Joseph e Bowles Book_ANDRIYADI

L^MX INQNT XMGMF

=1/= ZNGHMF^C^MG ZNGHMF^C^MG Q~mx~ dndmg {mgi hklnt`mlmg zmhm q~mx~ omqqm xmgmf mlmg ongifmqkclmg xnimgimg xnimgimg hngimg kgxngqkxmq {mgi dntdnhm dnhm hkhmcmo pbgm dntdngx~l dbcm cmoz~ hk dmymf dndmg xntqnd~x' Lkxm mlmg ongkg`m~ zng~t~gmg qnintm –qnintm‟ dntqmom hngimg hm{m h~l~gi &znodngmgmg xntfmhmz xmgmf {mgi hkk`kglmg+ # xnxmzk zntxmom xmom lkxm fmt~q xkg`m~ lnl~mxmg xmgmf'kgk hklmtngmlmg dndmg {mgi dnlnt`m zmhm omqqm xmgmf onontc~lmg h~m zntxkodmgimg0 =' Dnqmtg{m zng~t~gmg xbxmc'~gx~l qndmikmg dnqmt xmgmf# kgk ont~zmlmg zng~t~gmg lbgqbckhmqk' 4' Lno~gilkgmg lnt~gx~fmg xmgmf' Kgk hmzmx dnt~zm q~mx~ intmlmg tbxmqk xmgmf hkdmymf mtnmc{mgi ongimcmok znodndmgmg 'mxm~ lmhmgi ont~zmlmg – lnt~gx~fmg zbgq ‟# {mgi dncmlmgimg kgk dkmqmg{m ont~zmlmg intmlmg {mgi xntdmxmq ' Mlmg lkxm xno~lmg dmfym l~mx inqnt xkhml onokcklk qmx~ gkcmk x~giimc# xnxmzk hkcmzmgimg qmgimx hkzngimt~fk bcnf emaxbt emaxbt qnzntxk 0 =' Lnmhmmg xmgmf ‑ xmgmf ‑ mgilm zbtk# ~l~tmg d~xktmg# hmg dngx~l 4' @ngkq xmgmf ‑ xmgmf ‑ zmqkt# dntzmqkt # lntklkc# cnoz~gi# hmg mxm~ `~ocmf tncmxke hmtk dmfmg dmfmg {mgi mhm' 1' Lmhmt mkt ‑ mkt ‑ xnt~xmom ~gx~l cnoz~gi & qntkgi dntlkqmt hmtk qmgimx c~gml qmozmk lml~# xntimgx~gi zmhm gkcmk qnqmmx Y + 8' @ngkq dndmg hmg xkgilmxg{m' Hmtk xnbtk lbgqbckhmqk hmzmx lkxm lnxmf~k dmfym dndmg {mgi anzmx mlmg ongifmqkclmg xnlmgmg zbtk {mgi dntcndkf' >' Mgkqbxtbzkq' Lnl~mxmg {mgi xniml c~t~q xntfmhmz dkhmgi hmqmt &dnhhkgi zcmgn + mlmg dntdnhm `klm hkdmghkgilmg hngimg lnl~mxmg {mgi qn`m`mt hngmig dkhmgi xntqnd~x'

Hkcmdbtmxbtk~o# l~mx inqnt qmgimx hkzngimt~fk bcnf 0 =' Onxbhn zngi~`kmg ‑ zngi~`kmg ‑ xntdngx~lg{m xnlmgmg zbtk {mgi dntcndkf' 4' Imgii~mg xntfmhmz abgxbf xmgmf ‑ xmgmf ‑ ongi~tmgik abgxbf xmgmf' 1' Lmhmt mkt' 8' Xkgilmx tnimgimg ‑ tnimgimg ‑ dkmqmg{m ongmodmf lnl~mxmg'

=1/4 ZMTMONXNT L^MX L^MX INQNT a HMG υ Fkzbxnqm zntxmom ongingmk l~mx inqnt xmgmf hk~tmklmg bcnf ab~cbod qndmimk 0 Q ? A , Uρ Hkomgm 0 Q ? L~mx in qnt zmhm dkhmgi {mgi hkxkg`m~' A ? Lbfnqk# mxm~ {mgi zngimt~f xmtklmg mgxmt zmtxklnc# fmoznt xkhml xntimgx~gi zmhm xnimgimg gbtomc zmhm dkhmgi' ρ ? Xnimgimg gbtomc U ? Lbnekqkng etklqk Ltkxntkm lnt~gx~fmg Obft/ab~cbod Qe ? A‛e , ρ‛e Xmg υ‛

Mgmckqk xmgmf zmhm lnmhmmg t~gx~f kgk lmhmgi lmhmgi hkqnd~x mgmckqkq lnmhmmg ltkxkq & lnmhmmg dmxmq+ mxm~ z~g mgmckqkq lnqnkodmgimg ltkxkq'

Omtk lkxm zntklqm imodmt hkdmymf {mgi onodntklmg ckgilmtmg ckgilmtmg ckgilmtmg Obft l~mckxmxke & xmgzm xmgzm gkcmk gkcmk g~ontka + ~g~xl dndntmzm lmq~q 0 ='

Xmgmf xkhml lbfnqke' Zntzbxbgimg lbfnqk {mgi mhm mhmcmf gbc' Zngi~`kmg mxmq zmqkt cnodmd o~gilkg mlmg onodntklmg zntzbxbgimg lbfnqk {mgi lnakc mlkdmx ml~o~cmqk xmtklmg znto~lmmg'

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Xmfmzmg ztmlbgqbckhmqk' Lbodkgmqk xnimgimg qmozmk zmhm xnlmgmg ztmlbgqbckhmqk Za# mlmg hk fmqkclmg q~mx~ zmtmonxnt zmtmonxnt lbfnqk hmg υ {mgi dntl~tmgi dntl~tmgi &idt =1/1d+' =1/1d+'

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Qnc~d~gi obft oncngil~gi' ^gx~l fmozkt qndmikmg dnqmt xmgmf# qnc~d~gi obft oncngil~gi hmg onod~x~flmg kgxntztnxmqk'

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Zmtmonxnt xnimgimg nenlxke' Mzmdkcm xnlmgmg zbtk hk~l~t # ckgilmtmg obft mlmg hmzmx hklbtnlqk qnzntxk xntckfmx' ^gx~l cnoz~gi {mgi xntlbgqbckhmqk gbtomc zntzbxbgigm lbfnqk {mgi mhm fmoznt gbc ~gx~l υ‛'

Xkhml zntc~ ~gx~l ongimodmtlmg ckgilmtmg ckgilmtmg obft i~gm onghmzmxlmgqnc~d~gi lnt~gx~fmg ' zntqmommg obft ab~cbod fmg{m ongngx~lmg xnimgimg inqnt ltkxkq {mgi ongifmqkcmlmg lnt~gx~fmg hmg ont~zmlmg q~mx~ lbodkgmqk hmtk xnimgimg inqnt hmg xnimgimg gbtomczmhm dkhmgi ltkxkq'

=1/4 ZNGI^@KMG XMGMF XMGMF ^GX^L ONGNGX^LMG ONGNGX^LMG ZMTMONXNT L^MX INQNT INQNT Zngi~`kmg xmgmf {mgi qntkgi hkzmlmk ~g~xl onnggx~lmg zmtmonxnt4 lnl~mxmg mgxmtm cmkg 0 ='

^`k xnlmg xml xntlnlmgi

4' ^`k inqnt cmgiq~gi 1' ^`k xnlmg xntlnlmgi

Zngi~`kmg zngi~`kmg qlnomxkq hkkc~qxtmqklmg hmcmo imodmt hk dmymf 0

Qndmikmg cmdbtmxbtk~o ~`k onomlmk zntmcmxmg hngimg lbgeki~tmqk {mgi qmom qnzntxk xntckfmx zmhm imodmt hkdmymf 0

^`k inqnt dkmqmg{m hkmgiimz qndmimk 0 =' Xml xntlbgqbckhmqk ‑ xntlbgqbckhmqk ‑ xml xnthtmkgmqn & ~gabgqbckhmxnh/~ghtmkgnh + 4' Xntlbgqbckhmqk ‑ Xntlbgqbckhmqk ‑ xml xnthtmkgmqn & abgqbckhmxnh/~ghtmkgnh + 1' Xntlbgqbckhmqk ‑ Xntlbgqbckhmqk ‑ xnthtmkgmqn & abgqbckhmxnh/htmkgnh + Lkxm fmt~q onginxmf~k dmfym 0 ='

Qnxkmz ztbqnh~t zngi~`kmg hkmxmq mlmg ongifmqkclmg fmqkc {mgi qmom ~gx~l xmgmf lntkgi'

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Htmkgmqn hmzmx xnt`mhk hngmig a~l~z anzmx ~g~xl dmfmg dntd~xkt hngimg lbnekqkng zntonmdkckxmq l {mgi dnqmt'

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Q~mx~ ~`k A^ zmhm cnoz~gi hmzmx ongifmqkclmg dmxmq dmxmq zmtmonxnt lnl~mxmg {mgi a ~l~z c~mq {mgi dntimgx~gi zmhm Q'

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Mlmg cndkf dmkl oncml~lmg ~`k A^ hmg ongi~l~t xnlmgmg zbtk zmhm qmmx t~gx~f hmtk zmhm oncml~lmg ~`k AH'

>'

Mlmg tnmckqxkq ~gx~l ongi~`k xmgmf lbfnqke hmcmo lnmhmmg `ng~f'

^`k xnlmg xntlnlmgi Lnoktkgimg qnc~d~gi lnt~gx~fmg qndmimk Υ?: hmg l~mx inqnt xml xnthtmkgmqn Q~ qndmimk 0

Qn`~ocmf mfck dntznghmzmx dmfym xnthmzmx mkt# q~mx~ xnlmgmg –lnlmgi‟ nenlxke mlmg xnthmzmx qnamtm kgxntgmc hkhmcmo abgxbf ~`k xnlmg xml xntxnlmgi mlkdmx zngimt~f lmzkcmt hmg dmfym zngimt~f kgk hmzmx qnamtm nenlxke onginlmgi abgxbf kx~ qmom qnzntxk lnmhmmg hk cmzmgimgmzmdkcm kgk dngmt# omlm mlmg dngmt `~im dmfym hntm`mx ln`ng~fmg# ln`n g~fmg# ~l~tmg d~xktmg# tnxmlmg mlkdmx xnimgimg mxm~ tnxmlmg dnqmt# hmg lncnodmdmgcmdbtmxbtk~o mlmg ont~zmlmg zntxkodmgimg4 {mgi zngxkgi'

Idt#Zngimodmtmg xnimgimg tnimgmig ~gx~l onghmzmxlmg lnl~mxmg xnlmg xml xntln lmgihmg ckglmtmg obft ~gx~l ~`k xnlmg xml xntxnlmgi'

^`k inqnt cmgiq~gi hmg ~`k inqnt qnhntfmgm cmgiq~gi ^`k inqnt cmgiq~gi ont~zmlmg ~`k {mgi qnhnt fmgm hmg cmgiq~gi hmg ont~zmlmg ~`k {mgi lnh~m xnto~tmf'zngi~`kmg hkcml~lmg hngimg onnozmxlmg abgxbf xmgmf lnhmcmo lbxml inqnt' Lbxml kgk xntdncmf hnimg qnxngimf dmikmg {mgi dmymf ont~zmlmg dmikmg {mgi xnxmz hmg dmikmg mxmq dndmq ~gx~l dntxtmgqcmqk' Qmcmf qmx~ lnikmxmg {mgi dkmq hkcml~lmg 0 =' Zngi~`kmg cmgiq~gi hk o~cmk hmg zntzkghmfmg fbtkpbgxmc mlmg hkzntbcnf ~gx~l dndmg fbtkpbgxmc Zf {mgi dntqnq~mkmg# qnfkgiim zngimodmtmg Zf xntfmhmz θf hmzmx hkcml~lmg ~gx~l onozntbcnf Zf omlq' Kgk hkqnd~x ~`k xml xnthtmkgmqn&^+' 4' Zngi~`kmg hko~cmk qnq~hmf lbgqbckhmqk xmgmf mlkdmx dndmg Zu qncnqmk# {mgi hkxngx~lmg hngmig ongimomxk mcmx zngi~l~t {mgi dntqngx~fmg hngimg dmikmg mxmq dndmgmz\mdkcm zngi~`kmg xntqnd~x dntcmgiq~gi' m+ Qnamtm anzmx# xn lmgmg zbtk mlmg xntdngx~l zmhm xmgmf lbfnqke {mgi dmqmf mxm~  `ng~f mlkdmx tnghmfg{m lbnekqkng zntonmdkckxmq# hmg zngi~`kmg zngi~`kmg xnqnd~x hkqnd~x ~`k xntlbgqbckhmqk xml xnthtmkgmqn &A^+' d+ Qmgimx cmodmx# qnfkgiim xkhml xndngx~l xnlmgmg zbtk# zngi~`kmg kgk hkqnd~x ~`k xntlbgqbckhmqk xnthtmkgmqn xnthtmkgmqn &AH+' Zngi~`kmg kgk dkmqmg{m onodntklmg gkcmk a‛ Η : ~gx~l xmgmf {mgi xntlbgqbckhmqk qnamtm gbtomc' H~m mxm~ cndkf zngi~`kmg xmodmfmg hngimg gkcmk Zu {mgi cndkf dnqmt fmt~q hkcml~lmg ~gx~l ond~mx zcbx dntqlmcm hmtk# qnzntxk xntckfmx hmcmo imodmt hkmxmq # qnfkgiim q~mx~ zng{ncnqmkmg itmekq hmzmx hkzntbcnf'

^`k xtkmlqkmc ^`k xtkmlqkmc hkmgiimz qndmimk q~mx~ ~`k {mgi ongifmqkclmg zmtmonxnt/zmtmonxnt hmg hmxm xnimgimg {mgi dmkl' Kgk dngmt mzmdkcm hmzmx hkzntbcnf abgxbf xmgmf {mgi –xkhml xntimgii~‟ hmg qnamtm xnckxk ontmzklmgg{m qnq~mk hngimg ~l~tmg {mgi hklnfnghmlk hmg onomq~llmgg{m lnhmcmo onodtmgn lmtnx'lkxm} zntc~ ongi~`k abgxbf o~c
=1/> `mc~t xnimgimg Imtkq {mgi ongif~d~gilmg xkxkl4 z~gaml {mgi onggntmgilmg xnimgimg qnqmmx zmhm q~mx~ ncnongx xmgmf hkqnd~x –`mc~t xnimgimg‟ &qxtnqq zmxf+' Q~mx~ amt m ~g~xl cndkf o~hmf fmt~q hkzmlk mzmdkcm lkxm kgikg ongngx~lmg `mc~t xnimgimg kgk qnamtm ztmlxkq' Qmcmf qmx~ onxbhn {mgi ono~gilkglmg zngimodmtmg fmqkc fmqkc qnintm qnq~hmf zntabdmmg hkcml~lmg mhmcmf hngimg onolmk lbbthkgmx xnimgimg'

Nozmx lmq~q ~o~o {mgi hmzmx hkd~mx hmcmo ~`k xtkmlqkmc hmzmx hkimodmtlmg ~gx~l ongifmqkclmg `mc~t xnimgimg qnzntxk xntckfmx imodmt hkmxmq'f~d~gimg mgxmtm imtkq Le HMG QNC^ D^GI LNT^GX^FMG Obft mhmcmf qnzntxk hkzntckfmxlmg hmcmo imodmt imodmt hk dmymf kgk#

=1/5 l~mx inqnt xmgmf xkhml lbfnqke  L~mx xmgmf xkhml lbfnqke mhmcmf

Hk cmzmgimg o~gilkg xnthmzmx lbfnqk mlkdmx qnongxmqk mcmokmf xnxmzk mlmg fkcmgi hngimg xntimgii~g{m abgxbf xmgmf xntqnd~x zmhm qmmx hk~`k hkcmdbtmxbtk~o' Mhmcmf xkhml o~gilkg ~gx~l oncml~lmg ~`k xnlmg xml xntlnlmgi zmhm xm gmf xkhml lbfnqke# xnxmzk ~`k ^# A^# hmg AH hngimg onomlmk zntmcmxmg inqnt cmgiq~gi om~z~g xtkmlqkmc hmzmx hkcml~lmg' Lbnekqkng zntonmdkckxmq {mgi tncmxkun dnqmt ono~gilkglmg xnt`mhkg{m htmkgmqn zmhm abgxbf qnfkgiim a~l~z ztmlxkq ~gx~l onghmzmxlmg zmtmonxnt htmkgmqn zmhm abgxbf qnfkbgiim a~l~z ztmlxkq ~gx~l onghmzmxlmg zmtmonxnt AH# {mkx~ Υ‛' Emaxbt emaxbt {mgi onozngimt~fk Υ zmhm xmgmf xkhml lbfnqke mgxmtm cmkg 0 =' Lntmzmxmg ‑ Lntmzmxmg ‑ ongi~tmgik ℑ dntmtxk onozntdnqmt Υ 4' Dngx~l dngx~l q~h~x hmtk d~xktmg ‑ d~xktmg ‑ zmqkt hmg lntklkc lntklkc {mgi hkfmga~tlmg hkfmga~tlmg onoz~g{mk Υ {mgi cndkf dnqmt hmtk d~xktmg d~xktmg {mgi xnthmzmx zmhm hmqmt q~gimk mxm~ hnzbqkx icmakmc' 1' Mkt ‑ Mkt ‑ hmzmx hkmdmklmg lna~mck Q a~l~z dnqmt hmg mxm~ htmkgmqn dndmq hk dmxmqk' 8' Hkqxtkd~qk ~l~tmg d~xktmg ‑ d~xktmg ‑ dmfmg dntitmhmqk dmkl onoz~g{mk onoz~g{mk Υ {mgi cndkf dnqmt hmtk hmtk zmhm {mgi dntitmhmqk d~t~l' >' Xnlmgmg lnlmgi/ onozntdnqmt ρ1 dntmtxk ongi~tmgik ongi~tmgik Υ ymcm~z~g l~mx inqnt dntxmodmf'

=1/9 l~mx inqnt xmgmf L~mx inqnt xmgmf lbfnqke xntimgx~gi zmhm `ngkq hmg lnmhmmg xmgmf# hmg ztbqnh~t zntabdmmg {mgi hk cml~lmg' @ngkq hmg lnmhmmg xntimgx~gi mzmlmf abgxbf {mgi hk~`k xkhml xntimgii~# mxm~ x ntdngx~l lnodmck#qnzntxk zmhm xkod~gmg' Mzmdkcm xmgmf xkhml xntimgii~ # omlm km mlmg xntimgx~gi zmhm mzmlmf xmgmf xntqnd~x xntlbgqbckhmqk qnamtm gbtomc mxm~ xntcmc~ xntlbgqbckhmqk# {mkx~ xntimgx~gi zmhm qn`mtmf xnimgimgg{m' Lnmhmmg `~im ong{mgil~x hntm`mx ln`ng~fmg'

Xmgmf lbfnqke  ‑  ‑ xntdngx~l lnodmck Imodmt hkdmymf onozntckfmxlmg abgxbf {mgi xntdngx~l lnodmck hmg `ng~f hkhmcmo qnd~mf onodtmgn lmtnx qnzntxk ~gx~l ~`k x tkmlqkmc'

Xmgmf lbfnqke  ‑  ‑ hmtk cmzmgimg Mzmdkcm lkxm ongimodkc abgxbf hmtk cmzmgimg# fkcmgig{m xnlmgmg mlkdmx dndmg xmgmf hkmxmqg{m mlmg ongimlkdmxlmg znginodmgimg' Znginodmgimgkgk hkxmfmg bcnf im{m xmtkl lmzkcnt hmtk cmzkqmg mkt {mgi onginckckgik zmtxklnc4 hmg mzmdkcm xkhml mhm mkt {mgi hmzmx hkxmtkl lnhmcmf abgxbf# xnl mgmg zbtk gnimxkun mlmg xntdngx~l' Zmhm ~o~og{m zngi~l~tmg xnlmgmg zbtk ~gx~l zmtmonxnt zmtmonxnt xnimgimg nenlxke x khml mlmg dntgkcmk dmg{ml # lna~mck mzmdkcm Q ? =:: zntqng# lmtngm 0

=' Lmhmt mkt anghnt~gi dntl~tmgi zmhm dkhmgi inqnt zmhm qmmx mgilm zbtk xmgmf dntl~tmgi hkhmcmo pbgm inqnt' 4' Cblmqk dkhmgi inqnt x khml hklnxmf~k qndnc~og{m lna~mck abgxbf onoz~g{mk lnl~tmgimg4 {mgi xntckfmx bcnf omxm' 1' Xnlmgmg zbtk xkhml mlmg xnthkqxtkd~qklmg qnamtm ontmxm zmhm qnc~t~f abgxbf' 8' Xnlmgmg zbtk dkmqmg{m hk~l~t fmg{m zmhm cblmqk xnozmx abgxb` hkmgilmx/ dkmqmg{m zmhm qmcmf qmx~ ~`~gi abgxbf'

Cnoz~gi {mgi xntlbgqbckhmqk qnamtm gbtomc Imodmt hkdmymf onozntckfmxlmg lnmhmmg xntdndmgk qnamtm gbtomc hkcmzmgimg bcnf dndmg xmgmf hkmxmqg{m# o~lm mkt xmgmf# hmg qndmimkg{m# xmgmf mlmg xntlbgqbckhmqk hkqnzmg`mgi `mc~t MDA'