Irrigation Handbook

GRUNDFOS WATER SERVICES

Irrigation handbook

Index Introduction 1. Irrigation methods 1.1 Flooding 1.2 Sprinkling 1.2.1 Fixed sprinklers 1.2.2 Travelling irrigators 1.2.2.1 Hose reel irrigator 1.2.2.2 Centre pivot irrigator 1.2.2.3 Parallel irrigators 2. Availability o water 2.1 Ground water 2.1.1 Supply limitations 2.1.2 Ground water troubleshooting 2.1.3 Pump wear 2.1.4 Clogging 2.1.5 Overpumping 2.2 Surface water 2.2.1 Intake structure design 2.2.1.1 Settling canal 2.2.2 Overcoming dry seasons and droughts 2.2.2.1 Riverbank injection 2.2.2.2 Lowering o water level by others (public water supply) 2.2.3 Destruction o equipment rom ooding 2.2.4 Thet risk (drawing rom public areas) 2.3 Rain & water NEWater 2.3.1 Rain water harvesting 2.3.1.1 Source capacity 2.3.2 NEWater or water recycling 2.3.3 Upgrading low source quality comparison 2.4 Storage of water 2.4.1 Open-air basin 2.4.2 Water tank or underground cavern 2.4.3 Parallel operating boosters INDEX

4 6 7 8 8 9 9 9 10 12 13 13 15 16 18 19 20 20 21 22 22 22 23 23 24 24 24 25 25 26 26 27 27

3. Crops and water 3.1 Annual amount o rainall 3.1.1 The need or irrigation 3.1.2 Gathering data 3.2 Crop water needs 3.2.1 The climate 3.2.2 The crop type 3.2.3 Growth stage 3.2.4 Eective rainall 3.3 Other applications 3.3.1 Dust control 3.3.2 Fire prevention 3.3.3 Frost protection 4. Irrigation water quality 4.1 Bag fltering 4.2 Carbonising 4.3 Direct ertilisation 4.4 Ion exchange 4.5 pH adjustment 5. Drainage 6. Pump catalogue 6.1 Factors to consider Grundos products SP / SP A / SP-G SQ / SQ-N / SQE / SQE-N CR / CRI /CRN HS Hydro 2000 NB / NK BM / BMB DME / DMS 7. About Grundos

28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 37 38 38 38 38 40 41 41 41 42 43 44 46 47 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66

INDEX

Introduction Nature, it is oten said, is truly amazing. With the right combinatio combination n o sun, soil, temperature and water, plant lie can ourish. Sometimes, however, nature can use a helping hand. Adding water through irrigation has been practiced or thousands o years. Irrigation can can enhance both crop crop quality and quantity and it it can even do so in areas where precipitation already can sustain agriculture. For recreational activities, irrigation keeps playing suraces lush and attractive.

4

INTRODUCTION

Helpingyoumakemorequaliedselections This handbook presents you with some irrigation basics: rom system layouts, to our recommendations r ecommendations or which pumps may be employed in irrigation systems. It will enable you to make more qualifed selections and solutions or your irrigation customers. As always, we recommend consulting Grundos WinCAPS, our own PC-based pump sizing and selection tool, prior to making your decisions. 60yearsoexperience Grundos’ experience with water supply pumps goes all the way back to our earliest years. In act, a water supply pump was the very frst pump we ever created. Today, our product portolio eatures submersible, in-line, and pressure boosting pumps or all needs. Internationalpresence Grundos is where you are, sharing knowledge o local markets in terms o sales, service, and technical support. Our global operations eature activities in over 40 countries, where remaining in close contact with our customers is one o our most important goals.

INTRODUCTION

5

1. Irrigation methods When a decision about irrigation o an area has been made, there are also a number o basic considerations to be made. These include: · Which crops have to be grown · How is the climatic conditions · How much water is available · How accessible is the water · Is the growth area at or hilly · Is the soil clayish or sandy · How many months per year is it necessary to irrigate · How is the irrigation pump selected · The consequences i the irrigation ails or a period o time

6

IRRIGATION METHODS

These considerations are dealt with in other chapters o this book. The sum o these considerations will support the decision regarding which irrigation method should be used. First and most importantly, however, you must get a permit rom your local authorities! The permit will typically allow a certain amount o water per year to be taken rom the resource. This amount must not be exceeded. Your local authorities may use dierent approaches to monitor the usage, and this may require dierent types o equipment: ow meter, water meter, hour meter, and so on.

1.1 Flooding The simplest orm o irrigation is ooding, and it oten requires no pumps. The most common type o ooding is urrow irrigation, where the water is directed or pumped into a number o urrows, which are then ooded.

Flooding is simple, but not very ecient

This method requires landscape sloping technique, where the water can ow easily rom one end o the urrow to the other, without spilling over the edges. An equal amount o water as possible should reach each metre o the urrows. Flooding irrigation requires a lot o water and the efciency is not very high, since most o the ooded water cannot be extracted into the roots o the plants. It is thereore primarily used in areas where there is plenty o water available. Also, the area to be ooded must o course be relatively at. Where that is not the case, the areas are attened into terraces, which can be seen in many areas o the world. Flooding is typically used in tropical areas.

IRRIGATION METHODS

7

1.2 Sprinkling Sprinklers are still dominating agricultural and landscape irrigation worldwide. They are available rom lots o dierent manuacturers, and are used or a variety o applications. The most common type o sprinkler is the spray head. Spray heads can be f xed, and cover only a certain angle o watering, or it can have a rotating element, which allows it to cover a ull circle. Also, the rotating element allows or a bigger variation in drop sizes, distribution, etc. One o the advantages with spray heads is their ability also to distribute small amounts o water. They can be adjusted to deliver only a fne mist o water, however, the wind drit makes their use lim ited to areas where there is no or or little wind. Greenhouses are a good example  or the spray head application. This is also an application, where large drops o water may damage the crops, or they will splash dirt on them. Spray heads eature a radius o approximately 15 m. When they are used in the open land, they should always be used as close to the ground as possible, in order to minimize wind drit. At best they should be installed just above the ground. When used properly the efciency o spray heads can be quite high. All spray heads require a minimum p ressure to unction properly. To maintain an efcient use o the water, it is important to control ow and head within certain narrow limits, and the use o a pump to maintain this makes irrigation much more efcient. Another widely used sprinkler type is the imp act sprinkler. This sprinkler type has a spring loaded inertia element, which is orced to turn by the water jet. The spring makes the inertia element return to the original position, and it hammers on the sprinkler and orces it to turn a certain angle. It can be adjusted to cover almost one ull circle o watering. The throw o this type o sprinkler is typically up to 25 m. A very large and special type o impact sprinkler is called rain gun, or end gun, and some o them can distribute more than 100 m 3 per hour in a radius up to 70 m. 1.2.1 Fix 1.2.1 Fixed edspri sprinkl nklers ers These sprinklers are mounted above the ground throughout the season. A certain number o sprinklers per hectare make sure that every square metre o the ground receives a minimum amount o water. This approach requires a lot o sprinklers, and the water is not evenly distributed on the crops. 8

IRRIGATION METHODS

Fixed sprinklers are typically used on slopes and in hilly areas, where travelling irrigators are restricted. Another typical application or fxed sprinklers is rost protection o crops (see also chapter 3.3) The pop-up sprinkler is a fxed sprinkler variant. These sprinklers are hidden below the surace when not in operation, and rise when in use. The water pressure makes them pop up, ollowing which they unction like other sprinklers. This unction makes them perect or irrigation o recreational grass.

1.2.2 Tra 1.2.2 rave vellin llingi girri rrigat gators ors Sprinklers attached to moving equipment are called travelling irrigators. These mobile units can irrigate a variety o areas. 1.2.2.1 Hosereelirrigator 1.2.2.1Hosereelirrigator The most exible orm o a travelling irrigator is the hose reel irrigator that can be hauled into a feld, and rom there hooked up to the water supply. The hose reel irrigator has only one sprinkler. This is typically a rain gun, which thereore covers a large area. 1.2.2.2Centrepivotirrigator A very popular travelling irrigator type or large areas is the centre pivot irrigator. i rrigator. This irrigator rotates around a centre point (pivot) and can have a diameter up to 2 km. Centre pivot irrigators cannot be transerred to another location unless being totally dismantled and transported to the new location. Centre pivot irrigators are available with one arm (a radius in the circle) or o r with 2 arms (a diameter in the circle). In order to secure a uniorm amount o water per m 2, this type o irrigator is usually equipped with pressure regulators or each sprinkler, which also vary in size. The longer the distance the sprinkler is located rom the centre, the larger the sprinkler and the higher pressure is necessary. Centre pivot irrigators are built in segments, each segment being typically around 50 m. At the end o each segment are the wheels, which carry the structure, and makes the entire structure move. The irrigators may consist o several segments. The last segment is sometimes not active, but are being pulled ater the last but one. When the irrigator is approaching a corner, the last segment b ecomes active, is swinging out, and is irrigating a corner o the land. A large rain gun mounted at the end o the last segment can urther support this unction. This unctionality makes it possible to more or less cover a square with a centre pivot irrigator and not only the typical circle. IRRIGATION METHODS

9

1.2.2.3 Par 1.2.2.3 Parallel allelirriga irrigators tors Parallel irrigators are oten o the same mechanical construction as the pivot irrigator, but instead o travelling around a centre, it moves the whole rame parallel rom one end o the feld to the other. It can irrigate a ull rectangle instead o a circle or a ‘rounded square’, and thereore more efcient to use where the ull corner must be irrigated. It is also easier to establish the parrallel irrigator at a dierent location than a pivot irrigator because it is not dependent on the availability o the special pivot centre. The disadvantage is that only the centre o the f eld gets an even amount o water at regular intervals, while towards both ends o the feld, more or less double the amount o water is given with a s hort interval in between. The only ways to compensate or that is to control the amount o water irrigated, or/and to control the speed with which the irrigator moves.

Radius (m)

Flow (m3 /h)

0.6 - 5.5

0.1 - 1.2

Pop-up sprinklers

4 - 30

>1 - 15

Rotating sprinklers

4 - 35

> 1 - 30

Rain guns

30 - 70

30 - 120

Nozzles / spray heads

Drip irrigation, per dripper

10

IRRIGATION METHODS

0.001 - 0.025

Dripirrigation This method (also called micro drip irrigation) is increasing in popularity worldwide, primarily because o its very high water efciency. By this method no or very little water is lost through evaporation or runo. Since there are no moving parts to tr ansport the water, nor water runo rom the surace, drip irrigation is ideal on slopes and in hilly areas. The disadvantages are that it is costly and time consuming to install. It also requires a very precise control o the water pressure, adding to the expense o the investment.

IRRIGATION METHODS

11

2. Availability o water Identiying the characteristics o your water source is vital or the quality o your irrigation. Dierent water sources must o course be managed dierently. The perormance o the pump relies heavily on a systematic analysis o the water source, and making the proper selection o equipment based on this data.

12

AVAILABILITY OF WATER

2.1 Ground water Ground water provides a signifcant source o water supplies or irrigation worldwide. It is possibly the most reliable water source we have. However, it is important to use ground water wisely. We must ensure uture water supplies and protect the ragile environment in which we live. Surace water ow is relatively easy to understand, because it is readily observed and easily measured. Ground water ow is however hidden, making measurements more complicated. The most common restrictions concerning ground water supply are: · Supply limitations · Pump wear · Clogging · Overpumping This section presents some solutions to these problems. 2.1.1 Supply 2.1.1 Supplylimit limitation ationss Overpumping a well will eventually result in dry running, which can cause in serious damage to the pump. The resulting downtime is expensive, both regarding repair costs and lost productivity. To protect the pump system sys tem rom dry-running, it is extremely important to analyse how much water the well can supply. Fr om here, you will be able to estimate the availability in relationship to peak demand. Beore you can perorm a reliable well test however, you must: · Install a pump with the correct capacity · Read the drawdown o the water level level at dierent dierent ows · Measure the ow at dierent throttling throttling positions o the discharge-regulating valve


13

Testprocedure 1. Start your pump pump with the valve closed. Register Register the depth depth to static water level. 2. Open your regulating valve to approximatel approximatelyy ¼ o your peak-load demand. 3. Measure the depth rom the surace to the dynamic dynamic water level. level. 4. Fill a 1-litre jar with with water rom a bottom bottom tap o your discharge discharge piping. 5. Seal the jar; label it ¼. ¼. 6. Perorm the the testing at ¼ peak demand demand or another another 15 minutes. minutes. Re-check the the depth to the dynamic water level. 7. I it has allen, allen, note by how how much. much. 8. Repeat this procedure or or ½, ¾, and and 1/1 (peak load demand). demand). Ater approximately one hour, you will have our dierent relations between ow and depth to the pumped water level. You will also have our water samples: ¼, ½, ¾, 1/1.

Checking well capacity is very important

9. Open the regulating regulating valve completely. completely. Register the capacity rom the pump and the depth to pumped water level. 10. Fill up jar number 5, seal it, and note down the actual capacity on the jar. 11. Leave your installation running. Activate all possible pumping installations within a 1.5 km radius. 12. Upon your return to the test site, note the perorman perormance ce and depth to water level at same perormance. 14. The test is concluded. Stop the pump and store all fve samples so that vibrations, heat, or sunshine will not aect them.

Analysingthetestresults: Examine the test data the ollowing day. It is important that you do not touch the jars, but only look. You need to establish whether there is sand at the bottom o the samples. 1. Examine sample ¼. Is any any sand present on the bottom? bottom? Calculate the specifc capacity o the well at ¼ o peak demand.

2. Examine sample ½. Is any sand present on the bottom? Calculate the specifc capacity o the well at ½ o peak demand. 3. Perorm the same procedure or ¾ o peak load demand and or ull ow (1/1). Comparing your calculations o specifc pumping capacities will support your decision to extract the capacity range with the same m3/h per metre drawdown. 14


2.1.2 2.1. 2 Groun Groundwa dwatert tertroubl roubleshoot eshooting ing Situation

Reason

Remedy

There is sand at the bottom o the glass at a specifc capacity.

You Yo u ar aree ov over er-p -pum umpi ping ng yo your ur we well ll..

I su sust stai aina nabl blee pu pump mpin ing g is yo your ur target, never pump harder than approximately hal capacity o the sand yielding capacity.

The specifc capacity alls o, causing reduced m3/h per metre drawdown.

You have passed the limit o longterm sustainable pump ow.

Reduce the ow.

Pumped water level is lowered during pumping periods at the same ow.

You Yo ur wat wateer so sour urce cess are are li limi mite ted. d.

Add ddit itio iona nall sto stora rag ge ca capa paci city ty o orr pea peakk demand irrigation supply.

The pumped water level drops when neighbouring pump stations start up, while pumping at the same ow.

The pumping stations compete or a limited amount o water.

Additional storage capacity or peak demand irrigation supply.

The total efciency efciency is lower lower than than 50%.

Pump wear or incorrect incorrect pump pump selection.

Replace pump with one made o more appropriate material.

Excessive power consumption or insufcient irrigation capacity.

The pump may be clogged with sand, silt, or rust, causing ow-restricting riction.

Flush the piping section by section at the highest possible ow creating at least 5-6 m/s velocity. OR Insert a sponge to create the cleaning/rinsing cleaning/rinsin g velocity. Install sand cyclones or bag flters at your well head to prevent uture clogging.


15

2.1.3 Pum 2.1.3 Pumpw pwear ear An incorrect choice o pump material and the resulting pump wear is a common problem reducing well capacity. Choosing the correct pumps with vital components made rom bronze or stainless steel rom the beginning will secure a reliable, energy-efcient, and virtually maintenance-ree ground water pump solution. Rust on cast iron pumps is created by iron rom the impeller, which oxidises through contact with the oxygen in the water. When the impeller rotates, the rapidly owing water (5-15 m/sec) removes rust rom the impeller surace. This corrosion/erosion process leads to the loss o impeller material. When impeller material is lost, capacity and efciency also all. Review the ollowing actors prior to choosing your impeller and subsequent pump: Corrosion can be devastating

Tip:Chooseyourpumpconstructionaccordingtothecriteriabelow.Pleasenote thattheseareonlygeneralguidelines. Grou Gr ound ndw wat ater ert tem emp. p.

pHv pH val alue ue

Oxyg Ox ygen eni in nwa wate terr

Irri Ir riga gati tion onp per erio iod d

Impe Im pell ller erm mat ater eria iall

Less than 10°C

Higher than 7

No

Short

Cast iron

Higher than 10°C

Lower than 7

Yes

Long

Bronze/composite or stainless steel

Testingyoursystem: Insufcient capacity is oten caused by periods o inactivity. Thereore, it is important to test the t he perormance o your equipment at takeover o an existing pumping system and every year beore start-up. When your irrigation machinery is operating, you should calculate the efciency o your pumping equipment. equipment. Use the ollowing equation:

Eciency= Cos ϕ=0.85 16


(manomet etrric reading at ttthe wel elll head + drawdown) x capacity 367 x  3 x I x V x cos ϕ

Serviceintervalsorsubme Serviceintervals orsubmersiblepumps rsiblepumps Submersible pumps are subject to wear just like all other pumps. Unortunately, their placement underground makes viewing this wear difcult. The diagram here enables you to calculate the ollowing: · When should should I service my submersible pump? · How much efciency has been lost since the last service? · How much much will a renovation renovation cost (approximately)? A number o things must be determined beorehand. They include: · Water velocity at the component you wish wish to test · The conditions conditions related related to pump material material and the pumping environment · The presence presence or absence o solids solids and and aggressive carbon dioxide.

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3. Follow the parallel parallel line until you reach reach the dierentiation line that corresponds to aggressive CO 2 and component material. Note the conditions in our example (point 3).

6. Loss o efciency: Approximately 18% (point (point 6).

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2. Draw a parallel line to the right. Impeller Impeller material loss is around 0.18mm per 1,000 hours o operation (point 2).

5. Recommended service service intervals or or your pump: Ater every 6,000 hours o operation (point 5).

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1. See point 1 on Curve A. Pump material and media conditions are as indicated in the legend.

4. Drop directly down down (90°).The aggressive CO 2 content has raised material loss to 0.25 mm. Note the salinity level o the water (point 4). Draw a horizontal line through this point, and ollow it to the let and read the results.

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7. Approximate cost o renovating the pump: 75% o new pump price (point 7).


17

2.1.4 Clo 2.1.4 Cloggi gging ng Piping that is partially flled with sand, silt, or rust may cause some o the ollowing problems: · Excessive power consumption · Insufcient water capacity · Pump wear Employing one or more o the ollowing can prevent clogging; · Sand cyclone cyclone or bag flter: These flters flters prevent sand, silt, and rust rom entering entering the piping system. · Open resource/pond: resource/pond: Can be used when particle particle size is too small to be retained retained by cyclones and bag flters. Silt alls to the bottom, and irrigation water is removed rom the top. Particles in the raw water can cause pump wear

Pleasenote: When introducing the open settling resource/pond, the ground water pump must usually perorm only hal lit. The distribution pumps rom the reservoir/pond produce the nozzle pressure, overcoming riction loss in the piping. As the head demand might relate to the velocity at the impeller and bowl, a settling basin solution reduces the required head rom the ground water pump. Furthermore, this solution oten extends the service intervals o the ground water pump.

18


2.1.5 Ov 2.1.5 Overp erpump umping ing Sometimes peak demand capacity causes overpumping o the well to the level o sand intrusion. Damage can be avoided by installing one or more o the ollowing: ·

Sand separator or Telescope-inserted flter section: section: This This will reduce the quantity quantity o silt and sand in the t he water. Retarding the entrance o these characteristics into the pump will also eliminate the resulting wear and tear.

·

A 3-second ramp or sot start/stop: Starting a ground water pump when aquier volume is ull will result in excessive perormance during the frst seconds o operation. This high-capacity kick starting lits up/releases sand and silt in the aquier, drawing it into the pump.

This powerul suction is eliminated by a 3-second ramp sot start/stop.

Specialnotes: · I a VFD is introduced, remember to adjust the start requency to 25 Hz and ramp it up rom here. Submersible motors are equipped with waterlubricated slide bearing systems, which are not lubricated below 25 Hz. ·

Select pumping pumping equipment equipment with with a Sic/Sic mechanical mechanical shat seal on the motor to protect against sand/silt intrusion to the motor bearing. Installing a cooling sleeve with a cooling ow velocity higher than 1 m/s will prevent silting up around the motor.


19

2.2 Surace water Surace water includes springs, lakes, and rivers. I the capacity o the surace water source meets the peak demand, this source is usually just as good as ground water or irrigation purposes. Surace water ow is relatively easy to understand because it is readily observed and easily measured. However, there are certain characteristics o surace water supply that you have to consider beore selecting the pump system. Connecting your irrigation intake to natural owing water calls or extra attention regarding:

There are many types o surace water available

· · · · ·

Intake structure design Overcoming dry seasons and droughts Lowering o water level by other users (public (public water water supply) Destruction o equipment rom ooding Thet risk (drawing rom public areas)

2.2.1 Intak 2.2.1 Intakestru estructure cturedesign design When designing your intake structure, it is important to understand that the surace water in the rainy/snow-melting season carries large quantities o mud, silt, and suspended materials. Constructing a settling canal ahead o pump suction can prevent this matter rom entering your system and causing detrimental wear.

20


2.2.1. 2.2. 1.1 1 Set Settl tlin ing gca cana nall To allow or particle settling, the canal must be at least six metres long and have a water level height that brings down the canal ow velocity to max. 0.015 m/s, when pumping at design ow. I the length o the calming section o t he canal is less than six metres, wind and wave activity as well as pump s ize may negate the settling unction. WxH=0.015xQ/2826 Q=de Q= desi sign gnf fow owi in nm m3 /h W=wi W= widt dth hin inm met etre ress H= H =he heig ight hti in nme metr tres es Additionalnotes: · The width o the canal must allow or mechanical mechanical sediment sediment removal. removal. Beore starting your irrigation season, the settling canal must be desilted to ensure proper operation. · During the summer, heavy marine-lie marine-lie growth such as mussels, mussels, larvae, larvae, aquatic plants, etc. can cause problems. Cover the settling canal to prevent sunshine and daylight rom uelling this organic growth.

Water rom a settling canal can be used directly Settling ponds have a two-section construction


21

2.2.2 Over Overcomin comingdrys gdryseasons easonsanddr anddrought oughtss I there is a chance that y our surace water source could dry out during the hot season, your intake canal should be equipped with an ordinary injection well. This design is called riverbank injection. 2.2.2.1 2.2.2. 1 Riv Riverba erbank nkinj inject ection ion In rainy seasons, when river levels stand high, the river intake structure injects huge quantities o river water into your aquiers. During dry seasons, when river levels run low, the submersible pump in the injection well recovers the injected river water rom under the ground.

Riverbank injection uses natural percolation and wells wells

22


2.2.2.2 Lower 2.2.2.2 Loweringo ingowat waterlev erlevelby elbyothers others(publ (publicwa icwatersu tersupply) pply) I you share your water source with any other water extractor (such as a municipal system) during the dry season, you should be aware o this. Solving this problem can be accomplished in two ways: · Create storage acilities such as a tank, tank, pit, or cavern · Dig your present storage acility deeper

2.2.3 Destru Destruction ctionoequ oequipment ipmentromf romfooding ooding I the risk o ooding exists, submersible pumps should be installed instead o dry motor pumps. Well superstructures such as shown in the illustration are not watertight. The pump and motor inside will be destroyed should the ooding reach the level ound several years ago. 2.2.4 The Thetrisk trisk(dra (drawing wingromp rompublic ublicareas areas)) I your reestanding equipment is at risk o being stolen, Grundos recommends a special construction. Here, locked-down submersible pumps can be a part o the construction. Very special equipment is required to be able to remove the pump and accompanying accessories.

Well superstructures must be placed above the fooding risk level


23

2.3 Rain water & NEWater When neither ground nor surace water is available or able to supply peak irrigation demands, other sources can be utilised. These include: · Rain water harvesting · Upgrading low source quality (NEWater/recycling) · Import o irrigation water by tank vehicle vehicle

Rain water can be harvested and stored or later use

2.3.1 Rain 2.3.1 Rainwate waterharv rharvesting esting The harvesting o rain water simply involves the collection o water rom suraces on which rain alls, and subsequently storing this water or irrigation. Normally, water is collected rom the roos o buildings and stored in rain water tanks. However, water can also be collected in dams rom rain alling on the ground and producing run-o. Rain collecting suraces, also called catchment areas, are: · Roos · Roads · Paved areas 2.3.1.1 Source 2.3.1.1 Sourcecapa capacity city To secure a sufcient rain water supply or irrigation, the size o the catchment area must be calculated. The ollowing actors must be considered: · Peak demand · Monthly average rainall or the area · The size o the cisterns or or tanks where the the collected rain water is stored Based on the water supply budget, you will then need to match the size o the catchment area and storage tanks with the irrigation demand.

24


2.3.2 NEW NEWater aterorwa orwaterr terrecycl ecycling ing NEWater is treated used water that has undergone some purifcation and treatment process using microfltration and reverse osmosis. The quality o membrane technology has improved greatly over the years. It is now possible to even turn seawater into potable water at a power consumption cost o less than 3 kWh/m 3. This low power consumption makes reverse osmosis an acceptable process or irrigation o high-value crops. Reverse osmosis membranes have a present liespan o approximately fve years. This is constantly improving as durability increases. For the latest on R.O. technologies, we recommend contacting: Aordable Desalination Coalition Point Hueneme, CA, USA Tel: +1-650-283-7976 E-mail: jmacharg@aordablede jmacharg@aordabledesalination.com salination.com 2.3.3 Upgra Upgradingl dinglowso owsourceq urcequalit ualitycom ycompariso parison n The major cost actor when providing water or irrigation is the power consumption necessary to treat and deliver the right water volume at right pressure. For low value crops, irrigation is only easible i high sourcequality surace water or ground water is available in right quantities.

Puriying water can be a viable option

kWh/m3 3,00 2,75 2,50 2,25 2,00

In recent years, the energy efciency o membrane technology has improved to bring the energy consumption below 3 kWh pr. m 3 o irrigation water. This makes it benefcial to upgrade (recycle) low sourcequality wastewater o nearly all kinds, and or high value crops, even desalination o brackish water and seawater can now be employed.

1,75 1,50 1,25 1,00 0,75 0,50 0,25 0

Rain water harvesting

Surace water

Ground water

Recycle R.O.

Desalination R.O.

Energyrequirementorvarioussupplyandtreatment


25

2.4 Storage o water I the water source cannot adequately meet the peak demand or water, a storage reservoir can be created. Water rom here can be pumped during periods o peak demand. Installing a reservoir to equalise the dierence between water source yield and peak demand necessitates a calculation o the size o the reservoir. Use the ormula below to fnd the necessary storage volume: Volume=

XXX

Peak demand Q x peak hours productioncapacityxproductionhours

2.4.1 Ope 2.4.1 Open-a n-air irbasi basin n The storage can be arranged as an open-air basin constructed with modern type o oils as sealants/membranes. This will reduce leakage rates rom the basin to the ground. Advantages: · Inexpensive to build · Inexpensive to remove

Disadvantages: · Evaporation loss in hot climates · Growth o algae and moss · Salt concentration build-up due to evaporation · Destruction o membranes membranes by livestock livestock or sabotage · Takes up up non-productive space in arable land land · Risk o drowning (humans and livestock) livestock)

26


2.4.2 Watert Watertankorundergroundcavern ankorundergroundcavern Grundos recommends alternative storage methods i the disadvantages listed above are deemed uneasible. Constructing them will require various levels o investments. Water tank: Can be constructed rom corrugated steel or preab concrete elements. Underground cavern: Constructing a tank and covering it with arable soil. Advantages: · Low evaporation losses · Low algae & moss growth · Low salt concentrations rom low rates o evaporation · Protected rom contamination by animal animal and plant plant lie lie · Can be covered with a roo and used or another another purpose · No risk o drowning Disadvantages: · Expensive to build · Expensive to remove

Multiple pumps can draw rom an underground cavern

2.4.3 Paralleloperatingboosters When designing the distribution pump system rom a storage basin, it is usually benefcial to choose parallel operating boosters, as this solution requires smaller motor sizes. Other benefts include: · Reduction o starting amps · Reduction o water hammer at start/stop · Introduction o cost-ree ow adaptation depending on crop type and irrigation demand


27

3. Crops and water All feld crops require nutrients, water, air, and sunshine to grow. The correct balance between them all contributes to the success o the harvest. Grundos can help with the provision o water where and when necessary. Relying on natural precipitation is perhaps the simplest orm o providing water to crops. However, when more water is needed than is supplied, irrigation is the perect solution to bridging the gap. An important actor to note is that the amount o irrigation water needed depends on three main elements: · the amount o water naturally naturally present (eective rainall) rainall) · the amount o water needed needed by the crop · the climatic climatic conditions conditions These points are covered in this chapter. Combining them properly is one o the keys to efcient and eective irrigation system operation.

.

28

CROPS AND WATER

3.1 Annual amount o rain rainall all The amount o irrigation required depends on the yearly rainall and its distribution. Several divisions o climate related to the amount o annual rainall exist. · Humid: over over 1200 mm o rain annually. This amount amount covers the water needs or many crops. Irrigation is usually not necessary, but may increase yield signifcantly in some years. · Sub-humid and semi-arid: between 400 and 1200 mm o rain annually. annually. This amount is not enough or many crops. Irrigation increases annual crop yield, making production possible in the dry season. · Semi-arid, arid arid and deserts: less than than 400 mm mm o rain rain annually. annually. Irrigation is indispensable.

Cerealproduction(kg/ha)

Yieldsandwater requirementso irrigatedandrained agriculture

8000 7000

Irrigatedcrops high-yielding varieties, highinputs

6000 5000 4000

Irrigatedcrops, lowinputs

3000 2000

Rainedcrops, optimalinputs

1000

Rainedcrops, lowinputs

0 0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Irrigation can increase crop yield signifcantly, but consumes much more water. (Modifed on Crops and Drops: Making the best use o water or agriculture, FAO, 2002) CROPS AND WATER

29

3.1.1. Thene 3.1.1. Theneedo edorirri rirrigatio gation n Irrigation is needed when a precipitation defcit occurs. Even in areas where the average annual rainall is sufcient to cover average evapotranspiration, some periods will require irrigation. For example, this situation occurs every year in arid and semi-arid regions, such as in the Mediterranean part o Europe. In humid and semi-humid regions, such as in Northern Europe, precipitation defcits occur in some years and only temporarily in the crop-growing season.

Annual precipitation precipitation is crucial

Precipitationdecitinsubtropicalares

Precipitationdecitintemperateares Wateramount(mm)

Wateramount(mm)

700

700

600

600

Deci Sum

500

Sum

400

400

300

300

200

200

100

100

0

Deci Sum

500

Sum

0

Mont Mo nth h11

30



Mont Mo nth h4 4

CROPS AND WATER



Month 7







Month 7

3.1.2. Gathe 3.1.2. Gatheringda ringdata ta Crop and irrigation water needs are known in some countries, and distributed by the Irrigation Department, Ministry o Agriculture, or other local authorities. I this is not possible, the data needs to be calculated on the spot. The basic equation or calculating irrigation water needs is shown below:

Calculatingirrigationwaterneeds Crop waterneed

Eective rainall

Irrigation waterneed

CROPS AND WATER

31

3.2 Crop Cropwat waternee erneeds ds The plant’s roots draw water rom the soil or growth and survival. However, most o this water escapes as vapour through the plant’s leaves through transpiration. From an open water surace, which may be ound on the soil as well as on plant leaves, water escapes directly through evaporation. The water need o a crop is thereore known as “evapotranspiration”, where transpiration and evaporation are added. This water need is most commonly expressed in mm/day, mm/month, or mm/season. For crops, the water uptake and loss by evapotranspiration is essential or achieving high yields o good quality. This water ow enables the crop to:

Sunlight+CO2= photosynthesis

Transpiration

· Utilise the sunlight sunlight to produce structural matter matter through through photosynthesis photosynthesis · Draw important nutrients rom the soil · Control the temperature o its suraces

Rainwater

Evaporation

During photosynthesis, plants convert water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight into structural matter and oxygen

32

CROPS AND WATER

Exampleocropwaterneed You have a crop in a sunny warm environment with a water need o 10 mm/day. Note that these 10 mm do not need to be supplied every day. 50 mm o irrigation water can be applied every 5 days. The root zone will store the water until the plant needs it. The three major actors that determine crop water needs are: · The climate: climate: crops grown in a hot climate need more water per day day than in a cloudy and cold climate · The crop type: rice rice or sugarcane require more water than carrots or olives · The growth stage: ully developed crops need more water than newly planted crops 3.2.1 The 3.2.1 Thecl clima imate te Maize grown in a sunny, hot climate obviously requires more water per day than maize grown in a cloudy, cold climate. The humidity and wind speed also play into this equation, however.

CROPS AND WATER

33

3.2.2 The 3.2.2 Thecr crop optyp typee Two actors aecting the crop water need are related to the crop type. One deals with the size o the crop when ully developed; the other deals with the length o the growing season. · Physical size: size: Maize plants will draw much more water than wheat wheat · Length o growing season: season: short duration crops such as peas grow or 90-100 days; longer duration crops such as melons grow or 120-160 days While, or example, the daily water need o melons may be less than the daily water need o peas, the seasonal water need o melons will be higher than that o peas because the duration o the total growing season o melons is much longer.

Crop type is very important when calculating irrigation needs

34

CROPS AND WATER

Ater mid-season, some crops do not need the peak amount o water any longer. Freshharvested crops such as lettuce, tomatoes, and melons, on the other hand, require the peak amount until harvesting. The inuence o the crop type on both the daily and seasonal crop water needs are discussed in the sections on page 36.

3.2.3 Gro 3.2.3 Growth wthsta stage ge Evapotranspiration is plant transpiration combined with evaporation rom the soil and plant surace. Smaller crops require less water than mature crops. On the other hand, the evaporation rom the soil is greater when the crops are smaller with more soil exposed to sun and wind.

Flowering

Grain setting

Ripening

Harvest

Planting

Initial stage

Crop development

Mid-season

Late season

Note that the crops themselves will typically only need approximately 50% o the water they need during mid-season when they blossom and set grain. This peak need is ound at the beginning o the mid-season stage. This is the high point or water need. Remember that irrigation systems should be dimensioned to meet these demanding periods.

CROPS AND WATER

35

Again, the climate plays an important role in crops water need. Note the dierences between the same crops when grown in dierent climates. Waterneeds Crop

The climate can dramatically change the crop water need or the same crop

36

CROPS AND WATER

Cereals

Sub tropical climate Yearly Daily (peak) m3/ha/year m3/ha/day 2,000-3,000 110

Temperate climate Yearly Daily (peak) m3/ha/year m3/ha/day 1,000 - 1,500 65

Leguminous plants

5,000

110

2,500

65

Tubers (potatoes)

6,000

110

3,000

65

Soya

4,000

110

Beet root

7,500 - 8,000

95

65 3,700 - 4,000

57

Alala

8,000 - 9,000

115

4,000 - 4,500

70

Fodder maize

4,000 - 5,000

115

2,000 - 2,500

70

Maize and sorghum

8,000

110

4,000

65

Fruit trees

5,500

90

2,800

55

Wine Tur grass

1,500 - 2,000 10,000

65 100

6,000

60

3.2.4 E 3.2.4 Eec ectiv tiver erain aina all ll Contrary to what you may think, not all rain water that alls can be used by the plants. Some percolates deep beneath the surace; some ows away as run-o. The root zone stores the remaining r emaining rain water. These millimetres are known as the eective rainall. The climate, soil texture and structure, and the depth o the root zone all aect the amount o eective rainall. Where rainall is heavy, a large percentage o it is lost through percolation and run-o. The saturated soil simply cannot absorb more water. Another actor that needs to be taken into account when estimating the eective rainall is the variation o the rainall over the years. Especially in low rainall climates, the little rain that alls is oten unreliable; one year may be relatively dry and another year may be relatively relatively wet. The eective precipitation is estimated on a monthly basis, using measured rainall data and local inormation, i available. I eective precipitation becomes insufcient, the minerals and salts in your irrigation water will increase in the soil. The salinity will increase, and your crops will be negatively aected.

CROPS AND WATER

37

3.3 Other applications 3.3.1 3.3. 1 Du Dust stco cont ntro roll To improve the air quality o the major cities, governments especially in Asia are establishing green belts o trees and shrubs to create anti-storm orest barriers around the cities. These windbreaks reduce dust and redirect wind, and thereby improve the environmental conditions or microclimate in the sheltered zone. At the same time, keeping sand and dust at bay also calls or preventing desertifcation by recovering vegetation near desert areas. To ensure that the vegetation grows and in t hat way provides sufcient deense against the sand and dust threats to the cities, adequate irrigation systems are required – especially during dry periods.

Crop roots hold onto the soil and keep dust down

3.3.2 Fir 3.3.2 Firep eprev revent ention ion A fre control irrigation system does not itsel extinguish fres. Rather, it ensures that green areas surrounding hospitals, schools, etc. are kept moist and thereby serve as fre buer zones or deensible spaces against wildfres. Dead weed, trees and dry grass represent hazardous uels that neither slow down nor stop fres rom spreading. However, especially green grass and olive groves have proven very fre resistant, provided they are irrigated properly, are widely spaced, and have high moisture content. 3.3.3Frostprotection Sprinkling is used a lot or rost protection o crops. By adding water to the surace o the crops, and by making sure there is always some water on the crop surace, whether any ice or not, the temperature can never get below zero, and the crops are perectly protected rom reezing. A rule o thumb suggests a 1 mm water application rate per hour or every one degree celcius below zero to provide protection. I the 1 mm o water is converted to l/m 2 it looks like: Qp=1l/m 2 /h/degr /h/degr.C. .C. where Qp is the minimum ow rate to pr otect the crops against reezing.

38

CROPS AND WATER

CROPS AND WATER

39

4. Irrigation water quality Water or irrigation Water ir rigation usually comes rom the ollowing sources:

· Rain water · Surace water · Ground water In each case, the water has absorbed a range o metals, minerals, salts, pathogens, and biocides along the way. Removing them beore applying the water is thereore very important. Several methods can be employed to do so.

40

IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY

4.1 Bag fltering This mechanical and biological fltering system removes dissolved minerals, salts, pathogens, and biocides present in the water. The permeability o the bag you choose needs to be directly related to the matter you need to remove. The The micron rating given given to each bag is based upon the size o the square mesh openings ormed in the weaving process. The smaller the rating, the smaller the particles need to be in order to pass through t hrough the flter. This thereore provides fner fltering. Primary bag fltration removes coarse dirt, sedimentation, oils, etc. Very small micron-rated bag flters can remove dissolved matter, in a process similar to reverse osmosis. I the water is acidic, alkaline, gassy, or aggressive, it must be treated through traditional fltering and chemically stabilised. Open tank systems with efcient aeration are recommended or this process.

Bag ltering consists o mechanical and biological water quality improvement

4.2Carbonising In some very humus soils, carbonising o the drip waters improves plant growth by 10 - 20%. C02 and/or CO3 is added primarily rom compressed gas cylinders.

4.3Directertilisation Some o the nutrients required or plant growth can be mixed directly into the irrigation water. This ertilisation through irrigation reduces labour costs and makes the washing o o ertiliser during heavy rains a minor issue.


41

4.4 Ion exchange A high salt content can pose a problem to plant growth and health. Installing an ion exchange system or salt removal is one way t o solve this problem. Chemicals such as urea (46% nitrogen) and micro minerals including Ca++ and Mg++ can be dosed to the irrigation water, resulting in the plants being less aected by a high salt content. Ion exchange can also be used to soten water. The most eective way to t reat hard water or domestic use is to install an ion exchange resin sotener. This sotening equipment works best when the pH is between 7.0 and 8.0 and water temperature is less than 32°C. When hard water is passed through the sotener, the calcium and magnesium are replaced by sodium rom the exchange resin.

42


4.5 pH adjustment The pH-value o your irrigation water directly aects the availability o most elements, especially micronutrients. · Too low a pH can result in increased micronutrient micronutrient availability availability that can lead lead to phytotoxic responses in some plant species · Too high a pH will lock out some elements elements that become unavailable to the plants Problemsassociatedwith“outorange”pH: Low pH causes: · Toxicity in iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) · Defciency in calcium calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) High pH causes: · Defciency in iron (Fe), manganese manganese (Mn), (Mn), zinc (Zn), (Zn), copper (Cu), (Cu), boron (B) For example, i the pH is too high, iron may become unavailable. Even though your nutrient solution may have an ideal iron content, your plants may not be able to absorb it, resulting in iron defciency. The plant’s leaves will yellow and weaken.

Grundos metering/dosing pumps are perect or the precise addition o exactly the media you need

Dierentcropspreerspecichardnessranges(seeexamples) Crop

Preerred pH

Potatoes

5.25 - 6.0

Watermelon

6.0 - 6.75

Alala

6.75 - 7.5

I your water source does not correspond to the preerred pH value, it can be adjusted by adding a pH-adjustment agent directly into your irrigation ow. The ollowing media can be employed: To raisepH raisepH:: Lime milk, caustic soda To lowerpH lowerpH:: Nitric acid IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY

43

5. Drainage For crops, water uptake, and evapotranspiration is essential or achieving high yields o the best possible quality. What’s more, the plants utilise evapotranspiration, sunlight, and CO2 uptake to produce structural matter rom the nutrients in the soil or irrigation water. Additionally, the surace o the plants is kept at the optimal temperature or growth. Evapotranspiration, photosynthesis, and temperature regulation are hampered i metals, salts, or minerals accumulate in the soil texture around the rotting zone. For most agricultural crops, the maximum permissible content o salt is approx. 0.1%.

44

DRAINAGE

Additionofsaltcontent Irrigation with 100 mm o water with a salt content o 0.1% means a salt increase o 1,000 kg/ha. Unless this additional salt content is leached through natural precipitation during non-irrigation periods, soil productivity will be drastically reduced.

I this natural leaching does not take place during non-irrigation periods, the maximum advisable salt content is 0.05%, dependent on: · The soil type · The crop to be grown · The irrigation method Some crops such as cotton, can tolerate a salt content o up to 0.3%, 3000 T.D.S. Saturation Nutrient content can all greatly i the soil texture remains saturated or long periods o time. Covering the soil is one way to avoid saturation, yet side eects such as rotting and soil texture digestive processes occur. These side eects arise when the soil is deprived o air.

Efcient drainage is thereore essential to ensure the maximum eects o irrigation.

Drainageleveldependingontypeosoil Type o soil

Solution

D e pt h

Location

Sandy

Ditches

Approx. 120 cm

Surrounding irrigated felds

Silty/clayish

Below-ground piping

Approx. 120-150 cm

Below ground, in irrigated felds

DRAINAGE

45

6. Pump catalogue This chapter contains some basic inormation on the most commonly used Grundos pumps or irrigation. Please note that these pumps represent only a small raction o Grundos’ extensive product portolio. We nonetheless recommend that you always consult the Grundos WinCAPS or WebCAPS or pump sizing, or your local Grundos representative or detailed product and application inormation beore making your fnal selection. Pump selection is thankully not as complicated as rocket science. However, there are certain actors to be aware o beore the right pump can be chosen. Some o the parameters listed on the ollowing pages should be considered beore selecting your pump.

46

PUMP CATALOGUE

6.1 Factors to consider 1) Prope Properirrig rirrigation ationdesign designlay layout out The irrigation system must: · Meet the crops’ need or water · Optimise irrigation efciency Divide the irrigated area into zones with varied irrigation needs to solve this situation. You can choose dierent types o crops , or perhaps vary the exposure to sun and wind, i possible. You can select shady or sloped areas or certain crops.

2) Irriga Irrigation tionequipme equipment nt Dierent irrigation equipment requires dierent amounts o water and pressure. Thereore the equipment must be selected beore selecting the pump. The controller must not be overlooked. It controls pump perormance, even turning it on and o during predefned periods. You will conserve water by not irrigating in direct sunlight, or when winds are heavy. A Grundos controller can be programmed to optimise operation with due respect to both the crops and water conservation.

Choosing the right pump is crucial to the success o your irrigation i rrigation system. No matter what your irrigation needs, Grundos has it covered

Turning the pump o or a time will allow the soil to absorb the irrigated water. Engaging it later on will improve absorption and reduce wasted water.

3) Source Sourceow owater ater The location o your irrigation water makes a dierence to the pump you should select. Grundos deep well submersible pumps are specially designed to lit water rom several hundred metres underground. underground. You can use a variety o pumps when drawing surace water.

PUMP CATALOGUE

47

4) Powe Powercon rconsumpti sumption on Pumps and motors have dierent efciencies, and the overall efciency should always be calculated beore the fnal selection is made. Your electricity bill will depend on how many kW the motor absorbs. Simply compare the ow and head produced by the pump with the kW consumption o the motor. It may be calculated as ollows:  Qx QxH H Eciency%= x100 365 x P1 Q = fow wiin m3 /h H=he H= head ad(pr (pressu essure rero romp mpump umpin inme metre tres) s) P1=t P1 =the hekW kWreq requir uired edby bythe themo motor tor.N .Note oteth that atthi thism smust ustnot notbe beco conu nused sedwit with h thekW the kWou outpu tputst tstamp amped edon onthe themo motor torna namep meplat late. e. Most pump manuacturers are able to provide all relevant data, so a true calculation o the efciency can be made. 5) Fl Flow ow Two basic elements are crucial: · The availability o water · The crop’s need or water

When using ground water, we oten recommend using more than one well in order to minimise the drawdown. We also recommend employing several small pumps rather than one large pump. Benefts include: · Easy to cut in / cut out pumps pumps according to ow demand · Minimisation o leakage caused by excessive system pressure · Energy consumption is reduced, reduced, as liting height is limited limited · Negative inuences on the aquier are avoided

48

PUMP CATALOGUE

6) Pre Pressur ssuree System pressure should be kept as low as possible. Reasons include: · Reduce leakages · Conserve water · Reduce energy consumption However, a specifc minimum pressure or proper unctioning is usually necessary. Without this, the correct perormance o the irrigation equipment can not be guarrenteed. 7) Additi Additional onalconsid considerat erations ions Submersible pumps oer two main advantages when drawing water rom a reservoir or lake: · Improved thet protection, when the pumps are submerged · Noise is reduced to only the noise rom the pipes and the valves Please note that in a horizontal installation in a reservoir or lake, a ow sleeve to ensure proper cooling o t he motor is required. 8) Variablepumpperormance Speed regulation is the most efcient way to adapt pump perormance to output demand. Additional pumps can start and stop accordingly. Grundos has a range o pumps with variable speed controls, and can deliver packaged booster pumps with simple controls. Some irrigation equipment manuacturers also design controls, which are optimised or separate pump p ump and irrigation equipment perormance. 9)Pumpprotection Grundos has a wide range o prot ection devices, warding o the most common disturbances, like overload, over or undervoltage, phase unbalance, dry run, and insufcient cooling.

PUMP CATALOGUE

49

GrundosSP/SPA/SP-G - 4”, 6”, 8”, 10”, 12” submersible pumps Highpumpeciency The Grundos range o all submersible pumps is ideal or irrigation in horticulture and agriculture. The SP range is characterised by permanent energy-efcient operation and low installation and service costs.

Example: Price per kWh: € 0.10 Pumped water: 200 m3/h with a head o 100 m Period: 10 years Choosing a pump with a 10% higher efciency can save you € 60,000.

The SP range is made exclusively o corrosion resistant stainless steel components, thus oering high resistance to abrasives and corrosive agents rom wells, boreholes, reservoirs, lakes, and rivers

50

PUMP CATALOGUE

Features · High efciency · Long service lie as all all components are stainless steel · Motor protection and controls

Perormance curves H [m ]

50 Hz

For bore hole diameter 10"

8"

600 SP 55-G

400

12" SP 9090-G G SP 270-G

SP 300-G

200

100 G 0 6 3

80

P S

60 SP A

SP 17 SP 30 SP 46 SP 60 SP 77 SP 95 SP 125 SP 160 SP 215

40

20

10 0

6

8

10

20

40

60

8 0 10 0

2 00

4 00

60 0

Q [ m³ /h]

Technicaldata Flow, Q: Head, H: Liquid temp.: Installation depth:

max. 470 m3/h max. 670 m 0°C to +60°C max. 600 m

Due to the high wear-resistance o the stainless steel, the pump is virtually maintenancemaintenance-ree ree

PUMP CATALOGUE

51

GrundosSQ/SQ-N/SQE/SQE-N - 3” submersible pumps Simpleinstallationandoperation The Grundos SQ pump is the standard model o the 3” submersible pump series. The SQ is ideal or smaller irrigation systems, where easy installation and operation are essential. SQEpackagedeal The SQE constant-pressure package is a complete solution that doesn’t require extra control units or additional connections. Everything you need or the pump installation is included in the package – control unit, pressure tank, pressure sensor, cable, pressure gauge, valve, and the submersible pump.

Simple installation, easy operation and no maintenance have made the Grundos SQ pump a popular popular choice or smaller smaller irrigation systems

52

PUMP CATALOGUE

Features · Constant pressure · Integrated dry-running protection · Sot start · Over- and undervoltage protection · High efciency

Perormance curves H [m]

SQ

200

SQ - N

150

ISO 9906 Annex A

SQE SQE - N

100

80

60

SQ 1

SQ 2

SQ 3

SQ 5

40

30

20

SQ 7 15

10 0


1

2

3

4

max. 9 m3/h max. 210 m 0°C to +40°C max. 150 m

5

6

7

8

Q [m³/h]

The SQ range o submersible pumps comes comes in a variety o sizes and additional options

PUMP CATALOGUE

53

GrundosCR/CRI/CRN - Multistage centriugal pumps Addingconstantpressuretoyoursystem Keeping a constant sufcient pressure in your irrigation system can be vital to secure uniorm irrigation. I your submersible pump is unable to s upply a constant pressure, caused by pressure loss in the pipe work, height dierences or due to long or bended piping, the Grundos CR will secure exactly the  ow and pressure that you require. The Grundos CR range is extremely reliable and energy-efcient. And despite the long lie o the pump, it is virtually maintenance-ree.

CR pumps are available in a wide range o material versions according to the quality o the water

54

PUMP CATALOGUE

Features · Reliability · High efciency · Service-riendly · Space-saving · Suitable or slightly aggressive liquids


50 Hz

400 300 CR 32 CRN 32

200

100 80 60

CR 1s

CR 3

CR 10

CR 20

CR 64

CRI 1s

CRI 3

CRI 10

CRI 20

CRN 64

CRN 1s

CRN 3

CRN 10

CRN 20

40 30

CR 1

CR 5

CR 15

CR 45

CR 90

CRI 1

CRI 5

CRI 15

CRN 45

CRN 90

CRN 1

CRN 5

CRN 15

20 0.8

1

2

Technicaldata Flow, Q: max. 120 m3/h Head, H: max. 480 m Liquid temp.: –40°C to +180°C Operat. pres.: max. 50 bar

3

4

5

6

8

10

20

30

40

50 60

80 100 100

Q [m³/h]

The CR range comes in several variants and pump sizes

PUMP CATALOGUE

55

GrundosHS - Horizontal Split Case pumps Grundos Horizontal Split Case pumps large volumes o water and is ideal or large scale boosting or transer o water rom i.e. a river to a reservoir. Flow range rom a ew m 3/h through more than 10.000 m 3/h. Split case pumps have easy, ast and quick access or maintenance and servicing without disturbing the pipework.

Featuring a robust housing design or excellent long-term perormance,, the Split Case perormance pumps cover a wide range o pump sizes providing providing reliable, economical solutions or todays irrigation applications

56

PUMP CATALOGUE

Features · Reliability · Efciency · Service riendly · Easy maintenance without disturbing pipework


Hydro MPC

400

50 Hz ISO 9906Annex A 300

200

100 90

6x CRI 5

6x CRI 3

80 70

6x CR 45

6x CRI 20 6x CRI 10

6x CR 32

6x CRI 15

60

6x CR 64

50

6x CR 90

40

30

20 1

2

4

6

8 10

20

40

60 80 100 60

200

400

600

1000 10

Q [m³/h]

Technicaldata Flow, Q max. 4000 m3/h Head, H max. 220 m Liquid temp.: 0-90°C Operat. pres.: max. 25 bar

PUMP CATALOGUE

57

GrundosHydro2000 - Booster system Variablefowrequirementwithconstantpressure. Maintaining the correct pressure is vital or any irrigation installation. It is important in order to irrigate the correct amount o water or the specifc crops or grass. And it is important in order to conserve water. Hydro MPC can be extended with a number o sensors so it will maintain the optimal amount o irrigated water depending on weather conditions and climate. All this is done with the highest efciency and a minimum o energy consumption.

Featuring a compact design with pumps and controls mounted on one platorm ready or pumping, when suction/pressure pipes and power have been installed

58

PUMP CATALOGUE

Features · Constant pressure · Simple installation · Low-energy · Wide range

Perormance curves H [m ]

HS

4-pole, 50 Hz

200

250-200-580-2

150

200-150-480-2

350-300-770 300-250-680

200-150-460-2

120

450-350-660

150-125- 420-2

100

350-300-590 250-200-580

80

125- 100-360-2 200-150-480

60

450-350-540 250-200-480

300-250-510

50 1 5 0 - 1 1 2 5 - 3 3 8 0

40 80-50-380 100-80-380

30

200-150-380

1 2 5 - 1 0 0 - 3 3 8 0

100-80-300 125- 100-300

20 15

300-250-380

1 5 0 - 1 1 2 5 - 2 9 0

80-65-240 100-80-240

150-100-240

10

150-125-

2 5 0 - 2 0 0 - 3 8 0

3 0 0 - 2 2 5 0 - 4 2 0

450-350-440

2 250-200-300 0 0 - 1 5 0 - 3 0 0 300

350-350-390

250-250-300

1 5 200-150-240 0 - 1 2 5 - 2 4 0

350-300-480

350-300-340

250-250-240

8 6 20

30

40

50

60 60

80

100 10

150

20 0

300

4 0 0 50 0 6 0 0

8 00 1 0 00

1500

2 0 00 20

3000 4000 Q [ m³ /h]

Technicaldata Flow, Q: max. 720 m3/h Head, H: max. 220 m Liquid temp.: 5°C to +70°C Operat. pres.: max. 16 bar

PUMP CATALOGUE

59

GrundosNB/NK - End-suction centriugal pumps Constantpressureorlarge-scalesystems The Grundos end-suction pumps are especially suitable or water distribution in large-scale large-scale irrigation systems. The heavy-duty allrounders oer extreme volume and reliable operation under tough working conditions. Furthermore, the horizontal construction o the pump allows easy dismantling o the pump and the “back pull-out” design guarantees easy and uncomplicated service.

The robust design o the Grundos NK range secures reliable operation and long lie

60

PUMP CATALOGUE

Features · Standard dimensions according to EN or ISO standards · Wide range · Robust design · Heavy-duty · Flexible motor range


NK

90 80 70

N K 2 5 0 - 5 0 0

-1

1450 min

NK 200-500

60 50 NK 80-400 NK 100-400

40 30 NK 80-315

NK 65-315

N K 1 0 0 - 3 1 5

N K 1 2 5 - 4 0 0

N K 1 5 0 - 4 0 0

NK 150-320

NK 40-250 NK 50-250

NK 65-250

NK 80-250

15 NK 32-200

NK 32-200.1

10 9 8 7

NK 40-200

NK 50-200

0 0 2 5 6 K N

N K 1 0 0 - 2 5 0

NK 125-250

NK 250-400

N K 2 5 0 - 3 3 3 0

N K 1 2 5 - 3 1 5

20

N K 2 0 0 - 4 0 0

N K 1 5 0 - 3 1 5

NK 250-310

NK 300-360

NK 80-200 NK 100-200

NK 150-200

NK 32-160.1 NK 32-160

NK 40-160

NK 50-160

NK 65-160

NK 80-160

6 5 NK 32-125.1 NK 32-125

4

NK 40-125

NK 50-125

NK 65-125

3

2 2

3

4

6

8

10 10

15

20

30

40

60

80 100

150

200

300

400

600

800 1000

1500 2000

Q [m³/h]

Technicaldata Flow, Q: max. 2000 2000 m3/h Head, H: max. 150 m Liquid temp.: –25°C to +140°C Operat. pres.: max. 16 bar

The wide range o motor sizes allows you to t the Grundos NK/NB to your specic requirements

PUMP CATALOGUE

61

GrundosBM/BMB - 4”, 6”, and 8” Booster Modules Exceptionalboostingineveryrespect Because every component o the Grundos BM is built into a high-quality stainless steel sleeve, it is completely covered rom possible damaging elements. Consequently, the booster module can be buried in the ground or installed out in the open, depending on your specifc requirements. Sheltered rom any outside inuence, the Grundos BM range is never exposed to wear and is thereore completely maintenance-ree. This entails reliable and energyefcient operation, extremely long lie, and no leakage thanks to the absence o a shat seal.

Make an underground installation or leave it out in the open. Once it is installed you need not worry about the Grundos BM or many, many years

62

PUMP CATALOGUE

Features · Integrated dry-running protection · Sot start · Over and undervoltage protection · High efciency


50 Hz

400

200

100

A 3 M B

40

A 5 M B

A 8 M B

7 1 M B

0 3 M B

6 4 M B

0 6 M B

7 7 M B

5 9 M B

5 2 1 M B

0 6 1 M B

5 1 2 M B

BM 8"

20

BM 6" BM 4"

10 01.8


1

max. 300 m /h max. 80 bar 0°C to +60°C max. 150 m 3

2

3

4

6

8

10

20

30

40

60

80 100

200 300 Q [m³/h]

The Grundos BM comes in a wide range o models to meet your every requirement requirement

PUMP CATALOGUE

63

GrundosDME/DMS - Compact diaphragm dosing pumps Preciseertigation The application o nutrients through irrigation systems is called “ertigation,” a contraction o ertilisation and irrigation. The most common nutrient applied by ertigation is nitrogen. Elements applied less oten include phosphorus, potassium, sulur, zinc, and iron. Grundos diaphragm dosing range is ideal or ertigation because it is resistant to highly corrosive chemicals, and at the same time able to inject extremely precise amounts o ertiliser. Furthermore, a Grundos dosing dosing solution secures optimal mixing o ertilizer in the water line and is not aected by changes in water pressure, which, combined with precision, secures precise and uniorm irrigation.

The Grundos dosing range consists o two motor variants. The DME series comes with a variable-speed motor. The DMS variants use synchronous motors that run at constant speed, stopping only between cycles

64

PUMP CATALOGUE

Features · Precise capacity setting in ml or l · Full diaphragm control · Stroke speed or requency capacity control · Proportional dosing · Operation panel with display and one-touch buttons · Front or side-ftted operation panel · Manual, pulse, and analog control · Pulse/timer-based batch control

Perormance curves p [bar]

p [bar]

DMS

11

DME

18

10 16 DME 2-18

9 14

8 12

7

10

6 5

8

DMS 2-11

DME 8-10

DME 60-10

4 6

DMS 4-7

DME 12 -6 -6

3 DMS 8-5

DME 1 99- 6

4

2

DME 150-4

DMS 12-3

2

1

DME 48-3 0

0 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

Q [l/h]

Technicaldata Capacity, Q: Pressure, p: Liquid temp.:

1

2.5

7.5

12

18.5

48 60

150

Q [l/h]

max. 150 l/h max. 18 bar max. +50°C

PUMP CATALOGUE

65

7. About Grundos With manuacturing acilities around the globe and an annual production o more than 10 million pumps, Grundos is one o the world’s largest pump manuacturers. Expertassistance We can assist you through every stage o the irrigation process: rom the initial planning stages through implementation and installation to service and maintenance. We are specialists; it is our business to know all there is to know about pumping. But our specialised knowledge also gives us breadth o vision – knowing what can be done enables us to see potential solutions. All solutions are as energy-efcient energy-efcient and mechanically reliable as possible, and oten customised to match your specifc demands.

66

ABOUT GRUNDFOS

Full-linesupplier In addition to our wide range r ange o quality pumps or irrigation, we oer solutions within fre protection, heating, air conditioning, water supply, sanitary processes, wastewater, dosing, and industrial applications.

Globalpresence Grundos has a highly efcient worldwide organisation o sales, support, and service proessionals. With more than 13,000 employees in 67 Grundos companies in over 40 countries, we are never ar away. Wherever you are based, you can always get in touch with us or advice and assistance, and spare parts are readily available. The Grundos Group invests heavily in R&D to be able to constantly introduce groundbreaking products with increased capabilities and high quality perormance. Quality is a key component in all Grundos products, which implies a constant ocus on construction, design, and choice o materials and processes. Grundos companies are registered according to the environmental standard o ISO 14001 and the European EMAS.

A small selection o pumps pumps or a wide range o applications

Formoreinormationaboutourwiderangeopumpsolutions,pleasevisit: www.grundos.com

ABOUT GRUNDFOS

67

Being responsible is our foundation Thinking ahead makes it possible Innovation is the essence

7 0 4 0 2 4 4 2 9 5 6 9

www.grundfos.com

Irrigation Handbook

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