F O U N D AT AT I O N S O F I N T E R N A T I O N A L T H I N K I N G O N S E A P O W E R
No. 2
JA PA N E S E JA SEA POWER A MARITIME NATION’S STRUGGLE FOR IDENTITY
N A O K O S A J I M A A N D K Y O I C H I TA TA C H I K A W A
J A P A N E S E S E A P O W E R A M A R I T I M E N AT I O N ’ S S T R U G G LE L E F O R I D E N T IT IT Y
J A P A N E S E S E A P O W E R A M A R I T I M E N AT I O N ’ S S T R U G G LE L E F O R I D E N T IT IT Y
© Copyright Commonwealth o Australia 2009 This work is copyright. Apart rom any air dealing or the purpose o study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, and with standard source credit included, no part may be reproduced without written permission. Enquiries should be addressed to the Director, Sea Power Centre — Australia, Department o Deence, Canberra ACT 2600.
National Library o Australian Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Japanese Sea Power: A Maritime Nation’s Nation’s Struggle or Identity Sajima, N (Naoko), 1959 -. Tachikawa, K (Kyoichi), 1966 -. ISSN 1835-7679 ISBN 978-0-642-297 978-0-642-29705-1 05-1
J A P A N E S E S E A P O W E R A M A R I T I M E N AT AT I O N ’ S S T R U G G L E FO FO R I D E N T I T Y
y Naoko Sajima and Kyoci Tacikawa
Sea Power Centre – Australia
Disclaimer The views expressed are those o the author and do not necessarily reect the ofcial policy or position o the Government o Australia, the Department o Deence and the Royal Australian Navy. In addition, the views expressed do not necessarily reect the ofcial policy or position o the Government o Japan, the Ministry o Deense, or the Japanese Maritime Sel-Deense Force. The Commonwealth o Australia will not be legally responsible in contract, tort or otherwise or any statement made in this publication.
Sea Power Centre – Australia The Sea Power Centre — Australia (SPC-A), was established to undertake activities to promote the study, discussion and awareness o maritime issues and strategy within the RAN and the Deence and civil communities at large. The mission o the SPC-A is: •
topromote understanding ofsea power and its application to the security of
Australia’s national interests •
tomanagethedevelopmentofRANdoctrineandfacilitate its incorporation into
ADF joint doctrine •
tocontributetoregionalengagement
•
withinthehigherDefenceorganisation, contributetothedevelopmentofmaritime
strategic concepts and strategic and operational level doctrine, and acilitate inormed orce structure decisions •
topreserve,develop,andpromoteAustraliannavalhistory.
Comment on this Paper or any enquiry related to the activities o the Sea Power Centre – Australia should be directed to:
Director Sea Power Centre – Australia Department o Deence Telephone: +61 2 6127 6512 Canberra ACT 2600 Facsimile: +61 2 6127 6519 Australia Email: seapower.centre@deence.gov.au Internet: www.navy.gov.au/spc
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FOUNDATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL ThINKING ON SEA POWER The Foundations o International Thinking on Sea Power series is a reereed publication that reects original research, both historical and contemporary, on how various States perceive the necessity or, and the use o, seas power. The series re-examines the undamental understanding o sea power in a variety o cultural traditions rom ancient times to the present day. Modern concepts o sea power are largely based upon the Anglo-American tradition, and subsequently many navies have had difculty identiying and applying alternative maritime traditions. By examining the broadest aspects o maritime strategy, this series aims to highlight the assumptions that underpin our modern perceptions o sea power. No. 1 Ancient Egyptian Sea Power and the Origin o Maritime Forces by Gregory P Gilbert No. 2 Japanese Sea Power: A Maritime Nation’s Struggle or Identity by Naoko Sajima and Kyoichi Tachikawa
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CONTENTS Abbreviations and Acronyms About the Authors Picture Credits and Acknowledgements Preace Chapter 1 An Introduction to Maritime Japan
ix xi xii xiii 1
Chapter 2 The Birth and Evolution o Japanese Sea Power: A History to World War II
15
Introduction The Coastal Navy Era The Oceanic Navy Era: The Formative Years From the First Sino-Japanese War to World War II Conclusion
15 16 29 35 51
Chapter 3 Contemporary Japanese Sea Power: Weighing Anchor
The ‘Long Ater War’ Captivity A Maritime Sel-Deense Force is Created 1945-1976 Countering the Cold War Threats 1976-1989 A Post-Cold War Maritime Force 1989-2001 Anchors Aweigh: A New Beginning 2001 to 2009 Conclusion
63
63 65 72 76 83 93
Appendices
97
Bibliography
197
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iii
AbbREvIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ASDF
Air Sel-Deense Force
BCE
Beore the Common Era
CE
Common Era
CFE
Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
GHQ
General Headquarters o the Allied Powers
GSDF
Ground Sel-Deense Force
HMS
His/Her Majesty’s Ship
ICBM
Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles
IDP
Imperial Deense Policy
IJA
Imperial Japanese Army
IJN
Imperial Japanese Navy
IPCA
International Peace Cooperation Act
JDA
Japan Deense Agency
JSDF
Japan Sel-Deense Force
LDP
Liberal Democratic Party
MSA
Maritime Saety Agency
MSDF
Maritime Sel-Deense Force
NDPG
National Deense Program Guideline
NDPO
National Deense Program Outline
NIDS
National Institute or Deense Studies
PKO
Peacekeeping Operations
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PSI
Prolieration Security Initiative
RAN
Royal Australian Navy
RIMPAC
Rim o the Pacifc
ROK
Republic o Korea
SCAP
Supreme Commander or Allied Powers
SLOC
Sea Lines o Communication
SMS
Seine Majestat Schi
(His Majesty’s Ship, German designation)
SPC-A
Sea Power Centre - Australia
US
United States
USFJ
US Forces in Japan
USSR
Union o Soviet Socialist Republics
WWI
World War I
WWII
World War II
AbOUT ThE AUThORS Naoko SAJIMA
Naoko Sajima has been a proessor at Senshu University since April 2001. Sajima graduated rom Sophia University, Department o Law, and completed her MA degree (International Politics) at Aoyama Gakuin University. During a career o 19 years at the Japan Deense Agency, she worked in the Foreign Relations Ofce and as a senior researcher in the National Institute or Deense Studies, among other posts. She was a visiting ellow at the Strategic and Deence Studies Centre, the Australian National University in 1994-1995 and a distinguished ellow at the Centre or Strategic Studies, New Zealand in 1998-1999. She has been the Secretary General o the Japan Society or New Zealand Studies (JSNZS) since 2008. Sajima has published widely in both in English and Japanese: her leading English language monographs include; JANZUS: Towards Complementary Security Arrangements, presented at the 2008 International Study Association (ISA) Annual Convention in San Francisco; Japan, Australia and Asia-Pacic Security , Routledge, London, 2006, (co-author); and Strategic Cultures in the Asia-Pacic Region, MacMillan Press, London, 1999, (co-author). In 2005 she received the 15th Cum-Sophia Award [Sophia Alumni Association Prize] as an editor in chie with the winning work, Gendai anzen hosho yogo jiten (Concise Encyclopaedia o Security Aairs), Shinzansha, 2004.
Kyoichi TACHIKAWA
Dr Kyoichi Tachikawa is Senior Research Fellow at the Department o Military History, the National Institute or Deense Studies (NIDS), Ministry o Deense, Japan, where he has worked since 1995. He has authored or edited several books in Japanese and in English, including Dainiji-sekaitaisen to uransu-ryo Indoshina: Nichi-utsu kyoryoku no kenkyu (WWII and French Indochina: A Study o Franco-Japanese Collaboration), Sairyusha, Tokyo, 2000; British and Japanese Military Leadership in the Far Eastern War 1941-1945 (co-edited with Brian Bond), Frank Cass, London, 2004; and Shi Pawa: sono riron to jissen (Sea Power: Theory and Practice) (co-edited with Tomoyuki Ishizu et al), Fuyō Shobō Shuppan, Tokyo, 2008.
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PICTURE CREDITS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Sea Power Centre - Australia (SPC-A) wish to thank the ollowing organisations or their kind permission to use the photographs, diagrams and maps reproduced within this publication: Australian War Memorial, p. 145; Central Intelligence Agency, p. 195; Japan Deense Agency, p. 73; Japan Maritime Sel-Deense Force, pp. 9, 67, 84, 96 and 196; London Illustrated News, p. 141; Royal Australian Navy, pp. 40, 43, 71, 75, 121, 128, 144, 146, 160 and 178; the Tokyo Naval Science Museum, p. 22; US Archives, pp. 64; and the US Naval Historical Centre, pp. 50 and 155; and the US Navy, pp. 62 and 122. The ollowing images are in the public domain: Wood-block prints, pp. 7, 21, 30, 32, 36, 118 and 121; and the Mongol Invasion scroll p. 110. The cover image is a reproduction o the 1823 wood-block print ‘Red Fuji, Fine Wind Clear Morning’ by Katsushika Hokusai (1760-1849). The maps on the ollowing pages were prepared by Jennier Prosser and Racheal Brühn o DesignEmergency, Canberra: pp. xiv, 2, 5, 10, 13, 45, 106, 108, 112, 116, 124, 126, 129, 152, 162, and 166. Every eort has been made to contact the copyright holders or images reproduced in this volume. The SPC-A would welcome any errors or omissions being brought to their attention.
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F O U N D AT AT I O N S O F I N T E R N A T I O N A L T H I N K I N G O N S E A P O W E R
No. 2
JA PA N E S E JA SEA POWER A MARITIME NATION’S STRUGGLE FOR IDENTITY
N A O K O S A J I M A A N D K Y O I C H I TA TA C H I K A W A
