JURNAL FILSAFAT ILMU
ONTOLOGI SEBAGAI KAJIAN ILMU FILSAFA FILSAFAT T Oleh Ibnu Fazar NIM : 0602268!80! 0602268!80!
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Program Magister Pendidikan Matematika Fa-ula$ Ke(uruan ,an Il&u %en,','-anUn'1er$'a$ Sr''3a4a Jl/ %a,an( Sela$a N#/52/ %ale&ban(/ Su&aera Selaan
ONTOLOGI SEBAGAI KAJIAN ILMU FILSAFAT Ibnu Faar Program Magister Pendidikan Matematika Fa-ula$ Ke(uruan ,an Il&u %en,','-anUn'1er$'a$ Sr''3a 4a Abstrak : On#l#(' &eru+a-an $alah $au -a3'an -e)'l$a)aan 4an( +al'n( -un# ,an bera$al ,ar' 7unan' 4an( &e&+er$#al-an ha-'-a -ebera,aan $e(ala $e$uau 4an( a,a &enuru aa hubun(an $'$e&a'$ ber,a$ar-an hu-u& $ebab a-'ba 4a'u a,a &anu$'a. a,a ala&. ,an a,a -au$a +r'&a ,ala& $uau hubun(an 4an( &en4eluruh. eraur. ,an er'b ,ala& -eharn'$an/ On#l#(' &e&baha$ enan( 4an( a,a 4an( un'1er$al. &ena&+'l-an +e&'-'ran $e&e$a un'1er$al/ %a,a #n#l#(' er,a+a bebera+a al'ran ,'+an,an( ,ar' bebera+a $e('. &el'+u' $e(' 3u&lah n#'$&e. ,ual'$&. +lural'$&e9. $e(' $')a &aer'al'$&. e,'al'$&e9. $e(' +r#$e$ &e-an'$&e. ele#l#('. 1'al'$&e. #r(an'$'$&e9/ Man)aa &e&+ela3ar' #n#l#(' unu- &e&banu unu- &en(e&ban(-an ,an &en(-r''$' berba(a' ban(unan $'$e& +e&'-'ran 4an( a,a. &e&eah-an &a$alah +#la rela$' anar berba(a' e-$'$en ,an e-$'$en$'. ,an &en(e-+l#ra$' $eara &en,ala& ,an 3auh +a,a berba(a' ranah -e'l&uan &au+un &a$alah. ba'- 'u $a'n$ h'n((a e'-a/ Kata kun!i: ontologi,filsafat,ilmu,aliran Latar Be"akang F'l$a)a $eba(' $uau ,'$'+l'n 'l&u elah &elah'r-an '(a aban( -a3'an/ Ke'(a aban( -a3'an 'u 'alah e#r' ha-'-a ontologi9. e#r' +en(eahuan epistimologi9. ,an e#r' n'la' aksiologi9/ Seba(a' $ebuah ,'$'+l'n 'l&u. )'l$a)a enu 3u(a a-an &en(ala&' ,'na&'-a ,an +er-e&ban(an $e$ua' ,en(an ,'na&'-a ,an +er-e&ban(an 'l&u;'l&u 4an( la'n. 4an( b'a$an4a &en(ala&' +eraban(an/ On#l#(' &eru+a-an $alah $au -a3'an -e)'l$a)aan 4an( +al'n( -un# ,an bera$al ,ar' 7unan'/ Su,' er$ebu &e&baha$ -ebera,aan $e$uau 4an( ber$')a -#n-re/T#-#h 7unan' 4an( &e&'l'-' +an,an(an 4an( ber$')a #n#l#('$ ,'-enal $e+er' Thale$. %la#. ,an Ar'$#ele$/ %a,a &a$an4a. -eban4a-an #ran( belu& &e&be,a-an anara +ena&+a-an ,en(an -en4aaan/ Thale$ er-enal $eba(a' )'l$u) 4an( +ernah $a&+a' +a,a -e$'&+ulan baha a'r &eru+a-an $ub$an$' er,ala& 4an( &eru+a-an a$al &ula $e(ala $e$uau/ Na&un 4an(
leb'h +en'n( 'alah +en,'r'ann4a baha &un(-'n $e-al' $e(ala $e$uau 'u bera$al ,ar' $au $ub$an$' bela-a $eh'n((a $e$uau 'u ',a- b'$a ,'an((a+ a,a ber,'r' $en,'r'9/On#l#(' er,'r' ,ar' ,ua $u-u -aa. 4a-n' ontos ,an logos / On#$ berar' $e$uau4an( beru3u, be'n( 9 ,an l#(#$ berar' 'l&u/ Tu#uan dan Man$aat A,a+un u3uan ,ar' +enul'$an &a-alah enan( #n#l#(' 'n' a,alah unu- &en(eahu' enan( ,e)'n'$' #n#l#(' ,an unu&ena&bah +en(eahuan &en(ena' e#r' n'la' -e(uanaan 'l&u/ On#l#(' 4an( &eru+a-an $alah $au -a3'an )'l$a)a 'l&u &e&+un4a' bebera+a &an)aa. anara la'n : / Me&banu unu- &en(e&ban(-an ,an &en(-r''$' berba(a' ban(unan $'$e& +e&'-'ran 4an( a,a/ 2/ Me&banu &e&eah-an &a$alah +#la rela$' anar berba(a' e-$'$en ,an e-$'$en$'/
!/ "a+a &en(e-+l#ra$' $eara &en,ala& ,an 3auh +a,a berba(a' ranah -e'l&uan &au+un &a$alah. ba'- 'u $a'n$ h'n((a e'-a/ Pengertian Onto"ogi On#l#(' a,alah b',an( +#-#- )'l$a)a 4an( &e&+er$#al-an ha-'-a -ebera,aan $e(ala $e$uau 4an( a,a &enuru aa hubun(an $'$e&a'$ ber,a$ar-an hu-u& $ebab a-'ba 4a'u a,a &anu$'a. a,a ala&. ,an a,a -au$a +r'&a ,ala& $uau hubun(an 4an( &en4eluruh. eraur. ,an er'b ,ala& -eharn'$an Su+arlan Suhar#n#. 200<9/ On#l#(' ,a+a +ula ,'ar'-an $eba(a' 'l&u aau e#r' enan( u3u, ha-'-a 4an( a,a/ Ob4e- 'l&u aau -e'l&uan 'u a,alah ,un'a e&+'r'-. ,un'a 4an( ,a+a ,'3an(-au +ana 'n,era/"en(an ,e&'-'an. #b4e- 'l&u a,alah +en(ala&an 'n,era'/ "en(an -aa la'n.#n#l#(' a,alah 'l&u 4an( &e&+ela3ar' enan( ha-'-a $e$uau 4an( beru3u, 4an( a,a9 ,en(an ber,a$ar-an +a,a l#('-a $e&aa/ %en(er'an 'n' ,',u-un( +ula #leh +ern4aaan Rune$ baha = ontology is the theory of being qua being > . ar'n4a #n#l#(' a,alah e#r' enan( u3u,/ Ob4e- elaah #n#l#(' a,alah 4an( a,a/ Su,' enan( 4an( a,a. +a,a ,aaran $u,' )'l$a)a +a,a u&u&n4a ,'la-u-an #leh )'l$a)a &ea)'$'-a/ I$'lah #n#l#(' ban4a- ,'(una-an -e'-a -'a &e&baha$ 4an( a,a ,ala& -#ne-$ )'l$a)a 'l&u/On#l#(' &e&baha$ enan( 4an( a,a. 4an( ',a- er'-a #leh $au +eru3u,an erenu/ On#l#(' &e&baha$ enan( 4an( a,a 4an( un'1er$al. &ena&+'l-an +e&'-'ran $e&e$a un'1er$al/ On#l#(' beru+a4a &enar' 'n' 4an( er&ua ,ala& $e'a+ -en4aaan. aau ,ala& ru&u$an L#ren$ Ba(u$? &en3ela$-an 4an( a,a 4an( -'a l'ha aau 4an( ,a+a ,'an(-a+ ,en(an +ana 'n,era $enan'a$a berubah/-arena 'u. 'a bu-anlah ha-'-a. ea+' han4a
ba4an(an. -#+' aau (a&baran ,ar' ',ea;',ean4a/ "en(an -aa la'n. ben,a;ben,a 4an( ,a+a ,'an(-a+ ,en(an +ana 'n,era 'n' han4alah -ha4al ,an 'llu$' bela-a/ "en(an ,e&'-'an ,a+a ,'-aa-an baha #n#l#(' &en(-a3' enan( =the study of the nature of existence and being in the abstract > aau = the science of being and universal order >/ Ar(u&en #n#l#('$ -e,ua ,'&a3u-an #leh S/ Au(u$'ne !5 @ !0 M9/ Menuru Au(u$'ne. &anu$'a &en(eahu' ,ar' +en(ala&an h',u+n4a baha ,ala& ala& 'n' a,a -ebenaran/ Na&un. a-al &anu$'a er-a,an( &era$a baha 'a &en(eahu' a+a 4an( benar. ea+' er-a,an( +ula &era$a ra(u;ra(u baha a+a 4an( ,'-eahu' 4a'u a,alah $uau -ebenaran/ Menurun4a. a-al &anu$'a &en(eahu' baha ,'aa$n4a &a$'h a,a $uau -ebenaran ea+ -ebenaran 4an( ',a- berubah;ubah9.,an 'ulah 4an( &en3a,' $u&ber ,an aha4a ba(' a-al ,ala& u$ahan4a &en(eahu' a+a 4an( benar/ Kebenaran ea+ ,an -e-al 'ulah -ebenaran 4an( &ula-/ Kebenaran &ula- 'n'lah #leh Au(u$'ne ,'$ebu Tuhan/ On#l#(' ,a+a &en,e-a' &a$alah ha-'-a -en4aaan ,ar' ,ua &aa& $u,u +an,an(/ Oran( ,a+a &e&+eran4a-an =-en4aaan 'u un((al aau 3a&a- > 4an( ,e&'-'an 'n' &eru+a-an +en,e-aan -uan'a')/ Aau #ran( ,a+a 3u(a &en(a3u-an +eran4aan. ="ala& baba- era-h'r a+a-ah 4an( &eru+a-an 3en'$ -en4aaan 'u> 4an( ,e&'-'an 'u &eru+a-an +en,e-aan $eara -ual'a')/ On#l#(' 'n' +ana$ ,'+ela3ar' ba(' #ran( 4an( 'n('n &e&aha&' $eara &en4eluruh enan( ,un'a 'n' ,an ber(una ba(' $u,' 'l&u;'l&u e&+'r'$ &'$aln4a anr#+#l#('. $#$'#l#('. 'l&u -e,#-eran. 'l&u bu,a4a. )'$'-a. 'l&u e-n'- ,an
$eba(a'n4a9/ On#l#(' $eba(a' aban( )'l$a)a 4an( &e&b'ara-an enan( ha-'-a ben,a beru(a$ unu- &e&ber'-an 3aaban aa$ +eran4aan =a+a $ebenarn4a real'a$ ben,a 'u a+a-ah $e$ua' ,en(an u3u, +ena&+a-ann4a aau ',a->/ A"iran%a"iran Onto"ogi "ar' e#r' ha-'-a #n#l#('9 'n' -e&u,'an &unullah bebera+a al'ran ,ala& +er$#alan -ebera,aan. 4a'u: &' Keberadaan di(andang dari segi #um"a) *kuantitas+ Monoisme %aha& 'n' &en(an((a+ baha ha-'-a 4an( a$al ,ar' $eluruh -en4aaan 'u han4alah $au $a3a. ',a- &un(-'n ,ua/ aru$lah $au ha-'-a $a3a $eba(a' $u&ber 4an( a$al. ba'- 4an( a$al beru+a &aer' aau+un beru+a r#han'/ Ta,a- &un(-'n a,a ha-'-a &a$'n(; &a$'n( beba$ ,an ber,'r' $en,'r'/ aru$lah $alah $aun4a &eru+a-an $u&ber 4an( +#-#- ,an ,#&'nan &enenu-an +er-e&ban(an 4an( la'nn4a/ I$'lah n'$&e #leh Th#&a$ "a1',$#n ,'$ebu ,en(an Block Universe/ Al'ran 4an( &en4aa-an baha han4a $au -ea,aan )un,a&enal/ Ken4aaan er$ebu ,a+a beru+a 3'a. &aer'. Tuhan aau $ub$an$' la'nn4a 4an( ',a- ,a+a ,'-eahu'/ ,ua"isme Al'ran 'n' ber+en,a+a baha ben,a er,'r' ,ar' ,ua &aa& ha-'-a $eba(a' a$al $u&bern4a. 4a'u ha-'-a &aer' ,an ha-'-a ruhan'. ben,a ,an ruh. 3a$a, ,an $+'r'/ Maer' bu-an &unul ,ar' ruh. ,an ruh bu-an &unul ,ar' ben,a/ $a&a;$a&a ha-'-a/ -e,ua &aa& ha-'-a 'u &a$'n(;&a$'n( beba$ ,an ber,'r' $en,'r'. $a&a; $a&a azal' ,an aba,'/ ubun(an -e,uan4a &en'+a-an -eh',u+an ,ala& ala& 'n'/ U&u&n4a &anu$'a ',a- a-an &en(ala&' -e$ul'an
unu- &ener'&a +r'n$'+ ,ual'$& 'n'. -arena $e'a+ -en4aaan lah'r ,a+a $e(era ,'an(-a+ #leh +ana'n,era -'a. $e,an(-an -en4aaan ba'n ,a+a $e(era ,'a-u' a,an4a #leh a-al ,an +era$aan h',u+/ P"ura"isme %aha& 'n' ber+en,a+a baha $e(ena+ &aa& benu- &eru+a-an -en4aaan/ %lural'$&e ber#la- ,ar' -e$eluruhan ,an &en(a-u' baha $e(ena+ &aa& benu'u $e&uan4a n4aa/ %lural'$&e ,ala& Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion ,'-aa-an $eba(a' +aha& 4an( &en4aa-an baha -en4aaan ala& 'n' er$u$un ,ar' ban4a- un$ure. leb'h ,ar' $au aau ,ua en'a$/ T#-#h al'ran 'n' +a,a &a$a 7unan' Kun# a,alah AnaCa(#ra$ ,an E&+e,#le$ 4an( &en4aa-an baha $ub$an$' 4an( a,a 'u erbenu- ,an er,'r' ,ar' un$ur. 4a'u anah. a'r. a+' ,an u,ara/ -' Keberadaan di(andang dari segi si$at. menimbu"kan bebera(a a"iran. /aitu0 Materia"isme Al'ran 'n' &en(an((a+ baha $u&ber 4an( a$al 'u a,alah &aer'. bu-an r#han'/ Al'ran 'n' $er'n( 3u(a ,'$ebu ,en(an naural'$&e/ Menurun4a baha za &a' &eru+a-an -en4aaan ,an $au; $aun4a )a-a/ 7an( a,a han4alah &aer'. 4an( la'nn4a 3'a ,an ruh ',a-lah &eru+a-an $uau -en4aaan 4an( ber,'r' $en,'r'/ J'a aau ruh 'u han4alah &eru+a-an a-'ba $a3a ,ar' +r#$e$ (era-an -ebenaran ,en(an $alah $au ara erenu/ Idea"isme Seba(a' laan &aer'al'$&e a,alah al'ran ',eal'$&e 4an( ,'na&a-an 3u(a ,en(an $+'r'ual'$&e/ I,eal'$&e berar' $erba 'a. $e,an( $+'r'ual'$&e berar' $erba ruh/ I,eal'$&e ,'a&b'l ,ar' -aa = Idea>. 4a'u $e$uau 4an(
ha,'r ,ala& 3'a/ Al'ran 'n' beran((a+an baha ha-'-a -en4aaan 4an( berane-a ra(a& 'u $e&ua bera$al ,ar' ruh $u-&a9 aau $e3en'$ ,en(ann4a. 4a'u $e$uau 4an( ',aberbenu,an &ene&+a' ruan(/ Maer' za 'u han4alah $uau 3en'$ ,ar' +a,a +en3el&aan r#han'/ 1' Keberadaan di(andang dari segi (roses. ke#adian. atau (eruba)an' Mekanisme $erba &e$'n9. &en4aa-an baha $e&ua (e3ala aau +er'$'a ,a+a ,'3ela$-an ber,a$ar-an a$a$ &e-an'- &e$'n9/ Te"eo"ogi
$erba u3uan9. ber+en,'r'an baha 4an( berla-u ,ala& -e3a,'an ala& bu-anlah -a',ah $ebab a-'ba ea+' $e3a- $e&ula &e&an( a,a $e$uau -e&auan aau -e-uaan 4an( &en(arah-an ala& -e $uau u3uan/ 2ita"isme &e&an,an( baha -eh',u+an ',a- ,a+a $e+enuhn4a ,'3ela$-an $eara )'$'-a. -'&'a. -arena ha-'-an4a berbe,a ,en(an 4an( a- h',u+/ Organisisme laann4a &e-an'$&e ,an 1'al'$&e9/ Menuru #r(an'$'$&e. h',u+ a,alah $uau $ru-ur 4an( ,'na&'-. $uau -ebulaan 4an( &e&'l'-' ba('an;ba('an 4an( heer#(en. a-an ea+' 4an( ua&a a,alah a,an4a $'$e& 4an( eraur/
3e$erensi Ah&a, Ta)$'r/ 2006/ filsafat ilmu/ Ban,un(: R#$,a-ar4a/ Ba-'ar. A&$al/ 200/ ilsafat Ilmu! Ja-ara: Ra3a Gra)'n,# %er$a,a/ Sala&. Burhanu,'n/ DD "ogika #ateriil ilsafat Ilmu Pengetahuan! Ja-ara: R'ne-a '+a Su$an#. A/ 20/ ilsafat Ilmu $uatu %a&ian Dalam Dimensi 'ntologis (pistemologis, dan )ksiologis! Ja-ara : %T/ Bu&'a-$ara/ Su$r'a$u&anr'. Ju3un S/ D8 ilsafat Ilmu $ebuah Pengantar Populer! Ja-ara: %u$a-a S'nar ara+an/ UGM. T'& "#$en F'l$a)a Il&u/ 200 ilsafat Ilmu/ 7#(4a-ara