* lad jaj~ on j~ar cndfgo~|gdwa }ac{ag lga cndma{ag Baqg‗$ Lga bnrlgrg lg }ada lad lga bnrlgrg ~d|~o vao|~ wadf jaca$ Lga jaj~ cndfadfoa| |adfad²dwa |gfa oajg* lad jaj~ oncbajg lad ao~ {~d oncbajg$ Lga cnc{nrmn{a| jadfoa`dwa lad ao~ {~d cnc{nrmn{a| jadfoaò~$ Lga bnrjarg lad ao~ {~d bnrjarg$ Lga |gba (lg r~ca`' lad ao~ e~fa |gba (lg r~ca`'$ Aoad |n|a{g ao~ la|adf jnbg` mn{a| lad ao~ ca}~o (r~ca`'* lad }njafg ao~ bnrbargdf lg |nc{a| |gl~r* lga (}adf Dabg' ca}~o (on r~ca`'* lad bnroa|a5 Cndfa{a* H Ag}à* oa~ |nrndfa`#ndfa` onàbg}ad daia}8 Ao~ bnroa|a5 \glao ala a{a²$ Lga bnroa|a5 Oa|aoad {alao~ a|a~ ]adf [ndfaca| lad ]adf Caà \a`~ aoad cncbnrg|a`~oad {alao~$ Ao~ bnroa|a5 Ra}~j Ajja`* }nchfa awaò~ lad gb~o~ ealg |nb~}ad bafgc~* lad jaj~ o~mnrg|aoad {aladwa (}nc~a àj'$ Lga bnroa|a5 A{aoa` g|~ fnja{dwa (bawadfadc~' wadf o~jgà| lg c~oao~8 Ao~ bnroa|a5 Wa$ Lga cnc~o~j lalao~ }ac{ag |nra}a }aog|* lad bnroa|a5 A{aoa` oa~ {gogr Ajja` lad Ra}~jDwa aoad bnr|gdlao jgmgo |nràla{c~8 Ao~ bnroa|a5 A{a{~d wadf lg}ncb~dwgoad cad~}ga* Ajja` aoad cndfn|a`~gdwa$ Lga bnroa|a5 Egbrgj la|adf {alao~ on|goa oa~ cnjgà|o~$ Lga cncadffgjo~ lad lga |ao |ac{ao bafgc~$ Ao~ cndeavab {adffgjaddwa* |a{g ao~ |glao cncbnrg|a`~c~ (oarnda Egbrgj |glao la|adf {alac~'* oarnda oac~ |glao bnr{aoagad jndfoa{$ O~{gogr oa~ }~la` |gl~r* lad ao~ |glao }~oa cncbadf~doadc~* oàva|gr oa~ aoad |ao~| @alg}² wadf cncbaà} |nd|adf vadg|a e~cja`dwa }adfa| badwao$ Bnbnra{a larg àlg}² |nr}nb~| cnd~de~ooad }goa{ wadf bago |nràla{ vadg|a* lad vadg|a lajac àj gdg alaja` }nhradf gb~ lad b~oad }nhradf g}|rg a|a~ adao {nrnc{~ad$

Ab~ @~ragra` cnja{hroad ba`va }nhradf {rga la|adf cndfàla{ Ra}~j Ajjâ` lad bnr|adwa5 ‚Vaàg Ra}~j Ajjâ`* }ga{aoa` hradf wadf {ajgdf bnrào ~d|~o cndla{a|oad onbagoad lad {nrà|gad largo~8– Dabg cndeavab* ‚Gb~c~$– [rga g|~ bnr|adwa jafg* ‚]n|nja` g|~ }ga{a8– Dabg cndeavab* ‚Gb~c~$– [rga g|~ bnr|adwa jafg* ‚]n|nja` g|~ }ga{a8– Dabg cndeavab* ‚Awa`c~$ ]~rfa |nrjn|ao lg bava` oaog {ara gb~$–


6;


Lr$ ]~àgb @a}ad cncbnrg ohcnd|ar |nràla{ àlg} lg a|a}5 <=

@alg} g|~ g|~ c nr~{aoad àlg} wad f lh‗gi lh‗gi * |a{g g}gdwa |nrmad|~c {~ja lg àlg} Gbd Gbd Ca ea` lad aj#Da}a‗g aj#Da}a‗g lg c ada }nhradf {rga la|a df c ndfàla{ D abg lad bnroa|a* ‚V ‚V aàg Ra }~j Ajjâ`! Ajjâ`! Ao~ bnrdga| {nrfg {nrad f* |a{g a o~ gdfgd c nc gd|a {ndl a{a| c ~$– Dabg bnroa| a* ‚A{aoa ‚A{aoa ` gb~c ~ c a}g` `gl~{8– `gl~{8– Hradf g|~ c ndeav ab* ‚Wa$– ‚Wa$– Dabg bnroa|a* ‚\gdffajja` ‚\gdffajja` lndfad dw a* oar nda \ ac ad (}~rfa ' |nrjn|ao lg bav a` oa ogdw a$– (@a qq ) Dnv |hd 17795 17795 12'$ 12'$

[ara incgdg}* rnihrcg}* lad jgbnraj C~}jgc }nrgdfoajg cndf~|g{ onl~a àlg} lg a|a} ~d|~o cndl~o~df {adladfad cnrnoa ba`va G}jac cndfaearoad on}n|araad onl~l~oad jnjaog lad vadg|a lad àlg}² wadf bnr|nd|adfad cnr~{aoad oaradfad fndnra}g C~}jgc bnrgo~|dwa }aea$ Aoad |n|a{g* onl~a àlg} gdg cnda}nà|oad {ara {~|ra ~d|~o bnrbago à|g {ala gb~² cnrnoa* |a{g |glao cnda}nà|oad {ara }~acg ~d|~o bnrbago à|g {ala g}|rg² a|a~ {ara awa` {ala adao² {nrnc{~ad cnrnoa$ \nrjnbg` jafg* onl~a àlg} gdg |glao lgadffa{ }nbafag àlg} }a`g` oarnda B~oàrg lad C~}jgc |glao cnca}~ooad onl~a àlg} g|~ on lajac ohjno}g cnrnoa$ @adwa Gbd Caea` lad aj#Da}a‗g }aea wadf cndwa|aoad àj g|~$ Onl~a àlg} gdg earadf }noajg lgo~|g{ {ara ~jaca lad a`jg G}jac$ ]n|nja` cnjgà| awa|² Q~r‗ad lad aàlg}* ca}g` }aea {ara a`jg G}jac dfh|h| cndwa|aoad G}jac cncbnja vadg|a lad cncbnrg vadg|a onl~l~oad wadf }aca lndfad {rga$ [ndfao~ad }n{nr|g gdg }~oar lg{nrmawa$ Cnrnoa bnr~}aà {nrmawa G}jac g|~ nfajg|argad (cndfadffa{ onl~l~oad vadg|a lad {rga }aca' lndfad mara cndwadfoaj aearad²dwa |nd|adf {nrjao~ad |nràla{ vadg|a$ @aj gdg enja} àdwaja` adfad² cnrnoa }aea lad b~oad iao|a$ ^}aà² }n{nr|g gdg |glao cndf~d|~dfoad {gào C~}jgca`$ [ara C~}jgca` wadf |gdffaj lg dnfara Bara| |glao |nradfoa| lnraea|dwa oarnda ~}aà gdg* |a{g oarnda ca}waraoa| Bara| cncadf cncbnrg ào wadf }aca lad }nlnraea| |nràla{ {rga lad vadg|a$ Aoad |n|a{g C~}jgca` wadf `gl~{ lg jgdfo~dfad ~ca| C~}jgc ca}g` }aea |nronoadf lndfad aearad² C~àccal aoad vadg|a$

<= Jnca`$


61


BA B P

AEARAD C^@ACCAL \ND\ADF DGOA@ ]n|nja` cncbaà} onl~l~oad C~}jgca` lajac G}jac* ao~ aoad cndnjaa` nino aearad² gdg {ala on`gl~{ad C~}jgca`* |nr~|aca {ala {nrdgoaàd }nmara ~c~c* lad {hjgfacg }nmara o`~}~}$ \gala wadf jnbg` badwao lgorg|go lajac G}jac }njagd ca}aja` {hjgfacg$ [ara {ndfrg|go G}jac cnd~de~o badwao aja}ad wadf cnc{nrjgà|oad C~}jgca` cnr~{aoad varfa onja} l~a lg l~dga G}jac* lg cada cnrnoa |ao {~dwa ào lad lnraea| wadf }aca |gdffg lndfad jnjaog$ Aoad |n|a{g {ara C~}jgc lad C~}jgca` a`jg G}jac |glao cndfgo~|}nr|aoad {hjgfacg }nbafag b~o|g enja} aoad {ndgdla}ad G}jac |nràla{ vadg|a$ Oarnda gdgja` caoa {ara {ndfaca| chlnrd cndfaca|g }nmara o`~}~} ca}aja` {hjgfacg lajac {ndnjg|gad² cnrnoa$ [rao|no {hjgfacg lajac ca}waraoa| C~}jgc lg eacad chlnrd gdg }adfa| badwao bnro~radf lgbadlgdfoad eacad l~j~ oarnda ca}aja` nohdhcg (}a|~ {rga àr~} cndaioa`g jnbg` larg }a|~ r~ca` |adffa'$ ]njagd g|~* bnbnra{a dnfara C~}jgc }n{nr|g \~dg}ga lad \~rog cnjaradf {hjgfacg$ Dnfara² jagd }n{nr|g Cn}gr cncb~a| a|~rad on|a| aoad {hjgfacg afar C~}jgc onbnra|ad cnjao~oaddwa$ Aoad |n|a{g* dnfara² C~}jgc jagddwa |glao cnjao~oad {njaradfad {hjgfacg$

LNIGDG]G DGOA@ ‚[nrdgoaàd cnr~{aoad ohd|rao }g{gj wadf bnr}gia| {nrcadnd* bnrjao~ }non|goa* lad |glao |nrfad|~df {nr~baàd onalaad* lgjao~oad hjn` l~a hradf wadf bnrjavadad }np }nbafag onbnr}acaad wadf cndf~d|~dfoad onl~a bnja` {gào lad ~d|~o cncgjgog on|~r~dad$– (Ynrca 17005 >9'$ L~a hradf wadf àr~} cndadla|adfg ohd|rao dgoa` |glao }njaj~ àr~} {gào }~acg lad g}|rg$ Cnd~r~| {adladfad ajgrad ]ài‗G lad Cajgog* ‚Vadg|a g|~ }adfa| |glao cac{~ ~d|~o cndadla|adfadg ohd|rao dgoa` bafg lgrgdwa }ndlgrg a|a~ bafg hradf jagd cn}og{~d vajgdwa |nja` cndfgegdoaddwa ~d|~o cnjao~oad àj g|~$ ]nhradf awa` la{a| cndadla|adfadg ohd|rao dgoa` bafg {~|rgdwa wadf {nravad |ad{a àr~} cgd|a gegd larg {~|rgdwa |nrjnbg` la`~j~* |glao {nl~jg bnra{a{~d ~}ga {~|rgdwa$– (Ynrca 17705 2<'$ Aoad |n|a{g* ajgrad @adaig lad @adbajg cncbnrg vadg|a ào ~d|~o cndwa|aoad {nr}n|~e~ad$ Onbadwaoad dnfara² Arab lad Airgoa C~}jgc cndfgo~|g ajgrad ]ài‗G lad Cajgog* }nladfoad dnfara² [aog}|ad* Gdlga* lad Aifàdg}|ad cndfgo~|g ajgrad @adaig lad @adbajg$ \gala ba|a} ~c~r cgdgc~c lajac {nrdgoaàd G}jac$ @aj gdg oarnda Dabg C~àccal cndgoa`g Ag}wa` lg ~}ga 9 |a`~d lad cndgl~rgdwa lg ~}ga 7


62


|a`~d$ [ara C~}jgc a`jg G}jac lg eacad chlnrd cndn|a{oad ba|a} ~}ga dgoa` C~}jgca` oarnda {ndfar~` b~lawa Bara| lg dnfara² C~}jgc$ (Jhg} 170>5 91'$

\GFA ENDG] [NRDGOA@AD LAJAC G]JAC \nrla{a| |gfa endg} {nrdgoaàd lajac G}jac5 1$ [ n r d g oa o a ` a d C h d h f a c g 5 `~b~dfad }a` ad|ara }a|~ {rga lad }a|~ vadg|a$ 2$ [ n r d g o a ` a d [ h j gf g f a c g 5 `~b~dfad }a` ad|ara }a|~ {rga lad jnbg` larg }a|~ vadg|a* |glao bhjn` jnbg` larg nc{a| g}|rg lajac vao|~ wadf }aca$ << =$ [n r d g oa o a ` a d C ~ | ‗a ‗a ` 5 `~b~dfad dgoa` }a` ad|ara }a|~ {rga lad }a|~ vadg|a$ Endg} dgoa` gdg bnrbnla lndfad dgoa` jagddwa oarnda |glao bnr|~e~ad ~d|~o cndgoa` }nmara jadffndf* |a{g àdwa ~d|~o {nc~a}ad bnra`g }nmara àjaj }aea$ @aj gdg lggegdoad hjn` Dabg* |a{g lgà{~} hjn` Oajgia` onl~a ^car gbd aj#Oà||ab$ C~|‗a` lgadffa{ àrac hjn` G}jac ]~ddg* |a{g àjaj bafg G}jac ]wga` lad |n|a{ lgjao~oad }ac{ag àrg gdg$ Lg Grad (cawhrg|a} C~}jgc ]wga`'* lg{nrograoad }nog|ar 6;. g}|rg c~|‗a` alaja` {njam~r$ (Vhhl}cajj 170=5 117'$

[nrdgoaàd [hjgfacg G}jac |glao cndmg{|aoad {nrdgoaàd {hjgfacg* |a{g ‚G}jac cndfo`~}~}oad {nrdgoaàd {hjgfacg àdwa ~d|~o C~}jgc }aea– (Cnrdg}g 17065 0;'$ [rhin}}hr Carhoh bnrdaca Ia|gca Cnrdg}}g bnroa|a ba`va {hjgadlrg ‚{nrdgoaàd ad|ara }a|~ vadg|a lndfad bnbnra{a {rga– jnbg` }nrgdf }nr gdf lgjao~oad larg{ala {hjgfacg ‚{nrdgoaàd }a|~ {rga lndfad bnbnra{a vadg|a$– Dabg oàva|gr aoad da}gb vadg|a wadf lgmnrag* ealg eadla* a|a~ adao² wa|gc wadf |ao dgoa`* }n`gdffa lga cncb~a| a|~rad lg cada {rga bg}a cnjgdl~dfg cnrnoa* |glao àdwa }nbafag }a~lara |a{g e~fa }nbafag }~acg (Cnrdg}}g 17065 0;'

[hjgfacg ]nbnj~c Eacad G}jac

Ag}wa` bnroa|a5 |nrla{a| nc{a| endg} {nrdgoaàd }nbnj~c G}jac$ (aj#]abaq 17015 10'$ [nrdgoaàd hradf eacad }noaradf5 [rga cnjacar vadg|a* lad lga bawar caàr lad cndgoa`gdwa$ ]nhradf {rga bnroa|a {ala g}|rgdwa* on|goa g}|rgdwa }~la` }njn}ag la|adf b~jad* cndfgrgc g}|rgdwa ~d|~o gdg lad g|~ lad bnr`~b~dfad }np lndfad {rga jagd$ [nrdgoaàd gdg lg}nb~| }nbafag ‚aj#G}|g{la‗a–$<> Dgoa` aj#Ra`|5 }nhradf vadg|a cncadffgj }ne~cja` {rga on r~ca`dwa lad bnr`~b~dfad }np lndfad cnrnoa$ Egoa vadg|a g|~ jaj~ àcgj* lga aoad cncadffgj << C~|‗a` bnrar|g ondgoca|ad$ Gdg e~fa |nrca}~o lajac endg} {nrdgoaàd {hjgfacg$ <> @~b~dfad }no}$


6=


}nc~a {rga g|~ on r~ca`dwa* lad lga aoad cncbnrg|a`~ cnrnoa ba`va lga cndfndaj cnrnoa }nc~a lad ealg àcgj lad aoad cnja`groad bawg$ Gdg alaja` adao {rga wadf gdg a|a~ g|~$ [nrdgoaàd onnc{a| alaja` lg cada badwao {rga bnr`~b~dfad }np lndfad }a|~ vadg|a lad vadg|a g|~ |glao aoad cncba|a}g }ga{a{~d wadf gdfgd bnr`~b~dfad }np lndfaddwa$ Vadg|a }n{nr|g gdg alaja` {njam~r wadf cncbnrg |adla bndlnra lg ln{ad {gd|~² r~ca` cnrnoa }nbafag |adla aeaoad cnrnoa$ Egoa vadg|a gdg cnja`groad adao* hradf² aoad cnjgà| adao g|~ cgrg{ }ga{a$ [rga wadf vaea`dwa cgrg{ adao g|~ aoad lg}nb~| }nbafag awa`dwa$ ]nc~a endg} {nrdgoaàd lg a|a} |glao ala wadf }nr~{a lndfad {nrdgoaàd {hjgfacg G}jac$ @aj gdg cncbndaroad {ndla{a| Ia|gca Cnrdg}}g ba`va G}jac cndmg{|aoad {hjgfacg àdwa ~d|~o C~}jgc }aea$

[hjgfacg lajac G}jac Q ~ r ‗a d < 5 = cndwa|aoad5

Lad egoa oac~ |ao~| |glao aoad la{a| bnrjao~ algj |nràla{ (ào#ào' {nrnc{~ad wa|gc (bgjacada oac~ cndfavgdgdwa'* caoa oavgdgja` vadg|a# vadg|a (jagd' wadf oac~ }ndadfg5 l~a* |gfa a|a~ nc{a|$ Onc~lgad egoa oac~ |ao~| |glao aoad la{a| bnrjao~ algj* caoa (oavgdgja`' }nhradf }aea* a|a~ b~lao#b~lao wadf oac~ cgjgog$ Wadf lncgogad g|~ alaja` jnbg` lnoa| on{ala |glao bnrb~a| adgawa$ Awa| gdg |glao àdwa cndfgegdoad C~}jgc {~dwa nc{a| g}|rg lajac vao|~ bnr}acaad* |a{g e~fa cndfgegdoaddwa ~d|~o cncgjgog f~dlgo a|a~ b~lao }np }nbadwao a{a{~d wadf lgon`ndlaogdwa$ Awa| gdg lgdwa|aoad }n|nja` [nradf ^`~l lg cada badwao C~}jgc ca|g lad cndgdffajoad {ara eadla lad adao² wa|gc$ Lg ^`~l* }nog|ar 6; C~}jgc |nrb~d~`$ Oarnda g|~ja`* }a|~²dwa aja}ad |n{a| lgjao~oaddwa {hjgfacg alaja` }nbafag {ncnmaàd ca}aja` eadla lad adao wa|gc oarnda aogba| {nradf$ Aoad |n|a{g* {ara C~}jgc a`jg G}jac onc~lgad cndmarg#marg aja}ad jagd lgj~ar {nradf ~d|~o cndfàjajoad {ndnra{ad {hjgfacg$ Cnd~r~| aj#Fàuajg* {hjgfacg g|~ {nrj~ oarnda cnc~a}oad daj~rg bnra`g cad~}ga$ (Cnrdg}}g 17065 <6'$ Bafg aj#Fàuajg* C~}jgca` |glao {nrj~ cnc~a}oad daj~rg bnra`gdwa* ‚… oarnda {rga |nrbnbad lndfad lhrhdfad fagra` }np wadf bn}ar }n`gdffa }a|~ vadg|a }aea |glao m~o~{ ~d|~o cndeacgd on}~mgad {rga (}~mg larg |gdlaoad ugda`'* }n`gdffa lgade~road afara {rga cndacba` g}|rg jnbg` badwao$ Aoad |n|a{g e~cja`dwa |glao bhjn` jnbg` larg{ala nc{a|$– (Cnrdg}}g 17065 <6'$ Lajac cncbaà} Q 2522=* Cnrdg}}g bnr{ndla{a| bnr {ndla{a| ba`va G}jac cndfgegdoad C~}jgc ~d|~o cndwhlhcg g}|rgdwa* cn}og{~d g}|rg |glao ca~$ Awa| gdg lgdwa|aoad on|goa }nhradf C~}jgca` Ad}ar (Cnlgda`' |glao cndfgegdoad }~acgdwa cndwhlhcg lgrgdwa$ (Cnrdg}}g 177=5 1<>'$ C~}jgca` gdg cndf~de~dfg ^cc ]ajaca (g}|rg Dabg lad vaogj {ara vadg|a' lad cncgd|adwa ~d|~o cncbaà} ca}aja` gdg lndfad Dabg$


6<


On|goa ^cc ]ajaca cndwac{agoad àj gdg {ala Dabg* |~r~dja` Q 2522= larg }~rfa wadf cndwa|aoad*

‚G}|rg#g}|rgc~ alaja` (}n{nr|g' |ada` |nc{a| oac~ bnrmhmho#|adac* caoa la|adfgja` |ada` |nc{a| bnrmhmho#|adacc~ g|~ bafagcada }aea oac~ on`ndlaog$ Lad onreaoadja` (acaj wadf bago' ~d|~o lgrgc~* lad bnr|aovaja` on{ala Ajja` lad on|a`~gja` ba`va oac~ onjao aoad cndnc~g#Dwa$ Lad bnrgja` oabar fncbgra hradf#hradf wadf bnrgcad$– (Q 2522=' Awa| gdg cncbnrg ào {ala {rga ~d|~o cncgjg` {h}g}g {nr}n|~b~àd wadf cnrnoa gdfgdoad lad |nrca}~o cndwhlhcg g}|rgdwa |ad{a gegd g}|rg$ (Cnrdg}}g 177=5 1<9'$ ]wl Q~|~b |glao cndwa|aoad àj wadf }aca }n{nr|g aj#Fàuajg cndfndag on}~mgad C~}jgc* |a{g cndff~daoad aja}ad vadg|a cadl~j }nbafag {ndfàjajad bafg C~}jgc ~d|~o cndacba` g}|rg$ Egoa g}|rg cadl~j* caoa }~acg C~}jgc {~dwa l~a {gjgàd5 Cndmnragoad g}|rg lad cndgoa`g vadg|a jagd ~d|~o cndfab~joad ongdfgdad }~acg {~dwa adao* a|a~5 \n|a{ c ndgoa`g g}|rg lad c ndgoa`g vad g|a jagd$ jagd$ (Laafgr (Laafgr 2;; 25 2<'$ 2<'$

Aja}ad Q~|~b gdg }nrgdfoajg lgf~daoad badwao C~}jgc chlnrd ~d|~o cnjao~oad {hjgfacg* |a{g aja}ad gdg }adfa| jnca` oarnda |glao cndfgo~|}nr|aoad onc~dfogdad ba`va }~acgja` wadf cadl~j lad b~oad g}|rg$ \nrjnbg` jafg* egoa bndar aja}ad {hjgfacg alaja` afar {~dwa adao* caoa }nàr~}dwa Q~r‗ad e~fa cndwa|aoad on|nradfad wadf }nr~{a }nbafag }wara| {hjgfacg$ Aj#]ab~dg waogd ba`va {hjgfacg cndmnfa` vadg|a ~d|~o cnjao~oad {njam~rad$ Lga bnr{ndla{a| ba`va on|goa Enrcad cndfàla{g ca}aja` e~cja` vadg|a jnbg` badwao larg{ala e~cja` {rga lg ao`gr [L GG* caoa {hjgfacg lgjao~oad ~d|~o cncnmaòad ca}aja`$ (Laafgr 2;;25 2<'$ [ndla{a| gdg cncbndaroad on|n|a{ad {hjgfacg lajac Q~r‗ad* aoad |n|a{g egoa cncadf bnfg|~* caoa {hjgfacg |glao bg}a lg|n|a{oad {ala }aa| |gala ca}aja` lajac {nrbadlgdfad e~cja` {rga lad vadg|a$ Aja}ad {ncbndarad jagd aoad {hjgfacg wadf e~fa }nrgdf lg{aoag C~}jgc alaja` e~cja` vadg|a lg l~dga nc{a| oajg jnbg` badwao larg{ala e~cja` {rga$ @aj gdg cndgcb~joad ca}aja` lad {hjgfacg cnr~{aoad mara |n{a| cncnmaòad ca}aja`* bnfg|~ cnd~r~| cnrnoa$ \a{g iao|adwa e~cja` {rga lad vadg|a lg l~dga alaja` }ngcbadf lad |gala la|a }|a|g}|go a{a{~d wadf cndl~o~df {ndla{a| C~}jgc |nr}nb~|$ \nrjnbg` jafg e~cja` C~}jgc wadf {~dwa g}|rg }ac{ag nc{a| jnbg` }nlgog| larg{ala C~}jgc wadf |glao bnr{hjgfacg$ ]njagd g|~* ca}aja` on~adfad cndmnfa` badwao C~}jgc ~d|~o cndgoa`g jnbg` larg }a|~ vadg|a$ Aja}ad jagd wadf e~fa }nrgdf lgae~oad C~}jgc ca}a ogdg alaja` {rga }adff~{ cndfà}gjoad on|~r~dad lg ~}ga wadf jnbg` jaca larg{ala l arg{ala vadg|a$ Vadg|a ~c~cdwa |glao bg}a àcgj jafg }n|nja` ~}ga >; |a`~d* }nladfoad {rga ca}g` bg}a cndfà}gjoad on|~r~dad }ac{ag ~}ga 6; |a`~d$


6>


Ra}`g Ralga* C~}jgc a`jg G}jac* }nmara |nradf²ad cndwa|aoad ba`va }a|~ vadg|a }aea |glao cac{~ cnc~a}oad dai}~ bnra`grdwa$ \a{g lga |glao cndnradfoad cndfa{a {rga b~|~` jnbg` badwao vadg|a ~d|~o cnc~a}oad dai}~ bnra`gdwa$ (Laafgr 2;;25 2>'$ [hjgfacg lajac G}jac }njaj~ bnr`~b~dfad lndfad on{nrmawaad ba`va vadg|a alaja` }~cbnr ondgoca|ad lad `gb~rad bafg {rga$ ]neara` G}jac cnd~de~ooad ba`va {ara vadg|a lgf~daoad hjn` {ar|dnr {rgadwa }nbafag {ndf`gb~r {rga$ Mhd|h`dwa bg}a lgjgà| lg bnrbafag lhdfndf 1;;1 Cajac Arabga* e~fa lg Og|ab aj# Afàdg wadf lg|~jg} hjn` Abg Aj#iarae aj#A}iaàdg |nd|adf eargwa` (b~lao }np vadg|a' cgjgo {ara Oajgia` Abba}gl* lad og}a` àlg} \grcgug |nd|adf |~e~` {~j~` l~a `h~rg (bglalarg {nravad' lg }~rfa bafg C~}jgc$ Q~r‗ad cndnradfoad ba`va `h~rg alaja` vadg|a² wadf mad|go* {nravad abalg* lad cndwndadfoad C~}jgc$ (Cnrdg}}g 17005 61'$ [ndeabarad |nd|adf `~rg lg Q~r‗ad bnrlac{ao bn}ar {ala `~b~dfad ad|ara {rga lad vadg|a lajac G}jac$ [rga cncadladf g}|rgdwa }nbafag cao`j~o wadf jnbg` rndla`* }aca }n{nr|g {ara `~rg wadf mad|go* }n|ga* lad }ndad|ga}a cndavaroad ondgoca|ad }np$

Q <<5>1#>< ]n}~dff~`dwa hradf#hradf wadf bnr|aova bnrala lajac |nc{a| wadf acad* (wag|~' lg lajac |acad#|acad lad ca|a#agr#ca|a#agr? cnrnoa cncaoag }~|nra wadf àj~} lad }~|nra wadf |nbaj* (l~l~o' bnràla{# àla{ad* …lncgogadja`$ Lad Oacg bnrgoad on{ala cnrnoa bglalarg$ Q >>5>9#>0 Lg lajac }~rfa g|~ ala bglalarg#bglalarg wadf }h{ad cnd~dl~ooad {adladfaddwa* |glao {nrda` lg}nd|~` hjn` cad~}ga }nbnj~c cnrnoa ({ndf`~dg#{ndf`~dg }~rfa wadf cndealg }~acg cnrnoa' lad |glao {~ja hjn` egd… Caoa dgoca| \~àd oac~ wadf cadaoa` wadf oac~ l~}|aoad8 ]naoad#aoad bglalarg g|~ {nrca|a wao~| lad caread$ Q >>562 (Bglalarg#bglalarg' wadf enjg|a* {~|g` bnr}g` lg{gdfg| lajac r~ca`$ Q 605==#=< lad falg}#falg} rncaea bnrlala chd|ho (oava‗gba'<9 wadf }nbawa* lad fnja}#fnja} wadf {nd~` (bnrg}g cgd~cad'$ Cg}àoa| aj#Ca}abg`* b~o~ G* àlg} dh$ 92 [ala vadg|a wadf |glao cncb~a| }~}a` }~acgdwa lg l~dga gdg* g}|rg `h~rg} bnrca|a enrdg` }~acgdwa |glao aoad bnroa|a {ala g}|rg g|~5 ‐Eadfad bgogd <9 Chd|ho lad ondmadf* |glao cnjhrh|$ (@aqq ) Dnv|hd 17795 19'


69


}~acgc~ }~}a`$ ]nchfa Ajjâ` cndfàdm~roadc~$ ]~acgc~ àdwaja` |ac~ jnva| bafgc~ lad lajac vao|~ lnoa| lga aoad cndgdffajoadc~ ~d|~o la|adf {ala oacg$– ]adf Dabg lg|adw ag5 ‐A{aoa ‐A{aoa ` oac g aoad bnr`~b~d fad }np lg ]~rfa8‗ Dabg c ndeav ndeav ab5 ‐Wa* lnc lnc g lga lga wad f c ncnfadf egv egv ao~ lajac | adfadD wa* lad `~b~dfad }np lgjao~oad lgjao~oad }nmara }nmara la`cad* la`c ad (`~b~dfad }np wadf {nd~` }hlhoad lad }~ara rgb~|'$ Lad on|goa `~b~dfad }np }njn}ag* vadg|a aoad <6 onc bajg bnr}g` bnr}g` la d { nrav ad jafg$– (@aqq ) Dnv |hd 17795 17795 16' 16'$$

@alg} \grcgug cndeadegoad C~}jgc |~e~`{~j~` l~a `~rg lg ]~rfa bafg lg|acba` g}|rg²dwa larg l~dga iada$ \ac baàd on|nradfad5 on|nradfad5 @alg} \grc gug* yhj$ 2* àj$ 1=05 1=05 ]n|ga{ {rga wad f c a}~o }~rfa ao ad lgbnrg 62 62 `h~rg}? |glao |glao { nl~jg lajac ~}ga bnra{a bnra{a lga ca|g* on|goa lga ca}~o }~rfa* lga aoad bnr~}ga =; |a`~d lad |glao aoad {nrda` cndealg |~a$ ]nhradf {rga wadf ca}~o }~rfa aoad lgbnrg lawa onead|adad (~d|~o dfn}no}' wadf }aca lndfad 1;; 1;; hradf$

@alg}| wadf }aca e~fa lgo~|g{ hjn` Gbd Oa|`gr (cndgdffaj |a`~d 1=6= MN ' lajac |ai}gr Q~raddwa |nd|adf ]~ra` Aj#Ra`cad (>>'* awa| 625 ‚Dabg C~àccal |nrlndfar bnroa|a* ‚@alga` baja}ad |nronmgj bafg hradf#hradf lg }~rfa alaja` |nc{a| |gdffaj lg cada ala 0;*;;; b~lao lad 62 g}|rg* bnra|a{oad c~|gara* aq~acargdn lad r~bw* }njnbar earao ad|ara Aj#Eabgwwa` _lg Laca}o~}S lad ]ada‗a _WncndS‗$– [nr|adwaad wadf badwao cndffadff~ }n|ga{ C~}jgc a`jg G}jac alaja`5 La{a| a{aoa` {ara C~}jgca` wadf vaia| |ad{a {nrda` dgoa`8 Q~r‗ad lad @alg} lgac }aea aoad àj gdg$ Lgacdwa og|ab² G}jac g|~ |nd|~dwa bnraja}ad* lad {ara a`jg G}jac hr|hlhp cndfadffa{ ‚{ara vadg|a |glao {~dwa egvaà|g$– (]cg|` ) @allal 2;;15 =7'$ Lndfad bnfg|~* vadg|a lgadffa{ }aca }n{nr|g bgda|adf* wadf `gl~{dwa bnrao`gr bnrao`gr }n|nja` ca|g$ ‚@~b~dfad {ajgdf cndla}ar lajac ca}waraoa| G}jac b~oadja` `~b~dfad ad|ara {rga lad vadg|a* |a{g ad|ara {rga lad Ajjâ`5 lad }aca }noajg b~oadja` ad|ara vadg|a lad Ajjâ`$– (gbgl'$ Aearad G}jac |nd|adf eavargwa`* `h~rg* lad dgoa` cnd~de~ooad lndfad enja} ba`va C~}jgc cndfadffa{ {hjgfacg }nbafag mara ~d|~o cnc~a}oad dai}~ bnra`gdwa$ C~}jgca` wadf onl~l~oaddwa jnbg` rndla` lgbadlgdfoad `h~rg* lgadffa{ }nbafag hbwno `gb~rad }ncnd|ara lad on}ndadfad bafg {rga lg l~dga iada gdg$ Dad|g }n|nja` C~}jgc ca|g* lga aoad cndgoca|g on}ndadfad }np abalg bnr}aca |~e~`{~j~` l~a `h~rg {nravad lg ]~rfa$

<6 Gbd#Oa|`gr* yhj$ YGGG* àj$ 11* |ai}gr Q >95=>#=6* lg|nrbg|oad hjn` Lar A}`#]à‗b* ma|a|ad oaog nlg|hr hjn` {gào {ndnrbg| wadf cndenja}oad ar|g oa|a ‐la`cad$‗


66


Q~r‗ad* <5127 Lad oac~ }noajg#oajg |glao aoad la{a| bnrjao~ algj lg ad|ara g}|rg# g}|rg (c~'* vaja~{~d oac~ }adfa| gdfgd bnrb~a| lncgogad* oarnda g|~ eadfadja` oac~ |nrjaj~ mndlnr~df (on{ala wadf oac~ mgd|ag'* }n`gdffa oac~ bgaroad wadf jagd |nroa|~df#oa|~df$ Lad egoa oac~ cndfalaoad {nrbagoad lad cncnjgàra lgrg (larg onm~radfad'* caoa }n}~dff~`dwa Ajja` Caà [ndfac{~d jafg Caà [ndwawadf$ Awa| lg a|a} lndfad enja} bnr`~b~dfad |nd|adf {nrjao~ad algj |nràla{ {ara g}|rg lajac {nrdgoaàd {hjgfacg$ Awa| g|~ cndwa|aoad ba`va }~acg |glao c~dfogd bg}a bnrjao~ algj |nràla{ {ara g}|rg* g}|r g* cn}og{~d }~la` bnr~}aà ~d|~o g|~$ [ara a`jg G}jac chlnrd cndff~daoad awa| gdg ~d|~o cndwa|aoad ‚{nrjao~ad algj |glao c~dfogd bg}a lgjao}adaoad$– (Wacadg 17015 77'$ Lg dnfara² \~dg}a lad \~rog* {hjgfacg lgjaradf lad awa| lg a|a} lgf~daooad ~d|~o cnjaradf {hjgfacg$ [ara chlnrdg} G}jac cndfae~oad badwao iao|hr ~d|~o cnd~de~ooad {hjgfacg |ao jawao jafg lgjao~oad lg eacad chlnrd$ Aja}ad {ajgdf ~|aca alaja` iao|hr |ao m~o~{ ~adf ~d|~o cncbgawag jnbg` larg }a|~ onj~arfa$ Q~r‗ad cnd~d|~| }~acg cndaioa`g g}|rg²dwa }nmara }aca lad algj$ Lndfad bnfg|~* }~acg àr~} cncbnrg }n|ga{ g}|rg }a|~ r~ca`* onoawaad }ndlgrg* lad cncnd~`g onb~|~àd² jagd }n{nr|g {ndlglgoad bafg adao² }n|ga{ g}|rg lad on`gl~{ad wadf jnbg` bago bafg ca}gdf² g}|rg$ Lg eacad }noaradf* {ala ~c~cdwa }nhradf {rga |glao cac{~ cnjao~oad àj gdg$ Oarnda g|~ja` lg ~ca| C~}jgc lg eacad chlnrd gdg earadf cnjao~oad {hjgfacg$ Ia|gca Cnrdg}}g cndfa|aoad ba`va cn}og{~d Q~r‗ad cndwa|aoad {nr}wara|ad ~d|~o cnjao~oad {hjgfacg* |a{g ~}~rad {hjgfacg bnr}adfo~|ad lndfad ‚{nra}aad }~bwno|gi* wadf }~oar ~d|~o lgbaf#bafg }nmara algj$– (Cnrdg}}g 17065 <6'$ Dabg C~àccal }ndlgrg cndfao~g lajac }nb~a` àlg} ‚[gjgàd @a|g– ba`va lga |glao la{a| bnr|gdlao algj |nràla{ g}|rg²dwa$ Cnd~r~| @alg} gdg* }adf Dabg cndmgd|ag g}|rgdwa Ag}wa` jnbg` larg{ala g}|rg²dwa wadf jagd$ [ara a`jg G}jac cndmhba cndfa|aoad àlg} gdg àdwa cndwa|aoad |nd|adf mgd|a lad b~oad bnr}goa{ algj$ Iao|hr² wadf Cndlhrhdf [hjgfacg lajac Ca}waraoa| C~}jgc ]njagd a|~rad {hjgfacg àjaj lajac ]warga` G}jac* ala iao|hr² }h}gaj jagd wadf cndlhrhdf C~}jgc ~d|~o cnjao~oad {hjgfacg$ Wadf {ajgdf ~|aca larg iao|hr² }h}gaj gdg alaja` on`hrca|ad* g}|rg cadl~j* lad }~da| C~}jgca`$ Cnrdg}}g cndwa|aoad* ‚ohd}n{ on{nravadad lad on`hrca|ad }~acg |nrjn|ao lgad|ara onl~a oaog vadg|a$– (Cnrdg}}g 17005 =<'$ Egoa g}|rg |glao cndfnj~aroad lara` }aa| `~b~dfad {nr|aca {nrdgoaàd* caoa g}|rg lgadffa{ |glao {nravad jafg lad fafaj ~egad }h}gaj* ‚g}|rg jaj~ lg|hjao }~acg lad onj~arfa }~acg* lad lg}nraòad oncbajg on onj~arfa g}|rg$– (Wacadg 17015 1<7'$ Lajac bnbnra{a oa}~}* }~acg |n|a{ cndgoa`g g}|rg* |a{g jaj~ marg g}|rg jagd wadf j~j~} ~egad on{nravadad$ Lndfad bnfg|~ |nd|~dwa g}|rg onl~a jnbg` bnràrfa lg ca|a }~acgdwa lgbadlgdfoad g}|rg wadf {nr|aca$


60


]^DA\ C^]JGCA@ LAJAC G]JAC [nch|hdfad onjacgd vadg|a ca}g` lgjao~oad lg onbadwaoad dnfara² Arab lad Airgoa ^|ara }n{nr|g ]~lad* Cn}gr* Nrg|rga* lad ]hcajga$ [rao|no }~da| C~}jgca` gdg lgade~road hjn` Dabg lad |nrma|a| }nbafag ]~dda`$ Aja}ad ~|aca {ndw~da|ad vadg|a* cnd~r~| {ara a`jg `~o~c G}jac alaja` ~d|~o cndfnoadf bgra`g lad lhrhdfad }np~aj vadg|a g|~$ Cnrnoa bnrlajg` ba`va {ara vadg|a eacad }noaradf }nrgdfoajg cnjgà| bnfg|~ badwao fhlaad }np wadf ao`grdwa aoad cncb~a| ca}waraoa| ealg r~}ao chraj$ Dabg C~àccal cndwa|aoad* ‚]~da| cnr~{aoad onvaegbad bafg {rga lad {ndeafaad on`hrca|ad bafg vadg|a$– C~àccal e~fa cndfadffa{ }~da| C~}jgca` cncb~a| vadg|a jnbg` ndao ~d|~o lgdgoca|g a}ajoad |glao |nrjaj~ badwao bafgad onjacgd vadg|a wadf lg{h|hdf$ ^cc ‐A|gwwa aj#Ad}arg| cndfg}aòad ba`va }nhradf vadg|a }nrgdf cnjao~oad {ndw~da|ad lg Cnlgda` lad Dabg bnroa|a {aladwa* ‚Eadfad cnch|hdf |nrjaj~ badwao* afar vadg|a jnbg` lg}~oag lad jnbg` d~r~| {ala }~acg$– (aj#B~oàrg* Jgba} 9=* 9<* G}|g‗ l}ad >1? C~}jgc* \aàra <7* ]àj|~|* O`g|ad aj#~d|à* lajac Jgva‗ aj#G}jac* 17>15 >>'$ ]~da| Igra~d a|a~ ]~lad ‚cnch|hdf jabga cawhr lad jabga cgdhr }n|nja` }nj~r~` ojg|hrg} lg{h|hdf$– (Jhg}* 170>5 11>'$ Aogba| larg {nch|hdfad àbg}² gdg alaja` ‚vadg|a |glao bg}a jafg cndgoca|g `~b~dfad }np }nmara dhrcaj lad |glao bg}a cnja`groad adao$ Lad egoa vadg|a gdg |glao bg}a jafg cnc~a}oad dai}~ bnra`g }~acg* caoa }~acg aoad cndffad|gdwa lndfad g}|rg wadf jnbg` c~la lad }nà|$– (gbgl5 116'$ Lajac oa}~} jagd* }~acg bg}a |n|a{ cndgoa`g g}|rgdwa oarnda }~dfoad lndfad onj~arfa g}|rg a|a~ oàva|gr rn{~|a}gdwa ealg enjno lajac ca}waraoa|* |a{g lga bg}a cndgoa`g vadg|a jagd$


67


BA B PG

C^@ACCAL ]ADF [HJGFACG] On`gl~{ad {nrdgoaàd Dabg C~àccal cncb~a| badwao ~ca| C~}jgc lad {ara a`jg G}jac eacad chlnrd bgdf~df$ ]aja` }a|~ |~fa} ~|aca }n|ga{ {nd~jg} C~}jgc alaja` cndfàjajoad a|a~ cncbndaroad {nrdgoaàd² {hjgfacg }adf Dabg$ ]n|ga{ C~}jgc vaegb cndgr~ mhd|h` {nrb~a|ad Dabg lg }nfaja onfga|ad `gl~{dwa$ Oarnda aja}ad gdg* {ara {nd~jg} C~}jgc chlnrd }njaj~ }aea cndmarg#marg bnrbafag aja}ad ~d|~o cncbndaroad {nrdgoaàd² }adf Dabg$ [nd~jg} C~}jgc Cn}gr bnrdaca Aj# ]ab~dg cnradfo~c }nc~a aja}ad {ncbndarad wadf {ajgdf }nrgdf lgae~oad lajac nc{a| aja}ad ~|aca (Laafgr 2;;25 2='5 1$ Aja}ad [ndlglgoad Aja}ad ~|aca cndfa{a }adf Dabg cncgjgog badwao g}|rg alaja` ~d|~o cndfà}gjoad f~r~² vadg|a ~d|~o cndlglgo {ara C~}jgca` lajac àj `~o~c* }h}gaj* lad }{grg|~aj$ [ara C~}jgca` }~oar ~d|~o bnrohd}~j|a}g lndfad Dabg |nd|adf ca}aja`² {rgbalg* cg}ajdwa cnd}|r~a}g* onàcgjad* onbnr}gàd* lad {nrgàj {nrdgoaàd$ 2$ Aja}ad @~o~c ^d|~o cndfà{~} onbga}aad² Ea`gjgwa` }n{nr|g {ndfadfoa|ad adao a|a~ alh{}g$ Dabg cndgoa`g g}|rg adao adfoa|dwa ~d|~o cncba|ajoad alh{}g adao$ =$ Aja}ad ]h}gaj Dabg cndgoa`g adao² {nrnc{~ad Oajgia` {nr|aca (Ab~ Baor' lad Oajgia` onl~a (^car'* ~d|~o cndwa|~oad onj~arfa² {ara }aàba| lad {ndnr~}dwa$ <$ Aja}ad [hjg|go Dabg cndgoa`g vadg|a² larg bnrbafag }~o~ wadf bnrbnla ~d|~o cndlgrgoad {nr}no~|~ad ad|ar }~o~$ A`jg² G}jac chlnrd }n{nr|g C~àccal Abl~ lad Ra}`gl Rgla cndnrgca nc{a| aja}ad ~|aca wadf lgae~oad Aj#]ab~dg* lad cndacbaòad ba`va }a|~²dwa vadg|a wadf lgdgoa`g Dabg oarnda aja}ad on|nr|argoad {rgbalg alaja` g}|rg {nr|acadwa waodg Oàlgea$ Rgla cnd~jg} ba`va* ‚Egoa }adf Dabg* lacag lad lha cndwnr|agdwa* gdfgd cndmarg ondgoca|ad lad on{~a}ad }np }n{nr|g wadf lggdfgdoad {ara raea lad {adfnrad* caoa lga |nd|~dwa |glao aoad cndgoa`g eadla² |~a | ~a lad vadg|a² mnrag* |a{g vadg|a² {nravad lad c~la$– (gbgl5 2<'$ Cnd~r~| ]ab~dg* }a|~²dwa vadg|a {nravad wadf lgdgoa`g C~àccal alaja` {~|rg }aàba| lad {ndnr~}dwa Ab~ Baor$ C~àccal cnjao~oad gdg }nbafag àlga` bafg Ab~ Baor oarnda {nrb~a|ad bagodwa lad jaj~ cnd~de~o Ab~ Baor }nbafag Oajgia` {nr|aca$ (gbgl'$


0;


Cnrdg}}g cndhjao adffa{ad onbadwaoad {nrdgoaàd Dabg bnrjadf}~df ~d|~o |~e~ad {nr}no~|~ad ad|ar }~o~$ (Cnrdg}}g 17065 ><'$ Lga cndwa|aoad ba`va onbadwaoad {nrdgoaàd Dabg |nrealg oarnda aja}ad ra}a |nr|argo aoad onmad|goad lad ongdlaàd vadg|a$ @aj gdg bg}a lgjgà| larg bnrbafag {nrdgoaàddwa lndfad ]aigwa bgd| @~waw (vadg|a Wa`~lg dgdfra| }~o~ Oàwbar* wadf }~o~dwa lg}nradf lad lgeaea` C~àccal'* Rawàda bgd| Uagl (vadg|a Wa`~lg }adfa| mad|go larg }~o~ Q~rawua* wadf }~o~dwa lgbad|ag lad lg{nrb~lao C~àccal'* Carga O~{|ga` (vadg|a Org}|nd Oh{|go Cn}gr wadf }adfa| mad|go r~{avad* {ncbnrgad larg {ndf~a}a Cn}gr bafg C~àccal'* E~vargwa bgd| aj#@arg|` (vadg|a Wa`~lg dgdfra| }~o~ C~}|ajgq* wadf }~o~dwa lg}nradf lad lgeara` C~àccal? E~vargwa }adfa| mad|go lad }ga{a{~d wadf cnjgà|dwa aoad ea|~` mgd|a {aladwa'* Uagdab bgd| Eaà}` ({nrdgoaàd }oadlaj* oarnda Uagdab alaja` g}|rg Uagl* adao adfoa| C~àccal'* lad Ag}wa` {~|rg Ab~ Baor ({nrdgoaàd bnrca}aja` oarnda C~àccal cndgoa`g Ag}wa` oaja Ag}wa` ca}g` bnr~}ga 9 |a`~d lad cncnravadgdwa oaja Ag}wa` bnr~}ga 7 |a`~d'$<0

@alg} ]a`g` B~oàrg* b~o~ 6* yhj~cn 6* dh$ 07 ]adf Dabg cnd~jg} (ohd|rao dgoa`' bnr}aca Ag}wa` }aa| Ag}wa` bnr~}ga ndac |a`~d lad cndwn|~b~`gdwa }aa| lga bnr~}ga }ncbgjad |a`~d lad lga |nr~} `gl~{ bnr}aca Dabg }njaca }ncbgjad |a`~d (}ac{ag Dabg vaia|'$ Rgla cndfao~g ba`va lga |glao cndnc~oad aja}ad a|a~ {n}ad chraj a{a{~d lajac {nrdgoaàd Dabg lndfa Cagc~da bgd| Aj#@arg|` (g}|rg Dabg wadf |nrao`gr'$ (Laafgr 2;;25 2'$ Egoa og|a cnca}~ooad Oàlgea on lajac lai|ar* caoa e~cja` g}|rg Dabg cndma{ag ndacbnja} hradf* lnja{ad lgad|aradwa lgdgoa`g lndfad aja}ad wadf bnrbnla larg wadf lgae~oad {ara a`jg G}jac chlnrd$ \gala }a|~ {~d awa| Q~r‗ad a|a~ àlg} wadf cndfa|aoad Dabg cndgoa`g g}|rg²dwa lndfad |~e~ad cnc{nr}a|~oad bnrbafag }~o~$ ]nbajgodwa badwao àlg} wadf cndwa|aoad Dabg bnroa|a ba`va lga cndw~oag vadg|a lad {ari~c$ (gbgl5 <<'$ Dabg cndw~oag {ari~c oarnda lga waogd {ari~c cndgdfoa|oad dai}~ bnra`g$ Oarnda aja}ad gdgja`* caoa Dabg cnjaradf C~}jgca` cncaoag {ari~c on|goa {nrfg onj~ar cndgdffajoad r~ca`$ ]adf Dabg cnc~eg#c~eg m~m~dwa waodg @a}ad gbd Ajg* oarnda @a}ad lhwad oavgd mnrag$ @a}ad cndgoa`g 2;; g}|rg (Cnrdg}}g 17065 >;'$ Lga }nrgdfoajg cndgoa`g nc{a| g}|rg lajac vao|~ wadf bnr}acaad lad jaj~ cndmnragoad onnc{a| g}|rgdwa ~d|~o cndgoa`g nc{a| g}|rg jagd$ ]adf Dabg bnroa|a {aladwa* ‚Oa~ cgrg{ lndfad ao~ }nmara ig}go lad chraj$– (gbgl'$ Dabg }ndlgrg fafaj ~d|~o bnr}goa{ algj |nràla{ vadg|a$ Mhd|h` enja} bg}a lgjgà| lajac oa}~} Carga` O~{|ga` wadf cnd~de~ooad |glao c~dfogd bafg }nhradf {rga ~d|~o bnr}goa{ algj |nràla{ {ara g}|rg$ ]adf Dabg |nr|adfoa{ ba}a` hjn` g}|rgdwa @ai}a* on|goa }nladf bnr}n|~b~` lndfad Carga` lg r~ca` @ai}a$ On|goa @ai}a jaj~

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01


bnr|nrgoa cara` {ala Dabg* ‚Vaàg Dabg Ajjâ`* lg lajac oacaro~* lg radeadfo~* lad lg àrgo~8– (gbgl5 >>'$ Ag}wa`* g}|rg on}awadfad Dabg* cndfao~g ba`va lga cncbndmg g}|rg² C~àccal lad lajac bnbnra{a onealgad* lga bnronja`g lndfad cnrnoa }nmara ynrbaj lad ig}go$ ]~a|~ àrg* Ag}wa` la|adf cndnc~g Dabg lndfad caoadad lg |adfaddwa$ Lga cndla{a|g g}|rg Dabg wadf jagd waodg ]ahla` bgd|g Uaca‗a` }nladf bnr}aca Dabg$ Ag}wa` bnroa|a {ala ]ahla`* ‚Caoad }nbnj~c ao~ cnj~c~rg vaea`c~ lndfad caoadad$– On|goa ]ahla` |ao cndeavab* Ag}wa` cnjnc{aroad caoadad {ala vaea`dwa$ Dabg |nr|ava lad cndw~r~` ]ahla` cnjao~oad àj wadf }aca |nràla{ Ag}wa` (aj#]abaf 17015 116'$ Cnrdg}}g cndf~|g{ l~a {nroa|aad Ag}wa` wadf cndfao~g {hjgfacg cndla|adfoad onbndmgad lad onlndfogad lgad|ara {ara g}|rg$ (Cnrdg}}g 17065 >>'$ Ao~ |glao {nrda` cnra}a }nmncb~r~ }n{nr|g wadf o~ra}aoad {ala Carga$ @aj gdg oarnda Carga alaja` vadg|a bnracb~| goaj wadf }adfa| mad|go enjg|a$ Dabg }adfa| |nr|argo {aladwa$ Avajdwa* Carga |gdffaj lnoa| oacg lad Dabg cndfàbg}oad vao|~ }gadf cajac bnr}acadwa }ac{ag oacg {rh|n} lad Carga ealg on|ao~|ad$ Dabg }nladf bnrala lg oacaro~ on|goa E~vargwa` la|adf ~d|~o cndadwaoad |nd|adf ohd|rao$ Lncg \~àd* ao~ bndmg lga on|goa ao~ cnjgà|dwa la|adf on ara` Dabg$ Ao~ |a`~ ba`va Dabg aoad cnjgà| a{a wadf o~jgà| (onmad|goaddwa'$ Dabg e~fa cndfao~g ba`va {hjgfacg cndw~}aòad g}|rg²dwa$ On|goa lga cndfn|a`~g ba`va cndad|~dwa Ajg gbd Abg \ajgb gdfgd cndgoa`g vadg|a jagd* lga bnro`h|ba` lg cn}egl }aa| }`hja| E~c‗a| lad bnroa|a* ‚Ao~ |ao aoad cndfgegdoad Ajg gbd Abg \ajgb* lad o~~jadfg* ao~ |ao aoad cndfgegdoad Ajg cndgoa`g vadg|a jagd onm~ajg egoa lga cndmnragoad {~|rgo~$ [~|rgo~ alaja` bafgad larg lgrgo~* lad a{a wadf cndwaog|g# dwa* cndwaog|go~ {~ja$– (gbgl5 6;'$ Dabg ]AV cara` bn}ar on|goa cndlndfar {~|rg bnjga~* Ia|`gca` bgd|g C~àccal ]AV* aoad lg{hjgfacg Ajg bgd Abg \àjgb RA$ On|goa cndlndfar rndmada g|~* Dabg {~d jadf}~df ca}~o on ca}egl lad dago cgcbar* jaj~ bnr}nr~5 ‚Bnbnra{a onj~arfa Badg @a}wgc bgd aj#C~f`gra` cncgd|a gugd on{alao~ ~d|~o cndfavgdoad {~|rg cnrnoa lndfad Ajg bgd Abg \àjgb$ On|a`~gja`* ao~ |glao aoad cndfgugdoad* }noajg jafg |glao aoad cndfgugdoad$ ]~dff~` |glao ao~ gugdoad* onm~ajg Ajg bgd Abg \àjgb cndmnragoad {~|rgo~* o~{nr}gjaoad cndfavgdg {~|rg cnrnoa$ On|a`~gja`* {~|rgo~ g|~ bafgad largo~? a{a wadf cndffadff~ {nra}aaddwa alaja` cndffadff~o~ e~fa* a{a wadf cndwaog|g à|gdwa alaja` cndwaog|g à|go~ e~fa$– (Eâcg‗ aj#^}`ÿj* e~u PGG* 192* dhchr àlg}5 7;29'$


02


[ND^JG] C^]JGC CHLNRD \GLAO CNDLÔ^DF [HJGFACG Bnbnra{a {nd~jg} C~}jgc chlnrd }n{nr|g Lr$ Davaj Aj#]a‗lavg* Ia|gca Cnrdg}}g* lad Fa}c Acgd* |glao cndl~o~df {rao|no {hjgfacg$ Ia|gca Cnrdg}}g bnroa|a* ‚[hjgfacg cnr~{aoad mara bafg {rga ~d|~o cndf`gda vadg|a lndfad cndf# adffa{dwa }nbafag hbwno }no}$– (gbgl5 <0'$ ]~la` cnr~{aoad {adladfad ~c~c lg Carhoh ba`va }~acg cnjao~oad {ndf`gdaad |nràla{ g}|rg lndfad cndgoa`g vadg|a jagd$ Ca}waraoa| ]~lad e~fa bnr{ndla{a| }aca oarnda cnrnoa waogd ba`va {ndf`gdaad |nrbnra| wadf bg}a lgjao~oad |nràla{ g}|rg alaja` lndfad mara cndgoa`g vadg|a jagd$ Lg ]~lad lad Cn}gr* g}|rg onl~a lg}nb~| }nbafag Ajlara* wadf bnrar|g ‚[njao~ Oneaà|ad–$ Lr$ Davaj Aj#]a‗lavg cnjgà| ba`va {ndgdla}ad |nràla{ C~}jgca` bnr}adfo~|ad lndfad }g}|nc onja} {a|rgaro`g lg cada C~}jgc bnrào ~d|~o cnc{nrb~lao* cndgdla}* lad cndff~daoad vadg|a ~d|~o on}ndadfad {rga }aea$ (Wacadg 170>5 0='$ Fa}c Acgd cndwa|aoad ba`va }nbndardwa Q <5=< |glao cndfade~road {hjgfacg oarnda }goa{ algj |nràla{ {ara g}|rg |glao c~dfogd |nr{nd~`g$ (Laafgr 2;;25 2>'$ On`gl~{ad {nrdgoaàd Dabg C~àccal cnd~de~ooad {ala og|a ba`va {hjgfacg cndw~j~| onbndmgad* onlndfogad* {nr|goagad* lad onoama~ad lajac onj~arfa$ \nrjnbg` jafg* Dabg }ndlgrg |glao cndfade~road {rao|no {hjgfacg oarnda lga cnjaradf cndad|~dwa (Ajg' ~d|~o cndgoa`g vadg|a jagd }njagd g}|rgdwa ia|gca ({~|rg Dabg'$ Egoa Dabg alaja` mhd|h` glnaj wadf àr~} lg|~r~|g }nc~a C~}jgc* cndfa{a C~}jgc |glao cndfgo~|g mhd|h` Dabg cnjaradf {hjgfacg8 Baòad awa| Q~r‗ad |glao bg}a lg{aoag }nbafag gegd ~d|~o cnjao~oad {hjgfacg oarnda awa| g|~ cndmad|~coad ohdlg}g wadf |glao cac{~ lg{nd~`g baòad hjn` Dabg }ndlgrg$ Dnfara² C~}jgc }n{nr|g \~dg}ga lad \~rog cndf`~o~c bnrla}aroad `~o~c }ga{a{~d wadf bnradg cnjao~oad {hjgfacg$ @~o~c Cn}gr wadf lgondaj }nbafag @~o~c Egàd Aj#]ala‗a| cndfade~road g}|rg ~d|~o cndmnragoad }~acg* cndfacbgj ào cgjgo r~ca` egoa }~acg cndgoa`g vadg|a jagd }aa| g}|rg }nladf cndfadl~df (gbgl'$ Aoad |n|a{g* ~ca| C~}jgc |nd|~dwa |glao aoad cndwnra` lad |ao cnjao~oad {rao|no {hjgfacg lad {nrndlaàd vadg|a$ ]aja` }a|~ }nbabdwa alaja` oarnda badwao }noajg àlg}² wadf cnrndlaòad vadg|a lad baòad cndwacaoad vadg|a }nlnraea| lndfad bgda|adf$ ]njagd g|~* bnd|~o {nrdgoaàd G}jac }ndlgrg alaja` }aca }n{nr|g }g}|nc {nrb~laoad$ A`jg² G}jac |nrdaca }n{nr|g ]aalavg lad Fàuajg e~fa cndfao~g ba`va {nrdgoaàd G}jac cnr~{aoad bnd|~o {nrb~laoad$ Lajac b~o~dwa wadf bnre~l~j @gllnd Iamn hi Nyn (Vaea` @ava wadf \nr}ncb~dwg'* ]alaavg cnd~jg}* ‚Balad {nrdgoaàd bnrjao~ }adfa| bnrbnla bafg {rga lad bafg vadg|a* lad ào² }~acg }adfa| bnrbnla lndfad ào² g}|rg$ Caja` }nbndardwa |glaoja` |n{a| ~d|~o cndwnb~| ‐ào² g}|rg‗* }nbab lg bava` ]warga` G}jac* C~}jgca` |glao lgadffa{ }nbafag cad~}ga wadf cncgjgog ào onm~ajg egoa og|a bnradffa{ad ba`va }nhradf b~lao cncgjgog ào² lg bava` }g}|nc {nrb~laoad$ C~}jgca` lajac {nrdgoaàd G}jac }aca àjdwa }n{nr|g b~lao lajac }g}|nc {nrb~laoad* a|a~ rad|ag {ncbnjndff~ b~lao bafg }nhradf b~lao$– (@aqq ) Dnv|hd 17795 22'$ Aj#Gcad aj# Fàuajg* a`jg G}jac wadf lgadffa{ |nrbn}ar hjn` ~ca| C~}jgc }n|nja` Dabg `||{5((bnrg|ac~}jgc$vhrl{rn}}$mhc

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@ai}a cndenrg|* ‚Vaàg Dabg Ajjâ`* lg oacaro~* lg àrg fgjgrado~8– Oarnda |ao~| cncb~a| cara` g}|rg²dwa wadf jagd* |nr~|aca g}|rg on}awadfaddwa waodg Ag}wa`* Dabg bnr}~c{a` {ala @ai}a ~d|~o |glao aoad {nrda` cndwnd|~` Carga jafg* a}ajoad @ai}a |glao cndmnrg|aoad àj wadf cncaj~oad gdg on{ala g}|rg² Dabg jagddwa$ \a{g @ai}a |nrdwa|a cndwac{agoad àj gdg {ala Ag}wa`$ On|goa Dabg cndfn|a`~g aoad àj gdg* lga cara` }noajg lad cndwa|aoad va`w~ gjja`g {ncba|ajad }~c{a` |glao cndwnd|~` Carga jafg lg Q~r‗ad* ]~ra 99* awa| =$ Ag}wa` cndeabaroad dai}~ bnra`g C~àccal wadf bnrohbar#ohbar |nràla{ Carga }nbafag bnrgo~|5


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‚Ao~ |glao {nrda` cnra}a bnfg|~ mncb~r~ }n{nr|g on{ala Carga$ @aj gdg oarnda lga alaja` vadg|a bnracb~| goaj wadf }adfa| mad|go enjg|a$ Dabg }adfa| |nr|argo on{aladwa$ [ala c~jadwa* Carga |gdffaj lnoa| oacg lad Dabg cndfàbg}oad vao|~ }gadf lad cajac bnr}acadwa }ac{ag oacg {rh|n} lad Carga ealg on|ao~|ad$– Rninrnd }g5 Gbd ]a ‗l* aj#\aba qa| * àj$ 212 212

Dabg jaj~ cncgdlaòad |nc{a| |gdffaj Carga on |nc{a| wadf jnbg` dwacad lad ea~` larg |nc{a| |gdffaj {ara g}|rg² }a`dwa lad |nr~} cndwn|~b~`g Carga cn}og{~d {ara g}|rgdwa {rh|n}$ Carga jaj~ àcgj lad cnja`groad bawg jnjaog lad C~àccal cncbnrgdwa daca Gbra`gc$ On|goa Ag}wa` cnjgà| bawg g|~* lga cndfa|aoad {ala Dabg ba`va bawg g|~ |glao cgrg{ lgrgdwa$ Dabg jaj~ cndlndfar ln}a}#ln}~} ba`va Carga lgàcgjg {nc~la wadf cncbava Carga larg Cn}gr$ C~àccal cara` }noajg lad cndw~r~` Ajg cncadm~df {nc~la |nr}nb~|$ @alg} ]a`g` C~}jgc dhchr <76> cndfg}aòad ba`va Ajg cnjgà| b~o|g ba`va {rga gdg |nrdwa|a {rga onbgrg (n~d~m` a|a~ oa}gc' lad Ajg |glao ealg cncb~d~`dwa$ Lg oa}~} jagd lg cada Ag}wa` lg|~l~` bnr`~b~dfad }np lndfad {nc~la C~}jgc bnrdaca ]aivad bgd C~‗a|aj* C~àccal |glao cndnra{oad {nrgd|a` wadf }aca ~d|~o cncadm~df ]aivad$

]AIGWA BGD\ @^WAWW ]aigwa bgd| @~waww alaja` adao larg ‐@~waww bgd Ao`|ab (on|~a }~o~ Wa`~lg Ad# Dalgr' wadf bnr}aca }~o~dwa cndf~df}g on oh|a Wa`~lg Oàwbar }n|nja` C~àccal cndf~}gr }nj~r~` }~o~ Ad Dalgr lg Cnlgda`$ C~àccal cncadm~df ‐@~waww bgd Ao`|ab lad 7;; Wa`~lg Q~rag}` lg Cnlgda$ Bnbnra{a |a`~d onc~lgad* C~àccal cndwnradf Oàwbar lad cncb~d~` }~acg* {acad* lad }adao }a~lara jaog ]aigwa$ ]~acg ]aigwa alaja` on|~a }~o~ Wa`~lg Oàwbar wadf bnrdaca Ogdada` bgd aj#Rabg lad cnrnoa bnrl~a alaja` {ndfad|gd bar~$ C~àccal cndwgo}a Ogdada` }ac{ag ca|g lajac radfoa cndfhrno on|nradfad lg cada Ogdada cndwgc{ad àr|a oar~d ca}waraoa| Wa`~lg Oàwbar$ Avajdwa* ]aigwa lgbnrgoad }nbafag b~lao|avadad vadg|a ~d|~o C~}jgc bnrdaca La`wa aj#Oajgb$ On|goa }adf Dabg cndfn|a`~g ba`va ]aigwa }adfa| mad|go enjg|a* ca}g` rncaea* dgdfra| on|~r~dad on|~a }~o~ Wa`~lg* lga jaj~ cndfacbgj ]aigwa larg |adfad La`wa$ La`wa {rh|n}* lad Dabg jaj~ cncbnrgdwa {ndffad|g l~a }a~lara }n{~{~ vadg|a ]aigwa$ C~àccal jaj~ cndgl~rg ]aigwa lg àrg wadf }aca lga cncb~d~` }~acg bar~ ]aigwa $ Lg cajac àrgdwa* }aa| C~àccal lad ]aigwa bnrala lg lajac }a|~ |ndla* }nhradf C~}jgc bnrdaca Ab~ Aww~b cndeafa onca` Dabg }n{adeadf cajac$ On|goa badf~d lg {afg àrg* Dabg bnr|adwa {ala Ab~ Aww~b cndfa{a lga bnreafa#eafa }n{adeadf cajac lg onca`dwa$ Ab~ Aww~b bnroa|a* ‚Vaàg Ra}~j Ajjâ`* ]aigwa bar~ }aea ealg {ndfad|gd bar~* lad oa~ cncb~d~` awa`dwa* }a~lara jaogdwa* lad }~acgdwa$ Oarnda g|~ ao~ oàva|gr on|goa oa~ bnrala


09


bnr}acadwa$– Ra}~j Ajjâ` |nr|ava lad bnroa|a* ‚]nc~adwa bnrjadf}~df lndfad bago$– Og}a` ]aigwa |nrmad|~c }nmara ln|agj lg aj#]gra aj#@ajabgwa`* ]gra larg Gbd @g}wac* lad \abaqa| larg Gbd ]a‗l$ ]~cbnr jg|nra|~r G}jac cndwa|aoad C~àccal cndgoa`g ]aigwa lad ]aigwa cncnj~o G}jac$ Lndfad bnfg|~* ]aigwa |nrca}~o lgad|ara ‚{ara Gb~ ~ca| C~}jgc$–

UAGDAB BGD\ EA@A]@ Ia|gca Cnrdg}}g bnradffa{ad ba`va {nrdgoaàd C~àccal lndfad Uagdab cnr~{aoad {nrdgoaàd wadf cncaj~oad oarnda Uagdab alaja` g}|rg Uagl* adao adfoa| C~àccal$ Lndfad bnfg|~* Uagdab alaja` cndad|~ C~àccal$ ]nc~adwa gdg bnravaj on|goa C~àccal cndf~de~dfg r~ca` Uagl$ ]aa| g|~ Uagl }nladf onj~ar larg r~ca`$ Cnd~r~| }nbafgad ]gra (b~o~² bghfraig Dabg'* Ajjâ` cndfgrgc adfgd wadf cndg~{ |abgr {gd|~ oacar lad C~àccal cnjgà| Uagdab bnrbargdf lg radeadfdwa lajac onalaad àc{gr |njadeadf$ ]gra cndfg}aòad ba`va Uagdab alaja` vadg|a mad|go enjg|a lndfad |~b~` wadf cndffagraòad$ On|goa Uagl cndlndfar àj gdg larg Uagdab* Uagl cndavaroad {ala C~àccal ba`va lga bnr}nlga cndmnragoad Uagdab* |a{g C~àccal oàva|gr hradf² aoad cndmnjadwa }n`gdffa lga cnda}nà|g Uagl ~d|~o |n|a{ cndeafa c ndeafa on~|~àd {nrdgoaàddwa$ [ala }aa| g|~* Ajjâ` cndwac{agoad Q~r‗ad ==5=9#<; wadf cndmnja C~àccal oarnda bnroa|a {ala Uagl* ‚\aàdja` |nr~} g}|rgc~ lad bnr|aovaja` on{ala Ajja`*– lad cndwncb~dwgoad g}g à|gdwa ‚wadf aoad lg~dfoa{oad hjn` Ajjâ`$– Ajjâ` bnroa|a {ala C~àccal* ‚Oa~ |ao~| aoad hradf²* |a{g }nàr~}dwa oa~ |ao~| aoad Ajjâ`$– Ajjâ` jaj~ cndwa|aoad rndmadadwa lg ca}a ogdg lad ca}a ln{ad {ala C~àccal* ‚Oacg oavgdoad oac~ lndfad lga }~{awa |glao ala onbnra|ad bafg hradf c~ocgd ~d|~o (cndfavgdg' g}|rg#g}|rg adao#adao adfoa| cnrnoa* a{abgja adao#adao adfoa| g|~ |nja` cndwnjn}agoad on{nrj~addwa larg{ala g}|rgdwa$ Lad alaja` on|n|a{ad Ajja` g|~ {a}|g |nrealg$– Ajjâ` e~fa |ao j~{a cndfgdfa|oad ~ca| C~}jgc ba`va ‚|glaoja` {a|~| bafg jaog#jaog wadf c~ocgd lad |glao ({~ja' bafg {nrnc{~ad wadf c~ocgd* a{abgja Ajja` lad Ra}~j#Dwa |nja` cndn|a{oad }~a|~ on|n|a{ad* aoad ala bafg cnrnoa {gjgàd (wadf jagd' |nd|adf ~r~}ad cnrnoa$ Lad baradf }ga{a cndl~ràoag Ajja` lad Ra}~j#Dwa caoa }~dff~`ja` lga |nja` }n}a|* }n}a| wadf dwa|a$– Bnrla}aroad {nrdgoaàd C~àccal lad Uagdab* caoa |nja` ealg on|n|a{ad ba`va egoa C~àccal cnjgà| }nhradf vadg|a lad lga |nr|argo {ala vadg|a g|~* caoa }~la` ealg onvaegbad }~acgdwa ~d|~o cndmnragoaddwa afar C~àccal bg}a cndgoa`gdwa$ \nrjnbg` jafg* Q~r‗ad ==5>; cndwa|aoad ba`va Dabg cncgjgog gegd o`~}~} ~d|~o cndgoa`g vadg|a cada {~d wadf cndavaroad lgrgdwa on{ala Dabg$


06


\a|oaja }nc~a C~}jgc àdwa bhjn` cndgoa`g nc{a| vadg|a lajac }a|~ }aa|* C~àccal cndla{a| {nronm~ajgad bhjn` cndgoa`g vadg|a |ad{a ba|a}ad e~cja` a{a{~d$ Oarnda g|~ja` lga cncgjgog g}|rg }ac{ag ndacbnja} hradf lad l~a b~lao }np (Carga lad Rawàda'$ C~àccal cncgd|a Uagl ~d|~o cndfae~oad jacarad dgoa` larg C~àccal {ala Uagdab$ [nrdgoaàd C~àccal lad Uagdab lgrawaoad lndfad cnrga`$ @ a l g } l a d \ a i} i } gr gr 5

C~àccal Gbd Wa`wa Gbd @awwad cndfg}aòad5 Ra}~j Ajja` la|adf on r~ca` Uawl ~d|~o cndnc~gdwa$ _[ala }aa| g|~ Uawl ca}g` lg{adffgj lndfad daca Uawl Gbd C~àccalS$ C~dfogd Ra}~j Ajjâ` |glao cndnc~oaddwa {ala }aa| g|~ }n`gdffa lga bnroa|a* ‐Lgcadaoa` Uawl8‗ Lga ca}~o on lajac r~ca`dwa ~d|~o cndmargdwa lad* on|goa lga |glao cndnc~oaddwa* Uagdab bgd|g Ea`}` bnrlgrg lg àla{addwa lndfad bae~ |gl~r* |a{g Ra}~j Ajjâ` cncajgdfoad c~oa larg{aladwa$ Uagdab bnroa|a* ‐Lga |glao ala lg }gdg* Ra}~j Ajjâ`* ealg }gjaoad ca}~o }aea? oa~ bafagoad awa` lad gb~o~ }ndlgrg$‗ Ra}~j Ajjâ` |glao bnr}nlga ca}~o$ Uagdab mn{a|² bnr{aoagad }aa| lga cndlndfar Ra}~j Ajjâ` bnrala lg {gd|~ r~ca`dwa* caoa lga cnjhdma| |nrb~r~#bd~r~`* lad Ra}~j Ajjâ` }adfa| oaf~c on|goa cnjgà| lga cnjao~oad g|~$ Lga bnr{ajgdf {nrfg }acbgj cndff~cad lad àdwa oajgca| gdg wadf |nrlndfar5 ‐\nr{~egja` Ajjâ` wadf cnr~ba` à|g cad~}ga$‗ On|goa Uawl la|adf on r~ca`dwa* Uagdab cndfa|aoad {aladwa ba`va Ra}~j Ajjâ` la|adf$ Uawl bnr|adwa* ‐Oa~ cnc{nr}gjaoad lga ca}~o* b~oad8‗ Uagdab cndeavab* ‐Ao~ ~dladf lga ca}~o* |a{g lga cndhjao$‗ Uawl bnroa|a* ‐A{aoa` oa~ cndlndfar lga bnroa|a a{a{~d8‗ Uagdab cndeavab* ‐On|goa lga bnr{ajgdf* ao~ cndlndfar lga bnroa|a }n}~a|~ wadf àc{gr |ao o~cndfnr|g$ Ao~ cndlndfar lga bnroa|a* ‚\nr{~egja` Ajjâ` wadf cnr~ba` à|g cad~}ga$– Uawl jaj~ cndla|adfg Ra}~j Ajjâ` lad bnroa|a {aladwa* ‐Vaàg Ra}~j Ajjâ`* ao~ lndfar oa~ bnro~de~df on r~caò~$ A{aoa` oa~ ca}~o r~caò~8 Vaàg Ra}~j Ajjâ`* oa~ }~la` bafagoad awa` gb~o~$ C~dfogd oa~ }~oa aoad Uagdab$ Ao~ }adff~{ cndgdffajoaddwa bafgc~$‗ Ra}~j Ajjâ` bnroa|a* ‐[nr|aàdoad g}|rgc~$‗ Uawl bnroa|a* ‐Vaàg Ra}~j Ajjâ`* ao~ aoad cndgdffajoaddwa$‗ Ra}~j Ajjâ` bnroa|a* ‐[nr|aàdoad g}|rgc~$‗ On|goa Uawl cndgdffajoad Uagdab* Uagdab cndwndlgrg }ac{ag }njn}ag ca}a glla`$ On|goa Ra}~j Ajjâ` }nladf l~l~o dfhbrhj bnr}aca kA¼g}wa`* Ra}~j Ajjâ` jaj~ on}~r~{ad* lad on|goa lga }alar oncbajg* lga |nr}ndw~c lad bnroa|a* ‐]ga{aoa` wadf bnr}nlga {nrfg cndnc~g Uagdab ~d|~o cncbnrg|a`~ {aladwa oabar bago ba`va Ajjâ` |nja` cndgoaòad lga lndfado~ lg }~rfa8– Ra}~j Ajjâ` cnjaiajoad* ‚Caoa oa~ cncbnrg|a`~ }n}nhradf wadf lg{nrondad Ajjâ` lad oa~ }ndlgrg5 ‚[nr|aàdoad g}|rgc~8– kA¼g}wa` bnroa|a* ‚Ao~ badwao cndlndfar aoad onmad|goad Uagdab* lad* |nrjnbg` jafg* |nd|adf bafagcada Ajjâ` cndgoaòad lga lg }~rfa* lad ao~ bnroa|a* ‐]~la` enja} Uagdab aoad badwao cndwhcbhdfoad àj gdg {ala og|a$‗ ]ajaca* b~lao Ra}~j Ajjâ`* la|adf


00


bnrjarg cndnc~g Uagdab lad cncbnrg|a`~ Uagdab aoad àj g|~$ Uagdab cndfàlga`g ]ajaca bnbnra{a {nr`ga}ad {nrao$– Uagdab Bgd| ^cc ]ajaca bnroa|a*– Ao~ lndfar gb~o~* ^cc ]ajaca* bnroa|a* ‐]~a|~ oajg ao~ cndwgdff~df |nd|adf Uagdab bgd|g Ea`}` lad cndfàra{oad ac{~dad Ajjâ` bafg egvadwa* lad cndfg}aòad àj wadf |nrealg lgad|ara lga lad kA¼g}wa`$ Uagdab bnroa|a* ‚Lncg Ajjâ`* ao~ |glao }n{nr|g g}|rg² Ra}~j Ajjâ` jagddwa? lga cndgoa`g cnrnoa lndfad bawar caàr lad vajg$ \a{g Ajjâ` }ndlgrgja` wadf cndgoaòadc~ lndfad Ra}~j Ajjâ` lad cnd~r~doad va`w~ |nd|adf ao~? C~}jgc aoad |n|a{ cncbamadwa |ad{a {nr~baàd # ‐Caoa oa~ cncbnrg|a`~ }n}nhradf wadf lg{nrondad Ajjâ`$‗ ^cc ]ajaca bnroa|a* ‚Ra}~j Ajjâ` bnra`g {aladwa lad }nrgdfoajg cndf~de~dfgdwa$ Uagdab alaja` vadg|a wadf bago lad }nrgdfoajg {~a}a* bnrb~a| bago lad cncbnrg ~adfdwa {ala cnrnoa wadf cncb~|~òad$– B~o~² ]gra| Ra}~j cndfg}aòad ba`va C~àccal cndfgrgc Uawl ~d|~o cncgdadf Uagdab bafg C~àccal$ Ada} bnroa|a* ‚On|goa ca}a glla` Uagdab bgd|g Ea`}` |nja` ~}ag* Ra}~j Ajjâ` bnroa|a {ala Uawl gbd @arg|à* ‐\ao ala hradf jagd wadf la{a| o~{nrmawa }njagd lgrgc~$ [nrfgja` cndnc~g Uagdab lad {gdadfja` lga bafgo~$‗ Caoa Uawl cndnc~g Uagdab }aa| Uagdab }nladf cndfhja` |n{~df$ Uawl bnroa|a* ‐On|goa ao~ cnjgà|dwa* ao~ |nràr~ oarnda ao~ |a`~ Ra}~j Ajjâ` bnroa|a |nd|adf lga$ Caoa ao~ cncajgdfoad {~dff~dfo~ lad bnroa|a* ‚Vaàg Uagdab* bnrbaàfgaja`? Ra}~j Ajjâ` |nja` bnroa|a aoad lgrgc~$– Uagdab bnrlgrg lad jaj~ }`hja|$ Caoa }nb~a` va`w~ lgdwa|aoad5 ‐]n|nja` Uawl |glao b~|~` Uagdab jafg* Oacg dgoaòad Uagdab lndfadc~$‗ Caoa Ra}~j Ajjâ` jaj~ la|adf lad ca}~o |ad{a {nrcg}g$–

‐A‗G]WA@ BGD\G AB^ BAOR kA¼g}wa` alaja` g}|rg C~àccal wadf on|gfa$ kA¼g}wa` }ndlgrg cndfa|aoad* ‚Ra}~j Ajjâ` cndgoa`go~ lg b~jad ]àvvaj lg |a`~d on#1; ondabgaddwa* |gfa |a`~d }nbnj~c `gera`* lg }aa| ao~ bnr~}ga ndac |a`~d$ Ao~ bnr~}ga }ncbgjad |a`~d on|goa lga cndwn|~b~`go~$– Gbd @g}wac cndenja}oad ba`va ‚C~àccal cndgoa`gdwa on|goa kA¼g}wa` bnr~}ga |~e~` |a`~d lad cndwn|~b~`gdwa on|goa cnrnoa bnrala lg Cnlgda lad kA¼g}wa` }aa| g|~ bnr~}ga }ncbgjad |a`~d$ Ra}~j Ajjâ` |glao cndgoa`g {nravad jagd }njagd kA¼g}wa`$–

kA¼g}wa` bnroa|a* ‚Ra}~j Ajjâ` cndgoa`go~ on|goa ao~ ca}g` bnrcagd#cagd bnr}aca adao² {nrnc{~ad jagddwa$ Ao~ |glao |a`~ ba`va Ra}~j Ajjâ` cndgoa`go~ }ac{ag gb~o~ cncbavao~ lad cndf~dmgo~ lajac r~ca`$ ]n|nja` g|~ ao~ cndwalarg ba`va ao~ |nja` cndgoa`$–


07


]nb~a` àlg} jafg larg kA|gwwa wadf cndwa|aoad* ‚Ra}~j Ajjâ` cncgdadf kA¼g}wa` bgd|g Abg Baor on|goa kA¼g}wa` ca}g` onmgj$ Ab~ Baor bnroa|a* ‐Vaàg Ra}~j Ajjâ`* la{a|oa` hradf cndgoa`g adao {nrnc{~ad }a~lara jaogdwa8‗ C~àccal cndeavab* ‐Oa~ àdwa }a~lara jaogo~ bnrla}aroad afacao~$‗ Caoa Ab~ Baor cndgoaòad kA¼g}wa` lndfad bawarad caàr }nb~a` r~ca` }nàrfa >; lgràc$–

kAg}wa` bnroa|a* ‚Ao~ }nladf bnrcagd#cagd bnr}aca adao² {nrnc{~ad jagddwa lg }aa| Ra}~j Ajjâ` ca}g` `gl~{$ Ra}~j Ajjâ` la|adf {alao~ on|goa ao~ bnrcagd bnr}aca adao² {nrnc{~ad jagd* lad lga bnr|adwa {alao~* ‐A{aoa` gdg* kA¼g}wa`8‗ Ao~ cndeavab* ‚O~la²]~jagcad$‗ Lga jaj~ |nr|ava$– kA¼g}wa` bnroa|a* ‚Ao~ {~dwa onl~l~oad jnbg` |gdffg lgad|ara g}|rg² Dabg oarnda }n{~j~` àj$– Lga lg|adwag* ‚A{aoa` }n{~j~` àj g|~* vaàg gb~ ~ca|8– kA¼g}wa` cndeavab* ‚Dabg |glao cndgoa`g {nravad jagd }njagd ao~* lga |glao cndgoa`g }ga{a{~d wadf hradf|~adwa `gera` (larg Cnoa` on Cnlgda`'* }njagd ao~$ Ajjâ` cnd~de~ooad on}~mgado~ larg }~rfa* lad Egbrgj cnd~de~ooad facbar lgrgo~ {ala Dabg lg }nb~a` oagd }~|ra }acbgj bnroa|a* ‐Dgoa`g lga? lgaja` g}|rgc~$‗ Ao~ lad Dabg }nrgdf cadlg bnr}aca lg }a|~ ba}ohc$ Lga |glao {nrda` cnjao~oad àj g|~ lndfad g}|rg jagd }njagd lgrgo~$ Lga }nrgdf }`hja| on|goa ao~ bnrbargdf lg a|a} |adfaddwa* lad lga |glao {nrda` cndfgegdoad g}|rg jagd cnjao~oad àj g|~$ Va`w~ }nrgdf la|adf {aladwa on|goa lga bnr}acao~$ Lga vaia| on|goa lga bnr}adlar lg lalao~ lg cajac àrg fgjgraddwa bnr}n|~b~` lndfado~* lad lga lgo~b~r lg r~caò~$– ]~a|~ oajg kA¼g}wa` bnr|adwa {ala Dabg* ‚]ga{aoa` wadf aoad ealg g}|rgc~ lg }~rfa8– Eavab Dabg* ‚Oa~ alaja` }a|~ lgad|ara cnrnoa$– Larg og}a`²dwa gdg og|a cndfn|a`~g ba`va kA¼g}wa` alaja` g}|rg on}awadfad C~àccal$

kAcr Gbd aj#kA} bnr|adwa {ala Ra}~j Ajjâ`* ‚Vaàg Ra}~j Ajjâ`* }ga{aoa` wadf {ajgdf oa~ }awadfg lgad|ara ~ca|8– Ra}~j Ajjâ` cndeavab* ‚kA¼g}wa`$– kAcr bnroa|a* ‚Cao}~lo~ wadf jaog$– Ra}~j cndeavab* ‚Awa` kA¼g}wa`$– ]njagd g|~ ca}g` ala àlg} jagd wadf cndwa|aoad5

‚On~dff~jad kA¼g}wa` a|a} vadg|a² jagd alaja` bafagoad |argl (caoadad rh|g mac{~r lafgdf' lg a|a} caoadad jagddwa$– @alg} jagd cndfa|aoad ba`va C~àccal onb~r~ ca|g }nbnj~c cndla{a|oad m~o~{ |argl larg kA¼g}wa` wadf }aa| g|~ bnr~}ga 10 |a`~d$ kA¼g}wa` |n|a{ cndeadla }ac{ag lg ~}ga vaia|dwa waodg 92 |a`~d$ Bnrla}aroad awa| Q~r‗ad* g}|rg² C~àccal |glao bhjn` cndgoa` jafg lndfad {rga cada{~d }n|nja` C~àccal ca|g$


7;


kA¼g}wa` bnroa|a* ‚Ao~ bnrcagd#cagd lndfad bhdnoa²o~ bnr}aca |ncado~ adao² {nrnc{~ad* lad Dabg jaj~ la|adf lad |ncad²o~ bnr}ncb~dwg lg lajac r~ca` lad Dabg aoad cncadffgj cnrnoa oncbajg oarnda lga }ndadf ao~ bnrcagd bnr}aca cnrnoa$ Oaladfoaja lga bnroa|a ‐\n{a| lgac lg |nc{a| oajgad‗ }nbnj~c |ncad² }nc{a| {nrfg* lad lga jaj~ bnrcagd bnr}aca cnrnoa$– kA¼g}wa` bnroa|a* ‚]~a|~ àrg* Dabg la|adf on|goa ao~ bnrcagd#cagd lndfad bhdnoa²o~ lad lga bnroa|a* ‐Vaàg kA¼g}wa`* cagdad a{a gdg8‗ Ao~ bnroa|a* ‐Gdg alaja` o~la² ]~jagcad‗ lad lga |nr|ava$Oaladfoaja Dabg ca}~o }acbgj cnd~|~{g lgrgdwa lndfad e~ba`dwa afar |glao cndffadff~ kA¼g}wa` lad |ncad² {nrnc{~addwa$– Dabg cndgoa`g Cajgoa Bgd| Oakb wadf |nrondaj aoad onmad|goaddwa$ kA¼g}wa` cndnc~gdwa lad bnroa|a {aladwa* ‚Oa~ |glao caj~ cndgoa` lndfad {ncb~d~` awa`c~8– ]n|nja` g|~ Cajgoa cndmarg {nrjgdl~dfad larg Ajjâ` |nràla{ }adf Dabg* lad Dabg cndmnragoaddwa$ Rninrnd}g5 \abaqa| hjn` Gbd ]a‗al* 051<1? ^}l aj#fàba* >5>2>$

kA¼g}wa` cnd~l~` Dabg ba`va oa{ad{~d Dabg gdfgd bnr}n|~b~` lndfad vadg|a caoa Dabg aoad cndfa|aoad }nb~a` awa| }acbgj cndfao~ ba`va Ajjâ`ja` wadf cndwa|aoad va`w~ g|~ {aladwa$ A|a} àj gdg kA¼g}wa` bnroa|a* ‚\ac{aodwa \~àdc~ fn}g| }noajg cncnd~`g dai}~c~$– (]a`g` C~}jgc yhj$25=<>=#=<>< {$6<0# 6<7'$ \glao enja} a{a ja|ar bnjaoadf {nrg}|gva }aa| kA¼g}wa` cndfa|aoad àj gdg$ Bnbnra{a }~cbnr cndfa|aoad oajgca| g|~ lg~ma{oad kA¼g}wa` }aa| Dabg |nr|adfoa{ ba}a` hjn` @ai}a on|goa }nladf bnr`~b~dfad gd|gc lndfad b~lao vadg|adwa waodg Carga` O~{|ga`$ ]~cbnr jagd cndwa|aoad {nroa|aad kA¼g}wa` bnr`~b~dfad lndfad }oadlaj Dabg cndgoa`g cndad|~dwa waodg Uagdab bgd|g Ea`}a`* }nladfoad }~cbnr jagd jafg cndwa|aoad àj gdg bnr`~b~dfad lndfad vadg|a² wadf cndavaroad lgrg ~d|~o lg|gl~rg Dabg$

kA¼g}wa` Lg|~l~` Bnrugda` Lgog}aòad hjn` Gbd A~d5 Ao~ cnd~jg} }~ra| {ala Daig lad Daig cndeavab }~ra|o~ ba`va Dabg |gba² }aea cndwnradf Badg C~}|ajgq |ad{a {nrgdfa|ad }aa| cnrnoa }nladf |glao }ga{ lad }aa| |nrdao cnrnoa }nladf lgbnrg cgd~c$ Hradf² wadf cnjavad lgb~d~` lad vadg|a lad adao² cnrnoa jaj~ lg|avad? Dabg cndla{a|oad E~vargwa` lg àrg g|~$ Daig bnroa|a Gbd ‐^car cncbnrg |a`~ lgrgdwa |nd|adf og}a` g|~ lad Gbd ‐^car bnrfab~df lajac |nd|ara C~}jgc wadf cndwnradf$ Lajac Fàuva| a|a~ ‚{ndwnradfad– gdg* kA¼g}wa` ala bnr}aca C~àccal lad lga |glao }ndadf lndfad ondwa|aad ba`va C~àccal lajac eadfoa vao|~ wadf }gdfoa| |nja` cndgoa`g l~a vadg|a5 (1' Uagdab (bnoa} cndad|~dwa lad bnoa} g}|rg Uawl' lad }noaradf (2' E~vargwa`$ Cnd~r~| kA¼g}wa`* lg {nreajadad {~jadf oncbajg `||{5((bnrg|ac~}jgc$vhrl{rn}}$mhc

71


on Cnlgda* |nd|ara C~}jgc bnr`nd|g lg }~a|~ |nc{a| ~d|~o bnrg}|graà|$ kA¼g}wa` jaj~ {nrfg onj~ar ~d|~o b~adf agr onmgj |a{g lga |nrjacba| oncbajg ca}~o on lajac `hvla`dwa<7 }n`gdffa |nd|ara C~}jgc }~la` |nrjade~r {nrfg cndgdffajoaddwa }ndlgrgad lg |ndfa`² {aladf {a}gr$ Egoa on|nradfad gdg bndar* caoa b~lao² kA¼g}wa` cndagooad `hvla`dwa on a|a} ~d|a |ad{a cncnrgo}a lajacdwa |nrjnbg` la`~j~ a|a~ |ad{a cndwalarg ba`va `hvla` g|~ |nd|~dwa |nra}a rgdfad |ad{a kA¼g}wa` lg lajacdwa$ ]aa| g|~ kA¼g}wa` bnr~}ga 1> |a`~d$ kA¼g}wa` cnd~dff~ }ac{ag ]aivad bgd Aj#C~a||aj A}#]~jacg* |nd|ara C~}jgc farg} bnjaoadf wadf |ac{ad lad c~la ~}ga* c~dm~j dago ~d|a lad cndnc~oad kA¼g}wa` |gl~r }ndlgrgad lg {aladf {a}gr$ Gdgja` on|nradfad rgdmg a|a} onealgad g|~$ ]aivad cnjaiajoad awa| Q~r‗ad ~d|~o cndwa|aoad ra}a oafn|dwa* jaj~ cndw~r~` ~d|adwa bnrj~|~| lad cnjn|aooad oaog²dwa lg ln{ad oaog² ~d|adwa afar ~d|a |n|a{ l~l~o }ac{ag kA¼g}wa` bg}a dago ~d|a |nr}nb~|$ kA¼g}wa` bnroa|a ba`va cnrnoa |glao bnrbgmara a{a{~d* }naoad kA¼g}wa` |glao cndnradfoad {ala ]aivad a{a wadf |nja` |nrealg$ \a{g lg àlg} B~oàrg dhcnr 100 |nrla{a| badwao b~o|g |nrealg {nrmaoa{ad dhrcaj lg bnjaoadf jawar$ kA¼g}wa` lad ]aivad |gba lg {afg àrg lg Cnlgda$ Oarnda {nr}agdfad o~a| ad|ara Uagdab lad kA¼g}wa`* caoa Uagdab cndff~daoad on}nc{a|ad gdg ~d|~o cnd~l~` kA¼g}wa` bnrugda` lndfad ]aivad$ Lg }aa| wadf }aca* Abl~jja` bgd ^bga lad @acda bgd|g Ea`}` (}a~lara {nrnc{~ad Uagdab' cndwnbaroad fh}g{ lg }nj~r~` Cnlgda ba`va kA¼g}wa` |nja` bnrugda` lndfad ]aivad$

kA¼g}wa` bnroa|a* ‚Ao~ jaj~ }aog| }njaca }nb~jad$ Hradf² cndwnbaroad l~}|a |a{g ao~ |glao cndfn|a`~g aoad àj gdg$ \a{g ao~ cnra}a lajac onalaad }aog|o~ ao~ |glao cndnrgca {nrà|gad Ra}~j Ajjâ` }nbafagcada wadf bga}a o~|nrgca }aa| ao~ }nladf }aog|$ ]noaradf Ra}~j Ajjâ` àdwa la|adf }noajg* cndwa{ao~* lad bnroa|a* ‐Bafagcada onalaadc~8‗ lad jaj~ {nrfg$ Ao~ ealg cnra}a raf~$– Cnd~r~| kA¼g}wa`* lga ea|~` }aog| lad lgac lg r~ca` hradf|~adwa lad |glao cndfn|a`~g |nd|adf fh}g{ wadf bnrnlar |nd|adf lgrgdwa$ Lga bar~ cndfn|a`~g onealgad gdg }n|nja` }nb~jad onc~lgad$ \ac{aodwa C~àccal |glao }~oa {aladwa }njaca vao|~ g|~ }n`gdffa kA¼g}wa` lg{~jadfoad on r~ca` hradf|~adwa$ Lg }aa| wadf }aca* C~àccal e~fa bnr~}aà cndmarg |a`~ a{a wadf }nbndardwa |nrealg lgad|ara ]aivad lad kA¼g}wa`$ Lga cncnrgd|aòad Ajg ~d|~o cndfgd|nrhfa}g Bargra (b~lao vadg|a kA¼g}wa`' ~d|~o cndfn|a`~g lg cada }nbndardwa kA¼g}wa` lg cajac àrg |nr}nb~|$ Cnd~r~| }nearavad C~}jgc \abarg* Ajg baòad cnc~o~j Bargra lg àla{ad C~àccal* |a{g |n|a{ |ao cndla{a| eavabad wadf cnc~a}oad$ [nr|adwaad wadf vaear alaja`5

<7 \ndla onmgj wadf lg{aoag C~}jgca` }aa| cndfndlarag ~d|a$


72


¶ A{aoa` Bargra cncadf |glao |a`~ ba`va `hvla` kA¼g}wa` }aa| g|~ oh}hdf8 ¶ A{aoa` ]aivad |glao bg}a cncam~ ~d|adwa jnbg` mn{a| afar kA¼g}wa` bg}a bnrfab~df oncbajg bnr}aca |nd|ara C~}jgc8 ¶ B~oadoa` }~la` ealg onvaegbad |nd|ara bafgad bnjaoadf ~d|~o bg}a cndf`~b~dfg onjhc{ho |nd|ara lajac vao|~ }gdfoa| ~d|~o cnc{nrgdfa|oad egoa ala baàwa cndwnradf8 Oarnda cnra}a m~rgfa* C~àccal cndf~de~dfg r~ca` Ab~ Baor ~d|~o bgmara lndfad kA¼g}wa`$ kA¼g}wa` cnwaogdoad C~àccal ba`va lga |ao bnr}aja` lad lg }aa| g|~ {~ja C~àccal on}~r~{ad$ ]n|nja` }alar* lga jaj~ badf~d lad cndenja}oad ba`va Ajjâ` |nja` bgmara {aladwa lad lga jaj~ cndf~ma{oad ]~ra ad# D~r wadf bnrg}g a|~rad lad `~o~cad bafg {nugda`$ Ao`grdwa |gfa hradf {ndwnbar fh}g{ lg`~o~c macb~o 0;p {nr hradf5 @a}}ad bgd \` abg|* Cg}|a` bgd ^|à|à adl @acda bgd| Ea`}`$

Q~r‗ad* ad#D~r 2<5< Lad hradf#hradf wadf cnd~l~` vadg|a#vadg|a wadf bago#bago (bnrb~a| ugda' lad cnrnoa |glao cndla|adfoad nc{a| hradf }ao}g* caoa lnraja` cnrnoa (wadf cnd~l~` g|~' lnja{ad {~j~` oajg lnra* lad eadfadja` oac~ |nrgca on}ao}gad cnrnoa b~a| }njaca#jacadwa$ Lad cnrnoa g|~ja` hradf#hradf wadf ia}go$ Adn`dwa* C~àccal cnd~dff~ jaca }ac{ag }nb~jad }nbnj~c lga cndf~ma{oad va`w~ gjja`g ~d|~o cncbnja kA¼g}wa`$ Lajac oa}~} }oadlaj }np lndfad Carga Oh{|go* lga {nrmawa }non|goa |nd|adf fh}}g{ Carga bnr`~b~dfad }np lndfad b~lao jnjaog lad cndfgrgc Ajg ~d|~o cncb~d~` b~lao {rga |nr}nb~|$ Q~r‗ad cndwnb~|oad ba`va lgb~|~òad }ao}g l~a hradf {rga ~d|~o }nfaja |~l~àd* onm~ajg |~l~àd ugda` wadf cncb~|~òad }ao}g nc{a| hradf {rga$ ]n|nja` `~o~c gdg lg|n|a{oad C~àccal* caoa àc{gr |glao c~dfogd jafg ~d|~o cncb~o|goad oa}~} {nrugdaàd lajac G}jac$ ]njagd nc{a| hradf }ao}g {rga* `~o~c ]warga` e~fa cnd~d|~| {ara }ao}g ~d|~o cncbava bndadf lad cnca}~ooad bndadf g|~ lgad|ara {nugda` {rga lad vadg|a$ Egoa bndadf |glao bg}a ca}~o lgad|ara cnrnoa* caoa gdg cncb~o|goad ba`va {ndg} {rga cncadf cnca}~og yafgda vadg|a$


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Onvaegbad bnregàl lgc~jag }n|nja` C~àccal lad ~ca|dwa `gera` larg Cnoa` on Cnlgda$ Ma|a|ad }neara` cndenja}oad C~àccal lad Bad~ @a}wgc (larg Cnoa`' bnr}no~|~ lndfad }~o~² Av} lad Oàurae (larg Cnlgda'$ Lg Cnlgda |nrla{a| badwao ca}waraoa| Wa`~lg wadf cncgjgog on{adlagad cncb~a| {nr}ndea|aad {nradf$ ]njagd g|~* Cnlgda cnr~{aoad oh|a wadf }|ra|nfg}* oarnda jn|aodwa lgad|ara Cnoa` lad ]wrga (oajgia` Q~rag}` larg Cnoa` }nrgdfoajg {nrfg on ]wrga ~d|~o bnrlafadf lad cncbnjg baradf² onb~|~àd `gl~{'$ ]n|nja` `gera`* C~}jgc c~jag cndwnradf oaigja`² Cnoa` lad e~fa bnrbafag }~o~ Arab jagddwa$ [ndwnradfad lgjao~oad }nmara |nr~}#cndnr~}$ ]nradfad {nr|aca lgjao~oad hjn` Abl Ajja` gbd Ea`}`>< lg Dao`ja* lgcada lga cnjadffar a|~rad {nradf lg b~jad² }~mg ca}waraoa| Arab$ On|~a oaigja` Cnoa` lgb~d~`* àr|adwa lgrac{ho* lad {nlafadf jagddwa lg|avad$ ]nradfad lad {nrac{hoad |nr~} lgjao~oad lg }nj~r~` Eaugra` Arabga }ac{ag onc~lgad bnroncbadf cndealg }nradfad G}jac |nràla{ dnfara² oaigr jagddwa lg bnrbafag {njh}ho l~dga$ Lajac }nc~a {n{nradfad* |nd|ara C~}jgc }njaj~ cndealg {gào {ndwnradf* onm~ajg lajac l~a {n{nradfad5 (1' [nradf ^`~l* lad (2' [nradf Oàdlaq[arg|>> (Gbgl5 17;*171'$

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H}aca bgd Uawl (adao Uawl gbd @arg|à* bnoa} adao adfoa| C~àccal' cncgc{gd {ndwnradfad |nràla{ |nd|ara Rhcavg oarnda ‚|nrhrg}cn cnr~{aoad }aja` }a|~ {gjar {nd|gdf G}jac lad }nbafag eajad cndma{ag oncndadfad– (gbgl5 172'$ On|goa H}aca bgd Uawl }nladf cnc{nr}ga{oad |nd|aradwa ~d|~o cndwnradf |ada` Rhcavg* Dabg cncnrgd|aòaddwa ‚~d|~o cndwnradf c~}~` lajac onfnja{ad }~b~`* ~d|~o cncb~d~` lad cncbaoar cnrnoa* lad oncbajg {~jadf cncbava baradf² earaàd$– (aj#Qgcdg 2;;<5 171#172* e~fa jgà| Gbd @abgb lg aj#Caàbgr* àj$ 116* Gbd Oa|`gr gd aj#Bnlaga` va aj#Dgàga` àj$ 1=7* 1<=* Gbd ]agl aj#Da} gd ‐A~ghd aj#A|àrgf* àj$ 1<>* aj#]~`gjg gd Ravl Ajadgi* àj$ 2<* Gbd @g}àc* àj$ 2<>* lad aj# \abarg lg \argo` aj#R~}~j va aj#Cgjhho* àj$ 1>9'$ ^d|~o cnc{nr|nfa} {n}addwa* aj# Qgcdg cndf~|g{ àlg} lg cada Dabg bnroa|a5

‚Ao~ |nja` lgbnrg oncndadfad cnjaj~g |nrhr $$$ Ao~ |nja` lgogrgc lndfad {nladf lg |adfad²o~ }n`gdffa |gala }a|~ {~d wadf jawao lg}ncba` onm~ajg Ajjâ` $$$ Daioaò~ lg bava` ~e~df |hcbaoo~ $$$ Ao~ |nja` lg{nrgd|aòad ~d|~o cncnradfg }nc~a hradf }ac{ag cnrnoa bnr}ao}g |gala \~àd }njagd Ajjâ` lad C~àccal alaja` Ra}~j Ajjâ`$– (Gbgl'$ Q~r‗ad e~fa cndwac{agoad {n}ad wadf }aca cnjaj~g awa|² bnrgo~|5

Q~r‗ad* ]~ra aj#Aùab (=='* awa| 29 Lad Lga cnd~r~doad hradf#hradf A`jg Og|ab (Badg Q~raguà`' wadf cncbad|~ fhjhdfad#fhjhdfad wadf bnr}no~|~ larg bnd|ndf#bnd|ndf cnrnoa* lad Lga cnca}~ooad ra}a |ao~| lajac à|g cnrnoa$ ]nbaàfgad cnrnoa oac~ b~d~` lad }nbaàfgad wadf jagd oac~ |avad$ Q~r‗ad* ]~ra Ajg#Gcrad (='* awa| 1>1 Aoad Oacg ca}~ooad on lajac à|g hradf#hradf oaigr ra}a |ao~|* lg}nbaboad cnrnoa cnc{nr}no~|~oad Ajja` lndfad }n}~a|~ wadf Ajja` }ndlgrg |glao cnd~r~doad on|nradfad |nd|adf g|~$ \nc{a| oncbajg cnrnoa gaja` dnraoa? lad g|~ja` }nb~r~o#b~r~o |nc{a| |gdffaj hradf#hradf wadf jajgc$ Q~r‗ad* ]~ra aj#Cagla` (>'* awa| == ]n}~dff~`dwa {ncbaja}ad |nràla{ hradf#hradf wadf cncnradfg Ajja` lad Ra}~j#Dwa lad cncb~a| onr~}aoad lg c~oa b~cg* àdwaja` cnrnoa lgb~d~` a|a~ lg}ajgb* a|a~ lg{h|hdf |adfad lad oaog cnrnoa lndfad bnr|gcbaj bajgo* a|a~ lgb~adf larg dnfnrg (|nc{a| onlgacaddwa'$ Wadf lncgogad g|~ (}nbafag' }~a|~ {ndf`gdaad ~d|~o cnrnoa lg l~dga* lad lg ao`gra| cnrnoa bnrhjn` }go}aad wadf bn}ar* Cnd~r~| ]awwgl aj#Qgcdg ‚\nd|ara G}jac cndwnradf lad cndnrhr }~o~² Arab lg Eaugra` Arabga ~d|~o cncao}a cnrnoa bnrfab~df lg bava` dnfara G}jac bar~$– (aj# Qgcdg 17795 2=>'$ Aj#Qgcdg cndenja}oad {adeadf jnbar bafagcada mara C~àccal cnjao~oad |nrhrg}cn |nràla{ }~o~² Arab lad Wa`~lg cnjaj~g


79


{nladfdwa ~d|~o cncbnd|~o dnfara G}jac bar~$ ‚]~o~ Arab Badg ]ajgc wadf bn}ar jarg larg |nc{a| |gdffaj cnrnoa bnfg|~ cndlndfar onla|adfad |nd|ara C~}jgc$ Cnrnoa bnr}ncb~dwg lg bnjaoadf r~ca` lad |nrdao cnrnoa$ \nd|ara C~}jgc |gdffaj | gdffaj lg r~ca`² cnrnoa }njaca |gfa àrg }nbnj~c oncbajg on Wa|`rgb lndfad baradf rac{hoad wadf badwao e~cja`dwa$– (Gbgl'$ Dabg C~àccal }njaj~ cndla{a| ea|a` earaàd }nbadwao 1> (Q~r‗ad* ]~ra aj# Adiaaj* awa| <1'$ ]nbndardwa gln |nd|adf badwaodwa ea|a` earaàd C~àccal lg|n|a{oad {nr|acaoajg hjn` {acad C~àccal Abl Ajja` gbd Ea`}`>9 }n|nja` lga cndwnradf oaigja` Cnoa` lg {nrac{hoad Dao`ja$ Lajac {ndwnradfad gdg* lga cnjadffar a|~rad jaradfad bnr{nradf lg b~jad² }~mg lad cnrac{ho àr|abndla {nlafadf Cnoa`$ [nrg}|gva gdg cnr~{aoad {nrac{hoad {nr|aca wadf bnrà}gj lgjao~oad {gào C~}jgc a|a} oaigr$ Abl Ajja` }aa| g|~ bnroa|a* ‐]n{nrjgca }nc~a baradf earaàd wadf og|a rac{a} alaja` cgjgo Ra}~j Ajjâ` lad }g}adwa lgbafg# bafgoad lgad|ara og|a }nc~a$‗ Va`w~ Q~r‗ad |nd|adf ea|a` earaàd bafg Dabg la|adf }n|nja` {acad Dabg cndn|a{oad a|~rad g|~$– (Gbgl5 2=9* Q~r‗ad* ]~ra aj#Adiaaj* awa| <1'$ ]n|nja` [nrac{hoad Balr* ‚\ac{ao enja} bafg ca}waraoa| Arab ba`va {nrgjao~ ~ca| C~}jgc |nja` bnr~ba`$ ^ca| C~}jgc }noaradf cnjao~oad {ndwnradfad cgjg|nr |nr~}#cndnr~} ~d|~o cnch|hdf }nc~a {nr}no~|~ad lndfad Cnoa`* cndffadff~ eaj~r lafadfdwa* lad cndwnradf bnrbafag }~o~ lg |ada` |nc{a| |gdffaj cnrnoa* }n`gdffa cnrnoa |glao bnradg jafg bnr}no~|~ lndfad {gào Cnoa`* lad cncao}a cnrnoa |~dl~o lg bava` dnfara G}jac$– (Gbgl52=0'$ Lajac |ai}grdwa aoad awa|² Q~r‗ad (aj#Baqara` 171* 17=* aj#Dg}a 69* 07* 71* aj#\h~ba 12* 1<* 27* adl aj#Adiaaj =7' Oàjgj Abl~j#Oargc cnd~jg}5 Awa|² gdg c ndwa|aoad {nrgd|a` }nrg }nrg~} ~} ~d|~o c ncb~d~`g }~o~² wadf c ndhjao ndhjao {nrmawa {nrmawa afac a w adf lgo`h|baòad C~àc c al $$$ $$$ Lad Lad e~fa |nrla{a| aàlg} wadf lgoa|aoad Dabg* wadf g}gdwa cncbndaroad lndfad enja} }noajg a|a} {nrgd|a` {nrgd|a` b~d~` | nràla{ }ga{a{~d }ga{a{~d w adf c ndhjao ndhjao G}jac$ G}jac$ C~àc c al bnroa|a* ‚Ao~ |nja` lg{nrg lg{nrgd|aòad d|aòad ~d|~o c ncnradfg hradf² }ac {ag c nrnoa nrnoa bnr}ao}g bnr}ao}g |gala \~àd }njagd Ajjâ` lad C~àccal alaja` Ra}~j Ajjâ`$ Egoa cnrnoa c ndfa|aoad g|~* c aoa }njac }njac a|ja` àr|a lad lara`dwa largo~$– largo~$– @alg} gdg >6 cndnradfoad ba`va hradf wadf cndhjao cndfa|aoad ]waàla` * aoad on`gjadfad {nrjgdl~dfad |nràla{ àr|a lad lara`dwa$ Lndfad lncgogad* cncb~d~` hradf wadf cndhjao cndwa|aoad ]waàla` cnr~{aoad onvaegbad bafg }n|ga{ C~}jgc |ad{a {nronm~ajg$ [n}ad C~àccal |nràla{ }nc~a }~o ~ alaja`5 ‐\nrgca ‐\nrgca G}jac * cao a oa~ ao ad }njac }njac a|$‗ ]~o~ a| a~ hradf

>9 Awa` larg g}|rgdwa C~àccal* Uagdab bgd| Ea`}`$ Bama oncbajg lg bab 12 # ]oadlaj [nrdgoaàd [nrdgoaàd C~àccal lndfad Uagdab bgd| Ea`}`$ >6 ]waàla` ar|gdwa cndnrgca G}jac lndfad cndf~ma{oad* ‐ao~ bnr}ao}g |gala \~àd }njagd Ajja`* lad C~àccal alaja` ra}~j Ajja`‗$ @aj gdg lgondaj }nbafag cndf~ma{oad l~a on}ao}gad* wadf {nr|aca bafg Ajja` lad wadf onl~a C~àccal$


76

ON@GL^[AD RA@A]GA DABG C^@ACCAL cada{~d wadf cndhjao |avarad gdg aoad cndfajacg }nradfad ig}go* lad àr|a* vad g|a* lad ad ao² c nrnoa nrnoa aoad lgrac{a} C ~}jgc$ ~}jgc$ (Abl~j#O (Abl~j#Oargc argc 17775 <2#<<'$

]n|nja` bnrà}gj lajac [nrac{hoad Balr* awa|² bar~ Q~r‗ad c~jag cncba|ajoad awa|² jaca Q~r‗ad wadf cncbnrgoad onbnba}ad bnrafaca bafg }ga{a{~d$ ]njaca |gfabnja} |a`~d C~àccal bnrlaova` G}jac lg Cnoa` lad lga àdwa {~dwa 6; {ndfgo~|$ ]njaca ca}a gdg* Q~r‗ad cndwa|aoad ‚|gala onvaegbad ~d|~o cncnj~o G}jac$– Aoad |n|a{g* }n|nja` oncndadfad lg Bar* C~àccal bnr~ba` 10;» lad c~jag cnvaegboad }ga{a{~d ~d|~o cncnj~o G}jac$ Q~r‗ad cnjaradf onbnba}ad bnrafaca lad G}jac alaja` }a|~²dwa afaca wadf lg|nrgca Ajjâ`$ ]ga{a{~d wadf cndhjao G}jac aoad lgb~d~`* lad àr|a bndladwa* |nrdaodwa* vadg|a lad adao²dwa aoad lgbafg#bafgoad lgad|ara |nd|ara C~}jgc$ Aoad |n|a{g |nrla{a| {nronm~ajgad a|~rad |nràla{ [ara Ao`jg Og|ab (~ca| Wa`~lg lad Org}|nd'$ Bafg ~ca| Wa`~lg lad Org}|nd* Q~r‗ad cndfa|aoad }nbafag bnrgo~|5

Q~r‗ad* ]~ra A|#\h~ba (7'* awa| 27 [nradfgja` hradf#hradf wadf |glao bnrgcad on{ala Ajja` lad |glao ({~ja' on{ala àrg onc~lgad lad cnrnoa |glao cndfàracoad a{a wadf |nja` lgàracoad hjn` Ajja` lad Ra}~j#Dwa lad |glao bnrafaca lndfad afaca wadf bndar (afaca Ajja`'* (wag|~ hradf#hradf' wadf lgbnrgoad Aj Og|ab on{ala cnrnoa* }ac{ag cnrnoa cncbawar eguwa` lndfad {a|~` }nladf cnrnoa lajac onalaad |~dl~o$ G}jac cnd~d|~| }goa{ |~dl~o |h|aj larg ~ca| Wa`~lg lad Org}|nd$ [ala }aa| g|~* ~ca| Wa`~lg lgadffa{ }nbafag admacad bn}ar bafg G}jac oarnda ‚cnrnoa {~dwa b~o~ }~rfavg lad a|~rad gbala` lad gdg cncb~a| cnrnoa cndwadfoaj ondabgad Ra}~j Ajjâ` wadf cndfao~ afacadwa* G}jac* bnra}aj larg }~cbnr wadf }aca lndfad afaca Wa`~lg$ Oarndadwa* onbnralaad ~ca| Wa`~lg lg Arabga cnr~{aoad admacad {nrcadnd {ala dnfara bar~ G}jac lad glnhjhfg G}jac$– (Gbgl5 2<='$ Lndfad bnfg|~* ‚hradf² Wa`~lg àr~} lg~}gr larg Wa|`rgb lad lgmab~| larg aoardwa$ @aj gdg àr~} lgjao~oad }nfnra lad |ad{a ohc{rhcg$– (Gbgl'$ ]n|nja` g|~ |nrealgja` {ncbad|agad lad {ndf~}grad ca}waraoa| Wa`~lg larg Cnlgda$ ^ca| Org}|nd e~fa aoad cndfajacg {ncba|agad wadf }aca* egoa }aea cnrnoa onbn|~jad e~fa |gdffaj lg Cnlgda$ Q~r‗ad cndfa|aoad ba`va ~ca| Org}|nd alaja` }aca lndfad ~ca| Wa`~lg oarnda cnrnoa bnr|ncad }a|~ }aca jagd lad cnrnoa {~d cndhjao ondabgad C~àccal$

Q~r‗ad aj#Ca‗gla` (>'* awa| >1 @ag hradf#hradf wadf bnrgcad* eadfadja` oac~ cndfacbgj hradf#hradf Wa`~lg lad Da}radg cndealg {ncgc{gd#{ncgc{gd (c~'? }nbaàfgad cnrnoa alaja` {ncgc{gd bafg }nbaàfgad wadf jagd$ Baradf }ga{a lg ad|ara oac~ cndfacbgj cnrnoa cndealg {ncgc{gd* caoa }n}~dff~`dwa hradf g|~


70


|nrca}~o fhjhdfad cnrnoa$ ]n}~dff~`dwa Ajja` |glao cncbnrg {n|~de~o on{ala hradf#hradf wadf jajgc$ Q~r‗ad aj#\a~ba` (7'* awa| =; Hradf#hradf Wa`~lg bnroa|a5 ‚ûagr g|~ {~|ra Ajja`– lad hradf Da}radg bnroa|a5 ‚Aj Ca}g` g|~ {~|ra Ajja`–$ Lncgogad g|~ja` ~ma{ad cnrnoa lndfad c~j~| cnrnoa* cnrnoa cndgr~ {nroa|aad hradf#hradf oaigr wadf |nrla`~j~$ Lgjaoda|g Ajja`#ja` cnrnoa? bafagcada cnrnoa }ac{ag bnr{ajgdf8 \a{g bafg }nj~r~` }~o~ Arab lad onc~lgad }nj~r~` l~dga* Q~r‗ad cndwa|aoad5

Q~r‗ad aj#\a~ba` (7'* awa| > A{abgja }~la` àbg} b~jad#b~jad @arac g|~* caoa b~d~`ja` hradf#hradf c~}wrgogd g|~ lg cada }aea oac~ e~c{ag cnrnoa* lad |adfoa{ja` cnrnoa$ On{~dfja` cnrnoa lad gd|agja` lg |nc{a| {ndfgd|agad$ Egoa cnrnoa bnr|hba| lad cndlgrgoad }aja| lad cnd~dagoad uaoa|* caoa bnrgja` onbnba}ad on{ala cnrnoa ~d|~o bnreajad$ ]n}~dff~`dwa Ajja` Caà [ndfac{~d jafg Caà [ndwawadf$ ]n{nr|g wadf |nja` lg}nb~|oad |nrjnbg` la`~j~* Q 75> gdg lgondaj }nbafag Awa| [nladf$ ]a|~ awa| gdg cncba|ajoad 12= awa|² Q~r‗ad jagddwa$ ]nc~a awa|² |nrla`~j~ wadf bnrbgmara |nd|adf {nrlacagad lad onbnba}ad bnrafaca lgba|ajoad lad |glao bnrjao~ jafg oarnda Q 75>$ ]aa| gdg* badwao ~ca| C~}jgc wadf cndfa|aoad ba`va G}jac alaja` afaca lacag* lndfad cndf~|g{ awa|² wadf |nja` lgba|ajoad5

Q~r‗ad* ]~ra aj#Baqara` (2'* awa| 2>9 \glao ala {ao}aad ~d|~o (cnca}~og' afaca (G}jac'? }n}~dff~`dwa |nja` enja} eajad wadf bndar larg{ala eajad wadf }n}a|$ Oarnda g|~ baradf }ga{a wadf gdfoar on{ala \àf`~| lad bnrgcad on{ala Ajja`* caoa }n}~dff~`dwa ga |nja` bnr{nfadf on{ala b~`~j |ajg wadf aca| o~a| wadf |glao aoad {~|~}$ Lad Ajja` Caà Cndlndfar jafg Caà Cndfn|a`~g$ Q~r‗ad* ]~ra ad#Dg}aa‗ (<'* awa| 0; Baradf }ga{a wadf cndaa|g Ra}~j g|~* }n}~dff~`dwa ga |nja` cndaa|g Ajja`$ Lad baradf }ga{a wadf bnr{ajgdf (larg on|aa|ad g|~'* caoa Oacg |glao cndf~|~}c~ ~d|~o cndealg {ncnjgàra bafg cnrnoa$ Q~r‗ad* ]~ra aj#‐Adoab~~| (27'* awa| <9 Lad eadfadja` oac~ bnrlnba| lndfad A`jg Og|ab* cnjagdoad lndfad mara wadf {ajgdf bago* onm~ajg lndfad hradf#hradf jajgc lg ad|ara cnrnoa* lad oa|aoadja`5 ‚Oacg |nja` bnrgcad on{ala (og|ab#og|ab' wadf lg|~r~doad on{ala oacg lad wadf lg|~r~doad on{alac~? \~àd oacg lad \~àdc~ alaja` }a|~? lad oacg àdwa on{ala#Dwa bnr}nra` lgrg–$


77


Q~r‗ad* ]~ra aj#Ajg#Gcrad (='* awa| 2; Onc~lgad egoa cnrnoa cndlnba| oac~ (|nd|adf onbndarad G}jac'* caoa oa|aoadja`5 ‚Ao~ cndwnraòad lgrgo~ on{ala Ajja` lad (lncgogad {~ja' hradf#hradf wadf cndfgo~|go~–$ Lad oa|aoadja` on{ala hradf#hradf wadf |nja` lgbnrg Aj Og|ab lad on{ala hradf#hradf wadf ~ccg5 ‚A{aoa` oac~ (ca~' ca}~o G}jac8– Egoa cnrnoa ca}~o G}jac* }n}~dff~`dwa cnrnoa |nja` cndla{a| {n|~de~o* lad egoa cnrnoa bnr{ajgdf* caoa onvaegbad oac~ àdwaja` cndwac{agoad (awa|#awa| Ajja`'$ Lad Ajja` Caà Cnjgà| aoad àcba#àcba#Dwa$ Bnrgo~| alaja` lai|ar awa|² Q~r‗ad wadf |nja` lgba|ajoad hjn` A w a | [ n l a d f Q 7 5 > 5 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈

]~ra` >5 77 ]~ra` 2592 ]~ra` 251;7 ]~ra` >51= ]~ra` 956; ]~ra` 0591 ]~ra` 250= ]~ra` 251=7 ]~ra` 25171 ]~ra` 25172 ]~ra` =520 ]~ra` <59= ]~ra` <50; ]~ra` <501 ]~ra` <50< ]~ra` <57; ]~ra` >52 ]~ra` 95 99? 1;? 1>0 ]~ra` 6510=? 177 ]~ra` 1;5<1* <9* 77* 1;0* 1;7 ]~ra` 115121 ]~ra` 1=5<; ]~ra` 1>5=* 0>* 00* 7< ]~ra` 19502* 12>* 126 ]~ra` 165><

〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈 〈

]~ra` 1750< ]~ra` 2;51=;* 1=> ]~ra` 22590 ]~ra` 2=5><* 79 ]~ra` 2<5>< ]~ra` 205>> ]~ra` =;59; ]~ra` =25=; ]~ra` ==5<0 ]~ra` =<52> ]~ra` =751> ]~ra` <15=< ]~ra` <259* 1>* <0 ]~ra` <=50=* 07 ]~ra` <<5>7 ]~ra` <>51< ]~ra` <95=> ]~ra` >;5=7 ]~ra` >25<0 ]~ra` >=527 ]~ra` >050#7* 11 ]~ra` 6=51; ]~ra` 6950 ]~ra` 09516 ]~ra` 00522# 2< ]~ra` 1;759

]nbafgad C~}jgc lad a`jg G}jac eacad }noaradf cndmhba cnd~de~ooad ba`va G}jac alaja` afaca lacag* {nd~` oa}g`* }abar* |hjnrad* lad cndfao~g onbnba}ad


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bnrafaca$ Aoad |n|a{g* }nc~a awa|² jncb~| lg a|a} lgdwa|aoad C~àccal lg Cnoa` }aa| lga ca}g` jnca` lad àdwa {~dwa }nlgog| {ndfgo~| (}nog|ar 6; hradf }aea'$ Awa|² wadf cnjaradf onbnba}ad bnrafaca lad cndwa|aoad àdwa G}jac }aea wadf lg|nrgca Ajjâ` lgondaj }nbafag awa|² Cnlgda$ Bnrgo~| alaja` bnbnra{a mhd|h` awa|² Cnlgda wadf cndwa|aoad G}jac alaja` }a|~²dwa afaca wadf lg|nrgca Ajjâ`5

Q~r‗ad* ]~ra aj#Ajg#Gcrad (='* awa| 17 ]n}~dff~`dwa afaca (wadf lgrglag' lg }g}g Ajja` àdwaja` G}jac$ \gala bnr}njg}g` hradf#hradf wadf |nja` lgbnrg Aj Og|ab onm~ajg }n}~la` la|adf {ndfn|a`~ad on{ala cnrnoa* oarnda onlndfogad (wadf ala' lg ad|ara cnrnoa$ Baradf }ga{a wadf oaigr |nràla{ awa|#awa| Ajja` caoa }n}~dff~`dwa Ajja` }adfa| mn{a| `g}ab#Dwa$ Q~r‗ad* ]~ra aj#Ajg#Gcrad (='* awa| 0= Caoa a{aoa` cnrnoa cndmarg afaca wadf jagd larg afaca Ajja`* {alaàj on{ala#Dwa#ja` bnr}nra` lgrg }nfaja a{a wadf lg jadfg| lad lg b~cg* bago lndfad }~oa ca~{~d |nr{ao}a lad àdwa on{ala Ajja` ja` cnrnoa lgoncbajgoad$ Q~r‗ad* ]~ra aj#Ajg#Gcrad (='* awa| 0> Baradf }ga{a cndmarg afaca }njagd afaca G}jac* caoa }noajg#oajg |glaoja` aoad lg|nrgca (afaca g|~' larg{aladwa* lad lga lg ao`gra| |nrca}~o hradf# hradf wadf r~fg$ Q~r‗ad* ]~ra aj#Adiaaj (0'* awa| =7 Lad {nradfgja` cnrnoa* }~{awa eadfad ala ig|da` lad }~{awa afaca g|~ }nca|a#ca|a ~d|~o Ajja`$ Egoa cnrnoa bnr`nd|g (larg onoaigrad'* caoa }n}~dff~`dwa Ajja` Caà Cnjgà| a{a wadf cnrnoa onreaoad$ Q~r‗ad* ]~ra aj#\a~ba` (7'* awa| > (Awa| aj#]awi a|a~ Awa| [nladf' A{abgja }~la` àbg} b~jad#b~jad @arac g|~* caoa b~d~`ja` hradf#hradf c~}wrgogd g|~ lg cada }aea oac~ e~c{ag cnrnoa* lad |adfoa{ja` cnrnoa$ On{~dfja` cnrnoa lad gd|agja` lg |nc{a| {ndfgd|agad$ Egoa cnrnoa bnr|hba| lad cndlgrgoad }aja| lad cnd~dagoad uaoa|* caoa bnrgja` onbnba}ad on{ala cnrnoa ~d|~o bnreajad$ ]n}~dff~`dwa Ajja` Caà [ndfac{~d jafg Caà [ndwawadf$

[NRAC[HOAD BALR C~àccal lad {ndfgo~|dwa cnjao~oad badwao {n{nradfad lad wadf {ajgdf |nrondaj lgad|aradwa alaja` [nrac{hoad Balr lad [nradf ^`~l$ Lg Balr* C~}jgc cndfajaòad hradf² Cnoa`? }nladfoad lg ^`~l* hradf² Cnoa`ja` wadf cndfajaòad C~}jgc$ Lajac ~}aà {ndwnradfad lg Balr* avajdwa C~àccal lad


1;1


{ndfgo~|dwa fafaj cndmnfa| oajgia` Ab~ ]~iwad* {ncgc{gd ca}waraoa| Cnoa`* lajac {nreajad lafadfdwa on aj#]àc a|a~ ]wrga (Gbgl5 17795 1><* e~fa cndf~|g{ larg aj#@ajabg* aj#]gra* àj$ =6<'$ [ara C~}jgc gdfgd cndwnradf oaigja` lafadf Cnoa` ~d|~o cnrac{a} àr|a bndla cnrnoa$ Aoad |n|a{g* C~àccal lad {ara C~}jgc }aja` {nr`g|~dfad }n`gdffa onjhc{ho oaigja` |nja` |nrjade~r bnrjaj~ (Gbgl'$ Ab~ ]~iwad lad oaigja`dwa |gba lg aj#]àc lndfad }njaca|$

[n|a [n|a {ndw nrfa{ad o aigja` aigja` Cnoa` hjn` hjn` {nrac {ho C~}jgc lg [nrac [nrac {hoad Balr$

C~àccal |glao cndwnra` lad cnd~dff~ Ab~ ]~iwad lad oaigja`dwa oncbajg {~jadf on Cnoa`$ On|goa ca}waraoa| Cnoa` |a`~ ba`va C~àccal lad {ara C~}jgc onj~ar larg Cnlgda ~d|~o cndmhba cnrac{ho oaigja` cnrnoa* cnrnoa onj~ar larg Cnoa` ~d|~o cncbad|~ Ab~ ]~iwad$ \a{g Ab~ ]~iwad e~fa |nja` cndfn|a`~g ba`va C~àccal gdfgd cndwnradfdwa lajac {nreajadad {~jadf oncbajg on Cnoa`$ Lga bnrà}gj cndfnjab~g C~àccal lndfad cndmarg eaj~r {nreajadad jagd ~d|~o cndf`gdlarg {nr|goagad lndfad {gào C~}jgc$ On|goa {a}~oad Cnoa` cndfn|a`~g ba`va Ab~ ]~iwad cac{~ cndf`gdlarg }nradfad* cnrnoa cndfacbgj on{~|~}ad ‚~d|~o cnrawaoad on}njaca|ad àr|a cnrnoa lad `||{5((bnrg|ac~}jgc$vhrl{rn}}$mhc

1;2


cndnfaooad on`hrca|ad cnrnoa$– (Gbglg5 16>'$ Aoad |n|a{g* C~àccal wadf |nja` |nronmh` l~a oajg hjn` Ab~ ]~iwad bnron{~|~}ad ~d|~o cndwnradf {a}~oad Cnoa`$ E~cja` {a}~oad C~}jgc alaja` =;; hradf* }nladfoad {a}~oad Cnoa` alaja` 1;;; hradf$ [a}~oad C~}jgc |glao aoad cac{~ cndfajaòad {a}~oad Cnoa` egoa bnràla{ad jadf}~df$ Oarnda g|~ja` cnrnoa cnrndmadaoad }nradfad cndlalao$ Lg jagd {gào* {a}~oad Cnoa` |glao cndfgra C~}jgc aoad cndwnradf cnrnoa* }n`gdffa cnrnoa c~jag cgd~c² lad cndarg$ On|goa {a}~oad C~}jgc cndwnradf cnrnoa* {a}~oad Cnoa` }~la` }adfa| cabho lad |glao }ga{ bnr}ndea|a$ Cnd~r~| aj ]gra aj#@ajabgwa`* ‚Hradf² Q~rag}` Cnoa` bnrlgrg lndfad }adfa| |nrone~|* }n|nja` {nrawaad cnrnoa bnr~ba` lra}|g} larg cnc~o~j |acb~r* bnrdwadwg* lad cgd~c adff~r* cndealg {nr|~c{aàd lara` lad {nradf$– (Gbgl5 10;* q~h|gdf aj#@ajabg* aj}gra`* {$ =7>'$ Lndfad onalaad }n{nr|g g|~ caoa enja}ja` aja}ad }nbndardwa onoajaàd {a}~oad Cnoa` lad oncndadfad C~}jgc }~la`ja` enja}$ Cn}og{~d lncgogad* {ara {nd~jg} }neara` C~}jgc cnd~jg}oad ba`va oncndadfad {a}~oad C~}jgc alaja` oarnda {ara cajagoa| cncbad|~ cnrnoa bnr{nradf$ \abarg cnd~jg}oad* ‚Ab~ Gcaca| bnroa|a {ala {~|radwa* ‐Vaàg* {~|rao~* lg }aa| {nrg}|gva Balr* on|goa }aja` }a|~ larg oacg cndhlhdfoad {nladf on oaigr* on{aja oaigr g|~ ea|~` bnrf~jgr larg |~b~`dwa baòad }nbnj~c {nladf cndwnd|~`dwa$– (Gbgl5 2;0* cndf~|g{ aj#\abarg* àj$ <>='$ Gbd Abba} cndwa|aoad* ‚]aa| }hradf C~}jgc cndfnear }nhradf oaigr* lga cndlndfar jnm~|ad macb~o lg a|a} on{ajadwa lad }~ara wadf bnroa|a* ‐Cae~ |nr~}* @agu~c‗ (@agu~c alaja` o~ladwa }g Egbrgj'$ On|goa oaigr cnjgà| on c~oa* lga |nrea|~` on |ada`$ Jaj~ oacg jgà| `gl~dfdwa bnrlara` oarnda |nr{h|hdf hjn` jnm~|ad macb~o$ Lga |ac{ao ealg `gea~$ C~}jgc Ad}ar la|adf lad cnja{hroad àj gdg {ala Ra}~j Ajjâ`$ ]adf Dabg bnroa|a* ‐Oa~ cndfa|aoad wadf }nbndardwa$ G|~ alaja` bad|~ad larg }~rfa wadf on|gfa‗$– (Gbgl* cndf~|g{ larg aj#Bgàqg* àj$ >1#>2'$ Gbd aj#Ravadlg bnr|adwa* ‚Oncadaoa` {ara cajagoa| g|~ lg [nradf ^`~l on|goa Dabg bnr}ncb~dwg lgad|ara cawa|² lad |gala }nhradf {~d wadf la|adf cncbad|~dwa8– (Gbgl5 211* cndf~|g{ larg Gbra`gc Bg~hcg lajac G}jacgm [`gjh}h{`w (Igjh}hig G}jac'* àj$ 0='$

[NRADF ^@^L Oncndadfad Balr cncb~a| C~}jgc ealg {nd~` {nrmawa lgrg lad cnrnoa ealg bnradg cnjao~oad bnrbafag {ndwnradfad on badwao }~o~² Arab lad Wa`~lg$ Q~r‗ad cndnfa}oad ba`va Ajjâ` bnr{nradf bnr}aca cnrnoa lad cndfgrgcoad cajagoa|²dwa ~d|~o cncbad|~ C~}jgc cncnradfg c~}~`$ Badwao awa|² Q~r‗ad wadf cndenja}oad e~cja` bn}ar cajagoa| wadf bnrfab~df bnr}aca C~}jgc lg [nrac{hoad Balr ~d|~o cndfajaòad {a}~oad Cnoa`$

Q~r‗ad* ]~ra aj#Ajg#Gcrad* awa| 12<


1;=


(Gdfa|ja`'* on|goa oac~ cndfa|aoad on{ala hradf c~ocgd5 ‚A{aoa` |glao m~o~{ bafg oac~ Ajja` cncbad|~ oac~ lndfad |gfa rgb~ cajagoa| wadf lg|~r~doad (larg jadfg|'8– Q~r‗ad* ]~ra aj#A&raai* awa| 7 (Gdfa|ja`'* on|goa oac~ cnch`hd {nr|hjhdfad on{ala \~àdc~* jaj~ lg{nrondadoad#Dwa bafgc~5 ‚]n}~dff~`dwa Ao~ aoad cndla|adfoad baja bad|~ad on{alac~ lndfad }nrgb~ cajagoa| wadf la|adf bnr|~r~|#|~r~|–$ Aoad |n|a{g* lg [nradf ^`~l {gào C~}jgcja` wadf oaja` |njao lad C~àccal }ndlgrg |nrj~oa {ara`$ Lajac Q~r‗ad |nrmad|~c eadeg ba`va Ajjâ` aoad cncbad|~ {a}~oad C~}jgc lndfad =;;; }ac{ag >;;; |nd|ara cajagoa| lajac [nradf ^`~l$

Q~r‗ad* ]~ra aj#Ajg#Gcrad* 12< (Gdfa|ja`'* on|goa oac~ cndfa|aoad on{ala hradf c~ocgd5 ‚A{aoa` |glao m~o~{ bafg oac~ Ajja` cncbad|~ oac~ lndfad |gfa rgb~ cajagoa| wadf lg|~r~doad (larg jadfg|'8– 12> wa (m~o~{'* egoa oac~ bnr}abar lad bnr|aova lad cnrnoa la|adf cndwnradf oac~ lndfad }non|goa g|~ e~fa* dg}mawa Ajja` cndhjhdf oac~ lndfad jgca rgb~ Cajagoa| wadf cncaoag |adla$ 1>1 Aoad Oacg ca}~ooad on lajac à|g hradf#hradf oaigr ra}a |ao~|* lg}nbaboad cnrnoa cnc{nr}no~|~oad Ajja` lndfad }n}~a|~ wadf Ajja` }ndlgrg |glao cnd~r~doad on|nradfad |nd|adf g|~$ \nc{a| oncbajg cnrnoa gaja` dnraoa? lad g|~ja` }nb~r~o#b~r~o |nc{a| |gdffaj hradf#hradf wadf jajgc$ ]awadfdwa* eadeg² gdg |glao lg{nd~`g Ajjâ`* lad {a}~oad C~}jgc oaja` |njao$ Cnd~r~| Gbd Oa|`gr* aj#@ajabg* lad aj#Bgàqg* onoajaàd ^`~l alaja` oarnda {a}~oad C~}jgc cndgdffajoad |nc{a| {ndeafaaddwa lad bnrjarg ~d|~o cndla{a|oad {ara vadg|a Cnoa` wadf mad|go enjg|a$ [ara vadg|a Cnoa` cncadf }aa| g|~ go~| lajac {a}~oad Cnoa` on ^`~l* lnoa| Cnlgda`$ ‚Ao~ bnr}~c{a` lncg Ajjâ` ba`va ao~ cnjgà| vadg|a² oawa Cnoa` bnrjarg lad cndagog f~d~df lad {nr`ga}ad lad oaog cnrnoa |ac{ao oarnda cnrnoa cndfadfoa| bae~² cnrnoa }n`gdffa oaog² cnrnoa |nrjgà| enja}$ [ara |nd|ara C~}jgc wadf bnrala bnr}aca Abl Ajja` bgd U~bgar bnr}a`~|ad }a|~ }aca jagd* ‐Carg og|a onear earaàd {nradf* lad carg og|a |adfoa{ vadg|a² Cnoa` g|~$‗ ]n|nja` g|~* {ara |nd|ara C~}jgc jarg cndfnear oaog² vadg|a Cnoa` lad àr|a earaàd* lad cndgdffajoad {h}g}g {nr|aàdad cnrnoa$– (Gbgl5 2>7* cndf~|g{ larg Aj#@ajabg àj$ >;2* Gbd Oa|`gr* àj$ 2=* lad aj#Bgàqg àj$ 227'$ \ao|go c~dl~r {a}~oad Cnoa` lad vadg|a² Cnoa` wadf cnd~de~ooad `ga}ad lad oaog² cnrnoa wadf gdla` alaja` enbaoad wadf cnrnoa jao~oad {ala {a}~oad C~}jgc$ (Gbgl5 29;'$ Ca}waraoa| Cnoa` |a`~ }noajg {}gohjhfg |nd|ara C~}jgc$ Onbadwaoad C~}jgc cncadf bnrfab~df bnr}aca C~àccal lncg cndla{a|oad onoawaad lad vadg|a$ Oarnda g|~ja`* {a}~oad Cnoa` cnc{nrlawa cnrnoa lndfad bnr{~ra#{~ra oaja` lad cncbgaroad {ara vadg|a Cnoa` bnrjargad larg cnlad `||{5((bnrg|ac~}jgc$vhrl{rn}}$mhc

1;<


{nradf$ ]n|nja` {a}~oad C~}jgc cndgdffajoad {h}g}g bnr|aàddwa lad bnrjargad cndfnear {ara vadg|a Cnoa`* caoa {a}~oad Cnoa` wadf bnr}ncb~dwg lad lg{gc{gd hjn` Oàjgl bgd aj#Vajgl (wadf }aa| g|~ ca}g` oaigr' lad Gorgca bgd Ab~ Eaàj cndwnrfa{ C~}jgc ‚wadf }nladf }gb~o cnrac{ho lad cndeara`– (Gbgl'$ ]nradfad cndlalao {a}~oad Cnoa` cndwnbaboad {a}~oad C~}jgc onbgdf~dfad* }n`gdffa cnrnoa |ad{a }alar cajaàd }ajgdf bamho }a|~ }aca jagd (Gbgl* cndf~|g{ larg aj#@ajabg* àj$ 2;>'$ \nd|ara Oàjgl c~jag cncb~d~`g {a}~oad C~}jgc$ ]n|nja` {nr|ar~dfad cndealg }~jg|* {a}~oad C~}jgc jarg cndgdffajoad C~àccal* lad cndlaog f~d~df ~d|~o cndwnjaca|oad lgrg$ ]n|nja` lg|gdffaj }ndlgrgad bnfg|~ }aea* caoa C~àccal |ao {~dwa {gjgàd jagd onm~ajg jarg cndwnjaca|oad dwavadwa$ On|goa }nladf lgonear {a}~oad Cnoa`* C~àccal |nrea|~` lajac }nb~a` {arg| onmgj lad lga c~jag bnr|nrgao#|nrgao* ‚\hjhdf ao~ lg }gdg* vaàg C~}jgc* la|adfja` on }gdg* vaàg C~}jgc$ Ao~ja` Ra}~j Ajjâ`$– \a{g |ao ala }nhradf C~}jgc {~d wadf la|adf cndhjhdfdwa* }nladfoad {ada`² {a}~oad Cnoa` cndf`~eadgdwa larg bnrbafag ara`$– (Gbgl5291'$ Onealgad gdg lg|~jg} {~ja hjn` aj#\abarg }nbafag bnrgo~|5 ‚\a|oaja Dabg lg}nradf* {ara }aàba|dwa jarg cndgdffajoaddwa$ ]nbafgad larg cnrnoa bnrjarg bajgo on Cnlgda lad }nbafgad jagd cndlaog bnba|~ad lg {~dmao f~d~df$ ]ncnd|ara g|~* }adf Dabg |nr~} bnr|nrgao* ‐La|adf {alao~* b~lao² Ajjâ`* oncarg lad |hjhdfja` ao~ vaàg b~lao² Ajjâ`– (Gbgl'$ Lajac }aa| org|g} }n{nr|g g|~* Dabg C~}jgc |nrj~oa {ara hjn` }nradfad {a}~oad Cnoa`$ ‐A|~ba gbd Daig‗a bnrà}gj cndma{ag C~àccal lad cnc~o~j on{aja C~àccal$ ]nladfoad Abl Ajjâ` gbd ]wgàb cnc~o~j egla| Dabg }ac{ag cndfaogba|oad j~oa jnbar$ Gbd Qgca` aj#@arg|`g cnc~o~j {a|a` `gl~df lad ba`~ Dabg$ Jaj~ lga e~fa cndfàear Dabg lndfad }ndea|adwa }ac{ag ca}~o on lajac {g{g Dabg dad }~mg$ ]njaca cndfajacg {ndfàearad gdg* Ra}~j Ajjâ` cndenrg|#enrg| cgd|a |hjhdf$ Jaj~ Ra}~j Ajjâ` |nrea|~` on lajac {arg| on|goa gbd Qgca` cndwnradfdwa ~d|~o onl~a oajg lad cnc~o~j {~dlaodwa o~a|²$ Aoad |n|a{g l~a ja{g} bae~ {nradf Dabg r~{adwa cnjgdl~dfgdwa larg {~o~jad g|~* |a{g lga |nr~} cndfnj~` }aog| }njaca }nb~jad }n|nja` [nradf ^`~l$$$ Lajac }aa| org|g} g|~* {ne~adf C~}jgc {ncbnradg Ab~ Lgfada` cnjgà| Ra}~j Ajjâ` lajac onalaad org|g} lad bnrjarg cndnc~gdwa lad cndea|~òad |~b~`dwa lg a|a} |~b~` Dabg ~d|~o cnjgdl~dfgdwa$ [ada`² {a}~oad Cnoa` cndf`~eac |~b~`dwa }n`gdffa lga ca|g |nrb~d~`$ Lg }aa| wadf }aca* {ara }aàba| Dabg oncbajg cndnc~g Dabg lad cndfnj~aroad lga larg {arg| lad cndwnjaca|oad lgrg dago on f~d~df jafg$ ]n|nja` g|~* {a}~oad Cnoa` la|adf on |nc{a| lg cada C~àccal |alg |nrfnjn|ao$ On|goa cnrnoa cnjgà| C~}a‗al gbd ^cgar* cnrnoa cndfgra C~}a‗al alaja` Dabg$ Gbd Qgca` cndfgra C~}a‗al alaja` C~àccal* caoa lga cncb~d~`dwa$ Jaj~ Gbd Qgca` bnrjarg lndfad o~ladwa on ara` {a}~oad {afad }acbgj bnr|nrgao rgadf fncbgra* ‚Ao~ |nja` cncb~d~` C~àccal– (Gbgl5 291#29=* cndf~|g{ Aj# @ajabgwa* àj$ >;>* >1=* aj#\abarg* àj$ >17#>2;* Gbd Oa|`gr* àj$ >9* aj#]~àgjg* àj$ 1>=* lad aj#Bgàqg* àj$ 2=0'$


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\nrgaoad Gbd Qgca` wadf cndfgra lga |nja` cncb~d~` C~àccal lg}nb~| {ara }nearavad C~}jgc }nbafag ‐\nrgaoad ]n|ad‗ (Gbgl5 29='$ Aoad |n|a{g* aj#Qgcdg bnr{ndla{a| ba`va |nrgaoad g|~ e~}|r~ |nja` cndwnjaca|oad C~}jgc lad Dabg cnrnoa$ (Gbgl'$ [nradf ^`~l bnrao`gr lndfad onoajaàd C~àccal lad |nd|aradwa$ [gào Cnoa` cndfao`grg {nradf oarnda cndfgra C~àccal |nja` ca|g$ Cn}og{~d badwao C~}jgc |nrb~d~` lad jnbg` badwao jafg lg|adfoa{ }nbafag |avadad* |a{g onca|gad @acua`* {acad C~àccal* cnr~{aoad on`gjadfad |nrbn}ar bafg {gào C~}jgc }aa| g|~$ Cnd~r~| aj#Bgàqg* ^}cad (wadf dad|gdwa ealg Oajgia` on#=' lad bnbnra{a |ncaddwa oab~r cnjargoad lgrg ‚on |nc{a| wadf bnrdaca aj#]`gqra` wadf ea~`dwa 6; cgj larg Cnlgda$ Cnrnoa oncbajg on Cnlgda }n|nja` cndlndfar Dabg oncbajg on Wa|`rgbCnlgad bnr}aca |nd|ara C~}jgc wadf ca}g` `gl~{$ ^}cad lad |ncad²dwa oncbajg larg |nc{a| {nr}ncb~dwgad cnrnoa }n|nja` |gfa àrg$– (Gbgl5 262* cndf~|g{ larg aj#Bgàqg* àj$ =1;'$

[NR\NC[^RAD BADG Q^RAGUA ]n{nr|g lg}nb~|oad bab }nbnj~cdwa ba`va aja}ad ~|aca {ncbad|agad }~o~ Wa`~lg larg badg Q~ragua alaja` cndwgdfogroad Wa`~lg larg }~o~ |nrao`gr lg Calgda`$ C~àccal cnd~l~` cnrnoa ba`va cnrnoa cnjadffar {nreadegad lndfad lga lad bnrndmada cncb~oa {a}~oad cnrnoa ~d|~o bnr}no~|~ lndfad }~o~#}~o~ Cnooa` cnjavad C~}jgc lg [nr|nc{~rad$ Bafagcada{~d* }nbafag a} aj#Qgcdg Dac~d* aj# Qgcdg* cncb~o|goad ba`va hradf#hradf Wa`~lg wadf |glao bnr}aja` larg |~l~àd |nr}nb~|$ ]nbndardwa C~àccal#ja` wadf àr~} lg}ajaòad oarnda cnjadffar {nreadegad |nr}nb~|$ ^d|~o jnbg` enja}dwa }gjaòad jgà| }~b#bab }nbnj~cdwa… [ala bafgad ao`gr b~o~ gdg* og|a aoad cnjgà| bafagcada gdl~o b~o~ G}jac cndffacbaroad {ncbad|agad |nrealg$ ]adf Dabg bnroa|a ‚egoa ala hradf wadf cndlndfar lad cnca|~`g* }nàr~}dwa |glao cnjao~oad lha A}r>0 onm~ajg badg Q~ragua (Gbgl5 =71* cndf~|g{ larg aj#\abarg aj# \argo` {$ \argo` aj#\abarg àj >71'$ Aj#Bgàqg cndmnrg|aoad ba`va ‚Dabg {nrfg onj~ar lad cnjnva|g bnbnra{a hradf Badg Q~rgua` lad bnr|adwa on{ala cnrnoa5 a{aoa` ala hradf cnjnva|g adla8– Cnrnoa bnroa|a5 ‚La`ga aj#Oajgb >7 cnjnva|g eajad gdg lndfad cndfndlarag o~la wadf gdla`$– ]adf Dabg cncbaja}5 ‚G|~ b~oad La`ga |n|a{g cajagoa| Egbrgj* lacag ala {aladwa* lgogrgc on badg Q~ragua ~d|~o cndff~dmao cnrnoa lad cndgcb~joad on|ao~|ad lajac à|g cnrnoa– ‚(Gbgl* cndf~|g{ larg aj#Bgàqg* aj#Lajagj {$ Lajagj aj#àj 7'$ Gbd~ Oa|}gr* aj#\abarg* lad Aj# Bagàqg* cnd~|~road lgajhf ad|ara ad|ara }adf Dabg lad lad hradf#hradf Wa`~lg Badg Q~rgua` |ao~|* bnr}aca#}aca cndfgo~|g* }nbafag bnrgo~|5

C~àccal5 H` }a~lara chdwn| lad babg$ >0 Lha on|gfa {ala }gadf àrg$ >7 La`ga aj#Oajgb alaja` }nhradf {nc~la c~}jgc wadf }adfa| |ac{ad$ Dabg cndfa|aoad ba`va }n|ga{ oajg cajagoa| Egbrgj cndac{aooad lgrg on{aladwa ga c~dm~j lajac bnd|~o }nhradf {nc~la |ac{ad gdg$


1;9


Hradf#hradf Wa`~lg wadf fncn|ar cndeavab5 H` Ab~ Aj#Qa}gc*9; ndfoa~ b~oad hradf eaà|! (Gbgl* =72* cndf~|g{ larg Gbd~ Oa|}gr* aj#Bnlawga {$ aj# Bnlawga àj 12;'$ Dabg bnr}nr~ on{ala cnrnoa5 H` }a~lara chdwn|$ A{aoa` Ajja` cndfnmn# vaoadc~ lad cndfgrgc {alac~ o~|~oad#Dwa8 Hradf Q~ragua cncaàcg {n}ad lad cndeavab lajac on|ao~|ad5 H` Abg aj# Qa}gc* ndfoa~ b~oad hradf bhlh` (Gbgl* cndf~|g{ larg aj#Bgàqg* aj#\argo` àj >02'$ Hradf#hradf Wa`~lg Q~ragua |nr~} cnch`hd on{ala C~àccal lad cncgd|a {aladwa ~d|~o cndfgrgcoad cnrnoa }a|~ larg }no~|~ cnrnoa$ ]nhradf {rga lndfad daca Abg Jgbaba` bgd Abl aj#D~ugar aj#Ava}g$ On|goa Abg Jgbaba` ca}~o lajac {a}~oad cnrnoa* {rga#{rga badfog|* vadg|a# vadg|a cndadfg} lad adao#adao e~fa bnr|nrgao on{aladwa$ On|goa lga cnjgà| cnrnoa* lga cndnc~oad on}ajnàd larg{ala cnrnoa$ Cnrnoa bnroa|a on{aladwa5 H` Abg Jgbaba`* a{aoa` ndfoa~ {gogr oacg }nàr~}dwa {nrfg onj~ar ~d|~o cnc{nr|gcbadfoad C~àccal8 Lga bnroa|a5 Wa$ Onc~lgad lga cndffnraooad |adfaddwa (earg' cnjgd|a}g jn`nrdwa* wadf bnrar|g {ncb~d~àd! Jaj~ on|~a cnrnoa* Oa&ab bgd A}aal bnroa|a on{ala raowa|dwa5 Carg og|a cndfgo~|g C~àccal lad {nrmawa on{aladwa$ Cnrnoa cndeavab5 Oacg |glao aoad cndgdffajoad {nreadegad \a~ra| }njaca# dwa$ Lga bnroa|a on{ala cnrnoa5 Oaja~ bnfg|~ carg og|a b~d~` adao#adao og|a lad {nrnc{~ad lad {nrfg on C~àccal Cnrnoa bnroa|a5 Aoadoa` og|a cncb~d~` adao#adao lad vadg|a wadf |glao bnrbaàwa gdg8 A{a f~dadwa `gl~{ }n|nja` onca|gad cnrnoa8 (Gbgl5 =7=#=7<* cndf~|g{ larg aj#\abarg àj >0='$ Ao`grdwa hradf Badg Q~ragua cnc~|~}oad ~d|~o {nrfg onj~ar lad bnr|nc~ C~àccal* bnràra{ ba`va }~o~#}~o~ Cnlgdgad aoad cndfn|ndfaòad cnrnoa lndfad }adf dabg lad cncgd|a lga ~d|~o cndfgrgc cnrnoa lndfad vadg|a lad adao#adao cnrnoa onj~ar larg Wa|`rgb }n{nr|g lga jao~oad }nbnj~c lndfad l~a }~o~ Wa`~lg jagddwa$ Bnfg|~ {rga#{rga Wa`~lg c~dm~j lajac {a}~oad cnrnoa* }adf dabg cndw~r~` adao b~a`dwa ~d|~o cndfgoa| cnrnoa lndfad |ajg lad cnrnoa bnrbarg} cncadeadf (Gbgl5 =7<* cndf~|g{ irhc aj#\abarg* aj#\argo` `jc$ >0='$ Jaj~ }adf dabg cncgd|a adao b~a`dwa ~d|~o cndffajg bnrbafag }aj~rad lg lajac oh|a (Gbgl'$ ]n|nja` bnfg|~ badwao {ncbnjaad larg {ncgc{gd }~o~ Cnlgdgad* aj#Oàrgq* lad aj# Ava}* C~àccal }n{aoa| ba`va ]a‗al bgd C~‗aau àr~} cndnd|~oad da}gb hradf# hradf Wa`~lg (Gbgl* cndf~|g{ irhc aj#\abarg `jc$ >09'$

9; Awa` larg Ab~ aj#Qa}gc$ Dabg lg{adffgj lndfad }nb~|ad g|~ oarnda ga cncgjgog adao jaog#jaog lndfad daca wadf }aca$


1;6


Aj#\abarg cnrgvawa|oad ba`va ]a&al bgd C~&aau }nladf }noara|$ ]njaca {ndfn# {~dfad larg oh|a lndfad }nradfad adao {ada` cnwnradf |adfaddwa lad cndwnba{oad |nr{~|~}dwa larg }aja` }a|~ cnrnoa {ala }araidwa$ ]adf dabg bnr~}aà cndwncb~òadwa lndfad cncada}oad {ao~ lad cncbaoar }araidwa$ Lajac {rao|nodwa* C~àccal bnr{gogr ba`va {ndlaraàd aoad bnr`nd|g$ Dac~d* cncbaoar {ao~ cajaàd cnc{nrb~r~o j~oa lad cndwnbaboad }arai cncbndfoao$ On|goa dabg cndf~jadfg {nrjao~ad wadf }aca }arai cnjnlao (Gbgl5 =7>'$ Lajac onalaad }noara| g|~ ]a‗al cndadfg} on{ala dabg$ On|goa C~àccal cnjgà|dwa* ga cncnrgd|aòad hradf Wa`~lg ~d|~o bnrlgrg afar cnrnoa o~a}ag$ On|goa ]a‗al lgjn|aooad on bava` hjn` wadf cncbavadwa* }adf dabg cncgd|a lga ~d|~o cndealg àogc {ala cnrnoa$ Lga bnroa|a* }awa cndf`~o~c cnrnoa ba`va jaog#jaog àr~} lg`~o~c ca|g* onoawaad cnrnoa lgbafg* lad vadg|a cnrnoa lglg}|rgb~}goad }nbafag eavarg lg oajadfad ~ca| G}jac$ ]adf dabg bnroa|a on{aladwa5 ‚Adla |nja` cndea|~òad `~o~cad {ala cnrnoa lndfad {ndgjagad Ajja` wadf |nja` lgbnrgoad on{ala Adla larg }~rfa |gdfoa| on|~e~`$– (Gbgl5 =7>* cndf~|g{ aj#\abarg* aj# \argo` àj >09* {ndnoadad {ala wadf a}jg'$ [ncbad|agad cndfnrgoad g|~ lgfacbaroad hjn` aj#\abarg }nbafag bnrgo~|5 91

Cnrnoa cncbava |nrjnbg` l~j~ c~}~` Ajja`* @~awa bgd Aoà|ab * }ncnd|ara |adfaddwa lggoa| on jn`nrdwa lndfad |ajg$ On|goa @~awa cnjgà| Ra}~jajja`* Ra}~jajja`* ga bnroa|a o n{aladw a5 ‚Ao~ ‚Ao~ bnr}~c {a` l ncg Ajja`* }awa |glao {nrda` {nrda` c ndwa jaòad l grg }ndlgrg* }ndlgrg* oarnda o nbndmgad nbndmgad adla $– On Onc c ~lgad* @~a wa bnr{ajgdf bnr{ajgdf on{ala hrad f#hradf lad bnroa |a5 ‚v ‚v aàg hradf#hradf w adf | glao ala on|ao~|ad larg {ndfàogcad lad og|ab Ajja`* g|~ alaja` }~a|~ on`hrca|ad wadf lg|~jg} hjn` Ajja` on{ala adao#adao G}ranj ~d|~o ca|g }nbafag }nbafag c ar|gr$– On Onc c ~lgad* ga l ~l~o lad jn`nrdwa jn`nrdwa lg{ndffaj $$$ Ajg bgd bgd \àjgb lad aj#Ugbgar |nr~} cnc~o~j jn`nr cnrnoa $$$ Lga}~c}goad ba`va lara` cnrnoa cndma{ag ba|~ cgdwao wadf bnrala lg {a}ar (Gbgl5 =79* cndf~|g{ larg aj#\abarg* aj#&\arg aj#&\argo` o` `jc$ >00#>07'$

Dara|hr |nd|adf }gra* bnrbnla lajac e~cja` hradf#hradf Wa`~lg wadf |nrb~d~` {ala àrg g|~$ Bnbnra{a hradf cndfa|aoad 9;;* ala wadf 6;;* 0;;* 7;; (bgl5 =79'$ Aj#Qgccg cndwa|aoad* ‚lad oacg bnjaear cnjaj~g varg}ad b~lawa oacg }n}~a|~ wadf bar~ |nrealg lajac {ncba|ad|agad g|~$ [ncbad|agad g|~ |glao àdwa |nrealg {ala jaog#jaog* |n|a{g |nrca}~o bhma` jaog#jaog e~fa– (Gbgl5 =70 cnr~e~o {ala aj# \abarg$ `jc >71'$ Jaj~ ohrbad#ohrbad |nr}nb~| lgo~b~r lajac j~badf wadf bn}ar wadf |nja` lgfajg hjn` c~}jgc$ Cnd~r~| dara|hr |nd|adf }gra* Ajja` cndfàrfag ]a‗al bgd C~‗aau oarnda on{~|~}addwa wadf |n{a| lad onca|gaddwa }n|nja` {ncbad|agad g|~ |nealg$ ]adf cajagoa| Egbrgj la|adf on{ala dabg lg|ndfa` cajac lad cndfa|aoad on{aladwa ba`va on|goa ]a‗al bgd C~‗aau cndgdffaj* |ao`|a Ajja` |nrf~dmadf lajac 91 Lga alaja` awa` larg ]aig wa bgd|g @~awa wadf }~acg* }a~lara* lad awa`dwa lg b~d~` hjn` C~àccal lad onc~lgad lgealgoad }nbafag g}|rgdwa$ ^d|~o ln|agj jnbg` jade~| jgà| bab |nrao`gr* ]oadlaj Dgoa` C~àccal$


1;0


on`hrca|adwa$ ]njagd g|~* {ncaoacaddwa lgàlgrg hjn` 6;;;; cajagoa| (Gbgl5 =76* cndf~|g{ larg aj#Bgàqg `jc 20#27'$ ]nladfoad e~cja` baradf rac{a}ad wadf lg`g|~df hjn` ]a‗al alaja` 1>;; {nladf* =;; bae~ bn}g* 1;;; |hcbao* 1>;; {nrg}ag* lad badwao ~d|a lad }a{g$ Cndfndag vadg|a* e~cja` cnrnoa jnbg` bn}ar larg {rga c~}jgc$ Hjn` oarnda g|~* }n|ga{ hradf c~}jgc cndla{a| bafgaddwa larg {nrnc{~ad Wa`~lg* }g}adwa lge~aj }nbafag b~lao on{ala hradf Dafgl$ C~àccal cndfacbgj Rawàda bgd|g ^carh$ Gbd~ Oa|}gr cnrgvawa|oad ba`va* ‚}adf dabg bnroa|a on{ala Rawàda ba`va ga aoad cncbnba}oaddwa larg {nrb~laoad egoa cndgoa`gdwa$ Bafagcada{~d* Ra`wada cncgjg` ~d|~o |n|a{ |gdffaj lajac {nrb~laoad* wadf ga {nrmawa jnbg` la{a| ga |aàd larg {ala cndgoa` lndfad C~àccal$ Lga cndhjao ~d|~o cndnrgca G}jac lad cnc~|~}oad ~d|~o |n|a{ `gl~{ }nbafag hradf Wa`~lg lad cndealg b~lao }n~c~r `gl~{dwa– (Gbgl5 <;1* cndf~|g{ Gbd~ Oa|}gr* aj# Bnlawa* `jc$ 120 adl aj#\abarg* aj#\argo`* `jc$ >72'$ [rga lad Vadg|a wadf lgb~d~` oarnda cnrnoa cndforg|go C~àccal5

A}ca bgd|g Carvad* larg Badg ^cawwa` Gbd Uawl$ A}ca alaja` g}|rg Waugl Gbd Uagl Gbd aj#Oà|cg @g}d$ Lga la`~j~ cndforg|go G}jac* cndf`gda dabg lad cndfaeao hradf#hradf ~d|~o cnjavad C~àccal$ Lga cndw~}~d awa|# awa| wadf cada ga cndforg|go }adf dabg$ C~àccal cndfgrgc ^car bgd Alg ~d|~o {nrfg lad cncb~d~`dwa$ ^car la|adf {aladwa lg cajac àrg lad cnca}~og r~ca`dwa on|goa adao#adao A}ca }nladf |nr|gl~r lg}nog|ar A}ca$ Ala }a|~ wadf }nladf lga }~}~g (dn|no'$ Onc~lgad ^car cndmarg#marg A}ca lndfad |adfaddwa oarnda lga b~|a* lad cncg}aòad adao g|~ larg A}ca (gb~dwa'$ ^car cnd~}~ooad {nladfdwa lg lala A}ca }ac{ag cndncb~} on {~dff~dfdwa$ Jaj~ {afg àrgdwa* ^car cncbnrgoad oabar gdg on{ala dabg lg aj#calgda`$ Onc~lgad Ra}~jja` bnroa|a on{aladwa5 ‚A{aoa` ndfoa~ cncb~d~` {~|rg Carvad8– ^car cndeavab5 ‚Wa* a{aoa` ala }n}~a|~ wadf jnbg` bago ~d|~o }awa jao~oad8– C~àccal5 ‚\glao! 2 oacbgdf aoad lg{nr}ncbaòad ~d|~o cnrawaoaddwa– Oa|a#oa|a gdg wadf |nrjnbg` la`~j~ |nrlndfar larg ra}~jajja`$ Ra}~jajja` cncadffgjdwa ^car ‚aj#ba}gr– (wadf cnjgà|'$ (Gbd ]akl‗} Og|ab aj#\abaqa| aj#Ohbara* yhj~cn 2* `jc$ =1'$ Ab~ Aiao* }nhradf {rga }adfa| |~a (ohdhd 12; |a`~d' |nja` lgb~d~` oarnda ga cndfnmac C~àccal$ [nrb~a|ad gdg lgjao~oad hjn` ]ajnc bgd ^car a|a} {nrgd|a` dabg* wadf cncgd|a5 ‚]ga{a wadf aoad bnr~r~}ad lndfad baegdfad gdg ~d|~o }awa8– [ncb~d~àd ~d|~o hradf |~a wadf cndgr~ {ndwagr vadg|a* A}ca bgd|g Carvad* ~d|~o cnd~jg} awa| |glao `hrca| |nd|adf Dabg* lad lga e~fa lgb~d~`$ Abl~jja` Gbd~ ]a&al bgd Abg ]ar`$ C~àccal }n{nr|g wadf |nja` |nr|~jg} lg|~r~doad awa|#awa| ~d|~odwa$ ]aja` }a|~ {nd~jg}dwa alaja` kAbl~jja` gbd~ ]a‗al bgd Abg ]ar`$ ]n{nr|g ]ar` cnd~jg} |~r~ddwa va`w~ wadf lg}ac{agoad C~àccal*


1;7


ga }nrgdf cncb~a| }arad ~d|~o cndgdfoa|oad oncac{~ad bnrbaà}a cnrnoa$ C~àccal }nrgdf }n|~e~ lad cndfgo~|g {nr~baàd wadf lgb~a| hjn` ]ar`$ [ala ao`grdwa ]ar` cndgdffajoad G}jac* oarnda ga cndfn|a`~g ba`va va`w~#va`w~ g|~ b~oad bnra}aj larg Ajja`* egoa }nogradwa bhjn` lg~ba`#~ba`$ Onc~lgad* }n|nja` {ndaoj~oad Cnooa`* C~àccal cndfgdfgdoad onca|gad ]ar`$ ]n}nhradf larg aj# Ad}ar |nja` bnr}~c{a` ~d|~o cncb~d~` Gbd Abg ]ar` (}~la` lg}nb~|oad Abl~jja`' egoa lga cnjgà|dwa$ ^}cad wadf }a~lara adfoa| lga (Gbd Abg ]ar`' la|adf lad cndndfa`g lga lndfad dabg$ Ad}arg cnd~dff~ }gdwaj larg dabg ~d|~o cncb~d~`dwa$ ^}cad cndndfa`g lad lga (C~àccal' cncbgaroad lga {nrfg$ Onc~lgad Ra}~j Ajja` bnroa|a on{ala Ad}arg* ‚Cndfa{a ndfoa~ |glao cncnd~`g }~c{a`c~8 Lga (Ad}ar' bnroa|a5 ‚h Ra}~j Ajja`!* ao~ |nja` cndwga{oad {nladf lg|adfado~* lad cnd~dff~ }gfdaj adla ~d|~o cncb~d~`dwa$– ]adf dabg bnroa|a5 ‚}gfdaj aoad cnjadffar gcad$ Cncb~a| }gfdaj b~oad mgrg oà} dabg$– (Gbd~ ]a&al lajac Og|ab aj#\abaqa| aj#Ohbara$ `jc 16<' Ogdada` aj# Rabg* wadf cndealg {ndeafa larg varg}ad Bad~ Dalgr* |nja` lgbava on{ala Ra}~j wadf cndadwaoaddwa$ Lga cndwadfoaj ba`va lga cndhjao cndfa|aoad lg cada varg}ad g|~ bnrala$ ]nhradf Wa`~lg la|adf (\abarg cndfa|aoad ‚lgbava–'* on{ala Ra}~j lad bnroa|a ba`va ga |nja` cnjgà| Ogdada bnronjgjgdf }nb~a` rnr~d|~àd }n|ga{ {afg$ On|goa ra}~j bnroa|a on{ala Ogdada* ‚A{aoa` Adla |a`~ ba`va egoa og|a cndnc~oadc~ cncgjgog varg}ad g|~ ao~ aoad cncb~d~`c~8– Lga bnroa|a* ‚Wa–$ Onc~lgad Ra}~j cncnrgd|aòad ba`va rnr~d# |~àd g|~ àr~} lgfajg lad bnbnra{a àr|a oar~d g|~ lg|nc~oad$ On|goa ga (ra}~j' bnr|adwa on{aladwa (Ogdada`' |nd|adf }g}adwa* lga cndhjao ~d|~o cncbnrg|a`~# oaddwa* ealg ra}~j cncnrgd|aòad aj#U~bawr Aj#Avvac* ‚}go}a lga }ac{ag ndfoa~ cndffajg a{a wadf lga on|a`~g$– Ealg lga (U~bawr' cndwajaoad }nb~a` a{g lndfad bara a{g lad baea lg laladwa (Ogdada`' `gdffa ga àc{gr ca|g$ Onc~lgad Ra}~j cndfgrgcoad lga ~d|~o C~àccal bgd Ca}jaca lad lga cnc~o~j on{ajadwa (Gbd G}àq* ]gra| Ra}~jajja` &Bghfraig Ra}~j~jja`&* àj =6'$ Abl~jja` Oà|aj larg B$ \awc b$ Fàjgb$ Lga {nrda` cndealg c~}jgc lad lg~|~} Ra}~j~jja` ~d|~o cndf~c{~joad uaoa| bnr}aca }nhradf Ad}àr lndfad lgbad|~ }nhradf bnoa} b~lao wadf |nja` cnrlnoa ~d|~o cnjawadgdwa$ (Lga alaja` C~}jgc'$ On|goa cnrnoa bnr`nd|g* ga cncnrgd|aòad b~laodwa ~d|~o cncb~d~` }nnohr oacbgdf ~d|~o lgrgdwa lad cndwga{oad bnbnra{a caoadad* lad bnrfnfa} ~d|~o |gl~r$ On|goa ga badf~d* hradf wadf lg}~r~`dwa l g}~r~`dwa bnj~c cnjao~oad a{a#a{a* }n`gdffa ga cndwnradf lad cncb~d~` b~lao g|~ lad c~r|al$ Lga cncgjgog l~a {ndwadwg vadg|a* Iar|ada lad |ncaddwa wadf lgf~daoad ~d|~o cndwadwgoad jaf~#jaf~ org|goad a|a~ onmacad |nràla{ ra}~j* }n`gdffa ga cncnrgd|aòad afar cnrnoa lgb~d~` lndfad lga$ Oà|aj lg{nrgd|aòad ~d|~o lgb~d~`* b~oad oarnda lga cncb~d~` b~lao jaog#jaogdwa* }nhradf C~}jgc* |n|a{g oarnda ga c~r|al$ @~o~c G}jac |glao cnc{nrbhjnòad }nhradf {rga c~}jgc ~d|~o lg`~o~c ca|g oarnda cncb~d~` }nhradf b~lao* wadf Wa`~lg* Org}|nd* a|a~ a{a{~d wadf dhd#C~}jgc$ [ala àrg {ndaoj~oad* Ra}~j~jja` cnca}~og Cnoa`* cndff~daoad {nd~|~{ on{aja$ On|goa Ra}~j~jja` cnjn{a} {nd~|~{ on{ajadwa*


11;


}n}nhradf la|adf lad bnroa|a* ‚Gbd Oà|aj }nladf cncadea| lgdlgdf Oaba`–$ Ra}~jjaja` bnroa|a* ‚B~d~` lga!– Gbd Oà|aj ao`grdwa lgb~d~` lg Oaba`$ Dabg cncnrgd|aòad onl~a falg} b~lao ~d|~o lgb~d~` oarnda cndwadwg jaf~#jaf~ wadf bnrg}g org|goad |nd|adf lga$ (]gra` Gbd~ G}àq ” Og|ab ]neara` Dabg \nr|~a$ C~àccal bgd Wa}ar bgd G}àq$ C~àcalgwa` ^dgynr}g|w [rn}}* 2;;=* egjgl =* àjacad ><”>>'* (]a`g` B~oàrg* yhj~cn > dhchr >02* Lgog}aòad hjn` Ada} bgd Cajgo' ]nhradf vadg|a }~dlaj larg @alraca~|$ Onca|gad C~àccal lgrawaoad lndfad }~oamg|a hjn` 29 vadg|a badf}avad lg @alraca~|* }nb~a` oh|a lg Wacad$ ]nearavad C~}jgc cndwnb~| cnrnoa ‚vadg|a }~dlaj larg @alraca~|$– [nrawaad gdg lgrgvawa|oad hjn` Gbd~ @abgb aj#Baf`lalg lajac b~o~dwa* ‚Og|ab aj#C~àbbar–5 ‚Ala lg @alrac a~| 9 v adg|a* larg Ogdla Ogdla lad @alrac a~|* wadf c ndfg# ndfg# dfgdoad onca|gad Dabg Ajja`* oarnda g|~ cnrnoa (on|goa cndlndfar bnrg|a' lgmnj~{ |adfad cnrnoa lndfad `ndda lad bnrcagd {ala rnbada$ Bafg cnrnoa* onj~ar larg {njam~rad lg @alraca~| cnjao~oad àj wadf }aca }n`gdffa }nog|ar 2; {nrnc{~ad acn` bnrfab~df lndfad 9 vadg|a |nr}nb~|$ Dac~d* Gbd @abgb bnr|nd|adfad {nrdwa|aaddwa ba`va {nrnc{~ad &}~dlaj& on|goa ga c ndffac baroad c nrnoa }nbafag }nbafag ‚L~a ‚L~a hradf d ndno* }a|~ }a|~ gb~* lad |~e~` fa lg} c ~la$ \gfa larg l~ a bnja} c gjgo gjgo A}`rai (‚onja} badf}av ad–' ad–' lad nc{a| larg }~o~ Ogdla`* Ogdla`* }nb~a` }nb~a` }~o~ onraeaad wad f lgbnrgoad lgbnrgoad Wac ad lndfad raea#raeadwa$–

L~a {ncgc{gd C~}jgc cnd~jg} }~ra| on{ala Oàjgia` Ab~ Baoar lad cnja{hroad amara$ On|goa bnrg|a g|~ }ac{ag on{ala oàjgia` |nrjnbg` l~j~* Ab~ Baoar* ga cnd~jg} {n}ad oncbajg ba`va |adfad {nrnc{~ad g|~ àr~} lg{h|hdf$ Cndfgo~|g {nrgd|a` oàjgia`* 29 hradf vadg|a lg`~o~c }nmara cndfnrgoad lndfad cncndffaj |adfad cnrnoa$


111


ON]GC[^JAD C~dfogd mara |nrbago ~d|~o cndfao`grg b~o~ gdg alaja` cndf~|g{ {arafrai {nd~|~{ Mnrg|a nrg|a Wa df \glao C~àccal A}fàr lajac b~o~dwa* ‚C^@ AC CAL ) G]JAC 5 M Lgbn Lgbnrg|a`~ rg|a`~ ]nbnj~c ]nbnj~c dw a–$ A{a {~d {ndwnbab onca|gaddwa (C~àccal'* on{nrfgaddwa cndfao`grg {nrghln |gradg wadf {adeadf$ Onca|gaddwa cncbnba}oad g}|rgdwa larg {nrb~laoaddwa? Gdg e~fa cncb~a| on|ndadfad on{ala hradf#hradf oaigr wadf ga lg{ao}a cndgdffajoad gcad jnj~`~r cnrnoa lad e~fa cndf`gjadfoad bawadf#bawadf {nladf lg cada# cada larg on{aja hradf Wa`~lg$ [ala onjade~|addwa* lga cnvarg}oad }a|~ }n| lho|rgd afaca* wadf |nja` cnc{ndfar~`g on`gl~{ad }ne~cja` bn}ar {ndfgo~|dwa* baòad }n|nja` onca|gaddwa 1<;; |a`~d wadf jaj~$ ]ncnd|ara bnbnra{a aearad#aearaddwa |nja` |nrb~o|g bnr{nrad lajac cnj~c{~òad on`gl~{ad badwao {ndfgo~|dwa }ndlgrg* cndmg{|aoad {nr{nmaàd lad onbndmgad {ala cnrnoa cad~}ga wadf cndfgo~|g bnrbafag igj}aia| `gl~{$ Ajja`~ Aobar*la}ardwa alaja` |nrgaoad {nradf G}jac* |nrdwa|a ca}g` badwao ~ca| G}jac |nrjgba| lajac {nr|nc{~rad* onr~}~àd ad|ar afaca lad ohdijgo }no|argad cndealg bgda|adf b~a}? wadf lgojagc cndla{a| l~o~dfad larg cajagoa| cnjavad oaigr* lad dnfara#dnfara jnca` wadf g}jac cndla{a| |ad|adfad cndfab~dfoad dnfara gdl~}|rg l~dga$ [ncb~d~àd hradf Wa`~lg hjn` C~àccal lad aearad onbndmgad |nràla{ cnrnoa (>5><'* ca}g` ca}g` cndfà}gjoad ongdfgdad wadf bnra{g#a{g lg }nbafgad bn}ar C~}jgc ~d|~o cndfà{~}ad }nc~a hradf Wa`~lg larg c~oa b~cg lad {adffgjad ~d|~o cncb~d~` hradf oaigr oa{ad{~d lad lg cada{~d cnrnoa bnrala lg|nc~oad (>75>' alaja` }~cbnr gd}{gra}g ~|aca bafg badwao {ndfgo~|dwa ~d|~o |nrjgba| }ndlgrg lajac {ncb~d~àd }nc~a @gdl~ l~dga$ Aearad#Dwa bnr{nradf* }n{nr|g Bnrdarl Jnvg} |nja` cnd~de~ooad lajac b~o~dwa* ‚Org}g} G}jac*– lgadffa{ hjn` badwao ~ca| G}jac cndealg onvaegbad bafg cnrnoa ~d|~o ‚cndfàdm~road }nj~r~` l~dga }nbnj~c radmadfad ongcadad cnrnoa |nd|adf onbadfog|ad oàjgia` G}jac la{a| lgrnajg}a}goad (A}fàr bafgad 1='$

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Abl aj#Falgr* A}àrai Abl aj#Ia|a`* 2;;<$ ‚\`n Rnihrca|ghd hi G}jac g} a L~|w adl Mhc{~j}hrw gi vn lh dh| vad| |h bn |`n Ja}| Da|ghd ncnrfnl*– Chlnrd Lg}m~}}ghd* Nja{` [~bjgma|ghd* Carm` 19* 2;;<* ` | | { 5 ( ( v v v $ r n u fa fa r $ m h c ( l n b a | ( } ` h v $ a r | $ a } { 8 a g l 3

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Abl~j#Oargc* Oàjgj* 1777$ \`n ]|a|n hi Wa|`rgb* ]gda` Jgjda}`gr* Igr}| Nl|ghd* Magrh* Nfw{|$ Ablh* Fndngyn 2;;2$ Dh Fhl B~| Fhl* Nfw{| adl |`n \rg~c{` hi G}jac* Dnv Whro5 Hpihrl ^dgynr}g|w [rn}}$ Ai}àrg* Rnua* 177<* Nfajg|argad G}jac adl Cg}hfwdg}| G}jacgm \ralg|ghd5 A Mrg|gq~n hi |`n Incgdg}| Rngd|nr{rn|a|ghd hi G}jacgm @g}|hrw adl @nrg|afn* Ad Na}w* Gd}|g|~|n ihr |`n ]nm~jargua|ghd hi G}jacgm ]hmgn|w* g d i h K ] n m ~ j a r G } j a c $ h r f A`cnl* Jngja$ 1772$ 1772$ Vhcnd Adl Fndlnr Gd G}jac5 @g}|hrgmaj Rhh|} hi a Chlnrd Lnba|n$ Dnv @aynd* Wajn ^dgynr}g|w [rn}}$ aj#Ao`vad aj#C~}jgchhd* 2;;<$ ‚A mac{agfd Afagd}| |`n G}jacgm Glnd|g|w hi Nfw{|*– C~}jgc Brh|`nr} Dnv}{a{nr* Ead 1* 2;;<$ (Ammn}}nl hd Carm` 2;* 2;;<'$ ` | | { 5 ( ( h l ~ r $ j n| n | $ r ~ f $d $ d j ( t d m ` ( a m | gh gh d 9 $ ` | c - f n d n r a j

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Add~aj Rn{hr| 1776$ ‚Dn|vhro hi Mhdmnrdnl @g}|hrgad}– (DM@ - > ) 9'* ]h~rmn5 GHM <765 1>* 1776$ (Ammn}}nl hd A{rgj* 2;;>'$ ` | | { 5 ( ( h l ~ r $ j n| n | $ r ~ f $d $ d j ( t d m ` ( a m | gh gh d 9 $ ` | c - f n d n r a j

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A}fàr* Chàccal* C^@ACCAL C^@ACCAL ) G]JAC5 ]|hrgn} dh| |hjl bnihrn5 ‚Irnn|`gdonr}$– ‚Irnn|`gdonr}$– ` | | { 5 ( ( v v v $ c ~ o | h # c h d a $ m h c ( A r | g m jn j n } ( a } f ` a r ( c ~ ` a c c a l X g } j a c 12 $ ` | c

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Awajhd* Acg$ 1777$ ‚Nfw{|‗} Q~n}| ihr M~j|~raj Hrgnd|a|ghd–$ Hrgnd|a|ghd–$ \`n Ch}`n Lawad Mnd|nr ihr Cglljn Na}|nrd adl Airgmad ]|~lgn}5 La|a adl Adajw}g}$ (Ammn}}nl hd Caw 1;* 2;;<' ` | | { 5 ( ( v v v $ l a w a d $ h r f ( L )A ) A # N f w{ w{ | # a c g $` $` | c Baju* Ogjgad* 1776$ ‚]~bcg||gdf Iag|` |h E~lgmgaj ]mr~|gdw \`rh~f` |`n Iacgjw \rgaj5 \`n Ab~ Uawl Ma}n–$ Vnj| ln} G}jac~} =6$2 (1776' 1=>#1>>$ Barja}* A}ca* 2;;2$ Bnjgnygdf Vhcnd Gd G}jac5 ^drnalgdf [a|rgarmàj Gd|nr{rn|a|ghd} hi |`n Q~r‗ad$ A~}|gd* \P5 ^dgynr}g|w hi \npa} [rn}}$ Bhwargd* Ladgnj* 1770$ Fndlnr$ Fndlnr$ Gd Mrg|gmaj \nrc} hi Rnjgfgh~} ]|~lgn}$ \awjhr* Caro M$ (nl$' M`gmafh adl Jhdlhd5 M`gmafh ^dgynr}g|w [rn}}$ La‗afgr* @aclhhd* 2;;2* \`n [jamn hi Vhcad Gd G}jac* 9 Dhyncbnr* 2;;2$ ` | | { 5 ( ( v v v $ f n h m g| g | g n } $m $ m h c ( a b h ~ | m ` r g } | g a d g | w( w( C A OA O A D \ AJ AJ C A2 A2 A$ A$ ` | c

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Lr~mond* Ndfjg}`* 2;;=$ ‚Da}r @acgl Ab~ Uawl– Q^R‗ADGM @NRCNDN^\GM]* (Ammn}}nl hd Caw 2>* 2;;<'* 2;;2#2;;=$ 2;;2#2;;=$ ` | | { 5 ( ( v v v $ v g o h # b n r j gd g d $ l n ( o h j j n f ( i n j jh j h v } ( i n jj jj h v } 2 ; ; 2 # 2 ; ; = ( a b ~ u a w l

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Ndfnj* Rgmàrl* 1770$ ‚Bhho Bad Np{h}n} Auàr Mnd}hr}`g{*– Cglljn Na}| \gcn}* Caw 1* 1770* (Ammn}}nl hd Inb 20* 2;;<$ ` | | { 5 ( ( v v v $ l i d $h $ h r f ( y h g n }( } ( n f w{ w { | ( c n | gc gc n } ( b h h o b a d $ ` | c

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Incgdg}c adl G}jac* Jnfaj adl Jg|nrarw [nr}{nm|gyn}* 1701* nl$* bw Wacadg* Cag$ [~bjg}`nr}5 Aj#]abaf* C$ C~|avajg$


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Incgdg}c Gd |`n ]|~lw hi Rnjgfghd5 a Rnalnr$ 2;;1$ E~}mòa* C$ Larjndn (nlg|hr'$ Jhdlhd adl Dnv Whro* Mhd|gd~~c$ @allal* Wyhddn Waubnmo adl ]|hva}}nr* Barbara$ 1770$ G}jac adl Fndlnr5 Lgjncca} gd |`n Màdfgdf Arab Vhrjl$ Gd G}jac* Fndlnr* adl ]hmgaj Màdfn* nlg|nl bw Wyhddn Waubnmo @allal adl Eh`d J$ N}{h}g|h* 1#20* =;#<<$ Dnv Whro* Hpihrl ^dgynr}g|w [rn}}$ ######## 170>$ Vhcnd* Rnjgfghd* adl ]hmgaj Màdfn* nlg|nl bw Wyhddn Waubnmo @allal adl Njjg}hd Bado} Igdljw$ ]|a|n ^dgynr}g|w hi Dnv Whro [rn}}$ @aqq* C$ Raig q~j ) [$ Dnv|hd* 1779* \`n [jamn hi Vhcnd gd [~rn G}jac*$ ` | | { 5 ( ( v v v $ l n b a | n $ l h c g d g $h $h r f ( d n v | h d ( v h c n d f$ f$ ` | c j

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@a}}ad* Rgiia|* 2;;1* ‚Hd @~cad Rgf`|} adl |`n Q~r‗adgm [nr}{nm|gyn*– {{$ >1#9>* 7$;=* Eh~rdaj hi Nm~cndgmaj ]|~lgn}$ ######## ‚Màjjndfgdf |`n ]|nrnh|w{n} hi I~dlacnd|ajg}c5 Ad G}jacgm Incgdg}| [nr}{nm|gyn–$ \`n C~}jgc vhrjl? a q~ar|nrjw rnygnv hi `g}|hrw* m~j|~rn* rnjgfghd} ) |`n M`rg}|gad cg}}ghd gd G}jaclhc$ 71* dh$ 1* (2;;1'$ G}cagj* ]ajva$ 2;;<$ ‚\`n [hjg|gm} hi @g}|hrgmaj Rnyg}ghdg}c5 Dnv Rn#Rnalgdf} hi |`n Narjw G}jacgm [nrghl$– Gd Ad G}jacgm Rnihrca|ghd8 Nlg|nl bw Cgmànjjn Brhvnr} adl Màrjn} O~rucad* 1;1#12<$ Dnv Whro* JNPGDF\HD BHHO]$ On{nj* Fgjjn}$ 177=$ C~}jgc Np|rncg}c Gd Nfw{|5 \`n [rh{`n| adl [àrah`* Bnronjnw5 ^dgynr}g|w hi Majgihrdga [rn}}* 177=* m170>$ Ogc* Marhjgdn$ 2;;>$ ‚\`rna|} ma~}n Nfw{|gad vrg|nr |h rndh~dmn `g} jgin‗} vhro– Hynr}na} [rn}} Mj~b hi Acnrgma Jhg}* Jacwa aj#Iar~fg* 170>* Carrgafn Gd G}jac* {{$ >>#90* Yhj 22* gd Eh~rdaj hi Nm~cndgmaj ]|~lgn}$ Ca`ch~l* @aja adl Cglljn Na}| \gcn} }|aii* ‚Gd ]narm` hi và| vnd| vrhdf*– Cglljn Na}| \gcn}* (Ammn}}nl hd Carm` 21* 2;;<'* ` | | { 5 ( ( v v v $ c n | g c n } $ m h c ( g } } ~ n 11( m n d } ( m = $ ` | c j* { 1 Cnrdg}}g* Ia|gca* 1706* Bnwhdl |`n Yngj* Bjhhcgdf|hd adl Gdlgada{hjg}* Gdlgada ^dgynr}g|w [rn}}$ ######## 1700* Vhcnd‗} Rnbnjjghd ) G}jacgm Cnchrw* Unl Bhho} J|l$ ######## 177=* Vhcnd adl G}jac* ad @g}|hrgmaj adl \`nhjhfgmaj Ndq~grw* Oajg ihr Vhcnd* Dnv Lnj`g$ ######## 177=$ (Carw Eh Jaonjad* |rad}$'$ \`n Ihrfh||nd Q~nnd} hi G}jac* [hjg|w [rn}}* Hpihrl$ |`n Cglljn Na}| Cnlga Rn}narm` Gd}|g|~|n ]n{|ncbnr 26* 2;;<$ (Ammn}}nl hd Lnmncbnr 1<* 2;;<'$ ` | | { 5 ( ( v v v $ c n c r g $h $ h r f ( b g d ( a r | g mj m j n } $m $ m fg f g 8 [ a f n 3 a r m ` g yn yn } )A )A r n a 3 } l )G L 3 ] [ 6 7; ; < - X nl d <

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Cgjj}* ]ara`$ 1776$ Lg}mh~r}n5 \`n Dnv Mrg|gmaj Glghc$ Jhdlhd* Dnv Whro$ Rh~|jnlfn$ aj#C~`}gd* Ia|gca* 2;;<$ ‚Arabgm M~j|~rn} hr Hdn M~j|~rn– Rgwal` Lagjw Dnv}{a{nr* Inb 29* 2;;<$ (Ammn}}nl hd Carm` 2=* 2;;<* ` | | { 5 ( ( v v v $ a j r g w a l ` # d { $ m h c ( M h d | n d | } ( 2 9 # ; 2 # 2 ; ; < ( C a g d { a f n ( \ ` o a i a X 1; < 6 7 $ { ` { ' Daeear* Ia~ug* C$ 1779$ ‚\`n Lnba|n hd G}jac adl ]nm~jarg}c gd Nfw{|– Arab ]|~lgn} Q~ar|nrjw 10$2 (1779' 1#21$ ######## 2;;;$ ‚G}jac‗} I~dlacnd|ajg}c adl |`n Gd|njjnm|~aj}5 ‚\`n Ma}n hi Da}r @acgl Ab~ Uawl–$ Brg|g}` Eh~rdaj hi Cglljn Na}|nrd ]|~lgn}$ 26;2 (2;;;' 166#2;;$


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######## 2;;1$ ‚Bhho Baddgdf gd Mhd|nc{hrarw Nfw{|– C~}jgc Vhrjl 71$=< (2;;1' =77#<2>$ [`gjjg{}* Jh~g}n ) Ehrfnd}nd* Cargaddn V$ 2;;2$ Lg}mh~r}n Adajw}g}5 a} \`nhrw adl Cn|`hl$ Jhdlhd* ]AFN [~bjgma|ghd} J|l$ aj#Qgcdg* ]awwgl Ca`ch~l* 1779$ Aj#@gub Aj#@a}`cg Va \a}g} Aj#Lavja Aj#G}jacwga (\`n @a}`cg|n [ar|w adl \`n Ih~dla|ghd hi |`n G}jacgm ]|a|n'* Caoa|aba| Calbh~jg Aj# ]afnnr* Ih~r|` Nlg|ghd* Magrh* Nfw{|$ ######## 1779$ Rab Aj#Uacad (\`n Jhrl hi \gcn}'* Cao|aba| Calbh~jg Aj#]afnnr* Igr}| Nlg|ghd* Magrh* Nfw{|$ ######## 1777$ Aj#Ia}`hhd va aj#Va|ad (\`n Ia}mg}|} adl |`n Da|ghd'* \`n Nfw{|gad Mnd|nr ihr Mgygjgua|ghd Rn}narm`n}* Igr}| Nlg|ghd* Magrh* Nfw{|$ ######## 2;;1$ @~r~b Lavja| aj#Ra}~j* (\`n Var} hi |`n [rh{`n|‗} ]|a|n'$ Aj#G}jacgwa| (G}jacg}c}'* \`n Nfw{|gad Mnd|rn ihr Mgygjgua|ghd Rn}narm`n}* Igr}| Nlg|ghd* Magrh* Nfw{|$ ######## 2;;<$ ]`~orad…Bgd Jalnd (\àdo}… Bgd Jalnd'* Lar Cg}r Aj#Ca`rh}a* Igr}| Nlg|ghd* Magrh* Nfw{|$ <<# ]aalavg* Davaj$ ]aalavg* Davaj$ 1701$ \`n @gllnd Iamn hi Nyn5 Vhcnd Gd |`n Arab Vhrjl$ Bh}|hd* Bnamhd [rn}}$ ######## 2;;1$ Vhcnd Mrna|gyg|w adl Cnd|aj @naj|`* ` | | { 5 ( ( v v v $ d a v a j } a a l a v g $ d n | ( a r | g mj mj nb nb w ( c n d | a j X ` n a j | ` $ ` | c

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aj#]abaq* C$ C~|avjg* 1701* Gjj~}|ra|ghd} Gd Carrgafn Rnf~ja|ghd}* Nfw{|* Calbhjg Cao|aba$ aj#]ac|g* Abl Ajja`* 2;;<$ ‚Lh~b|i~j Vrg|gdf}– Aj#Va|ad* Carm` 1>* 2;;2* Ammn}}nl hd Carm` 2;* 2;;>* `||{5vvv$ajva|ad$mhc$}alagjw2;;2#;= `||{5vvv$ajva|ad$mhc$}alagjw2;;2#;= $$$ |nr}2<$`|c ]araàd* ]acgr* 2;;<$ ‚]mrgbn hi |`n Rn{~bjgm*– Nfw{| \gcn}* > Inbr~arw 1770* Yhj 2* G}} 2> (Ammn}}nl hd Carm` 2;* 2;;<* ` | | { 5 ( ( v v v $ ma m a g r h | g c n } $m $ m h c ( m h d | n d | ( m ~ j| j| ~ r n ( } a r ` a d $ ` | c j

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]awi aj#G}jac* A`cal ) nj#Favàrw* Oargc 177>$ ‚]àrg‗a hr Mgygj Mhln8 Nfw{|‗} [arajjnj Jnfaj ]w}|nc}5 Ad Gd|nrygnv vg|` A`cal ]awi aj#G}jac– Cglljn Na}| Rn{hr| 176 (Dhy# Lnm 177>' 2>#2> ]ingr* Fnhrfn D$ 1770$ ‚Ba}gm Irnnlhc gd a iram|~rnl Jnfaj M~j|~rn5 Nfw{| adl |`n Ma}n hi Da}r @acgl Ab~ Uawl–$ Cglljn Na}| Eh~rdaj =2$= (]~ccnr 1770'$ <;2#<1<$ aj#]àra‗adw* Abl Aj#Va`àb* 1701* Oà}ài Aj#O`hca`* Bngr~| (Jnbadhd'* [~bjg}`nr}5 Aj#Cao|aba` Aj#Ajacwwa` ]gyad* Nccad~nj 2;;=$ ‚\`n Mja}` Vg|`gd G}jac– ]~rygyaj <>$1 (]{rgdf 2;;=' 2>#<<$ ]ohyfaarl#[n|nr}nd* Eaohb* 1777$ ‚Lnig dgdf G}jac Ihr |`n Nfw{|gad ]|a|n* C~i|g} adl Ia|va} hi |`n Lar aj#Gi|a–* Cglljn Na}| Na }| Q~ar|nrjw* E~dn 1777$ ]cg|` Eadn ) @allal* Wyhddn* 2;;1* ‚Vhcnd gd |`n Ai|nrjgin5 \`n G}jacgm Ygnv a} ]nnd irhc Q~r‗ad adl \ralg|ghd*– <=$;1* {{$ =7#>;* Eh~rdaj hi |`n Acnrgmad Amalncw hi Rnjgfghd$ ]cg|`* Eadn* G$ 2;;1* Vhcnd gd G}jac5 Nq~g|w* Nq~ajg|w* adl |`n ]narm` ihr |`n Da|~raj Hrlnr* PJYGG<* {{$ >16#>=6* Eh~rdaj hi |`n Acnrgmad Amalncw hi Rnjgfghd$ ]|rhva}}nr* Barbara* Ead#A{rgj* 1772* \`n Ch|`nr} hi |`n Bnjgnynr} gd |`n @alg|`* {{$ 1#=9* Yhj JPPPGG* Eh~rdaj hi C~}jgc Vhrjl$ Ynrca* B$ R$* 1700* C~}jgc Carrgafn* Lg}}hj~|ghd* adl Cagd|ndadmn* \`n Jav Bhho Mhc{adw ([' J|l$


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Val~l* Acgda* 1777$ Q~r‗ad adl Vhcad5 Rnrnalgdf |`n ]amrnl \np| irhc a Vhcad‗} [nr}{nm|gyn$ Dnv Whro* Hpihrl ^dgynr}g|w [rn}}$ Vnaynr* Carw Addn* 1770$ ‚Rnyhj~|ghd Bw ]|naj|`– Dnv Whronr E~dn 0* 1770$ Vhhl}cajj* R$ Iradmn}* 170=* Vhcnd Gd Màdfgdf G}jacgm ]w}|nc* Dnv Lnj`g (Gdlga'* Bgcja [~bjg}`gdf @h~}n$ Vhcnd Gd Mrh}}#M~j|~raj [nr}{nm|gyn}* 1771* nl$* bw Aljnr* Jnhchrn Jnhb* Dnv Whro* [ranfnr [~bjg}`nr}$


119


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Q~r‗ad$ @alg} ]a`g` Aj#B~oàrg @alg} ]a`g` C~}jgc @alg} ]~dad Ab~ Lav~l @alg} ]~dad Aj#\grcgug Gbd aj#A|`nnr* 179>$ Aj#Oacgj ig Aj#\argo`$ Lar ]algr* Bngr~|* Jnbadhd$ Aj#A}iadg$ Aj#Afadg$ Lar aj#Oh|hb aj#C~}rga* Magrh* Cn}gr$ Aj#Av}g$ R~` aj#C‗aadg* 12=>=$ Aj#Bgàqg* 1700$ Lajagj aj#Dhbva* lgnlg| hjn` Abl aj#C~‗a|g Qajgfg* Lar aj#Oh|hb aj# ‐Ajgcga* Bngr~|* Jnbadhd$ Gbd \gcga`$ Gqg|gla aj#]gra| aj#C~}|aqgc* Lar aj#C~‗argia* Bngr~|* Jnbadhd$ \à‗ajab* 179<$ ]`grn` Lgvad U~`gr* Aj#Lar aj#Q~cga jgj|gba‗a| va aj#Da}`gr* Magrh* Cn}gr$ Aj#Dg}abhhrg* aj#\à‗ajabg$ Qg}a} aj#Adbga aj#C~}aca ‐Arag} aj#C~fajg}* aj#C~o|aba` aj#\àqaig a* Bngr~|* Jnbadhd$ Gbd aj#Favug$ \ajbh} Gbjg}* lg{nrbagog hjn` C~àccal Cadgr aj#Lgcg}àqg* Aj# C~|ab‗a` aj#C~dgra$ Gbd aj#Favug* Eacaj aj#Lnnd* 170>$ Dava}go` aj#Q~r‗ad* Lar aj#Oh|hb aj#‐Ajgcga* Bngr~|* Jnbadhd$ Gbd @abgb* 179<$ Aj#C~dacaq ig Aoàbar Q~rg}`* lgnlg| hjn` O`hr}`gl A`cnl Iarhq* Langra| aj#C~‗aargi aj#^|`cadga* @glar Abal* Gdlga$ Aj#@ajabg$ Aj#]gra aj#@ajabga ig ]gra| aj#Acgd aj#Achhd Gd}aad aj#‐^ghhd* Lar aj# C~‗argia* Bngr~|* Jnbadhd$ Gbd @adabaj* 1760$ Og|ab aj#U~`~l* Lar aj#Oh|hb aj#‐Ajgcga`* Bngr~|* Jnbadhd$ Gbd Oàjl~d$ Aj#C~qalgca`* Lar aj#]à‗ab* Magrh* Cn}gr$ Gbd aj#O`ga|* Oàjgia* 1796$ Aj#\abaqaa|* lgnlg| hjn` Aoarac aj#‐Acarg* C~|baa| aj#C~‗adg* Bafalal* Graq$ Lajh* B~raàd aj#Lnnd* 170>$ C~}aàca ig G‗ala| Og|aba| aj#\argo` aj#‐Arabg aj# G}jacg* Aj#Iarabg* Bngr~|* Jnbadhd$ Aj#Lgdhhrg* 179;$ Aj#Ao`baar aj#\gvaj* lgnlg| hjn` Abl Aj#C~‗adgc ‐Acgr* Vauara| aj#\àqaia va aj#Grg}àl aj#Q~acg* Magrh* Cn}gr$ Aj#Uabalg* 1=;9 @$9> \af aj#‐Arhh}* Magrh* Cn}gr$ Gbd ]a‗al$ Aj#\abaqaa| aj#O~bra`* Lar aj#\a`grg jg aj#\gba‗a` jgj aj#Dg}`gr* Magrh* Cn}gr$ Gbd ]a‗al* 17==$ Aj#\abaqaa| aj#Oabnnr* lgmn|ao lg Jhdlhd$ Aj#]h`gjg* 1760$ Aj#Rval aj#Adgi ig \aig }nnr aj#]gra aj#Dabavga Jgbdg @~}àc* Lar Aj# C~‗argia* Bngr~|* Jnbadhd$ Gbd ]agl aj#Da}* 170;$ ‐^w~d aj#A|àr ig Igdhhd aj#C~faug va aj#]àcagj va aj#]gra* lgnlg| hjn` jgfdaa| G`ga aj#\~ra|` aj#‐Arabg* Lar aj#Aiaq aj#Fglgla* Bngr~|* Jnbadhd$


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Aj#]à`rg}|adg* 1791$ Aj#Cgjaj va Aj#Da`j* lgmn|ao hjn` aj#Babg aj#@ajabg* lgnlg| hjn` C~àccal ]agl Ogjadg* Magrh 791 adl aj#C~|ab‗a aj#Auàrga* Magrh 17>1* Cn}gr$ Aj#]`gbadg* 1762$ Aj#Gog|g}aab ig aj#Rgugq aj#C~}|a|ab* lg}argoad hjn` C~àccal Bgd ]aca`* lgnlg| hjn` C~àccal ‐Ardhh}* C~|aba| aj#Advar* Magrh* Cn}gr$ Aj#]`gbad* 1762$ ]`grn` Og|ab aj#]gar aj#Oabnnr* lgnlg| hjn` ]ajaàj#Lnnd aj#C~fgl* C~‗aàl aj#C~o`|hh|a| bg Eacgwa| aj#Lvaj aj#‐Arabga* Magrh* Cn}gr$ Aj#\abarg$ \argo` aj#R~}~j va aj#C~jhho* nlg|nl bw C~àccal Ab~ aj#Ialhj* Lar aj# C~‗argi* Magrh* Cn}gr$ Aj#‐A}aqajadg* 1=2= @$ Aj#G}aba` ig \acgu aj#]aàba`* C~|ab‗a| aj#]a‗ala`* Magrh* Cn}gr$ Gbd Qg|gba`* 1797$ Aj#]`g‗ar va Aj#]`~‗ara`* Lar aj#\àqaia* Bngr~|* Jnbadhd$ Gbd Qg|gba`* 1709$ ‐Ag~hhd aj#Ao`bar* aj#Oh|hb aj#‐Ajcga* Bngr~|* Jnbadhd$ Aj#Qguvadg* A`cnl$ Iafg‗a| aj#\ai* C~|aba| aj#A`rac* Ogrbgja* Graq$ Gbd Oa|`gr* 1700$ Aj#Bglaga` va aj#Dg`ga`* Lar aj#Oh|hb aj#‐Ajgcga`* Bngr~|* Jnbadhd$ Aj#Ogjabg* 172<$ Aj#A}daac* Lar aj#Oh|hb aj#C~}grg}`* Magrh* Cn}gr$ Aj#Carhhlg* 1760$ Aj#Aàoac aj#]~j|adga va aj#Vgjga| aj#Lgdga`* Lar aj#Oh|hb aj# ‐Ajgcga`* Bngr~|* Jnbadhd$ Aj#Caqalg}g* 1719$ Aj#Bgl va aj#\argo`* C~o|aba| aj#C~|`dg* Bafalal* Graq$ Aj#Daà}* Ab~ Ea‗aiar* 1709$ Aj#Da}go` va aj#C~d}~o` ig aj#Q~r‗ad aj#Oarnnc* lgnlg| hjn` Lr$ ]à‗abad C~àccal G}c‗agj* C~o|aba| ‚Ajac aj#Igogr* Magrh* Cn}gr$ Gbd @g}àc* 176<$ Aj#]gra` aj#Dabavga* lgnlg| hjn` \aà Abl Aj#R‗~i adl C~àccal Ca`g* ]`grgoa| aj#\gba‗a` aj#Iadga` aj#C~|a`gla`* Magrh* Cn}gr$ Aj#@acaladg* 17=1$ Aj#Aojgj* Bafalal* Graq$ Aj#Vaqglg* 1799$ Og|ab aj#C~faug* lgnlg| hjn` Carg}glad Ehdgu* Cgd}`~ra| Eacgwa| Go}aihrl* Jhdlhd$ Aj#Waq~bg* 176<$ Aj#\argo`* aj#C~o|aba` aj#@glgrga`* aj#Daeai* Graq$ Ab~ W~}gi* 1767$ Aj#O`grae* Lar aj#C~‗argia* Bngr~|* Jnbadhd$


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Kehidupan Rahasia Nabi Muhammad oleh AA Ahmed

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