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A@C\VOZ 3
BGVZEF_AVBEG
3'3
Jzbombgk ve bgfuqvzbcd vzcbgbgk
O}ozr qvufogv em Jca`odez em Meef Voa`gedekr _gb}ozqbvb Fczud Bncg Ncdcrqbc `cq ve ugfozke cg bgvozgq`b| |zekzcn em mbmvoog {ooiq bg cgr ezkcgbxcvbeg ve kov op|equzo ve v`o zocd vbno juqbgoqq og}bzegnogv' V`o zocd |uz|eqo em v`bq bgvozgq`b| |zekzcn bq ve |ze}bfo cg e||ezvugbvr ve v`o qvufogvq ve qoo v`o |zcavbacd c||dbacvbegq em v`obz jcaikzeugf |zemoqqbegcd qvufboq' V`o zo|ezv bq c zomdoavbeg eg nr op|ozbogao {`og B {cq bgvozgof bg Xczc Meefqvumm Bgfuqvzboq$ He`ez Jc`zu'
3
B {cq cqqbkgof bg Sucdbvr Cqquzcgao Fo|czvnogv' V`bq fo|czvnogv bq zoq|egqbjdo bg aegvzeddbgk v`o sucdbvr em bgfuqvzr ncgumcavuzof |zefuavq cgf |ze}bfo kuczcgvoo em qcmovr em v`o |zefuavq' Bv ae}ozq v`o Sucdbvr Aegvzed Dcj$ Nbazejbedekr cgf Cgcdrqbq Dcj' Bg ommezvq ve bn|ze}o v`o ac|cjbdbvr cgf sucdbvr em qoz}bao$ v`o v`bq aen|cgr `cq quaaoqqmuddr ejvcbgof NQ BQE 2<<38:<<< Sucdbvr Ncgckonogv Qrqvonq ³Zosubzonogvq bg qae|o em ncgumcavuzo em qer qcuao$ a`bdb qcuao$ vencve qcuao cgf qzb icrc'
v`
Nr bgvozgq`b| |zekzcn bg Xczc Meefqvumm Bgf' {cq aennogaof eg Negfcr$ 6 Hcguczr :<3<'
B {cq cvvca`of ve v`o Sucdbvr Fo|czvnogv mez c |ozbef em 3? {ooiq' Nr qu|oz}bqez$ Nz
Mcv`uffbg @h Xciczbc kc}o no c vogvcvb}o euvdbgo aegaozgbgk `e{ nr bgvozgq`b| |zekzcn {eudf jo dbio'
3':
Ejhoavb}oq em bgfuqvzbcd vzcbgbgk
V`o ncbg ejhoavb}o em v`o Bgfuqvzbcd Vzcbgbgk bq ve op|ozbogao cgf ugfozqvcgf zocd dbmo qbvucvbegq bg bgfuqvzbcd ezkcgbxcvbegq cgf v`obz zodcvof og}bzegnogvq cgf caaodozcvbgk v`o doczgbgk |zeaoqq em `e{ qvufogv½q ige{dofko aeudf jo uqof bg c zocdbqvba {cr' Bg cffbvbeg ve v`cv$ bgfuqvzbcd vzcbgbgk cdqe ncioq ego ugfozqvcgf v`o mezncd cgf bgmezncd zodcvbegq`b|q bg cg bgfuqvzbcd ezkcgbxcvbeg qe cq ve |zenevo mc}ezcjdo `uncg zodcvbegq cgf vocn{ezi' Joqbfoq$ bv |ze}bfoq v`o op|equzo ve |zcavbao cgf c||dr v`o casubzof ige{dofko ±`cgfq . eg¶ bg v`o {ezibgk og}bzegnogv' Bgfuqvzbcd vzcbgbgk cdqe |ze}bfoq c qrqvoncvba bgvzefuavbeg ve v`o {crq em bgfuqvzr cgf fo}ode|bgk vcdogv cgf cvvbvufoq$ qe v`cv ego acg ugfozqvcgf `e{ @uncg Zoqeuzao Fo}ode|nogv {eziq'
:
B {cq cqqbkgof bg Sucdbvr Cqquzcgao Fo|czvnogv' V`bq fo|czvnogv bq zoq|egqbjdo bg aegvzeddbgk v`o sucdbvr em bgfuqvzr ncgumcavuzof |zefuavq cgf |ze}bfo kuczcgvoo em qcmovr em v`o |zefuavq' Bv ae}ozq v`o Sucdbvr Aegvzed Dcj$ Nbazejbedekr cgf Cgcdrqbq Dcj' Bg ommezvq ve bn|ze}o v`o ac|cjbdbvr cgf sucdbvr em qoz}bao$ v`o v`bq aen|cgr `cq quaaoqqmuddr ejvcbgof NQ BQE 2<<38:<<< Sucdbvr Ncgckonogv Qrqvonq ³Zosubzonogvq bg qae|o em ncgumcavuzo em qer qcuao$ a`bdb qcuao$ vencve qcuao cgf qzb icrc'
v`
Nr bgvozgq`b| |zekzcn bg Xczc Meefqvumm Bgf' {cq aennogaof eg Negfcr$ 6 Hcguczr :<3<'
B {cq cvvca`of ve v`o Sucdbvr Fo|czvnogv mez c |ozbef em 3? {ooiq' Nr qu|oz}bqez$ Nz
Mcv`uffbg @h Xciczbc kc}o no c vogvcvb}o euvdbgo aegaozgbgk `e{ nr bgvozgq`b| |zekzcn {eudf jo dbio'
3':
Ejhoavb}oq em bgfuqvzbcd vzcbgbgk
V`o ncbg ejhoavb}o em v`o Bgfuqvzbcd Vzcbgbgk bq ve op|ozbogao cgf ugfozqvcgf zocd dbmo qbvucvbegq bg bgfuqvzbcd ezkcgbxcvbegq cgf v`obz zodcvof og}bzegnogvq cgf caaodozcvbgk v`o doczgbgk |zeaoqq em `e{ qvufogv½q ige{dofko aeudf jo uqof bg c zocdbqvba {cr' Bg cffbvbeg ve v`cv$ bgfuqvzbcd vzcbgbgk cdqe ncioq ego ugfozqvcgf v`o mezncd cgf bgmezncd zodcvbegq`b|q bg cg bgfuqvzbcd ezkcgbxcvbeg qe cq ve |zenevo mc}ezcjdo `uncg zodcvbegq cgf vocn{ezi' Joqbfoq$ bv |ze}bfoq v`o op|equzo ve |zcavbao cgf c||dr v`o casubzof ige{dofko ±`cgfq . eg¶ bg v`o {ezibgk og}bzegnogv' Bgfuqvzbcd vzcbgbgk cdqe |ze}bfoq c qrqvoncvba bgvzefuavbeg ve v`o {crq em bgfuqvzr cgf fo}ode|bgk vcdogv cgf cvvbvufoq$ qe v`cv ego acg ugfozqvcgf `e{ @uncg Zoqeuzao Fo}ode|nogv {eziq'
:
Nezoe}oz$ qvufogvq acg kcbg `cgfq.eg op|ozbogao v`cv bq zodcvof ve v`o qvufogvq nchezbgk qe v`cv v`o qvufogv acg zodcvo ve cgf {bfog v`o qibddq v`cv `c}o joog doczgv {`bdo jobgk bg ugb}ozqbvr' Bgfuqvzbcd vzcbgbgk cdqe op|eqoq v`o qvufogvq ve v`o zocd aczooz {ezdf cgf caauqvenq v`on ve cg ezkcgbxcvbegcd qvzuavuzo$ juqbgoqq e|ozcvbeg cgf cfnbgbqvzcvb}o mugavbegq'
Muzv`oznezo$ qvufogvq bn|donogv {`cv v`or `c}o doczgof cgf doczg nezo v`zeuk`euv v`bq vzcbgbgk' Joqbfoq$ qvufogvq acg cdqe kcbg op|ozbogao ve qodoav v`o e|vbncd qeduvbeg bg `cgfdbgk c qbvucvbeg' Fuzbgk bgfuqvzbcd vzcbgbgk qvufogvq acg doczg v`o caao|vof qcmovr |zcavbaoq bg v`o bgfuqvzr' Qvufogvq acg cdqe fo}ode| c qogqo em zoq|egqbjbdbvr ve{czfq qeabovr'
Bg aegaduqbeg$ v`ozo bq qvzegk o}bfogao v`cv bgfuqvzbcd vzcbgbgk bq `bk`dr jogombabcd ve qvufogvq½ fo}ode|nogv$ cgf bv bq `bk`dr }cduof' V`o oczdr op|equzo em zocd {ezi dbmo qbvucvbeg bq foonof goaoqqczr cq v`bq |zo|czoq qvufogvq gev egdr casubzbgk v`o v`oezovbacd cq|oavq em v`o ige{dofko$ juv mcz nezo bn|ezvcgv$ bq `e{ v`bq ige{dofko acg jo c||dbof |zcavbacddr bg zocd {ezi|dcao qovvbgkq'
V`o qvufogvq czo {odd osub||of ve ncgcko v`o |ozbef em bgfuqvzbcd vzcbgbgk quaaoqqmuddr cgf ugfeujvofdr kcbg uqomud op|ozbogao em c||drbgk v`obz q|oabcdbqv cgf voa`gbacd qibddq$ cq {odd cq fo}ode|bgk v`obz |ozqegcd cgf aennugbacvbegq qibddq' V`bq bgvozgq`b| cdqe `od|q qvufogvq ve |zo|czo mez v`o {ezi og}bzegnogv cgf cdqe voca` v`o ozkegenbaq em ezkcgbxcvbegq bg v`o zocd {ezdf'
1
3'1
Ejhoavb}o em v`bq zo|ezv
V`bq feaunogv |ze}bfof fovcbdq em nr ca`bo}onogvq bg vozn em |zcavbacd bn|donogvcvbeg cgf ugfozqvcgfbgk em {ezibgk og}bzegnogv bg Xczc Meefqvumm Bgfuqvzboq mez cjeuv
1
cgf c `cdm negv`q' Bv cdqe aegvcbgq v`o mbgfbgkq eg zoaogv bqquoq ez |zejdon v`cv
eaauzzof cgf nuqv jo aegmzegvof'
3'6
Qae|o em Bgfuqvzbcd Vzcbgbgk
V`o qae|o em nr Bgfuqvzbcd Vzcbgbgk czo jcqbacddr eg Sucdbvr Cqquzcgao emmbaoz fuvboq cgf zoq|egqbjbdbvboq$ zoq|egqbjbdbvboq$ v`o |zeaoqq mde{ mde{ em o}ozr |zefuav cgf bvq bn|ezvcgao$ bn|ezvcgao$ ige{bgk v`o BQE cnogfnogv cgf v`o bn|ezvcgao em Keef Ncgumcavuzbgk \zcavbao c||dbacvbeg bg |dcgv' Cdegk nr bgvozgq`b| |ozbef$ B `c}o ve kcbg bgmezncvbeg mzen o}ozr qvo| em |zefuavbeg |zeaoqq cgf zodcvo v`on bg vozn v ozn em meef voa`gedekr'
6
A@C\VOZ :
EZKCGBXCVBEG JCAIKZE_GF - QVZ_AV_ZO
:'3
Aen|cgr |zembdo
Xczc Meefqvumm Bgfuqvzboq Bgfuqvzboq `cq bg c zodcvb}odr q`ezv |ozbef em vbno oqvcjdbq`of o qvcjdbq`of bvqodm cq c docfbgk meef |zefuav ncgumcavuzoz' Aennogabgk e|ozcvbegq bg 320;$ {`og ncgumcavuzozq {ozo vzrbgk ve {ocv`oz c |ozbef em zoaoqqbeg$ Xczc Meefqvumm Bgfuqvzboq mezkof c`ocf$ kebgk ckcbgqv v`o kzcbg jr op|cgqbeg cgf cqvuvo juqbgoqq foabqbegq' Bvq |begooz |zefuav {`ba` |ze}bfof v`o bn|ovuq mez kze{v` {cq qerc qcuao$ fodbabeuqdr v`bai cgf q{oov ez c||ovbxbgkdr dbk`v cgf qcdvr'
Vefcr$ Xczc Meefqvumm Bgfuqvzboq `cq v{e voa`gedekbacddr cf}cgaof ncgumcavuzbgk mcabdbvboq deacvof cv v`o Dczibg Bgfuqvzbcd Czoc$ He`ez$ Ncdcrqbc$ {`ba` |zefuaoq meuz meef |zefuavq ugfoz v`o Ac| Ib|cq _fcgk jzcgf$ gcnodr qe rc qcuao$ a`bdb qcuao$ vencve qcuao cgf Qzb Icrc (aeaeguv jzocf q|zocf"'
?
V`ozo czo cjeuv 3 qvcmmq (deacd" bg v`o {`edo mcavezr (bgadufbgk emmbao {eziozq"' E|ozcvbeg qvczvq mzen 0cn ³ ?|n (Negfcrq ³ Mzbfcrq cgf `cdm fcr eg Qcvuzfcrq" {bv` duga` jzoci mez 3 `euz mzen 3|n ve : |n {`bdo e|ozcvezq e|ozcvbeg `euz qvczv mzen 0cn ³ 6'1<|n (Negfcrq ³ Qcvuzfcrq" {bv` `cdm cg `euz duga` jzoci' Voc jzociq czo qa`ofudof cv 3<'3?cn cgf 1'3?|n
mez 3? nbguvoq'
Auzzogvdr$ qer qcuao ¿Ac| Ib|cq _fcgk½ cgf a`bdb cgf vencve qcuaoq `cf joog op|ezvbgk ve e}ozqocq ncziovq qua` cq Qbgkc|ezo cgf Jzugob' V`or `e|o ve op|cgf v`obz ncziov ve ev`oz aeugvzboq egao v`or `c}o bn|ze}of v`obz qrqvon jr fo}ode|bgk cgf bn|donogvbgk c meef qcmovr qrqvon ¿@CAA\½'
V`obz quaaoqq `cq joog zo{czfof {bv` v`o aozvbmbof BQE 2<<3 aen|cgr bg rocz 3222 jr QBZBN SCQ mez sucdbvr qrqvon ncgckonogv' V`or cdqe {eg v`o CG_KOZC@ I_CDBVR BGF_QVZBOQ GOKOZB HE@EZ bg rocz :<<: ugfoz acvokezr ncgumcavuzbgk ezkcgbxof jr He`ez Qvcvo' Auzzogvdr v`or czo bg v`o |zeaoqq ve kov v`o @CAA\ aozvbmbof mzen Bgvozgcvbegcd jef r'
=
:':
Ezkcgbxcvbegcd a`czvq
Kzeu| Opoauvb}o A`cbzncg
Ncgckbgk Fbzoavez
\dcgv Aegqudvcgv 3
\dcgv Fbzoavez
\dcgv Aegqudvcgv :
\zefuavbeg Cf}bqez
SC fo|czvnogv
Cfnbg \uza`cqbgk Fbzoavez
@uncg Zoqeuzao Fo|v
\uza`cqbgk fo|v'
Cfnbg cgf Dokcd Fo|v'
Mbkuzo :'18 Ezkcgbxcvbegcd a`czv
;
Kzeu| Mbgcgao Fbzoavez
:'1
Sucdbvr \edbar
Ve }cduo auqvenoz goofq cgf op|oavcvbegq jr |zefuabgk sucdbvr cgf qcmo |zefuav v`zeuk` ommoavb}o cgf aegvbgucd bn|ze}onogv em {ezdf adcqq Sucdbvr cgf Meef Qcmovr Ncgckonogv Qrqvon'
0
A@C\VOZ 1
\ZEF_AVQ
1'3
Qer qcuao
1'3'3
Bgvzefuavbeg
Qer qcuao |zefuavbeg zosubzoq c aen|dop moznogvcvbeg |zeaoqq bg {`ba` v`o aczje`rfzcvoq czo moznogvof ve cdae`ed cgf dcavba cabf cgf v`o |zevobgq jzeiog fe{g ve |o|vbfoq cgf cnbge cabfq' Qer qcuao |zefuavbeg bq |zefuaof jr qedbf qvcvo nedf moznogvcvbeg (iehb" em zc{ ncvozbcdq8 qer jocg cgf {`ocv medde{of jr qujnozkof `bk`.qcdv zb|ogbgk |`cqo' Fuzbgk dcvvoz |`cqo$ |zevobgq cgf aczje`rfzcvoq czo `rfzedrxof ve cnbge cabfq cgf qukczq cgf qujqosuogv Ncbdczf zocavbegq docf ve v`o kogozcvbeg em c zcgko em qc}euzr czenc aen|eugfq'
2
1'3' :
Cavb}bvboq
Fuzbgk nr bgfuqvzbcd vzcbgbgk$ B `c}o joog |dcaof cv v`o moznogvcvbeg czoc mez : {ooiq ve doczg nezo g fovcbdq eg v`o moznogvcvbeg |zeaofuzo cgf zodcvof cavbeg vciog bm cgr |zejdon eaauzq' V`o mbzqv v`bgk v`cv B `c}o joog bgvzefuaof {bv` bq iehb {`ba` B go}oz qc{ jomezo' V`og$ muzv`oz op|dcgcvbeg eg v`o |zeaoqq em ncibgk nezenb bq op|dcbgof jr Moznogvcvbeg Docfoz$ Nz Q`c`zbxcd' Ev`oz v`cg v`cv$ `o cdqe nogvbegof cjeuv v`o sucdbvr aegvzed |dcg v`cv `c}o joog uqof bg ezfoz ve e}ozaeno |eqqbjdo |zejdon cq v`o nezenb bq v`o ¿`czfaezo½ |zeaoqq ve |zefuao qer qcuao'
[bv`bg
:
{ooiq vbno$ B `c}o op|ozbogaof eg `e{ ve a`oai v`o jzbgo do}od$ von|ozcvuzo
u||oz g de{oz |czv em nezenb bg v`o mbjozkdcqq cgf czenc em v`o nezenb' V`oqo cdd |czcnovozq czo bn|ezvcgv cq bv {bdd fovoznbgo v`o sucdbvr em qer qc uao dcvoz'
Mzen nr ejqoz}cvbeg$ v`o |zeaoqq q`e{g egdr q`e{q v`o |`rqbacd c||oczcgao em v`o jocg {cvoz (nezenb qeduvbeg"' Nr ncgckoz `cf cqiof no ve zo}ocd v`o qvezr jo`bgf cdd |zeaoqqbgk qvo| bg vozn em a`onbacd cgf jbedekbacd a`cgko fuzbgk moznogvcvbeg' V`o fovcbdq czo op|dcbgof jode{'
3<
1'3' 1
\zeaoqq Mde{ em moznogvcvbeg
Qecibgk |zeaoqq8 6.30 `euzq
[cq`bgk jocg {bv` {cvoz (: jck em jocg%jczzod mez zovezv"
Aeeibgk |zeaoqq (von|8 3:<¸A$ 3?.:< |qb$ 3< nbguvoq (aen|dovo aeeibgk |ozbef> 3 `euz"
Iehb |zo|czcvbeg8 Nbpbgk jocg {bv` mdeuz.qvczvoz cgf vzcgqmoz bv bgve {eefog mzcno
Bgaujcvo v`o iehb mez :.1 fcrq bg iehb zeen
Jzbgo qeduvbeg |zo|czcvbeg8 jzbgo ) 0<¸J
Vzcgqmoz v`o bgaujcvof iehb bgve v`o mbjozkdcqq
Cffbvbeg em jzbgo qeduvbeg caaezfbgk ve qbxo em mbjozkdcqq
zf
Q|zocf v`bai qcdv8 1 fcr em moznogvcvbeg ez cmvoz 1 vbnoq em nbpbgk v`o iehb {bv` jzbgo {cvoz
33
Sucdbvr aegvzed
Moznogvcvbeg |zeaoqq vcio |dcao mez : ¾ negv`q
Opvzcavbeg em jocg {cvoz8 3 opvzcavbeg {bv` q|oabmba cneugv caaezfbgk ve qbxo em mbjzokdcqq qv
Cffbvbeg em jzbgo qeduvbeg8 Jzbgo8 ;6.;=¸J {bv` q|oabmba cneugv
gf
:
opvzcavbeg em jocg {cvoz
Cffbvbeg em jzbgo qeduvbeg (;6.;=¸J {bv` q|oabmba cneugv" bgve v`o mbjozkdcqq aegvcbgq v`o zoncbgbgk ncq` neze nb
1
zf
opvzcavbeg8 (C" cgf (J"
Fbqaczf v`o nezenb
Mbkuzo 1'3'18 Moznogvcvbeg \zeaoqq Mde{
3:
1'3'6
Qosuogvbcd Nov`efq mez moznogvcvbeg |zeaoqq
b"
[`ocv. Qvczvoz |zefuavbeg
[`ocv mdeuz nuqv jo fzr mzbof cv
=<¸A
ve zone}o nebqvuzo cgf ibdd nbazeezkcgbqn cgf
joog aeedof' V`o bgeaudunq em Cq|ozkbdduq q|' q|ezoq cffof cgf nbpof {odd'
bb"
Iehb |zefuavbeg
V`o qer jocg `cq joog aeeiof bg c }ozvbacd zovezv mez ?.3< nbguvoq jr ncbgvcbgbgk v`o von|ozcvuzo 33<.3:< ¸A cgf |zoqquzo 3<.3? |qb' Nbp {odd v`o {`ocv .qvczvoz {bv` aeeiof jocg bg v`o nbpbgk vzcr jr `cgf' V`o {`ocv.qvczvoz dcroz nuqv gev aecvof vee v`bai' Nbpvuzo em qer jocg$ {`ocv mdeuz cgf mugkcd audvuzo bq |dcaof eg q`cdde{ mdcv {eefog vzcrq cgf bgaujcvof mez 1.6 fcrq bg q`odm' V`or {bdd jo qvezof bg iehb zeen {`ozo v`o von|ozcvuzo cgf zodcvb}o `unbfbvr czo aegvzeddof' Iehb nedf kze{q v`zeuk`euv v`o ncvozbcd joaenoq rodde{bq` kzoog cq v`o zoqudv em v`o q|ezudcvbeg em Cq|ozkbdduq qvzcbgq' V`or uqo em qcno vzcrq ve ogquzo v`cv qcno ezkcgbqnq czo aczzbof mzen ego moznogvcvbeg jcva` ve cgev`oz'
bbb"
Nezenb cgf jocg {cvoz |zefuavbeg
\zefuavbeg em qer qcuao qvczvq {bv` v`o moznogvof jocg {cvoz {`ba` aenoq mzen nezenb' Egao v`o mugkuq bq {odd kze{g$ uqucddr cmvoz c mo{ fcrq$ v`o iehb bq ckcbg nbpof cgf |dcaof bg v`o mbjzokdcqq mez v`o qoaegf |`cqo em v`o moznogvcvbeg' Jzbgo qeduvbeg bq cffof cgf bv bq mzen v`bq jzbgo v`cv v`o qcdvr vcqvo bq fozb}of' V`o mbjozkdcqq {bdd jo domv e|og ve qug dbk`v {`ba` ve ogaeuzcko ez og`cgao q|egvcgoeuq moznogvcvbeg jr jcavozbc cgf rocqv vcio |dcao' Cmvoz ckbgk 31
|ozbef (:'? negv`q"$ v`o jocg {cvoz (iehb cgf jzbgo qeduvbeg" bq qb|`egof emm ve kb}o v`o mbzqv opvzcav mez qer qcuao |zefuavbeg' V`o cffbvbeg em jzbgo {cvoz ve v`o zoqbfuo ncq` nezenb {bdd jo fego cq v`o jocg {cvoz {bdd jo ige{g cq Jocg {cvoz : cq bv bq v`o qoaegf opvzcavbeg' Cffbvbeg em jzbgo {bdd jo zo|ocvof ve v`o qcno mbjozkdcqq cgf aegqbfoz v`o jocg {cvoz cq jocg {cvoz 1 cq bv bq v`bzf opvzcavbeg' V`o jocg {cvoz bq v`og vzcgqmoz ve v`o aeei jczzod mez gopv |zeaoqq bg |zefuabgk v`o qer qcuao'
1'3'?
b"
A`onbacd cgf Jbedekbacd zocavbeg fuzbgk moznogvcvbeg
Iehb qvcko
Zedo em iehb nedfq bq ve jzocife{g ogxrncvbacddr v`o |zevobgq cgf qvcza`oq em v`o qer jocgq cgf {`ocv bg v`o iehb |zo|czcvbeg' V`o qer qcuao iehb aegvcbgq |zevocqoq$ cnrdcqoq$ cgf db|cqoq v`cv `rfzedrqo v`obz zoq|oavb}o qujqvzcvoq bg v`o qujqosuogv qujnozkof moznogvcvbeg bg c||zepbncvodr
:
{obk`v |oz }eduno qcdv jzbgo' Bv {cq meugf v`cv Cq|ozkbdde|o|vbfcqo C
(nedqbg" {cq v`o neqv ommoavb}o bg bn|ze}bgk v`o mdc}euz em qer jocg (Muhbncib ov' cd'$ 32 =09 Gekua`b ov' cd'$ 32;<"' Fuzbgk v`o qujnozkof moznogvcvbeg$ qeno `cde|`bdba nbazeezkcgbqnq qua` cq \ofbeaeaauq aozo}bqbco$ Dcavejcabdduq fodjzuoibb$ cgf qcdv.vedozcgv Qcaa`czenraoq zeupbb gcvuzcddr fo}ode|of$ qbgao bg c mcav v`cv qer qcuao moznogvcvbeg fo|ogfq eg |zevoedrvba ogxrnoq fozb}of mzen v`eqo `cde|`bdba nbazejbcd qvzcbgq ve `rfzedrxo v`o |zevobgq bg v`o qujqvzcvo ve v`o aegqvbvuogv cnbge cabfq cgf |o|vbfoq' Bv {cq meugf v`cv ncpbnun |zevoedrvba cavb}bvr {cq cvvcbgof cmvoz cg bgaujcvbeg |ozbef em ?.= fcrq cv 1; ¸A cgf v`cv cg cabfba |@ zcgko bgfuaof jovvoz kze{v` cgf |zevoedrvba cavb}bvr' Bv bq bn|ezvcgv v`cv v`o mugkuq q`eudf kze{ e}oz cgf v`zeuk` v`o nbpvuzo$ muddr aedegbxbgk bv cgf jzocibgk fe{g v`o aen|egogv ncvozbcdq' @e{o}oz$ bv bq cdqe bn|ezvcgv mez v`o }cduo em v`o |zefuav$ v`cv v`o mugkuq feoq gev kze{ vee nua` cgf jokbg ve |zefuao q|ezoq bg v`o iehb' Cffbvbegcddr$ |cva`r kze{v` nuqv jo |zo}ogvof'
36
bb"
Ncq` Nezenb qvcko
Mugkcd qvzcbgq czo bn|ezvcgv bg `rfzedrxbgk v`o zc{ ncvozbcd$ jcavozbc cgf rocqvq vcio e}oz v`o moznogvcvbeg bg v`o ncq` qvcko' Kze{v` em jcavozbc bg v`o ncq` {cq meugf ve kb}o zbqo ve v`o mezncvbeg em ezkcgba cabfq$ v`ozojr ncibgk cabfba aegfbvbegq {`ba` {cq aegqbfozof ve jo goaoqqczr ve zone}o ugfoqbzcjdo mdc}euzq cgf cff bgfbq|ogqcjdo keef mdc}euzq ve v`o qer qcuao' (Qcickua`b$ 32?2"' Fuzbgk moznogvcvbeg |zeaoqq$ v`ozo czo qeno ogxrnoq v`cv {bdd foaen|eqo aczje`rfzcvoq$ |zevobg cgf db|bfq aegvogv bg qer jocg qua` cq cnrdedrvba$ |zevoedrvba cgf dr|edrvba ogxrnoq' Cv v`bq qvcko bv bq uqucddr bgeaudcvof {bv` rocqvq cgf%ez jcavozbc {`ba` kze{ {odd bg `bk` do}odq em qcdv (eqne|`bdba q|oaboq" cgf czo cdqe cjdo ve kze{ ugfoz de{ do}odq em eprkog' Bgeaudcvbeg {bv` Qcaa`czenraoq zeupbb (eqne|`bdba rocqv" cgf Dcavejcabdduq fodjzuoaibb (c dcavba cabf jcavozbun" ogquzoq v`cv v`o |zeaoqq aegvbguoq$ cdv`euk` vzcfbvbegcddr v`bq |czv em v`o |zeaoqq {cq |zejcjdr nezo em c a`cgao o}ogv' Bg v`o qoaegfczr |`cqo em v`o moznogvcvbeg v`ozomezo$ cgcozejba aegfbvbegq subaidr fo}ode| cgf muzv`oz kze{v` em Cq|ozkbdduq ezrxco bq |zo}ogvof' V`o qukczq bg v`o nbpvuzo czo moznogvof jr v`o rocqv cgf dcavejcabddb qe v`cv cmvoz cjeuv c negv`$ c qeuz (|@ 6'?"$ fczi aedeuzof dbsubf bq meznof {`ba` aegvcbgq dczko cneugvq em cnbge cabfq$ |czvbaudczdr kduvcnba cabf$ qbn|do qukczq cgf c zcgko em }bvcnbgq' Qujqosuogvdr$ v`o jze{g dbsubf bq fzcbgof emm mzen v`o nezenb cgf kogvdr mbdvozof' Cdd v`o zoqbfucd jocg mbjzo cgf zoqbfuo bq zone}of' Bv bq v`og jebdof ve bgcavb}cvo v`o fokzcfbgk ogxrnoq cgf ibdd v`o nbazejoq'
1'3' =
\zejdonq cgf qukkoqvbegq
Cq {o ige{$ moznogvcvbeg bq c azuabcd |zeaoqq bg qer qcuao ncibgk' V`ozo nuqv jo c xoze |zejdon cgf ozzez ve kov `bk` sucdbvr qer ogf |zefuav' Juv$ v`ozo qvbdd qeno |zejdonq v`cv acg aegvzbjuvo ve aegvcnbgcvbeg' Mbzqvdr$ fuzbgk iehb ncibgk |ze aoqq$ v`o aeeiof jocg {bdd jo nbpof {bv` v`o {`ocv.qvczvoz bg c `uko vzcr jczo `cgfof' V`bq ncr bgvzefuao aegvcnbgcvbeg ve v`o qer
3?
jocg' Cq c qukkoqvbeg$ v`o {eziozq ncr {ocz qbgkdo uqo `cgf kde}o ez bg cf}cgao voa`gedekr uqo nbpoz$ ok8 zbjjeg nbpoz mez nezo `rkbogba |zeaoqq'
Cq {eefog vzcrq czo uqo bg ncibgk iehb$ v`o aegfbvbeg em v`o v zcr nuqv jo aczo em' Nebqvuzo nuqv jo c}ebfof ve |zo}ogv ev`oz nbazeezkcgbqn kze{ eg v`o mzcno em vzcrq' V`bq ncr aegvzbjuvo c |zejdon bg sucdbvr em qer qcuao dcvoz' Cq c qukkoqvbeg$ qvcbgdoqq qvood vzcrq ncr jo uqof juv muzv`oz zoqocza` cgf ejqoz}cvbeg nuqv jo vciog ve ogquzo v`o sucdbvr em iehb bq qcno ez jovvoz v`cg |zoqogv' V`o iehb zeen nuqv jo bg adocg cgf mzoo mzen cgr |eqqbjbdbvboq em zefogvq ez bgqoavq |zoqogv' V`o uvogqbd em ncibgk iehb nuqv jo q|oabmbacddr qvezo bg q|oabmba |dcao'
1'3';
Qer qcuao ncgumcavuzbgk
1'3';'3 Cavb}bvboq
Cdegk v`o bgvozgq`b| |ozbef$ B `c}o joog kb}og c a`cgao ve a`oai v`o qer qcuao qcn|doq cdegk v`o |zeaoqq em ncgumcavuzbgk' V`o |czcnovozq v`cv nuqv jo a`oaiof czo |@$ qcdbgo$ jzbp$ vcqvo$ q|oabmba kzc}bvr cgf von|ozcvuzo'
1'3';': Mugavbegcd
bgkzofbogvq
Qukcz bq cffof ve og`cgao mdc}ez cgf cdqe cav cq cgvbnbazejbcd' Qcdv bq cdqe cffof mez v`o qcno |uz|eqo' V`o `bk` qcdv aegaogvzcvbeg bq goaoqqczr ve `od| |zevoav v`o mbgbq`of |zefuav mzen q|ebdcko' Negeqefbun kduvcncvo bq uqo bg og`cgabgk v`o mdc}ez cgf cffq uncnb vcqvo ve v`o qer qcuao' Ev`oz v`cg v`cv$ qefbun jogxecvo bq cffof ve `od| bg`bjbv nbazejbcd kze{v` bg mbgbq`of qer qcuao' 3=
1'3';'1 \zeaoqq
Mde{ em qer qcuao ncgumcavuzbgk
Opvzcavbeg
Qefbun jogxecvo$ @]\$ Qcdv$ Caovba cabf$ Aczcnod
Qukcz$ Aczcnod$ NQK
Ac|
Aeeibgk 2?.3¼A =< nbg Qukcz
Qcdv
[cvoz
Mbdvozbgk cgf Aeedbgk (\@O" Nbpbgk
Qu cz
Jdogfbgk
Qvezcko
Jevvdo
Mbddbgk
@ocvbgk cgf Zbgqbgk
Ac||bgk Qocdbgk Dcjoddbgk Vzcrbgk Q`zbgi {zc bg \cddovbxbgk Mbgbq`of keefq Decfbgk
Mbkuzo 1'3';'18 \zeaoqq mde{ em qer qcuao
3;
[cvoz
1':
1':
A`bdb Qcuao cgf Vencve qcuao \zefuavbeg
3 Bgvzefuavbeg
A`bdb cgf vencve qcuao czo cgev`oz |zefuavq v`cv joog ncgumcavuzof bg v`bq mcavezr' Jev` |zefuavq ugfozkego qcno |zeaoqq cgf egdr fbmmozq eg bgkzofbogvq cgf |czcnovozq e g sucdbvr a`oaibgk' V`o |zefuavq czo acvokezbxof cq q`odm qvcjdo |zefuav'
1':':
Mugavbegcd bgkzofbogvq
V`oqo czo v`o bgkzofbogvq v`cv aegvzbjuvo bg kb}bgk v`o |zomozcjdo mdc}ez$ vopvuzo cgf ev`oz |czcnovozq v`cv nuqv jo aen|dbof ve |zefuao v`o |zefuavq' Nefbmbof qvcza`oq czo uqof bg cdd qvcza` c||dbacvbegq8 bg meef |zefuavq mez opcn|do cq c v`baiogbgk ckogv$ qvcjbdbxoz ez onudqbmboz$ bg |`czncaouvbacdq cq fbqbgvokzcgv$ bg |c|oz cq c jbgfoz cgf ncgr ev`oz c||dbacvbegq' Bg vencve cgf a`bdb qcuao nefbmbof qvcza` aegvzbjuvo bg kb}bgk v`o }bqaeuq vopvuzo cgf jbgf v`o opaoqq nebqvuzo' V`bq ncr `od| bg zofuabgk v `o |eqqbjbdbvboq em nbazejbcd q|ebdcko'
Ev`oz bgkzofbogv bq pcgv`cg kun' Bv `cq |ze|ozvboq v`cv `c}o cjbdbvr ve |zefuao c dczko bgazocqo bg v`o }bqaeqbvr em c dbsubf jr cffbgk c }ozr qncdd sucgvbvr em kun$ eg v`o ezfoz em ego |ozaogv' V`o }bqaeqbvr em pcgv`cg kun qeduvbegq foazocqoq {bv` `bk`oz q`ocz zcvoq9 v`bq bq acddof |qoufe|dcqvbabvr' V`bq nocgq v`cv c |zefuav qujhoavof ve q`ocz$ {`ov`oz mzen nbpbgk$ q`cibgk ez o}og a`o{bgk$ {bdd v`bg euv$ juv egao v`o q`ocz mezaoq czo zone}of$ v`o meef {bdd v`baiog jcai u|' Qukcz bq bn|ezvcgv bg kb}bgk mdc}ez cgf vcqvo mez v`o qcuaoq cgf cdqe zofuabgk v`o a`cgaoq em nbazejbcd q|ebdcko'
30
1':'1
Vencve cgf a`bdb qcuao |zeaoqq mde{ Kczdba
Fzbof a`bddb
Vencve qcuao(
\oodbgk
[obk`bgk
Kczdba$ Egbeg$ \c|crc
Kzbgfbgk 3
Jdcga`bgk
Kzbgfbgk :
Zbgqbgk
Aeuzqo kzbgfbgk
Mbgo kzbgfbgk Aeuzqo kzbgfbgk
Mbgo kzbgfbgk
Pcgv`cg kun$ nefbmbof qvcza`$ NQK
@enekogbxbgk
Aeeibgk
@edfbgk Vbno Kdcqq jevvdo
\dcqvba jevvdo 16< kn
:'1ik
Zbgqbgk
Zbgqbgk Mbddbgk
Mbddbgk
Ac||bgk
Ac||bgk
Ac|
Aeedbgk
Vzcrbgk
Vzcr
Dcjod
Cbz Fzrbgk
Aeedbgk
Dcjod
Aefbgk
Dcjoddbgk
Dcjoddbgk
Aefbgk
Ac| qocd
Qocdbgk
Vzcrbgk$ qocdbgk - {zc||bgk
Vzcr
Vzcrbgk
Qdoo}o {zc||oz
[zc||bgk
Ac|
\cddovbxbgk
Mbgbq`of keefq qvezcko
32
Vzcr - ac| qocd
1'1
Qozb icrc \zefuavbeg
1'1'3
Bgvzefuavbeg
Fuzbgk nr bgvozgq`b|$ B `c}o ejqoz}of v`o |zefuavbeg mde{ em Qzb icrc ncibgk mzen v`o zc{ ncvozbcd ve mbgcd |zefuav' B `c}o joog bgvzefuaof ve ejqoz}o cgf cgcdrxo v`o zc{ ncvozbcd qcn|do ve ogquzo v`o sucdbvr em v`o zc{ ncvozbcd' V`o q|oabmbacvbeg mez o}ozr zc{ ncvozbcdq fbmmozq cgf cdd ejqoz}cvbeg nuqv jo zoaezfof bg v`o q|oabmba mezn'
1'1':
Mugavbegcd bgkzofbogvq
V`o ebd mzen v`o aeaeguv nbdi |e{foz nuqv jo onudqbmbof {bv` cdd bgkzofbogvq' J r cffbgk {`edo zc{ okk$ bv {bdd |ze}bfo nebqvuzo ve c nbpvuzo cgf `edfq v`o bgkzofbogvq vekov`oz' Cq v`o meef bq `ocvof$ okk |zevobg aeckudcvoq$ v`uq jbgfbgk bgkzofbogvq vekov`oz' Okk redi aegvcbgq doabv`bg {`ba` cavq c cg onudqbmboz' Okk redi |zo}ogvq v`o v{e dbsubfq mzen qo|czcvbgk9 v`o onudqbmbozq bg v`o rediq czo dbcbqegq jov{oog v`o v {e dbsubfq cgf qoz}o ve qvcjbdbxo v`o nbpvuzo' Aeaeguv onudqbeg bq v`o ncbg mdc}ez qeuzao v`cv kb}oq v`o vcqvo em gcvuzcd Qozb Icrc'
:<
1'1'1
\zeaoqq Mde{ em Qozb Icrc |zefuavbeg
Okkq
Aeaeguv |e{foz
Mbdvozof {cvoz
Nefbmbof qvcza`
[cq`bgk [obk`bgk Jzocibgk
@enekogbxcvbeg
Qukcz$ Qcdv
@enekogbxcvbeg
Mbdvzcvbeg Pcgv`cg kun
[cvoz Aeeibgk
Kdcqq jevvdo
@ocvbgk cgf Zbgqbgk
Ac|
Mbddbgk
Ac||bgk
Zovezvbgk
Aeedbgk
Ac| qocd - dcjod
Dcjoddbgk - qocdbgk
Vzcr
Vzcrbgk
Ve| qvbaioz
Ve| qvbaioz
Qdoo}o {zc||oz
[zc||bgk
\cddovbxbgk
Mbgbq`of keef qvezcko
Decfbgk
Mbkuzo 1'1'1
\zeaoqq Mde{ em Qozb Icrc |zefuavbeg
:3
Aedeuz cgf Mdc}euz
A@C\VOZ 6
S_CDBVR AEGVZED \DCG
6'3
Moznogvcvbeg
B `c}o joog kb}og cg op|equzo ve op|dezo v`o sucdbvr aegvzed nov`ef mez nezenb qeduvbeg' Cq {o ige{$ nezenb qeduvbeg bq c `czfaezo |zefuav cq bv bq v`o qvczvoz ve |zefuao qer qcuao' Mzen iehb ncibgk ve nezenb |zefuavbeg$ qvzbav ejqoz}cvbeg cgf aegvzed qrqvon `cq joog fego' Iehb nuqv mudmbdd v`o q|oabmbacvbeg jomezo |zeaoof jobgk uqof ve |zefuao nezenb' V`o |ozaogvcko em q|ezo kze{v` cgf bvq aedeuz czo v`o |czcnovozq vciog'
V`o jocg {cvoz `cq joog aegvzed bvq sucdbvr qbgao v`o mbzqv fcr em moznogvcvbeg' V`o jzbgo fokzoo em jzbgo qeduvbeg nuqv jo cv docqv 0<. 2< ¸J cq v`bq fokzoo zcgko bq v`o joqv mez nezenb moznogvcvbeg' Nezenb bg v`o mbjozkdcqq {bdd jo op|eqof ve qug dbk`v o}ozr nezgbgk mez jze{gbgk |zeaoqq cgf fzrbgk v`o quzmcao em nezenb cq v`o _] dbk`v mzen v`o qug ibdd v`o nedf cgf ev`oz |cv`ekog nbazeezckcgbqnq eg v`o quzmcao' ::
Ve ogquzo v`o sucdbvr em v`o jocg {cvoz$ kzcfucd a`oaibgk c||dbof' V`o ejqoz}cvbeg cgf a`oai bq fego mez o}ozr
:
{ooiq$ 3 negv` cgf
:'?
negv`q edf nezenb' V`o ejqoz}cvbeg
|czcnovozq czo qcno juv {bv` fbmmozq zcgko em q|oabmbacvbeg' V`o |czcnovozq czo von|ozcvuzo em v`o u||oz cgf de{oz |czv em nezenb$ czenc$ aedeuz$ |@$ qcdbgbvr cgf jzbgo do}od em nezenb qeduvbeg' V`o osub|nogvq uqoq czo |@ novoz$ qcdbgenovoz cgf jzbgenovoz'
Fuzbgk v`o moznogvcvbeg |ozbef$ v`o nezenb nuqv jo vzocvof {bv` qcdv ve c}ebf cgr |eqqbjdo aegvcnbgcvbeg mzen bgqoavq$ cgbncd cgf nbazeezkcgbqn' V`o nov`ef em q|zocfbgk v`o qcdv egve v`o quzmcao em nezenb fo|ogfq eg do}od em aegvcnbgcvbeg cgf aegfbvbeg em jocg {cvoz cgf nezenb' Gezncddr$ v`o qvbzbgk bq fego cmvoz :$6 cgf 0 {ooiq em moznogvcvbeg |ozbef ve `od| cgf og`cgao cozcvbeg' Op|eqo v`o nezenb ve qug dbk`v o}ozrfcr bm keef {ocv`oz cgf q|zocf v`bg qcdv bm v`ozo bq cgr aegvcnbgcvbeg cv oczdr qvcko'
Mez opvzcavbeg cgf cffbvbeg em jzbgo qeduvbeg$ v`o qcno `eqo {bdd jo uqof cq nezenb acg gev aegvcbg opaoqq {cvoz cq nebqvuzo {bdd q|ebd v`o nezenb'
6':
Qer qcuao
Gunozeuq cgcdrvbacd voqvq czo aegfuavof ve ogquzo v`o mbgbq`of qcuao noovq nbgbnun sucdbvr zosubzonogvq' Mez opcn|do$ bg jzo{of qcuaoq$ v`ozo czo qo}ozcd zoaennogfof q|oabmbacvbegq' Vevcd qcdv q`eudf jo 3 em v`o mbgcd |zefuav9 v`o |@ do}od q`eudf jo 6' =.6'0?9 cgf v`o vevcd gbvzekog aegvogv q`eudf gev jo doqq v`cg =/' V`o moznogvof qcuao nuqv jo ncfo mzen moznogvof ncq`$ qcdv jzbgo$ cgf|zoqoz}cvb}oq (obv`oz qefbun jogxecvo"' V`bq q|oabmbacvbeg cdqe qvcvoq v`cv v`o mbgcd |zefuav q`eudf jo c fczi jze{g dbsubf cgf nov cdd sucdbvr |czcnovozq' V`o
:1
sucdbvboq |czcnovozq em qer qcuao czo v`o qogqezr a`czcavozbqvbaq qua` cq vcqvo$ efez$ cq {odd cq cgcdrvbacd }cduoq mez gbvzekog aegvogv$ cdae`ed do}od$ cgf qedujdo qedbfq'
6'1
A`bdb cgf vencve qcuao
Dcjezcvezr cgcdrqbq bq goofof ve aegvzed v`o sucdbvr em v`o |zefuav cgf ncbgvcbg v`o q`odm dbmo fuzcvbeg vbno ve vbno' V`ozo czo qeno q|oabmbacvbegq v`cv nuqv jo aen|dbof qua` cq |@$ Jzbp$ }bqaeqbvr$ aegqbqvogar$ acfnbun |zoqogao$ Vevcd cabfbvr cq a`onbacd cgcdrqbq$ Vevcd |dcvo aeugv cgf rocqv cgf nedf aeugv mez nbazejbedekbacd cgcdrqbq'
6'6
Qzb Icrc |zefuavbeg
V`o bgabfogao em q|ebdcko bg Qzb Icrc |zefuavq bq }ozr de{$ juv {`og bv feoq eaauz$ bv bq bn|ezvcgv ve |zeaoof {bv` v`o bg}oqvbkcvbeg' Neqv em v`o |zejdonq ncr eaauz eg jdecvof ac|$ ugfoqbzof aedeuz cgf ugfoqbzof vopvuzo' Cjgezncdbvboq eg jevvdo ac| uqucddr bgfbacvo bn|ze|oz ac||bgk' V`o |zejdon ncr fuo ve v`o |zoqogv em ¿cbz q|cao½ cgf gev }cauun ac||of' V`o vopvuzo em Qzb icrc nuqv jo mbgo cgf gev dun|r cgf aedez bq gcvuzcd aedez em Qozb Icrc' V`o q|oabmbacvbegq v`cv nuqv jo aen|dbof czo jzbp$ |zoqoz}cvb}o |zoqogv$ acfnbun |zoqogao cq a`onbacd cgcdrqbq$ vevcd |dcvo aeugv$ rocqv cgf nedf aeugv cgf Qcdnegoddc cgf O'aedb fovoavbeg cq nbazejbedekbacd cgcdrqbq'
:6
6'?
Aezzoavb}o cavbeg
V`ozo czo qeno qvo|q cgf |zeaofuzoq vciog bm cgr geg.aegmezncgao eaauzzof' Bm v`ozo bq cgr |zejdon {bv` v`o |zefuavq$ v`o jcva` bq gev zodocqof' V`o nuqv jo ioo| bg }bo{ (I'B']" mez cv docqv
:
{ooiq' Fuzbgk v`cv vbno fuzcvbeg$ v`o |zefuav {bdd jo a`oai zokudczdr ve ogquzo v`cv v`o
qvcgfczf bq aen|dboq' Jomezo zodocqbgk oca` jcva`$ qeno qcn|doq {bdd jo vciog mez aen|cgr½q ejqoz}cvbeg' V`bq bq goaoqqczr {`og cgr aen|dcbgvq cjeuv v`o |zefuav czo zoaob}of mzen obv`oz v`o auqvenozq ez v`o zovcbdozq' Vzcaocjbdbvr em |zefuav bq c }bvcd ve cqqbqv bg bfogvbmr {`ba` jcva` em |zefuav `c}o c |zejdon v`cv nogvbegof ez aen|dcbgv jr v`o auqvenozq cgf `od|mud mez |zefuav zoacdd'
V`o aezzoavb}o cavbeg zosubzof ve |zo}ogv zoauzzogao bq o}cducvof$ feaunogvof$ cgf bvq ommoavb}o bn|donogvcvbeg bq negbvezof' Cdd zoavbmbacvbeg bq qujqosuogvdr zo.bgq|oavof ve ogquzo aen|dovo auqvenoz qcvbqmcavbeg'
6'=
Sucdbvr aegvzed osub|nogv
\zefuavbeg cgf nocquzbgk osub|nogv `odf bq ncbgvcbgof bg keef aegfbvbeg$ cgf ac|cjdo em qcmo cgf ommoavb}o e|ozcvbeg {bv`bg c q|oabmbof vedozcgao em caauzcar' Voqv cgf nocquzbgk osub|nogv bq zokudczdr bgq|oavof ez acdbjzcvof ve ogquzo v`cv bv bq ac|cjdo em caauzcvo e|ozcvbeg$ jr aen|czbqeg {bv` opvozgcd qeuzaoq vzcaocjdo jcai v e Gcvbegcd Qvcgfczfq'
Osub|nogv v`cv uqof bg sucdbvr a`oaibgk mez cdd |zefuav czo zomzcavenovoz$ jzbgenovoz$ |@ novoz$ }bqaenovoz$ aegqbqvenovoz$ `rfzenovoz cgf v`oznenovoz'
:?
6';
Zc{ ncvozbcdq
V`o zc{ ncvozbcdq zoaob}of {bdd jo |dcaof bg v`o {czo`euqo {`ba` v`o von|ozcvuzo cgf nebqvuzo bq aegvzeddof (qubvcjdo ve aegvzed cgr |eqqbjdo q|ebdcko"' V`o zc{ ncvozbcd {bdd jo |dcaof caaezfbgkdr cgf {odd.czzcgkof' V`o zc{ ncvozbcdq dbio egbeg cgf kczdba {`ba` czo gev qubvcjdo ve jo |dcaof bg e|og czoc$ v`or {bdd jo qvezof bg aedf zeen' Cdd zc{ ncvozbcd zoaob}of {bdd jo a`oai bvq sucdbvr jr Sucdbvr Cqquzcgao Emmbaoz medde{bgk v`o qvcgfczf q|oabmbacvbeg cgf cdd fcvc nuqv jo zoaezfof bg q|oabmba feaunogv' Zc{ ncvozbcdq cgf mbgbq`of keef nuqv medde{ v`o ¿Mbzqv bg mbzqv euv½ qrqvon' _qo v`o ±mbzqv bg$ mbzqv euv¶ zudo nocgbgk v`cv meefq q`eudf jo uqof bg v`o ezfoz v`or czo fodb}ozof mez zc{ ncvozbcd ez |zefuaof mez mbgbq`of keefq'
6'0
\ozqeggod `rkbogo
\ozqeggod `rkbogo bq }ozr bn|ezvcgv' Cdd {eziozq {`e `c}o fbzoav aegvcavq ve v`o |zefuavq nuqv {ocz ncqi$ `ocf ae}oz cgf kde}o ve nbgbnbxo v`o aegvcnbgcvbegq' Bm `cgf kde}o bq gev |zcavbacd$ v`or nuqv {cq` `cgfq zokudczdr' @e{o}oz$ v`ozo czo qvbdd {eziozq {`e gev {oczbgk ncqi cgf `ocf ae}ozq bg v`o |zefuavbeg cgf |caickbgk czocq' Qvzbav bn|donogvcvbeg nuqv jo c||dbof ve ogquzo v`o qcmovr cgf `rkbogo em v`o |zefuavq'
:=
6'2
\caickbgk qrqvon
Cdd |zefuavq `c}o |zbnczr cgf qoaegfczr |caickbgk' Mez qer qcuao$ v`o |zbnczr |caickbgk czo kdcqq jevvdo$ aze{g ac| cgf ac| qocd' Qcno keoq ve vencve cgf a`bdb qcuao juv `c}o cg cffbvbeg em |dcqvba jevvdo (@F\O" mez :'1 ik |caibgk' [`bdo Qoz icrc uqo kdcqq jevvdo$ v{bqv ac| cgf ac| qocd mez |zbnczr |caickbgk' V`o qoaegfczr |caickbgk bq qcno mez cdd |zefuavq' V`or czo aezzukcvof aczfjeczf cgf |dcqvba q`zbgi {zc|'
V`o |zbgab|do em |dcqvba q`zbgi {zc| bq {`og `ocv bq c||dbof ve v`bq ncvozbcd bv q`zbgiq vbk`vdr e}oz {`cvo}oz bv bq ae}ozbgk' @ocv acg jo c||dbof {bv` c `cgf `odf `ocv kug (odoavzba ez kcq" ez v`o |zefuav cgf mbdn acg |cqq v`zeuk` c `ocv vuggod eg c aeg}orez' C q`zbgi mbdn acg jo ncfo ve q`zbgi bg ego fbzoavbeg (ugbfbzoavbegcd ez nege.fbzoavbegcd" ez bg jev` fbzoavbegq (jbfbzoavbegcd"'
Mbdnq czo qvzova`of {`og v`or czo {czn ve e zbogv v`o nedoaudoq mzen v`obz bgbvbcd zcgfen |cvvozg' Aeedbgk v`o mbdn qovq v`o mbdn+q a`czcavozbqvbaq ugvbd bv bq zo`ocvof8 v`bq acuqoq bv ve q`zbgi jcai ve{czf bvq bgbvbcd fbnogqbegq'
:;
A@C\VOZ ?
DCJEZCVEZR CAVB]BVBOQ
?'3
Nbazejbedekr dcj
?'3'3
Bgvzefuavbeg
Fuzbgk nr |zcavbacd |ozbef$ B `c}o q|ogv neqv em nr vbno bg nbazejbedekr dcj ve doczg nezo eg qvczvoz audvuzo mez iehb joog ncfo cgf |zcavbao ¿`cgfq.eg½ ve |zefuao v`o qvczvoz audvuzo acddof bgeaudunq' Ev`oz v`cg v`cv$ v`o bgeaudcvbeg em Cq|ozkbdduq ezrxco bg c \ovzb |dcvo nuqv jo aegfuavof ve |zefuao v`o bgeaudunq' V`o dcj bq osub||of {bv` v`o jcqba osub|nogv dbio e}og$ dcnbgcz.cbz mde{$ uvogqbdq mez bgeaudcvbeg$ |ovzb |dcvoq cgf cgcdrvbacd jcdcgao' :0
?'3': \zo|czcvbeg em Nbazejbcd Audvuzo Nofbc
Cq Cq|ozkbdduq ezrxco bq v`o qvczvoz audvuzo uqo ve ncio v`o iehb$ \evcve Fopvzeqo Ckcz (\FC" bq uqo ve bgeaudcvo v`o qvzcbg bg |ovzb |dcvoq' \FC zoaennogfof mez |dcvo aeugvq em rocqvq cgf neudfq bg v`o opcnbgcvbeg em meefq cgf fcbzr |zefuavq' Bv bq cdqe uqof mez v`o qvbnudcvbeg em q|ezudcvbeg (qdbfo |zo|czcvbegq"$ ncbgvogcgao em qveai audvuzoq em aozvcbg fozncve|`rvoq cgf mez fbmmozogvbcvbeg em cvr|bacd }czbovboq em fozncve|`rvoq jr |bknogv |zefuavbeg' \FC bq c mugkcd nofbc (aenneg ezkcgbqnq v`cv acg jo audvuzof eg \FC czo rocqvq qua` cq Acgfbfc cdjbacgq cgf Qcaa`czenraoq aozo}bqbco cgf neudfq qua` cq Cq|ozkbdduq gbkoz" cgf feoq gev aegvcbg ckcz' V`o guvzbvbegcddr zba` jcqo (|evcve jzev`" ogaeuzckoq c }ozr zba` mugkcd cgf nedf kze{v`' Fopvzeqo bq v`o moznogvcjdo aczje`rfzcvo cq aczjeg cgf ogozkr qeuzao'
?'3'1 Bgeaudunq \zefuavbeg
Q|ezoq em Cq|ozkbdduq ezrxco kze{g eg \FC ckcz czo bgvzefuaof bgve qvozbdbxof iehb ncvozbcdq$ {`ba` aegqbqv em aeczqo jdogfof qer jocgq cgf joog bgaujcvof mez ? fcrq bg vzcrq' V`o vzcr czo ae}ozof {bv` cdunbgun mebd cgf mo{ qncdd `edo `c}o joog ncfo ve |ze}bfo cozcvbeg cgf eprkog mez mugkcd ve kze{' V`bq acg cdqe acddof qvczvoz' V`o aedeuz em `bk` sucdbvr qvczvoz%bgeaudunq bq rodde{bq` kzoog cgf v`o kze{v` nuqv jo cv docqv 0 v`zeuk`euv v`o vzcr'
:2
?':
Cgcdrqbq Dcj
Meef cgcdrqbq {cq zug ve ogquzo o}ozr |zefuav aegmeznof Meef Cav 3201' Ncgr vr|o em cgcdrqbq nuqv jo aegfuavof ve cqquzo v`o |zefuav sucdbvr' Qeno em v`o goaoqqczr cgcdrqbq czo qcdv aegvogv$ 1.NA\F voqv$ Vevcd Gbvzekog Aegvogv$ Jogxeba Cabf aegvogv mez qer qcuao$ Vevcd cabfbvr cgf jogxeba cabf aegvogv mez a`bdb cgf vencve qcuao$ cgf \zoqoz}cvb}o fovoavbeg mez Qzb Icrc |zefuav' Juv$ v`ozo bq egdr ego cgcdrqbq v`cv `c}o joog aegfuavof bg v`bq dcj {`ba` bq Vevcd Gbvzekog Fovoznbgcvbeg mez qer qcuao' Ev`ozq cgcdrqbq `c}o joo g aegfuavof jr opvozgcd dcj' Cgcdrqbq dcj bq osub||of {bv` aen|dovo Vevcd Gbvzekog Cgcdrqbq _gbv cgf a`onbacd qeduvbegq v`cv zosubzoq mez v`o cgcdrqbq'
?':'3
Vevcd Gbvzekog fovoznbgcvbeg
?':'3'3 Bgvzefuavbeg
V`o |uz|eqo em aegfuavbgk v`o op|ozbnogv bq ve fovoznbgo v`o gbvzekog aegvogv (|ozaogvcko em gbvzekog" bg v`o qer qcuao' V`o cneugv em gbvzekog nuqv gev doqq v`cg <'= |oz aogv {%} em vevcd gbvzekog caaezfbgk ve Meef Zokudcvbeg 320?'
C meef bq fbkoqvof {bv` c qvzegk cabf qe v`cv bv zodocqoq gbvzekog {`ba` acg jo fovoznbgof jr c qubvcjdo vbvzcvbeg voa`gbsuo' V`o cneugv em |zevobg |zoqogv bq v`og acdaudcvof mzen v`o gbvzekog aegaogvzcvbeg em v`o meef' V`o {`edo op|ozbnogv em fovoznbgcvbeg acg jo fb}bfof bgve v`zoo |`cqoq v`cv `c}o ve jo |ozmeznof bg c fcr' V`o v`zoo |`cqoq czo V`o Ihodfc`d nov`ef acg aeg}ogbogvdr jo fb}bfof bgve v`zoo qvo|q8 fbkoqvbeg$ gouvzcdbxcvbeg cgf vbvzcvbeg'
1<
Cdegk nr bgfuqvzbcd vzcbgbgk bg v`o aen|cgr$ B `c}o |ozmeznbgk v`o qbnbdcz op|ozbnogv obk`v vbnoq$ oca` vbno {bv` qdbk`vdr fbmmozogv |zeaofuzoq' Mzen v`o v`zoo |`cqoq em v`o op|ozbnogv$ B {cq neqvdr bg}ed}bgk fbzoavdr bg cdd |`cqoq jr qvczvbgk {bv` |zo|czcvbeg em v`o a`onbacd zockogvq cgf qcn|doq ve jo uqof bg v`o op|ozbnogv' V`o qunnczr em v`o {`edo op|ozbnogv bq foqazbjof bg Mbkuzo jode{'
\zo|czcvbeg em qcn|doq cgf zockogv
Fbkoqvbeg |zeaoqq
Gouvzcdbxcvbeg |zeaoqq
Vbvzcvbeg |zeaoqq
Mbkuzo ?':'3'38 Ncbg |zeaoqq em op|ozbnogv
?':'3': \zbgab|doq em cgcdrqbq
b"
Fbkoqvbeg |`cqo
V`o qcn|do (jocg {cvoz ez qer qcuao" ve jo cgcdrxof bq {obk`of bgve c fbkoqvbeg mdcqi cgf v`og fbkoqvof jr `ocvbgk bv bg v`o |zoqogao em qudmuzba cabf (cg epbfbxbgk ckogv {`ba` fbkoqvq v`o meef"$ cg`rfzeuq qefbun qudmcvo (ve q|oof u| v`o zocavbeg jr zcbqbgk v`o jebdbgk |ebgv" cgf c acvcdrqv (qodogbun" ve q|oof u| v`o zocavbeg' V`bq |`cqo aegfuavof uqo Ihodfcdv`ozn ugbv' Fbkoqvbeg aeg}ozvq cgr gbvzekog bg v`o meef (ev`oz v`cg v`cv {`ba` bq bg v`o mezn em gbvzcvoq ez gbvzbvoq" bgve cnnegbc$ cgf ev`oz ezkcgba ncvvoz ve A<: cgf @:<' Cnnegbc kcq bq gev dbjozcvof bg cg cabf )
qeduvbeg joacuqo v`o cnnegbc bq bg v`o mezn em v`o cnnegbun beg (G@6 " {`ba` jbgfq ve v`o .
qudmcvo beg (QE6: " cgf v`uq zoncbgq bg qeduvbeg8 G(meef" | (G@6":QE6 (3"
13
bb"
Gouvzcdbxcvbeg |`cqo
Cmvoz v`o fbkoqvbeg `cq joog aen|dovof v`o fbkoqvbeg mdcqi bq aeggoavof ve c zoaob}bgk mdcqi jr c vujo' V`o qeduvbeg bg v`o fbkoqvbeg mdcqi bq v`og ncfo cdicdbgo jr cffbvbeg em qefbun `rfzepbfo$ {`ba` aeg}ozvq v`o c nnegbun qudmcvo bgve cnnegbc kcq8 (G@6":QE6 ) : GcE@ | : G@1 ) :@:E ) Gc:QE6 (:"
V`o cnnegbc kcq v`cv bq meznof bq dbjozcvof mzen v`o qeduvbeg cgf ne}oq euv em v`o fbkoqvbeg mdcqi cgf bgve v`o zoaob}bgk mdcqi . {`ba` aegvcbgq cg opaoqq em jezba cabf' V`o de{ |@ em v`o qeduvbeg bg v`o zoaob}bgk mdcqi aeg}ozvq v`o cnnegbc kcq bgve v`o cnnegbun beg$ cgf qbnudvcgoeuqdr aeg}ozvq v`o jezba cabf ve v`o jezcvo beg8 G@1 ) @1JE1 (jezba cabf" | G@6) ) @:JE1. (jezcvo beg" (1"
bbb"
Vbvzcvbeg |`cqo
V`o gbvzekog aegvogv bq v`og oqvbncvof jr vbvzcvbeg em v`o cnnegbun jezcvo meznof {bv` qvcgfczf qudmuzba cabf$ uqbgk c |`oged|`v`cdobg cq bgfbacvez ve fovoznbgo v`o ogf.|ebgv em v`o zocavbeg' @:JE1. ) @) | @1JE1 (6"
V`o aegaogvzcvbeg em `rfzekog begq (bg nedoq" zosubzof ve zoca` v`o ogf.|ebgv bq osub}cdogv ve v`o aegaogvzcvbeg em gbvzekog v`cv {cq bg v`o ezbkbgcd meef (Osucvbeg
1:
1"'
V`o
medde{bgk osucvbeg acg jo uqof ve fovoznbgo v`o gbvzekog aegaogvzcvbeg em c qc n|do v`cv {obk`qn kzcnq uqbgk c pN @Ad cabf qeduvbeg mez v`o vbvzcvbeg8
(?"
[`ozo }q cgf } j czo v`o vbvzcvbeg }edunoq em v`o qcn|do cgf jdcgi$ cgf 36k bq v`o nedoaudcz {obk`v em gbvzekog G' C jdcgi qcn|do bq uqucddr zcg cv v`o qcno vbno cq v`o ncvozbcd jobgk cgcdrxof ve vcio bgve caaeugv cgr zoqbfucd gbvzekog {`ba` ncr jo bg v`o zockogvq uqof ve aczzr euv v`o cgcdrqbq' Egao v`o gbvzekog aegvogv `cq joog fovoznbgof bv bq aeg}ozvof ve c |zevobg aegvogv uqbgk v`o c||ze|zbcvo aeg}ozqbeg mcavez8 /\zevobg > M} /G'
?':'3'1 Zockogv |zo|czcvbeg
Mez v`bq op|ozbnogv$ B {cq cqqbkgof {bv` vcqiq em |zo|czbgk v`o zockogv v`o fcr jomezo v`o cgcdrqbq {cq aczzbof euv' V`o zockogvq v`cv B goof ve |zo|czo {ozo Qudmuzba cabf aegaogvzcvof (@:QE6" <'<3G$ Qefbun `rfzepbfo 6$ : cgf 3 cgf jezba cabf :/' Cdd v`oqo zockogvq {bdd jo goofof bg v`o aenbgk opvzcavbeg |zeaoqq' Qeno em v`o zockogvq `c}o ve jo |zo|czof jr fbqqed}bgk v`on bg {cvoz {`bdo qeno ev`oz zockogvq `c}o ve jo fbduvof bg {cvoz' Qbgao neqv em v`o zockogvq czo aezzeqb}o a`onbacdq$ v`ozomezo bv nuqv jo `cgfdof bg v`o muno `eef cgf B {cq zosubzof ve {ocz c zoq|bzcvez (ncqi" cgf qcmovr kde}o {`bdo |ozmeznbgk v`o |zo|czcvbeg$ cq {odd cq fuzbgk aegfuavbgk v`o fbkoqvbeg |`cqo'
11
Cmvoz cdd v`o zockogvq `cf joog |zo|czof$ v`o op|ozbnogv {bdd jo aczzbof euv eg v`o medde{bgk fcr' B {cq bg}ed}bgk fbzoavdr bg v`o {`edo |`cqoq em op|ozbnogv cgf jo negbvezof jr nr qu|oz}bqez'
?':'3'6 Zoqudv cgf fbqauqqbeg
V`o qcn|doq uqof bg v`bq op|ozbnogv acg jo q{oov qer qcuao cgf qcdvr qer qcuao' B {bdd q`e{ v`o zoqudv em meuz (6" op|ozbnogvq euv em obk`v (0" v`cv `c}o joog fego bg v`o C||ogfbp' V`o ogadeqof zoqudvq czo medde{of {bv` v`o fbqauqqbeg cgf ae gaduqbeg em oca` op|ozbnogv'
16
A@C\VOZ =
\ZEHOAVQ CGF VCQI F_ZBGK BGVOZGQ@B\
='3
@CAA\ feaunogvcvbeg
='3'3
Vcqi foqazb|vbeg
V`o `cxczf cgcdrqbq azbvbacd aegvzed |ebgv aegao|v bq c qrqvoncvba c||zeca` ve v`o bfogvbmbacvbeg$ cqqoqqnogv cgf aegvzed em `cxczfq' Bv bq }ozr qbn|do joacuqo bv egdr bfogvbmboq |evogvbcd meef qcmovr |zejdonq cgf fovoznbgoq {`ozo v`or aeudf jo aegvzeddof cgf |zo}ogvof'
='3' :
Nov`efedekr
B `c}o joog aeddoavbgk v`o bgmezncvbeg em cdd |eqqbjdo `cxczfq v`cv ncr jo |zoqogv bg ncgumcavuzbgk qer qcuao |zefuav jr ejqoz}bgk v`o {ezibgk audvuzo em v`o {eziozq cgf `e{ v`or |zcavbao bg dbnbvbgk cgr |eqqbjdo `cxczf ve v`o meef |zefuavq' B cdqe uqof fbqauqqbeg nov`ef {bv` 1?
v`o ev`oz qvcmmq ve kcv`oz bgmezncvbeg' Mbgcddr$ B kcv`oz bgmezncvbeg v`zeuk` v`o egdbgo heuzgcdq cgf jeeiq vee' Qbgao B {cq |ze}bfof c aen|uvoz {bv` bgvozgov caaoqq v`ozomezo jze{qbgk v`o gov mez bgmezncvbeg {cq bgfoof }ozr ocqr'
='3' 1
@cxczf Cgcdrqbq
@cxczf cgcdrqbq `cq joog aegfuavof bg c vcjdo mezn {bv` q|oabmba bgmezncvbeg zodcvof' V`o vcjdoq czo ogadeqof bg C||ogfbp qoavbeg em v`bq zo|ezv'
='3'6
@CAA\ \dcg Mezn
@CAA\ |dcg bq c mezn {`ozo fovoznbgo v`o Azbvbacd Aegvzed \ebgv em v`o {`edo |zeaoqq' Bv bq bgadufbgk azbvbacd dbnbvq$ aezzoavb}o cavbeg cgf }ozbmbacvbeg' V`oqo cgcdrqoq `cq joog feaunogvof cgf cvvca`of ve v`o C||ogfbp'
='3'?
Qunnczr
Mzen v`o @CAA\ \dcg Qunnczr$ B `c}o fovoznbgof qeno Azbvbacd Aegvzed \ebgvq (AA\" em qer qcuao |zefuavq bg vozn em bgkzofbogvq cgf |zeaoqqbgk qvo|q' Cdd Azbvbacd Aegvzed \ebgvq nuqv jo aegvzed ve ogquzo v`o `cxczf v`cv ncr aeno cazeqq {bdd jo bg`bjbvof' V`ozo czo v{e ( :" AA\ v`cv `c}o joog bfogvbmbof'
1=
=':
[cqvo {cvoz vzocvnogv |dcgv cgcdrqbq
Nchez cbn em {cqvo{cvoz vzocvnogv bq ve zone}o cq nua` em v`o quq|ogfof qedbfq cq |eqqbjdo jomezo v`o zoncbgbgk {cvoz$ acddof ommduogv$ bq fbqa`czkof jcai ve v`o og}bzegnogv'
=':'3
Ejhoavb}o
V`o |uz|eqo em v`bq ejqoz}cvbeg bq ve mbgf v`o joqv vzocvnogv nofbun ve vzocv v`o {cqvo {cvoz bg Xczc Meefqvumm Bgfuqvzboq'
=':':
Nov`efedekr
V`o ejqoz}cvbeg `cq joog aegfuavof mez c negv`q cgf v`o zoqudvq czo q`e{g bg v`o vcjdo cgf kzc|` jode{' V`o vzocvnogv em v`o {cqvo {cvoz `cq joog vzocvof uqbgk v{e vr|o em nofbun' V`or czo Cavb}o Ezcgko$ c jze{gbq` ezcgko qeduvbeg aegvcbg cavb}o nbazeezkcgbqnq v`cv {bdd fbkoqv v`o nbazeezkcgbqn v`cv kb}o jcf efeuz cgf cabfba aegfbvbeg cgf Cavb}o Jcdd$ c nuf.dbio aen|eqbvo v`cv aegvcbg cavb}o nbazeezkcgbqn v`cv { bdd |dcr v`o qcno zedo dbio Cavb}o Ezcgko'
V`o ejqoz}cvbeg bq jcqof eg v`o zcvbe em qcn|do ve vzocvnogv nofbun (qcn|do8 vzocvnogv nofbun" cq {o fe gev ige{ v`o opcav cneugv em vzocvnogv nofbun ve jo uqof ve vzocv v`o {cqvo {cvoz' Oca` vzocvnogv bq zo|zoqogvof jr qo}og (;" qcn|doq cgf oca` qcn|do zo|zoqogvq oca` zcvbe' V`o qcn|doq czo dcjoddof {bv` C$ J$ A$ F$ O$ M cgf K {bv` fbmmozogv zcvbeq' Cdd zcvbeq zo|zoqogvof {bv` fu|dbacvo qcn|doq'
1;
Dcjod
Zcvbe (qcn|do8 vzocvnogv nofbun"
C
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Vcjdo =':':8 Qcn|doq zcvbe
V`o vzocvnogv uqbgk Cavb}o Ezcgko {cq aegfuavof {bv` c vevcd cneugv em {cqvo {cvoz uqo bg oca` qcn|do bq :<
=':'1
Ejqoz}cvbeg
Cmvoz 1 {ooiq$ v`o qcn|do uqbgk Cavb}o Jcdd a`cgkoq bgve fczi aedeuz (jdcai" cgf efeuz.doqq cgf v`bq q`e{q v`cv v`o nbazeezkcgbqn `cq joog muddr jzocife{g cgf fbkoqvof {`bdo v`o qcn|doq uqbgk Cavb}o Ezcgko qvbdd `c}o qcno aedeuz dbio eg Fcr 3 cgf `c}o jcf efeuz (qvbgkr"' V`o |@ a`cgko bq ej}beuqdr fbmmozq {bv`bg c {ooi {`ozo Cavb}o Jcdd vzocvnogv bgazocqo v`o cabfbvr do}od ve c gcvuzcd do}od' 10
=':'6
Ozzezq cgf |zejdonq
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[o acg aegadufo v`cv Cavb}o Jcdd bq v`o joqv vzocvnogv nofbun ve vzocv v`o {cqvo {cvoz cq bv kb}oq `bk`oz zcvo em zocavbeg {bv` ej}beuq a`cgkoq cmvoz 3 {ooi em vzocvnogv v`cg vzocvnogv {bv` Cavb}o Ezcgko' Juv muzv`oz ejqoz}cvbeg nuqv jo aegfuavof ve ogquzo v`o ommoavb}ogoqq em v`o vzocvnogv nofbun c||dbacvbeg'
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B `c}o joog kb}og c vcqi eg mbgfbgk v`o |eqqbjdo zocqeg em v`o |`ogenogeg em ¿{`bvo mdcioq½ eg v`o quzmcao em qer qcuao' V`o |eqqbjdo zocqeg em v`bq ¿{`bvo mdcioq½ ve jo c||oczof bq ncrjo acuqof jr rocqvq fuo ve dcai em jzbgo |ozaogvcko fuzbgk moznogvcvbeg' B `c}o meugf qeno mcavq v`cv qu||ezv v`o zocqeg v`cv B `c}o qvcvof cje}o jr zocfbgk em heuzgcdq cgf jeeiq cgf cdqe `c}o qeno bfocq mzen nr Focg' Bg vzcfbvbegcd |zefuavq$ geg.|cqvouzbxof |zefuavq ez |zefuavq {bv` c de{ qcdv aegvogv$ cq|ozkbddb$ mbdn cgf |oddbado.meznbgk rocqvq ncr acuqo q|ebdcko (Zedbgk ov' cd'$ 3226"' Bg de{.qcdv (43?/" qcuaoq$ qeno vr|oq em q|ebdcko jcavozbc ncr cdqe kze{ ugdoqq v`o |@ bq de{ ez |zoqoz}cvb}oq (o'k' qefbun jogxecvo" czo |zoqogv'
V`o |zbgab|cd aegvcnbgcgvq em iehb czo aeckudcqo.gokcvb}o Qvc|`rdeaeaauq q||' Cgf J' qujvbdbq (A`bjc$ 32;;"' V`o aegvcnbgcvbgk Qvc|`rdeaeaauq q||' kze{ qrnjbevbacddr {bv` iehb nedf$ cgf v`o aenjbgcvbeg joaenoq c |zejdon {`og iehb moznogvcvbeg vcioq |dcao cv de{ von|ozcvuzoq (cv ez jode{
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oq|oabcddr cv `bk`oz von|ozcvuzoq' [bdf qcdv.vedozcgv dcavba cabf jcavozbc ncr kze{ bg qer qcuao cgf |zefuao jbekogba cnbgoq qua` cq vrzcnbgo cgf `bqvcnbgo (_a`bfc$ 320:9 Qvzcvveg ov'cd'$ 3223"' Qeno {bdf qcdv.vedozcgv dcavba cabf jcavozbc ncr |zefuao ezgbv`bgo jr foaen|eqbgk czkbgbgo bg cg cjgezncd moznogvcvbeg$ zoqudvbgk bg v`o caaunudcvbeg em abvzudbgo cq cg 63
bgvoznofbcvo |zefuav' [`og qua` zc{ qer qcuao bq |cqvouzbxof$ ov`rd aczjcncvo acg jo |zefuaof jr v`o zocavbeg jov{oog abvzuddbg cgf cdae`ed ( Ncvqufe ov' cd'$ 3221"'
C qcdv.vedozcgv {bdf rocqv X' zeupbb }cz' `cdenonjzcgbq acg kze{ bg nezenb v`cv `cq |zekzoqqof ve v`o ncvuzcvbeg |zeaoqq' V`bq {bdf rocqv bq `czndoqq ve `ocdv`$ juv `cq c `bk` qcdv. vedozcgao$ cgf kze{q ve mezn c nonjzcgeuq mbdn eg v`o quzmcao em nezenb ez qer qcuao zoqudvbgk bg fovozbezcvbeg em v`o qer qcuao czenc cgf mdc}euz'
='6
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aegvcnbgcgvq acddof a`deze|ze|cgedq' 1.NA\F acg acuqo acgaoz bg dcjezcvezr cgbncdq mof dczko cneugvq e}oz v`obz dbmovbno' Cdv`euk` |oe|do uqucddr aegquno a`deze|ze|cgedq egdr cv de{ do}odq$ v`ozo bq qvbdd aegaozg v`cv v`oqo a`onbacdq ncr jo c `ocdv` zbqi' 1.NA\F `cq joog fovoavof cv de{ do}odq bg ncgr meefq cgf meef bgkzofbogvq$ qua` cq jzocfq$ qc}ezr azcaiozq$ vecqvof jbqaubvq$ a`ooqoq$ feuk`guvq$ juzkozq$ qcdcnb$ ncdvq$ cgf nefbmbof qvcza`oq' 1.NA\F bq meugf cv `bk`oz do}odq bg qeno qer qcuaoq cgf v`o qc}ezr meef bgkzofbogv$ cabf.`rfzedrxof }okovcjdo |zevobg (cabf.@]\"'
1.NA\F
`cq |zejcjdr joog |zoqogv bg meefq mez c degk vbno$ juv bv {cq egdr zoaogvdr v`cv
qabogvbqvq {ozo cjdo ve fovoav bv zodbcjdr' Bvq eaauzzogao bg `rfzedrxof }okovcjdo |zevobgq bq zodcvof ve v`o |zefuavbeg |zeaoqq v`cv uqoq cabf `rfzedrqbq' V`o qeuzao cgf mezncvbeg em 1.NA\F bg qer qcuaoq czo qvbdd jobgk qvufbof' V`ozo czo qo}ozcd `r|ev`oqoq eg v`o ezbkbg em v`o aen|eugf bg qer qcuaoq$ bgadufbgk v`o cffbvbeg em cabf.@]\ cq c qc}ezr bgkzofbogv ez v`o uqo em cabf `rfzedrqbq bg v`o meef½q ncgumcavuzo' Gev cdd qer qcuaoq aegvcbg 1.NA\F' Egdr cjeuv :: |ozaogv em qer qcuaoq 6:
voqvof {ozo meugf ve `c}o fovoavcjdo do}odq' V`o vzcfbvbegcddr jzo{of qer qcuaoq fbf gev aegvcbg v`o aegvcnbgcgv' V`o Hebgv MCE%[@E Op|ozv Aennbvvoo eg Meef Cffbvb}oq (HOAMC" `cq aegadufof v`cv
1.NA\F
bq cg ugfoqbzcjdo aegvcnbgcgv bg meef cgf zoaennogfof v`cv bvq
aegaogvzcvbeg bg `rfzedrxof |zevobgq q`eudf jo zofuaof ve v`o de{oqv do}od voa`gbacddr mocqbjdo'
1.NA\F
bg qer qcuao bq |zefuaof cq c aegvcnbgcgv jr.|zefuav em c mdc}euz og`cgaoz
ige{g cq cabf.`rfzedrqof }okovcjdo |zevobg' Mdc}euz og`cgaozq czo aennegdr cffof ve aennozabcddr |zefuaof meef |zefuavq (mez opcn|do mzexog fbggozq$ bgqvcgv qeu|q$ qgcai meefq" cgf qeno qer qcuaoq ve ncio v`on vcqvo nezo +qc}euzr+' 1.NA\F {cq ezbkbgcddr fovoavof bg cabf. `rfzedrqof }okovcjdo |zevobg (@]\" cgf {cq qu jqosuogvdr meugf bg @]\.aegvcbgbgk qer qcuaoq'
Bv bq bn|ezvcgv ve zononjoz v`cv gev cdd qer qcuaoq aegvcbg 1.NA\F' Bv bq gev |zoqogv bg moznogvof qer qcuaoq' V`ozomezo$ neqv em v`o nbvbkcvbeg nocquzoq on|derof jr bgfuqvzr aogvzo czeugf v`o aczomud aegvzed em v`o cabf `rfzedrqbq qvo| fuzbgk |zefuavbeg em qer qcuaoq'
='?
Nezenb ncq` {cqvo ³ uqomud ez uqodoqq5
Nezenb ncq` {cqvo bq v`o zoqbfuo cmvoz mbgcd opvzcavbeg em nezenb qeduvbeg' Bv bq c uqomud jr|zefuav aegvcbgbgk guvzbvb}o bgkzofbogvq em qerjocgq cgf {`ocv cq {odd cq mugavbegcd bgkzofbogvq kogozcvof bg v`o |zeaoqq em jzo{bgk' Mez opcn|do$ bv aegvcbgq zba` mcv$ `bk`dr cgvbepbfcgv mcv.qedujdo ]bvcnbg O$ cq {odd cq ]bvcnbg I3 {`ba` bq bgfbq|ogqcjdo mez jdeef aeckudcvbeg cgf c dev em bqemdc}ego v`cv bq cgvbepbfcgv cgf cavq dbio c moncdo `eznego' V`zeuk` v`o {ezi em nbazejbcd ogxrnoq$ bqemdc}ego bq fbqaeggoavof mzen ncdegba cabf cgf qukcz cgf joaenoq ckdraeg'
61
De{ sucdbvr {cqvo em nezenb ncq` bq uqof ve ncio bgve qer qcuao ebd mez dcn|q v`zeuk` odcjezcvo |zeaoqqoq$ cgf uqof cdqe cq mozvbdbxoz' Ev`oz v`cg v`cv$ v`o {cqvo `cq degk joog uqof cq c qcmo moof mez db}oqveai bg kogozcd' Cgcdrqoq em v`o jcqba aen|egogvq$ cgf v`o mugavbegcd aen|egogvq em db|e|`bdba }bvcnbgq (O$ I3" cgf bqemdc}egoq {ozo ncfo bg Ge}onjoz :<<6 jr Ibiiencg' Zoqudv q`e{g bg C||ogfbpq'
66
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Q_KKOQVBEG CGF ZOAENNOGFCVBEG
Jcqof eg nr 3? {ooiq op|ozbogao$ B½}o aegadufof v`cv Sucdbvr Fo|czvnogv em Xczc Meefqvumm Bgfuqvzboq czo eg v`o zbk`v vzcai ca`bo}bgk v`obz q`ezv cgf degk vozn kecdq9 |ze}bfof v`cv v`or aegvbguoq ve acvoz adbogv½q zosuoqv eg v`o vbnodr ncggoz$ aegqbqvogvdr bn|ze}o {ezimde{ ommbabogar jr e|vbnbxbgk v`o uqcko em bgmezncvbeg cgf aennugbacvbeg voa`gedekr (BAV" cgf c}cbdcjdo dcjezcvezr `czf{czo$ cgf qvzogkv`ogbgk ige{dofko cgf qibddq em bvq nonjozq v`zeuk` |zemoqqbegcd aegqudvcvbeg ez vzcbgbgk |zekzcnno'
Mez dcjezcvezr mcabdbvboq$ v`ozo czo qvbdd zeenq mez bn|ze}onogv oq|oabcddr bg voznq em v`o sucgvbvr em jcqba osub|nogvq' Mez opcn|do$ v`o dee| mez qvzocibgk qvzcbgq bq gev bg c keef aegfbvbeg' V`o neqv bn|ezvcgv v`bgkq$ v`o `rkbogo em {eziozq nuqv jo og`cgaof cgf c}ebf cgr |eqqbjdo azeqq aegvcnbgcvbeg'
Fuzbgk v`bq bgvozgq`b| |ozbef$ Sucdbvr fo|czvnogv `c}o kc}o no ncgr }cducjdoq ige{dofko$ op|ozbogao$ cgf `ogao B {eudf dbio ve `bk`dr zoaennogf cgr |czvbaudcz {`en czo bgvozoqvof bg kcbgbgk zocd.dbmo {ezibgk op|ozbogao$ ige{dofko {`ba` czo bg.caaoqqbjdo bg 6?
zomozogao jeeiq cgf doavuzo$ cgf dcqv juv gev docqv ve jo qibdmud bg dcj {ezi ve |uzquo hej bg v`bq fo|czvnogv'
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Fuzbgk 3? {ooiq em bgfuqvzbcd vzcbgbgk cv Xczc Meefqvumm Bgfuqvzboq$ B `c}o doczgof c dev em v`bgkq v`cv |zo|czof no {bv` {ezibgk op|ozbogaoq qua` cq `e{ nbazejbedekr dcjezcvezr e|ozcvoq$ `e{ ve fe a`onbacd cgcdrqbq cgf `e{ ve voqv cgf a`oai v`o |zefuavq jcqof eg zudoq cgf zokudcvbeg bg Meef Cav (3201" cgf Meef Zokudcvbeg (320?" cgf aen|cgr½q q|oabmbacvbeg' Cdd cgcdrqbq {ozo zug ve ogquzo deacddr.fbqvzbjuvof ez op|ezvof | zefuavq czo qcmo cgf bg keef aegfbvbeg'
B cdqe doczgof `e{ ve {ezi cq bgfo|ogfogvdr cgf ev`oz |zcavbacd cgf zocd.{ezdf qbvucvbeg em {`ba` czo gev vcuk`v bg v`o adcqqzeen' V`o ejhoavb}oq em bgfuqvzbcd vzcbgbgk czo c dd ca`bo}of'
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62
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