ITI Bangalore Training Report

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

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COMPANY PROFILE

India’s first Public Sectr Unit !PSU" # ITI Ltd $as establis%ed in &'()* E+er since, as a -ineerin. +enture in t%e field f telec//unicatins, it %as cntributed t 012 f t%e -resent natinal telec/ net$r3* 4it% state#f#t%e#art /anufacturin. facilities s-read acrss si5 lcatins and a cuntr6$ide net$r3 n et$r3 f /ar3etin.7ser+ice utlets, t%e c/-an6 ffers a c/-lete ran.e f telec/ -rducts and ttal slutins c+erin. t%e $%le s-ectr s-ectru/ u/ f S$itc% S$itc%in. in.,, Trans/ Trans/iss issin in,, Access Access and Subscri Subscriber ber Pre/i Pre/ises ses e8ui-/e e8ui-/ent* nt*

ITI 9ined t%e lea.ue f $rld class +endrs f Glbal S6ste/ fr Mbile !GSM" tec%nl.6 tec%nl.6 $it% t%e inau.urati inau.uratin n f /bile e8ui-/ent e8ui-/ent /anufacturin. /anufacturin. facilities facilities at its Man3a-ur and Rae :areli Plants in ;110#1<* T%is us%ered in a ne$ era f indi.enus /bile /bile e8ui-/ent e8ui-/ent -rductin -rductin in t%e cuntr6* cuntr6* T%ese t$ facilities facilities su--l6 /re t%an nine /illin

lines

-er

annu/

t

bt%

d/estic

as

$ell

as

e5-rt

/ar3ets*

T%e c/-an6 is cnslidatin. its di+ersificatin int Infr/atin and =//unicatin Tec%nl.6 Tec%nl.6 !I=T" t %ne its c/-etiti+e c/-etiti+e ed.e in t%e cn+er.ence cn+er.ence /ar3et /ar3et b6 de-l6in. its ric% ric% telec/ telec/ e5-ert e5-ertise ise and +ast +ast infras infrastr truct ucture ure** Net$r Net$r3 3 Mana.e/ Mana.e/ent ent S6ste/ S6ste/s, s, Encr6-tin and Net$r3in. Slutins fr Internet =nnecti+it6 are s/e f t%e /a9r initiati+es ta3en b6 t%e c/-an6*

:ASI= IN>ORMATION? General Mana.er

? S%ri @*L* D%in.ra

Establis%/ent

? &'()

4ebsite

? %tt-?77$$$*itiltd#india*c/

Ttal nu/ber f staff

?)0'(

TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS


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Company’s Mission

T retain leaders%i- in /anufacturin. and su--l6 f ne$ tec%nl.6 telec/ -rducts and als t re.ain status f t- turn3e6 slutin -r+ider* Quality Policy

ITI is c//itted t -r+ide c/-etiti+e  reliable -rducts, slutins,  ser+ices*

•

Multi#lcatinal state#f#t%e#art electrnic asse/bl6  c/-nent /anufacturin. facilities accredited $it% ISO '11&?;111

•

Multi#lca Multi#lcatina tinall ISO &(11& ?;11( En+irn/ent En+irn/ental al Mana.e/ent Mana.e/ent S6ste/ S6ste/ certified certified -lants >irst Indian c/-an6 t /anufacture :TS  t%er infra -rducts fr GSM 7 4iMAB

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=untr6$ide /ar3etin. and cust/er care centers

•

In#%use RD fr absr-tin f tec%nl.6, indi.enus de+el-/ent f -rducts fr in#%use /anufacturin.



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Fi+ $, S%are f ITI t Natinal Telec/ Telec/

Highlights •

Telec/ -ineers in India =ntributed 012 t t%e e5istin. natinal telec/ net$r3*

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Hi.% i/-act turn3e6 s-ecialist

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De-endable Inte.rated L.istics Su--rt !ILS"

•

Strn. in#%use RD

•

Mult Multi# i#l lca cati tin nal al

stat state# e#f f#t #t%e %e#a #art rt

electr electrni nicc asse/b asse/bl6 l6  c/-ne c/-nent nt /anufacturi /anufacturin. n. facilitie facilitiess accredited accredited $it% ISO '11&?;111 •

Multi Multi#l #lcat catin inal al

ISO

&(11&?; &(11&?;11( 11(

En+irn/ental Mana.e/ent S6ste/ certified -lants* Share o I!I to National !elecom Net"or# $%&'()**'

•

>irst Indian c/-an6 t /anufacture :TS  t%er infra -rducts fr GSM 74iMAB



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INFRAS!R-C!-RE •

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In#%use Researc%  De+el-/ent Net$r3 S6ste/ Unit ca-able f underta3in. turn3e6 9bs

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Self cntained c/-nent e+aluatin centre

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>ull6 aut/ated asse/bl6 lines

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In circuit tester !I=T"

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Mdern =%e/ical, Metallur.ical Labs

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Mec%anical fabricatin7Mac%ine s%-s $it% /dern =N= /ac%ines

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Muldin.  Die castin.

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>ull fled.ed state f t%e art tl r/s

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SMT !Surface /unt tec%nl.6"

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En+irn/ental testin.

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=/-nent a--r+al center a--r+ed b6 :SNL

FACILI!IES •

P=: /anufacturin. facilities

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Mec%anical >abricatin 7 Mac%ine S%- $it% /dern =N= /ac%ines and >inis%in. s%-

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=ard asse/bl6 and Testin. includin. Incircuit tester

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SMT Line TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS


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Plastic In9ectin Tec%nl.6

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T%ru.%#Hle =/-nent Asse/bl6

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Manufacturin. facilities fr Mec%anical ite/s

•

>abricatin f T$ers and S%elters fr GSM

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6

RESO-RCES,

Dedicated Net$r3 S6ste/s Unit !:an.alre, Ne$ Del%i, @l3ata, :%-al, A/bala" * State#f# t%e#art Manufacturin. Plants !:an.alre, Man3a-ur, Rae :areli, Naini, Pala33ad, Srina.ar" * RD =entre SMPS? >abricatin f &11 A # &01A P$er Plants $it% ;0A base Mdule fr GSM* >abricatin f ;11A#C111A P$er Plants $it% &11A base Mdules fr telec/ installatin PRO.PRO.-C!S C!S,,

=ellular

Mbile

Infrastructure#

GSM,

4LL#=DMA

S$it S$itc% c%in in.# .#O= O=:# :#;)C ;)C,, ISDN ISDN EPA: EPA:B, B, IP#T IP#TAB AB,, SSTP* SSTP* Trans Trans/i /iss ssi in# n# Sate Satell llit ite, e, O-ti O-tical cal,, Micr$a+e, H>7UH>* :radband E8ui-/ent#ADSL, 4iMAB, G#PON, ED4AS* =ust/er Pre/ises E8ui-/ent#I>4T, ADSL Mde/, =LI P%nes* GSM#>=T !>i5ed =ellular Tele-%ne", 4iMAB =PE SER/ICES,

S6ste/s Inte.ratin # Telec/, IT* S%ared Hub  #SAT Ser+ices* =ust/er =are Ser+ice* Installatin  =//issinin. f Telec/ E8ui-/ent li3e GSM, =DMA, MLLN, Micr$a+e, O-tical >iber, etc* Pre#$arrant6  Pst#$arrant6 /aintenance ser+ices fr all Prducts7Pr9ects* Ser+ices fr all -rducts7-r9ects* Enter-rise businesses li3e Data =enters etc



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T%ere are fur /a9r de-art/ents f ITI Li/ited $%ic% are accessible t In#Plant Trainees* T%ese are as fll$s? $0 Tele-%ne Defense Prduct !TDP" •

Asse/blin. Sectin, Slderin. Sectin, Tele-%ne Sectin

)0 S$itc%in. Access Prduct !SAP" •

SMT Line, P=: Plant, O=:#=SN Testin.

10 Researc%  De+el-/ent !RD" •

4ireless Lab, Ter/inal E8ui-/ent De+el-/ent, Access Prducts, DSP LA:, =AD7 =AD7P= P=: : Desi Desi.n .n,, =%e/ =%e/ic ical al Lab, Lab, S=AD S=ADA, A, P$e P$err Su-Su--l6 l6 Lab, ab,

LAN,

Reliabilit6 En.ineerin. Lab &0 Infr/atin Tec%nl.6!IT" •

=ust/er Interactin, Data :ase, Infr/atin @IOS@E

T%ese all ab+e /entined sectins are discussed in detail in future c%a-ters*



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$0 !.P 2!elephone .eence Pro3ucts4 T%e TDP sectin in ITI /ainl6 deals $it% t%e /anufacturin. f tele-%ne and related e8ui-/ents fr fr c// c//uni unica cati tin n and and defenc defencee -ur- -ur-se ses* s* A de/ de/ns nstr trat ati in n f +ari +arius us tele tele-% -%ne ness and /ulti-le5in. e8ui-/ents in defence area $as .i+en t us* PCM M-5

P=M MUB /ulti-le5es si.nals and cntrls different +ice c%annels r data c%annels usin. different cards* Mainl6 t%ere are t%ree t6-es f cards e/bedded in t%e P=M MUB* T%ese are? &* ic ice7 e7Da Data ta card cardss ;* Si.n Si.nal alin in. . card cardss C* P$e $er cards Eac% +ice card can %andle < c%annels* Ttals C1 c%annels are %andled* S t%ere are 0 +ice cards in ttal* T%is $as t%e earlier cnfi.uratin* Eac% si.nalin. card can %andle C c%annels* P$er cards %andle t%e distributin f #() t in-uts* Out-uts are ta3en t%ru.% Mt%erbard* In additin t t%ese cards, $e %a+e an MDB card !MUB and DMUB" $%ic% is -tinal, =TRL card $%ic% is t%e %eart f MUB fr .eneratin. alar/s and cntrllin. si.nalin.* T%ere are s/e e5tensin cards als fr ta3in. ut-uts* Out-uts are ta3en t%ru.% a ta. blc3* T%e different alar/s are used fr? &* LOS LOS !L !Lss ss f Si.na Si.nals ls"" ;* A&S A&S !All All &’s &’s" C* SYS SYS !S6nc% !S6nc%r rniF niFat ati in" n" (* >E> >E> !> !>re re End End >ai >ailu lure re"" 0* Errrs Errrs !S/e !S/e errr errr indica indicati tin" n" <* =EN =EN !=r !=rre rect cti in n Enabl Enable" e" TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS


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* :SY r Nr/al Nr/al !Indic !Indicate atess bus6 bus6"" N$ t%ese cards are used as data cards fr ATM data transfer* It is t%e c%ea-est $a6 f data transfer* Eac% data card can %andle < c%annels r < ATM’s* Data transfer is bi#directinal* In ATM data transfer, in e+er6 ;01/s, data fr/ ATM’s are transferred t lcal e5c%an.es and fr/ t%ere t :/ba6 e5c%an.e* >r/ t%ere data is u-dated and sent bac3* If MDB is nt used, a cst difference f ;C,111 $ill ccur* Data cards %a+e discrete c/-nents $%ic% are /unted /anuall6* T%e re8uired c/-nents are distributed fr/ /ain stre t sub stres* >r/ t%ere asse/blin. is dne* T%en it .es t slder slderin. in. secti sectin* n* Durin. Durin. t%ese t%ese -rcedu -rcedures res t%e card card $ill $ill under. under.  nu/ber nu/ber f ins-ec ins-ecti tins ns /anuall6* T%en t%e card is sub9ected t testin. and is c%ec3ed t see $%et%er it can $it% stand %i.% te/-eratures* >r t%is t%e card is 3e-t at 01 = fr ; %urs* Si/ilarl6 t%e card is c%ec3ed under e5tre/e te/-erature cnditins fr/ #;1 = t 0 =*

Onl6 Onl6 t%se t%se cards cards $%ic% $%ic% can

$it%stand $it%stand t%ese $rse cnditins cnditins $ill -ass t%e test and $as furt%er -rceed t final fabricati fabricatin n ste-s* T%e cards are als c%ec3ed fr s/e -ara/eters li3e .ain, D tne, i/-edance, crss tal3 etc* >r data cards nl6 .ain and D tne needs t be c%ec3ed* T%ese -ara/eters are c%ec3ed fr eac% trans/it and recei+e c%annels and after c%ec3in., t%e nu/ber is increased in t%e dis-la6* If failure is detected, t%e c%ec3in. st-s at t%at c%annels nu/ber* T%ere is a re+erse -rtectin circuitr6 $%ic% -rtects t%e s6ste/ in case t%e -$er su--l6 cnnectin is re+ersed* Assem6lin+ section, Here t%e c/-nents are asse/bled and slderin. f s/e c/-nents is

dne* A fr/ is .i+en t eac% -ersn en.a.ed in asse/blin. $% enters t%e card nu/ber f all t%e cards $%ic% t%e6 are asse/blin.* T%e card is t%en sent fr slderin., t%en t t%e ins-ectin sectin* Durin. ins-ectin if an6 /ista3e is identified, t%e card is a.ain sent bac3 t t%e sa/e -ersn $% asse/bled t%at card* Sol3erin+ Sol3erin+ Section, Slderin. is dne in a bi. c%a/ber* >irst asse/bled cards are /unted n

rac3s and t%en -assed t%ru.% t%e c%a/ber +ia a belt* In t%e c%a/ber slid flu5 and lead are /elted* As t%e cards /+e, initiall6 t%e /elted flu5 tuc%es t%e c/-nents leads* T%en t%e /elted lead tuc%es t%e c/-nent lead and slderin. ta3es -lace* Pi-es are -resent t ta3e a$a6 TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS


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t%e e5%aust .ases* After slderin., t%e cards are sent fr testin. fr s%rts, s%rts are rectified and t%en sent fr ins-ectin* !elephones !elephones Section, Section, T%e t$ basic needs in tele-%ne r +ice c//unicatin is, first t alert

t%e -ersn abut a call, and secndl6, a -r+isin t s-ea3* In &)<, Gra%a/ :ell in+ented t%e first tele-%ne* T%e first tele-%ne $as a magneto telephone $%ic% su--rted nl6 ne t ne c//unicatin* It %ad a C#$ired %and .eneratr $%ic% is rtated t .i+e a rin. t indicate t%at a call is c/in. fr/ a s-ecified -ersn* As sn as t%e %and set is -ic3ed, c//unicatin is establis%ed* It can establis% c//unicatin +er (1 @/s* Suc% tele-%nes are seen in rail$a6 statins* T%is tele-%ne culd be /dified as ne t /an6 and als distance +er $%ic% t%e c//unicatin can be establis%ed culd be i/-r+ed* Ne5t ca/e t%e central battery system* system* :atter6 /eans nu/ber f tele-%nes centrall6 cnnected* T%is $as a /anuall6 -erated e5c%an.e* S if a -ersn $ants t dial t ant%er -ersn, t%e cnnectin is establis%ed b6 an -eratr* S t%e /ain dra$bac3 $as t%at t%ere is n secrec6 in c//unicatin* Als it ta3es a lt f ti/e and c%ances r errr is /re since accurac6 de-ends n t%e -eratrs* T%is tele-%ne $as a lu5ur6 ite/* Ne5t ca/e automatic telephones telephones and aut/atic e5c%an.e $it%ut /an -eratr* T%ese are electr/ec%anical tele-%nes $it% rtar6 dials* In /ec%anical t6-e, $e %a+e -ulse /de f dial* In t%is $e %a+e a -ulse s-rin. and s%unt s-rin.* S%unt s-rin. is t a+id cntinuus trans/issin f

-uls -ulses es fr fr t%e t%e ad9a ad9ace cent nt t$ t$ nu/b nu/ber ers s i*e* i*e* t differentiate bet$een t%e -ulses fr t$ nu/bers dialed ne after t%e t%er*

>i. ;? Rtar6 dial rear +ie$



11

Pulse Mo3e .ialin+,

Pulse Means Ma3e  :rea3* Para/eters fr Pulse Mde Dialin.? 1. Dial s-eed !&1 -ulse -er secnd

1*02 tlerance"

;* Ma3e Ma3e7: 7:re rea3 a3 rati rati  !&*< !&*< t ;*C" ;*C" 3. IDP !Inter Di.it Pass, i*e* ti/e .a-#)11/s

&12 tlerance

(* :lc :lc3i 3in. n. resi resist stan ance ce !/r !/ree t%a t%an n &11 &11 @ῼ " T%is is i/-le/ented usin. t%e Str$.er s6ste/* Str$.er e5c%an.e is an electr/ec%anical e5c%an.e* It %as a .ru- selectr and a final selectr as s%$n in t%e fi.ure* If $e dial J;’, it /eans ; ti/es Ma3e  :rea3* •

•

Dial an6 nu/ber li3e C<' 

C is Gru- Selectr



< is Main Selectr



' is >inal Selectr

T%is /de f Dialin. %as s/e errrs? 

Ma5i/u/ Persnnel





Ma5i/u/ 4ear  Tear



=able Errr



=rssbar

12



)r!p*ele"t!r *ele"t!r +%nal

13

)r!p *ele"t!r ele"t !r

,n%$ele"t!r

N Called Party )r!p *ele"t!r )r!p *ele"t!r

1

Lamp Bank (If any falt !""r# "!rre$p!nd%n& lamp '%ll &l!'

Call%n& Party



14

>i. C? :lc3 Dia.ra/ f Str$.er e5c%an.e

Later t%ese electr/ec%anical tele-%nes and e5c%an.es are re-laced b6 electrnic tele-%nes and e5c%an.es* Here -us% buttn 3e6 -ad c/es, but s6ste/ f dial is -ulse nl6, but instead f /a3e and brea3 f -ulses, $e %a+e n and ff* Para/eters are sa/e, but -ulse /de is re-laced b6 DTM> !Dual Tne Multi >re8uenc6"* In DTM>, eac% nu/ber n u/ber %as t$ fre8uencies as s%$n in t%e table* All r$s are l$ si.nal7sund le+el* All clu/ns are %i.%er si.nal7sund le+els* Tele-%ne anal6sis? Here t%e tele-%ne is c%ec3ed fr t%e crrectness f all its -ara/eters /entined earlier* >irst it c%ec3s fr -ulse /de* All t%e -ara/eter +alues $ill be s%$n* If t%ese +alues are crrect, 11 is -ressed $%ic% indicates O*@* 4e can cn+ert t tne /de b6 -ressin. K7* Rin.in. is c%ec3ed b6 a sft$are -r.ra/* It c%ec3s fr in-ut !0, ;0HF" and ut-ut !)0 d:"* Pro3ucts, T%e factr6 started in &'() in tie u- $it% :SNL* Till fe$ 6ears bac3 ITI and :SNL

%ad .d /anufacture and ser+ice -r+ider relatins%i-* :ut in late '1s t%e situatin c%an.ed* Since %i.% 8ualit6 ITI tele-%nes are a bit cstlier, :SNL refused t affrd suc% %i.% -rice, and ITI cannt reduce -rice since t%e /anufacturin. include %i.% 8ualit6 -rductin and testin. -rcedures, $%ic% $ill aut/aticall6 .i+e $a6 t %i.% -rduct -rice* S n$ t%e $r3 is dne nl6 fr defense* Defense l3s nl6 fr 8ualit6* E+en n$, ITI is bearin. a lss f ; crers -er da6* da6* Defens Defensee tele-% tele-%nes nes are t%ru t%ru.%l .%l6 6 c%ec3ed c%ec3ed fr its its ca-abi ca-abilit lit6 6 t $it%st $it%stand and all ad+erse ad+erse cnditins li3e te/-erature !#;1= t 1=", $ater -rf !C %urs in $ater, n -rble/", dust -rf and +ibratin -rf* In s%rt, at -resent ITI is -rducin. nl6 0: tele-%ne r field tele-%ne, $%ic% is $ireless, radi fre8uenc6 tele-%ne and defense landline tele-%ne r field landline tele-%ne* RD de+el-ed a ne$ tele-%ne $it% all t%ese features in ne sin.le tele-%ne* It $r3s as ne t ne, $ireless, landline etc* $it% a /de selectr, and $r3in. n -us% buttn* T%is $as de+el-ed b6 TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS


15

Mr* i9a6 fr/ RD* T%is $as a +er6 useful tele-%ne, but t%is -lan $as %ac3ed and sld t s/e t%er -ri+ate c/-anies $% later n started /anufacturin. suc% tele-%nes* S ITI %ad t st- its -rductin e+en befre startin.* T%e -rducts are as under? $0 Ma.net Tele-%ne

&0 Tele-%ne Set 0#:

)0 E5ecuti+e Tele-%ne ETS#1(

80 Tele-%ne Set >ield Aut ;A

10 Tele-%ne Set 0#=

$0 Ma+neto !elephone, .escription,

Stat Statee f art art desi desi.n .n t $r3 $r3 $it% $it% /a.ne /a.net t e5c% e5c%an. an.es es,, can can als als used used fr fr -in -intt t -in -intt c//unicatin, ru..ed, si/-le t use and /aintain Features, 

T$ tne rin.er



M+in. ar/ature t6-e recei+er



=arbn Trans/itter



Hand -erated .eneratr fr si.nalin.



Pint t Pint c//unicatin t%ru.% 0 cell



A+ailable in $ide ran.e f clrs

Hand Generatr fr si.nalin. is used

0 lts ;0 HertF

S-eec%

Clts D=



16

.isa39anta+e, •

Ti/e Dela6

•

N securit6

•

=rss c//unicatin

•

Hu/an Errr

)0 E:ecuti9e !elephone E!S(*&, 

Interc%an.eable Tele-%ne fr :ss  Secretar6



Electrnic s-eec% circuit $it% -ulse tne dialin.



Last =all Redial



=all %ldin. $it% /usic



Inde-endent Interc/ fr :ss  Secretar6 $it%ut en.a.in. e5c%an.e lines



Pr+isin t t turn ff rin.er



N lss f call durin. -$er failure

10 !elephone Set 8(C, .escription, Tele-%ne Set 0#= t ITI cde ESP &&=AA1&0L1& is ru..ed and desi.ned t

$r3 as li.%t $ei.%t tele-%nes* A c/binatin f 0#: and ;#A tele-%ne is als used as a re/te cntrl fr si/-ler radi sets* =/-atible $it% =: and Ma.net E5c%an.es* In additin, it can be used $it% an aut/atic e5c%an.e $it% inbuilt -us% buttn dial* TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS


17

Salient Features, 

I/-r+e s-eec% -erfr/ance !(1 @Ms $it% 4DI =ables"



I/-r I/-r+ed +ed -erfr -erfr/an /ance ce f rin.i rin.in. n. sund sund b6 usin. usin. PI=;1 PI=;1 electr electric ic buFFer buFFer instea instead d f cn+entinal bell



Mdular desi.n fr eas6 /aintenance



isual indicatins t indicate %ealt% and crrect insertin f cells



Hand rin.in. .eneratr is re-laced $it% electrnic rin. .eneratr



Less $ei.%t and ru..ed /ec%anical desi.n



4r3s n Ma.net and Aut /de

&0 !elephone Set Fiel3 Auto )(A, .escription, Tele-%ne set >ield Aut ;#A is a li.%t $ei.%t ru..ediFed aut tele-%ne ca-able

f $r3in. $it% Aut, =//n :atter6 and Electrnic E5c%an.es f PLAN AREN fa/il6 and $it% bt% DE=ADI= and DTM> Dialin. Salient Features, T%e tele-%ne e/-l6s an Electr#D6 Electr#D6na/ic na/ic M+in. =il Transducer Transducer !M=R

)'" fr bt% /icr-%ne and recei+er $%ic% are identical and interc%an.eable* 

LED indicatin fr %ealt%6 status f line cnditin



Rin.in. sund b6 PIE ;1 Electric :uFFer



S-eec% I= %as built in facilit6 t reduce acustic s%c3s due t lar.e a/-litude -ulses - ulses

80 !elephone Set 8(;



18

Tele-%ne Set 0#: is ru..ed and desi.ned desi.ned t $r3 as li.%t $ei.%t tele-%ne tele-%ne $it% .escription, Tele-%ne /a.ne /a.net t,, =: and and =:S =:S e5c% e5c%an. an.es es and als als a re/ re/te te cnt cntr rll fr fr si/si/-le lerr radi radi  sets sets** T%e T%e tele-%nes can als be used as a line/an’s test tele-%ne* Features, 

S-eec% -erfr/ance u- t C1 @Ms $it% 4DI cable



Hand rtated /a.net .eneratr fr si.nalin.



Inbuilt circuit fr .d rin.er +lu/e



P$ered b6 C batter6 fr s-eec%



Inbuilt electrnic circuit fr a/-lificatin



D6na/ic /icr-%ne t6-e trans/itter $it% nise cancellatin facilit6 fr .d field trans/issin



Hi.% sensiti+e s-lit ar/ature t6-e recei+er $it% cras% li/iter t reduce an6 acustic s%c3 due t lar.e a/-litude -ulses



=%an.e +er s$itc% fr s%rt7ln. line r radi



Press t s-ea3 s$itc% in t%e %andset t reduce batter6 disc%ar.e



=ase and %andsets are /lded fr/ A:S -lastic

$0 SAP 2S"itchi 2S"itchin+ n+ Access Pro3ucts4 Pro3ucts4 SM! LINE

T%ere are t$ t6-es f de+ices accrdin. t t%e tec%nl.67-rcess used in /anufacturin. t%e/* •

=n+entinal De+ices

•

Surface Munted De+ices !SMDs" TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS


19

T%e cn+entinal de+ices use t%e T%ru.%#Hle tec%nl.6 fr cnnectin. t%e c/-nents n a P=:* In t%is /et%d t%e de+ices7c/-nents are sldered n t%e t%er side f t%e P=:* SM! 2Surace Mountin+ !echnolo+y4, Surface /unt tec%nl.6 !SMT" is a /et%d fr

cnstructin. electrnic electrnic circuits in $%ic% t%e c/-nents !surface#/unted c/-nents7SM=s" are /unted directl6 nt t%e surface f -rinted f -rinted circuit bards !P=:s"* bards !P=:s"* An electrnic electrnic de+ice s /ade is called a surface /unt de+ice !SMD"* In t%e industr6 it %as lar.el6 re-laced t%e t%ru.% %le tec%nl.6 tec%nl.6 cnstructin /et%d f fittin. c/-nents $it% $ire leads int %les in t%e circuit bard* An SMT c/-nent is usuall6 s/aller t%an its t%ru.%#%le cunter-art because it %as eit%er s/aller leads r n leads at all* It /a6 %a+e s%rt -ins s%rt -ins r r leads f +arius st6les, flat cntacts, and a /atri5 f slder balls !:GAs !:GAs", ", r ter/inatins n t%e bd6 f t%e c/-nent* T%is sectin uses aut/atin fr t%e asse/blin. f P=:s* S/e bi. c/-nents are /unted n P=: usin. t%is aut/atin tec%ni8ue* A nu/ber f /ac%ines are used in t%is -rcess* One suc% c/-lete -rcess is called an SMT line* Slderin. is dne n t%e surface in t%is -rcess* 4a+e slderin. is dne finall6* T%ru.%ut t%e line t%ere are sensrs s t%at until ne -rcess is c/-leted ne$ ne $ill nt c/e* T%e entire -rcess is described bel$ in t%e blc3 dia.ra/?

A./AN!A
•

S/aller c/-nents* S/allest is currentl6 1*0 5 1*;0 //*

•

Muc% %i.%er nu/ber f c/-nents and /an6 /re cnnectins -er c/-nent

•

>e$er %les need t be drilled t%ru.% abrasi+e bards*

•

Si/-ler aut/ated asse/bl6* TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS


•

20

S/all errrs in c/-nent -lace/ent are crrected aut/aticall6 !t%e surface tensin f t%e /lten slder -ulls t%e c/-nent int ali.n/ent a li.n/ent $it% t%e slder -ads"*

•

=/-nents can be -laced n bt% sides f t%e circuit bard*

•

L$er resistance and inductance at t%e cnnectin !leadin. t better -erfr/ance fr %i.% fre8uenc6 -arts"*

•

:etter /ec%anical -erfr/ance under s%a3e and an d +ibratin cnditins*

•

SMT -arts .enerall6 cst less t%an t%ru.%#%le -arts*

•

>e$er un$anted R> si.nal effects in SMT -arts $%en c/-ared t leaded -arts, 6ieldin. better -redictabilit6 f c/-nent c%aracteristics*

•

>aster asse/bl6* S/e -lace/ent /ac%ines are ca-able f -lacin. /re t%an 01,111 c/-nents -er %ur*



21

>IGURE? :lc3 dia.ra/ f -rcess used in SMT $it% t%e na/e f res-ecti+e /ac%ines used in brac3ets

NOTE? EITHER SOLDER PASTE PRINTING OR GLUE DISPENSING* PRO=ESS IS =ARRIED OUT IN ONE PASS*



22

A lader lads t%e P=: t t%e SMT line* >irst /ac%ine -uts a slder -aste n t%e P=:* A stencil ! EKRA EKRA stencil printer , A Ger/an =/-an6" is used fr t%is* >r eac% P=: asse/blin., se-arate sten stenci cill is re8u re8uir ired ed** T%is T%is /ac% /ac%in inee %as %as an inte inte.r .rat ated ed P= $it% $it% it* it* Secn Secnd d /ac%i /ac%ine ne is a glue !>UI /a3e .lue dis-enser"* T%is is dne t a+id re/eltin. slder* T%ird /ac%ine dispenser !>UI !>UI /a3e chip shooter " feeds different c/-nents t t%e P=: usin. a feeder t%ru.% a nFFle b6 rtatin* >urt% /ac%ine ! IC IC placer FIP3" FIP3" -laces %i.%er siFe c/-nents* >ift% /ac%ine %as integrated system, system, usin. $%ic% it 9ust ins-ects t%e asse/bled asse/bled /ac%ine* Si5t% /ac%ine %as oven. Until %ere, t%e card $ill be $et* >r/ t%is /ac%ine, /eltin. and slderin. is dne* Prduced .ases are e5%austed* An unloader unlads t%e P=: fr/ t%e SMT line*

E=RA S!ENCIL PRIN!ER,

E@RA Stencil Printer is a Mac%ine instru/ent used fr -rintin. f slder -aste n P=: -ads* In t%is -rinter a slderin. -aste is ta3en* T%e P=: t be -rinted is -ut under a /as3 in $%ic% nl6 t%e -rtin $%ic% is t be -rinted re/ains un/as3ed, i*e* Stencils are /ade fr P=: $%ere slder %as t be -asted*

>UI#GL#0(&#E Glue Dis-enser is used t dis-ense .lue fr -astin. t%e c/-nents u- n* T%is Mac%ine dis-enses .lue at t%e s-eed f (1,111 Dts -er Hur* It -r+ides t%e %i.%#s-eed, -recisin .lue a--licatin re8uired b6 tda6’s -lacin. /ac%ines* A t%ree#s6rin.e dis-ensin. %ead features inde-endent, ser+ cntrlled s6rin.e t reduce c6cle ti/e t 1*1'sec7dt* A needle %eatin. and te/-erature cntrl s6ste/ /aintain cnsistent dis-ensin. +lu/es and create ideal cnditins fr $r3in. $it% %i.%#s-eed a--licatin .lues* Se+eral -r.ra/#cntrlled features furt%er ensure t%e %i.%#-recisin %i.%#-recisin a--licatin*



23

C>IP S>OO!ER,

>UI >UI =P <(; =%i=%i- S%t S%ter er is a c/c/-n nent ent -lac -lacer er,, used used t -lac -lacee lar. lar.ee and /edi /ediu/ u/ siFe siFe c/-nents and I=s at t%e desired lcatins n t%e P=: $%ere .lue r slder -aste is alread6 -resent* T%e s-eed f >UI =P <(; is (1,111 c/-nents -er %ur* =/-nent Tables are t%ere t stre t%e c/-nents c/-nents t -lace n P=:* T%is /ac%ine /ac%ine can %ld u- t 1 c/-nent tables tables at ne side* It %lds &(1 c/-nent tables $%en -erated 9intl6* T%ese c/-nents are -ic3ed and -laced $it% t%e %el- f a rtar6 turt* It cntains ;1 %ead %lders and < nFFles n e+er6 %ead %lder* In t%is $a6 it can %ld u- t &;1 c/-nents at a ti/e* FINE IC PLACER,

T%e =%i- S%ter described ab+e %as a siFe li/it* >UI IP#C >ine I= Placer can -lace /re s/all c/-nents c/-ared t =%i- S%ter* 4it% decrease in t%e siFe f c/-nents -laced t%e s-eed f -eratin als decreases* >r 1*1C // ta-e c/-nents S-eed is <0(0c-%* >r 1*1;0 // !>ine Pitc%" I=s S-eed is &((1 c-%* MICROFLO? REFLO? O/EN,

After I=s and c/-nents are -laced, till t%is ste-, t%e Glue7Slder Paste is in se/i#slid fr/* T%e Researc% Internatinal Ma3e Micrfl$#II Refl$ O+en is used t -ass t%e ab+e P=: =ards fr/ a %eatin. c%a/ber and t%an fr/ a clin. c%a/ber* T%is O+en %as ) Fnes and Te/-erature is different at e+er6 Fne f t%e +en* T%is te/-erature treat/ent i/-r+es t%e /ec%anical and +ibratin stren.t% f t%e SMDs t%us /ade* PC; -NLOA.ER, After t%e ab+e -rcesses are c/-leted, $e .et end -rduct P=:s, T%ese

P=: =ards are stac3ed fr Unlad it later* TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS


24

Assem6ly techni@ues,

4%ere c/-nents are t be -laced, t%e -rinted circuit bard nr/all6 %as flat, usuall6 tin#lead, tin#lead, sil+er sil+er,, r .ld -lated -lated c--er -ads $it%ut $it%ut %les, %les, called called solder pads* pads* Slder -aste, -aste, a stic36 /i5ture f flu5 and flu5 and tin6 slder -articles, is first a--lied t all t%e slder -ads $it% a stainless steel steel r nic3el nic3el stencil stencil usin. usin. a screen -rintin. -rcess* -rintin. -rcess* It can als be a--lied b6 a 9et#-rintin. /ec%anis/, si/ilar t an in39et an in39et -rinter * After -astin., t%e bards t%en -rceed t t%e -ic3#and# t%e -ic3#and# -lace /ac%ines, /ac%ines, $%ere t%e6 are -laced n a cn+e6r belt* T%e c/-nents t be -laced n t%e bards are usuall6 deli+ered t t%e -rductin line in eit%er -a-er7-lastic - a-er7-lastic ta-es $und n reels r -lastic tubes* S/e lar.e inte.rated circuits are deli+ered in static#free tra6s* Nu/erical tra6s* Nu/erical cntrl -ic3#and#-lace /ac%ines re/+e t%e -arts fr/ t%e ta-es, tubes r tra6s and -lace t%e/ n t%e P=:* T%e bards are t%en cn+e6ed int t%e refl$ slderin. +en* slderin. +en* T%e6 first enter a -re#%eat Fne, $%ere t%e te/-erature f t%e bard and all t%e c/-nents is .raduall6, unifr/l6 raised* T%e bards t%en enter a Fne $%ere t%e te/-erature is %i.% enu.% t /elt t%e slder -articles in t%e slder slder -aste, bndin. t%e c/-nent c/-nent leads t t%e -ads n t%e circuit bard* T%e surface tensin f t%e /lten slder %el-s 3ee- t%e c/-nents in -lace, and if t%e slder -ad .e/etries are crrectl6 desi.ned, surface tensin aut/aticall6 tensin aut/aticall6 ali.ns t%e c/-nents n t%eir -ads* T%ere are a nu/ber f tec%ni8ues fr refl$in. slder* One is t use infrared la/-s infrared la/-s t%is is called infrared refl$ refl$** Ant%e Ant%err is t use a %t .as cn+ectin* cn+ectin* If t%e circuit bard is duble#sided t%en t%is -rintin., -lace/ent, refl$ -rcess /a6 be re-eated usin. eit%er slder -aste r .lue t %ld t%e c/-nents in -lace* If .lue is .lue is used t%en t%e -arts /ust be sldered later usin. a $a+e slderin. -rcess* After slderin., t%e bards /a6 be $as%ed t re/+e flu5 residues and an6 stra6 slder balls t%at culd culd s%rt s%rt ut clsel6 clsel6 s-aced s-aced c/-nent c/-nent leads* leads* Rsin Rsin flu5 is re/+ed $it% flurcarbn sl+en sl+ents, ts, %i.% %i.% flas% -int %6drcarbn sl+ent sl+ents, s, r l$ flas% flas% sl+ents sl+ents e*.* li/nene li/nene !deri+ed fr/ ran.e -eels" $%ic% re8uire e5tra rinsin. r dr6in. c6cles* 4ater sluble flu5es are re/+ed $it% deinised $ater and and deter.ent, fll$ed b6 an air blast t 8uic3l6 re/+e residual $ater* TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS


25

>inall6, t%e bards are +isuall6 ins-ected fr /issin. r /isali.ned c/-nents and slder brid.in.* If needed, ne eded, t%e6 are sent t a re$r3 statin statin $%ere a %u/an -eratr re-airs an6 errrs* T%e6 are t%en usuall6 sent t t%e testin. statins t +erif6 t%at t%e6 -erate crrectl6

=ittin+,

T%is sectin -r+ides -r+ides t%e different different c/-nents c/-nents re8uired fr SMT sectin* sectin* >r -r-er /untin. f t%e c/-nents, t%e6 %a+e t be -r-erl6 cut  t%e -ins %a+e t be a--r-riatel6 bent etc* T%ere are t$ t6-es f fr/in. fr t%e c/-nents, 3in3 and strai.%t* @in3 fr/atin is dne t -lace t%e c/-nent at a -articular %ei.%t* T%ere is a +ibratin /ac%ine t cut transistr* Als t%ere are different /ac%ines fr 3in3 fr/atin f I=, fr cuttin. ca-acitrs etc* After t%e SMT -rcess, /anual ins-ectin is dne* Re$r3 is +er6 difficult in case f an6 fault* Re$r3 is dne in re$r3 /ac%ine* T%ere are /an6 /et%ds fr feedin. t%e c/-nents in an SMT line* I=’s are -laced in anti#static stic3* T%ere are electr /ec%anic feeders, +ibratr feeders, /ec%anical feeders etc* T%ere is a -re#ba3in. +en fr ba3in. t%e P=:s befre feedin. t%e/ t t%e line t re/+e t%e /isture* Manufacturin. defects f P=:s fr/ SMT are rectified usin. sft$are* Usin. t%is sft$are, t%e P=: is tested* A bard $it% sa/e slts as t%at f P=: is /atc%ed $it% P=: and crss c%ec3ed* Actual +alue and e5-ected +alue is .t as t%e ut-ut* >r > r s/e cards $e use =RO fr testin.*



26

PC; PLAN!

PROCESS,

•

A siFe f ;*(// is cut t /a3e a /t%erbard $it% c&*0*

•

=--er clad la/inatin*

•

=N= Drillin. !=/-uteriFed Nu/erical =ntrl"

•

PTH !Plated t%ru.% %le"  Panel Platin.

•

P%t resists la/inatin !&;1Q= te/-*"

•

U E5-sin.

•

De+el-in. !C1Q= te/-*"

•

Electr =--er -attern -latin. !&*0"

•

Tin -attern -latin.

•

Resist Stri--in. !castin. sda  $ater n 01Q="

•

Etc%in. !A//nia Sul-%ate at 01Q="

•

Tin Stri--in. !HNOC AT &10Q="

•

Slder Mas3 =atin. !Tin  Lead /i5  %eat at ;01Q="

•

Slder Mas3 De+el-in. !(1Q="

•

HAL !Ht Air Le+elin."

•

Le.end Mar3in.7 Le.end Print !E5cellence Aut/atin" TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS


27

Telec//unicatin Net$r3s are =nstantl6 =%an.in.* T%e ra-id .r$t% f t%e di.ital net$r3, Mbile Net$r3 and Intelli.ent Net$r3 and t%e -rliferatin f ne$ ser+ices bein. cnstantl6 ffered t subsc subscrib riber er /ean /ean t%at t%at e8ui-/ e8ui-/ent ent /ust /ust be cntin cntinuu uusl6 sl6 ada-te ada-ted d t ne$ re8uir re8uire/e e/ents nts** All All t%e ne$ s$itc%in. s6ste/s are based n stred -r.ra/ cntrl cnce-t* T%e call -rcessin. -r.ra//es are distributed +er different cntrl r.ans f t%e s6ste/ and are stred in ROM7RAM f t%e unit’s -rcessr in t%e cntrl units b6 usin. t%e -r.ra//e and data stred in unit ROM7RAM -rcess and %andle %andle calls calls** Handl Handlin. in. r -rces -rcessin sin. . a call call /eans /eans t ulti/a ulti/atel tel6 6 establ establis% is% a cnnec cnnecti tin n in bet$ee bet$een n inc/in. and ut.in. ends* De-endin. n t%e s6ste/ t%e na/e and arc%itecture f cntrl units and s$itc% /a6 c%an.e but basic criterin fr s$itc%in. /re r less re/ains sa/e* T%e AL=ATEL AL=ATEL &111e&1 &111e&1 e5c%an.e e5c%an.e als 3n$n b6 its t%er t%er na/e na/e O=:;)C O=:;)C is desi.ned desi.ned t cater fr e+l+in. net$r3s and t%e need t ratinaliFe e8ui-/ent -eratin* Its /dular arc%itecture /eans t%at ne$ ser+ices can be added and -rcessin. ca-acit6 can be increased $it%ut interru-tin. -eratin f t%e e5c%an.e* O=: ;)C is a di.ital s$itc%in. s6ste/ $%ic% su--rts a +ariet6 f c//unicatin needs li3e basic tele-%n6, tele-%n6, ISDN, interface t /bile c//unicatin, data c//unicatin etc* T%is s6ste/ %as been de+el-ed b6 AL=ATEL AL=ATEL f >rance and t%erefre %as %as /an6 si/ilarities t t its -redecessr e#&1* T%e first O=:;)C e5c%an.e f R&& +ersin ca/e t India in &''C* At -resent R;C and R;( are als bein. su--lied* T%e basic arc%itecture re/ainin. sa/e, /re facilities t subscriber and ad/inistratin are su--rted b6 later +ersins*

T%e tele-%ne e5c%an.e sectin in SAP de-art/ent %as t$ -rtins? O=: and =SN !Nu/erical Satellite =ncentratr" $%ic% $r3s as base statin and MS= !Mbile S$itc%in. =entre"* T%ese %andles t%ree functins? call %andlin., alar/ /ana.e/ent and billin.* =SN %as cntrl cards, alar/s etc* In =SN, if lad increases, l.ic c%an.es* At bac3side f =SN s/e ca-acitrs are .i+en, s t%at if s/e li.%tnin. c/es, t%ese ca-acitrs burns and -rtect t%e card*



28

OC; CSN !estin+,

O=: is als 3n$n as Alcatel Di.ital S$itc%in. S6ste/ de+el-ed b6 Alcatel =IT* O=: O=: ;)C ;)C /ean /eans# s# Or.a Or.an n De =// =//and and :; ers ersi in n )C11 )C11 /icr /icr-r rce cess ssr r** It is t%e t%e late latest st electrnics di.ital ISDN t6-e s$itc%in. tec%nl.6 bein. i/-rted in India, is Di.ital S$itc%in. Tec%nl.67 Tec%nl.67S6ste/ S6ste/ $%ic% su--rts su--rts a +ariet6 +ariet6 f /bile c//unicatin c//unicatin needs li3e tele-%n6, tele-%n6, ISDN, interface t /bile c//unicatin, di.ital c//unicatin etc* It %as sin.le JT’ state s$itc%* A /a5i/u/ f ;1() s$itc%es !P=Ms" can be cnnected* It su--rts bt% anal. and di.ital subscriber* =SN are s desi.ned t%at t%e6 can be e8ui--ed $it% eit%er anal. r di.ital subscriber r bt%* T%ese -r+ide facilit6 t cnnect s-eec% -at% fr/ a subscriber’s l- r circuits fr/ e5ternal P=Ms and transfer t%ese s-eec% sa/-les t selected ti/e slts called +ice c%annels n a LR lin3 !Internal P=Ms"* T%is T%is -r+id -r+ides es access access fr Man Mac%in Mac%inee Dial. Dial.ue ue fr t%e %u/an %u/an -erat -eratrs rs t intera interact ct and c//and t%e $r3in. f e5c%an.e e8ui-/ent* OC; Features, •

=an %andle /a5i/u/ f ) la3% :H=A!:us6 Hur Hur =all Atte/-ts"

•

=an %andle traffic f ;0111 erlan.s

•

Ma5i/u/ f ; la3% subscribers subscribers r <1111 circuit can be ter/inated

•

It %as /a5i/u/ f C0 t6-e f cards !e5cludin. subscriber subscriber rac3s"

•

Duble re/te $r3in. facilit6

•

It can %andle Anal.7Di.ital and /bile subscribers



•

29

Access net$r3s can be cnnected t it t%ru.% + 0*&70*; -rtcls

Su6scri6er Facility Pro9i3e3 6y OC; )'1 $0 Inter/ediate Ht Line# Subscriber cnnected t ant%er -redeter/ined nu/ber n liftin. t%e

-%ne !N Dialin. Re8uired" )0 Dela6ed Ht Line# Dial Tne is %eard n liftin., Subscriber can dial an6 nu/ber* Ot%er$ise

t%e call is cnnected t a -re+iusl6 .i+en nu/ber after a fi5ed ti/e !IRS" 10 Abbre+iated Dialin.# Subscriber recrds a s%rt cde fr a nu/ber and %a+e t dial t%at cde

nl6 !S-eed Dial" &0 =all >r$ardin. 80 =all >r$ardin. <0 =all =nference !( subscribers" OC; Functional -nits,

T%e Alcatel E#&1 !O=: ;)C" s6ste/ is /ade u- f t%ree inde-endent functinal units* $0 Po"er Supply( JO-eratin and Maintenance’ is res-nsible fr all functins needed b6 t%e

net$r3 -eratin. aut%rit6 >r O  M f e5c%an.e b6 -eratrs r NM=* In an electrnic stred -r.ra/ cntrl di.ital e5c%an.e li3e O=:# ;)C* All O  M acti+ities are -erfr/ed b6 unit called OM=* T%is -r+ides access fr Man Mac%ine Dial.ue* )0 Lo+ic( J=nnectin and =ntrl’ carries ut cnnectins and -rcessin. f si.nals

It is a blc3 cnsistin. f cntrl functins, s$itc%in. e8ui-/ents $%ic% -rcess /nitr, cntrl t%e call setu- and release* TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS


30

10 Su6 Su6scri scri6er 6er(( JSubscriber Access Subs6ste/’ carries ut cnnectin f anal.ue and di.ital

lines T%is is treated as an inde-endent entit6* E+er6 Subscriber =nnectin E8ui-/ent !=SE" Rac3 is .i+en a si.nalin. -int nu/ber t -erate in c//n c%annel si.nalin. /del $it% rest f e5c%an.e subs6ste/s*

OC; ARC>I!EC!-RE

>i. (? O=: Arc%itecture



31

>i.0? O=: Net$r3 SMC( Maintenance =ntrl Statin

SMA( Au5iliar6 E8ui-/ent =ntrl Statin

SM5( Matri5 =ntrl Statin

SMM( Maintenance Statin

MIS( Multi-le Interfacin. :us bar

MAS( Multi-le Access :us bar

S!S( S6nc%rniFatin Ti/e :ase Statin

AL( Alar/

OMC( O-eratinal Mana.e/ent =ntrl

CSN( Nu/eric Satellite =ncentratr

CSNL( Lcal Nu/erical Subscriber =entre CSN.( Distant Nu/erical Subscriber =entre CSNE( E5tent Nu/erical Subscriber =entre !MN( Telec//unicatin Mana.e/ent Net$r3



32

!estin+,

T%is sectin tests t%e different cards fr detectin. and rectif6in rectif6in. . t%e faults* Testin. Testin. is dne fr == and .rund* In#circuit test is dne* Punc% t%ru.% %les %as t be tested* Usin. -r.ra/s subscriber cards, l.ical cards and -$er su--l6 cards are tested* ;urnin+ Cham6er,

Tested cards are -ut %ere* =ards s%uld $r3 u- t 01=* S burnin. c%a/ber is 3e-t at 00 =* =ards are 3e-t %ere fr ; %urs cntinuusl6* Testin. is als dne fr c%ec3in. $%et%er slder /elts and card fails at %i.% te/-erature* =ards fr/ burnin. sectin are asse/bled in t%e rac3 inte.ratin sectin* One 6ear $arrant6 is .i+en fr cards* >ault6 card $ill be crss c%ec3ed $it% card data li3e call details, circuit dia.ra/, -sitinin., +alues etc fr all t%ese c%arts $ill be -r+ided* =ircuit le+el and c/-nent le+el details are t%ere* &0 da6s re-airin. ti/e $ill be .i+en fr eac% card*



33

)0 R. 2Research 2Research an3 .e9elopm .e9elopment4 ent4 Researc% and De+el-/ent di+isin is lcated at :an.alre* In#%use R  D =re Stren.t%s •

NMS o

•

•

•

•

Ele/ental as $ell as U/brella

Optical o

STM Interfaces

o

O7E  E7O =n+erters

o

;7C( Mb-s O-ti/u5

Encryption e@uipment o

Encr6-tin e8ui-/ent fr ice 7 Data fr :it Rates f &< 3b-s7 <( 3b-s

o

E&, EC, STM#I, STM#(  STM#&< fr +arius /edia #$ired  $ireless

o

ice7Data7>a5 Encr6-tr

o

IP Encr6-tr

Satellite o

IDR !Inter/ediate Data Ran.e" S6ste/s

o

@u :and Satellite S6ste/s

?ireless o

4ISS S:> !4ireless Siren S6ste/ $it% Si/ultaneus ice :radcast"



o

•

•

•

34

Micr$a+e E8ui-/ent ) GHF E&7STM#& Radi

.i+ital Access Pro3ucts o

C1 =%& P=M, MIL P=M MUB

o

Pr.ra//able MUB

o

Prtcl =n+erters

Consumer Premises E@uipment o

=LIP !=allin. Line Identificatin Presentatin" tele-%ne fr Na+6

o

0:  0= tele-%ne sets fr Defence frces

o

Sund P$ered tele-%ne

System En+ineerin+ o

Net$r3 Plannin. and Desi.n

o

Mbile =//unicatin e%icles

o

Ru..edisatin

As .i+en in t%e be.innin., t%e RD Lab c/-rises f &1 sectins? $0 4ireless Lab )0 Ter/inal E8ui-/ent De+el-/ent 10 Access Prducts Lab &0 DSP Lab



35

80 =AD7P=: Desi.n Lab B0 =%e/ical Lab 0 S=ADA Lab '0 P$er Su--l6 Lab %0 LAN Lab

$*0 Reliabilit6 En.ineerin. Lab $4 ?ireless La6, In $ired cnnectin usuall6, cnnecti+it6 in a sin.le e5c%an.e is t$#$ired*

E5c%an.e t e5c%an.e cnnecti+it6 is t%ru.% O-tical >iber =able !O>=" r c--er* One O>= can acc//date /an6 trun3 lines* Different standards li3e, E&, EC etc are used* T%e RD sectin %as a $ireless lab $%ere s/e f t%e $ireless -r9ects are de+el-ed* Here t%e6 de+el$ireless cnnecti+it6 fr bt% +ice and data net$r3* In $ireless cnnecti+it6 eac% statin %as a trans/itter and recei+er, /dulatr and de/dulatr* Di.ital /dulatin ta3es -lace* At base statin, O/ni#directinal antennas are used* >r/ base stati statin n t /bile /bile s$itc% s$itc%in. in. centre centre,, -int -int t -int -int c//un c//unica icati tin n is establ establis% is%ed* ed* S %ere %ere /icr$a+e antennas are used* T%e i//ediate interface in $ireless c//unicatin is a MUB* MUB is cnnected t di.ital /de/ and di.ital /de/ t an utdr unit* E+er6t%in. is -r.ra//ed* T%e cnnectin fr/ di.ital /de/ t utdr u tdr unit is t%ru.% ca5ial cable* T%is cable is /ulti-le5ed fr +lta.e, -$er, data etc*

)4 !er !ermina minall E@uipme E@uipment nt .e9elop .e9elopment ment,, T%is T%is secti sectin n de+el de+el-s -s $ired $ired ter/in ter/inal al e8ui-/e e8ui-/ent* nt*

Ter/inal e8ui-/ent !tele-%ne" %as C I=’s Rin.er I=, S-eec% I= and a Dialer I=* 4it%ut cnnectin a -%ne is a du//6* Durin. cnnectin, a sinusidal $a+efr/ is fed fr/ t%e e5c%an.e !0 r/s and ;0 HF"* T%is is .i+en t t%e rin.er I=* T%is turns n t%e buFFer and rin.in. starts* A tele-%ne %as t$ states? n %3 !%and set n -%ne" and ff %3 !%and set TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS


36

lifted"* lifted"* 4%en lifted, s-eec% I= turns n* Transducers Transducers are -resent at /ic and luds-ea3er luds-ea3er** T%ese use DSP al.rit%/* A dialer I= is t dial ut.in. calls* >r t%is t%ere are t$ /et%ds? Decadic -ulsin. and DTM>* In decadic -ulsin., t$ -ulses are -resent $it% an ON ti/e f <> ti/e f CC/s* &1 suc% -ulses re-resent a 1* T re-resent &, ne suc% -ulse is trans/itted, fr ;, t$ suc% -ulses are trans/itted* In DTM>, l$ and %i.% fre8uencies are c/bined* 4%en a nu/ber sa6 0 is -ressed, dialer I= ta3es t%e t$ fre8uencies crres-ndin. t t%at nu/ber, and trans/it its ut-ut* T%is is t%e basic tele-%ne $r3in.* S/e additinal circuits incr-rated t t%e tele-%ne are L=D t dis-la6 t%e nu/bers, E;PROM as /e/r6, /icrcntrller $%ic% -r+ides -%neb3 fr inc /in. calls*

>i.


37

>i. ? DTM> Tnes

desi.ned fr rail$a6s* rail$a6s* :t% +ice and data cards are used %ere* 14 Access Pro3ucts, T%ese are desi.ned T%ere is ne central card $%ic% su--lies in-ut t all t%er cards* >r trans/issin fur E& strea/s f data are used* A bidirectinal internal clc3 is used* T%e /t%er bard 9ac3s all t%e cards* T%e -$er su--l6 unit cn+erts #() t 0* Eac% card %as <( @b-s baud rate* If baud rate is l$, $e %a+e data l$ s-eed cards* T$ standards standards are used, E and T standard* 4e fll$ fll$ E& standard $%ic% -r+ides ;M: data trans/issin* E& itself %as t$ series? P=M C1 and P=M C&* 4e fll$ P=M C&* It %as C1 ti/e slts, &r %tl %tlin inee c// c//uni unica cati tin, n, t%e t%e rin.e rin.err is 3e-t 3e-t insi inside de t%e t%e card card itse itself lf** T%e T%e -r.ra//in. is dne in e/bedded =* >PGA is used* >PGA ladin. re8uires ;*0 and C*;* Re.ulatr cn+erts 0 t ;*0 and C*;* ice sub cards %a+e si.nalin. and c//unicatin c//unicatin in t%e sa/e directin* ice E and M cards %a+e t%ese in different directins* =ntrl cards



38

cntrls t%e si.nalin. and c//unicatin* All cntrl cards %a+e LEDs fr indicatin. -r-er cnnectin bet$een trans/it and recei+e cards* T%e cnnecti+it6 used is serial !RS#;C;"* T%e6 use /aster and sla+e c//unicatin* Master cntrls all sla+es* S all cntrl and /nitrin. can be dne fr/ t%e /aster statin* Master can be identified fr/ an )#-in di- s$itc%* T%e selectin is in binar6 fr/* If t%e first t$ s$itc%es are u-, t%en t%e s6ste/ is t%e Crd s6ste/* s6ste/* 4e can %a+e cnference cnference c//unicatin c//unicatin t%ru.% t%is s6ste/* 4e can %a+e cnference c//unicatin t%ru.% %t line c//unicatin !ne t ne" als* T%e Pr.ra//able Multi-le5er e8ui-/ent !DE&1;&(7A;" is a -ri/ar6 rate /ulti-le5er $it% Dr- 7 Insert facilit6* T%is e8ui-/ent /ulti-le5es C1 anal. !ice" and 7 r data c%annels t ;1() 3b-s ITU#T c/-atible G* 1( di.ital strea/ n send side and n recei+es side* It de# /ulti-le5es ITU#T c/-atible ;1() 3b-s -rts !P&, P;, PC and P(" eac% fr send and recei+es directins* It is -ssible t dr- 7 insert bet$een an6 c%annel fr/ ;Mb -rts* T%is e8ui-/ent %as t%e facilit6 f  -art6 cnferencin. bet$een an6 c/binatin f -rts P& r P;* T%e e8ui-/ent can be used eit%er as a ter/inal Multi-le5er r as a dr- 7 insert Multi-le5er in tande/ n a ;M: strea/ n di.ital trans/issin /edia* Mec%anical Details? T%e e8ui-/ent is %used in Standard &' subrac3  t%e Ter/inatins $it% R#(0 cnnectrs are -r+ided in t%e frnt -anel f Interface cards and standard 0 /eter cable is -r+ided fr ter/inatin n t MD>* T%e /ec%anical di/ensin f t%e subrac3 is a--r5i/atel6 L ()1// 5 D C(1//* C( 1//* T%is -rduct /eets t%e s-ecificatin f RDSO Rail$a6s IRS? T= <) 7 ;11(, A/end/ent & PO4ER SUPPLY? T%e e8ui-/ e8ui-/ent ent -erat -erates es n #() #() D= !#C< !#C< t #;"* #;"* Redundant Redundant -$er su--l6 su--l6 units units are e8ui--ed* P$er =nsu/-tin f s6ste/ is less t%an <14 $it% all C1 c%annels laded  Ma5* P$er Su--l6 ca-acit6 is '< 4atts* TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS


39

T%is secti sectin n cncent cncentrat rates es n ter/in ter/inal al end secrec secrec6 6 de+ice de+ice !TESD" !TESD" -r9ect* -r9ect* I*e* I*e* in &4 .SP, T%is defence, if encdin. is nt -r+ided, t%en c//unicatin can be ta--ed* S securit6 is -r+ided at t%e ter/inal ends* >r t%is TESD b5es are 3e-t at bt% t%e ter/inals* All t%e calls, first . t t%e TESD b5, fr/ t%ere encr6-tin r decr6-tin ta3es -lace and t%en .es t t%e ter/inal* HDL is used fr t%is* T%ere, I=s fr ladin. data fr/ P= fr encr6-tin and decr6-tin* =all first c/es t trans/it I=, t%en t encr6-tin I=* 84 CA.DPC; .esi+n, T%is sectin desi.ns t%e P=: $%ere different c/-nents are /unted*

T%e P=: is desi.ned $it% t%e %el- f =AD star sft$are usin. t%e sc%e/atic dia.ra/ and a bill f /aterial !:OM" .i+en b6 t%er sectins* >irst t%e circuit is created usin. t%is sft$are and t%en it is transferred t t%e P=:* >r t%is t%ere are /ainl6 t%ree libraries? s6/bl librar6 !.i+es s6/b s6/bl l deta detail il f eac% eac% c/-n c/-nent ent", ", c/c/-ne nent nt libr librar ar6 6 !.i+ !.i+es es t%e t%e -%6si -%6sica call deta detail ilss f t%e t%e c/-nent" and -at% librar6 !/a--in. file bet$een s6/bl and c/-nent librar6 i*e* $%ic% -in t $%ic% nu/ber"*



40

B4 C>EMICAL LA;, >r/ P=: sectin fil/s are su--lied t t%is sectin as in-uts* T%ere are

t%ree t6-es f P=:’s? sin.le side P=:, duble side P=: and /ulti la6er P=:* T%e t6-e f P=: t be fabricated is t be decided* T%en t%e base /aterial !insulatin /aterial" is t be selected* T%ree t6-es f base /aterials are t%ere? -a-er e-56, .lass e-56 and Tefln e-56* On t%is insulatin /aterial, t%e6 clad t%e c--er fil n bt% sides* T%is is t%en called as c--er clad la/inate* >r telec//unicatin, .lass e-56 c--er clad ter/inate is used* >r radar and satellite Tefln is used* T%e different ste-s in t%e fabricatin f duble sided P=:’s are .i+en bel$? &* =--er clad cut t siFe !$it% & inc% e5tra fr %andlin. -ur-se" ;* =N= !=/-uteriFed Nu/ericall6 =ntrlled" drillin.? T%e %les are drilled b6 t%e =N= drillin. /ac%ine* T%is is cntrlled b6 crdinate a5es* C* =leanin. (* Plated T%ru.% Hle !PTH" -rcess? In t%is ste- cnducti+it6 in t%e %les are .i+en, i*e* fill t%e %les and cat t%e $%le t%in. $it% /etal* T%is is dne b6 usin. s/e c%e/icals $it%ut electricit6 !electr less -rcess" 0* La/inatin? T%e entire fil/ is c+ered t -rtect t%e uter la6ers $it%ut an6 air .a-s usin. s/e -%tsensiti+e fil/ !+acuu/ less -rcess"* - rcess"* <* Ali.n and e5-se circuit? circuit? T%e fil/ fr/ P=: sectin is e5-sed n t%e P=: usin. U li.%t* li.%t* T%e fil/ %as t$ clrs blac3 and trans-arent* U li.%t -asses nl6 t%ru.% t%e trans-arent area* S t%e trans-arent /aterial .ets -l6/eriFed n t%e -%tsensiti+e /aterial* * De+el-in.? N$ t%e ne.ati+e f t%e fil/ fr/ P=: sectin $ill be de+el-ed n t%e P=:* )* Electr c--er -latin.? T%is is dne t increase t%e t%ic3ness f t%e c--er* In electr less -latin. nl6 ;#C /icrns t%ic3ness c/es* Electr c--er -latin. is dne usin. cat%de, ande and electrl6te* Here if accidentall6 /re current is -assed, t%e catin. dne in t%e C rd ste- $ill ta3e care f it*



41

'* Tin -latin.? Tin is -lated n t%e c--er* Tin acts as a -rtecti+e la6er durin. etc%in.* &1* >il/ stri--in.? T%e fil/ is re/+ed in t%is ste-* &&* Etc%in. &;* Tin stri--in.? =--er %as /re cnducti+it6 t%an tin* S tin als %as t be re/+ed after etc%in.* &C* Slder /as3in.? If c--er is /aintained li3e t%at, crrsin ta3es -lace* T a+id t%is slder /as3in. is dne* A .reen in3 is used t /as3* T%is in3 can $it%stand u- t (11=* &(* E5-se and de+el-in.? 4e need s/e -laces fr %les fr slderin.* T%ese -laces need t be -ened* T%is is dne $it% t%e %el- f a slder /as3in. fil/ fr/ t%e P=: sectin* &0* Slder catin.? T a+id crrsin f e5-sed -rtin, a tin#lead catin. is dne* &<* =ut t final siFe* Earlier t%e P=: $as cut b6 3ee-in. s/e e5tra siFe* &* :are bard testin.? In t%is ste-, P=: is c%ec3ed fr an6 discnnecti+it6 r s%rts r t see $%et%er -r-er t%ic3ness f c--er %as c/e* &)* Le.end /ar3in.? T%is is dne b6 usin. ant%er sectin* In t%is ste- /ar3in.s n t%e P=: are dne* >r t%is s/e $%ite in3 is used* >r sin.le sided P=:s ste-s fr/ ; t ) are eli/inated* Multila6ered P=:? ITI, :an.alre can fabricate u- t ( la6ers* :EL can /a3e u- t (1 la6ers !fr defence"* In frei.n cuntries, t%e6 can /a3e u- t ;11 la6ers in ;// t%ic3ness P=:s* Pala33ad ITI can fabricate u- t &; la6ers*



42

>i. )? Multi la6ered P=: >r/ P=: sectin fil/s $it% la6ers /ar3ed are -r+ided* Ta3e ;// c--er fil and e5-se t%e slder /as3in. fil/* After -re-arin. t%e inner la6er, it is 5idiFed $it% bac3 5ide* T%is is dne t i/-r+e t%e bndin. $it% t%e t%er la6ers* T%en -ut .lass e-56 n bt% sides, and t%en a.ain -ut ant%er c--er fil* Li3e t%is ( la6ers are .t* E5tra insulatin is /elted and re/+ed b6 3ee-in. under te/-erature and -ressure* T%is als bnds la6ers ; and C* S fr ( la6ered P=:, & inner c--er fil is re8uired* Si/ilarl6 fr < la6ered, ; inner fils are re8uired* 4e can %a+e cnnectins bet$een an6 t$ la6ers* 4%ile testin. if an6 fault c/es, entire P=: $ill be $asted* S all t%ese -eratins s%uld be dne $it% e5tre/e care* :enefits f /ultila6ered P=:s? &* Si/-lif6 t%e circuit desi.n s t%at s-ace is /ini/iFed ;* :6 usin. /ini/u/ c/-nents, $e .et /a5i/u/ a--licatins C* Material sa+in. (* =st reductin >r/ %ere t%e P=: is .i+en t t%e de+el-/ent sectin, t%en t -rductin* TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS


43

4 SCA.A, S=ADA is su-er+isr6 cntrl and data ac8uisitin* T%is is fr /nitrin. and

cntrlli cntrllin. n. Indian Indian rail$a6s rail$a6s re/tel6 b6 an -eratr* -eratr* T%is %as t$ -arts? -arts? R== !Re/te !Re/te =ntrl =ntrl =entre" and RTU !Re/te Ter/inal Unit"* R==? It is t%e /aster statin* T%is -r9ect is fr /nitrin. t%e tractin -$er su--l6* T%ere is a /an/ade /ac%ine interface !MMI"* Ant%er ser+er stres t%e data base* >r/ MMI, an -eratr can /nitr and cntrl b6 sendin. c//ands t RTU* RTU? It $ill be 3e-t at sites* T%e frnt end -rcessr !>EP" at R== %as s/e s-rt !s-ecial -rtcl fr rail$a6 tractin" -rtcls as laid b6 Indian .+ern/ent* T%ere are /an6 sub rac3s in t%e RTU* T%e different functins f eac% sub rac3 are? >irst sub rac3? Here C t6-es f data are /nitred* P$er su--l6 is als -r+ided fr/ t%is sub rac3* P$er su--l6 $ill be ;C1* D= cn+erter cn+erts t &;1* T$ t6-es f -$er su--l6 are t%ere A=#D= and D=#D=* 4%en -$er su--l6 .es, t%e6 %a+e -r+isin fr e5ternal -$er su--l6 f &&1* 4%en -$er su--l6 c/es, &;1 c/es, s aut/aticall6 e5ternal -$er su--l6 is cut !since &;1 is /re al$a6s /re $ill be ta3en"* Secnd sub rac3? T%is is t%e /t%erbard r =PU sub rac3* Here t%ere are /an6 cards li3e =PU cards, di.ital in-ut cards, di.ital ut-ut cards, anal. in-ut cards etc* All data are cnnected t =PU cards $%ic% sent data t >EP* T%ird sub rac3? Here t%e6 %a+e rela6s fr circuit brea3ers* If circuit brea3er %as t be ON, & st rela6 $r3s* T%is $ill be s%$n in t%e LEDs  f ;nd sub rac3* Sa/e t%in. $ill be s%$n in R==* >urt% sub rac3? Here transducers are -resent* T%ese are t brin. bac3 t%e in-uts and ut-uts t nr/al li/its* =a-acit6 f t%e si.nals /nitred in t%e RTU is /re* S it is bi.* If R== ser+er .es $rn., t%ere are t%er redundant ser+ers*



44

'4 PO?ER S-PPLY, In an6 -r9ect an6 e8ui-/ent re8uires -$er su--l6* P$er su--l6 is

different different fr different different units* units* Als $e %a+e t cn+ert A= t D=*

0,

,

 are t%e

standard -$er su--lies* In s/e s-ecial cases, $e /a6 need C*C als* =n+ersin f A= t D=? >r cn+ertin. A= t D=, $e re8uire rectifier, ste- d$n transfr/er, re.ulatr etc* All t%ese /a3es -$er su--l6 %ea+6, /re s-ace $ill be re8uired, leads t less efficienc6, /re cst etc* S $e . fr ad+anced -$er su--l6 called SMPS !S$itc%ed Mde P$er Su--l6"* Su--l6"* In SMPS, $e first cn+ert cn+ert t D=, t%en t A=* T%en use ste- d$n transfr/er* transfr/er* S siFe f transfr/er can be reduced* Als t%ere is -rductin circuit, alar/ circuit etc in -$er su--l6* T%is circuit can ac%ie+e &;, 0 and C*C* In case f -$er failure, it aut/aticall6 s$itc%es t batter6 !$%ene+er +lta.e .es bel$ *0"* 4%ene+er +lta.e .es ab+e &;, it is cntrlled usin. a c/-aratr* Als t%ere are indicatins fr A= failure, l$ -$er su--l6 etc* T%is circuit can cn+ert ;C1 t &; !A= t D="* T .et 0, $e %a+e a c%ild card* T%is c%ild card ta3es &; and cn+erts t 0 !D= t D="* A s/all I= cn+erts 0 t C*C* >r C*C, +er+lta.e, under +lta.e etc %as t be c%ec3ed* T%ere is a %eat sin3 in t%e circuit t absrb t%e %eat -rduced durin. its -eratin* SMPS is an elec electtrni rnicc -$er su--l6 su--l6 t%at S?I! S? I!C> C>E. E. MO.E MO.E PO?E PO?ER R S-PPL -PPLY, Y, SMPS incr-rat incr-rates es a s$itc%in. s$itc%in. re.ulatr t cn+ert cn+ert electrical electrical -$er efficientl efficientl6* 6* Li3e t%er -$er su--lies, an SMPS transfers -$er fr/ a surce, li3e /ains -$er , t a lad, suc% as a -ersnal a -ersnal c/-uter, $%ile c/-uter, $%ile cn+ertin. +lta.e and current c%aracteristics* current c%aracteristics* An SMPS is usuall6 e/-l6ed t effici efficient entl6 l6 -r+id -r+idee a re.ula re.ulated ted ut-ut ut-ut +lta. +lta.e, e, t6-ica t6-icall6 ll6 at a le+el le+el differ different ent fr/ fr/ t%e in-ut in-ut +lta.e* Unli3e a linear linear -$er -$er su--l6 su--l6,, t%e -ass -ass trans transist istr r f a s$itc% s$itc%in. in.#/ #/de de su--l6 su--l6 cntinu cntinuall all6 6 s$itc%es bet$een l$#dissi-atin l$#dissi-atin,, full#n and full#ff states, and s-ends +er6 little ti/e in t%e %i.% dissi-atin dissi-atin transiti transitins ns !$%ic% !$%ic% /ini/iFes /ini/iFes $asted ener.6"* ener.6"* Ideall6, Ideall6, a s$itc%ed#/ s$itc%ed#/de de -$er su--l6 dissi-ates n -$er* lta.e re.ulatin is re.ulatin is ac%ie+ed b6 +ar6in. t%e rati f n#t#ff ti/e* In cntrast, a linear -$er su--l6 re.ulates t%e ut-ut +lta.e b6 cntinuall6 dissi-atin. -$er



45

in t%e -ass transistr * T%is %i.%er -$er cn+ersin efficienc6 is an i/-rtant ad+anta.e f a s$itc%ed#/de -$er su--l6* !heory o operation

:lc3 dia.ra/ f a /ains -erated A=7D= SMPS $it% ut-ut +lta.e re.ulatin Rectiier Sta+e

If t%e SMPS %as an A= in-ut, t%en t%e first sta.e is t cn+ert t%e in-ut t D=* T%is is called rectification* rectification* T%e rectifier circuit can be cnfi.ured as a +lta.e dubler b6 t%e additin f a s$itc% s$itc% -erated -erated eit%er eit%er /anuall6 /anuall6 r aut/atica aut/aticall6* ll6* T%e rectifier rectifier -rduces an unre.ulated unre.ulated D= +lta.e $%ic% is t%en sent t a lar.e filter ca-acitr* T%e current dra$n fr/ t%e /ains su--l6 b6 t%is rectifier circuit ccurs in s%rt -ulses arund t%e A= +lta.e -ea3s* An SMPS desi.ned fr A= in-ut can ften be run fr/ a D= su--l6 !fr ;C1  A= t%is $uld be CC1  D=", as t%e D= -asses t%ru.% t%e rectifier sta.e unc%an.ed* unc% an.ed* If an in-ut ran.e s$itc% is used, t%e rectifier sta.e is usuall6 cnfi.ured t -erate as a +lta.e dubler $%en $%en -eratin. n t%e l$ +lta.e !&;1  A=" ran.e and as a strai.%t rectifier $%en -eratin. n t%e %i.% +lta.e !;(1  A=" ran.e In9erter sta+e

T%e in+erter sta.e cn+erts D=, directl6 fr/ t%e in-ut r fr/ t%e rectifier sta.e, t A= b6 runnin. it t%ru.% a -$er scillatr, $%se ut-ut transfr/er is +er6 s/all $it% fe$ $indin.s at a fre8uen fre8uenc6 c6 f tens tens r %undred %undredss f 3il%ertF* 3il%ertF* T%e fre8uenc6 is usuall6 c%sen t be ab+e TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS


46

;1 3HF, t /a3e it inaudible t %u/ans* T%e s$itc%in. is i/-le/ented as a /ultista.e !t ac%ie+e %i.% .ain" MOS>ET a/-lifier MOS>ET a/-lifier /olta+e con9erter an3 output rectiier

If t%e ut-ut is re8uired t be islated fr/ t%e in-ut, as is usuall6 t%e case in /ains -$er su--lies, t%e in+erted A= is used t dri+e t%e -ri/ar6 $indin. f a %i.%#fre8uenc6 transfr/er * T%is cn+erts t%e +lta.e u- r d$n t t%e re8uired ut-ut le+el n its secndar6 $indin.* T%e ut-ut transfr/er ser+es t%is -ur-se* If a D= ut-ut is re8uired, t%e A= ut-ut fr/ t%e transfr/er is rectified* T%e rectified ut-ut is t%en t%en s/ s/t% t%ed ed b6 a filt filter er cns cnsis isti tin. n. f inductrs inductrs an and ca-acitrs* ca-acitrs* >r >r %i.% %i.%er er s$it s$itc% c%in in. . fre8uencies, c/-nents $it% l$er ca-acitance and inductance are needed* Re+ulation

A feedbac3 circuit circuit /nitrs t%e ut-ut +lta.e and c/-ares it $it% a reference +lta.e, $%ic% s%$n in t%e blc3 dia.ra/ dia.ra/ ser+es ser+es t%is -ur-se* De-endin. De-endin. n desi.n7saf desi.n7safet6 et6 re8uire/ents, re8uire/ents, t%e cntrller /a6 cntain an islatin /ec%anis/ !suc% as -t#cu-lers" -t#cu-lers" t islate it fr/ t%e D= ut-ut ut-ut** pen!loop regulators d regulators d nt %a+e a feedbac3 circuit* Instead, t%e6 rel6 n feedin. a cnstant +lta.e t t%e in-ut f t%e transfr/er r inductr, and assu/e t%at t%e ut-ut $ill be crrect* %4 LAN, T%is sectin cntrls and establis%es t%e lcal area cnnectins* T%ere is a LAN s$itc%

t $%ic% cables fr/ indi+idual P=s are cnnected* A .reen li.%t indicates all are $r3in. -r-erl6, red li.%t indicates a -rble/ $it% t%at -articular c/-uter* LAN is re8uired nt nl6 fr s%arin. data, but als fr s%arin. %ard$are li3e -rinters* :ut s-eed f t%e -rinter reduces $it% t%e nu/ber f P=s cnnected t t%e -rinter* T%e ser+er used is uic3 %eal ser+er !uic3 %ealAnti+irus"* O-eratin. s6ste/ is Linu5* Once ser+er is u-dated, all clients $ill be u-dated* T%e LAN ser+er is cnnected t t%e :SNL card, fr/ t%ere t LAN card $%ic% is cnnected t t%e LAN s$itc%* T LAN s$itc% all t%er c/-uters are cnnected* T /a3e all t%ese cnnectins necessar6 cnfi.uratins are dne* TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS


47

S%arin. is als /ade -ssible t%ru.% %ands%a3e b6 callin. t%ru.% na/e r IP address* T%ere are t$ distributin s$itc%es !LAN s$itc%es"* >iber -tics is used fr all cnnectins*

$*4 RELIA;ILI!Y EN
&* =urrent 3n$led.e f -redicti+e, anal6tical, and c/-liance tec%nl.ies, and t%e abilit6 t a--l6 t%ese tec%ni8ues t add +alue t t%e fir/* ;* T%e ada-tatin and a--licatin f cnce-ts suc% as TPM and R=M*

C* T%e de+el-/ent and i/-le/entatin f a -racti+e MR -lan!s" t eli/inate /aintenance re8uire/ents, /ini/iFe t%e use and csts f reacti+e /aintenance (* T%e abilit6 t lead r tec%nicall6 su--rt /ultidisci-linar6 tea/s* 0* Durin. desi.n, ad+ises t%er en.ineers n reliabilit6 !-redictin" fr t%eir s6ste/s and tactics t i/-r+e reliabilit6 suc% as redundanc6, -arts deratin., failure /de etc



48

10 I! 2Inormat 2Inormation ion !echnolo+ !echnolo+y4 y4 Customer Interaction

IT sectin /ana.es cust/er interactin in +arius c//unicatin s6ste/s* T%is sectin %as 01 t <1 a--licatins fr :SNL* =ust/er interactin is i/-le/ented usin. a tec%nl.6 called =# Dt tec%nl tec%nl.6 .6** T%e -ersn -ersn be%ind be%ind t%is t%is de+elde+el-/en /entt $as t%e tec%ni tec%nical cal assist assistant ant f Snia Snia Gand%i* =#Dt tec%nl.6 uses /ainl6 fur t6-es f cards fr %andlin. cust/er interactin* T%e fur cards are? &* P$e $er cards ;* Line ca cards C* Ad+ance Ad+anced d s6ste s6ste/ / card cards!A s!AS= S= card" card" (* =/-act =/-act ter/i ter/inal nal cards! cards!=T= =T= card" card" P$er cards are used fr distributin f -$er t different units* It /ana.es t%e distributin f #() t t%e cards* Line cards are used fr rdinar6 -ur-ses* T%is cntrls t%e interactin bet$een -eratr and cust/er* Ad+anced s6ste/ cards acts as /e/r6 c%i-s* T%e6 stre t%e annunce/ents $%ic% %a+e t be deli+ered t t%e cust/ers* >las% fr/ f stra.e is dne and t%e sft$are used is .ld $a+e* Stra.e is dne in te5t fr/at* A .ru- f cust/ers is called a ban3* T$ suc% ban3s can be %andled b6 ne card* =/-act ter/inal cards are fr cust/er interactin b6 dialin. t t%e cust/ers* All t%e cards are cnnected t a /t%er card fr crdinatin* It %as a c%ild card fr aut/atic crrectins* T%e entire s6ste/ is cnnected t a P=* T%ere are C; c%annels f $%ic% C1 c%annels are fr %andlin. calls* S at a ti/e C1 calls can be %andled* =#Dt tec%nl.6 can %a+e a $aitin. lad f &111 calls*



49

Prir t =#Dt tec%nl.6 ant%er ant%er tec%nl.6 called =ral $as used* In t%is t%e ad+anta.e $as t%at calls can be /ade and recrded si/ultaneusl6* A $aitin. lad f 0111 calls can be .i+en $%ic% $as actuall6 a dra$bac3* .ata ;ase

Data is stred in table fr/at* T%ree t6-es f data are stred S6ste/ data !data fr s6ste/ acti+ities, needs t be u-dated" and A--licatin data !cust/er interactin data"* Re8uire/ent f t%e cust/er, cust/er, %istr6 f a--licati a--licatin n etc are als stred* stred* All t%ese are cnnected t t%e frnt end t%ru.% OD:= cnnecti+it6* Usin. data base /ana.er, $e can retrie+e an6 re-rt at an6 ti/e* T%is data base can be cnnected nl6 t a sin.le e5c%an.e* T%ere is a /dificatin fr t%is cnnect cnnecti+i i+it6 t6 called called Oracle Oracle $%ic% is net ser+er ser+er cnnec cnnecti+ ti+it6 it6** In t%is t%is t%e data base base can be cnnected t /re t%an ne e5c%an.e* A--licatin su--rtin. data can be classified as inc/in. and ut.in.* >r t%is t%e c%annels are cnfi.ured as inc/in. r ut.in.* Para/eters fr t%is cnfi.uratin +ar6 fr/ ne e5c%an.e t ant%er* E5a/-les fr cust/er interactin $it% t%e s6ste/? Fault reportin+ system 2Incomin+4, An6 cust/er cnnected t t%is e5c%an.e can use t%is

facilit6* 4%en a c/-laint call is /ade, it is %andled t%ru.% a standard -rcedure* After t%is t%e cust/er nu/ber is stred* Eac% nu/ber is cllected and stred as a strin.* >r eac% nu/ber a bee- sund is /ade* T%e nu/ber is c%ec3ed t see $%et%er it beln.s t t%is e5c%an.e r nt* T%en t%e nu/ber is stred in a TO table and t%en a dc3et nu/ber nu/ber is .enerated and stred in a dc3et table* T%is nu/ber $ill als be .i+en t t%e cust/er as %is reference nu/ber* T%e s6ste/ c%ec3s fr du-licate c/-laints als i*e* it /a3es sure t%at t%e sa/e c/-laint $as nt b3ed earlier* After clearin. t%e c/-laint, it is erased fr/ t%e TO table* table* Payment remin3er system 2Out+oin+4, Here first f all, all un-aid nu/bers are cllected* T%e

s6ste/ can cllect u- t &#; la3%s nu/bers* T%e -ara/eters li3e a/unt, cutff date etc is cnfi.ured* T%en t%e s6ste/ dials t t%e cust/ers* T%ere is -r+isin fr selectin f lan.ua.e* Nu/ber f calls t be /ade is cnfi.ured and all t%e calls tried and attended are recrded* If t%e TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS


50

cust cust/ /er er des desn’ n’tt resres-n nd, d, t%en t%en t%e t%e durat durati in n afte afterr $%ic $%ic% % t%e t%e ne5t ne5t call call %as %as t be /ade /ade is cnfi.ured and till success t%e call is /ade* Eac% call duratin +aries bet$een ( t (1 secnds* T%e cnnecti+it6 used is OD:=* 4e can ca n als use Oracle* Inormation Inormation =IOS=E, =IOS=E, @IOS@E is a a-anese $rd $%ic% /eans infr/atin b5* It is t%e

/ac%ine used fr user user interactin in rail$a6 statins* It can be r.aniFed as as a nn tuc% screen screen r tuc% screen* T%e tuc% screen is de+el-ed usin. a /icr tuc% screen $%ic% %as /an6 s/all resistrs* A fil/ is 3e-t be%ind t%e /icr tuc% screen* 4e can caliber bac3 t nn tuc% screen als* T%e entire s6ste/ cnsists f t%e tuc% screen, /icr tuc% -rcessr $%ic% is cnnected t t%e =PU t%ru.% a US: cable* Sft$are used is :* Tuc% screen is /anufactured b6 PALLAS =/-an6

>i. '? :lc3 dia.ra/ f @IOS@ 4e %a+e @IOS@E’s de+el-ed fr different a--licatins* T%ese are? "ourism

KI#KE ? T%is .i+es .uidance t users abut distance, ti/in.s, acc//datin,

+isuals etc* T%is is de+el-ed usin. >LASH* #ericulture  KI#KE

KI#KE$ T%is is de+el-ed fr far/ers* T%ese are 3e-t in ccn /ar3et*

for paying bills$ It -r+ides recei-ts* It %as -rinters*



 Kerala

51

police KI#KE$ It is 3e-t at Tri+andru/*

 %ro&sing

KI#KE$ It is 3e-t at air-rts* 4e %a+e t%e facilities t c%ec3 /ail, can br$se etc*

>r t%is $e %a+e t insert a 0 Ru-ee cin* It als %as t%e -r+isin fr ta3in. -rint uts als* Net"or#in+

IT sectin /aintains t%e net$r3in. in rail$a6s* T%is rail$a6 -r9ect /ana.ed b6 IT includes 0 /dules? PNR status, Train bet$een statins, seat a+ailabilit6, fare en8uir6, internet reser+atin* T%e T%e en8ui en8uiri ries es are are dne dne $it% $it% %el%el- f a /ac%i /ac%ine ne call called ed @IOS @IOS@E @E !a-a !a-ane nese se $rd $rd,, /ean /eanss infr/atin b5" 3e-t at rail$a6 statins* T%e /ain ser+er 3e-t in ITI is cnnected t t%e rail$a6 ser+ers* T%e lan.ua.e used is a+a* In ttal 0 ser+ers are used* In bet$een t%e ITI ser+er and rail$a6 rail$a6 ser+ers ser+ers MUB is 3e-t* T%e /ain fcus is is n t%e =%ennai re.in* re.in* Re-l6 t 8ueries 8ueries is de+el-ed usin. isual :asics* >r/ rail$a6 ser+ers, at eac% and e+er6 secnd, C; c%aracter 8uer6 inde5 is send t ITI ser+er* C1#C0 C 1#C0 8ueries can be %andled at a ti/e* If n lin3 is establis%ed, errrs are re-rted* If a -articular -ersn .es idle fr C1 secnds, t%en t%e cntrl s$itc%es t t%e ne5t -ersn* T%e MUB %as ttal ) -rts* T$ -rts are cnnected t PRS !Passen.er Reser+atin S6ste/" and NTES !Natinal Train En8uir6 S6ste/"* T%ese t$ -rts are necessar6 t access t%e s6ste/* Here $e use serial c//unicatin, usin. RS;C; cable* T%e s$itc%in. and rutin. -rcedures fll$s t%e .eneral # la6ered structure*



52

CONCL-SION

It $as an estee/ed -ri+ile.e fr us t under. in#-lant trainin. in ITI :an.alre, t%e first -ublic sectr sectr r.aniFat r.aniFatin inss in India India under under telec/ telec/ sectr, sectr, $%ic% $%ic% %as cntribu cntributed ted u- t 012 f t%e -resent natinal telec/ net$r3 as a -ineerin. +enture in t%e field f telec//unicatins* Net$r3 Mana.e/ent S6ste/s, Secure c//unicatin, Encr6-tin and Net$r3in. Slutins fr Internet =nnecti+it6 are s/e f t%e /a9r initiati+es ta3en b6 t%e c/-an6* ITI /ainl6 d t%e /anufacturin. f tele-%ne and related e8ui-/ents fr c//unicatin and fr defence -ur-ses* A de/nstratin f +arius tele-%nes and /ulti-le5in. e8ui-/ents in defence area $as .i+en t us* As t%e buddin. en.ineers, it $as reall6 a .reat e5-erience fr us, t feel and e5-erience t%e /anufacturin., testin., fabricatin f +arius tele-%nes and related e8ui-/ents fr c//unicatin includin. s$itc%in. e8ui-/ents*


ITI Bangalore Training Report

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