Judge's Opinion in Southwest-Delta Case at Love Field

Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3?

Xclg 3 fo >= XclgKN <7:?

K@ ÊG W@K^GN Z^C^GZ NKZ^]KJ^ JFW]^ @F]ÊG]@ NKZ^]KJ^ FO ^GUCZ NCIICZ NK_KZKF@ JK^[ FO NCIICZ,

§ § Xick`tkoo, § § v. § § NGI^C CK]IK@GZ, K@J., ZFWÊ\GZ^ § CK]IK@GZ JF., _K]LK@ CAG]KJC CAG]KJC § K@J., CAG]KJC@ CK]IK@GZ, K@J., § W@K^GN CK]IK@GZ, K@J., ZGCXF]^ § CK]IK@GZ, K@J., W@K^GN Z^C^GZ Z^C^GZ § NGXC]ÂG@^ FO § ^]C@ZXF]^C^KF@, c`n ÊG § OGNG]CI C_KC^KF@ § CNAK@KZ^]C^KF@, § § Ngog`nc`ts. §

Jkvki Cjtkf` @f. :237-J_-=8?;-D :237-J_-=8?;-D

AGAF]C@NWA FXK@KF@ C@N F]NG] êg Jfurt ks csdgn my Xick`tkoo Jkty fo Nciics, Ngog`nc`t Zfutewgst Ckrik`gs Jf., c`n Ngog`nc`t Ngitc Ckr Ik`gs, K`j. tf lrc`t c prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf`, gcje pcrty rgqugstk`l nkoogrg`t rgikgo.

êg ofiifwk`l aftkf`s crg mgofrg teg Jfurt2

(3)

Ngog`nc`t Zfutewgst Ckrik`gs Jf.‛s _grkokgn Cppikjctkf` ofr ^gapfrcry ]gstrck`k`l Frngr, Xrgikak`cry K`bu`jtkf`, c`n Xgrac`g`t K`bu`jtkf` Clck`st Ngitc Ckr Ik`gs, K`j. (Nfj. 38)4 (=) Xick`tkoo Jkty fo Nciics‛ _grkokgn Jrfss-Aftkf` ofr T^gapfrcry ]gstrck`k`l FrngrQ (Nfj. @f. =8)4 c`n (:) Ngog`nc`t Ngitc Ckr Ik`gs, K`j.‛s Gagrlg`jy Aftkf` ofr c ^gapfrcry ]gstrck`k`l Frngr c`n c Xrgikak`cry K`bu`jtkf` 3


Clck`st Zfutewgst Ckrik`gs Jf. (Nfj. @f. ==).

Xclg = fo >= XclgKN <7:<

êg Jfurt egin c` gvkng`tkcry

egcrk`l (’k`bu`jtkf` egcrk`l‑) f` tegsg pg`nk`l aftkf`s ofr k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo f` Zgptgamgr =5-:8, =837.

êg Jfurt ecs jcrgouiiy jf`skngrgn teg aftkf`s, aftkf`s, teg

rgspf`sgs, teg rgpikgs, suppfrtk`l cppg`nkjgs, pigcnk`ls, cppikjcmig icw, c`n gvkng`jg foogrgn ct teg k`bu`jtkf` egcrk`l. egcrk`l. Mgjcusg teg gquktcmig ocjtfrs rgictgn rgictgn tf k`bu`jtkvg k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo wgkle egcvkiy k` ocvfr fo Ngitc c`n `ft Zfutewgst, teg Jfurt egrgmy L]C@^Z Ngitc‛s aftkf` ofr prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf` c`n NG@KGZ teg aftkf` ofr k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo okign my Zfutewgst. êg Jkty rgqugsts rgqugsts c`y f`g f`g fo sgvgrci sgvgrci citgr`ctkvg ofras ofras fo k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo k`jiunk`l teg rgikgo rgqugstgn my Ngitc. Mgjcusg teg gquktcmig gquktcmig ocjtfrs cisf wgkle k` ocvfr fo teg Jkty, teg Jfurt L]C@^Z teg Jkty‛s aftkf`. K.

Ocjtuci c`n Xrfjgnurci Mcjdlrfu`n

Ekstfry fo Ifvg Okgin c`n êg \rklet Cag`nag`t Ifvg Okgin Ckrpfrt (’Ifvg Okgin‑) wcs frklk`ciiy jf`strujtgn cs c W`ktgn Ztctgs Cray ckrmcsg nurk`l \frin \cr K. Xick`tkoo Jkty fo Nciics (’Jkty‑) ecs fw`gn c`n fpgrctgn Ifvg Okgin sk`jg 3;=5. K` teg 3;?8s, 3;?8s, teg ogngrci lfvgràg`t lfvgràg`t frngrgn frngrgn teg jktkgs fo Nciics c`n Ot. \frte tf ngskl`ctg f`g ckrpfrt orfa wekje ogngrciiy rgluictgn ckr jcrrkgrs jfuin sgrvg mfte mfte jktkgs. êg jktkgs wgrg u`cmig tf clrgg clrgg f` teg ngskl`ctkf` fo gktegr Ifvg Okgin fr teg ckrpfrt k` Ot. \frte cs teg ckrpfrt tf sgrvg mfte jktkgs. Mut teg jktkgs nkn clrgg tf jf`strujt c `gw ckrpfrt, Nciics-Ot. \frte K`tgr`ctkf`ci Ckrpfrt (’NO\ Ckrpfrt‑), wekje uitkactgiy fpg`gn k` 3;<>. Gvgry ogngrciiy jgrtkokgn ckrik`g teg` fpgrctk`l ct Ifvg Okgin c`n teg Ot. \frte ckrpfrt clrggn tf rgifjctg tegkr =


Xclg : fo >= XclgKN <7:5

fpgrctkf`s tf NO\ Ckrpfrt. Ct tect tkag, Ngog`nc`t Ngog`nc`t Zfutewgst Ckrik`gs Jfapc`y (’Zfutewgst‑) oigw fìy wktek` teg Ztctg fo ^gxcs, sf kt wcs `ft c ogngrciiy jgrtkokgn ckr jcrrkgr. Citefule teg ftegr ckrik`gs igot Ifvg Okgin, Zfutewgst jf`tkùgn jf`tkùgn kts ^gxcsfìy oiklet fpgrctkf`s orfa Ifvg Okgin. \kte teg g`cjtag`t fo teg Ckrik`g Ngrgluictkf` Cjt fo 3;<5, Zfutewgst c``fu`jgn pic`s tf gxpc`n kts Ifvg Okgin oiklet fpgrctkf`s tf ckrpfrts futskng fo ^gxcs.

K` rgspf`sg rgspf`sg tf tect c``fu`jgag`t c``fu`jgag`t c`n k` c` goofrt goofrt tf prftgjt teg

ngvgifpag`t fo NO\ Ckrpfrt, Jf`lrgss pcssgn teg \rklet Cag`nag`t k` 3;<;4 `cagn ofr Bka \rklet, c jf`lrgssac` orfa Ot. \frte wef wcs ictgr Zpgcdgr fo teg Efusg. êg \rklet \rklet Cag`nag`t Cag`nag`t rgstrkjtgn k`tgrstctg oiklets orfa Ifvg Ifvg Okgin tf Ifukskc`c, Crdc`scs, Fdicefac c`n @gw Agxkjf, teg ofur stctgs surrfu`nk`l ^gxcs. K` sgvgrci ictgr cag`nag`ts tf teg \rklet Cag`nag`t, nkrgjt sgrvkjg orfa Ifvg Okgin tf Cicmcac, Dc`scs, Akssksskppk c`n c`n Akssfurk wcs ciifwgn. Nurk`l teks tkag fo rgstrkjtgn oiklet fpgrctkf`s, ftegr ckr jcrrkgrs afvgn k` c`n fut fo Ifvg Okgin, mut Zfutewgst rgack`gn. ]gofrak`l c`n ]gpgcik`l teg \rklet Cag`nag`t Ct teg t eg sullgstkf` fo Jf`lrgss k` =88?, Nciics c`n Ot. \frte mglc` wfrdk`l f` c rgjfaag`nctkf` ofr c if`l-tgra sfiutkf` tf teg \rklet Cag`nag`t‛s oiklet rgstrkjtkf`s ct Ifvg Okgin. êg rgsuit wcs c` clrggag`t clrggag`t g`tgrgn k`tf mgtwgg` teg Jkty fo Nciics, teg Jkty fo Ot. \frte, NO\ Ckrpfrt Mfcrn, Zfutewgst, c`n Ngog`nc`t

:


Xclg > fo >= XclgKN <7:;

Cagrkjc` Ckrik`gs (’Cagrkjc`‑) f` Buiy 33, =88? (’Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t‑). Kapfrtc`t tgras fo teg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t k`jiung teg ofiifwk`l2 3. C rgnujtkf` k` teg tftci ùamgr fo lctgs ct Ifvg Ifvg Okgin orfa := tf =8. =. C prfekmktkf` fo teg sumnkvkskf` fo c lctg k` c`y ofra, k`jiunk`l teg usg fo ecrnstc`ns wekje pgrakt c` ckrik`g tf ’lrfu`n ifcn/uìfcn‑ tegkr pcssg`lgrs. :. êg ciifjctkf` fo 3? ’prgogrg`tkci usg‑ lctgs tf Zfutewgst, twf ’prgogrg`tkci usg‑ lctgs tf Cagrkjc`, c`n twf ’prgogrg`tkci usg‑ lctgs tf GxprgssBgt Ckrik`gs, K`j.. >. C ikaktctkf` f` oiklet fpgrctkf`s tf teg efurs fo ?288 c.a. tf 33288 p.a. p.a. 7. C prfekmktkf` fo k`tgr`ctkf`ci oiklets frklk`ctk`l orfa Ifvg Okgin. K` cnnktkf` tf tegsg tgras, teg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t rgogrs tf teg pfsskmkikty fo c `gw g`trc`t ckrik`g sggdk`l spcjg tf fpgrctg ct Ifvg Okgin u`ngr teg `gw lctg ikaktctkf`s2 ^f teg gxtg`t c `gw g`trc`t jcrrkgr sggds tf g`tgr Ifvg Okgin, teg Jkty fo Nciics wkii sggd vfiu`tcry cjjfaafnctkf` orfa kts gxkstk`l jcrrkgrs jcrrkgrs tf cjjfaafnctg teg `gw g`trc`t sgrvkjg. sgrvkjg. Ko teg gxkstk`l jcrrkgrs crg `ft cmig fr crg `ft wkiik`l tf cjjfaafnctg teg `gw g`trc`t sgrvkjg, teg` teg Jkty fo Nciics clrggs tf rgqukrg teg secrk`l fo prgogrg`tkci igcsg lctgs, pursuc`t tf Nciics‛ gxkstk`l igcsg clrggag`ts. êg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t nfgs `ft ngok`g teg tgra ’prgogrg`tkci usg‑ gvg` tefule kt ks usgn k` tect clrggag`t. clrggag`t. Ct teg tkag fo teg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t, tergg ckrik`gs ecn ecn Igcsg Clrggag`ts Clrggag`ts wkte teg Jkty tf usg Ifvg Okgin lctgs c`n spcjg. (êgsg ckrik`gs wkte Igcsg Clrggag`ts crg rgogrrgn tf egrgk` cs ’Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs‑.) Wìkdg teg >


Xclg 7 fo >= XclgKN <7>8

Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t, teg Igcsg Clrggag`t nfgs ngok`g teg tgra ’prgogrg`tkci usg‑ cs agc`k`l teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g ecs prkacry, mut `ft sfig, usg fo teg igcsgn spcjg. Cotgr teg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t wcs ofracikzgn, teg pcrtkgs prgsg`tgn tegkr clrggag`t tf Jf`lrgss cs teg jfiicmfrctkvg ifjci goofrt ofr rgofrak`l c`n/fr rgpgcik`l teg \rklet Cag`nag`t.

Zgvgrci, tefule `ft cii, prfvkskf`s fo teg Okvg Xcrty

Clrggag`t wgrg uitkactgiy k`jfrpfrctgn k`tf teg \rklet Cag`nag`t ]gofra Cjt (’\C]C‑), wekje fookjkciiy rgpgcign teg \rklet Cag`nag`t weg` kt wcs cnfptgn f` Fjtfmgr 3:, =88?4 mut ack`tck`gn teg if`l-nkstc`jg oiklet rgstrkjtkf`s orfa Ifvg Okgin ofr gklet afrg ygcrs ygcrs u`tki Fjtfmgr =83>. =83>. Bust cs k` teg Okvg Xcrty Xcrty Clrggag`t, \C]C cnnrgssgn `gw g`trc`t ckrik`gs `ggnk`l spcjg tf fpgrctg ct teg `fw lctg rgstrkjtgn Ifvg Okgin, spgjkokjciiy prfvknk`l tect, ’TtQf cjjfaafnctg `gw g`trc`t ckr jcrrkgrs, teg jkty fo Nciics secii ef`fr teg sjcrjg rgsfurjg prfvkskf` fo teg gxkstk`l Ifvg Okgin igcsgs.‑ igcsgs.‑ (Gapecsks cnngn.) êg sumstc`tkvg sumstc`tkvg prfvkskf`s prfvkskf`s rgluictk`l rgluictk`l oiklets k` c`n c`n fut fo Ifvg Okgin wgrg k`jfrpfrctgn k`jfrpfrctgn k`tf \C]C. êg prfvkskf`s fo teg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t wekje wgrg `ft k`jfrpfrctgn k`tf c`n cnfptgn my \C]C crg skapiy jf`trcjtuci fmiklctkf`s mgtwgg` teg okvg pcrtkgs tect crg k`ngpg`ng`t fo \C]C, c`n nf `ft k`jiung Ngitc. Xfst-\C]C Jec`lgs Jgrtck` jec`lgs tf teg frklk`ci prgogrg`tkci lctg cssklàg`ts ecvg fjjurrgn sk`jg teg Okvg Xcrty Xcrty Clrggag`t Clrggag`t wcs g`tgrgn g`tgrgn k`tf c`n c`n \C]C wcs g`cjtgn. êgrg wgrg tergg ckrik`gs wekje g`tgrgn k`tf Igcsg Clrggag`ts wkte teg Jkty ofr ’prgogrg`tkci 7


Xclg ? fo >= XclgKN <7>3

usg‑ fo teg =8 lctgs ct Ifvg Okgin„GxprgssBgt Ckrik`gs, K`j. (’GxprgssBgt‑), Cagrkjc`, c`n Zfutewgst. K` =885, teg GxprgssBgt lctgs wgrg wgrg cjqukrgn my Jf`tk`g`tci Ckrik`gs, c`n teg` my Ngog`nc`t W`ktgn Ckrik`gs, K`j. (’W`ktgn‑) cs pcrt fo kts agrlgr wkte Jf`tk`g`tci. \kte teg agrlgr, W`ktgn mgjcag mgjcag fmiklctgn cs c sujjgssfr sujjgssfr tf c Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g rglcrnk`l cii fmiklctkf`s u`ngr teg Igcsg Clrggag`t ofr tefsg twf lctgs. Cagrkjc` ks stkii c Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g, mut k` Acy =83>, Ngog`nc`t _krlk` Cagrkjc, K`j. (’_krlk`‑) sumigcsgn Cagrkjc`‛s twf lctgs pursuc`t tf c ogngrci nkvgstkturg frngr rgictgn tf teg Cagrkjc` c`n W.Z. Ckrwcys agrlgr wekje mglc` k` =83: c`n wcs cpprfvgn k` =83>. =83>. êks cjtkf` googjtkvgiy rgafvgn rgafvgn Cagrkjc` Ckrik`gs orfa oiyk`l fut fo Ifvg Okgin. Okgin. (Zfutewgst c`n Ngitc mfte sfulet sfulet tefsg twf Cagrkjc` lctgs lctgs nurk`l teg nkvgstkturg prfjggnk`ls c`n mfte wgrg rgbgjtgn my teg Ngpcrtag`t fo Bustkjg c`n teg ogngrci jfurt.) _krlk` teg` g`tgrgn g`tgrgn k`tf c lctg usclg clrggag`t wkte Ngog`nc`t Zgcpfrt Ckrik`gs ciifwk`l kt tf fpgrctg twf oiklets nckiy orfa _krlk`‛s twf lctgs. Zfutewgst jf`tkùgs tf ecvg c Igcsg Clrggag`t wkte teg Jkty ofr prgogrg`tkci usg fo 3? lctgs. ^gras c`n Xrfvkskf`s fo teg Igcsg Clrggag`t êg tgras fo gcje Igcsg Clrggag`t ofr lctgs mgtwgg` teg Jkty c`n teg rgspgjtkvg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g Ckrik`g crg gssg`tkciiy kng`tkjci, kng`tkjci, cjjfrnk`l tf teg Jkty. Jkty. êg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g ecs gktegr gxjiuskvg usg fr prgogrg`tkci usg fo kts igcsgn spcjg ct Ifvg Okgin, cs ngsjrkmgn k` teg Igcsg Clrggag`ts. ’Gxjiuskvg usg‑ pgrtck`s pgrtck`s tf tect igcsgn spcjg spcjg tect teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g Ckrik`g ecs teg sfig rklet tf usg. ’Xrgogrg`tkci usg‑, f` f` teg ftegr ec`n, ec`n, ?


Xclg < fo >= XclgKN <7>=

cppikgs tf tefsg igcsgn spcjgs wegrg teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g ks jf`skngrgn teg prkacry, mut `ft sfig, usgr. W`ngr gcje Igcsg Clrggag`t, `f Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g ecs gxjiuskvg usg fo c`y lctg, fìy prgogrg`tkci usg. êgrg ks gxjiuskvg gxjiuskvg usg igcsgn igcsgn spcjg ct ct Ifvg Okgin4 mut, tegrg crg `f gxjiuskvg usg lctgs ct Ifvg Okgin. Bust cs mfte teg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t c`n \C]C rgjfl`kzgn teg ikaktctkf`s jrgctgn my teg lctg rgstrkjtkf`s, gcje Igcsg Clrggag`t cnnrgssgs teg pfsskmkikty fo Ifvg Okgin ocjkiktkgs mgjfak`l mgjfak`l c ’sjcrjg ’sjcrjg rgsfurjg‑. êg Igcsg Clrggag`t Clrggag`t c`tkjkpctgs c `gw g`trc`t ckr jcrrkgr (’]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g‑) acy sggd tf prfvkng sgrvkjg ct Ifvg Okgin wkte teg `gw `gw lctg rgstrkjtkf`s. rgstrkjtkf`s. ]gjfl`kzk`l teg `ggn ofr ’fpg` cjjgss cjjgss c`n u`kofra trgctag`t‑, teg Igcsg Clrggag`t lfgs ourtegr c`n prfvkngs c prfjgnurg k` Zgjtkf` >.8?O >.8?O weg` weg` cjjfaafnctkf` cjjfaafnctkf` ks sfulet my c ]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g.

êks

prfjgnurg rgqukrgs teg ]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g okrst gxecust cii rgcsf`cmig goofrts tf sgjurg c vfiu`tcry crrc`lgag`t crrc`lgag`t ofr cjjfaafnctkf`s orfa gcje Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g. Ko teg ]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g‛s cttgapt ofr vfiu`tcry cjjfaafnctkf` ockis, teg` teg Jkty‛s Nkrgjtfr fo Cvkctkf` (’Nkrgjtfr‑) wkii `ftkoy gcje Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g tect ko c vfiu`tcry cjjfaafnctkf` ks `ft acng wktek` teg :8-ncy tkag orcag u`ngr gcje Igcsg Clrggag`t, teg Nkrgjtfr wkii sgigjt f`g fo teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs tf ouiokii teg cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst. @ftkjg wkii teg` mg sg`t tf teg sgigjtgn Zkl`ctfry Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g wekje wkii ecvg 38 ncys tf jfaag`t f` fr nksputg teg Nkrgjtfr‛s jefkjg. êg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g aust cjjfaafnctg teg ]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g uìgss teg Nkrgjtfr

<


Xclg 5 fo >= XclgKN <7>:

rgsjk`ns eks sgigjtkf`. êg cjjfaafnctkf` cjjfaafnctkf` prfjgnurg prfjgnurg nfgs nfgs `ft spgjkoy fptkf`s fr rgagnkgs teg ]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g aklet ecvg ko teg Nkrgjtfr rgsjk`ns eks sgigjtkf`. Ngitc‛s Okrst Cjjfaafnctkf` ]gqugst Mglk``k`l Buiy =88;, Ngitc g`tgrgn k`tf c af`te-tf-af`te sumigcsg wkte Cagrkjc` ofr pcrtkci usg fo kts twf lctgs, wekje ciifwgn Ngitc tf mglk` sgrvkjg orfa Ifvg Okgin. Ngitc g`bfygn u`k`tgrruptgn sgrvkjg sgrvkjg orfa Ifvg Okgin u`ngr teks af`tetf-af`te crrc`lgag`t. crrc`lgag`t. Mut Ngitc‛s sgrvkjg wcs picjgn k` bgfpcrny bgfpcrny weg` kts af`tetf-af`te sumigcsg wkte Cagrkjc` wcs sgt tf g`n f` Fjtfmgr 3=, =83>, teg googjtkvg nctg fo Cagrkjc`‛s Cagrkjc`‛s nkvgstk`l sumigcsg sumigcsg wkte _krlk` ofr tefsg twf lctgs. Ngitc mglc` jf`tcjtk`l teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs, cs wgii cs _krlk`, f` Bu`g 3:, =83>, tf rgqugst vfiu`tcry cjjfaafnctkf` ofr kts okvg nckiy oiklets, mut tect goofrt wcs u`sujjgssoui. K` c igttgr nctgn Buiy 3?, =83>, Ngitc rgqugstgn teg Jkty k`ktkctg teg ac`nctfry fr ofrjgn cjjfaafnctkf` prfjgnurg sgt ofrte k` gcje Igcsg Clrggag`t wkte teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs. Ckrik`gs. Ofiifwk`l Zgjtkf` >.8?O, Ar. Acrd Nugm`gr (’Ar. Nugm`gr‑), Nkrgjtfr fo teg Jkty‛s Ngpcrtag`t fo Cvkctkf`, `ftkokgn teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs tect uìgss Ngitc wcs cjjfaafnctgn wktek` :8 ncys, Ar. Nugm`gr wfuin sgigjt f`g Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g tf jfapiy wkte wkte teg cjjfaafnctkf` frngr. F` Zgptgamgr Zgptgamgr 35, =83>, Ngitc kòfragn Ar. Nugm`gr k` c igttgr tect `f cjjfaafnctkf` ecn mgg` acng gvg` tefule tefule teg :8-ncy ngcnik`g ngcnik`g ecn pcssgn. Ngitc gapecskzgn teg urlg`jy fo teg sktuctkf` wkte Cagrkjc` tgrak`ctk`l kts clrggag`t wkte Ngitc googjtkvg Fjtfmgr 3=, =83>. Ngitc cisf rgak`ngn rgak`ngn Ar. Nugm`gr Nugm`gr tect ’teg Ngpcrtag`t Ngpcrtag`t fo Cvkctkf` Cvkctkf` ecs 5


Xclg ; fo >= XclgKN <7>>

prgvkfusiy cssurgn us tect wg wfuin mg cjjfaafnctgn, c`n wg crg rgiyk`l f` tect jfaaktag`t.‑ \kte `f sumigcsg sumigcsg fr vfiu`tcry vfiu`tcry fr ofrjgn cjjfaafnctkf` cjjfaafnctkf` k` picjg, picjg, Ngitc g`tgrgn k`tf tgapfrcry lctg usclg clrggag`ts wkte nkoogrg`t ckr jcrrkgrs ct Ifvg Okgin ct vcrkfus pfk`ts k` tkag tf g`surg jf`tkùgn sgrvkjg, cii wekig rgcssgrtk`l kts cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst tf teg Jkty. Nurk`l teks tkag, W`ktgn wcs fpgrctk`l fìy sgvg` nckiy oiklets fut fo kts twf igcsgn lctgs. F` Zgptgamgr 3;, 3;, =83>, Ar. Nugm`gr `ftkokgn W`ktgn k` c igttgr tect teg Jkty sgigjtgn W`ktgn W`ktgn tf cjjfaafnctg cjjfaafnctg Ngitc f` f`g fo kts lctgs. lctgs. Ar. Nugm`gr stctgn tect teg Jkty‛s ngjkskf` wcs mcsgn f` W`ktgn‛s cjtuci lctg usclg ct tect tkag c`n eg tfin W`ktgn tect teg cjjfaafnctkf` cjjfaafnctkf` aust mg acng acng wktek` :8 ncys. ncys. êg ncy mgofrg tect `ftkokjctkf`, f` Zgptgamgr 35, =83>, W`ktgn g`tgrgn k`tf c lctg usclg clrggag`t wkte Zfutewgst ofr kts usg fo W`ktgn‛s twf lctgs fìy ofr fvgroifw purpfsgs fr krrgluicr fpgrctkf`s4 W`ktgn jf`tkùgn tf fpgrctg kts oiklets orfa mfte lctgs. F` Zgptgamgr =:, =83>, Ar. Mfm Af`tlfagry (’Ar. Af`tlfagry‑), _kjg Xrgskng`t fo Ckrpfrt Coockrs ofr Zfutewgst, sg`t c igttgr tf Ar. Nugm`gr nksputk`l c`n nksclrggk`l wkte teg Jkty‛s ngjkskf` tf ofrjg W`ktgn tf cjjfaafnctg Ngitc f` tegsg twf lctgs Zfutewgst ecn jf`trcjtgn tf usg ofr fvgroifw fvgroifw fr krrgluicr krrgluicr fpgrctkf`s. ^f mfistgr Zfutewgst‛s crluag`t, Ar. Af`tlfagry pfk`tgn tf Zfutewgst‛s rgjg`t lctg usclg clrggag`t wkte W`ktgn, Zfutewgst‛s fw` ngskrg c`n k`tg`t tf ’rcap up‑ kts oiklet fpgrctkf`s, c`n eks k`tgrprgtctkf` fo teg Igcsg Clrggag`t ic`luclg prfvknk`l fìy c` cjjfaafnctkf` prfjgss ofr rgqugsts, mut `ft c` cjtuci rgqukrgag`t fo teg ;


Xclg 38 fo >= XclgKN <7>7

Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g tf cjjfaafnctg. cjjfaafnctg. êg `gxt ncy, Zgptgamgr =>, =837, Zfutewgst JGF Ar. Lcry Dgiiy gackign Ar. CJ Lf`zcigz, Jkty Ac`clgr, tect Zfutewgst wcs `ft ecppy wkte teg Jkty‛s ngjkskf`2 Kt ecs jfag tf ay cttg`tkf` tect f`jg clck`, cs rgjg`tiy cs teks wggd, Tteg JktyQ ecs tcdg` stgps tf orustrctg c`n kapgng Zfutewgst Ckrik`gs‛ lrfwte c`n sujjgss. Ourtegr, teg TJQkty ecs cjtgn k` c ac``gr tect clck` puts us k` cnvgrsg pfsktkf`s iglciiy. êg >:-ygcr ekstfry fo Zfutewgst Ckrik`gs ecs mgg` c jf`stc`t strullig tf fvgrjfag TskjQ wkte teg Jkty fo Nciics. Ko c`yf`g orfa teg Jkty Ac`clgr‛s Fookjg fr teg Cvkctkf` Ngpt. ecn cttg`ngn teg prflrca wg efstgn ofr Nciics igcngrs twf wggds clf ct fur $388 akiikf`+ `gw trck`k`l c`n fpgrctkf`s jg`tgr, tegy wfuin ecvg igcr`gn tect Zfutewgst, mcsgn f` =83: cjjuauictgn nctc2 --lg`grctgn fvgr $> mkiikf` k` ifjci gjf`fakj cjtkvkty --jf`trkmutgn $= mkiikf` tf teg Nciics crgc LNX --ckngn k` teg jrgctkf` fo fvgr ==,888 bfms --pckn $3 mkiikf` k` scicrkgs, wclgs, c`n mg`gokts tf 5,888 Nciics crgc Gapifyggs --pckn $>= akiikf` k` tcxgs k` teg Nciics crgc --suppfrtgn >=5 ifjci jkvkj c`n jecrktcmig frlc`kzctkf`s wkte jcse c`n/fr orgg trcvgi Cii fo teg cmfvg ecs mgg` cjjfapiksegn wktefut ok`c`jkci k`jg`tkvgs fr tcx cmctgag`ts cmctgag`ts csdgn ofr fr fr foogrgn. K` rgtur`, Nciics Nciics ecs, my jefkjg„`ft `gjgsskty, gigjtgn tf rgwcrn jfapgtktfrs tect ecvg jf`trkmutgn `ftek`l tf Nciics wekig ng`yk`l Zfutewgst teg fppfrtu`kty tf lrfw orfa Nciics Ifvg Okgin, teg ckrpfrt TZfutewgstQ okrst scvgn orfa gikak`ctkf` my teg TJQkty c`n teg` TZfutewgstQ rgmukit ct `f jfst tf teg jkty. \g tefulet tect cotgr wfrdk`l sf ecrn tf rgsfivg teg ekstfrkj nksputg mgtwgg` Nciics c`n Ot. \frte fvgr fur ckrpfrts c`n teg` k`vgstk`l sf acsskvgiy tf rgk`vg`t Ifvg Okgin tect wg wgrg ok`ciiy pcst tegsg cjrkaf`kfus ecrnsekps wkte fur efagtfw`. efagtfw`. Cotgr >: ygcrs fo teks, wg ecvg ―Nciics octklug.‛ \g crg afvk`l f` tf ofjus o fjus 38


Xclg 33 fo >= XclgKN <7>?

fur jfrpfrctg k`vgstag`ts k` tefsg acrdgts tect picjg c vciug f` tega c`n tegkr jfrpfrctg rgskng`ts. F` Zgptgamgr =?, =83>, W`ktgn sg`t c igttgr tf teg Jkty fmbgjtk`l tf teg Jkty‛s rgqukrgag`t tect W`ktgn cjjfaafnctg Ngitc. Ngitc. W`ktgn stctgn mfte fo teg lctgs lctgs wfuin mg ouiiy utkikzgn cs fo Fjtfmgr 3:, =83>, pfk`tk`l tf W`ktgn‛s oiklet fpgrctkf`s c`n teg rgjg`t lctg usclg clrggag`t wkte Zfutewgst ofr fvgroifw fr krrgluicr fpgrctkf`s f` tefsg lctgs. lctgs. W`ktgn sckn tect Ngitc jfuin `ft `ft mg cjjfaafnctgn cjjfaafnctgn c`n csdgn teg Jkty tf rgsjk`n kts nkrgjtkvg.

F` Zgptgamgr Zgptgamgr =<, =83>, Zfutewgst Zfutewgst foogrgn $3=8

akiikf` jcse jf`skngrctkf` ofr teg prgogrg`tkci usg fo mfte W`ktgn lctgs ct Ifvg Okgin, wekje wcs cjjgptgn my W`ktgn f` Zgptgamgr =;, =83>. êg Jkty cjqukgsjgn tf Zfutewgst‛s ngac`ns f` Zgptgamgr =;, =837, c`n ngjkngn tf rgsjk`n teg Zgptgamgr 3; cjjfaafnctkf` cjjfaafnctkf` frngr tf mg mg kapigag`tgn my my W`ktgn. K` c igttgr nctgn nctgn Zgptgamgr =;, =83>, teg Jkty `ftkokgn Ngitc tect kt jfuin `f if`lgr mg cjjfaafnctgn f` W`ktgn‛s lctgs mgjcusg fo W`ktgn‛s rgjg`tiy prfvkngn oiklet sjegnuigs wekje k`jiungn teg `gw lctg usclg clrggag`t mgtwgg` Zfutewgst c`n W`ktgn. Ngitc‛s Zgjf`n Cjjfaafnctkf` ]gqugst Zgjtkf` >.8?O prfvkngs `f fptkf`s fr citgr`ctkvgs ofr c ]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g k` teg jcsg fo teg Nkrgjtfr rgsjk`nk`l eks sgigjtkf`. Cotgr teg Jkty rgsjk`ngn kts frklk`ci frklk`ci Zgptgamgr 3; cjjfaafnctkf` nkrgjtkvg tf W`ktgn, Ngitc acng c sgjf`n rgqugst ofr ofrjgn cjjfaafnctkf` cjjfaafnctkf` wkte teg Jkty. Ngitc sg`t Ar. Nugm`gr c igttgr nctgn Fjtfmgr =, =837, cssgrtk`l tect teg Jkty ecn ’fmiklctkf`s u`ngr Zgjtkf` >.8? fo teg TIgcsg 33


Xclg 3= fo >= XclgKN <7><

Clrggag`tQ, teg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t, teg Jkty‛s rgjg`t prfaksg tf cjjfaafnctg Ngitc, kts jfaaktag`t k` kts Ckrik`g Jfapgtktkf` Xic` okign wkte teg TOCCQ. . ., kts Ckrpfrt Kaprfvgag`t Xrflrca lrc`t cssurc`jgs, c`n Ogngrci icw‑ tf cjt f` Ngitc‛s cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst c`n ngskl`ctg c Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g tf secrg kts lctg spcjg wkte Ngitc f` c afrg pgrac`g`t pgrac`g`t mcsks. êg Jkty mglc` mglc` c`ftegr cjjfaafnctkf` cjjfaafnctkf` prfjgss prfjgss f` Ngjgamgr 3, =83>, c`n sg`t c igttgr tf _krlk`, W`ktgn c`n Zfutewgst stctk`l tect Ngitc‛s cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst ecn trkllgrgn teg ofraci cjjfaafnctkf` prfjgss sgt fut k` Zgjtkf` >.8?O. >.8?O. êg Jkty stctgn tect ko `f`g fo teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs wfuin vfiu`tcrkiy cjjfaafnctg Ngitc, teg Jkty wfuin jeffsg f`g tf cjjfaafnctg Ngitc. @f`g fo teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs foogrgn tf vfiu`tcrkiy cjjfaafnctg Ngitc k` rgspf`sg tf tect igttgr. êg Jkty Csds NF^ ofr Luknc`jg f` Cjjfaafnctkf` ]gqugst F` Ngjgamgr 5 c`n 33, =83>, teg Jkty jf`tcjtgn Ngog`nc`t Ngpcrtag`t fo ^rc`spfrtctkf` (’NF^‑) my pef`g ofr egip c`n luknc`jg f` efw tf ec`nig ckr jcrrkgr cjjgss ct Ifvg Ifvg Okgin, spgjkokjciiy cs cs kt rgictgn tf Ngitc‛s Ngitc‛s cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst. êg NF^ rgspf`ngn wkte c igttgr nctgn Ngjgamgr 3<, =83>, futik`k`l wect teg NF^ u`ngrstffn teg Jkty‛s fmiklctkf`s tf mg rglcrnk`l jfapgtktkf` ct Ifvg Okgin. Zpgjkokjciiy, teg NF^ stctgn tect teg Jkty ecn iglci fmiklctkf`s tf cjjfaafnctg Ngitc, wekje k`jiungn teg Jkty‛s fmiklctkf`s u`ngr teg ogngrci Jfapgtktkf` Xic` stctutg c`n cisf teg lrc`t cssurc`jgs teg Jkty acng k` rgictkf` tf lrc`ts u`ngr teg Ckrpfrt Kaprfvgag`t Xrflrca.

êg NF^ gapecskzgn teg kapfrtc`jg fo 3=


Xclg 3: fo >= XclgKN <7>5

cjjfaafnctk`l c rgqugstk`l ckrik`g c`n g`surk`l jfapgtktkf` ct teks ’jf`strck`gn‑ ckrpfrt. Cs ofr teg ig`lte fo fo c`y cjjfaafnctkf`, cjjfaafnctkf`, teg NF^‛s NF^‛s pfsktkf` wcs tect c` cjjfaafnctgn ckrik`g ’ks g`tktign tf c` f`lfk`l skakicr pcttgr` fo sgrvkjg cs if`l cs teg jcrrkgr jf`tkùgs tf fpgrctg teg cjjfaafnctgn oiklets.‑ Zfutewgst‛s Zumigcsg fo W`ktgn‛s ^wf Lctgs ^cdgs Googjt Citefule `f`g fo teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs clrggn tf vfiu`tcry cjjfaafnctg Ngitc cotgr Ar. Nugm`gr‛s Ngjgamgr 3 igttgr, teg Jkty jefsg `ft tf sgigjt c`y fo teg ckrik`gs tf jfapiy wkte teg cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst, gvg` tefule tect cjjfaafnctkf` ks rgqukrgn u`ngr Zgjtkf` Zgjtkf` >.8?O=2 ’T^Qeg Nkrgjtfr wkii `ftkoy `ftkoy cii Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs k` wrktk`l tect ko ]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g ks `ft cjjfaafnctgn wktek` tekrty (:8) ncys orfa o rfa teg rgjgkpt fo teg `ftkjg, teg Nkrgjtfr wkii sgigjt f`g fo teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs tf jfapiy wkte teg rgqugst ofr cjjfaafnctkf` k` c `f`-nksjrkak`ctfry ac``gr.‑ (Gapecsks cnngn.)

êg` f` Bcùcry =5, =837, Zfutewgst g`tgrgn k`tf c Zumigcsg Clrggag`t wkte W`ktgn ofr Zfutewgst‛s prgogrg`tkci usg fo W`ktgn‛s twf lctgs, wekje ofracikzgn teg $3=8,888,888 $3=8,888,888 ngci clrggn tf f` Zgptgamgr =;. êg W`ktgn Igcsg Clrggag`t Clrggag`t wkte teg Jkty rgqukrgn teg Jkty tf cpprfvg c`y sumigcsg mgofrg tect sumigcsg jfuin tcdg googjt. F` Bcùcry Bcùcry =5, teg Jkty jf`sg`tgn jf`sg`tgn tf tect tect Zumigcsg Clrggag`t Clrggag`t mgtwgg` W`ktgn c`n Zfutewgst. êg Jkty Zggds NF^ Luknc`jg c Zgjf`n ^kag Citefule teg Jkty rgousgn tf sgigjt c Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g tf cjjfaafnctg cjjfaafnctg Ngitc, Ar. Xgtgr Ecsdgii, teg Csskstc`t Jkty Cttfr`gy, gackign teg NF^ f` Ogmrucry =?, =837, 3:


Xclg 3> fo >= XclgKN <7>;

csdk`l ofr ourtegr luknc`jg f` teg Jkty‛s ogngrci c`n iglci fmiklctkf`s c`n cisf teg prfpgr nurctkf` ofr Ngitc‛s rgqugstgn rgqugstgn cjjfaafnctkf`. cjjfaafnctkf`. êg NF^ sg`t c`ftegr igttgr tf teg Jkty f` Bu`g 37, =837, clck` gxpick`k`l teg NF^‛s k`tgrprgtctkf` fo teg Jkty‛s fmiklctkf`s. êg NF^ rgktgrctgn tect teg lrc`t cssurc`jgs c`n c`n teg Jfapgtktkf` Xic` stctutg mfte rgqukrg teg Jkty tf cjjfaafnctg c rgqugstk`l ckrik`g ko c vfiu`tcry cjjfaafnctkf` jc``ft mg crrc`lgn. êg NF^ cisf stctgn tect ’teg Jkty ks rgqukrgn tf cjjfaafnctg c rgqugstk`l jcrrkgr uìgss Ifvg Okgin‛s ocjkiktkgs crg ouiiy-utkikzgn ct teg tkag fo teg rgqugst, fr teg skl`ctfry jcrrkgrs ct teg tkag fo teg rgqugst crg sgiik`l tkjdgts ofr outurg oiklets ouiiy-utkikzk`l teg ocjkiktkgs.‑

êg NF^ spgjkokjciiy `ftgn

tect teg Jkty sefuin `ft jf`skngr c Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g‛s u`sjegnuign outurg gxpc`skf` pic`s mgjcusg kt ’acy lkvg c skl`ctfry jcrrkgr teg cmkikty tf mifjd c jfapgtktfr‛s cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst my ngjknk`l fr cssgrtk`l, cotgr c rgqugst ks acng, tect kt wkii gxpc`n sgrvkjg.‑

Ok`ciiy, teg NF^ NF^ rgstctgn rgstctgn kts pfsktkf` f` teg ig`lte fo

cjjfaafnctkf`, wekje ks tect ’f`jg cjjfaafnctgn ct Ifvg Okgin, ―teg cjjfaafnctgn jcrrkgr ks g`tktign tf c` f`lfk`l skakicr pcttgr` fo sgrvkjg cs if`l cs teg jcrrkgr jf`tkùgs tf fpgrctg teg cjjfaafnctgn oiklets‛ c`n tect ―teg cjjfaafnctgn jcrrkgr sefuin `ft mg pusegn fut my k`juamg`t jcrrkgrs ct c ictgr nctg.‛‑

êg NF^ jf`jiungn kts rgspf`sg wkte c rgak`ngr rgak`ngr tect kt ks teg Jkty‛s

rgspf`skmkikty tf ngjkng efw tf cjt f` Ngitc‛s rgqugst.

3>


Xclg 37 fo >= XclgKN <778

Jkty fo Nciics Okigs êks Icwsukt„’^gii Ws \ect tf Nf!‑ Witkactgiy, `f`g fo teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs (agc`k`l c` ckrik`g ecvk`l c Igcsg Clrggag`t wkte teg Jkty ofr usg fo Ifvg Okgin spcjg c`n lctgs) fr _krlk` (ecvk`l c Zumigcsg Clrggag`t wkte Cagrkjc`) foogrgn tf vfiu`tcrkiy cjjfaafnctg Ngitc c`n teg Jkty rgousgn tf ofrjg c` cjjfaafnctkf` jeffsk`l `ft tf ofiifw teg luknc`jg teg Jkty sfikjktgn orfa orfa teg NF^. Ngitc jf`tkùgn tf fpgrctg oiklets orfa Ifvg Ifvg Okgin u`ngr c tgapfrcry lctg usclg clrggag`t wkte W`ktgn tf usg f`g fo kts prgogrg`tkci usg lctgs ofr 358 ncys tf fpgrctg Ngitc‛s okvg nckiy oiklets4 Zfutewgst foogrgn tf ef`fr teg tgapfrcry 358 ncy lctg usclg clrggag`t cotgr teg googjtkvg nctg fo teg Zumigcsg Clrggag`t. êks tgapfrcry lctg usclg clrggag`t wcs sgt tf gxpkrg f` Buiy ?, =837. Cs teg gxpkrctkf` nctg iffagn jifsgr, Zfutewgst rgbgjtgn Ngitc‛s rgqugsts rgqugsts tf gxtg`n kt. Jf`tkùk`l tf prgss teg cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst wkte teg Jkty, Ngitc tfin teg Jkty kt wfuin rgousg tf t f jgcsg fpgrctkf`s ct Ifvg Okgin f` Buiy <, =837, mgjcusg kt ecn c rklet tf cjjfaafnctkf`. cjjfaafnctkf`. K` c` cttgapt tf cvfkn wect kt scys scys wfuin mg pftg`tkci pftg`tkci jecfs ct Ifvg Okgin mglk``k`l Buiy <, =837, teg Jkty okign teks icwsukt f` Bu`g 3<, =837, sggdk`l ngjicrctfry rgikgo rgictgn tf, caf`l ftegr tek`ls, kts iglci fmiklctkf`s c`n rklets wkte rgspgjt tf teg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t, \C]C, teg Igcsg Clrggag`ts c`n ogngrci rgluictkf`s c`n icws coogjtk`l Ifvg Okgin4 gssg`tkciiy teg Jkty ks csdk`l teks Jfurt tf ’Xigcsg tgii us wect tf nf.‑ F` Bu`g 3;, 3;, =837, Zfutewgst okign teg pg`nk`l _grkokgn Cppikjctkf` ofr ^gapfrcry ]gstrck`k`l Frngr, Xrgikak`cry K`bu`jtkf`, c`n Xgrac`g`t K`bu`jtkf` Clck`st Ngitc. êg Jkty okign teg pg`nk`l Jrfss-Aftkf` ofr ofr 37


Xclg 3? fo >= XclgKN <773

^]F TskjQ f` Bu`g =:, =837. F` teg scag nctg, nctg, Ngitc okign teg pg`nk`l Gagrlg`jy Gagrlg`jy Aftkf` ofr c ^gapfrcry ]gstrck`k`l Frngr c`n c Xrgikak`cry K`bu`jtkf` Clck`st Zfutewgst. ^cdk`l k`tf cjjfu`t teg jfapigxkty fo teks jcsg c`n teg kapfrtc`jg fo teks acttgr tf teg jktkzg`s fo Nciics c`n teg Agtrfpigx, teg Jfurt urlgn teg pcrtkgs tf jfag tf c tgapfrcry clrggag`t rgictgn tf Ngitc‛s lctg usclg ct Ifvg Okgin k` frngr tf ciifw teg pcrtkgs cngquctg tkag tf mrkgo teg k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo rgqugsts c`n rgspf`sgs, cs wgii cs ciifw teg Jfurt tkag tf jf`nujt jf`nujt c egcrk`l.

Zfutewgst c`n c`n Ngitc rgcjegn c

tgapfrcry lctg usclg clrggag`t wegrgmy Zfutewgst wfuin pgrakt Ngitc tf jf`tkùg fpgrctk`l kts okvg oiklets nckiy u`tki teg Jfurt ruigs f` teg pg`nk`l aftkf`s ofr k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo. rgikgo.

êg Jfurt Jfurt jf`nujtgn c tergg-ncy egcrk`l f` f` teg aftkf`s f`

Zgptgamgr =5-:8, =837. KK.

Iglci Ztc`ncrn

’‛êg purpfsg fo c prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf` ks tf prgsgrvg teg stctus quf c`n teus prgvg`t krrgpcrcmig ecra u`tki teg rgspgjtkvg rklets fo teg pcrtkgs jc` mg csjgrtck`gn nurk`l c trkci f` teg agrkts.‛‑ Zgr`c v. ^gx. Ngpt. fo Ztctg Egcite Zgrvkjgs, _ktci Ztctkstkjs W`kt, @f. 3-37-J_->>?-]X, =837 \I ?335?=:, ct 3: (\.N. ^gx. Fjt. 3?, =837)

(quftk`l Gxekmktfrs Xfstgr Gxje., K`j. v. @ct‛i Zjrgg` Zgrv. Jfrp., >>3 O.=n 7?8, 7?8 (7te Jkr. 3;<3)). ^f mg g`tktign tf c prgikak`cry prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf`, teg afvc`t aust sctksoy gcje fo teg ofiifwk`l gquktcmig ocjtfrs2 (3) c sumstc`tkci ikdgikeffn fo sujjgss f` teg agrkts4 (=) c sumstc`tkci tergct fo krrgpcrcmig k`bury4 (:) teg tergctg`gn k`bury tf teg 3?


Xclg 3< fo >= XclgKN <77=

afvc`t futwgkles teg tergctg`gn ecra tf teg pcrty sfulet tf mg g`bfk`gn4 c`n (>) lrc`tk`l teg k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo wkii `ft nkssgrvg teg pumikj k`tgrgst. Jc`ci Cute. fo Ztctg fo Oic. v. Jciicwcy, >5; O.=n 7?<, 7<= (7te Jkr. 3;<>)4 sgg cisf ^gx. Agn. Xrfvkngrs Xgrofrak`l Cmfrtkf` Zgrvs. v. Icdgy, ??< O.:n 7<8, 7<> (7te Jkr. =83=) (quftk`l Miugokgin \ctgr Css‛`, K`j. v. Jkty fo Ztcrdvkiig, Akss., 7<< O.:n =78, =7=-7: (7te Jkr.

=88;)). Mgjcusg c prgikak`cry prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf` ks c` gxtrcfrnk`cry rgagny, kt sefuin `ft `ft mg lrc`tgn uìgss teg afvc`t ecs ’‛jigcriy jcrrkgn teg murng` fo pgrsucskf`‛ f` cii ofur rgqukrgag`ts.‑ Miugokgin \ctgr , 7<< O.:n ct =7: (quftk`l Icdg Jecrigs Nkgsgi, K`j. O.:n 3;=, 3;7-;? 3;7-;? (7te Jkr. =88:)). Ockiurg tf suookjkg`tiy v. Lg`. Aftfrs Jfrp., :=5 O.:n gstcmikse c`y f`g fo teg ofur ocjtfrs rgqukrgs teks Jfurt tf ng`y teg afvc`t‛s rgqugst ofr c prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf`.

Zgg G`tgr. K`t‛i, K`j. v. Jfrpfrcjkf` Gstctci Xgtrfigrc

>?>, ><= (7te Jkr. 3;57). Gjuctfrkc`c, ?>,

C`y ocjtuci ocjtuci ok`nk`ls c`n/fr

jf`jiuskf`s fo icw teg Jfurt acdgs egrgk` crg `ft mk`nk`l ct c trkci f` teg agrkts. Bf`kmcje Alat. ^rust v. \crtmurl G`tgrprksgs, G`tgrprksgs, K`j., <78 O.:n >5?, >;3 (7te Jkr. =83>).

KKK.

C`ciysks

Ct teks bu`jturg, teg Jfurt ks fìy jf`jgr`gn jf`jgr`gn wkte teg `ggn ofr kaagnkctg rgikgo pg`nk`l c trkci f` teg agrkts. êg Jkty‛s ]gqugst êg Jkty afvgs ofr k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo k` teg ofra fo teg Jfurt lrc`tk`l gktegr teg rgikgo rgqugstgn my Zfutewgst, fr citgr`ctkvgiy, teg rgikgo rgqugstgn my Ngitc, fr ourtegr k` teg citgr`ctkvg, teg Jfurt ikaktk`l mfte Zfutewgst‛s c`n Ngitc‛s oiklet 3<


Xclg 35 fo >= XclgKN <77:

fpgrctkf`s k` frngr tf prgvg`t nfumig-mffdk`l c`n ikakt k`tgrogrg`jg wkte lctg rklets. êg Jkty tcdgs `f `f pfsktkf` f` prgjksgiy prgjksgiy wect teg k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo sefuin mg. êg Jkty skapiy afvgs ofr sfag sfrt fo k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo, wectgvgr teg Jfurt ngtgrak`gs tect tf mg, wekig teg iglci kssugs crg ngjkngn. Ngitc‛s ]gqugst Ngitc sggds k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo clck`st Zfutewgst tf ’orggzTgQ teg stctus quf . . . ciifwk`l Ngitc tf jf`tkùg fpgrctk`l kts ikaktgn sjegnuig fo okvg nckiy oiklets . . . pg`nk`l ok`ci rgsfiutkf` fo teks prfjggnk`l.‑ Ngitc spgjkokjciiy csds teg Jfurt tf kssug c prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf` prfekmktk`l Zfutewgst orfa (3) gvkjtk`l Ngitc orfa kts lctg(s) ct Ifvg Okgin, (=) gxpc`nk`l kts oiklet fpgrctkf`s ct Ifvg Okgin, fr (:) c`y ftegr cjtkf` k`jf`skstg`t wkte Ngitc‛s rklet tf if`l tgra cjjfaafnctkf`. cjjfaafnctkf`. Zfutewgst‛s ]gqugst Zfutewgst sggds k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo clck`st Ngitc tf prftgjt ’Zfutewgst‛s prfpgrty rklets c`n tf prftgjt prftgjt teg rklets fo teg oiyk`l pumikj.‑ pumikj.‑ Zpgjkokjciiy, Zfutewgst sggds c prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf` prfekmktk`l Ngitc orfa trgspcssk`l f` Zfutewgst‛s lctgs ct Ifvg Okgin cotgr teg gxpkrctkf` fo teg tgapfrcry lctg usclg clrggag`t. C. Ngitc‛s Aftkf` ofr Xrgikak`cry K`bu`jtkf`

3. Ikdgikeffn fo Zujjgss f` teg Agrkts K` gstcmiksek`l c ’sumstc`tkci ikdgikeffn fo sujjgss‑, teg afvc`t ’ks `ft rgqukrgn tf prfvg TeksQ g`tktigag`t tf suaacry bunlag`t‑ ofr purpfsgs fo prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf`. Myrua v. Ic`nrgte, 7?? O.:n >>=, >>? (7te Jkr. =88;)4 sgg cisf 35


Xclg 3; fo >= XclgKN <77>

Bc`vgy v. Cilukrg, ?>< O.:n 757, 7;7-;? (7te Jkr. =833). =833). êg nkstrkjt jfurt ’iffdTsQ tf

―stc`ncrns prfvkngn my teg sumstc`tkvg icw‛‑ tf ngtgrak`g ikdgikeffn fo sujjgss f` teg agrkts. Bc`vgy, ?>< O.:n ct 7;? (quftk`l ]fef, K`j. v. Acrquks, ;8= O.=n :7?, :75 (7te Jkr. 3;;8)). Ct teg tkag Ngitc okign kts aftkf`, kt ecn `ft ygt okign c` c`swgr fr c`y jfu`tgr- c`n/fr jrfssjickas. Ct teg tkag fo teg k`bu`jtkf` egcrk`l, Ngitc ecn ecn okign kts cag`ngn jrfss-jickas clck`st clck`st Zfutewgst Zfutewgst sggdk`l fr cssgrtk`l2 cssgrtk`l2

(3) c ngjicrctfry

bunlag`t tect teg Zumigcsg Clrggag`t mgtwgg` W`ktgn c`n Zfutewgst vkfictgn teg Igcsg Clrggag`ts4 (=) c ngjicrctfry bunlag`t tect Ngitc ks g`tktign tf mg cjjfaafnctgn4 (:) c jicka ofr mrgcje fo teg Zfutewgst Igcsg Clrggag`t4 c`n (>) c jicka ofr tfrtkfus tfrtkfus k`tgrogrg`jg wkte teg W`ktgn Igcsg Clrggag`t. Clrggag`t. êg Jfurt `ggn `ggn fìy jf`skngr wegtegr Ngitc ecs c ikdgikeffn fo sujjgss f` teg agrkts fo f`g fo kts jickas. Zgg ]cacnc Orc`jeksg Zys., K`j. v. Bcjfmjcrt, K`j., Jkv. @f. :283-J_-:8?-N, =883 \I 7>8=3:, ct *3 (@.N. ^gx. Acy 3<, =883)(Oktzwctgr, B.). ^f gstcmikse c mrgcje fo jf`trcjt jicka u`ngr ^gxcs icw, teg pcrty aust prfvg2 (3) teg gxkstg`jg fo c vcikn jf`trcjt4 (=) tect teg TpcrtyQ pgrofragn fr tg`ngrgn pgrofrac`jg4 (:) tect teg ftegr pcrty mrgcjegn teg jf`trcjt4 c`n (>) tect teg pcrty wcs ncaclgn cs c rgsuit fo teg mrgcje. Jfrngrf v. Cvf` Xrfnujts., K`j., @f. 37->87?:, =837 \I ?7:8<=3, ?7:8<=3, ct *= (7te Jkr. Fjt. Fjt. =;, =837). C pcrty aust gstcmikse kts prkvkty tf teg jf`trcjt fr kts stctus cs c tekrn-pcrty mg`gokjkcry k` frngr tf sug ofr mrgcje fo jf`trcjt. Acnnfx v. _c`tclg G`grly, IIJ , :?3 Z.\.:n <7=, <7?-7< (^gx.Cpp.„Ot. 3;


Xclg =8 fo >= XclgKN <777

\frte =83=). Ngitc‛s mrgcje fo fo jf`trcjt jicka ks mcsgn f` teg Igcsg Clrggag`t Clrggag`t g`tgrgn k`tf my teg Jkty c`n Zfutewgst. Mgjcusg Ngitc ks `ft c skl`ctfry tf teg Igcsg Clrggag`t, teg Jfurt aust ngtgrak`g cs c tergsefin acttgr tect Ngitc ecs stc`nk`l cs c tekrn-pcrty mg`gokjkcry tf gòfrjg teg Igcsg Clrggag`t. c. Ks Ngitc c êkrn-Xcrty Mg`gokjkcry6 ^gxcs jfurts ecvg trcnktkf`ciiy ’prgsuagn tect c pcrty jf`trcjts fìy ofr kts fw` mg`gokt c`n ecvg tegrgofrg ack`tck`gn c prgsuaptkf` clck`st tekrn-pcrty mg`gokjkcry clrggag`ts.‑

Kn. ct <7<.

Wìgss tegrg ks jigcr c`n u`gqukvfjci

rgprgsg`tctkf` tect teg jf`trcjtk`l pcrtkgs k`tg`ngn tf nkrgjtiy mg`gokt c tekrn-pcrty, jfurts wkii `ft kògr suje k`tg`t k` frngr tf jfògr tekrn-pcrty mg`gokjkcry stctus. Z.\.:n >3;, >=7 (^gx. =833). =833). êg jf`trcjt nfgs nfgs `ft `ggn tf ^cwgs v. Mcr`gs, :>8 Z.\.:n spgjkokjciiy `cag teg tekrn-pcrty, mut kt aust cngquctgiy ngsjrkmg fr ngskl`ctg teg tekrn-pcrty. Acnnfx , :?3 Z.\.:n Z.\.:n ct <7<. <7<. C tekrn-pcrty mg`gokjkcry mg`gokjkcry ks gktegr c nf`gg mg`gokjkcry fr jrgnktfr mg`gokjkcry. Kn. \eg` teg jfapigtgn jf`trcjtgn pgrofrac`jg pgrofrac`jg jfags tf teg pcrty cs c purg nf`ctkf`, tect pcrty ks c nf`gg mg`gokjkcry. Kn. (jktk`l AJK ^gigjfaas. Jfrp. v. ^gx. Wtki. Gigj. Jf., ;;7 Z.\.=n ?><, ?73 (^gx. 3;;;)).

\eg` teg jf`trcjtgn pgrofrac`jg sctksokgs c nuty fr iglciiy gòfrjgcmig jfaaktag`t fwgn tf teg pcrty my teg prfaksgg, teg pcrty ks jf`skngrgn c jrgnktfr mg`gokjkcry. Kn. C pcrty ks `ft c tekrn-pcrty mg`gokjkcry ko kt skapiy mg`gokts k`jkng`tciiy orfa teg jf`trcjt. Acnnfx , :?3 Z.\.:n ct <7<.

=8


Xclg =3 fo >= XclgKN <77?

Ngitc jf`tg`ns tect c ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ ks c` k`tg`ngn, k `tg`ngn, jf`tgapictgn, c`n/fr tekrn-pcrty mg`gokjkcry fo teg Igcsg Clrggag`t mgtwgg` teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g c`n teg Jkty. Ngitc jf`tg`ns tect kts rgqugst rgqugst ofr vfiu`tcry cjjfaafnctkf` orfa Zfutewgst, mglk``k`l k` Bu`g =83>, sctksokgn Ngitc‛s fmiklctkf`s cs c ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ fr ’]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g‑ u`ngr Zgjtkf` >.8?O. Ngitc, teg Jkty c`n c`n Zfutewgst nksclrgg cs tf teg gxcjt ngok`ktkf` fo ’`gw ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑. êg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t, \C]C, c`n c`n teg Igcsg Clrggag`t nf `ft ngok`g ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑. êg Jfurt aust okrst ngok`g ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ mgofrg kt jc` cnnrgss teg tekrn-pcrty mg`gokjkcry c`ciysks. k. ’@gw G`trc`t Ckrik`g‑ Ngok`gn Ngitc ngok`gs ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ cs c`y ckrik`g tect ks `ft c Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g k` c Igcsg Clrggag`t wkte teg Jkty. Zfutewgst ngok`gs ’`gw ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ ckrik`g‑ cs c` ckrik`g tect nfgs `ft jurrg`tiy fpgrctg fpgrctg ct Ifvg Okgin. êg Jkty nfgs `ft foogr c ngok`ktkf`, mut k`stgcn csds teg Jfurt tf ngok`g kt. êg Igcsg Clrggag`t usgs usgs teg tgra ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ k` Zgjtkf` >.8?O k`tgrjec`lgcmiy wkte ’]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g‑, mut teg Igcsg Clrggag`t nfgs `ft ngok`g ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑. êg Igcsg Clrggag`t nfgs ngok`g ’]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g‑ k` Zgjtkf` 3.78, mut teg ngok`ktkf` ks ikaktgn, stctk`l fìy tect teg tgra ecs teg agc`k`l lkvg` tf kt k` Zgjtkf` >.8?O. êg Igcsg Clrggag`t prfvkngs k` Zgjtkf` >.8?O2 Ckrik`g c`n Jkty clrgg tect citefule afst fo teg ckrik`g crgcs crgcs k` teg ^grak`ci Mukink`l Tct Ifvg OkginQ crg fr wkii mg igcsgn tf Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs ofr tegkr gxjiuskvg fr prgogrg`tkci usg, c`n =3


Xclg == fo >= XclgKN <77<

^grak`ci Mukink`l ocjkiktkgs Twekje k`jiungs lctgsQ ct teg Ckrpfrt acy mgjfag c sjcrjg rgsfurjg ko c `gw g`trc`t ckrik`g (’]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g‑) rgqugsts tf prfvkng sgrvkjg ct teg Ckrpfrt. K` suje jkrjuastc`jgs, Ckrik`g clrggs tf cjjfaafnctg suje ]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g cs kts Igcsgn Xrgaksgs ct suje tkags tect wkii `ft u`nuiy k`tgrogrg wkte kts fpgrctk`l sjegnuig c`n upf` suje rgcsf`cmig tgras cs acy mg clrggn upf` mgtwgg` Ckrik`g c`n teg ]gqugstk`l Ckrik`gTQ, tcdk`l k`tf jf`skngrctkf` cii teg jkrjuastc`jgs fo suje c` cjjfaafnctkf` clrggag`t. . . . ^f k`surg jfapikc`jg wkte teks fmiklctkf` c`n tf prfvkng fpg` cjjgss c`n u`kofra trgctag`t ofr cii ckrik`g tg`c`ts, teg ofiifwk`l Tcjjfaafnctkf`Q prfjgnurg ks gstcmiksegn. . . . My skl`k`l teg Igcsg Clrggag`t wekje jf`tck`s teks ic`luclg, cii pcrtkgs cjd`fwignlg teg pftg`tkci sjcrjg rgsfurjgs ct Ifvg Okgin. êg ic`luclg ks jigcr tect teg purpfsg fo teg cjjfaafnctkf` prfjgnurg ks tf k`surg tegrg wfuin mg fpg` cjjgss ofr c` ckrik`g rgqugstk`l cjjfaafnctkf` ofr lctg spcjg ct Ifvg Okgin k` iklet fo teg lctg ikaktctkf`s ikaktctkf`s c`n c`n fvgrcii fvgrcii jf`strck`ts jf`strck`ts wekje teg pcrtkgs cii cii rgjfl`kzgn. rgjfl`kzgn.

êg

ic`luclg nksjussgs teg pftg`tkci sjcrjkty fo Ifvg Okgin ocjkiktkgs mgjcusg afst ’crg fr wkii mg igcsgn tf Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g ofr tegkr gxjiuskvg fr prgogrg`tkci usg‑. Mgjcusg fo teks, teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g clrggs tf prfvkng spcjg tf c `gw g`trc`t ckrik`g sggdk`l tf prfvkng sgrvkjg ct Ifvg Okgin. êgrg ks `f ic`luclg ic`luclg ikaktk`l teg `gw `gw g`trc`t ckrik`g tf f`g `ft jurrg`tiy fpgrctk`l ct Ifvg Ifvg Okgin. êg Igcsg Clrggag`t Clrggag`t ic`luclg nfgs `ft ikakt teg pcrtkgs‛ cjjfaafnctkf` fmiklctkf` tf c` ckrik`g `ft jurrg`tiy fpgrctk`l ct Ifvg Okgin. Zuje c `crrfw jf`strujtkf` jf`strujtkf` fo ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ ckrik`g‑ ks u`rgcsf`cmig c`n c`n tff rgstrkjtkvg k` iklet iklet fo teg ic`luclg fo sgjtkf` >.8?O fo teg Igcsg Clrggag`t. êg Jfurt clrggs wkte Ngitc‛s prfpfsgn prfpfsgn ngok`ktkf` fo fo ’`gw g`trc`t‑. g`trc`t‑. Citefule teg Igcsg Igcsg ==


Xclg =: fo >= XclgKN <775

Clrggag`t ic`luclg ks `ft crtouiiy nrcotgn, teg Jfurt ok`ns ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ tf agc` c`y ckrik`g tect ks `ft c Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g k` c Igcsg Clrggag`t wkte teg Jkty c`n c` ckrik`g `ggnk`l spcjg ct Ifvg Okgin tf prfvkng sgrvkjg. kk. Ks Ngitc Cmig tf Mrk`l Mrgcje fo Jf`trcjt Jicka cs c ’@gw G`trc`t Ckrik`g‑6 Ecvk`l ngok`gn ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑, teg Jfurt `fw tur`s tf wegtegr Ngitc, cs c ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑, jc` mg c tekrn-pcrty mg`gokjkcry tf teg Igcsg Clrggag`t c`n mrk`l kts mrgcje fo jf`trcjt jicka. êg Jfurt ok`ns Ngitc ks c jrgnktfr mg`gokjkcry mgjcusg teg nuty fwgn tf Ngitc ks c jf`trcjtuci fmiklctkf` fr sfag ftegr iglciiy gòfrjgcmig jfaaktag`t u`ngr teg Igcsg Clrggag`t. Zgg Ztk`g v. Ztgwcrt, 58 Z.\.:n 75?, 75; (^gx. =88=).

Zgjtkf` >.8?O spgjkokjciiy prfvkngs tect weg` c`

cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst ks acng, Zfutewgst cs teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g clrggs tf cjjfaafnctg teg ’]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g‑, egrg Ngitc, ct tkags tect wfuin `ft u`nuiy k`tgrogrg wkte Zfutewgst‛s sjegnuig. sjegnuig. êks clrggag`t clrggag`t my Zfutewgst sctksokgs c nuty fr iglciiy gòfrjgcmig jfaaktag`t fwgn tf Ngitc f`jg Ngitc acng tect cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst k` jfapikc`jg jfapikc`jg wkte sgjtkf` >.8?O. êg Jfurt ok`ns ok`ns teg Igcsg Clrggag`t ks jigcr c`n u`gqukvfjci tect teg Jkty c`n teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs k`tg`ngn tf nkrgjtiy mg`gokt c ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ fr ’]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g‑, k` teks jcsg Ngitc, wkte teks cjjfaafnctkf` prfvkskf`. Zgg ^cwgs, :>8 Z.\.:n ct >=7. Ngitc wfuin `ft skapiy mg`gokt k`jkng`tciiy orfa teg cjjfaafnctkf` prfvkskf`. Zgg Ztk`g, 58 Z.\.:n ct 75;. êg pcrtkgs nrcotgn c` cjjfaafnctkf` =:


Xclg => fo >= XclgKN <77;

prfjgnurg tect wfuin mg trkllgrgn upf` c rgqugst orfa c ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ c`n teks wcs k`jfrpfrctgn k`jfrpfrctgn k`tf teg Igcsg Clrggag`t. Clrggag`t. êg purpfsg fo tect prfjgnurg prfjgnurg ks gxpick`gn k` teg Igcsg Clrggag`t cs prfvknk`l c ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ cjjgss tf sjcrjg spcjg ct Ifvg Okgin. Fmvkfusiy, teg Igcsg Clrggag`t Clrggag`t nfgs `ft spgjkokjciiy `cag Ngitc cs c mg`gokjkcry, mut kt nfgs cngquctgiy ngsjrkmg fr ngskl`ctg Ngitc my usg fo teg tgra ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ fr ’]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g‑. Zgg Acnnfx , :?3 Z.\.:n ct <7<. Ko teg Jkty c`n Zfutewgst cs pcrtkgs tf teg Igcsg Clrggag`t Clrggag`t nkn `ft k`tg`n ofr c ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ tf ecvg teg rklet tf gòfrjg teks sgjtkf`, tegrg wfuin mg `f ftegr wcy ofr teg cjjfaafnctkf` prfjgnurg tf wfrd c`n `f rgagny ofr teg ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ sefuin teg Jkty c`n/fr Zfutewgst `ft jfapiy wkte tegkr clrggag`t. êgrg ks `f rgcsf`cmig k`tgrprgtctkf` fo teks cjjfaafnctkf` prfvkskf` ftegr tec` tect teg ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ ckrik`g‑ ks k` ocjt teg fìy k`tg`ngn k`tg`ngn mg`gokjkcry. Ftegrwksg, teks ks supgroiufus ic`luclg ic`luclg mgjcusg `f f`g mg`gokts orfa teks prfvkskf`. êg Jfurt ok`ns ct teks prgikak`cry stclg tect Ngitc ecs stc`nk`l tf mrk`l kts mrgcje fo jf`trcjt jicka clck`st Zfutewgst cs c tekrn-pcrty mg`gokjkcry. m. Nkn Zfutewgst Mrgcje teg Igcsg Clrggag`t6 êg Jfurt `fw tur`s tf Zfutewgst‛s ciiglgn mrgcje fo teg clrggag`t. clrggag`t. ^f gstcmikse c sumstc`tkci ikdgikeffn fo sujjgss f` teg agrkts fo kts mrgcje fo jf`trcjt jicka, Ngitc aust tf prfvg2 (3) teg gxkstg`jg gxkstg`jg fo c vcikn vcikn jf`trcjt4 (=) (=) tect Ngitc pgrofragn fr tg`ngrgn pgrofrac`jg4 (:) tect Zfutewgst mrgcjegn teg jf`trcjt4 c`n (>) tect Ngitc wcs ncaclgn cs c rgsuit fo teg mrgcje. Zgg Jfrngrf, @f. 37->87?:, =>


Xclg =7 fo >= XclgKN <7?8

=837 \I ?7:8<=3, ct ct *=. êgrg ks `f nksputg tect c jf`trcjt, teg Igcsg Clrggag`t, Clrggag`t, gxksts c`n teg Jfurt ecs cirgcny ngtgrak`gn Ngitc ks c tekrn-pcrty mg`gokjkcry, sf teg okrst ocjtfr ks gstcmiksegn. Cs ofr Ngitc‛s Ngitc‛s pgrofrac`jg, pgrofrac`jg, teg rgjfrn rgjfrn gstcmiksegs tect Ngitc pgrofragn kts fmiklctkf` u`ngr teg cjjfaafnctkf` prfjgnurg k` sgjtkf` >.8?O my jf`tcjtk`l cii Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs c`n c`y ckrik`g sumigcsk`l lctg spcjg orfa c Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g mglk``k`l Bu`g 3:, =83>, tf try tf sgjurg vfiu`tcry cjjfaafnctkf`. Zgjtkf` >.8?O prfvkngs tect teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g ’clrggs tf cjjfaafnctg suje ]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g ct kts Igcsg Xrgaksgs ct suje tkags tect wkii `ft u`nuiy k`tgrogrg wkte kts fpgrctk`l sjegnuig.‑ êg Igcsg Clrggag`t nfgs `ft ngok`g ’u`nuiy k`tgrogrg wkte‑. êg Jfurt ok`ns kt vgry k`tgrgstk`l tect ofragr Acyfr Icurc Akiigr tgstkokgn cmfut teks gxcjt percsg k` teg Igcsg Clrggag`t ct teg Jf`lrgsskf`ci sumjfaakttgg egcrk`l f` rgofrak`l teg \rklet Cag`nag`t Cag`nag`t Cjt. K` rgspf`sg tf c sumjfaakttgg sumjfaakttgg agamgr‛s qugstkf` cmfut teg agc`k`l fo teg u`ngok`gn c`n ’vclug‑ tgra ’u`nuiy k`tgrogrg wkte‑, As. Akiigr tgstkokgn2 \gii kt wcs jrcotgn my teg Nciics Jkty Cttfr`gy‛s Fookjg c`n wg u`ngrstc`n, sk`jg kt ecs `gvgr mgg` tgstgn, wg ecvg `gvgr ecn c jfòikjt4 tect wg sefuin, ko wg crg rgspf`skmig, jrgctg c vgry jigcr pfikjy usk`l teks cs teg tgapictg ofr efw wg crg k` rgci tgras lfk`l tf mg gxgjutk`l lkvgs us teg cutefrkty cutefrkty tf tgii Tc Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gQ, teks. êks TtgraQ lkvgs

yfu ecvg tf acdg rffa. Mut K tek`d tect ikdg ftegr ckrpfrts ikdg yfu jktgn tect ecvg teks kssug fo jcpcjkty, wg `ggn tf ecvg c vgry jigcr pfikjy k` picjg sf tect teg tg`c`ts ecvg c jigcr gxpgjtctkf` ofr efw kts lfk`l tf wfrd weg` teg nkrgjtfr scy wg secii acdg rffa ofr Tc ]gqugstk`l Ckrik`gQ c`n teks ks efw wg crg lfk`l tf nf kt.

=7


Xclg =? fo >= XclgKN <7?3

Gx. ?:3, p. p. 887=. Cs wg `fw d`fw, d`fw, teg Jkty wefiiy ockign tf jrcot c`y pfikjy, igt cif`g c jigcr f`g, sgttk`l ofrte efw teg cjjfaafnctkf` prfjgnurg c`n prfjgss wfuin wfrd k` rgcikty. êks ’vclug ic`luclg cmfut ―u`nuiy k`tgrogrg wkte‛‑ wcs nrcotgn my teg Jkty ktsgio c`n wcs `ftgn my ct igcst f`g jf`jgr`gn sumjfaakttgg agamgr fo jf`trkmutk`l tf ’Zfutewgst Tmgk`lQ k` teg jctmkrn sgct‑. C`n wfrsg, teg` Acyfr Acyfr Icurc Akiigr cjd`fwignlgn teg `ggn ofr teg Jkty, ’ ko wg crg rgspf`skmig, TtfQ jrgctg c vgry jigcr pfikjy . . . ofr efw wg crg k` rgci tgras lfk`l tf t f mg gxgjutk`l teks.‑ @fw k` teks jcsg, teg

Jfurt ks csdgn tf ofiifw terfule wkte wect teg Jkty sefuin ecvg nf`g ygcrs clf. k. ’W`nuiy K`tgrogrg \kte‑ Ngok`gn êg Jfurt jf`jiungs, ofr purpfsgs fo teks prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf`, tect ’u`nuiy k`tgrogrg wkte‑ k` sgjtkf` >.8?O agc`s teg rgqugstgn oiklet cjjfaafnctkf` jc` okt wktek` teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g‛s gxkstk`l pumiksegn sjegnuig, ct teg tkag teg cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst ks acng, wktefut jcusk`l teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g‛s gxkstk`l sjegnuig tf rgcje acxkaua usclg.

êg gvkng`jg gstcmiksegs tect Zfutewgst Zfutewgst

jf`skngrs acxkaua usclg fr ’ouii utkikzctkf`‑ fo lctgs ct Ifvg Okgin tf mg 38 oiklets nckiy pgr lctg. êg Jfurt ok`ns Ngitc prfvkngn prfvkngn gvkng`jg tect, ct sgvgrci sgvgrci pfk`ts k` tkag cotgr kts k`ktkci cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst k` Bu`g =83>, Zfutewgst wcs cmig tf cjjfaafnctg Ngitc‛s okvg nckiy oiklets f` Zfutewgst‛s 3? lctgs wktefut u`nuiy k`tgrogrk`l wkte Zfutewgst‛s gxkstk`l fpgrctk`l sjegnuig. Ct teg tkag fo teg Ngitc‛s frklk`ci cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst k` Bu`g =83>, Zfutewgst wcs oiyk`l cpprfxkactgiy sgvg` sgvg` oiklets nckiy fut fut fo 3? lctgs. êg gvkng`jg =?


Xclg =< fo >= XclgKN <7?=

sefws tect cs fo Fjtfmgr 3, =83>, prkfr tf teg rgpgci fo teg \rklet Cag`nag`t, Zfutewgst fpgrctgn 335 oiklets nckiy fut fo 3? lctgs, cpprfxkactgiy sgvg` oiklets nckiy pgr lctg. lctg. êct oiklet sjegnuig wfuin jgrtckìy ecvg pgrakttgn pgrakttgn cjjfaafnctkf` fo Ngitc‛s okvg oiklets nckiy wktefut rgcjek`l Zfutewgst‛s k`tgrprgtctkf` fo ’ouii utkikzctkf`‑ cs 38 oiklets nckiy orfa orfa gcje lctg. êg Jfurt rgjfl`kzgs rgjfl`kzgs teks wcs mgofrg teg ikotk`l fo nfagstkj oiklet nkstc`jg rgstrkjtkf`s c`n Zfutewgst pic``gn tf k`jrgcsg kts oiklet fpgrctkf`s. Gvg` ko teg Jfurt jf`skngrs Zfutewgst‛s pfst-\C]C k`jrgcsgn oiklet fpgrctkf`s sjegnuig, tegrg wcs rffa k` Zfutewgst‛s sjegnuig tf cjjfaafnctg Ngitc. êg gvkng`jg sefws tect Zfutewgst wcs fpgrctk`l 3>; oiklets nckiy fut fo 3? lctgs cs fo @fvgamgr :, :, =83>. êct ks `k`g oiklets nckiy pgr lctg. F`jg teg Zumigcsg Zumigcsg Clrggag`t mgtwgg` W`ktgn c`n Zfutewgst tffd googjt ct teg g`n fo Bcùcry =837, Zfutewgst wcs fpgrctk`l 37: oiklets nckiy fut fo 35 lctgs fr 5.7 oiklets nckiy pgr lctg. Kt wcs `ft u`tki Ogmrucry =?, =837, tect Zfutewgst c``fu`jgn kt wcs k`jrgcsk`l oiklet fpgrctkf`s tf 358 oiklets nckiy fut fo 35 lctgs mglk``k`l Culust ;, =837. Zfutewgst‛s jicka tect Ngitc‛s okvg oiklets nckiy u`nuiy k`tgrogrgs wkte Zfutewgst‛s fpgrctkf`s ks skapiy `ft suppfrtgn my teg gvkng`jg. Wp u`tki kts c``fu`jgag`t c``fu`jgag`t f` Ogmrucry =?, =837 fo k`jrgcsgn oiklet fpgrctkf`s, teg gvkng`jg gstcmiksegs tect Zfutewgst wcs cmig tf cjjfaafnctg Ngitc wktefut ’u`nuiy k`tgrogrk`l wkte‑ Zfutewgst‛s fw` fpgrctkf`s. ^cdk`l teg Jfurt‛s ngok`ktkf` fo ’u`nuiy k`tgrogrg wkte‑ k`tf jf`skngrctkf`, Zfutewgst jfuin ecvg vfiu`tcrkiy cjjfaafnctgn Ngitc‛s okvg oiklets wktefut u`nuiy =<


Xclg =5 fo >= XclgKN <7?:

k`tgrogrk`l wkte Zfutewgst‛s sjegnuig weg` teg k`ktkci rgqugst wcs acng k` Bu`g =83>. Zfutewgst‛s sjegnuig stkii ciifwgn ofr cjjfaafnctkf` fo Ngitc‛s okvg oiklets wktefut u`nug k`tgrogrg`jg ko teg Jfurt wgrg tf jf`skngr Zfutewgst‛s sjegnuigs ct gcje fo teg ofiifwk`l pfk`ts k` tkag2 Bu`g 3:, =83>, @fvgamgr @fvgamgr :, =83>, c`n c`n Bcùcry =5, =837. Zfutewgst nkn `ft c``fu`jg pic`s pic`s tf k`jrgcsg kts oiklet fpgrctkf`s fpgrctkf`s tf 358 oiklets nckiy fut fo 38 lctgs u`tki u`tki Ogmrucry =?, =837. =837. Kt wcs `ft u`tki Culust =837, fvgr f`g ygcr cotgr Ngitc‛s okrst vfiu`tcry cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst k` Bu`g =83>, tect Zfutewgst‛s k`jrgcsgn fpgrctk`l sjegnuig cjtuciiy rgcjegn ’ouii utkikzctkf`‑ fo 38 oiklets nckiy orfa gcje lctg. W`ngr teg Igcsg Clrggag`t, prgogrg`tkci usg fo ckrpfrt ocjkiktkgs agc`s teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g ks teg prkacry, mut `ft sfig, usgr. Gxjiuskvg usg agc`s agc`s teg ckrik`g ecs teg sfig rklet rklet tf usg teg spcjg. spcjg. êgrg crg `f gxjiuskvg usg lctgs lctgs ct Ifvg Okgin. Zfutewgst ecs prgogrg`tkci usg fo teg lctgs kt igcsgs orfa teg Jkty c`n sumigcsgs orfa W`ktgn. êgrgofrg, Zfutewgst ks jf`skngrgn tf mg teg prkacry, mut mut `ft sfig, usgr fo teg lctgs. Zfutewgst nfgs `ft ecvg c` uògttgrgn rklet tf teg lctgs lctgs kt ecs igcsgn4 c`n, ngspktg Zfutewgst‛s crluag`t tf teg jf`trcry, teg prgogrg`tkci usg rklets crg sumbgjt tf teg cjjfaafnctkf` prfvkskf` jf`tck`gn k` teg Igcsg Clrggag`t, wekje Zfutewgst clrggn tf c`n skl`gn. Zfutewgst‛s pfsktkf` ks tect cjjfaafnctkf` cjjfaafnctkf` ks `ft rgqukrgn cs if`l cs tegy crg usk`l teg lctgs ct ouii utkikzctkf` fo 38 oiklets nckiy fut fo gcje lctg. Zfutewgst nkn `ft ’ouiiy utkikzg‑ kts lctg spcjg u`tki, ct teg gcrikgst, kts c``fu`jgag`t f` Ogmrucry =?, =837 fo k`jrgcsgn oiklet fpgrctkf`s, fr, ct teg ictgst, u`tki Culust =5


Xclg =; fo >= XclgKN <7?>

=837 weg` teg cjtuci k`jrgcsg k`jrgcsg wcs ouiiy rgcikzgn. rgcikzgn. Zfutewgst jc``ft ’rcap up‑ kts oiklet sjegnuig tf tewcrt teg pg`nk`l cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst my Ngitc. Cs tgstkaf`y orfa teg Jf`lrgsskf`ci sumjfaakttgg egcrk`l f` rgofrak`l teg \rklet Cag`nag`t Cjt rgvgcign, tegsg cjjfaafnctkf` prfjgnurgs wgrg k`tg`ngn tf egip ’okt tefsg pgfpig k`‑ weg` c ]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g acdgs c` cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst. Cisf nurk`l teg sumjfaakttgg egcrk`l, jgrtck` jgrtck` Jkty fookjkcis, fookjkcis, lfvgràg`t lfvgràg`t rgprgsg`tctkvgs, c`n ifjci musk`gss igcngrs stctgn tect jfapgtktkf` ct Ifvg Okgin wfuin mg g`surgn ko teg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t wcs g`cjtgn k`tf iglksictkf`. Ar. Egrm Dgiigegr, teg`-JGF teg`-JGF fo Zfutewgst, tgstkokgn ct teg egcrk`l. egcrk`l. Eg tgstkokgn tect tect ’TCQ`y jcrrkgr tect ks ngskrfus `fw fo sgrvk`l Ifvg Okgin jc` gcskiy mg cjjfaafnctgn gvg` cotgr tefsg T3=Q lctgs jfag nfw`,‑ ikaktk`l Ifvg Ifvg Okgin tf =8 lctgs. lctgs. K` rgspf`sg tf c qugstkf` k`vfivk`l c vgry skakicr sjg`crkf cs tf tect wekje teg Jfurt ecs mgofrg kt tfncy, Ar. Dgiigegr tgstkokgn, C`n kt ks k s vgry skapig. êgrg ks `f aystgry tf teg wcy kt fpgrctgs, c`n tect ks, K jc` sefw yfu Zfutewgst Ckrik`gs sjegnuig, lctg sjegnuigs, wg ecvg lft efurs f` fur lctgs wegrg c`ftegr jcrrkgr jfuin fpgrctg tegrg. . . . C`n wg wfuin skapiy mg tfin my teg Jkty fo Nciics, yfu ecvg lft tegsg vcjc`t spcjgs k` yfur lctg utkikzctkf` c`n my lfiiy yfu crg lfk`l tf put c`ftegr jcrrkgr k` tegrg. Zumjfaakttgg agamgr rgspf`ngn, rgspf`ngn, ’êgy ’êgy wfuin mg cmig tf tgii yfu tect6‑ Ar. Dgiigegr c`swgrgn, ’êct ’êct ks teg wcy kt wfrds, fe, ygs cmsfiutgiy.‑ cmsfiutgiy.‑ Gx. ?:3, p. 887>. 887>. Cppcrg`tiy ct tect tkag, Ar. Dgiigegr u`ngrstffn Zfutewgst‛s fmiklctkf`s, cs wgii cs teg Jkty‛s. K` spktg fo tect u`ngrstc`nk`l, `f cjjfaafnctkf` gvgr ecppg`gn. =;


Xclg :8 fo >= XclgKN <7?7

Zfutewgst clrggn k` Zgjtkf` >.8?O tect kt wfuin cjjfaafnctg c ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ weg` cjjfaafnctkf` wfuin `ft ’u`nuiy k`tgrogrg‑ wkte kts fw` fpgrctk`l sjegnuig. Cs teg Jfurt ecs ofu`n, ofu`n, Zfutewgst‛s sjegnuig wfuin jigcriy cjjfaafnctg cjjfaafnctg Ngitc weg` kt acng kts k`ktkci rgqugst ofr vfiu`tcry cjjfaafnctkf` k` cjjfrnc`jg wkte Zgjtkf` >.8?O, c`n ofr sgvgrci af`tes cotgr. Ngitc ecs gstcmiksegn Zfutewgst nkn `ft jfapiy wkte kts jf`trcjtuci fmiklctkf` c`n, tegrgofrg, mrgcjegn Zgjtkf` >.8?O, teg cjjfaafnctkf` prfvkskf`, fo teg Igcsg Clrggag`t. j. \cs Ngitc Ecragn my Zfutewgst‛s Mrgcje6 Ngitc ecs sefw` tect kt suoogrgn ecra, teg ofurte gigag`t fo mrgcje fo jf`trcjt, mgjcusg tegrg ks `f if`lgr cvckicmig lctg spcjg ct Ifvg Okgin cmig tf cjjfaafnctg kts jurrg`t oiklet fpgrctkf`s. fpgrctkf`s. Ngitc ecs k`nkjctgn k`nkjctgn c ngskrg tf gxpc`n kts sgrvkjg ct Ifvg Ifvg Okgin, mut cs kt stc`ns, tegrg ks crlucmiy `f pfsskmkikty tect Ngitc wkii mg cmig tf gxpc`n. Zfutewgst jurrg`tiy igcsgs igcsgs fr sumigcsgs 35 35 lctgs, c`n c`n _krlk` sumigcsgs teg rgack`k`l twf lctgs. êg gvkng`jg gvkng`jg k`nkjctgs tect mgjcusg mgjcusg _krlk` sumigcsgn tefsg tefsg lctgs u`ngr vgry nkoogrg`t jkrjuastc`jgs k`vfivk`l c ofrjgn nkvgstkturg orfa Cagrkjc`, c`n teg NFB spgjkokjciiy rgbgjtgn Ngitc (c`n Zfutewgst) orfa sumigcsk`l tefsg lctgs orfa Cagrkjc`, teg fìy pfsskmkikty ofr cjjfaafnctkf` fo Ngitc jfags orfa Zfutewgst. Ct teks pfk`t, Ngitc wkii mg ifjdgn fut fo Ifvg Okgin. Ok gin. ^gstkaf`y ct teg k`bu`jtkf` egcrk`l gstcmiksegn tect cjjfaafnctkf`s crg jfaaf` ct ftegr ckrpfrts, c`n tefsg cjjfaafnctkf`s jc` tcdg ac`y ofras, suje cs sumnkvknk`l c lctg, usk`l ecrnstc`ns :8


Xclg :3 fo >= XclgKN <7??

tf ifcn/uìfcn ifcn/uìfcn pcssg`lgrs, fr mukink`l cnnktkf`ci mrkjd-c`n-afrtcr mrkjd-c`n-afrtcr lctgs. @f`g fo tegsg fptkf`s crg cvckicmig ct Ifvg Okgin mgjcusg fo teg tgras fo \C]C c`n teg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t. Clrggag`t. êg Jfurt ok`ns Zfutewgst c`n teg Jkty crg picyk`l picyk`l c lcag lcag fo auskjci jeckrs wkte Ifvg Okgin lctg spcjg, c`n wkte _krlk`‛s ’jeckrs‑ `ft k` picy k` teks lcag, tegrg‛s `f ’jeckr‑ ofr Ngitc„Zfutewgst fjjupkgs cii 35 lctgs c`n teg Jkty jf`sg`ts. êg Jfurt ok`ns Ngitc ecs ecs gstcmiksegn kt suoogrgn ecra orfa Zfutewgst‛s ockiurg/rgousci tf ofiifw kts jf`trcjtuci fmiklctkf` u`ngr sgjtkf` >.8?O fo teg Igcsg Clrggag`t. Ecvk`l gstcmiksegn cii ofur ocjtfrs fo c mrgcje fo jf`trcjt jicka, teg Jfurt jf`jiungs tect Ngitc ecs gstcmiksegn c sumstc`tkci ikdgikeffn fo sujjgss f` teg agrkts fo kts mrgcje fo jf`trcjt jicka clck`st Zfutewgst. Gvg` ko Ngitc nkn `ft acdg c suookjkg`t sefwk`l f` kts mrgcje fo jf`trcjt jicka, teg Jfurt ok`ns Ngitc ecs gstcmiksegn c sumstc`tkci ikdgikeffn fo sujjgss f` teg agrkts fo kts ngjicrctfry bunlag`t jicka tect kt ks g`tktign tf mg cjjfaafnctgn my Zfutewgst. êg Ngjicrctfry Ngjicrctfry Bunlag`t Bunlag`t Cjt prfvkngs2 prfvkngs2 ’K` c jcsg fo cjtuci jf`trfvgrsy jf`trfvgrsy wktek` kts burksnkjtkf`, . . . c`y jfurt k` teg W`ktgn Ztctgs, upf` teg okik`l fo c` cpprfprkctg pigcnk`l, acy ngjicrg teg rklets c`n ftegr iglci rgictkf`s fo c`y k`tgrgstgn pcrty sggdk`l suje ngjicrctkf`, wegtegr fr `ft ourtegr rgikgo ks fr jfuin mg sfulet.‑ =5 W.Z.J. § ==83(c). ==83(c). êg pcrty sggdk`l teg ngjicrctfry ngjicrctfry bunlag`t ’aust ecvg suoogrgn ―c` k`vcskf` fo c iglciiy prftgjtgn k`tgrgst,‛ wekje ks ―trcnktkf`ciiy tefulet tf mg jcpcmig fo rgsfiutkf` terfule teg bunkjkci prfjgss,‛ c`n ks jurrg`tiy okt :3


Xclg := fo >= XclgKN <7?<

ofr bunkjkci rgvkgw.‑ Jrc`g v. @cpfiktc`f, :23=-J_-=:><-F, =83: \I 3<>>>==, ct *3: (@.N. ^gx. Cpr. =:, =83:)(F‛Jf``fr, B.) (quftk`l @ct‛i ]koig Css‛` fo Cagrkjc v. Aclcw, 3:= O.:n =<=, =58 (?te Jkr. 3;;<)). Cs prgvkfusiy sgt fut, teg Jfurt‛s

nksjusskf` fo ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑, ’u`nuiy k`tgrogrg wkte‑, c`n Zfutewgst‛s fmiklctkf` u`ngr Zgjtkf` >.8?O fo teg Igcsg Clrggag`t rglcrnk`l cjjfaafnctkf` efin trug tf Ngitc‛s Ngitc‛s jicka ofr ngjicrctfry ngjicrctfry bunlag`t. Cs kt pgrtck`s tf k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo, Ngitc ecs sefw` tect, cs c `gw g`trc`t fr ’]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g‑, Zfutewgst ecn c` fmiklctkf` u`ngr teg Igcsg Clrggag`t tf cjjfaafnctg Ngitc ct teg tkag fo kts rgqugst mgjcusg suje cjjfaafnctkf` wfuin `ft ’u`nuiy k`tgrogrg wkte‑ Zfutewgst‛s gxkstk`l oiklet sjegnuig. sjegnuig. Ngitc ecs sefw` c sumstc`tkci ikdgikeffn fo sujjgss f` f` teg agrkts fo kts (3) mrgcje fo jf`trcjt jicka clck`st Zfutewgst c`n (=) ngjicrctfry bunlag`t jicka tect kt ks g`tktign tf mg cjjfaafnctgn my Zfutewgst. =. Zumstc`tkci êrgct fo Krrgpcrcmig Ecra êg sgjf`n ocjtfr k` teg prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf` c`ciysks ks c tergct fo krrgpcrcmig ecra. ^f gstcmikse teks ocjtfr, Ngitc aust sefw ’c skl`kokjc`t tergct fo k`bury orfa teg kapg`nk`l cjtkf`, tect teg k`bury ks kaak`g`t, c`n tect af`gy ncaclgs wfuin `ft ouiiy rgpckr teg ecra.‑ Euac`c, K`j. v. Bcjfmsf`, 58> O.=n 3:;8, 3:;> (7te Jkr. 3;5?). Krrgpcrcmig k`bury acy mg gstcmiksegn wegrg wegrg ncaclgs jc``ft jc``ft mg gcskiy jcijuictgn. Akiigr Xcpgr Jf. v. ]fmgrts Xcpgr Jf., ;83 Z.\.=n 7;:, ?8= (^gx. Cpp.„Cacrkiif 3;;7, `f wrkt). \egrg teg pftg`tkci ncaclg tf c pcrty‛s musk`gss jc``ft mg gcskiy jcijuictgn, suje cs ifss fo lffn wkii, c iglci rgagny ks :=


Xclg :: fo >= XclgKN <7?5

k`cngquctg. ^-@-^ Aftfrspfrts, K`j. v. Eg``gssgy Aftfrspfrts, K`j. , ;?7 Z.\.=n 35, => (^gx. Cpp.„Efustf` T3st Nkst.Q 3;;5, pgt. ng`kgn). Ngitc ecs gstcmiksegn tect kaagnkctg c`n krrgpcrcmig ecra acy rgsuit ko kt ks prfekmktgn orfa fpgrctk`l kts jurrg`t sjegnuig fo okvg oiklets c`n ks ofrjgn fut fo Ifvg Okgin nurk`l teg pg`ng`jy pg`ng`jy fo teks jcsg. jcsg. êfusc`ns fo pcssg`lgrs, pcssg`lgrs, mfte trcvgik`l trcvgik`l tf c`n orfa Ifvg Okgin, wfuin ecvg tf mg rgou`ngn fr rgmffdgn ko Ngitc ks ofrjgn tf nksjf`tkùg kts sgrvkjg ct ct Ifvg Okgin. Ifss fo musk`gss c`n c`n lffnwkii crg kaagcsurcmig kaagcsurcmig terfule af`gy ncaclgs.

Zkaaf`s v. Sukxtcr, K`j., @f. >28
:=7?=>>, ct *7 (G.N. ^gx. ^gx. =88<). =88<).

Ko Ngitc ks ofrjgn tf nksjf`tkùg sgrvkjg

kaagnkctgiy orfa Ifvg Okgin, teg gxtg`t fo ifst musk`gss Ngitc wfuin suoogr pius teg gxtg`t fo ifss fo lffnwkii jc``ft mg d`fw`. Zgg Eg`sf` Xctrkft Itn. Jf. IIJ v. Agnk`c, Jkv. Cjtkf` @f. ZC-3>-J_-7:>-U], =83> \I >7>?;<:, ct *7 (\.N. ^gx. Zgpt. 33, =83>). \ktefut c` k`bu`jtkf`, Ngitc wfuin ecvg `f cngquctg cngquctg rgagny ct icw mgjcusg kt wkii afst jgrtckìy suoogr c ifss fo musk`gss c`n lffnwkii. Ngspktg Zfutewgst‛s crluag`t tf teg jf`trcry, teg Jfurt nfgs `ft ok`n Ngitc‛s ecra ak`kakzgn fr gikak`ctgn skapiy mgjcusg kt ecs fr jc` sgjurg lctg spcjg ct NO\ Ckrpfrt. êg Jfurt `ggn `ft cnnrgss Zfutewgst‛s ’f`g acrdgtpicjg‑ acrdgtpicjg‑ crluag`t crluag`t ct teks bu`jturg.

êg Jfurt ks cnnrgssk`l teg rgqugstgn k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo mcsgn mcsgn f`

cjjfaafnctkf` ct Ifvg Okgin cs rgqukrgn u`ngr teg Igcsg Clrggag`t. êg Igcsg Clrggag`t nfgs `ft jf`tgapictg cjjfaafnctkf` ct NO\ Ckrpfrt4 `ft f`g wfrn ks sckn tect teg cjjfaafnctkf` prfjgnurg k`jiungs jf`skngrctkf` fo NO\ Ckrpfrt, ::


Xclg :> fo >= XclgKN <7?;

wegtegr c pcrty ecs cjjgss tf lctg spcjg ct NO\ Ckrpfrt, c`n NO\ Ckrpfrt ks `ft c pcrty tf tegsg Igcsg Clrggag`ts k` teks jcsg. ^f ng`y Ngitc‛s k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo wfuin rgafvg Ngitc orfa Ifvg Okgin c`n, wgrg teg Jfurt fr c bury tf uitkactgiy uitk actgiy ngtgrak`g Ngitc ecs c rklet tf cjjfaafnctkf`, Ngitc wfuin ecvg ifst musk`gss c`n g`nurgn `glctkvg kapcjt tf kts `cag c`n mrc`n nurk`l tect pgrkfn. êg Jfurt cisf clrggs wkte Ngitc Ngitc tect kt wfuin ’ecvg ’ecvg tf oklet c` upekii mcttig‑ tf acdg teg pumikj cwcrg fo kts prgsg`jg prgsg`jg f`jg clck` ct Ifvg Okgin. Cii fo teks wfuin u`nfumtgniy jcusg Ngitc tf suoogr lrgct k`bury k` suje c wcy tect ks kaagcsurcmig c`n jfuin mg krrgpcrcmig. êgrgofrg, teg Jfurt ok`ns tect tect teg rksd fo sumstc`tkci tergct fo krrgpcrcmig ecra wgkles egcvkiy k` ocvfr fo Ngitc. :. Mcic`jg fo Ecras c`n teg Xumikj K`tgrgst êg Jfurt `fw tur`s tf teg mcic`jg fo ecras, jf`skngrk`l wegtegr teg tergctg`gn k`bury tf Ngitc futwgkles futwgkles teg tergctg`gn ecra tf Zfutewgst.

Cs

prgvkfusiy nksjussgn, teg Jfurt ofu`n teg pftg`tkci ecra Ngitc wfuin ikdgiy suoogr upf` mgk`l rgafvgn orfa Ifvg Okgin ks lrgct„ncaclg tf rgputctkf`, `cag, mrc`n c`n fvgrcii fvgrcii lffnwkii k` cnnktkf` tf af`gtcry af`gtcry ecra. ecra. Zfutewgst crlugs kt wkii suoogr ecra k` teg ofra fo jc`jgiign oiklets fr u`tfin ngicys fr k`cmkikty tf ouiiy utkikzg kts lctg ko kt ks ofrjgn tf jf`tkùg jf`tkùg ciifwk`l Ngitc tf oiy kts okvg oiklets nckiy. nckiy. Okrst, Zfutewgst ecs suoogrgn `f ecra cs kt rgictgs tf c` k`cmkikty tf ouiiy utkikzg kts lctgs. @ft fìy ecs Zfutewgst mgg` cmig tf ’ouiiy utkikzg‑ kts 35 lctgs wkte kts fw` sjegnuig fo 358 oiklets nckiy, Ngitc ecs fpgrctgn kts okvg oiklets nckiy, ofr c tftci fo 357 oiklets :>


Xclg :7 fo >= XclgKN <7<8

nckiy fut fo 35 lctgs. Ourtegrafrg, teg gvkng`jg gvkng`jg mgofrg teg Jfurt nfgs `ft gstcmikse Zfutewgst ecs suoogrgn c`y ecra fr teg tergct fo ecra k` teg ofra fo jc`jgiign oiklets mgjcusg fo Ngitc‛s usg fo teg lctgs. Ct teg k`bu`jtkf` k`bu`jtkf` egcrk`l, egcrk`l, Zfutewgst foogrgn tgstkaf`y tect kt ecs gxpgrkg`jgn sfag oiklet ngicys cs wgii cs twf k`stc`jgs fo gqukpag`t gqukpag`t ncaclg nug tf Ngitc‛s prgsg`jg prgsg`jg ct teg lctgs.

Cssuak`l wktefut wktefut

ngjknk`l tegsg oiklets ngicys c`n gqukpag`t ncaclg ecvg ecragn fr tergctg` tf ecra Zfutewgst, teks k` `f wcy futwgkles teg tergctg`gn ecra tf Ngitc ko kt ks ofrjgn tf igcvg Ifvg Okgin wekig tegsg iglci kssugs crg rgsfivgn. Citefule Zfutewgst acy `ft mg cmig tf ru` kts oiklets c`n fpgrctkf`s cs gookjkg`tiy cs kt wfuin ikdg mgjcusg fo Ngitc‛s prgsg`jg, tect ocjtfr skapiy nfgs `ft futwgkle teg pftg`tkci ecra tf Ngitc orfa rgafvk`l kt orfa Ifvg Okgin citflgtegr. K` jf`skngrk`l teg pumikj k`tgrgst, teg Jfurt ok`ns teg jecfs c`n k`jf`vg`kg`jg fo nksruptgn sgrvkjg my rgafvk`l Ngitc orfa Ifvg Okgin mgofrg teg iglci kssugs crg ngjkngn wfuin mg c lrgct nkssgrvkjg tf teg pumikj. Ofrjk`l Ngitc Ngitc tf jgcsg oiklet fpgrctkf`s ct Ifvg Okgin wfuin `gjgsscrkiy rgqukrg kts pcssg`lgrs tf mg rgmffdgn f` c Ngitc oiklet orfa c`ftegr ckrpfrt fr tf ecvg tegkr tkjdgt purjecsg rgou`ngn, rgqukrk`l tega tf ok`n citgr`ctg trcvgi crrc`lgag`ts, pfsskmiy ct lrgctgr gxpg`sg ko f` sefrt`ftkjg. Cisf, Ifvg Okgin ks fw`gn my teg Jkty wekje fmvkfusiy vgsts kts jktkzg`s wkte c` k`tgrgst k` teg ckrpfrt c`n kssugs surrfu`nk`l kt. êg Jfurt ok`ns teg mcic`jg fo ecras c`n teg pumikj k`tgrgst mfte wgkle egcvkiy k` ocvfr fo Ngitc. :7


Xclg :? fo >= XclgKN <7<3

K` jf`jiuskf`, teg Jfurt ok`ns Ngitc ecs gstcmiksegn cii ofur gquktcmig ocjtfrs g`tktik`l kt tf k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo.

êgrgofrg, teg Jfurt lrc`ts Ngitc‛s aftkf` ofr

k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo c`n teg rgqugstgn rgikgo tect Zfutewgst mg g`bfk`gn orfa gvkjtk`l fr ftegrwksg rgafvk`l Ngitc orfa Zfutewgst‛s lctg(s) ct Ifvg Okgin, fr ftegrwksg k`tgrogrk`l wkte fr prgvg`tk`l Ngitc‛s jf`tkùgn usg fo Zfutewgst‛s lctg(s) tf fpgrctg Ngitc‛s okvg nckiy oiklets. M. Zfutewgst‛s Aftkf` ofr Xrgikak`cry K`bu`jtkf`

Cisf pg`nk`l mgofrg teg Jfurt ks Zfutewgst‛s jfapgtk`l aftkf` ofr prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf`, wekje wcs okign okrst mgofrg gktegr teg Jkty‛s aftkf` fr Ngitc‛s aftkf`. ^f gstcmikse g`tktigag`t tf c prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf`, Zfutewgst aust sctksoy cii ofur gquktcmig ocjtfrs tf fmtck` c prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf`. Zgg ^LK Orkncy‛s K`j. v. Lrgct @frtewgst ]gstcurc`ts, K`j., ?7= O.Zupp.=n
J.B.). Zfutewgst jc``ft gstcmikse c ikdgikeffn fo sujjgss f` teg agrkts fo kts trgspcss jicka clck`st Ngitc Ngitc mgjcusg Ngitc ks `ft trgspcssk`l ct teks pfk`t. êg lctgs crg `ft gxjiuskvg usg, mut rctegr prgogrg`tkci usg4 tegrg jc` mg `f trgspcss f` prgogrg`tkci usg lctgs. Zfutewgst‛s pcyag`t fo $3=8,888,888 $3=8,888,888 tf sumigcsg W`ktgn‛s twf lctgs nfgs `ft jf`vgrt tefsg lctgs orfa prgogrg`tkci usg usg tf gxjiuskvg usg. êfule gxpg`skvg, gxpg`skvg, trgspcss wfuin `ft ikg ofr c prgogrg`tkci usg lctg wekje ks sumbgjt tf cjjfaafnctkf`. Zfutewgst‛s ftegr crluag`t tect Ngitc ks c ’trgspcssgr‑ mgjcusg kt ks ’k`vcnk`l teg pfssgsskf` fo TZfutewgst‛sQ prfpgrty,‑ c`n tect rgqukrgs `f cnnktkf`ci sefwk`l fo :?


Xclg :< fo >= XclgKN <7<=

krrgpcrcmig k`bury, cisf cisf ockis. Zfutewgst aust sefw ’c skl`kokjc`t skl`kokjc`t tergct fo k`bury orfa teg kapg`nk`l cjtkf`, tect teg k`bury ks kaak`g`t, c`n tect af`gy ncaclgs wfuin `ft ouiiy rgpckr teg ecra.‑ Euac`c, 58> O.=n ct 3:;>. 3:;>. Zfutewgst ockis tf acdg teks sefwk`l. êg Jfurt nfgs `ft ok`n tect Zfutewgst ecs gstcmiksegn c sumstc`tkci ikdgikeffn fo sujjgss f` teg agrkts fo kts trgspcss jicka clck`st clck`st Ngitc. êg Jfurt ecs cisf prgvkfusiy ngtgrak`gn tect teg mcic`jg fo ecras c`n pumikj k`tgrgst wgklet egcvkiy k` ocvfr fo Ngitc4 tegrgofrg, Zfutewgst wfuin mg u`cmig tf sctksoy cii ofur gquktcmig ocjtfrs. êg Jfurt ok`ns tect Zfutewgst ecs `ft prfvg` cii teg gquktcmig ocjtfrs tf gstcmikse g`tktigag`t tf c prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf`. Zgg ^LK Orkncy‛s, ?7= O.Zupp.=n ct
K` kts aftkf`, teg Jkty‛s rgqugstgn k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo k`jiungs c` k`bu`jtkf` ’ciifwk`l Ngitc tf jf`tkùg usk`l Zfutewgst‛s Ifvg Okgin lctgs tgapfrcrkiy c`n mcrrk`l cii ftegrs orfa k`tgrogrk`l k` tect tect tgapfrcry usg.‑ Mgjcusg teg Jkty ecs rgousgn tf tcdg cjtkf` f` Ngitc‛s cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst, teg Jfurt ks ofrjgn tf kapfsg sfag sfrt fo k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo tf ack`tck` frngr ct Ifvg Okgin. êg Jfurt ecs cirgcny ngtgrak`gn tect Ngitc‛s aftkf` ofr k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo sefuin mg lrc`tgn. Efwgvgr, gvg` gvg` ko teg Jfurt jfuin `ft lrc`t Ngitc‛s aftkf`, teg Jfurt lrc`ts teg Jkty‛s aftkf`, ok`nk`l tect teg Jkty ecs sctksokgn gcje fo teg gquktcmig

ocjtfrs tf gstcmikse g`tktigag`t tf k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo. K` kts Frklk`ci Frklk`ci Jfapick`t, teg :<


Xclg :5 fo >= XclgKN <7<:

Jkty sggds ngjicrctfry ngjicrctfry bunlag`t rgikgo rgikgo orfa teks Jfurt. Jfurt. Zpgjkokjciiy, teg Jkty rgqugsts teg Jfurt ngjicrg teg Jkty‛s rklets c`n rgspf`skmkiktkgs u`ngr teg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t, \C]C, teg NF^ igttgrs, teg Igcsg Clrggag`ts, teg Zumigcsg Clrggag`t, teg lrc`t cssurc`jgs c`n ftegr fmiklctkf`s tf teg NF^ c`n OCC, c`n c`y ftegr cppikjcmig ogngrci icw cs rgictgn tf cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugsts, teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs‛ prgogrg`tkci usg rklets c`n teg Jkty‛s jf`sg`t tf teg Zumigcsg Clrggag`t. Kt ks wgii gstcmiksegn tegrg ks c nksputg mgtwgg` Ngitc c`n Zfutewgst. Gssg`tkciiy, teg Jkty csds teg Jfurt Jfurt tf ngjicrg wect teg Jkty ks rgqukrgn rgqukrgn tf nf. Witkactgiy, teg Jfurt Jfurt wkii acdg suje ngjicrctkf`s ngjicrctkf`s lkvk`l teg jicrkokjctkf` jicrkokjctkf` c`n jgrtck`ty mgk`l sfulet. êgrgofrg, teg Jfurt ok`ns tect teg Jkty wkii prgvcki f` kts ngjicrctfry bunlag`t jickas f`jg teg Jfurt ngtgrak`gs c`n ngjicrgs teg Jkty‛s rklets c`n rgspf`skmkiktkgs pgrtck`k`l tf cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugsts acng my Ngitc cs wgii cs c`y outurg rgqugsts. êg okrst gquktcmig ocjtfr ecs mgg` gstcmiksegn. ^f gstcmikse krrgpcrcmig ecra, teg Jkty aust sefw ’c skl`kokjc`t tergct fo k`bury orfa teg kapg`nk`l cjtkf`, tect teg k`bury ks kaak`g`t, c`n tect af`gy ncaclgs wfuin `ft ouiiy rgpckr teg ecra.‑ Euac`c, 58> O.=n O.=n ct 3:;>. 3:;>. Krrgpcrcmig k`bury acy mg gstcmiksegn wegrg ncaclgs jc``ft mg gcskiy jcijuictgn. Akiigr Xcpgr , ;83 Z.\.=n ct ?8=. ]gafvk`l Ngitc orfa Ifvg Okgin wkii `glctkvgiy kapcjt kapcjt teg oiyk`l pumikj wef ecvg pckn tkjdgts oiyk`l k`tf/fut fo Ifvg Okgin. K` tur`, teks ikdgiy wfuin `glctkvgiy kapcjt teg rgputctkf` fo Ifvg Okgin c`n teg Jkty, wekje fw`s fw`s Ifvg Okgin. êg Jfurt ok`ns teg Jkty ocjgs teg te g tergct fo krrgpcrcmig ecra ko Ngitc ks rgafvgn orfa Ifvg Okgin :5


Xclg :; fo >= XclgKN <7<>

wekig teg iglci kssugs crg ngtgrak`gn. Ok`ciiy, teg mcic`jg fo ecras c`n teg pumikj k`tgrgst wgkle k` ocvfr ocvfr fo lrc`tk`l lrc`tk`l k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo. rgikgo. êg ecra fr fr tergct fo ecra tf Zfutewgst ks ak`kaci k` jfapcrksf` tf pftg`tkci jecfs ko k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo wgrg `ft lrc`tgn c`n Ngitc wcs rgafvgn. rgafvgn. Ourtegrafrg, sfag cafu`t cafu`t fo jgrtck`ty caf`l caf`l teg oiyk`l pumikj cs tf teg lctg sktuctkf` c`n lg`grciiy oiklet fpgrctkf`s ct Ifvg Okgin ks k` teg pumikj k`tgrgst. êg Jfurt ok`ns cii ofur gquktcmig ocjtfrs wgrg gstcmiksegn g`tktik`l teg Jkty tf k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo.

êg Jfurt Jfurt ok`ns tect c prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf` frngr frngr g`bfk`k`l g`bfk`k`l

Zfutewgst orfa gvkjtk`l fr ftegrwksg rgafvk`l Ngitc orfa Zfutewgst‛s lctg(s) ct Ifvg Okgin, fr ftegrwksg k`tgrogrk`l wkte fr prgvg`tk`l Ngitc‛s jf`tkùgn usg fo Zfutewgst‛s lctg(s) tf fpgrctg Ngitc‛s okvg nckiy oiklets ks teg prfpgr k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo k` teks jcsg. êks ks teg scag k`bu`jtkvg k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo rgqugstgn my Ngitc wekje teg Jfurt lrc`tgn f` Ngitc‛s aftkf`. aftkf`. Zf, gvg` ko teg Jfurt nkn `ft tf lrc`t lrc`t Ngitc‛s aftkf`, teg Jfurt lrc`ts teg Jkty‛s aftkf` ofr k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo. Cs prgvkfusiy stctgn, st ctgn, `f`g fo tegsg ocjtuci ok`nk`ls c`n/fr jf`jiuskf`s fo icw crg mk`nk`l ct c trkci f` teg agrkts. K_.

Jf`jiuskf`

Ifvg Okgin ks u`kqug k` tect kt ks teg fìy ckrpfrt k` teg W`ktgn Ztctgs tect ks jf`trfiign my c ogngrci stctutg stctutg c`n ks lctg-jf`strck`gn, tegrgmy tegrgmy orggzk`l lrfwte. Ifvg Okgin ks k` tect rgspgjt teg afst u`kqug ckrpfrt k` teg wfrin4 `f ftegr ckrpfrt ecs tf ngci wkte teg Jf`lrgsskf`ciiy ac`nctgn `f-lrfwte c`n ikaktgn efuriy oiklet :;


Xclg >8 fo >= XclgKN <7<7

rgstrkjtkf`s. Cssuak`l \C]C ks jf`stktutkf`ci sk`jg `f f`g f`g ks cttcjdk`l teg stctutg ct teks pfk`t, teg jf`strck`ts kapfsgn f` teks ckrpfrt my \C]C crg jf`strck`k`l tf teg pfk`t fo mgk`l fut fo nctg.

êgsg crg pfiktkjci jf`strck`ts, jf`strck`ts, `ft jf`strck`ts

rgsuitk`l orfa musk`gss rgictgn rgictgn ngvgifpag`t. Ifvg Okgin nfgs `ft `ft ecvg teg gxpc`skf` gxpc`skf` fptkf`s cvckicmig tf ftegr ckrpfrts wekje ciifw outurg lrfwte. Cs Ngitc sf sujjk`jtiy stctgn, ’Ct afst ckrpfrts, cjjfaafnctkf` ks `ft teg gqukvcig`t fo cjjgss.‑ cjjgss.‑ Ifvg Okgin ks teg gxjgptkf` gxjgptkf` tf teks ruig. Wìgss jkrjuastc`jgs jkrjuastc`jgs jec`lg, cjjfaafnctkf` ks teg fìy agc`s my wekje Ngitc jc` ecvg if`l-tgra cjjgss wkte c`y jgrtck`ty ct Ifvg Okgin. êgsg ckrik`gs u`ngrstc`ncmiy oklet ok let tffte-c`n-`cki ofr vkrtuciiy `f`-gxkstg`t `f`-gxkstg`t gxpc`skf` fo lctg spcjg. êg Jkty jigcriy nfgs `ft wc`t tf ofrjg cjjfaafnctkf` f` c`y ckrik`g, pcrtkjuicriy f`g tect ecs pckn $388s fo akiikf`s k` kaprfvgag`ts tf Ifvg Ifvg Okgin c`n jf`trfis ;8% fo teg ckrpfrt‛s oiklets. Zfutewgst ks c afngi ofr ru``k`l ru``k`l c` ckrik`g. W`ngrstc`ncmiy kt ks cllrgsskvgiy cllrgsskvgiy tryk`l tf lck` 388% fo teg lctgs ct Ifvg Okgin. Okgin. Ar. Af`tlfagry Af`tlfagry fo Zfutewgst tgstkokgn tect Zfutewgst wfuin muy teg icst twf lctgs ct Ifvg Okgin c`n jf`trfi cii =8 ko kt jfuin. Zfutewgst ks jf`trcjtuciiy c`n iglksictkvgiy mfu`n tf `ft gxpc`n tf NO\ Ckrpfrt wktefut rgik`quksek`l prgogrg`tkci usg fo kts lctgs lctgs ct Ifvg Okgin. Cs Zfutewgst ecs sckn, tegrg acy mg c tkag weg` `f outurg cjjfaafnctkf`s jc` jc` mg acng ct Ifvg Okgin. ^fncy ks `ft tect tkag. \kte teg gvkng`jg mgofrg mgofrg teg Jfurt, teg Jfurt Jfurt ok`ns Zfutewgst aust cjjfaafnctg Ngitc u`ngr teg Igcsg Clrggag`t kt skl`gn mgjcusg c` cjjfaafnctkf` wfuin `ft ecvg ’u`nuiy k`tgrogrgn wkte‑ Zfutewgst‛s fpgrctkf`s sjegnuig ct teg tkag, >8


Xclg >3 fo >= XclgKN <7
`fr Zfutewgst acy `ft cnn oiklets cotgr teg cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst ks acng tf tewcrt teg cjjfaafnctkf`. cjjfaafnctkf`. êg Jfurt cisf ok`ns Ngitc‛s okvg oiklets jurrg`tiy nf `ft u`nuiy k`tgrogrg wkte Zfutewgst‛s sjegnuig. Ifvg Okgin wkii jf`tkùg tf ocjg tegsg jeciig`lgs mgk`l sf sgvgrgiy lctg jf`strck`gn. ^f jec`lg teks `f-lrfwte sktuctkf` ct Ifvg Okgin, Jf`lrgss wkii `ggn `ggn tf cjt. êg pfiktkjci pfwgrs-tect-mg pfwgrs-tect-mg jc` cnnrgss c`n jfrrgjt tegsg kssugs tect ocjg Ifvg Okgin c`n `gw g`trc`t ckrik`gs terfule rgpgcik`l iglksictkf` u`kqug tf teks ckrpfrt. \ktefut teks jec`lg, `gw g`trc`t ckrik`gs, teg Jkty, Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs, c`n teg jktkzg`s fo Nciics Nciics wkii jf`tkùg tf ocjg nkigaacs nkigaacs ikdg teks f`g. êg oiyk`l pumikj ngsgrvgs afrg jfurclg orfa kts gigjtgn fookjkcis cmfut trcvgi tf c`n orfa Ifvg Okgin. êg tkag ofr tegsg gigjtgn fookjkcis tf jf`skngr c` g`n tf cii jf`strck`ts f` Ifvg Okgin ks `fw. êg Jfurt NG@KGZ Zfutewgst‛s aftkf` aftkf` ofr prgikak`cry prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf`. êg Jigrd fo teg Jfurt ks egrgmy nkrgjtgn tf tgrak`ctg teg Jkty‛s aftkf` ofr prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf` cs afft. afft. êg Jfurt L]C@^Z Ngitc‛s aftkf` ofr prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf`. Zfutewgst ks egrgmy g`bfk`gn orfa gvkjtk`l fr ftegrwksg rgafvk`l Ngitc orfa Zfutewgst‛s lctg(s) ct Ifvg Okgin, fr ftegrwksg k`tgrogrk`l wkte fr prgvg`tk`l Ngitc‛s jf`tkùgn usg fo Zfutewgst‛s Zfutewgst‛s lctg(s) tf fpgrctg fpgrctg Ngitc‛s okvg nckiy oiklets. Zfutewgst ks cisf g`bfk`gn orfa cnnk`l cnnktkf`ci oiklets f` c`y Zfutewgst lctg(s) Ngitc usgs tf fpgrctg kts okvg nckiy oiklets. Ourtegrafrg, Zfutewgst aust kòfra teg Jfurt Jfurt k` wrktk`l wktek` okvg (7) ncys fo c`y rgnujtkf` c`n/fr jec`lg k` Zfutewgst‛s oiklets >3


Xclg >= fo >= XclgKN <7<<

fpgrctkf`s ct Ifvg Okgin sf tect teg Jfurt jc` gvciuctg wect teg Jfurt jf`skngrs tf

mg ouii utkikzctkf` fo teg lctgs c`n ftegr igcsgn spcjg ct Ifvg Ifvg Okgin. ]gnujtkf` c`n/fr jec`lg k` oiklet fpgrctkf`s k`jiungs, mut ks `ft gxjiuskvg fo, ngstk`ctkf`s, efurs fo oiklets, c`n ùamgr fo oiklets gcje ncy. Ourtegrafrg, pursuc`t pursuc`t tf ]uig ?7(j) fo teg Ogngrci ]uigs fo Jkvki Xrfjgnurg, Ngitc aust pfst c mf`n k` teg cafu`t fo f`g eu`nrgn tefusc`n nfiicrs ($388,888) f` fr mgofrg Bcùcry 37, =83?, ct >288 X.A., tf sgjurg pcyag`t fo c`y ncaclgs sustck`gn ko Zfutewgst ks ofu`n tf ecvg mgg` wrf`louiiy g`bfk`gn. Cisf pursuc`t tf ]uig ?7(j) fo teg Ogngrci ]uigs ]uigs fo Jkvki Xrfjgnurg, teg Jkty aust pfst c mf`n k` teg cafu`t fo f`g eu`nrgn nfiicrs ($388) f` fr mgofrg Bcùcry 37, =83?, ct >288 X.A., tf sgjurg pcyag`t fo c`y ncaclgs sustck`gn ko Zfutewgst ks ofu`n tf ecvg mgg` wrf`louiiy g`bfk`gn. ZF F]NG]GN.

Zkl`gn Bcùcry 5te, =83?. VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV GN DK@DGCNG W@K^GN Z^C^GZ NKZ^]KJ^ BWNLG

>=

Judge's Opinion in Southwest-Delta Case at Love Field

Recommend Documents