CHANAKYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY UNIVERS ITY
PROJECT REPORTS OF 6 Th SEMESTER 2014 JURISPRUDENCE II
MEANING IMPLICATION AND THEORIES OF ORIGIN OF PROPERTY
Submitted by:Animesh Rishi
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I (m )ee!in* hi*h!y e!(ted t +%, n unde% the *uid(ne ) my .u%is/%udene te(he%0 I (m 1e%y *%(te) *%(te)u! u! t t him )% the e2em/ e2em/!(% !(%y y *uid(n *uid(ne0 e0
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+u!d +u!d
!i,e !i,e t en!i en!i*hte *hten n my %e(de %e(de%s %s
%e*(%din* this t/i (nd I h/e I h(1e t%ied t%ied my best t b%in* m%e !uminsity t this t/i0 I (!s +(nt t th(n, (!! ) my )%iends3 +ithut +hse /e%(tin this /%4et +(s nt /ssib!e0 A/(%t )%m (!! these3 I +(nt t *i1e s/ei(! th(n,s t the !ib%(%i(n ) my uni1e%sity +h m(de e1e%y %e!e1(nt m(te%i(!s %e*(%din* t my t/i (1(i!(b!e t me (t the time ) my busy %ese(%h +%, (nd *(1e me (ssist(ne0
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CONTENTS
I0 II0 III0
I60
60
Int%dutin Me(nin* O) P%/e%ty 5inds O) P%/e%ty C%/%e(! And In%/%e(! P%/e%ty • M1(b!e (nd Imm1(b!e • Re(! (nd Pe%sn(! • The%y O) P%/e%ty N(tu%(! !(+ The%y • L(bu% The%y • Met(/hysi(! The%y • Hist%i(! The%y • Psyh!*i(! The%y • Funtin(! The%y • The%y ) /%/e%ty is the %e(tin ) st(te • Cn!usin 7ib!i*%(/hy
8
INTRODUCTION
The te%m /%/e%ty h(s been used in 1(%iety ) +(ys0 7%(d!y s/e(,in*3 /%/e%ty in!udes (!! the !e*(! %i*hts ) ( /e%sn ) +h(te1e% des%i/tin0 7ut i) +e t%y t n)ine the de)initin then +e (n s(y th(t /%/e%ty in!udes the /%/%iet(%y %i*hts ) ( /e%sn (nd nt his /e%sn(! %i*hts th(t +u!d me(n %i*hts nstitutin* est(te % /%/e%ty0 7ut sti!! the b(si 9uestin is h+ did /%/e%ty me int bein* H+ did it %i*in(te H+ d thin*s me t be +ned This is ( )und(ment(! /u;;!e )% (nyne +h thin,s (but /%/e%ty0 One buys thin*s )%m the% +ne%s3 t be su%e3 but h+ did the the% +ne%s *et thse thin*s Any h(in ) +ne%shi/ % tit!e must h(1e ( )i%st !in,0 Smene h(d t d smethin* t (nh% th(t !in,0 The !(+ te!!s us +h(t ste/s +e must )!!+ t bt(in +ne%shi/ ) thin*s3 but +e need ( the%y th(t te!!s us +hy these ste/s shu!d d the 4b0 .hn L,e'?@"0 Faculty Scholarship Series. P(/e% '@8&0 B
/%/e%ty in the sense th(t the%e is ( !e*(! tit!e t them0 Cnside%ed )%m this /int ) 1ie+3 /%/e%ty me(ns the +h!e ) the (sset ) ( m(n in!udin* bth his /%/%iet(%y (s +e!! (s /e%sn(! %i*hts0 The%e (%e )u% distint mdes ) the (9uisitin ) /%/e%t y: '0 Pssessin: It h(s been st(ted e(%!ie% th(t /ssessin is the b4eti1e %e(!is(tin ) +ne%shi/0 It is /%im(-)(ie e1idene ) +ne%shi/0 #0 P%es%i/tin:
it m(y be de)ined (s the e))et ) !(/se ) time in the %e(tin (nd
e2tintin ) ( !e*(! %i*ht0 It is /e%(tin ) time (s ( 1estiti1e )(t0 80 A*%eement: /%/e%ty m(y (!s be (9ui%ed by (*%eement +hih is en)%e(b!e by !(+0 B0 Inhe%it(ne: the %i*ht ) inhe%it(ne is )unded n the (ssum/tin th(t /%/e%ty se%1es (s ( best me(ns ) si(! seu%ity0 The te%m /%/e%ty is used in di))e%ent senses0 In its mst m/%ehensi1e sense it in!udes thse thin*s3 +hethe% (nim(te % in(nim(te3 +hih be!n* t ( /e%sn0 It in!udes (!! !e*(! %i*hts ) +h(te1e% des%i/tin0 In this sense ( /e%sns !i)e3 !ibe%ty3 %e/ut(tin (nd est(te nstitute his /%/e%ty0 In 4u%is/%udene the te%m /%/e%ty is3 h+e1e%3 used t %e)e% t n!y /%/%iet(%y %i*hts in %em3 th(t is t s(y3 suh /%/%iet(%y %i*hts n!y (s (%e (1(i!(b!e (*(inst the +%!d (t !(%*e0 A!! /%/e%ty is eithe% %/%e(! % in%/%e(!0 C%/%e(! /%/e%ty is the %i*ht ) +ne%shi/ in m(te%i(! thin*s in%/%e(! /%/e%ty is itse!) ) t+ ,inds3 n(me!y >' jura in re aliena % enumb%(nes3 +hethe% 1e% m(te%i(! % imm(te%i(! thin*s )% e0* 3 !e(ses3 m%t*(*es (nd se%1itude3 (nd ># jura in re propria 1e% imm(te%i(! thin*s )% e*3 /(tents3 /y%i*hts3 (nd t%(de m(%,0 .u%ists h(1e di))e%ed in thei% 1ie+s %e*(%din* the %i*in ) /%/e%ty0 M(ny h(1e (d1(ned thei% +n the%ies in this %e*(%d0 Nne ) them h+e1e%3 seems t be +h!!y %%et but the%e mi*ht be sme t%uth in e(h ne ) them0 They m(y nt indi1idu(!!y be (b!e t e2/!(in the +h!e ne/t ) %i*in ) /%/e%ty but they e%t(in!y he!/ us in unde%st(ndin* it bette%0 "
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The m(in (im he%e is t )ind the mst (e/t(b!e the%y ) %i*in ) /%/e%t y +ith the b4eti1e ) (hie1in* the unde%st(ndin* ) its e2istene in the siety0
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The methd used )% %ese(%h is the dt%in(! methd (nd in1!1es %ese(%h in the !ib%(%y (nd n the inte%net0 HYPOTHESIS
It is /ssib!e by (n(!ysis t )ind ut the %%et (nd (/t the%y ) /%/e%ty th%u*h %ese(%h0
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CHAPTER 2- MEANING OF PROPERTY
The te%m /%/e%ty is nt ( te%m ) (%t0 It h(s been used in 1(%iety ) senses0 A%din* t 7!(,stne3 the in)e%i% h(th n ,ind ) /%/e%ty in the m/(ny (%e % (ssist(ne ) the su/e%i%3 (s the su/e%i% is he!d t h(1e in the in)e%i%0 The te%m /%/e%ty in ( !se sense3 m(y be des%ibed (s the sum-tt(! ) ( m(ns )%tune3 in!udin* nt n!y the b4ets ) +hih he is the +ne%3 but (!s the 1(!ue ) (ny !(ims +hih he m(y h(1e (*(inst the% /e%sns3 ()te% dedutin* the (munt ) (ny !(ims +hih mi*ht be m(de *d (*(inst him0# In ( !imited sense3 P%/e%ty 1e%s n!y ( /e%sns /%/%iet(%y %i*hts (s //sed t his /e%sn(! %i*hts0 Thus ( !(nd3 h(tte!3 sh(%es (nd debts due t him nstitute his /%/e%ty0 This is the mst usu(! sense in +hih the te%m is used in mde%n time0 In yet (nthe% sense3 /%/e%ty in!udes n!y thse %i*hts +hih (%e /%/%iet(%y %i*hts in rem, e0*0 /(tent3 (nd /y%i*ht0 7ut ( debt % bene)it ) ( nt%(t is nt in!uded +ithin the te%m /%/e%ty in this sense0 P%/e%ty is th(t s!e (nd des/ti dminin +hih ne m(n !(ims (nd e2e%ises 1e% the e2te%n(! thin*s ) the +%!d3 in tt(! e2!usin ) the %i*ht ) (ny the% indi1idu(! in the uni1e%se08 A /%/e%ty %i*ht is the e2!usi1e (uth%ity t dete%mine h+ ( %esu%e is used3 +hethe% th(t %esu%e is +ned by *1e%nment % by indi1idu(!s0 Siety (//%1es the uses se!eted by the h!de% ) the /%/e%ty %i*ht +ith *1e%nment(! (dministe%ed )%e (nd +ith si(! st%(ism0 Private /%/e%ty %i*hts h(1e t+ the% (tt%ibutes in (dditin t dete%minin* the use ) ( %esu%e0 One is the e2!usi1e %i*ht t the se%1ies ) the %esu%e0 Thus3 )% e2(m/!e3 the +ne% ) (n (/(%tment +ith m/!ete /%/e%ty %i*hts t the (/(%tment h(s the %i*ht t dete%mine +hethe% t %ent it ut (nd3 i) s3 +hih ten(nt t %ent t t !i1e in it himse!) % t use it in (ny the% /e(e)u! +(y0 Th(t is the %i*ht t dete%mine the use0 I) the +ne% %ents ut the (/(%tment3 he (!s h(s the %i*ht t (!! the %ent(! inme )%m the /%/e%ty0 Th(t is the %i*ht t the se%1ies ) the %esu%es >the %ent0 # H!!(nd T0E0 : E!ements ) .u%is/%udene >'8th Ed0 #&'& /0 #'' 8 .00 EHRLICH3 ERLICH'?"?0
Fin(!!y3 ( /%i1(te /%/e%ty %i*ht in!udes the %i*ht t de!e*(te3 %ent3 % se!! (ny /%tin ) the %i*hts by e2h(n*e % *i)t (t +h(te1e% /%ie the +ne% dete%mines >/%1ided smene is +i!!in* t /(y th(t /%ie0 I) I (m nt (!!+ed t buy sme %i*hts )%m yu (nd yu the%e)%e (%e nt (!!+ed t se!! %i*hts t me3 /%i1(te /%/e%ty %i*hts (%e %edued0 Thus3 the th%ee b(si e!ements ) /%i1(te /%/e%ty (%e >' e2!usi1ity ) %i*hts t hse the use ) ( %esu%e3 ># e2!usi1ity ) %i*hts t the se%1ies ) ( %esu%e3 (nd >8 %i*hts t e2h(n*e the %esu%e (t mutu(!!y (*%ee(b!e te%ms0 A%din* t S(!mnd3 the subst(nti1e i1i! !(+3 (s //sed t the !(+ ) /%edu%e3 is di1isib!e int th%ee m(4% /(%ts3 n(me!y3 the !(+ ) /%/e%ty3 the !(+ ) b!i*(tins3 (nd the !(+ ) st(tus0 The )i%st de(!s +ith /%/%iet(%y %i*hts in rem, the send +ith /%/%iet(%y %i*hts in personam (nd the thi%d de(!s +ith /e%sn(! % nn-/%/%iet(%y %i*hts3 +hethe% in rem % in personam0B S(!mnd bse%1es th(t the te%m /%/e%ty m(y h(1e ( 1(%iety ) (//!i(tins but in !e*(! te%ms it %e)e%s t the )!!+in*: '0 A!! !e*(! %i*hts0 It in!udes ( /e%sns !e*(! %i*hts ) +h(te1e% des%i/tin0 A m(ns /%/e%ty is (!! th(t is his in !(+0 This %din(%i!y im/!ies m/!ete +ne%shi/ ) (!! thin*sm(te%i(! (s +e!! (s in%/%e(! Hbbes (nd 7!(,stne h(1e su//%ted the use ) the te%m /%/e%ty in this sense0 #0 P%/%iet(%y %i*hts0 - It in!udes nt (!! %i*hts3 but n!y ( m(ns /%/%iet(%y %i*hts (s //sed t his /e%sn(! %i*hts0 Thus i) I se!! my !(nd t yu3 the /%/e%ty in it sh(!! /(ss t yu n yu% /(yin* me the /u%h(se mney0 80 C%/%e(! P%/e%ty0 - in the sense3 /%/e%ty in!udes nthin* m%e th(n %/%e(! thin*s3 th(t is3 %i*ht ) +ne%shi/ in ( m(te%i(! b4et suh (s ( +(th3 !(nd3 et0 " Austin !,s (t /%/e%ty in its +idest sense (nd su**ests th(t /%/e%ty dentes the *%e(test %i*ht ) en4yment ,n+n t the !(+ e2!udin* se%1itudes0 Smetime e1en se%1itude is des%ibed (s /%/e%ty in the sense th(t the%e is ( !e*(! tit!e t them0 Cnside%ed )%m this /int ) 1ie+3 /%/e%ty me(ns the +h!e ) the (sset ) ( m(n in!udin* bth his /%/%iet(%y (s +e!! (s /e%sn(! %i*hts0 B Fit;*e%(!d3 P0.0 S(!mnd n .u%is/%udene3 >'#th ed0 /0 BB' " 7enth(m: P%ini/!es ) !e*is!(tin3 /0 #8' @
Property as interpreted by the Supreme Court of India
The Su/%eme Cu%t ) Indi(3 in R.C.Cooper V. UOI 3$ *(1e ( 1e%y m/%ehensi1e de)initin ) /%/e%ty (nd bse%1ed: P%/e%ty me(ns the hi*hest %i*ht ( m(n (n h(1e t (nythin* bein* th(t +hih ne h(s t !(nds % tenements3 *ds % h(tte!s +hih des nt de/end n the%s u%tesy it in!udes +ne%shi/3 est(te (nd inte%ests in %/%e(! thin*s3 (nd (!s %i*hts suh (s t%(dem(%,s3 /y%i*hts3 /(tents3 (nd e1en %i*hts in /e%sn(m (/(b!e ) t%(ns)e% % t%(nsmissin3 suh (s debts (nd si*ni)ies ( bene)ii(!!y %i*ht t % ( thin* nside%ed (s h(1in* mney 1(!ue3 es/ei(!!y +ith %e)e%ene t t%(ns)e% % suessin3 (nd ) thei% (/(ity ) bein* (9ui%ed0 Mst ) the mde%n !e*(! systems (%e usin* the te%m /%/e%ty in ( m/%ehensi1e sense0 In Indi(3 /%/e%ty h(s been *i1en nstitutin(! /%tetin unde% A%ti!e #? >' >) ) the nstitutin ) Indi( s th(t st(te m(y nt inte%)e%e +ith ( /e%sns %i*ht t /%/e%ty0 Th(t im/%t(ne ) /e%sn(! /%/e%ty is %esidin* these d(ys0 This is +hy %i*ht t /%/e%ty h(d been d%//ed )%m the (te*%y ) )und(ment(! %i*hts by Cnstitutin F%ty-F%th >Amendment At3 '?@ (nd it h(s n+ beme (n %din(%y !e*(! %i*ht unde% A%ti!e 8&&-A0 st(te is unde% (n b!i*(tin t /%tet the /%/e%ty %i*ht ) its sub4ets0 In ( dem%(ti unt%y !i,e Indi(3 n(tin(!is(tin ) me(ns ) /%dut in b%u*ht (but ( %(di(! h(n*e in !(+ ) /%/e%ty th(n indi1idu(! /%/e%ty0 Td(y3 /%/e%ty h(s been de1e!/ed (s ( si(! institutin0 The e))et ) the nstitutin(! (mendment +hih t, (+(y the %i*ht t /%/e%ty )%m the (te*%y ) )und(ment(! %i*hts (nd m(de it (n %din(%y !e*(! %i*ht unde% A%ti!e 8&&A3 is th(t ( /e%sn (nnt in1,e the +%it 4u%isditin ) the su/%eme u%t unde% A%ti!e 8# in (se his %i*ht t /%/e%ty is 1i!(ted0 The n(tu%e ) %i*ht t /%/e%ty in the /st BB th Amendment e%( (me )% nside%(tin be)%e Su/%eme Cu%t in Julubhai Nanubhai Khachar V. State of Gujrat8 +he%ein the u%t bse%1ed: 00the %i*ht t /%/e%ty unde% A%ti!e 8&&A is nt ( b(si st%utu%e ) the nstitutin0 It is n!y ( nstitutin(! %i*ht-The de/%i1(tin ) the /%/e%ty sh(!! be n!y by (uth%ity ) !(+3 be it (n At $ AIR '?& SC "$B (!s ,n+n (s 7(n, N( tin(!is(tin C(se N(tin(! Te2ti!e %,e%s 60 P0R0 R(m,%ishn(n3 AIR '?@8 SC " @ AIR '??" SC 'B# >'"0 ?
) P(%!i(ment % St(te Le*is!(tu%e but nt by e2e uti1e )i(t % (n %de%0 De/%i1(tin ) /%/e%ty is /ssib!e by (9uisitin % %e(9uisitin % t(,en /ssessin ) )% the /ub!i /u%/ses0 The mde%n 4udii(! t%end t inte%/%et %i*ht t /%/e%ty in the !i*ht ) A%ti!e #' ) the nstitutin de(!in* +ith the /e%sn(! !ibe%ty (!s dese%1es mentin (t this /!(e0 The (/e2 u%t in ( numbe% ) (ses h(s e2/%essed ( 1ie+ th(t A%ti!e #' in its +idest m(*nitude 1e%s ( 1(%iety ) %i*ht >in!udin* %i*ht t /%/e%ty +hih nstitute the /e%sn(! !ibe%ty ) ( m(n0 The%e)%e3 des/ite the )(t th(t %i*ht t /%/e%ty (s ( )und(ment(! %i*ht h(s been (b%*(ted (nd %e/e(!ed3 this %i*ht m(y sti!! be inte%/%eted by the u%t (s (n (s/et ) /e%sn(! !ibe%ty unde% A%ti!e #'0 The%e)%e3 ( !(+ see,in* t de/%i1e ( /e%sn ) his /e%sn(! !ibe%ties %e!(tin* t /%/e%ty must nt n!y be %e(sn(b!e but must (!s be %i*ht 4ust (nd )(i% (nd nse9uent!y it must /%1ide )% 4ust m/ens(tin0? M!"# $ A%&'(#()(* $ P+,"+) The%e (%e )u% distint mdes ) the (9uisitin ) /%/e%t y: '0 Pssessin: It h(s been st(ted e(%!ie% th(t /ssessin is the b4eti1e %e(!is(tin )
+ne%shi/0 It is /%im(-)(ie e1idene ) +ne%shi/0 #0 P%es%i/tin: it m(y be de)ined (s the e))et ) !(/se ) time in the %e(tin (nd e2tintin ) ( !e*(! %i*ht0 It is /e%(tin ) time (s ( 1estiti1e )(t0 80 A*%eement: /%/e%ty m(y (!s be (9ui%ed by (*%eement +hih is en)%e(b!e by !(+0 B0 Inhe%it(ne: the %i*ht ) inhe%it(ne is )unded n the (ssum/tin th(t /%/e%ty se%1es (s ( best me(ns ) si(! seu%ity0
CHAPTER .-IMPLICATIONS OF ORIGIN OF PROPERTY
The te%m /%/e%ty +hene1e% int%dued +u!dnt h(1e h(d (nym%e im/!i(tins th(n the %i*in ) the ne/t ) %i*in ) /%/e%ty th%u*h /ssessin0 Thu*h this mi*ht nt seem !i,e ( 1e% y !i,e!y nditin it is ( /int th(t h(s t be (n(!y;ed )% unde%st(ndin* the h(n*e b%u*ht int the hum(ns th%u*h /%/e%ty0 It is 1e%y !i,e!y th(t +hen the ne/t ) /%/e%ty (me u/ it +(s ? 7h(tt(he%4ee A0M0: Ri*ht t /%/e%ty A)te% F%ty )u%th Amendment3 AIR .u%n(!3 '?@& /0" '&
%e*u!(ted by /ssessin +hih 4usti)ies the st(tement ) 7!(,stne *i1en e(%!ie% i0e0 The in)e%i% h(th n ,ind ) /%/e%ty in the m/(ny (%e % (ssist(ne ) the su/e%i%3 (s the su/e%i% is he!d t h(1e in the in)e%i%0 Thus st(tin* th(t mi*ht +u!d de)ine +h u !d /sses (ny /%/e%ty0 F% !e*(! sh!(%s3 the e1!utin ) /%/e%ty %i*hts h(s been ( t/i in se(%h ) ( the%y0 Ou% (im he%e is t d%(+ t*ethe% 1(%ius (unts >sme ) them !(%*e!y ne*!eted in the !e*(! !ite%(tu%e3 )%m d(ted t mde%n3 (nd su**ests ( +(y they (n be me!ded int ( /!(usib!e e2/!(n(tin ) /%/e%tys *enesis (nd e(%!y de1e!/ment0 h(t %esu!ts h(%d!y (munts t ( the%y3 but it des su**est (n ut!ine )% ne0 M%e1e%3 it /%1ides ( /%ime% n the sub4et3 ( %e(sn(b!y s!id )und(tin )% thin,in* (nd t(!,in* (but the e1!utin ) /%/e%ty %i*hts0 The situ(tin th(t h(s been %e(hed td(y3 th(t ) nn inte%)e%ene in the%s /%/e%ty bein* the !(+ h(s been the /ssib!e th%u*h the b(si hum(n n(tu%e0 In A Treatise o !uman "ature3 D(1id Hume int%dued the ide( ) beh(1i%(! n1entins'& th(t (%ise s/nt(neus!y )%m ( *ene%(! sense ) mmn inte%est +hih sense (!! the membe%s ) the siety e2/%ess t ne (nthe%3 (nd +hih indues them t %e*u!(te thei% ndut by e%t(in %u!es0 The (tins ) e(h ) us h(1e ( %e)e%ene t thse ) the the%3 (nd (%e /e%)%med u/n the su//sitin3 th(t smethin* is t be /e%)%med n the the% /(%t0 '' Td(y +e s/e(, ) ( n1entin (s ( si(! /%(tie *ene%(!!y (dhe%ed t by the membe%s ) ( /(%tiu!(% si(! *%u/ +ithut (ny e2/!iit (*%eement % e2te%n(! en)%ement3 th(n,s t ( *ene%(! e2/et(tin th(t the /%(tie +i!! be )!!+ed0 This e2/et(tin is ne ) the %e(sns (ny indi1idu(! )!!+s the /%(tie3 suh th(t the /%(tie is t(,en by (!! t %e)!et ( sh(%ed unde%st(ndin* % im/!iit (*%eement0'# Humes 1ie+3 thus unde%std3 (ntii/(ted muh !(te% de1e!/ments in mde%n *(me the%y'8 in +hih n1entins (%e mutu(! best %es/nse utmes th(t (%e sust(ined by the
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''
)(t th(t 1i%tu(!!y (!! /!(ye%s be!ie1e th(t 1i%tu(!!y (!! the% /!(ye%s +i!! best %es/nd0'B ith %es/et t /%/e%ty %i*hts (nd %i*hts ) indi1idu(! +ne%shi/ in /(%tiu!(%3 Hume s(+ them (s the %emedy t /%b!ems ) e2/!it(tin0 ithut /%/e%ty %i*hts3 +h(te1e% (nyne *(the%ed3 *%e+3 % bui!t +u!d be 1u!ne%(b!e t the 1i!ene ) the%s3'" but (!! the +hi!e it +u!d be in the inte%est ) e(h /e%sn t !e(1e (nthe% in the /ssessin ) his *ds3 provi#e# he +i!! (t in the s(me m(nne% +ith %e*(%d t me0'$ S the%e mi*ht de1e!/ ( n1entin ente%ed int by (!! the membe%s ) the siety t best+ st(bi!ity n the /ssessin ) e2te%n(! *ds3 (nd !e(1e e1e%yne in the /e(e(b!e en4yment ) +h(t he m(y (9ui%e by his )%tune (nd indust%y0' The n1entin3 Hume s(id3 (%ises *%(du(!!y3 (nd (9ui%es )%e by ( s!+ /%*%essin3 (nd by u% %e/e(ted e2/e%iene ) the inn1enienes ) t%(ns*%essin* it0'@
Thus +e (n sim/!y unde%st(nd th(t the %i*in ) /%/e%ty must h(1e %e(ted ( su))!e in the hum(n sieties e2istent in the /(st0 7ut it is !e(% th(t (s m%e /e/!e +e%e (b!e t *(the% u/ /%/e%ty ) thei% +n the inte%est st(%ted *ettin* !imited t insu%in* the s()ety ) thei% /%/e%ty %(the% th(n (9uisitin0 Thu*h (9uisitin ) ne+ /%/e%ty mi*ht h(1e st(%ted sme sh+ ) mi*ht (s +(s seen in the ,in*s in Indi(n hist%y t%yin* t e2/(nd thei% em/i%e0 The mdes ) (9uisitin must h(1e h(n*ed 1e% the u%se ) time de/endin* m%e n the s,i!!s ) ne*ti(tin ) the /e%sn %(the% th(n mi*ht0 This e1!utin b1ius!y (me +ith the int%dutin ) !(+ in the mmunity0 The /%esent sen(%i in this nte2t is b(sed n the 1(%ius /%ini/!es
'8 Ge%*e .0 M(i!(th3 $volutionary %ame Theory3 in # THE NE PALGRA6E DICTIONARY OF ECONOMICS AND THE LA 'B
SAMJEL 7OLES3 MICROECONOMICS: 7EHA6IOR 3 I NSTITJTIONS3 AND E6OLJTION >#&&B0 7+!es /ints ut th(t indi1idu(! !(ims n /%/e%ty
/%eeded the de1e!/-ment ) (*%iu!tu%e (but e!e1en mi!!enni( (* (nd be(me m%e e2tensi1e the%e()te% the %i*hts eme%*ed (nd /%!i)e%(ted +ithut the (ssist(ne ) st(tes % the% ent%(!i;ed en-)%ement (*enies0 I#. (t 8@#0 M(ny thus(nds ) ye(%s !(te%3 ent%(!i;ed )%ms ) /un-ishment (nd en)%ement ) /%/e%ty %i*hts be*(n t eme%*e (s ( ne+ ) %m ) %*(ni;(tin0 I#.
'"DA6ID HJME3 A TREATISE OF HJMAN NATJRE3 b,0 83 /t0 #3 K 3 (t B@-B@@ >L0A0 Se!by-7i**eed03 O2)%d Jni10 P%ess #d ed0 '?@ >'B&: '$ DA6ID HJME3 A TREATISE OF HJMAN NATJRE3 b,0 83 /t0 #3 K 3 (t B?& >L0A0 Se!by-7i**eed03 O2)%d Jni10 P%ess #d ed0 '?@ >'B&: ' DA6ID HJME3 A TREATISE OF HJMAN NATJRE3 b,0 83 /t0 #3 K 3 (t B@? >L0A0 Se!by-7i**eed03 O2)%d Jni10 P%ess #d ed0 '?@ >'B&: '@ DA6ID HJME3 A TREATISE OF HJMAN NATJRE3 b,0 83 /t0 #3 K 3 (t B@? >L0A0 Se!by-7i**eed03 O2)%d Jni10 P%ess #d ed0 '?@ >'B&: '#
) !(+ +hih intend t de)ine the +ne%shi/ ) the m(tte% (!!ed /%/e%ty0 This thu*h is (hie1ed th%u*h dument(tin the !e*(! system sti!! (e/ts /ssessin (s the prima acie b(sis ) +ne%shi/0
CHAPTER /-KINDS OF PROPERTY
The te%m /%/e%ty is used in di))e%ent senses0 In its mst m/%ehensi1e sense it in!udes thse thin*s3 +hethe% (nim(te % in(nim(te3 +hih be!n* t ( /e%sn0 It in!udes (!! !e*(! %i*hts ) +h(te1e% des%i/tin0 In this sense ( /e%sns !i)e3 !ibe%ty3 %e/ut(tin (nd est(te nstitute his /%/e%ty0 This us(*e h(s beme bs!ete (nd )inds /!(e n!y in the +%,s ) the !de% 4u%ists !i,e 7!(,stne3 Hbbes (nd L,e0 In its n(%%+e% sense it me(ns n!y /%/%iet(%y %i*hts but nt /e%sn(! %i*hts0 Thus3 !(nd3 h(tte!s3 sh(%es3 debts3 /y%i*ht3 et03 nstitute nes /%/e%ty but nt his !i)e3 !ibe%ty % %e/ut(tin0 In this sense3 /%/e%ty in!udes (ny %i*ht3 +hih h(s (n enmi 1(!ue0 In its !dest (nd n(%%+e% sense the te%m /%/e%ty in!udes nthin* m%e th(n %/%e(! /%/e%ty3 i0e03 the +ne%shi/ ) m(te%i(! b4ets (!ne0 7enth(m %e)e%s t suh ( us(*e0 In 4u%is/%udene the te%m /%/e%ty is3 h+e1e%3 used t %e)e% t n!y /%/%iet(%y %i*hts in %em3 th(t is t s(y3 suh /%/%iet(%y %i*hts n!y (s (%e (1(i!(b!e (*(inst the +%!d (t !(%*e0 This is the me(nin* (d/ted by S(!mnd0 In this sense ( /(tent % ( /y%i*ht is /%/e%ty3 but nt s ( debt % the bene)it ) ( nt%(t0 P%/%iet(%y %i*hts +hih (%e %i*hts in personam (%e distin*uished (s b!i*(tins0 Th(t /(%t ) the !(+ +hih de(!s +ith the /%/%iet(%y %i*hts in %em is the L(+ ) P%/e%ty0 Jnde% the !(+3 thu*h3 the%e (%e th%ee (te*%ies ) /%/e%ty0 Mst /e/!e h(1e t+ ty/es (nd sme h(1e (!! th%ee0 Real property is !(nd (nd bui!din*s0 Anyne +h +ns ( huse % ( nd +ns %e(! /%/e%ty0 >A mbi!e hme is nt %e(! /%/e%ty be(use ne des nt +n the !(nd the 1ehi!e sits n0
'8
Pe%sn(! /%/e%ty is di1ided int t+ (te*%ies0 Intan&i'le personal property is (sh (nd its e9ui1(!ents: mutu(! )unds3 st,s3 insu%(ne /!iies3 s(1in*s (nd he,in* (unts3 e1en the +(d ) bi!!s yu m(y h(1e stu))ed in yu% s, d%(+e%0 Tan&i'le personal property is ( !(%*e (te*%y ) +h(t /e/!e +n0 Its (nythin* yu (n tuh0 Its the b(seb(!! (%d !!etin3 4e+e!!e%y3 )u%nitu%e3 huse+(%es3 !thes3 (utmbi!es3 (nd in (nd st(m/ !!etins0 The te%m /%/e%ty is used in di))e%ent senses0 In its mst m/%ehensi1e sense it in!udes thse thin*s3 +hethe% (nim(te % in(nim(te3 +hih be!n* t ( /e%sn0 It in!udes (!! !e*(! %i*hts ) +h(te1e% des%i/tin0 In this sense ( /e%sns !i)e3 !ibe%ty3 %e/ut(tin (nd est(te nstitute his /%/e%ty0 This us(*e h(s beme bs!ete (nd )inds /!(e n!y in the +%,s ) the !de% 4u%ists !i,e 7!(,stne3 Hbbes (nd L,e0 In its n(%%+e% sense it me(ns n!y /%/%iet(%y %i*hts but nt /e%sn(! %i*hts0 Thus3 !(nd3 h(tte!s3 sh(%es3 debts3 /y%i*ht3 et03 nstitute nes /%/e%ty but nt his !i)e3 !ibe%ty % %e/ut(tin0 In this sense3 /%/e%ty in!udes (ny %i*ht3 +hih h(s (n enmi 1(!ue0 In its !dest (nd n(%%+e% sense the te%m /%/e%ty in!udes nthin* m%e th(n %/%e(! /%/e%ty3 i0e03 the +ne%shi/ ) m(te%i(! b4ets (!ne0 7enth(m %e)e%s t suh ( us(*e0 In 4u%is/%udene the te%m /%/e%ty is3 h+e1e%3 used t %e)e% t n!y /%/%iet(%y %i*hts in %em3 th(t is t s(y3 suh /%/%iet(%y %i*hts n!y (s (%e (1(i!(b!e (*(inst the +%!d (t !(%*e0 This is the me(nin* (d/ted by S(!mnd0 In this sense ( /(tent % ( /y%i*ht is /%/e%ty3 but nt s ( debt % the bene)it ) ( nt%(t0 P%/%iet(%y %i*hts +hih (%e %i*hts in /e%sn(m (%e distin*uished (s b!i*(tins0 Th(t /(%t ) the !(+ +hih de(!s +ith the /%/%iet(%y %i*hts in %em is the L(+ ) P%/e%ty0 C+,+" *! I*%+,+" P+,"+)
C%/%e(! /%/e%ty is the %i*ht ) +ne%shi/ in m(te%i(! thin*s3 suh (s !(nd3 h(tte!3 et0 In%/%e(! /%/e%ty (%e the% /%/%iet(%y %i*hts in %em0 In%/%e(! /%/e%ty is itse!) ) t+ ,inds3 1i;03 'B
>' 4u%( in %e/%/%i(3 i0e03 /%/%iet(%y %i*hts 1e% imm(te%i(! thin*s3 e0*03 /(tents3 /y%i*hts (nd t%(dem(%,s3 (nd ># 4u%( in %e (!ien( >enumb%(nes +hethe% 1e% m(te%i(! % imm(te%i(! thin*s3 e0*03 !e(ses3 m%t*(*es (nd se%1itudes0 O+ne%shi/ ) C%/%e(! P%/e%ty: S(!mnd de)ines the %i*ht ) +ne%shi/ ) ( m(te%i(! thin* (s the *ene%(!3 /e%m(nent (nd inhe%it(b!e %i*ht ) use% ) the thin*0 In the )i%st /!(e3 the +ne%shi/ ) ( m(te%i(! b4et is ( %i*ht t the *ene%(! % (**%e*(te use ) the thin*0 The +ne% ) ( m(te%i(! b4et is entit!ed t its use e2e/t in s )(% (s it is %est%ited by n(tu%(! !imits % %est%itins (%isin* )%m the e))et ) enumb%(nes0 In the send /!(e3 the %i*ht ) +ne%shi/ is ( /e%m(nent %i*ht e2istin* s !n* (s the m(te%i(! thin* is in e2istene0 And3 !(st!y3 the +ne%shi/ ) ( m(te%i(! b4et is inhe%it(b!e (nd the %i*ht su%1i1es ()te% his de(th0 M3" *! I553" P+,"+)
C%/%e(! /%/e%ty is ) t+ ,inds: m1(b!e (nd imm1(b!e0 Thus3 !(nd is imm1(b!e /%/e%ty3 +hi!e h(tte!s dente m1(b!e /%/e%ty0 Imm1(b!e /%/e%!y3 (%din* t S(!mnd3 in!udes the )!!+in* )i1e e!ements: >' A dete%min(te /%tin ) the e(%ths su%)(e ># The *%und bene(th the su%)(e d+n t the ent%e ) the e(%th >8 A %e(sn(b!e s/(e (b1e the su%)(e neess(%y (nd su))iient )% the )%ee bene)ii(! en4yment ) the su%)(e !(nd >B A!! b4ets +hih (%e n % unde% the su%)(e in its n(tu%(! st(te3 e0*03 mine%(!s (nd 1e*et(tin )%min* /(%t ) the !(nd (nd >" A!! thin*s (tt(hed t the e(%th3 i0e0 (!! b4ets /!(ed by hum(n (*eny n % unde% the su%)(e3 +ith the intentin ) /e%m(nent (nne2(tin3 e0*03 bui!din*s3 d%s3 )enes0
'"
R" *! P"+#* P+,"+)
C%/%e(! /%/e%ty is di1ided int %e(! (nd /e%sn(! /%/e%ty0 The )%me% m/%ises (!! %i*hts 1e% !(nd the !(tte% m/%ises (!! the% /%/%iet(%y %i*hts3 +hethe% in %em % in /e%sn(m0 The distintin bet+een %e(! (nd /e%sn(! /%/e%ty is identi(! +ith imm1(b!e (nd m1(b!e /%/e%ty thu*h the )%me% h(s (n hist%i(! %i*in0 In Rm(n !(+ %e(! /%/e%ty +(s suh /%/e%ty th(t u!d be %e1e%ed by ( %e(! (tin0 A %e(! (tin in En*!ish L(+ is ne in +hih ( %es m(y be s/ei)i(!!y en)%ed3 (nd !(nd +(s the n!y %es +hih u!d be s en)%ed0 Hene !(nd +(s %e*(%ded (s %e(! /%/e%ty (nd m1(b!e (s /e%sn(! /%/e%ty0 A!thu*h3 st%it!y s/e(,in*3 the distintin bet+een imm1(b!e (nd m1(b!e /%/e%ty des nt e2(t!y %%es/nd t %e(! (nd /e%sn(! /%/e%ty +hih is ( %esu!t ) )eud(! ide(s3 they (%e n+ (!mst inte%h(n*e(b!e te%ms0 I55)"+( F+5# $ P+,"+)
The sub4et-m(tte% ) ( %i*ht ) /%/e%ty is eithe% ( m(te%i(! % imm(te%i(! thin*0 The !(+ ) /%/e%ty mst!y %e!(tes t ( m(te%i(! thin*0 P%)ess% S(!mnd bse%1es th(t the n!y imm(te%i(! thin*s +hih (%e %e*nised by !(+ (s the sub4et-m(tte% ) %i*hts (%e the 1(%ius imm(te%i(! /%duts ) hum(n s,i!! (nd !(bu%0
'$
CHAPTER 6-THEORIES OF PROPERTY
.u%ists h(1e di))e%ed in thei% 1ie+s %e*(%din* the %i*in ) /%/e%ty0 They h(1e (d1(ned thei% +n the%ies in this %e*(%d0 Nne ) them h+e1e%3 seems t be +h!!y %%et but the%e is sme t%uth in e(h ne ) them0 These the%ies (%e disussed be!+ N)'+ Th"+ : This the%y is b(sed n /%ini/!e ) n(tu%(! %e(sn de%i1ed )%m the n(tu%e
) thin*s0 A%din* t this the%y3 /%/e%ty +(s )i%st (9ui%ed by u/(tin ) (n +ne%!ess b4et >res nullius (s ( %esu!t ) indi1idu(! !(bu%0 G%tius3 Pu)end%)3 L,e (nd 7!(,stne h(1e su//%ted this the%y0 5(nt (!s u/h!ds this the%y in his !(ssi +%, Philosophy o la(. As /inted ut by 7!(,stne3 by the !(+ ) n(tu%e (nd %e(sn3 he +h )i%st be*(n t use ( thin* (9ui%ed the%ein ( ,ind ) t%(nsient /%/e%ty th(t !(sted s !n* (s he +(s usin* it (nd n !n*e%0 H+e1e%3 (s the //u!(tin in%e(sed3 the me(nin* ) /%/e%ty +(s e2tended nt t the in%din(te use n!y but t the subst(ne ) thin* t be used0 Thus the the%y ) u/(ny +(s the )und(tin ) (!! /%/e%ty0 The n(tu%(! the%y ) /%/e%ty h(s been %itiised by Si% Hene%y M(ine (nd 7enth(m0 A%din* t Hen%y M(ine3 it is e%%neus t thin, th(t /ssessin *i1e %ise t tit!e )% the%e is n %e(sn(b!e *%und t su//%t this ntentin0 7enth(m h!d th(t /%/e%ty h(s nt %i*in(ted by )i%st u/(tin ) (n +ne%!ess thin*3 but it is %e(tin ) !(+0 He des nt be!ie1e in the e2e%ise ) /%/e%ty +ithut the e2istene ) !(+0 L'+ Th"+ this the%y /%im(%i!y be!ie1es th(t /%/e%ty (n be !(imed n the e2!usi1e
b(sis ) nes +%,3 +hih /%dued th(t /%/e%ty0 It %e*nises the %!e ) !(bu% )% (de9u(te %e+(%ds0 hen ( /e%sn (9ui%es /%/e%ty3 he is entit!ed t h!d it e2!usi1e!y0
'
A%din* t this the%y3 ( thin* >%es is the /%/e%ty ) the /e%sn +h /%dues it % b%in*s it int e2istene0 H+e1e%3 this 1ie+ h(s been %itiised by H%!d L(s,i n the *%und th(t !(bu% des nt /%due /%/e%ty it is n!y me(ns t e(%n /%/e%ty0'? Nt(b!y3 the M(%2ist the%y ) /%/e%ty is b(sed n /%edmin(ne ) !(bu% in enmy ) ( unt%y0 This the%y h(s !st si*ni)i(ne in mde%n time be(use it h(s been sh+n th(t the%e m(y be m(ny situ(tins +hen /%/e%ty (n be (9ui%ed +ithut !(bu%3 e0*03 /%/e%ty bt(ined by inhe%it(ne % unde% +i!!0 The !(bu% the%y ) /%/e%ty )inds %e*nitin e1en in the (nient te2ts ) the Hindu L(+ mment(t%s nt(b!y3 Y(4n(1(!,y( +h unde%!ined the /%ini/!e th(t ( /e%sns +(*es +i!! be (%din* t +%, dne by him0 Thus +hen +(*es h(1e been )i2ed )% ( /(%tiu!(% t(s,3 +hih +(s unde%t(,en but nt (m/!ished due t i!!ness % the% im/ediments3 hten +(*es +u!d be /(id in /%/%tin t the +%, dne0 Simi!(%!y +hen m%e /%)its +e%e m(de b y %e(sn ) s/ei(! ,n+!ed*e % s,i!! ) the +%,e%3 then the m(ste% sh(!! /(y him (n munt e2eedin* the )i2ed +(*es0#& 5(ty(yn( %e*nised the st%idh(n( /%/e%ty ) +m(n (nd /inted ut th(t +e(!th e(%ned by ( +m(n by (//!i(tin ) he% inte!!etu(! (bi!ity % business s,i!! % %()tsm(nshi/ +(s he% +n /%/e%ty 1e% +hih she h(d e2!usi1e %i*ht ) dis/s(!0#' The /%)it e(%ned by he% in business3 t%(de % em/!yment +h (!s he% e2!usi1e st%idh(n( /%/e%ty0 The !(bu% the%y ) /%/e%ty is (!s smetimes (!!ed (s the /siti1e the%y0 It +(s /%/unded by S/ene% +h )unded it n the )und(ment(! !(+ ) e9u(! )%eedm ) indi1idu(!0 He (sse%ted th(t /%/e%ty is the %esu!t ) indi1idu(! !(bu% (nd the%e)%e3 n ne h(s ( m%(! %i*ht t /%/e%ty +hih he h(s nt (9ui%ed by his /e%sn(! !(bu%0 M"),h#(% Th"+
'? H(%!(d L(s,i: A G%(mme% ) P!itis3>"th ed0 /0 '@" #& Y(4n(1(!,y( II '?"-?$ #' 5(ty(y(n(3 @?"-?&# '@
This the%y +(s /%/unded He*e! (nd 5(nt0 A%din* t He*e! P%/e%ty is the Ob4eti1e M(ni)est(tin ) the /e%sn(!ity ) (n indi1idu(!0 In the% +%ds3 /%/e%ty is the b4et n +hih ( /e%sn h(s the !ibe%ty t di%et his +i!!0 5(nt h(s (!s su//%ted met(/hysi(! the%y ) /%/e%ty (nd 4usti)ied its e2istene (nd need )% /%tetin0 He bse%1ed th(t !(+ ) the /%/e%ty des nt me%e!y see, t /%tet /ssessin +he%e the%e is (n (tu(! /hysi(! %e!(tin bet+een the /ssess% (nd the b4et3 but it *es beynd it (nd nside%s /e%sn(! +i!! ) the indi1idu(! m%e im/%t(nt in the ne/t ) /%/e%ty0 This the%y h(s been %itiised n the *%und th(t it is !itt!e ne%ned +ith %e(!ities (nd is b(sed n the%eti(! (ssum/tins0 H(#)+(% Th"+
This the%y be!ie1es th(t /%i1(te /%/e%ty h(s its *%+th in th%ee distint st(*es0 In the )i%st st(*e3 ( tendeny de1e!/ed (mn* /e/!e t t(,e thin* int n(tu%(! /ssessin (nd e2e%ise nt%! 1e% them inde/endent!y ) the !(+ % the st(te0 In the send st(*e3 the 4u%isti ne/tin ) /ssessin *%(du(!!y de1e!/ed +hih me(nt /ssessin in )(t (s +e!! (s in !(+0 In thi%d (nd the !(st st(*e3 the%e +(s de1e!/ment ) +ne%shi/ +hih is /u%e!y ( !e*(! ne/tin h(1in* its %i*in in !(+0 The !(+ *u(%(ntees the +ne% ) /%/e%ty3 e2!usi1e nt%! (nd en4yment ) /%/e%ty +ned by him0 Hene%y M(ine +(s the m(in su//%te% ) the hist%i(! the%y ) the %i*in ) /%/e%ty0 He bse%1ed th(t /%/e%ty %i*in(!!y be!n*ed nt t indi1idu(!s3 nt e1en t is!(ted )(mi!ies3 but t !(%*e sieties m/sed n the /(t%i(%h(! /(tte%n0 It +(s (t !(te% st(*e th(t !!eti1e /%/e%ty disinte*%(ted (nd indi1idu(! %i*ht ) /%/e%ty (me int e 2istene0## Rse Pund (!s (*%ees th(t the e(%!iest )%m ) /%/e%ty +(s *%u/ /%/e%ty +hih subse9uent!y disinte*%(ted int )(mi!y /%/e%ty (nd )in(!!y the ne/t ) indi1idu(! /%/e%ty e1!1ed0 The nted It(!i(n 4u%ist Mi%(*!i( h(s (!s su//%ted the hist%i(! the%y ) /%/e%ty0 P#%h7(% Th"+
## Si% Hen%y M(ine : Anient L(+3 /0#& '?
A%din* t this the%y3 /%/e%ty (me int e2istene n (unt ) the (9uisitin tendeny ) hum(n bein*s0 E1e%y ne desi%es t +n thin*s (nd ,ee/ them in his /ssessin (nd nt%!0 7enth(m h(s su//%ted this the%y ) /%/e%ty (nd /inted ut th(t /%/e%ty is (!t*ethe% ( ne/tin ) mind0 It is nthin* m%e th(n (n e2/et(tin t de%i1e e%t(in (d1(nt(*es )%m the b4et (%din* t nes (/(ity0 Rse Pund (!s su//%ts 7enth(m (nd h!ds th(t the s!e b(sis ) ne/tin ) /%/e%ty is the (9uisiti1e instint ) indi1idu(! +hih mti1(tes him t (sse%t his !(im 1e% b4ets in his /ssessin (nd nt%!0 This the%y h(s been %itiised )% bein* M(ines im(*in(ti1e %enst%utin b(sed n Indi(n 1i!!(*e mmunities (nd e%t(in !(! ustms /%e1(i!in* in (nient Indi(n 1i!!(*es (nd3 the%e)%e3 it !(,s uni1e%s(! (//!i(tin0
F'*%)(* Th"+
The )untin(! the%y nside%s /%/e%ty (s ( si(! inte%est )% /%mtin* *ene%(! seu%ity (nd /%tetin ) indi1idu(! inte%ests in /e%sn(!ity3 dmesti %e!(tin (nd in subsistene0 As /inted ut by Rse Pund3 inte%ests ) /e%sn(!ity !i,e seu%ity ) nes /hysi(! bein*3 /%i1(y3 hnu%3 %e/ut(tin3 et0 (n be %e(!i;ed n!y th%u*h sme (ess t /%/e%ty0 Inte%ests in dmesti %e!(tins (%e /%teted +hen the inte%ests ) /(%ents0 Chi!d%en3 husb(nd3 +i1es (nd the% de/endents (%e +e!! s()e*u(%ded by su//%t (nd /%tetin ) the )(mi!y0 Inte%ests ) subsistene in!ude %i*ht t /%/e%ty3 enmi (d1(nt(*es3 (nd )%eedm ) (ssi(tin (nd (1(i!(bi!ity ) em/!yment- //%tunities0#8 As %i*ht!y su**ested by .en,s the ne/t ) /%/e%ty shu!d nt n!y be n)ined t /%i1(te %i*hts but in shu!d be nside%ed (s ( si(! institutin seu%in* m(2imum inte%ests ) the siety0 N ne (n be (!!+ed (n un%est%ited use ) his /%/e%ty t the det%iment ) the%s0 In his /inin3 the use ) /%/e%ty shu!d n)%m t the %u!es ) %e(sn (nd +e!)(%e ) the mmunity0 The )untin(! the%y 4usti)ies (9uisitin ) /%/e%ty by !(+ (nd indi1idu(!-e))%ts0 Its dist%ibutin3 h+e1e%3 shu!d be n e9uit(b!e b(sis0 #8 .u!is Stne: P%1ine (nd Funtin ) L(+3 /0"$"-$ #&
L(s,i (!s su//%ts the )untin(! the%y ) /%/e%ty0 He bse%1es3 P%/e%ty is ( si(! )(t !i,e (ny the% (nd it is the h(%(te% ) si(! )(ts t ,ee/ n h(n*in*0 P%/e%ty3 the%e)%e3 h(s (ssumed 1(%ied (s/ets (nd is )u%the% !i(b!e t h(n*es +ith the h(n*in* n%ms ) the siety0 The %ts ) /%/e%ty (s ( si(! institutin (%e t%(e(b!e in the (nient Hindu Phi!s/hy ) Dh(%m( +hih em/h(si;ed n 4ust %e!(tins in enmi (nd /%/e%ty m(tte%s (nd nt en%(h u/n the %i*ht t +e(!th ) the%s0 It +(s the duty ) the ,(%t( ) the )(mi!y t m(int(in (!! the )(mi!y membe%s ensu%in* thei% si(! seu%ity (nd en4yment ) /%/e%ty0#B The ustms (nd /%(ties th%u*h +hih /%/e%ty u!d be !(+)u!!y (9ui%ed in!uded dn(tins3 *i)ts3 /(yment ) /%ie in (se ) /u%h(se3 sei;u%e ) /%/e%ty in +(%3 !endin* ) mney n inte%est3 +(*es3 et0 Any un4ust (9uisitin ) /%/e%ty +(s st%it!y /%hibited (nd nside%ed (s ( sin)u! (t0#" The 4int )(mi!y system in (nient Indi( ins/i%ed membe%s ) ( )(mi!y +ith unity ) mind (nd he(%t +ith the %esu!t /%/e%ty %i*ht (ssumed ( )untin(! %!e ) se%1ie t the mmunity (s ( +h!e0 The ent%(! /%ini/!e unde%!yin* /%/e%ty (9uisitin +(s si(! seu%ity (nd !!eti1e!y ) +ne%shi/0 Mutu(! t%ust3 *d )(ith (nd %es/et )% the%s /%/e%ty %i*ht3 %e)%(ined /e/!e )%m indu!*in* in un4ust en%ihment )% thei% se!)ish ends0 Th"+ $ ,+,"+) (# )h" %+")(* $ #))" A%din* t this the%y the %i*in ) /%/e%ty is t
be t%(ed b(, t the %i*in ) !(+ (nd the st(te0 .en,s bse%1ed th(t /%/e%ty (nd !(+ +e%e b%n t*ethe% (nd +u!d die t*ethe%0 This in the% +%ds3 me(ns th(t /%/e%ty (me int e2istene +hen !(+s +e%e )%(med by the st(te0 In this nte2t Russe(u bse%1ed 3 it +(s t n1e%t /ssessin int /%/e%ty (nd usu%/(tin int ( %i*ht th(t !(+ (nd st(te +e%e )unded0 He (sse%ted th(t /%/e%ty +(s the %e(tin ) the st(te (nd it is nthin* but ( system(ti e2/%essin ) de*%ees (nd )%ms ) nt%! use (nd en4yment ) thin*s by /e%sn th(t (%e %e*nised (nd /%teted by !(+0 The%e is3 h+e1e%3 !itt!e t%uth in this the%y be(use in )(t bth #B Pu%hit3 S050: Anient Indi(n Le*(! Phi!s/hy3 >'??B3 //0#'#-#'8 #" Y(4(n(1(!,y( Sm%iti II3 '$@0 #'
st(te (nd /%/e%ty h(1e thei% %i*in in the si-enmi )%es the%e)%e ne (nnt be the su%e ) %i*in ) the the%0
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
The te%m /%/e%ty is ) utte% im/%t(ne t (nd nt !imited t the hum(n siety3 ,ee/in* in mind the te%%it%i(! +(%s in (nim(!s ) 1(%ius s/eies0 It is !e(% th(t h(1in* /%/e%ty +u!d ensu%e ( st(te ) !i1in* th(t +u!d be (e/t(b!e t the /e%sns0 A!s sine /%/e%ty si*ni)ies st(nd(%d ) !i1in* ) the /e%sn /ssessin* it % h(1in* !e(% +ne%shi/ then it +u!d im/!y th(t t %(ise nes st(tu%e in the siety ne +u!d h(1e t (9ui%e ( !t ) /%/e%ty0 This %ese(%h h(s me ut +ith ne mst de)initi1e %esu!t0 e (nnt deide +hih the%y ) /%/e%ty is the mst (/t (nd %%et0 A!! the di))e%ent sh!(%s +h h(1e *i1en these the%ies h(1e dne it in thei% +n /e%sn(! s/(e t(,in* thin*s int di))e%ent nte2ts0 At mst +e (n s(y th(t the 1(%ius the%ies ) /%/e%ty (%e di))e%ent )%m e(h the%0 One m(y su//%t (ny (%din* t thei% thin,in* % instint0 7ut n ne is tt(!!y %%et % /e%)et (s ) n+0 .ust !i,e .en,s bse%1ed th(t /%/e%ty (nd !(+ +e%e b%n t*ethe% (nd +u!d die t*ethe%0 This in the% +%ds3 me(ns th(t /%/e%ty (me int e2istene +hen !(+s +e%e )%(med by the st(te0 In this nte2t Russe(u bse%1ed3 It +(s t n1e%t /ssessin int /%/e%ty (nd usu%/(tin int ( %i*ht th(t !(+ (nd st(te +e%e )unded0 e (n be su%e th(t /%/e%ty +i!! st(y ti!! the siety e2ists0 N ne (n deny the need ) /%/e%ty in thei% !i1es0 Thus !(+ h(s e1!1ed t /%tet the %i*ht ) the %e(! +ne%0 The /%/e%ty is su//sed t * t the /e%sn +h h(s the %i*ht ) +ne%shi/3 but sti!! sti,in* t the /%ini/!e de%i1ed )%m u% e(%!y hist%y the u%ts /%e)e% t /%tet the %i*hts ) the /ssess% %(the% th(n th(t ) the +ne%0 This is be(use it is 4usti)ied t t(,e smene ut ) /ssessin ) ( /%/e%ty n!y +hen it is /%1ed th(t smene e!se h(s ( bette% tit!e t it0 Thus the /ssess% m(y h(1e ( bette% tit!e (*(inst the +%!d (t !(%*e but nt (*(inst the %e(! +ne%0 Thus the %ese(%h h(s /%1ed th(t the%e (%e mu!ti/!e the%ies ) the %i*in ) /%/e%ty3 m(ny ) them !, /%misin* but they (%e insu))iient!y )%mu!(ted (nd sme (%e /u%e!y hy/theti(!0 ##
7ut the the%ies h(1e b%(dened the s/e ) the deb(te n the m(tte% ) /%/e%ty0 This n!udes this %ese(%h (s ( des%i/ti1e ne %(the% th(n ( deisi1e ne0
#8
BIBLIOGRAPHY I8
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Ne2is H(%y(n( 3 #&'8 D%070N0 M(ni T%i/(thi3 .u%is/%udene Le*(! the%y3 '$th ed03 A!!(h(b(d L(+ (*eny3
A!!(h(b(d3 #&&"0 D%0 N060 P%(n4(/e3 Studies in .u%is/%udene (nd Le*(! The%y3"th ed03 Cent%(! L(+
II.
A*eny3 A!!(h(b(d #&&?0 D%0 60 D0 M(h(4(n3 .u%is/%udene (nd Le*(! The%y3 "th ed0 E(ste%n 7, 03 Lu,hn+0 A T%e(tise ) Hum(n N(tu%e3 by D(1id Hume0
SECONDARY SOURCES: (a) Websites:
htt/:+++0s(%(di(mnd(tt%ney0mth%ee-ty/es-)-/%/e%ty-unde%-the-!(+ htt/:+++0sh(%eyu%ess(ys0m''B8di))e%ene-bet+een-%/%e(!-/%/e%ty-(nd-
in%/%e(!-/%/e%ty-e2/!(ined0 htt/:+++0b%it(nni(0mE7he,edt/iB?&8#/%/e%ty-!(+#@B@"P%/e%ty-!(+-
(nd-the%y-in-the-e(%!y-mde%n-/e%id0 htt/:eb,s0(de!(ide0edu0(uhhumed(1idh?#tntents0htm!
#B
