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 @MU^JEWLL@ Ü M  Ia gspijual`üm eg wm al`b`gmuj eg pgu~üigj jlw~~g ná|`labgmug gm u~g| guapa|- Gm ia| ej| p~`bg~a| guapa| |g ijf~a ~glwpg~a~ wm p~jbge`j ap~js`baej eg >7' a
 ^GLW_G^AL@ Ü M U À  À ^B@LA   ^glwpg~al`üm Uà~b`la Ujej p~jlg|j ejmeg |g `mglua w j~`f`ma gmg~fâa uà~b`la gm gi al`b`gmuj ljm gi h`m eg awbgmua~ ia ~glwpg~al` ~glwpg~al`üm üm eg pgu~üigj- \jm g|pgl`aibg g|pgl`aibgmug mug aeglwaej| pa~aa pgu~ü pa~ pgu~üigj igj x`|l x`|lj|j j|j|| #7» “ >? >?»» A_ A_@) @) awm awmqwg qwg |jm |jm w|ae w|aej| j| pa~a pa~a pgu~ pgu~üig üigjj eg ca|u ca|uaa 57» A_@- Gm g|ug f~wpj f~wpj |g ljm|`eg~am; ljm|`eg~am; ia `mgll`üm eg eg afwa lai`gmug lai`gmug fa| qwâb`lj| ljbnw|u`üm `m"|`uw gulJnkgu`xj| eg ia x`|lj|`eae egi pgu~üigj #bgkj~a~ |w bjx`i`eae)  ^gewll`üm eg  ^gewll`üm eg ia |auw~al`üm ~g|`ewai eg pgu~üigj a ljm|glwgml`a eg ia gspam|`üm uà~b`la gh`l`gml`aa a~gai pj~ ghgluj eg eg ia bgkj~a gm ia ~a{üm eg eg  Awbgmuj eg ia gh`l`gml` bjx`i`eae  Eg|u`ial`üm ljm xapj~ l~aqwgj uà~b`lj gul-

 AMUGLGEGMUG\  ^GLW_G^AL@ Ü M U À  À ^B@LA   1387; _~`bg~a paugmug paugmug pa~a eg|a~~jiia~ eg|a~~jiia~ laigmuaej~g| laigmuaej~g| eg hjmej hjmej #_augmug #_augmug a _g~~" Va~mg~)1016; _j|`nigbgmug p~`bg~j| `mugmuj| eg ljbnw|u`üm gm |`u`j #`mgll`üm eg a`~g)10>?; Vji Vjiljuu ljuu  Cjva~e Cjva~e ljm| ljm|`eg~a `eg~a~jm ~jm aifwm aifwmj| j| gigbgm gigbgmuj| uj| liaxg| liaxg| eg ij| p~jlg|j| eg ljbnw|u`üm gm |`u`j 10>3; _~`bg~ ~gf`|u~j eg wm p~jlg|j eg @mgll`üm eg Fa| Lai`gmug gm wm al`b`gmuj pgu~jiâhg~j- #I`me|i) 10<1"10<>; @mgll`üm Ljmu`mwa eg Xapj~105>; G-V- Ca~ubam p~jbwgxg gm G-G-W-W- ia| p~`bg~a| api`lal`jmg| eg labpj ejlwbgmuaea| egi p~jlg|j eg ljbnw|u`üm 1070;; @mgll`üm Aiug~maea eg Xapj~ #\lcjjmgnggd Cjiamea  Uâa Kwama 1070 Xgmg{wgia-) 1-070; Ia Ljbpañâa \cgii eg Xgmg{wgia |w|pgmeg wm p~jgluj eg @mgll`üm Ljmu`mwa eg eg Xapj~ gm Bgmg F~ameg pj~ `~~wpl`jmg| `~~wpl`jmg| eg xapj~ xapj~ afwa afwa  pgu~üigj gm |wpg~h`l`g-

»  A_@ P X@\LJ\@EAE

H`fw~a 1- F~axgeae A_@ X|- X`|lj|`eae #Hwgmug; JFK GJ^ \w~xg- An~`i >??5)

HAKA _GU^JI  HG^A EGI J^@MJLJ #H_J)

GSUGM\@JM MWBG^J EG _J[J\ _JG\ + UJUAI #g|u`baej) ^AMFJ EG _^JHWME@EAE ^AMFJ EG G\_G\J^G\ ^AMF ^A MFJ J ¿A_@ ^AMFJ EG X@\LJ\@EAEG\ _G^BGA _G^ BGA N@I@EAE AN\JIWUA

77-<15 Db> bá| eg 17?? 1<8? BBBNI\ >-???‐ >-? ??‐ “ 5-7 5-7?? ??‐‐ >?‐‐ " 5? >? 5??‐ ?‐ 3 " 1> 1-7??"" >7-??? l_ 1-7?? 1??"17-??? 1??"17 -??? b E

\AUW^AL@JM \AUW^AL @JM @M@L@AI E G AFWA

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\AUW^AL@JM \AUW^AL @JM @M@L@AI EG _GU^JIGJ

35"65'

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13"<8' 1)?8? NP*NM

WN@LAL@ÜM H`fw~a >- E`|u~`nwl`üm eg ia| baj~g| ~g|g~xa| eg L~wej _g|aej  Gsu~apg|aej gm Xgmg{wgia #Hwgmug; B__G_ #Xgmg{wgia) * _EX\A #>??0)

_^JLG\J\ EG _^JEWLL@ Ü M  _~jlg|j| eg _~jewll`üm

Mj Uà~b`lj|

@mxa|`jmg| Qwâb`la|

@mxa|`jmg| ljm _jiâbg~j|

Uà~b`lj|

Eg|pia{ab`gmuj| B`|l`nig|

Gbpwkg ljm Fa|

@mxa|`jmg| ljm \w~haluamug|

@mgll`üm eg Xapj~

@mxa|`jmg| Ailai`ma|

@mgll`üm eg Afwa Lai`gmug

@mxa|`jmg| B`lgia~

Ljbnw|u`üm Gm \`u`j

@mxa|`jmg| Áilai`"\w~haluamug" _jiâbg~j

#Hwgmug; Hg~~g~ B- >??1)

_^JLG\J\ EG ^GLW_G^AL@ Ü M U À  À ^B@LA  

LIA\@H@LAL@ÜM EG IJ\ _^JLG\J\ EG ^GLW_G^AL@ÜM UÀ^B@LA

J^@FGM EG HWGMUG FGMG^AEJ^A EG LAIJ^

Gsug~mj|

@mug~mj|

HWML@ÜM

Eg|pia{ab`gmuj| Uà~b`lj|

IWFA^ EG A_I@LAL@ÜM

U~auab`gmuj| eg G|u`bwial`üm

_^JLG\J\ EG ^GLW_G^AL@ Ü M U À  À ^B@LA   Lia|`h`lal`üm eg ij| Bàujej| eg ^glwpg~al`üm Uà~b`la # Iwfa~ eg Api`lal`üm) 

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A_I@LANIG\ A IA HJ^BAL@ÜM 1- Hwgmug Gsug~ma eg Laij~ a- @m @mgll ll``üm eg eg Af Afwa Lai`gmug n- @m @mgl gll` l`üm üm Lj Ljmu mu``mw mwaa eg eg Xap Xapj~ j~ l- @m @mgl gll` l`üm üm Aiu iug~ g~ma maea ea eg Xap apj~ j~ e- Gspij| j|``jmg| Mwl wliiga ga~~g| g- @m @mgll ll``üm eg Gi Giglu lu~~`l`eae >- Hwgmug @mug~ma eg Laij~ a- Lj Ljb bnw nw|u |u``üm gm gi gi Pal al`b `b`g `gmu mujj n- Laij~ Fg Fgjuà~b`lj A_I@LANIG\ GM IA XGL@MEAE EGI CJPJ EGI _J[J 1- Hwgmug Gsug~ma eg Laij~ a- @m @mg gll ll`ü `ümm eg Af Afwa wa La Lai` i`gm gmug ug j Xa Xapj pj~~ n- @m @mgl gll` l`üm üm eg Al Alg` g`ug ug La Lai` i`gm gmug ug l- @m @mgl gll` l`üm üm eg Fa Fa|g |g|| Lai Lai`g `gmu mug| g| e- La Laig igmu muae aejj~ gm gm gi gi hjm hjmej ej eg egii pj{ pj{jj >- Hwgmug @mug~ma eg Laij~ 1-

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Ljb Lj bnw nw|u |u`ü `ümm e` e`~~gl glua ua i` i`b` b`ua uaea ea

A_I@LANIG\ GM GI CJPJ EGI _J[J 1- Xa Xapj pj~~ pa~ pa~aa ~gb ~gbjx jxg~ g~ eg egpü pü|` |`uj uj|| eg eg pa~ pa~ah ah`m `ma| a|

 @MPGLL@ Ü M EG AFWA LAI@GMUG  Egh`m`l`üm G| wm p~jlg|j p~jlg|j eg eg|pia{ab`gmuj `mb`|l`nig gi lwai lwai `mxjiwl~a gi hiwkj eg ej| ha|g| #afwa  pgu~üigj)- Ljm|`|ug gm `mglua~ afwa lai`gmug a u~axà| eg wm l`g~uj mûbg~j eg pj{j|  p~jewl`~ pgu~üigj pj~ ju~j|- Ij| pj{j| eg `mgll`üm  p~jewll`üm |g pg~hj~am gm a~~gfij|-

GMU^AEA EG AFWA

\AI@EA EG AFWA P _GU^ÜIGJ F^AMJ\ EG

AFWA LJMMAUA

A^GMA

H`fw~a 5- Ljbpa~al`üm lwai`uau`xa gmu~g ia e`|u~`nwl`üm eg ugbpg~auw~a xg~eaeg~a gm gi al`b`gmuj #Hwgmug; Bamwll` >?1?) H`f- <-" G|qwgba egi eg|pia{ab`gmuj eg pgu~üigj pj~ afwa gm wm lamai eg hiwkj #\gfûm Lia~d)

 @MPGLL@ Ü M EG AFWA LAI@GMUG   Bglam`|bj| eg u~am|hg~gml`a eg Laij~  Ljmewll`üm G| ia u~am|hg~gml`a eg laij~ eg wma pa~ug eg wm lwg~pj a aiua ugbpg~auw~a a ju~a pa~ug egi b`|bj a bgmj~ ugbpg~auw~a j eg wm lwg~pj a aiua ugbpg~auw~a a ju~j lwg~pj a bgmj~ ugbpg~auw~a gm ljmualuj hâ|`lj ljm ài

Ljmxgll`üm G| ia u~am|hg~gml`a eg laij~ eg|eg wma |wpg~h`l`g cal`a wm hiw`ej gm bjx`b`gmuj #j egi hiw`ej gm bjx`b`gmuj cal`a ia |wpg~h`l`g) gm ljmualuj ljm giia j eg wma pa~ug eg wm hiw`ej gm bjx`b`gmuj a baj~ ugbpg~auw~a cal`a ju~a pa~ug egi b`|bj hiw`ej a bgmj~ ugbpg~auw~a

^ae`al`üm G| gi p~jlg|j pj~ gi lwai gi laij~ g| u~am|hg~`ej pj~ jmea| giglu~jbafmàu`la| pj~ gi g|pal`j- Ia| |w|uaml`a| qwg `mug~labn`am laij~ mj u`gmgm qwg g|ua~ gm ljmualuj pwgegm g|ua~ |gpa~aea| pj~ wm xalâj

LAEA BGLAM@\BJ\ U@GMG \W\ IGPG\ A \ANG^; Ig eg Hjw~`g~ #Ljmewll`üm) Ig eg Mgvujm#Ljmxgll`üm) Ig eg \ugpca \ugpcamm Njiu Njiu{ba {bamm

 @MPGLL@ Ü M EG AFWA LAI@GMUG   Bglam`|bj| eg u~am|hg~gml`a eg Laij~  A bge`ea qwg gi hiw`ej `mgluaej eg|pia{a pa~l`aibgmug ai pgu~üigj ai afwa  ai fa| u~am|pj~ua gi laij~ a ij| g|pal`j| pj~j|j|- A|â ij| hiw`ej| gm ia hj~bal`üm |jm   laigmuaej| pj~ ljmewll`üm    ljmxgll`üm) ia ~jla bau~`{ g|   laigmuaea pj~ ljmewll`üm)  ij|   hiw`ej| eg|pia{aej| |jm   laigmuaej| pj~ ljmewll`üm   ljmxgll`üm ljm ia p~gejb`maml`a

eg aifwmj eg ij| ej| egpgme`gmej egi u`pj eg hiw`ej `mgluaej  eg ia x`|lj|`eae egi pgu~üigj-

H`fw~a 7-" _à~e`ea _à~e`ea|| eg laij~ ew~amug ew~amug ia `mgll`üm `mgll`üm eg hiw`ej| lai`gmug|

Ia u~am|hg~gml`a eg laij~ cal`a ia| hj~bal`jmg| aealgmug| g| pj~ ljmewll`üm a qwg mj ca hiwkj eg hiw`ej|-

 @MPGLL@ Ü M EG AFWA LAI@GMUG  Ljm|`eg~al`jmg| Fgmg~aig| Gm ~glwpg~al`üm uà~b`la |g egng ugmg~ p~g|gmug wma |g~`g eg ljm|`eg~al`jmg| ~g|pgluj a ia| xa~`anig| ná|`la| egi al`b`gmuj a |ang~; 

_~jhwme`eae

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_gu~üigj @m \`uw

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_j~j|`eae

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\auw~al`üm eg Afwa

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Cgug~jfgmg`eae egi Pal`b`gmuj

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G|pg|j~ eg ia Hj~bal`üm

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Bjx`i`eae egi _gu~üigj

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F~axgeae egi L~wej

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X`|lj|`eae egi L~wej

 @MPGLL@ Ü M EG AFWA LAI@GMUG  Ljm|`eg~al`jmg| Fgmg~aig| #Ljmu) _~jhwme`eae; A baj~ p~jhwme`eae baj~ p~g|`üm eg `mgll`üm ~gqwg~`ea pj~ gmeg wm awbgmuj gm p~jhwme`eae |`fm`h`la qwg |g pwgeg api`la~ wma baj~ laâea eg p~g|`üm a ij| pj{j| p~jewluj~g| ij lwai ~g|wiua~á ~g|w iua~á gm ba baj~g| j~g| ua|a| eg p~je p~jewll`ü wll`ümm pa~ pa~aa wm l~we l~wejj eaej gm wma hj~bal`üm g|pglâh`la- Lwamej ij| al`b`gmuj| |jm pjlj p~jhwmej p~jhwmej||  ia p~g|`üm eg ij| b`|bj| g| naka ij| hiw`ej| `mgluaej| pwgegm hiw`~ cal`a ia |wpg~h`l`gg j a u~axà| |wpg~h`l` u~axà | eg lab`mj| lab` mj| eg hiwkj qwg mj ljmew{lam ljmew{la m cal`a ij| i j| pj{j| p~jewluj~g|- \` g|uj jlw~~g g| pjlj ij qwg |g pwgeg calg~ pa~a gx`ua~ij

Ia baj~âa eg ij| p~jgluj| uà~b`lj| gs`|ugmug| |g ~gai`{am gm al`b`gmuj| a p~jhwme`eaeg| bgmj~g| eg >7?? p`g| |`m gbna~fj gs`|ugm p~jgluj| gs`uj|j| a baj~g| p~jhwme`eaeg|p~jhwme`eaeg|-

 @MPGLL@ Ü M EG AFWA LAI@GMUG  Ljm|`eg~al`jmg| Fgmg~aig| #Ljmu) _gu~üigj ’@m \`uw‒; Wma eg ia| p~gfwmua| bá| h~glwgmug| g| lwámuj pgu~üigj egng gs`|u`~ gm |`u`j pa~a `m`l`a~ wm p~jgluj eg ~glwpg~al`üm uà~b`la- Mj gs`|ug wma ~g|pwg|ua |gml`iia a g|ua p~gfwm p~gfwmuaua

_j~j|`eae ; Aegbá| eg |w `mhiwgml`a gm ia lamu`eae eg pgu~üigj ’`m |`uw‒ ia pj~j|`eae u`gmg wm papgi `bpj~uamug gm ~glwpg~al`üm uà~b`la- A bge`ea qwg ia pj~j|`eae awbgmua baj~ g| gi xjiwbgm eg pgu~üigj qwg |g lai`gmua  bgmj~ gi xjiwbgm eg ~jla qwg |g lai`gmua- #H`mji 1063) 

H`fw~a| 8-" @mhiwgm @mhiwgml`a l`a eg ia pj~j|`eae pj~j|`eae gm ia ia `mgll`üm `mgll`üm eg hiw`ej| hiw`ej| lai`gm lai`gmug| ug|

 @MPGLL@ Ü M EG AFWA LAI@GMUG  \auw~al`üm eg Afwa; Gm al`b`gmuj| ejmeg |g caa ghgluwaej wma `mgll`üm eg afwa afwa gs`uj|a gs`uj|a |jm pjla| ia| ia| p~jnan`i`eaeg| p~jnan`i`eaeg| eg qwg wm p~jgluj p~jgluj uà~b`lj |ga |ga gs`uj|j4 |`m gbna~fj gs`|ugm bwlca| gslgpl`jmg| a g|ua ~gfia g|pgl`aibgmug |` gi p~gl`j egi l~wej g| aiuj- #H`mji 1063) 

\g p`gm|a qwg bwlcj| al`b`gmuj| afjuaej| pj~ gbpwkg mauw~ai c`e~áwi`lj pwgegm |g~ nwgmj| lame`eauj| pa~a ia ~glwpg~al` ~glwpg~al`üm üm uà~b`la lwamej ia x`|lj|` x`|lj|`eae eae g| uam aiua qwg ia ~glwpg~al`üm ~glwpg~al`üm p~`ba~`a p~`ba~`a g| naka- A|â pj~ gkgbpij gkgbpij |` gm wm al`b`gmuj al`b`gmuj eg pgu~üigj pg|aej qwg p~jewlg pj~ gbpwkg c`e~áwi`lj ia ~glwpg~al`üm g| |üij gi 6' egi pgu~üigj ’`m |`uw‒ à|ug |g pwgeg ljm|`eg~a~ ljbj wm lame`eauj pa~a ~glwpg~al`üm uà~b`la- #H`mji 1063) Naka| |auw~al`jmg| eg afwa |`fm`h`lam f~ameg| lamu`eaeg| eg pgu~üigj qwg qwgeam gm gi al`b`gmuj eg|pwà| eg ia| jpg~al`jmg| p~`ba~`a|-

 @MPGLL@ Ü M EG AFWA LAI@GMUG  Ljm|`eg~al`jmg| Fgmg~aig| #Ljmu) Cgug~jfgmg`eae egi Pal`b`gmuj; Ia g|u~au`h`lal`üm *j igmu`lwia~`eae |gxg~a gm wm al`b`gmuj calg e`hâl`i lj~~gial`jma~ p~jp`geaeg| eg pj{j a pj{j- G|uj pwgeg ~g|wiua~ gm láilwij| g~~ümgj| egi pgu~üigj ’`m |`uw‒ ai b`|bj u`gbpj qwg e`h`lwiua ia p~ge`ll`üm eg ia gh`l`gml`a a~gai  xg~u`lai#H`mji 1063) 

Gi hi hiwk wkjj eg wm wm hi hiw` w`ej ej g| g| g|gm gml` l`ai aib bgm gmug ug gm ia e` e`~g ~gll ll`ü `ümm eg ij ij|| pi piam amj| j| eg g|u~au g|u ~au`h` `h`lal lal`üm `üm ia ljmu`m ljmu`mw`e w`eae ae g| eg `mug~ `mug~à| à| p~` p~`bj bj~e` ~e`aiai- _j~ _j~ ju~a ju~a pa~ug pa~ug wm al`b`gmuj aiuabgmug haiiaej calg pjlj au~alu`xj lwaiqw`g~ p~jf~aba eg `mgll`üm-

H`fw~a H`fw ~a 6-" Cgug Cgug~jfg ~jfgmg`e mg`eae ae egi Pal`b Pal`b`gmu `gmujj

 @MPGLL@ Ü M EG AFWA LAI@GMUG  Ljm|`eg~al`jmg| Fgmg~aig| #Ljmu) G|pg|j~ eg A~gma; _a~a `mgll`üm eg xapj~ j eg afwa lai`gmug g| ljmxgm`gmug ugmg~ g|pg|j~g| bjeg~aeabgmug aiuj| a qwg eg g|ua bamg~a ia pà~e`ea eg laij~ cal`a ia| hj~bal`jmg| aealgmug| g| naka

_a~a a~gma eg pjlj g|pg|j~ ia| pà~e`ea| xg~u`laig| eg laij~ pwgegm ejb`ma~ ij| p~jlg|j| eg `mgll`üm eg xapj~  eg afwa lai`gmug- Wma a~gma ljm bgmj| eg 7? p`g| eg g|pg|j~ |g ljm|`eg~a eg pjlj g|pg|j~ pa~a `mgll`üm eg hiw`ej|- G|uj mj qw`g~g egl`~ qwg uaig| p~jlg|j| p~jlg|j| mj mj pwgeam api`la~|g gm a~gma| eg bgmj~ g|pg|j~ g|pg|j~ |`mj qwg egngm ljm|`eg~a~|g ju~j| pa~ábgu~j| qwg pwgeam |g~ `bpj~uamug| pa~a uai u`pj eg hj~bal`üm-

 @MPGLL@ Ü M EG AFWA LAI@GMUG  Ljm|`eg~al`jmg| Fgmg~aig| #Ljmu) Bjx`i`eae eg _gu~üigj; \g gmlwgmu~a aiuabgmug `mhiwgml`aea pj~ ia x`|lj|`eae egi hiw`ej hiw`ej  ia| pg~bgan pg~bgan`i`ea `i`eaeg| eg| ~giau`xa ~giau`xa|| eg ia ~jla al`b`gmuj al`b`gmuj a ij| hiw`ej| hiw`ej| eg|pia{am eg|p ia{amug| ug|  eg|pia{ae eg|pia{aej|j|

_a~a al`b`gmuj| eg l~wej| eg aiua bjx`i`eae pg~bgan`i`eae cjbjfàmga  ljm pjlj j |`m nw{ab`gmuj |jm p~ghg~`nig| pa~a jnugmg~ wm aiuj eg|pia{ab`gmuj  wm na~~`ej xjiwbàu~`lj- _j~ gi ljmu~a~`j pa~a al`b`gmuj| ljm l~wej| eg naka bjx`i`eae wm pg~h`i eg pg~bgan`i`eae cgug~jfàmgj j iâmga| eg aiua pg~bgan`i`eae g| p~ghg~gmugbgmug wm ~gi`gxg eg bjeg~aej a bw aiuj nw{ab`gmuj gm wma hj~bal`üm ljm naka p~jewlu`x`eae  aiua x`|lj|`eae eg l~wejBjx`i`eae egi Hiw`ej;

d j χ j

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Ha|geg|pia{amu g Ha|geg|pia{aea

_GU^ÜIGJ P AFWA _J[J _^JEWLUJ^

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^a{üm eg Bjx`i`eae; Ι 2

_GU^ÜIGJ P AFWA

_J[J _^JEWLUJ^

χ f AFWA _J[J @MPGLUJ^

AFWA B2 ?-17

_J[J @MPGLUJ^

B2 5-73

H`f 3- G|uan`i`eae egi h~gmug eg eg|pia{ab`gmuj #\gfûm Cang~bamm) Cang~bamm)

 @MPGLL@ Ü M EG AFWA LAI@GMUG   Bglam`|bj| eg ~glwpg~al`üm gm `mgll`üm eg afwa lai`gmug

\gfûmm V`iibam \gfû V`iibam  Lji #108 #1081)1)

Bgkj~ab`gmuj gm ia Bjx`i`eae egi pgu~üigj-



^gewll`üm egi pgu~üigj ~g|`ewai a aiua| ugbpg~auw~a| ugbpg~auw~a|--



Labn`j| gm ia| D~ pj~ ghgluj eg ia ugbpg~auw~ ugbpg~auw~aaH`fw~a 0- Ljmu~`nwl`jmg| ~giau`xa| eg ij| bglam`|bj| a ia gh`l`gml`a eg eg|pia{ab`gmuj egi pgu~üigj pj~ afwa lai`gmug #Hwgmug; ^glwpg~al`üm uà~b`la eg pgu~üigj- Aixa~aej E- >??> )

 @MPGLL@ Ü M EG AFWA LAI@GMUG  Haluj~g| qwg |g egngm ugmg~ p~g|gmug pa~a gi e`|g ñj eg wm p~jgluj eg `mgll`üm eg afwa lai`gmug; _j|`n`i`eae eg wu`i`{a~ pj{j| gs`|ugmug| a bge`ea qwg g|uàm e`|pjm`nig| j n`gm iwgfj eg |g~ ~galjme`l`jmaej|

Ia mglg|`eae eg pj{j| ae`l`jmaig| pa~a ~gewl`~ gi g|pal`ab`gmuj j bgkj~a~ ia gsu~all`üm

Gi ghgluj eg ia p~jhwme`eae  eg ia `mglu`x`eae p~jbge`j egi al`b`gmuj |jn~g ia ew~al`üm  gljmjbâa egi p~jgluj

Gi u`pj  ia wn`lal`üm eg ia| `m|uaial`jmg| eg |wpg~h`l`g qwg egngm wu`i`{a~|g



Gi |wb`m`|u~j  gi u~auab`gmuj egi afwa-

Ia| ~g|u~`ll`jmg| abn`gmuaig| |jn~g ia wu`i`{al`üm eg ljbnw|u`n ljbnw|u`nig ig  gi eg|glcj eg ghiwgmug|

#Hwgmug; ^glwpg~al`üm uà~b`la eg pgu~üigj- Aixa~aej E- >??> )

 @MPGLL@ Ü M EG AFWA LAI@GMUG   Bjegij| eg `mgll`üm 

_~jpj~l`jma~ wma lapal`eae p~jewlu`xa eg|gaea-

_~jpj~l`jma~ ia |wh`l`gmug ~aua eg `mgll`üm pa~a wm aeglwaej ~gme`b`gmuj gm ia p~jewll`üm eg pgu~üigj

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Bas`b`{a~ ia p~jewll`üm eg pgu~üigj ljm wm bâm`bj eg p~jewll`üm eg afwa-

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Ujba~ xgmuaka| eg ia| amjbaiâa| ljmjl`ea| gm gi al`b`gmuj

\g~ ljbpau`nig| ljm gi pau~üm eg pj{j| gs`|ugmug|  ~gqwg~`~ wm bâm`bj eg pj{j| mwgxj|



\g~ ljbpau`nig ljm ij| bjegij| eg `mgll`üm ` mgll`üm a gs`|ugmug| gm gi al`b`gmuj-

#Hwgmug; ^glwpg~al`üm uà~b`la eg pgu~üigj- Aixa~aej E- >??> )

 @MPGLL@ Ü M EG AFWA LAI@GMUG 

Bjegij| eg @mgll`üm

Bjegij @~~gfwia~

@mgll`üm pg~`bgu~ai

Iâmga e`~glua

@mgll`üm gm ia l~g|ua j na|ai eg ia g|u~wluw~a

Bjegij ^gfwia~

Fgjbàu~`lj| gm iâmga ~glua

Fgjbàu~`lj| pg~`hà~`lj|

I`mgai g|laijmaej L`mlj pj{j|

\`gug pj{j|

Mwgxg pj{j|

#Hwgmug; ^gljn~j ae`l`jmai eg pgu~üigj pj~ bàujej| ljmxgml`jmaig|- L@GE- 1006 )

 @MPGLL@ Ü M EG AFWA LAI@GMUG   Bjegij| eg `mgll`üm `~~gfwia~  

@mgll`üm pg~`bgu~ai



@mgll`üm gm ia l~g|ua eg ia g|u~wluw~a

H`ff 1? H` 1?-" -" @m @mg gll ll`ü `ümm pg pg~` ~`bg bgu~ u~ai ai

#Hwgmug; ^gljn~j ae`l`jmai eg pgu~üigj pj~ bàujej| ljmxgml`jmaig|- L@GE- 1006 )

H`ff 11H` 11-"" @m @mgl gll` l`üm üm gm ia l~g l~g|ua |ua

 @MPGLL@ Ü M EG AFWA LAI@GMUG   Bjegij| eg `mgll`üm `~~gfwia~  

@mgll`üm na|ai gm wma g|u~wluw~a

H`ff 1> H` 1>-" -" @m @mg gll ll`ü `ümm na na|a |aii

#Hwgmug; ^gljn~j ae`l`jmai eg pgu~üigj pj~ bàujej| ljmxgml`jmaig|- L@GE- 1006 )

_^@*__ 2

8*8 2 1

 @MPGLL@ Ü M EG AFWA LAI@GMUG   Bjegij| eg `mgll`üm ~gfwia~ 

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Fgjbàu~`lj| gm iâmga ~glua Iâmga e`~glua  _^@*__ 2 8*8 2 1

I`mgai g|laijmaej H`f 1< 1<-" -" A~ A~~gf ~gfij ij `mgl `mgll`ü l`ümm iâm iâmga ga e`~glu e`~gluaa

 _^@*__ 2 5*5 2 1

#Hwgmug; ^gljn~j ae`l`jmai eg pgu~üigj pj~ bàujej| ljmxgml`jmaig|- L@GE- 1006 )

H`ff 15H` 15-"" A~~ A~~gf gfij ij `m `mgll gll`üm `üm i`m i`mgi giaa g|l g|lai aijm jmae aejj

_^@*__ 2

8*8 2 1

 @MPGLL@ Ü M EG AFWA LAI@GMUG   Bjegij| eg `mgll`üm ~gfwia~ 

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Fgjbàu~`lj| pg~`hà~`lj| L`mlj pj{j|  _^@*__ 2 5*5 2 1

\`gug pj{j| mj~bai

H`f 17 17-" -" A~ A~~gf ~gfij ij `mg `mgll` ll`üm üm l`m l`mlj lj pj{j pj{j||

 _^@*__ 2 8*< 2 >

#Hwgmug; ^gljn~j ae`l`jmai eg pgu~üigj pgu~üigj pj~ bàujej| ljmxgml`jmaig|- L@GE- 1006 )

H`f 18-" A~~g A~~gfij fij `m `mgll` gll`üm üm |`gu |`gugg pj{ pj{j| j| mj~ mj~bai bai

 @MPGLL@ Ü M EG AFWA LAI@GMUG   Bjegij| eg `mgll`üm ~gfwia~  \`gug pj{j| `mxg~u`ej|  _^@*__ 2 <*8 2 1*>

Mwgxg pj{j| mj~bai H`f 16-" A~~g A~~gfij fij `m `mgll` gll`üm üm |`gu |`gugg pj{j| pj{j| `mxg `mxg~u`e ~u`ej| j|

 _^@*__ 2 5*5$5*> 2 <

#Hwgmug; ^gljn~j ae`l`jmai eg pgu~üigj pj~ bàujej| ljmxgml`jmaig|- L@GE- 1006 )

H`f 1313-"" A~~g A~~gfij fij `m `mgll` gll`üm üm mwg mwgxg xg pj{ pj{j| j| mj~b mj~bai ai

 @MPGLL@ Ü M EG AFWA LAI@GMUG   Bjegij| eg `mgll`üm ~gfwia~  Mwgxg pj{j| `mxg~u`ej|

H`f 10-" A~~g A~~gfij fij `mgll` `mgll`üm üm mwgxg mwgxg pj{j| `mxg~u` `mxg~u`ej| ej|

#Hwgmug; ^gljn~j ae`l`jmai eg pgu~üigj pj~ bàujej| ljmxgml`jmaig|- L@GE- 1006 )

L  Á ILWIJ EG IA ^GLW_G^AL@ Ü M EG _GU^Ü IGJ Gs`|ugm gmhjqwg| e`hg~gmug| pa~a g|u`ba~ gi ljbpj~uab`gmuj ljbpj~uab`gmuj eg ia ia `mgll`üm `mgll`üm eg afwa lai`gmug; 

Xamm Cg`m Xa Cg`m`m `mfg fgmm  \lcv \lcva~ a~{{  L~jg L~jg||  \lcv \lcva~ a~{{

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Nwldig Nwl dig  Igx Igxg~g g~guu uu bj bje`h e`h`la `laej ej pj pj~~ V`iib V`iibam am  Ljii Ljii

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Iavg~`g~

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Hjw~`g~

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\`bwiaej~g| uà~b`lj| mwbà~`lj|

#Hwgmug; ^glwpg~al`üm bgkj~aea pj~ bàujej| uà~b`lj|- K- Bammwl`- >?1? )

 @MPGLL@ Ü M EG AFWA LAI@GMUG  Xgmuaka|  Eg|xgmuaka| 

Gi laij~ ljmugm`ej gm 1 I`n~a eg xapj~ |auuw~ |a w~ae aejj a 5? 5?11 ¿H  a >7 >7?? _|` g| eg 11 11<< << NUW b`gmu~a| qwg 4 gi laij~ ljmugm`ej gm 1 I`n `n~a ~a eg af afwa wa a 5? 5?11 ¿H  a >7 >7?? _|` g| eg


Ia `mgll`üm eg afwa `mu~jewlg baj~ lamu`eae eg afwa a ia hj~bal`üm ljbj ~g|wiuaej baj~ afwa p~jewl`ea  bgmj| laij~ pg~bamglg gm ia hj~bal`üm #E`gu{ 1067)



Ia `mgll`üm eg afwa lai`gmug g| p~ghg~`ea gm ~g|g~xj~`j| pjlj p~jhwmej| qwg ljmugmfam pgu~üigj| ljm x`|lj|`eaeg| gmu~g 1??  1??? Lp b`gmu~a| qwg ia `mgll`üm eg xapj~ g| api`laea gm wm ~amfj eg x`|lj|`eaeg| bwlcj baj~ ba j~ #1??" #1??" 1?? 1???? ?? Lp) Lp)

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H`f >?-" G|qwg G|qwgba ba eg `mgll`ü `mgll`ümm eg afwa lai`gmu lai`gmugg-

Ia| p~wgna| eg labpj cam egbj|u~aej qwg ia `mgll`üm eg afwa lai`gmug u`gmg bgmj~ gh`l`gml`a eg na~~`ej xjiwbàu~`lj qwg ia `mgll`üm eg xapj~Hwgmug Hwg mug;; C-DC-D- Xam _jj _jjiig iigmm ame a|| a||jl` jl`aug aug|| @ml #103 #103?)?)- Gmc Gmcaml amlge ge j`i ~gl ~gljxg jxg~ ~

 @MPGLL@ Ü M EG AFWA LAI@GMUG  Xgmuaka|  Eg|xgmuaka| 

Ia gspg~`gml`a eg labpj egbwg|u~a wma ugmegml`a egi afwa lai`gmug a hj~ba~ lamaig|  a e`f`ua~|g-

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Ij| p~jnigba| eg gqw`pj gm `mgll`üm eg afwa lai`gmug |jm bgmj| |gxg~j| qwg gm `mgll`üm eg xapj~-



Ia `mgll`üm eg afwa lai`gmug g| eg|ganig gm gi la|j eg hj~bal`jmg| ljmugmu`xa| eg a~l`iia| |gm|`u`xa| ai afwa pwg|uj qwg gi xapj~ eaña a ia hj~bal`üm gm uaig| la|j|-

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Ij| lj|uj| eg jpg~al`üm |jm nakj| ljm ~g|pgluj a ia `mgll`üm eg xapj~

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Ia| pà~e`ea| eg laij~ gm ia| iâmga| eg |wpg~h`l`g  gm gi pj{j law|am gm aifwmj| la|j| wma ap~gl`anig e`|b`mwl`üm gm ia ugbpg~auw~a egi afwa b`gmu~a| qwg gm gi la|j egi xapj~ |üij ca wma ~gewll`üm eg ia lai`eae egi xapj~-

H`f >1-" G|qwg G|qwgba ba eg `mgll`ü `mgll`ümm eg afwa lai`gmu lai`gmugg-

#Hwgmug; ^glwpg~al`üm uà~b`la eg pgu~üigj- Aixa~aej E- >??> )

G\U@BWIAL@ Ü M LJM AFWA LAI@GMUG  Ia g|u`bwial`üm ljm afwa lai`gmug ca |`ej ~gpj~uaea gm bw pjlj| la|j| |üij |g ljmjlg eg wm p~jgluj a f~am g|laia gi ~gpj~uaej pj~ \jlj~~j   ^g`e    A~awkj gm gi Labpj Bj~`lcai gm gi J~`gmug eg Xgmg{wgia ejmeg |g g|u`bwia~jm <1 pj{j| eg ij| lwaig| |üij 0 ~g|wiua~jm |g~ gs`uj|j| gm gi |gmu`ej eg qwg qwg ia ua|a eg eg p~jewll`üm p~jewll`üm |g `ml~gbgmuü `ml~gbgmuü |w|uaml`aibgmugIj| ~g|wiuaej| eg labpj eg g|ug p~jgluj |wf`g~gm qwg ia i`bp`g{a egi cjj egi pj{j #~gbjl`üm eg egpü|`uj| a|háiu`lj|  g|laba| cjj anakj) kwgfa wm papgi pj|`nigbgmug bá| `bpj~uamug qwg ia g|u`bwial`üm b`|ba- Aegbá| |g p`gm|a qwg ia `mgll`üm eg afwa lai`gmug pwgeg law|a~ eañj a ia hj~bal`üm egn`ej ai `ml~gbgmuj gm ia |auw~al`üm eg afwa ai~gegej~ egi pj{j  a ia hj~bal`üm eg gbwi|`jmg| qwg pwgegm ~gewl`~ |w lapal`eae p~jewlu`xa iwgfj qwg |g e`|`pam ij| ghgluj| uà~b`lj|-

 @MPGLL@ Ü M EG AFWA LAI@GMUG   ^amfj eg api`lal`üm pj~ f~axgeae A_@  BÀUJEJ

^AMFJ 9 17

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LJBNW\U@ÜM @M \@UW

Hwgmug; Hwgmu g; \-B\-B- Ha~jwq Ha~jwq Ai`- #1065) #1065)-- Cgax Cgax J`@ ^gljxg ^gljxg~ ~ " _~`ml` _~`ml`pig| pig| _~alu` _~alu`lai`u lai`u _jugmu _jugmu`ai `ai  ame ame _~jnig _~jnigb|b|- _gmm| _gmm|ixam`a ixam`a

G\QWGBAU@LJ LJM HAL@I@EAEG\ EG @MPGLL@ Ü M 

Hwgmug; Hwgmu g; \amka Dwba~ ^jc`u ^jc`u Uamejm Uamejm Egmm`| Egmm`| Ngi`gxgawNgi`gxgaw- #E`l`gbn~g #E`l`gbn~g eg eg >??3)- Cju Cju Vaug~ @mkglu @mkglu`jm `jm p`iju- A dg uj ucg ucg vaug~hijje vaug~hijje eg|`mf eg|`mf hj~ ucg vas vas l~weg jh ucg ucg Bamfaia Bamfaia H`gie-

 @MPGLL@ Ü M EG AFWA LAI@GMUG  Gspg~`gml`a|; Bwmej; @MPGLL@ÜM AIUG^MAEA AFWA LAI@GMUG P XA_J^;   

Ej~mam Ej~m am #1 #100 00?) ?);; Dg~m Dg~m ^`xg~ ^`xg~ #L #Lai ai`h `hj~ j~m` m`a) a) Bg|| Bg ||mg mg~~  \ugii \ugii`m `mff #1 #100 00?) ?);; Dg~m Dg~m ^`xg ^`xg~~ #L #Lai ai`h `hj~ j~m` m`a) a) Njw| Nj w|a` a`ee #1 #100 001) 1);; Dg~m Dg~m ^`xg~ ^`xg~ #L #Lai ai`h `hj~ j~m` m`a) a)

@MPGLL@ÜM EG AFWA LAI@GMUG P AFWA H^ÂA;  

Fjjega~ #100 Fjjega~ #1008); 8); Eg|ljmjl Eg|ljmjl`ej `ej Afwa eg ^g|g~xj~`j| fgjuà~b`lj| _geg~| _ge g~|jm jm  Kaae` Kaae` #> #>??1 ??1); ); @mej @mejmg| mg|`a `a

XA^@AL@ÜM EG IA BJKAN@I@EAE;  

Ai"cae Ai"c aec~ c~ab ab`` am amee Niw Niwmu mu #> #>?? ??1) 1);; Jba Jbamm Egpj|`ual`üm eg _a~ah`ma| La||`mau La||` mau #>?? #>??>); >); Eg|ljmj Eg|ljmjl`ej l`ej Ujbaej eg; \_G 1>??30 1>??30-- Gspg~`bgm Gspg~`bgmuai uai Gxaiwau` Gxaiwau`jm jm jh Cgax J`i ^gljxg~ ^gljxg~ N Cju Cju Vaug~ Vaug~ `m a B`eeig B`eeig Ga|ug~m ^g|g~x ^g|g~xj`~j`~-

 @MPGLL@JM EG AFWA LAI@GMUG  Gspg~`gml`a|; Xgmg{wgia; 

@mgll`üm lâli`la eg afwa lai`gmug # al`b`gmuj Kjnj egi Labpj Bj~`lcai)

Ujbaej eg; _EX\A Gspij~al`üm  _~jewll`üm

 @MPGLL@JM EG FA\ LAI@GMUG   Egh`m`l`üm;

H`f >>-" G|qwgb G|qwgbaa `mgll`ü `mgll`ümm fa| lai`g lai`gmug mug

 @MPGLL@JM EG FA\ LAI@GMUG  Xgmuaka|;

 Eg|xgmuaka|;

Gi fa| g| ba| i`x`amj qwg gi pgu~üigj

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_wgeg |g~ api`laej a wma xa~`geae eg ~g|g~xj~`j|

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Egh`l`gml`a| gm a~gma| pg~bgan`i`eaeg| pg~bgan`i`eae g| e`|u`mua|

ljm

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@ml~gbgmua ia gh`l`gml`a eg ~glwpg~al`üm gm ljbpa~al`üm ljm ju~j| p~jlg|j| gm h~âj

E`|pjm`n`i`eae mauw~ai gljmüb`la eg ij| fa|g| a `mglua~

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 @MPGLL@JM EG FA\ LAI@GMUG 

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Gi`b`ma~ ij| ~g|`ewj| |üi`ej| #H`iu~al`üm) 

Ujbaejj eg; \_G 1?75> Ujbae 1?75>77- Gmcamlge Gmcamlge J`i ^gljxg~ ^gljxg~ n Cju Cju LJ > Hijje`mf

L^@UG^@J\ EG \GIGLL@ Ü M EG PAL@B@GMUJ\ UANIA ^G\WBGM 

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