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GRUNDFOS WATER SER
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Index Introduction 1. Irrigation methods 1.1 Flooding 1.2 Sprinkling 1.2.1 Fixed sprinklers 1.2.2 Travelling irrigators 1.2.2.1 Hose reel irrigator 1.2.2.2 Centre pivot irrigator 1.2.2.3 Parallel irrigators 2. Availability o water 2.1 Ground water 2.1.1 Supply limitations 2.1.2 Ground water troubleshooting 2.1.3 Pump wear 2.1.4 Clogging 2.1.5 Overpumping 2.2 Surface water Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. 2.2.1 Intake structure design
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3. Crops and water 3.1 Annual amount o rainall 3.1.1 The need or irrigation 3.1.2 Gathering data 3.2 Crop water needs 3.2.1 The climate 3.2.2 The crop type 3.2.3 Growth stage 3.2.4 Eective rainall 3.3 Other applications 3.3.1 Dust control 3.3.2 Fire prevention 3.3.3 Frost protection 4. Irrigation water quality 4.1 Bag fltering 4.2 Carbonising Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. 4.3 Direct ertilisation 4.4 Ion exchange
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Introduction Nature, it is oten said, is truly amazing. With the right combinatio combination n o sun, soil, temperature and water, plant lie can ourish. Sometimes, however, nature can use a helping hand. Adding water through irrigation has been practiced or thousands o years. Irrigation can can enhance both crop crop quality and quantity and it it can even do so in areas where precipitation already can sustain agriculture. For recreational activities, irrigation keeps playing suraces lush and attractive.
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Helpingyoumakemorequaliedselections This handbook presents you with some irrigation basics: rom system layouts, to our recommendations r ecommendations or which may be employed in irrigation systems.
It will enable you to make more qualifed selections and solutions or your irrigation customers. As always, we reco consulting Grundos WinCAPS, our own PC-based pump sizing and selection tool, prior to making your decisions.
60yearsoexperience Grundos’ experience with water supply pumps goes all the way back to our earliest years. In act, a water supply was the very frst pump we ever created. Today, our product portolio eatures submersible, in-line, and pressure b pumps or all needs.
Internationalpresence Grundos is where you are, sharing knowledge o local markets in terms o sales, service, and technical support. Ou operations eature activities in over 40 countries, where remaining in close contact with our customers is one o ou important goals. Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title
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1. Irrigation methods When a decision about irrigation o an area has been made, there are also a number o basic considerations to be made. These include: · Which crops have to be grown · How is the climatic conditions · How much water is available · How accessible is the water · Is the growth area at or hilly · Is the soil clayish or sandy · How many months per year is it necessary to irrigate your· semester withpump Scribd How is the irrigation selected Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title · The consequences i the irrigation ails or a period o time
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These considerations are dealt with in other chapters o this book. The sum o these considerations will support the decision regarding which irrigation method should be used. First and most importantly, however, you must get a permit rom your local authorities! The permit will typically allow a certain amount o water per year to be taken rom the resource. This amount must not be exceeded. Your local authorities may use dierent approaches to monitor the usage, and this may require dierent types o equipment: ow meter, water meter, hour meter, and so on.
1.1 Flooding
simplest orm o irrigation is ooding, it oten requires no pumps. The MasterTheyour semester withandScribd Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up title most common type o ooding is urrow irrigation, where the water is directed orto vote Flooding issimple a number o urrows, which are then ooded. very ecient & The pumped NewintoYork Times Useful Not useful Cancel anytime.
Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. This method requires landscape sloping technique, where the water can ow easily
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1.2 Sprinkling
Sprinklers are still dominating agricultural and landscape irrigation worldwid They are available rom lots o dierent manuacturers, and are used or a va o applications.
The most common type o sprinkler is the spray head. Spray heads can be f cover only a certain angle o watering, or it can have a rotating element, whic it to cover a ull circle. Also, the rotating element allows or a bigger variation sizes, distribution, etc. One o the advantages with spray heads is their ability distribute small amounts o water. They can be adjusted to deliver only a fne water, however, the wind drit makes their use lim ited to areas where there i little wind. Greenhouses are a good example or the spray head application. This is also an application, where large drops o water may damage the crops will splash dirt on them. Spray heads eature a radius o approximately 15 m. When they are used in th in order t land, they should always be used as close to ground astitle possible, Read Free For 30this Days Sign up tothe vote on When mize wind drit. At best they should be installed just above the ground. Useful Not useful canCancel high. properly the efciency o spray heads be quite anytime.
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All spray heads require a minimum p ressure to unction properly. To maintai
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Fixed sprinklers are typically used on slopes and in hilly areas, where travelling irrigators are restricted. Another typical application or fxed sprinklers is rost protection o crops (see also chapter 3.3) The pop-up sprinkler is a fxed sprinkler variant. These sprinklers are hidden below the surace when not in operation, and rise when in use. The water pressure makes them pop up, ollowing which they unction like other sprinklers. This unction makes them perect or irrigation o recreational grass.
1.2.2 Tra 1.2.2 rave vellin llingi girri rrigat gators ors Sprinklers attached to moving equipment are called travelling irrigators. These mobile units can irrigate a variety o areas. 1.2.2.1 Hosereelirrigator 1.2.2.1Hosereelirrigator The most exible orm o a travelling irrigator is the hose reel irrigator that can be hauled into a feld, and rom there hooked up to the water supply. The hose reel irrigator has only one sprinkler. This is typically a rain gun, which thereore covers a large area.
Master1.2.2.2Centrepivotirrigator your semester with Scribd Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title A very popular travelling irrigator type or large areas is the centre pivot irrigator. i rrigator. This & The irrigator Newrotates York Times Not useful around a centre point (pivot) and can have a diameter up to 2Useful km. Cancel anytime.
pivot irrigators cannot be transerred to another location unless being totally Special offerCentre for students: Only $4.99/month. dismantled and transported to the new location.
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1.2.2.3 Par 1.2.2.3 Parallel allelirriga irrigators tors Parallel irrigators are oten o the same mechanical construction as the pivo irrigator, but instead o travelling around a centre, it moves the whole ram parallel rom one end o the feld to the other. It can irrigate a ull rectangle o a circle or a ‘rounded square’, and thereore more efcient to use where t corner must be irrigated. It is also easier to establish the parrallel irrigator at a dierent location than irrigator because it is not dependent on the availability o the special pivot c
The disadvantage is that only the centre o the f eld gets an even amount o at regular intervals, while towards both ends o the feld, more or less doub amount o water is given with a s hort interval in between. The only ways to pensate or that is to control the amount o water irrigated, or/and to contr speed with which the irrigator moves.
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Nozzles / spray heads
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Flow (m3 /h) 0.1 - 1.2
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Dripirrigation This method (also called micro drip irrigation) is increasing in popularity worldwide, primarily because o its very high water efciency. By this method no or very little water is lost through evaporation or runo. Since there are no moving parts to tr ansport the water, nor water runo rom the surace, drip irrigation is ideal on slopes and in hilly areas. The disadvantages are that it is costly and time consuming to install. It also requires a very precise control o the water pressure, adding to the expense o the investment.
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2. Availability o water Identiying the characteristics o your water source is vital or the quality o your irrigation. Dierent water sources must o course be managed dierently. The perormance o the pump relies heavily on a systematic analysis o the water source, and making the proper selection o equipment based on this data.
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2.1 Ground water Ground water provides a signifcant source o water supplies or irrigation worldwide. It is possibly the most reliable water source we have. However, it is important to use ground water wisely. We must ensure uture water supplies and protect the ragile environment in which we live. Surace water ow is relatively easy to understand, because it is readily observed and easily measured. Ground water ow is however hidden, making measurements more complicated. The most common restrictions concerning ground water supply are: · Supply limitations · Pump wear · Clogging · Overpumping This section presents some solutions to these problems.
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Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. Overpumping a well will eventually result in dry running, which can cause in serious damage to the pump. The resulting downtime is expensive, both regarding repair
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Testprocedure 1. Start your pump pump with the valve closed. Register Register the depth depth to static water le 2. Open your regulating valve to approximatel approximatelyy ¼ o your peak-load demand. 3. Measure the depth rom the surace to the dynamic dynamic water level. level. 4. Fill a 1-litre jar with with water rom a bottom bottom tap o your discharge discharge piping. 5. Seal the jar; label it ¼. ¼. 6. Perorm the the testing at ¼ peak demand demand or another another 15 minutes. minutes. Re-check th to the dynamic water level. 7. I it has allen, allen, note by how how much. much. 8. Repeat this procedure or or ½, ¾, and and 1/1 (peak load demand). demand).
Ater approximately one hour, you will have our dierent relations between depth to the pumped water level. You will also have our water samples: ¼, ½,
9. Open the regulating regulating valve completely. completely. Register the capacity rom the pump depth to pumped water level. 10. Fill up jar number 5, seal it, and note down the actual capacity onthe jar. Free Foron 30this Days Sign up toallvote title installations 11. Leave your installation running.Read Activate possible pumping 1.5 km radius. Useful Not useful anytime. ce and depth to water 12. Upon your return to the test site, note Cancel the perorman perormance same perormance. 14. The test is concluded. Stop the pump and store all fve samples so that vibra
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2.1.2 2.1. 2 Groun Groundwa dwatert tertroubl roubleshoot eshooting ing Situation
Reason
Remedy
There is sand at the bottom o the glass at a specifc capacity.
You Yo u ar aree ov over er-p -pum umpi ping ng yo your ur we well ll..
I su sust stai aina nabl blee pu pump mpin ing g is yo target, never pump harder tha approximately hal capacity o sand yielding capacity.
The specifc capacity alls o, causing reduced m3/h per metre drawdown.
You have passed the limit o longterm sustainable pump ow.
Reduce the ow.
Pumped water level is lowered during pumping periods at the same ow.
You Yo ur wat wateer so sour urce cess are are li limi mite ted. d.
Add ddit itio iona nall sto stora rag ge ca capa paci city ty demand irrigation supply.
pumped water level drops when pumping stations compete or a Additional storage capacity or MasterThe your semester withTheScribd neighbouring pump stations start up, limited amount o water. demand irrigation Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title supply. while pumping at the same ow. & The New York Times Useful Not useful The total efciency efciency is lower lower than than 50%. Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month.
Pump wear or incorrect incorrect pump pump selection.
Cancel anytime.
Replace pump with one made more appropriate material.
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2.1.3 Pum 2.1.3 Pumpw pwear ear An incorrect choice o pump material and the resulting pump wear is a com problem reducing well capacity. Choosing the correct pumps with vital com made rom bronze or stainless steel rom the beginning will secure a reliabl energy-efcient, and virtually maintenance-ree ground water pump solutio
Rust on cast iron pumps is created by iron rom the impeller, which oxidises through contact with the oxygen in the water. When the impeller rotates, t rapidly owing water (5-15 m/sec) removes rust rom the impeller surace. T corrosion/erosion process leads to the loss o impeller material. When impe material is lost, capacity and efciency also all.
Review the ollowing actors prior to choosing your impeller and subsequen
Corrosion can be devastating Tip:Chooseyourpumpconstructionaccordingtothecriteriabelow.Please Master your semester with Scribd thattheseareonlygeneralguidelines. Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title & The New York Times Useful Not useful
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Grou Gr ound ndw wat ater ert tem emp. p.
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Serviceintervalsorsubme Serviceintervals orsubmersiblepumps rsiblepumps Submersible pumps are subject to wear just like all other pumps. Unortunately, their placement underground makes viewing this wear difcult. The diagram here enables you to calculate the ollowing: · When should should I service my submersible pump? · How much efciency has been lost since the last service? · How much much will a renovation renovation cost (approximately)? A number o things must be determined beorehand. They include: · Water velocity at the component you wish wish to test · The conditions conditions related related to pump material material and the pumping environment · The presence presence or absence o solids solids and and aggressive carbon dioxide.
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2. Draw a parallel line to the right. Impeller Impeller material loss is around 0.18mm per 1,000 hours Special offer for students: o operation (point 2). Only $4.99/month. 3. Follow the parallel parallel line until you reach reach the
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Master your semester with Scribd & The New York Times 1. See point 1 on Curve A. Pump material and media conditions are as indicated in the legend.
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2.1.4 Clo 2.1.4 Cloggi gging ng Piping that is partially flled with sand, silt, or rust may cause some o the o problems: · Excessive power consumption · Insufcient water capacity · Pump wear
Employing one or more o the ollowing can prevent clogging; · Sand cyclone cyclone or bag flter: These flters flters prevent sand, silt, and rust rom e the piping system. · Open resource/pond: resource/pond: Can be used when particle particle size is too small to be re by cyclones and bag flters. Silt alls to the bottom, and irrigation water moved rom the top.
Particles in the raw water can Pleasenote: When introducing the open settling resource/pond, the ground Master your semester with cause pump wear waterScribd pump must usually perorm only hal lit. The30 distribution pumps rom Read Free For Days Sign up to vote on this title overcoming riction loss in the & The New York Times reservoir/pond produce the nozzlepressure, Useful Not useful
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As the head demand might relate to the velocity at the impeller and bowl, a basin solution reduces the required head rom the ground water pump.
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2.1.5 Ov 2.1.5 Overp erpump umping ing Sometimes peak demand capacity causes overpumping o the well to the level o sand intrusion. Damage can be avoided by installing one or more o the ollowing: ·
Sand separator or Telescope-inserted flter section: section: This This will reduce the quantity quantity o silt and sand in the t he water. Retarding the entrance o these characteristics into the pump will also eliminate the resulting wear and tear.
·
A 3-second ramp or sot start/stop: Starting a ground water pump when aquier volume is ull will result in excessive perormance during the frst seconds o operation. This high-capacity kick starting lits up/releases sand and silt in the aquier, drawing it into the pump.
powerul suction is eliminated by a 3-second ramp sot start/stop. MasterThisyour semester with Scribd Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title & The New York Times Useful Not useful
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2.2 Surace water
Surace water includes springs, lakes, and rivers. I the capacity o the surac source meets the peak demand, this source is usually just as good as ground irrigation purposes.
Surace water ow is relatively easy to understand because it is readily obse easily measured. However, there are certain characteristics o surace water that you have to consider beore selecting the pump system. Connecting your irrigation intake to natural owing water calls or extra attention regarding: · · · · ·
Intake structure design Overcoming dry seasons and droughts Lowering o water level by other users (public (public wa ter supply) Read Free Forwater 30 Days Sign up to vote on this title Destruction o equipment rom ooding Useful Not useful Thet risk (drawing rom public areas)Cancel anytime.
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2.2.1. 2.2. 1.1 1 Set Settl tlin ing gca cana nall To allow or particle settling, the canal must be at least six metres long and have a water level height that brings down the canal ow velocity to max. 0.015 m/s, when pumping at design ow. I the length o the calming section o t he canal is less than six metres, wind and wave activity as well as pump s ize may negate the settling unction. WxH=0.015xQ/2826 Q=de Q= desi sign gnf fow owi in nm m3 /h W=wi W= widt dth hin inm met etre ress H= H =he heig ight hti in nme metr tres es
Water rom a se Additionalnotes: be used directly · The width o the canal must allow or mechanical mechanical sediment sediment removal. removal.Read BeoreFree For 30 Days Sign up to vote on this title starting your irrigation season, the settling canal must be desilted to ensure Settling ponds h Useful Not useful proper operation. construction Cancel anytime. Special offer·forDuring students: $4.99/month. theOnly summer, heavy marine-lie marine-lie growth such as mussels, mussels, larvae, larvae, aquatic plants, etc. can cause problems. Cover the settling canal to prevent sunshine and
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2.2.2 Over Overcomin comingdrys gdryseasons easonsanddr anddrought oughtss I there is a chance that y our surace water source could dry out during the season, your intake canal should be equipped with an ordinary injection we design is called riverbank injection.
2.2.2.1 2.2.2. 1 Riv Riverba erbank nkinj inject ection ion In rainy seasons, when river levels stand high, the river intake structure injec quantities o river water into your aquiers. During dry seasons, when river l run low, the submersible pump in the injection well recovers the injected riv water rom under the ground.
2.2.2.2 Lower 2.2.2.2 Loweringo ingowat waterlev erlevelby elbyothers others(publ (publicwa icwatersu tersupply) pply) I you share your water source with any other water extractor (such as a mu system) during the dry season, you should be aware o this. Solving this pro can be accomplished in two ways: · Create storage acilities such as a tank, tank, pit, For or cavern Read Free 30this Days Sign up to vote on title · Dig your present storage acility deeper Useful Not useful
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2.2.3 Destru Destruction ctionoequ oequipment ipmentromf romfooding ooding I the risk o ooding exists, submersible pumps should be installed instead o dry motor pumps. Well superstructures such as shown in the illustration are not watertight. The pump and motor inside will be destroyed should the ooding reach the level ound several years ago. 2.2.4 The Thetrisk trisk(dra (drawing wingromp rompublic ublicareas areas)) I your reestanding equipment is at risk o being stolen, Grundos recommends a special construction. Here, locked-down submersible pumps can be a part o the construction. Very special equipment is required to be able to remove the pump and accompanying accessories.
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2.3 Rain water & NEWater
When neither ground nor surace water is available or able to supply peak ir demands, other sources can be utilised. These include: · Rain water harvesting · Upgrading low source quality (NEWater/recycling) · Import o irrigation water by tank vehicle vehicle
2.3.1 Rain 2.3.1 Rainwate waterharv rharvesting esting The harvesting o rain water simply involves the collection o water rom sur which rain alls, and subsequently storing this water or irrigation. Normally collected rom the roos o buildings and stored in rain water tanks. Howeve can also be collected in dams rom rain alling on the ground and producing Rain collecting suraces, also called catchment areas, are: · Roos · Roads Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title · Paved areas Useful Not useful
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2.3.1.1 Source 2.3.1.1 Sourcecapa capacity city To secure a sufcient rain water supply or irrigation, the size o the catchm
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2.3.2 NEW NEWater aterorwa orwaterr terrecycl ecycling ing NEWater is treated used water that has undergone some purifcation and treatment process using microfltration and reverse osmosis. The quality o membrane technology has improved greatly over the years. It is now possible to even turn seawater into potable water at a power consumption cost o less than 3 kWh/m 3. This low power consumption makes reverse osmosis an acceptable process or irrigation o high-value crops. Reverse osmosis membranes have a present liespan o approximately fve years. This is constantly improving as durability increases. For the latest on R.O. technologies, we recommend contacting: Aordable Desalination Coalition Point Hueneme, CA, USA Tel: +1-650-283-7976 E-mail: jmacharg@aordablede jmacharg@aordabledesalination.com salination.com
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2.4 Storage o water
I the water source cannot adequately meet the peak demand or water, a s reservoir can be created. Water rom here can be pumped during periods o demand.
Installing a reservoir to equalise the dierence between water source yield a demand necessitates a calculation o the size o the reservoir. Use the ormu to fnd the necessary storage volume: Volume=
Peak demand Q x peak hours productioncapacityxproductionhours
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2.4.2 Watert Watertankorundergroundcavern ankorundergroundcavern Grundos recommends alternative storage methods i the disadvantages listed above are deemed uneasible. Constructing them will require various levels o investments. Water tank: Can be constructed rom corrugated steel or preab concrete elements. Underground cavern: Constructing a tank and covering it with arable soil. Advantages: · Low evaporation losses · Low algae & moss growth · Low salt concentrations rom low rates o evaporation · Protected rom contamination by animal animal and plant plant lie lie · Can be covered with a roo and used or another another purpose · No risk o drowning
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3. Crops and water
All feld crops require nutrients, water, air, and sunshine to grow. The correct balance between them all contributes to the success o the harvest. Grundo can help with the provision o water where and when necessary.
Relying on natural precipitation is perhaps the simplest orm o providing wa to crops. However, when more water is needed than is supplied, irrigation is perect solution to bridging the gap. An important actor to note is that the amount o irrigation water needed depends on three main elements: Master your· semester Scribd the amount owith water naturally na turally present (eective rainall) rainall) Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title · the amount o water needed needed by the crop & The New York Times Useful Not useful · the climatic climatic conditions conditions Cancel anytime. Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month.
These points are covered in this chapter. Combining them properly is one o
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3.1 Annual amount o rain rainall all The amount o irrigation required depends on the yearly rainall and its distribution. Several divisions o climate related to the amount o annual rainall exist. · Humid: over over 1200 mm o rain annually. This amount amount covers the water needs or many crops. Irrigation is usually not necessary, but may increase yield signifcantly in some years. · Sub-humid and semi-arid: between 400 and 1200 mm o rain annually. annually. This amount is not enough or many crops. Irrigation increases annual crop yield, making production possible in the dry season. · Semi-arid, arid arid and deserts: less than than 400 mm mm o rain rain annually. annually. Irrigation is indispensable. Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title
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3.1.1. Thene 3.1.1. Theneedo edorirri rirrigatio gation n Irrigation is needed when a precipitation defcit occurs. Even in areas where average annual rainall is sufcient to cover average evapotranspiration, so periods will require irrigation.
For example, this situation occurs every year in arid and semi-arid regions, s in the Mediterranean part o Europe. In humid and semi-humid regions, suc in Northern Europe, precipitation defcits occur in some years and only temporarily in the crop-growing season.
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3.1.2. Gathe 3.1.2. Gatheringda ringdata ta Crop and irrigation water needs are known in some countries, and distributed by the Irrigation Department, Ministry o Agriculture, or other local authorities. I this is not possible, the data needs to be calculated on the spot. The basic equation or calculating irrigation water needs is shown below:
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3.2 Crop Cropwat waternee erneeds ds The plant’s roots draw water rom the soil or growth and survival. Howeve o this water escapes as vapour through the plant’s leaves through transpir
From an open water surace, which may be ound on the soil as well as on p leaves, water escapes directly through evaporation.
The water need o a crop is thereore known as “evapotranspiration”, where spiration and evaporation are added. This water need is most commonly ex in mm/day, mm/month, or mm/season. Sunlight+CO2= photosynthesis
For crops, the water uptake and loss by evapotranspiration is essential or a high yields o good quality. This water ow enables the crop to:
· Utilise the sunlight sunlight to produce structural matter matter through through photosynthesis photosynthesis Master your semester with Scribd · Draw important nutrients rom the soil Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title & The New York Times · Control the temperature o itssuraces Useful Not useful Transpiration
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Exampleocropwaterneed You have a crop in a sunny warm environment with a water need o 10 mm/day. Note that these 10 mm do not need to be supplied every day. 50 mm o irrigation water can be applied every 5 days. The root zone will store the water until the plant needs it. The three major actors that determine crop water needs are: · The climate: climate: crops grown in a hot climate need more water per day day than in a cloudy and cold climate · The crop type: rice rice or sugarcane require more water than carrots or olives · The growth stage: ully developed crops need more water than newly planted crops 3.2.1 The 3.2.1 Thecl clima imate te Maize grown in a sunny, hot climate obviously requires more water per day than maize grown in a cloudy, cold climate. The humidity and wind speed also play into this equation, however. Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title
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3.2.2 The 3.2.2 Thecr crop optyp typee Two actors aecting the crop water need are related to the crop type. One de size o the crop when ully developed; the other deals with the length o the g · Physical size: size: Maize plants will draw much more water than wheat wheat · Length o growing season: season: short duration crops such as peas grow or 90 days; longer duration crops such as melons grow or 120-160 days
While, or example, the daily water need o melons may be less than the da o peas, the seasonal water need o melons will be higher than that o peas duration o the total growing season o melons is much longer.
Ater mid-season, some crops do not need the peak amount o water any lo harvested crops such as lettuce, tomatoes, and melons, on the other hand, r peak amount until harvesting. The inuence o the crop type on both the daily and seasonal crop water cussed in the sections on page 36.Read Free For 30 Days Sign up to vote on this title
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3.2.3 Gro 3.2.3 Growth wthsta stage ge Evapotranspiration is plant transpiration combined with evaporation rom the soil and plant surace. Smaller crops require less water than mature crops. On the other hand, the evaporation rom the soil is greater when the crops are smaller with more soil exposed to sun and wind.
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Again, the climate plays an important role in crops water need. Note the dierences between the same crops when grown in dierent climates. Waterneeds Crop
Cereals
Sub tropical climate Yearly Daily (peak) m3/ha/year m3/ha/day 2,000-3,000 110
Temperate clim Yearly D m3/ha/year m3/ha/da 1,000 - 1,500
Leguminous plants
5,000
110
2,500
Tubers (potatoes)
6,000
110
3,000
Soya
4,000
110
Beet root
7,500 - 8,000
95
Alala
8,000 - 9,000
115
4,000 - 4,500
Fodder maize
4,000 - 5,000
115
2,000 - 2,500
Maize and sorghum
8,000
110
4,000
Fruit trees
5,500
90
2,800
Wine Tur grass
1,500 - 2,000 10,000
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3,700 - 4,000
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3.2.4 E 3.2.4 Eec ectiv tiver erain aina all ll Contrary to what you may think, not all rain water that alls can be used by the plants. Some percolates deep beneath the surace; some ows away as run-o. The root zone stores the remaining r emaining rain water. These millimetres are known as the eective rainall. The climate, soil texture and structure, and the depth o the root zone all aect the amount o eective rainall. Where rainall is heavy, a large percentage o it is lost through percolation and run-o. The saturated soil simply cannot absorb more water. Another actor that needs to be taken into account when estimating the eective rainall is the variation o the rainall over the years. Especially in low rainall climates, the little rain that alls is oten unreliable; one year may be relatively dry and another year may be relatively relatively wet. eective precipitation is estimated on a monthly basis, using measured rainall MasterThe your with Scribd data and localsemester inormation, i available. Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title & The INew Times eective York precipitation becomes insufcient, the minerals and salts in yourUseful irrigation Not useful Cancel anytime.
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3.3 Other applications
3.3.1 3.3. 1 Du Dust stco cont ntro roll To improve the air quality o the major cities, governments especially in Asia establishing green belts o trees and shrubs to create anti-storm orest barr around the cities. These windbreaks reduce dust and redirect wind, and the improve the environmental conditions or microclimate in the sheltered zon same time, keeping sand and dust at bay also calls or preventing desertifca recovering vegetation near desert areas. To ensure that the vegetation grows and in t hat way provides sufcient de against the sand and dust threats to the cities, adequate irrigation systems required – especially during dry periods.
3.3.2 Fir 3.3.2 Firep eprev revent ention ion A fre control irrigation system does not itsel extinguish fres. Rather, it ens that green areas surrounding hospitals, schools, etc. are kept moist and the Read Free For 30 Days Sign up to vote on this title serve as fre buer zones or deensible spaces against wildfres. Useful Not useful Cancel anytime. Dead weed, trees and dry grass represent hazardous uels that neither slow nor stop fres rom spreading. However, especially green grass and olive gro have proven very fre resistant, provided they are irrigated properly, are wid
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4. Irrigation water quality Water or irrigation Water ir rigation usually comes rom the ollowing sources:
· Rain water · Surace water · Ground water
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In each case, the water has absorbed a rang o metals, minerals, salts, pathogens, and biocides along the way. Removing them be Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title applying the water is thereore very import Useful Not useful Cancel Several methods cananytime. be employed to do so.
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4.1 Bag fltering This mechanical and biological fltering system removes dissolved minerals, salts, pathogens, and biocides present in the water.
The permeability o the bag you choose needs to be directly related to the matter you need to remove. The The micron rating given given to each bag is based upon the size o the square mesh openings ormed in the weaving process. The smaller the rating, the smaller the particles need to be in order to pass through t hrough the flter. This thereore provides fner fltering. Primary bag fltration removes coarse dirt, sedimentation, oils, etc. Very small micron-rated bag flters can remove dissolved matter, in a process similar to reverse osmosis. I the water is acidic, alkaline, gassy, or aggressive, it must be treated through tradiBag ltering consis tional fltering and chemically stabilised. Open tank systems with efcient aeration Read Free For 30 Days water qu are recommended or this process. Sign up to vote on this biological title
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4.4 Ion exchange A high salt content can pose a problem to plant growth and health. Installing an ion exchange system or salt removal is one way t o solve this problem. Chemicals such as urea (46% nitrogen) and micro minerals including Ca++ and Mg++ can be dosed to the irrigation water, resulting in the plants being less aected by a high salt content. Ion exchange can also be used to soten water. The most eective way to t reat hard water or domestic use is to install an ion exchange resin sotener. This sotening equipment works best when the pH is between 7.0 and 8.0 and water temperature is less than 32°C. When hard water is passed through the sotener, the calcium and magnesium are replaced by sodium rom the exchange resin.
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4.5 pH adjustment The pH-value o your irrigation water directly aects the availability o most elements, especially micronutrients. · Too low a pH can result in increased micronutrient micronutrient availability availability that can lead lead to phytotoxic responses in some plant species · Too high a pH will lock out some elements elements that become unavailable to the plants Problemsassociatedwith“outorange”pH: Low pH causes: · Toxicity in iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) · Defciency in calcium calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg)
High pH causes: Grundos metering · Defciency in iron (Fe), manganese manganese (Mn), (Mn), zinc (Zn), (Zn), copper (Cu), (Cu), boron (B) or the are perect Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title o exactly the med For example, i the pH is too high, iron may become unavailable. Even though your Useful Not useful nutrient solution may have an ideal iron content, your plants may not be able toCancel anytime. Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. absorb it, resulting in iron defciency. The plant’s leaves will yellow and weaken.
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5. Drainage For crops, water uptake, and evapotranspiration is essential or achieving high yields o the best possible quality. What’s more, the plants utilise evapotranspiration, sunlight, and CO2 uptake to produce structural matter rom the nutrients in the soil or irrigation water. Additionally, the surace o the plants is kept at the optimal temperature or growth. Evapotranspiration, photosynthesis, and temperature regulation are hampered i metals, salts, or minerals accumulate in the soil texture around the Master yourrotting semester with Scribdcrops, the maximum zone. For most agricultural permissible con- Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title tent o salt is approx. 0.1%. & The New York Times Useful Not useful Cancel anytime. Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month.
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Additionofsaltcontent Irrigation with 100 mm o water with a salt content o 0.1% means a salt increase o 1,000 kg/ha. Unless this additional salt content is leached through natural precipitation during non-irrigation periods, soil productivity will be drastically reduced.
I this natural leaching does not take place during non-irrigation periods, the maximum advisable salt content is 0.05%, dependent on: · The soil type · The crop to be grown · The irrigation method Some crops such as cotton, can tolerate a salt content o up to 0.3%, 3000 T.D.S.
MasterSaturation your semester with Scribd Nutrient content can all greatly i the soil texture remains saturated or long periods Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title o time. Covering the soil is one way to avoid saturation, yet side eects such as rot& The ting New York Times Useful and soil texture digestive processes occur. These side eects arise when the soil is Not useful Special offerdeprived for students: o air.Only $4.99/month.
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6. Pump catalogue This chapter contains some basic inormation on the most commonly used Grundos pumps or irrigation. Please note that these pumps represent only a small raction o Grundos’ extensive product portolio. We nonetheless recommend that you always consult the Grundos WinCAPS or WebCAPS or pump sizing, or your local Grundos representative or detailed product and application inormation beore making your fnal selection.
Master yourPump semester Scribd selection iswith thankully not as complicated as Free rocket science. Read Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title However, there are certain actors to be aware o beore the right & The New York Times Useful Not useful pump can be chosen. Some o the parameters listed on the ollowing Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month.
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pages should be considered beore selecting your pump.
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6.1 Factors to consider 1) Prope Properirrig rirrigation ationdesign designlay layout out The irrigation system must: · Meet the crops’ need or water · Optimise irrigation efciency Divide the irrigated area into zones with varied irrigation needs to solve this situation. You can choose dierent types o crops , or perhaps vary the exposure to sun and wind, i possible. You can select shady or sloped areas or certain crops.
2) Irriga Irrigation tionequipme equipment nt Dierent irrigation equipment requires dierent amounts o water and pressure. Choosing the right Thereore the equipment must be selected beore selecting the pump. the success o your Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title No matter what yo The controller must not be overlooked. It controls pump perormance, even Useful Not useful needs, Grundos h turning it on and o during predefned periods. You will conserve water by not Cancel anytime. Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. irrigating in direct sunlight, or when winds are heavy. A Grundos controller can be programmed to optimise operation with due respect to both the crops and
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4) Powe Powercon rconsumpti sumption on Pumps and motors have dierent efciencies, and the overall efciency sho always be calculated beore the fnal selection is made. Your electricity bill w depend on how many kW the motor absorbs. Simply compare the ow and produced by the pump with the kW consumption o the motor. It may be calculated as ollows:
Qx QxH H Eciency%= x100 365 x P1 Q = fow wiin m3 /h H=he H= head ad(pr (pressu essure rero romp mpump umpin inme metre tres) s) P1=t P1 =the hekW kWreq requir uired edby bythe themo motor tor.N .Note oteth that atthi thism smust ustnot notbe beco conu nused sed thekW the kWou outpu tputst tstamp amped edon onthe themo motor torna namep meplat late. e. Most pump manuacturers are able to provide all relevant data, so a true Master your semester with Scribd calculation o the efciency can be made. Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title & The New York Times 5) FlFlow Useful Not useful ow
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Two basic elements are crucial: · The availability o water
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6) Pre Pressur ssuree System pressure should be kept as low as possible. Reasons include: · Reduce leakages · Conserve water · Reduce energy consumption However, a specifc minimum pressure or proper unctioning is usually necessary. Without this, the correct perormance o the irrigation equipment can not be guarrenteed. 7) Additi Additional onalconsid considerat erations ions Submersible pumps oer two main advantages when drawing water rom a reservoir or lake: · Improved thet protection, when the pumps are submerged · Noise is reduced to only the noise rom the pipes and the valves
Master your semester with Scribd Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title Please note that in a horizontal installation in a reservoir or lake, a ow sleeve & The toNew York Times Useful Not useful ensure proper cooling o t he motor is required. Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. 8) Variablepumpperormance
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GrundosSP/SPA/SP-G - 4”, 6”, 8”, 10”, 12” submersible pumps Highpumpeciency The Grundos range o all submersible pumps is ideal or irrigation in horticulture and agriculture. The SP range is characterised by permanent energy-efcient operation and low installation and service costs.
Example: Price per kWh: € 0.10 Pumped water: 200 m3/h with a head o 100 m Period: 10 years Choosing a pump with a 10% higher efciency can save you € 60,000.
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Perormance curves H [m ] 8"
50 Hz
For bore hole diameter 10"
600 SP 55-G
400
12" SP 9090-G G SP 270-G
SP 300-G
200
100 G 0 6 3
80
P S
60
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SP 17 SP 30 SP 46 SP 60 SP 77 SP 95 SP 125 SP 160 SP 215
40
20
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GrundosSQ/SQ-N/SQE/SQE-N - 3” submersible pumps Simpleinstallationandoperation The Grundos SQ pump is the standard model o the 3” submersible pump series. The SQ is ideal or smaller irrigation systems, where easy installation and operation are essential. SQEpackagedeal The SQE constant-pressure package is a complete solution that doesn’t require extra control units or additional connections. Everything you need or the pump installation is included in the package – control unit, pressure tank, pressure sensor, cable, pressure gauge, valve, and the submersible pump. Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title
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Perormance curves H [m]
SQ
200
SQ - N
150
ISO 9906 Annex A
SQE SQE - N
100
80
60
SQ 1
SQ 2
SQ 3
SQ 5
40
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SQ 7
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GrundosCR/CRI/CRN - Multistage centriugal pumps Addingconstantpressuretoyoursystem Keeping a constant sufcient pressure in your irrigation system can to secure uniorm irrigation.
I your submersible pump is unable to s upply a constant pressure, ca pressure loss in the pipe work, height dierences or due to long or piping, the Grundos CR will secure exactly the ow and pressure tha require.
The Grundos CR range is extremely reliable and energy-efcient. An Master your semester with Scribd spite the long lie o the pump, itFree is virtually maintenance-ree. Read Foron 30 Days Sign up to vote this title & The New York Times Useful Not useful
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Perormance curves H [m] 400 300 CR 32 CRN 32
200
100 80 60
CR 1s
CR 3
CR 10
CR 20
CR 64
CRI 1s
CRI 3
CRI 10
CRI 20
CRN 64
CRN 1s
CRN 3
CRN 10
CRN 20
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CR 5
CRI 1
CRI 5
CRN 1
CRN 5
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Read Free Foron 30 Days Sign up to vote this title CRI 15 CRN 45 CR 15
CR 45
CRN 15 Useful Not useful Cancel anytime.
CR 90 CRN 90
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GrundosHS - Horizontal Split Case pumps
Grundos Horizontal Split Case pumps large volumes o water and is or large scale boosting or transer o water rom i.e. a river to a rese Flow range rom a ew m 3/h through more than 10.000 m 3/h. Split case pumps have easy, ast and quick access or maintenance a vicing without disturbing the pipework.
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Perormance curves H [m]
Hydro MPC
400
50 Hz ISO 9906Annex A 300
200
100 90 80
6x CRI 3
70
6x CRI 5
6x CR 45
6x CRI 20 6x CRI 10
6x CR 32
6x CRI 15
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6x CR 64
6x CR 90
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GrundosHydro2000 - Booster system
Variablefowrequirementwithconstantpressure. Maintaining the correct pressure is vital or any irrigation installatio important in order to irrigate the correct amount o water or the sp crops or grass. And it is important in order to conserve water. Hydro can be extended with a number o sensors so it will maintain the op amount o irrigated water depending on weather conditions and clim All this is done with the highest efciency and a minimum o energy sumption.
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Perormance curves H [m ] 200
HS
4-pole, 50 Hz 250-200-580-2
150
200-150-480-2
350-300-770 300-250-680
200-150-460-2
120
450-350-660
150-125- 420-2
100
350-300-590 250-200-580
80
125- 100-360-2 200-150-480
60
450-350-540 250-200-480
300-250-510
50 1 5 0 - 1 1 2 5 - 3 3 8 0
40 80-50-380 100-80-380
30
300-250-380 200-150-380
1 2 5 - 1 0 0 - 3 3 8 0
100-80-300
15
1 5 0 - 1 1 2 5 - 2 9 0
80-65-240
100-80-240
10
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150-100-240
150-125-
3 0 0 - 2 2 5 0 - 4 2 0
1 5 200-150-240 0 - 1 2 5 - 2 4 0
250-250-300
250-250-240
350-300-480
450-350-440
2 250-200-300 0 0 - 1 5 0 - 3 0 0 300
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20
2 5 0 - 2 0 0 - 3 8 0
350-350-390
350-300-340
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GrundosNB/NK - End-suction centriugal pumps
Constantpressureorlarge-scalesystems The Grundos end-suction pumps are especially su or water distribution in large-scale large-scale irrigation syste heavy-duty allrounders oer extreme volume and r operation under tough working conditions.
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Furthermore, the horizontal construction o the pu easy dismantling o the pump and the “back pull-o guarantees easy and uncomplicated service.
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Perormance curves H [m] 90 80 70
NK -1
1450 min
NK 200-500
60 50 N K 1 2 5 - 4 0 0
NK 80-400 NK 100-400
40 30 NK 80-315
NK 65-315
N K 1 0 0 - 3 1 5
NK 40-250 NK 50-250
NK 65-250
NK 80-250
15 NK 32-200.1
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NK 32-200
NK 40-200
NK 32-125.1
NK 40-160
N K 1 5 0 - 3 1 5
NK 80-200 NK 100-200
NK 32-125
NK 65-160
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3
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0 0 2 5 6 K N
NK 125-250
NK 32-160.1
6
4
NK 50-200
N K 1 0 0 - 2 5 0
N K 2 0 0 - 4 0
NK 150-320
N K 1 2 5 - 3 1 5
20
10 9 8 7
N K 1 5 0 - 4 0 0
NK 250-310
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GrundosBM/BMB - 4”, 6”, and 8” Booster Modules Exceptionalboostingineveryrespect Because every component o the Grundos BM is built into a high-quality stainless steel sleeve, it is completely covered rom possible damaging elements. Consequently, the booster module can be buried in the ground or installed out in the open, depending on your specifc requirements. Sheltered rom any outside inuence, the Grundos BM range is never exposed to wear and is thereore completely maintenance-ree. This entails reliable and energyefcient operation, extremely long lie, and no leakage thanks to the absence o a shat seal. Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title
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Perormance curves H [m] 400
200
100
A 3 M B
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20
Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. 10
BM 4"
A 5 M B
A 8 M B
7 1 M B
0 3 M B
6 4 M B
0 6 M B
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7 7 M B
5 9 M B
8" BM
5 2 1 M B
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GrundosDME/DMS - Compact diaphragm dosing pumps
Preciseertigation The application o nutrients through irrigation system called “ertigation,” a contraction o ertilisation and tion. The most common nutrient applied by ertigatio nitrogen. Elements applied less oten include phosph potassium, sulur, zinc, and iron.
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Grundos diaphragm dosing range is ideal or ertiga because it is resistant to highly corrosive chemicals, a the same time able to inject extremely precise amou ertiliser. Furthermore, a Grundos dosing solution s dosing Read Free For 30this Days Sign up to vote on title optimal mixing o ertilizer Not in the water line and is no Useful useful Cancel anytime.pressure, which, combi aected by changes in water with precision, secures precise and uniorm irrigation
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Perormance curves p [bar]
p [bar]
DMS
11
18
10 16 DME 2-18
9 14
8 12
7
10
6 5
8
DMS 2-11
DME 8-10
DME 60-10
4 6
DMS 4-7
DME 12 -6 -6
3 DMS 8-5
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DME 1 99- 6
4
2
DMS 12-3
1
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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8
9
10
11
12
13
Q [l/h]
2
Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote titleDME 48-3
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2.5Useful
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48 60
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7. About Grundos With manuacturing acilities around the globe and an annual production o more than 10 million pumps, Grundos is one o the world’s largest pump manuacturers. Expertassistance We can assist you through every stage o the irrigation process: rom the initial planning stages through implementation and installation to service and maintenance. We are specialists; it is our business to know all there is to know about pumping. But our specialised knowledge Master youralso semester with Scribd gives us breadth o vision – knowing whatRead can Free be done enables Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title us to see potential solutions. All solutions are as energy-efcient energy-efcient and & The New York Times Useful Not useful Cancel anytime. mechanically reliable as possible, and oten customised to match your Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. specifc demands.
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Full-linesupplier In addition to our wide range r ange o quality pumps or irrigation, we oer solutions within fre protection, heating, air conditioning, water supply, sanitary processes, wastewater, dosing, and industrial applications.
Globalpresence Grundos has a highly efcient worldwide organisation o sales, support, and service proessionals. With more than 13,000 employees in 67 Grundos companies in over 40 countries, we are never ar away. Wherever you are based, you can always get in touch with us or advice and assistance, and spare parts are readily available.
The Grundos Group invests heavily in R&D to be able to constantly introduce A small selection o groundbreaking products with increased capabilities and high quality perormance. o app wide range Quality is a key component in all Grundos products, which implies a constant Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title ocus on construction, design, and choice o materials and processes. Grundos Useful Not useful 14001Cancel anytime. companies are registered according to the environmental standard o ISO Special offerand for students: OnlyEMAS. $4.99/month. the European
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Being responsible is our Thinking ahead make Innovation is
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