AMTECH ELECTRONICS INDIA LIMITED INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The internship opportunity I had with Amtech Electronics India Limited was a great chance for learning and professional development. Therefore, I consider myself as a very lucky individual as I was provided with an opportunity to be a part of it. I am also grateful for having a chance to meet so many wonderful people and professionals professionals who led me though this internship period. I express my deepest thanks to Dy.Gen.Manager for taking part in useful decision giving necessary advices and guidance. I choose this moment to acknowledge his contribution gratefully. It is my radiant sentiment to place on record my best regards, deepest sense of gratitude to one of the em!oyee for his careful and precious guidance which were extremely valuable for my study both theoretically and practically. I perceive as this oppor portunit nity as a big milestone in my career development. I will strive to use gained skills and knowledge in the best possible way, and I will continue to work on improvement, in order to attain desired career ob!ectives. "ope to continue cooperation with all of you in the future. #inally I apologi$e all other unnamed who helped me in various ways to have a good training. %nowledge is power and unity is strength.
&incerely, ''''''''''''''''
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The internship opportunity I had with Amtech Electronics India Limited was a great chance for learning and professional development. Therefore, I consider myself as a very lucky individual as I was provided with an opportunity to be a part of it. I am also grateful for having a chance to meet so many wonderful people and professionals professionals who led me though this internship period. I express my deepest thanks to Dy.Gen.Manager for taking part in useful decision giving necessary advices and guidance. I choose this moment to acknowledge his contribution gratefully. It is my radiant sentiment to place on record my best regards, deepest sense of gratitude to one of the em!oyee for his careful and precious guidance which were extremely valuable for my study both theoretically and practically. I perceive as this oppor portunit nity as a big milestone in my career development. I will strive to use gained skills and knowledge in the best possible way, and I will continue to work on improvement, in order to attain desired career ob!ectives. "ope to continue cooperation with all of you in the future. #inally I apologi$e all other unnamed who helped me in various ways to have a good training. %nowledge is power and unity is strength.
&incerely, ''''''''''''''''
O"ER"IEW A#OUT COMPAN$ • •
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AM ( American ) TECH ( Technology * Amte%h. Amt Amtech ech Elec Electr tro onics nics Indi India a Limit imited ed is in the the +otio otion n con contro trol, Automation, ower -uality and Industrial Electronics business. Amtech is dedicated to provide -uality product and services that enhance our customers success. The company was incorporated in /012 with a factory located at 3andhinagar, 3u!arat, India +anufacturing is divided in 4 category +otion control 5 6#7 drives &oft starters Automation 5 L8, &8A7A, "+I, Excess control system ower -uality energy conservation 5 Indu Indust stri rial al elec electr tron onic ics5 s5 9nde 9nderr this this cate catego gory ry they they supp supply ly products to I:, ;A:8, etc. <+ 78 drive is one of such kind of product, which use in traction in 9&A. :enewable sector5 In this category they manufacture &olar
> employees. Amtech is I&?, 9L 8E certi@ed company. • • • •
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Advantage of choosing Amtech Innovative solutions and 7&I: certi@ed inhouse :7 8ore competence in A8 drives and customised solutions "ighly -uali@ed and experienced professionals professionals Approval of renowned consultants in various industries +anufacturing excellence and fast turnaround turnaround capacity Buality system certi@ed as per I&? 0>>/5C>>1 standard
GENERAL IN&ORMATION A#OUT THE COMPAN$
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Amtech is very advance and ahead of others companies. Amtech has following achievements. '((') #irst to Launch I3;T and +icroprocessor based 7igital 7rive in India. '((* 57esigned and Installed 4>> " 7rive on #ermentor application '((( 5Buality &ystem I&? 0>>/5/00 8erti@cation +,,- 57esigned 7eveloped 1> k6, /=> A &witched ower &upply +,,* 5 7esigned, 7eveloped Exported I3;T based 7igital Traction 7rive to 9&A +,, 57eveloped 7& based AxpertEa$y &eries A8 7rive with vector control +,,/ 5;ecame the /st Indian manufacturer to get 9L 4>18 listing 8E marking of AxpertEa$y &eries A8 7rive +,,( 5 7eveloped 8ommerciali$ed 6 A8 7rive and Axpert"ivert &eries +edium 6oltage 7rive G=.= k6, ./F k6, F.F k6 // k6H +,',) Installed one of the largest of its kind in Asia +edium 6oltage 7rive of 2.2 +1 listing Amtech became an 9L listed panel shop. +,'+5 &uccessfully rovided 8omplete Automation &olution for "igh &peed +ultilayer =4> T7 aper +ill. +,'- 5 7esigned, 7eveloped &upplied F04 6, /0> A && modules for ITE: GInternational Thermonuclear Experimental :eactorH, I7IA
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Manag0ne D0re%tor 1MD2) +r. iyush I atel Cororate o3%e) Amtech Electronics India Limited, :d umber F, &ector CF, 3andhinagar, 3u!arat =1C>C2 P!ant o3%e) Amtech Electronics India Limited, :d umber F, &ector CF, 3andhinagar, 3u!arat =1C>C2
Tota! 4ta5 4trength) =>> employees HR Deta0!4) Name) &.;.+aha!ani De40gnat0on) 7J.3E.+anager G73+H Ma0! 06) sbmKamtechelectronics.com E7an40on P!an4) Expansion lans ?cies are shown in map. • •
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Pro68%t4) MOTION CONTROL) •
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AME:TEANJ &E:IE& A8 7:I6E5 :ange5 44 k< G24 "H to /1>> k< GC/4 "H 6oltage5 /4 6, 424 6 F0> 6 AME:T6TC>& &E:IE& A8 7:I6E5 :ange5 >.=2 k< G>.4 "H to 4 k< GF> "H 6oltage5 C=> 6 /4 6 AME:T?TI T?:B9E &E:IE& &?#T &TA:TE:5 :ange5 => k< G> "H to 0>> k< G/C>> "H 6oltage5 C=> 6, /4 6, 424 6, F0> 6 AME:T"I6E:T &E:IE& +675 :ange5 C>> k< GC2>"H to /C4>> k< G/F24> "H
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6oltage5 =.= k6, ./F k6, F.F k6 // k6 ;ATTE:J ;A8% 9 &J&TE+ #?: A8 7:I6E
AUTOMATION) • • • •
Amtech Oetter rocess L8 Oetlink Oetweb &ervo &tepper, +otors 8ontrollers
POWER 9UALIT$) • • • • • •
Active harmonic @lter Active front end converter "armonic reactor &tatic harmonic converter E+ID:#I @lter &inus @lter
INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS) • • • • • •
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Traction drive "igh voltage power supply 3rid connected &olar inverter &olar pump inverter "eater controller
TURNO"ER 5 /C> 8ore E7an40on P!an4) 8ompany is currently expanding in 9&A other cities of India
Comet0tor4) A;; &iemens Allen ;radely "itachi ( "irel 7anfoss 6acon
"ARIA#LE:&RE9UENC$ DRI"E A variablefre-uency drive G6#7H Galso termed ad!ustablefre-uency drive, variablespeed drive, A8 drive, micro drive or inverter driveH is a type of ad!ustablespeed drive used in electromechanical drive systems to control A8 motor speed and tor-ue by varying motor input fre-uency and voltage.
Lower :ating 7rive
"igher :ating 7rive
6#7s are used in applications ranging from small appliances to the largest of mine mill drives and compressors. "owever, around C4P of the worlds electrical energy is consumed by electric motors in industrial applications, which are especially conducive for energy savings using 6#7s in centrifugal load service and 6#7s global market penetration for all applications is still relatively small. That lack of penetration highlights signi@cant energy eciency improvement opportunities for retro@tted and new 6#7 installations.
#ASIC DIAGRAM O& "&D DRI"E
DRI"E WITH &REE WHILING DIODE
Dr0;e tye
DC
AC "&D
AC "&D
AC "&D
AC "&D
Contro! !atform
#r84h tye DC
"
"e%to r %ontr o!
"e%tor %ontro !
"e%tor %ontro!
Contro! %r0ter0a
C!o4e6:!oo
Oen: !oo
Oen: !oo
C!o4e6 :!oo
Oen: !oo >. H&I
Motor
DC
IM
IM
IM
Inter0or PM
>.>/
/
>.4
>.>/
>.>C
/>/>> =/>>
>/>>
>/>>
1P
&tandst &tandstill ill GC>>PH
Typical speed regulation GPH
Typical >/>> speed range at constant tor-ue GPH +in. speed &tandstill at />>P tor-ue GP of baseH
CP
+ultiple motor operation recommend ed
Jes
o
o
#ault #used only protection G#used only or inherent to driveH
Inhere nt
Inhere nt
Inheren Inherent t
+aintenance
Low
Low
Low
Low
DA
DA
Encode r
DA
#eedback device
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G;rushesH Tachometer or enc oder
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#ENE&ITS) '. Contro!!e6 Start0ng C8rrent 2>P of the motor fullload current. Additional current above this level is dependent upon the connected load, the acceleration rate and the speed being accelerated, too. The substantially reduced starting current extends the life of the A8 motor, when compared to starting across the line. The customer payback is less wear and tear on the motor Gmotor rewindsH, and extended motor life.
+. Re68%e6 Po>er L0ne D04t8r?an%e4 &tarting an A8 motor across the line, and the subse-uent demand for seventoeight times the motor fullload current, places an enormous drain on the power distribution system connected to the motor. Typically, the supply voltage sags, with the amplitude of the sag being dependent on the si$e of the motor and the capacity of the distribution system. These voltage sags can cause sensitive e-uipment connected on the same distribution system to trip oSine due to the low voltage. Items such as computers, sensors, proximity switches, and contactors are voltage
sensitive and, when sub!ected to a large A8 motor line started nearby, can drop out. 9sing an Ad!ustable &peed A8 7rive eliminates this voltage sag, since the motor is started at $ero voltage and ramped up.
-. Lo>er Po>er Deman6 on Start If power is proportional to currenttimesvoltage, then power needed to start an A8 motor across the line is signi@cantly higher than with an Ad!ustable &peed A8 7rive. This is true only at start, since the power to run the motor at load would be e-ual regardless if it were @xed speed or variable speed. The issue is that some distribution systems are at their limit, and demand factors are placed on industrial customers, which charges them for surges in power that could rob other customers or tax the distribution system during peak periods. These demand factors would not be an issue with an Ad!ustable &peed A8 7rive.
@. Contro!!e6 A%%e!erat0on An Ad!ustable &peed A8 7rive starts at $ero speed and accelerates smoothly on a customerad!ustable ramp. ?n the other hand, an A8 motor started across the line is a tremendous mechanical shock both for the motor and connected load. This shock will, over time, increase the wear and tear on the connected load, as well as the A8 motor. &ome applications, such as bottling lines, cannot be started with motors across the line Gwith product on the bottling lineH, but must be started empty to prevent breakage.
*. A684ta?!e Oerat0ng See6 9se of an Ad!ustable &peed A8 7rive enables optimi$ing of a process, making changes in a process, allows starting at reduced speed, and allows remote ad!ustment of speed by programmable controller or process controller.
. A684ta?!e TorB8e L0m0t 9se of an Ad!ustable &peed A8 7rive can protect machinery from damage, and protect the process or product Gbecause the amount of tor-ue being applied by the motor to the load can be controlled accuratelyH. An example would be a machine !am.
/. Contro!!e6 Sto0ng Oust as important as controlled acceleration, controlled stopping can be important to reduce mechanical wear and tear due to shocks to the process or loss of product due to breakage.
. Energy Sa;0ng4 8entrifugal fan and pump loads operated with an Ad!ustable &peed A8 7rive reduces energy consumption. 8entrifugal fans and pumps follow a variable tor-ue load pro@le, which has horsepower proportional to the cube of speed and tor-ue varying proportional to the s-uare of speed. As such, if the speed of the fan is cut in half, the horsepower needed to run the fan at load is cut by a factor of eight G/DCH = * /D1. 9sing a @xed speed motor would re-uire some type of mechanical throttling device, such as a vane or damper but the fact remains that the motor would still be running full load and full speed Gfull powerH. Energy savings can be sucient to pay back the capitali$ed cost in a matter of a couple of years Gor lessH, depending on the si$e of the motor.
(. Re;er4e Oerat0on 9sing an Ad!ustable &peed A8 7rive eliminates the need for a reversing starter, since the output phases to the motor can be electronically changed without any mechanical devices. The elimination of a reversing starter eliminates its maintenance cost and reduces panel space.
',. E!0m0nat0on of Me%han0%a! Dr0;e Comonent4 9sing an Ad!ustable &peed A8 7rive can eliminate the need for expensive mechanical drive components such as gearboxes. ;ecause the A8 7rive can operate with an in@nite variable speed, it can deliver the low or highspeed re-uired by the load, without a speedincreasing or reduction devices between the motor and load. This eliminates maintenance costs, as well as reducing Roorspace re-uirements.
SO&T STARTER
A motor 4oft 4tarter is a device used with A8 electrical motors to temporarily reduce the load and tor-ue in the power train and electric current surge of the motor during startup. This reduces the mechanical stress on the motor and shaft, as well as the electrodynamics stresses on the attached power cables and electrical distribution network, extending the lifespan of the system.
It can consist of mechanical or electrical devices, or a combination of both. +echanical soft starters include clutches and several types of couplings using a Ruid, magnetic forces, or steel shot to transmit tor-ue, similar to other forms of tor-ue limiter. Electrical soft starters can be any control system that reduces the tor-ue by temporarily reducing the voltage or current input, or a device that temporarily alters how the motor is connected in the electric circuit.
Acrossthe line starting of induction motors is accompanied by inrush currents up to 2 times higher than running current, and starting tor-ue up to = times higher than running tor-ue. The increased tor-ue results in sudden mechanical stress on the machine which leads to a reduced service life. +oreover, the high inrush current stresses the power supply, which may lead to voltage dips. As a result, lifespan of sensitive e-uipment may be reduced. A soft starter eliminates the undesired side eUects. &everal types based on control of the supply voltage or mechanical devices such as slip clutches were developed. The list provides an overview of the various electric startup types. The current and tor-ue characteristic curves show the behavior of the respective starter solution. Tor-ue surges entail high mechanical stress on the machine, which results in higher service costs and increased wear. "igh currents and current peaks lead to high @xed costs charged by the power supply companies Gpeak current calculationH and to increased mains and generator loads. A soft starter continuously controls the threephase motorVs voltage supply during the startup phase. This way, the motor is ad!usted to the machineVs load behavior. +echanical operating e-uipment is accelerated smoothly. This lengthens service life, improves operating behavior, and smooth work Rows. Electrical soft starters can use solid state devices to control the current Row and therefore the voltage applied to the motor. They can be connected in series with the line voltage applied to the motor, or can be connected inside the delta GWH loop of a deltaconnected motor, controlling the voltage applied to each winding. &olid state soft starters can control one or more phases of the voltage applied to the induction motor with the best results achieved by threephase control. Typically, the voltage is controlled by reverseparallelconnected silicon controlled recti@ers GthyristorsH, but in some circumstances with three phase control, the control elements can be a reverseparallelconnected &8: and diode. Another way to limit motor starting current is a series reactor. If an air core is used for the series reactor then a very ecient and reliable soft starter can be designed which is suitable for all types of = phase induction motor X synchronous D asynchronous Y ranging from C4 k< /4 6 to => +< // k6. 9sing an air core series reactor soft starter is very common practice for applications like pump, compressor, fan etc. 9sually high starting tor-ue applications do not use this method.
APPLICATIONS
&oft starters can be set up to the re-uirements of the individual application. In pump applications, a soft start can avoid pressure surges. 8onveyor belt systems can be smoothly started, avoiding !erk and stress on drive components. #ans or other systems with belt drives can be started slowly to avoid belt slipping. &oft starts are seen in electrical :D8 helicopters, and allow the rotor blades to spoolup in a smooth, controlled manner rather than a sudden surge. In all systems, a soft start limits the
inrush current and so improves stability of the power supply and reduces transient voltage drops that may aUect other loads.
#LOCK DIAGRAM O& SO&T STARTER)
A6;antage4 of Soft Starter &oft starters are used on high tension motors for the following advantageous features5 /. &mooth starting by tor-ue control for gradual acceleration of the drive system thus preventing !erks and extending the life of mechanical components.
C. :eduction in starting current to achieve breakaway, and to hold back the current during acceleration, to prevent mechanical, electrical, thermal weakening of the electrical e-uipment such as motors, cables, transformers switch gear. =. Enhancement of motor starting duty by reducing the temperature rise in stator windings and supply transformer. . The microprocessor version of the &oft starter has a software controlled response at full speed which economi$es energy, whatever may be the load. ;ecause of the tendency to over specify the motor rated power, this feature has bene@ts for most installations not only those where load is variable. 4. The power factor improvement is a selfmonitoring in built feature.
Area4 of Soft Starter a!0%at0on These are main applications of &oft starter5 •
&teel industries G:olling mills and processing linesH
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8ement industries
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&ugar plants
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aper and pulp
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:ubber and plastic
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Textile industries
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+achine tool applications
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ower sector
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And various process control applications
HARMONICS "armonic voltages and currents in an electric power system are a result of nonlinear electric loads. "armonic fre-uencies in the power grid are a fre-uent cause of power -uality problems. "armonics in power systems result in increased heating in the e-uipment and conductors, mis@ring in variable speed drives, and tor-ue pulsations in motors. :eduction of harmonics is considered desirable. 8urrent harmonics In a normal alternating current power system, the current varies sinusoidally at a speci@c fre-uency, usually 4> or F> hert$.
8urrent harmonics are caused by nonlinear loads.
#urther examples of nonlinear loads include common oce e-uipment such as computers and printers, #luorescent lighting, battery chargers and also variablespeed drives. 6oltage harmonics 6oltage harmonics are mostly caused by current harmonics. The voltage provided by the voltage source will be distorted by current harmonics due to source impedance. If the source impedance of the voltage source is small, current harmonics will cause only small voltage harmonics. "armonics fundamentals
"armonics provides a mathematical analysis of distortions to a current or voltage waveform. ;ased on #ourier series, harmonics can describe any periodic wave as a summation of simple sinusoidal waves which are integer multiples of the fundamental fre-uency.
"armonics are steadystate distortions to current and voltage waves and repeat every cycle. They are diUerent from transient distortions to power systems such as spikes, dips and impulses.
PRO#LEMS CURRENTS
CAUSED
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HARMONIC
/. eutral conductor overheating
In a threephase system the voltage waveform from each phase to the neutral so that, when each phase is e-ually loaded, the star point is displaced by /C> combined current in the neutral is $ero. harmonic of each phase is identical, being three times the fre-uency and onethird of a GfundamentalH cycle oUset. The eUective third harmonic neutral current is shown at the bottom. In this case, 2>P third harmonic current in each phase results in C/>P current in the neutral. 8ase studies in commercial buildings generally show neutral currents between /4>P and C/>P of the phase currents, often in a halfsi$ed conductor[ There is some confusion as to how designers should deal with this issue. The simple solution, where singlecored cables are used, is to install a double si$ed neutral, either as two separate conductors or as one single large conductor.
The situation where multicored cables are used is not so simple. The ratings of multicore cables Gfor example as given in IE8 F>=F(44C= Table 4C and ;& 2F2/ Appendix H assume that the load is balanced and the neutral conductor carries no current, in other words, only three of the four or @ve cores carry current and generate heat. &ince the cable current carrying capacity is determined solely by the amount of heat that it can dissipate at the maximum permitted temperature, it follows that cables carrying triple currents must be derated. In the example illustrated above, the cable is carrying @ve units of current ( three in the phases and two in the neutral ( while it was rated for three units. It should be derated to about F>P of the normal rating. IE8 F>=F44C= Annex 8 GInformativeH suggests a range of derating factors according to the triple harmonic current present. #igure /= shows derating factor against triple harmonic content for the derating described in IE8 F>=F44C= Annex 8 and for the thermal method used above.
C. EUects on transformers
Transformers are aUected in two ways by harmonics. #irstly, the eddy current losses, normally about />P of the loss at full load, increase with the s-uare of the harmonic number. In practice, for a fully loaded transformer supplying a load comprising IT e-uipment the total transformer losses would be twice as high as for an e-uivalent linear load. This results in a much higher operating temperature and a shorter life. In fact, under these circumstances the lifetime would reduce from around > years to more like > days[ #ortunately, few transformers are fully loaded, but the eUect must be taken into account when selecting plant. The second eUect concerns the triple harmonics.
=. uisance tripping of circuit breakers
:esidual current circuit breakers G:88;H operate by summing the current in the phase and neutral conductors and, if the result is not within the rated limit, disconnecting the power from the load. uisance tripping can occur in the presence of harmonics for two reasons. #irstly, the :88;, being an electromechanical device, may not sum the higher fre-uency components correctly and therefore trips erroneously. &econdly, the kind of e-uipment that generates harmonics also generates switching noise that must be @ltered at the e-uipment power connection. The @lters normally used for this purpose have a capacitor from line and neutral to ground, and so leak a small current to earth. This current is limited by standards to less than =.4mA, and is usually much lower, but when e-uipment is connected to one circuit the leakage current can be sucient to trip the :88;. The situation is easily overcome by providing more circuits, each supplying fewer loads. uisance tripping of miniature circuit breakers G+8;H is usually caused because the current Rowing in the circuit is higher than that expected from calculation or simple measurement due to the presence of harmonic currents. +ost portable measuring instruments do not measure true :+& values and can underestimate nonsinusoidal currents by >P.
. ?verstressing of power factor correction capacitors
owerfactor correction capacitors are provided in order to draw a current with a leading phase angle to oUset lagging current drawn by an inductive load such as induction motors. The eUective e-uivalent circuit for a #8 capacitor with a nonlinear load. The impedance of the #8 capacitor reduces as fre-uency rises, while the source impedance is generally inductive and increases with fre-uency. The capacitor is therefore likely to carry -uite high harmonic currents and, unless it has been speci@cally designed to handle them, damage can result. A potentially more serious problem is that the capacitor and the stray inductance of the supply system can resonate at or near one of the harmonic fre-uencies Gwhich, of course, occur at />> "$ intervalsH.
:esonance can be avoided by adding an inductance in series with the capacitor such that the combination is !ust inductive at the lowest signi@cant harmonic. This solution also limits the harmonic current that can Row in the capacitor. The physical si$e of the inductor can be a problem, especially when low order harmonics are present.
4. &kin eUect
Alternating current tends to Row on the outer surface of a conductor. This is known as skin eUect and is more pronounced at high fre-uencies. &kin eUect is normally ignored because it has very little eUect at power supply fre-uencies but above about =4> "$, i.e. the seventh harmonic and above, skin eUect will become signi@cant, causing additional loss and heating.
PRO#LEMS "OLTAGES
CAUSED
#$
HARMONIC
/. 6oltage distortion
;ecause the supply has source impedance, harmonic load currents give rise to harmonic voltage distortion on the voltage waveform Gthis is the origin of ZRat toppingVH. There are two elements to the impedance5 that of the internal cabling from the point of common coupling G88H, and that inherent in the supply at the 88, e.g. the local supply transformer. The distorted load current drawn by the nonlinear load causes a distorted voltage drop in the cable impedance. The resultant distorted voltage waveform is applied to all other loads connected to the same circuit, causing harmonic currents to Row in them ( even if they are linear loads. &olution5 The solution is to separate circuits supplying harmonic generating loads from those supplying loads which are sensitive to
harmonics, as shown in #igure /F. "ere separate circuits feed the linear and nonlinear loads from the point of common coupling, so that the voltage distortion caused by the nonlinear load does not aUect the linear load.
C. Induction +otors
"armonic voltage distortion causes increased eddy current losses in motors in the same way as in transformers. "owever, additional losses arise due to the generation of harmonic @elds in the stator, each of which is trying to rotate the motor at a diUerent speed either forwards or backwards. "igh fre-uency currents induced in the rotor further increase losses.
=. Nerocrossing noise
+any electronic controllers detect the point at which the supply voltage crosses $ero volts to determine when loads should be turned on. This is done because switching inductive loads at $ero voltage does not generate transients, so reducing electromagnetic interference GE+IH and stress on the semiconductor switching devices.
identify, leading to erratic operation. There may in fact be several $ero crossings per half cycle.
. "armonic problems aUecting the supply
ACTI"E HARMONIC &ILTER 1AH&2 A"# is used for centrali$ed harmonic suppression in a power system. A"# is an I3;T based power electronics device. It uses I3;T and inverter technology.
It actively eliminates />>P harmonic distortion and reacts instantly to varying loads. This is done by in!ecting additional currents as re-uired in order to cancel the harmonic components of the nonlinear loads.
Every consumer of Electricity ;oard at /4 6 should possess, who experience harmonic related issues such as5 • • • • •
?verload +alfunction in control circuitry "eavy application of electronic drives uisance Tripping miscoordination of relays ?verheating of system components
An A"# is installed in parallel to the harmonic generating loads. A8T @rst measures the current being drawn momentarily by the load. Then @lter control unit analyses this current for amplitude harmonic order. Then it feeds a compensation current into system whose amplitude and individual harmonic order is exactly e-ual to the current drawn by the load but which is /1> degree out of phase with it. &o the harmonic currents cancel each other and the supply network only has to supply the fundamental fre-uency and is not contaminated with harmonics at the point of connection.
PANEL O& AH&)
O8t8t of AH&)
DISCO"ERIES
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Ability to obtain and apply essential standards of science and designing. 8apability to impart viably. Ability to recogni$e, de@ne and show issues and discover designing arrangement in light of a frameworks approach. Awareness for wellbeing while working in genuine @eld. 9nderstanding of the signi@cance of maintainability and cost viability in con@guration and improvements of designing arrangement. Ability to be a multigifted designer with great speciali$ed learning, administration, authority and enterprise abilities. Awareness of the social, social, worldwide and ecological obligation as an architect. 8apability and excitement for selfchange through persistent expert advancement and deep rooted learning. &uch hand on experience we can apply such essential standard which was taught in addresses.
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All the information about assembling procedure of 6#7 drives.
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All the thought regarding 6#7 testing.
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Importance of keeping up -uality and how that can be accomplish.
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"ow to manage diUerent aggressive environment and how to stand @rst among all.
