FACUL ACULTAD DE INGEN INGENIER IERÍA ÍA ESCUELA DE INGENIERÍA CIVIL AMBIENTAL
PUENTE PUENTE DE DE BROOK BROOKLLYN TRAB TRABAJ AJO O FINA FINALL ÍNDICE I. INTRODUCCIÓN..................... ................................ ..................... ..................... ........................................... ................................ 5 II. II. MARCO RCO TE TEÓRIC ÓRICO O.................... ............................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ............................... .................... 6 2.1. 2.1. ANTE ANTECE CEDE DENT NTES ES..................... ............................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ................ .....6 6 2.2. HISTORIA..................... ............................... ..................... ..................... ............................................... ..................................... 8 2.3. 2.3. DATO DATOS S GENE GENERA RALE LES S..................... ................................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ....................9 ..........9 2.4. 2.4. IM IMPOR PORT TANCIA ANCIA DEL PUENT PUENTE E.........................................................10 2.5. .5. EL PRO PROYECT ECTO..................... ................................ ..................... ..................... ...................................... ........................... 10 2.6. 2.6. CONST ONSTRU RUCC CCIÓ IÓN N..................... ................................ ..................... ............................................ .................................. 11
2.6. 2.6.1. 1. Tr! r!"# "#..................... ................................ ..................... ..................... ............................................. .................................. 11 2.6. 2.6.2. 2. C$%& C$%&'( '() )$* $*' '..................... ................................ ..................... ..................... ..................................... .......................... 11 2.6. 2.6.3. 3. L+ L+ (#rr (#rr&+ &+..................... ................................ ..................... ..................... ......................................... .............................. 11 2.6.4. 2.6.4. C$++ C$++#' #'&+ &+ '&,%'&,%-($) ($)#+ #+..................... ................................ ..................... .............................. ....................12 12 2.6. 2.6.5. 5. L#+ L#+ A') A')/ /&+ &+.................... .............................. ..................... ...................... ...................................... ........................... 13 2.6. 2.6.6. 6. L#+ L#+ C0 C0&+ &+...................... ................................ ..................... ..................... ....................................... ............................. 13 2.6. 2.6.. . P$% $%&' &'(# (#..................................................................................14 III. III. ELAB ELABOR ORAC ACIO ION N DE DE MA MAUET UETA A.................... .............................. ..................... ............................ ................. 15 3.1. .1. MATERI TERIA ALES LES...................... ................................ ..................... ..................... ....................................... ............................. 15 3.2. .2. ELA ELABO BORA RAC CIÓ IÓN N.................... ............................... ...................... ..................... ..................................... ...........................16 16 IV. CONCLUSIONES.................... ............................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ............................ ................. 18 V. BI BIBL BLIO IOG GRAFÍA AFÍA.................... ............................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........................19 .............19 VI ANEOS..................... ................................ ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ........................ .............20 20 6.1 PLANOS..................... ............................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................................. ....................... 20
RESUMEN Un puen puene e e! un" un" #$n! #$n!%u %u##& ##&'n 'n (ue (ue pe%)& pe%)&e e !"*+ !"*+"% "% un "##& "##&,e ,en ne e -e$-%/#$ #$)$ un %$ un #"'n un +"**e un" #"%%ee%" un #")&n$ un" +" %%e" un #ue%p$ ,e "-u" $ #u"*(u&e% $%$ $!#u*$ !&#$. E* ,&!e$ ,e #"," puene +"%" ,epen,&en,$ ,e !u un#&'n ,e *" n"u%"*e7" ,e* e%%en$ !$%e e* (ue !e #$n!%ue. u p%$e#$ !u #*#u*$ pe%ene#en " *" &n-en&e%" e!%u#u%"* !&en,$ nu)e%$!$! *$! &p$! ,e ,&!e$! (ue !e "n "p*&#",$ " *$ *"%-$ ,e *" &! &!$% $%&" &" &n:u &n:u&, &,$! $! p$% p$% *$! *$! )"e )"e%& %&"* "*e! e! ,&!p ,&!p$n $n& &*e *e! ! *"! *"! #n #n&# &#"! "! ,e!"%%$**","! *"! #$n!&,e%"#&$ne! e#$n')&#"! en%e $%$! "#$%e!. A* )$)en$ ,e "n"*&7"% e* ,&!e$ ,e un puene *" #"*&,", ,e* !ue*$ $ %$#" ,$n,e "% ,e "p$"%!e e* %-&)en ,e* %$ p$% en#&)" ,e* (ue #%u7" !$n ,e !u)" &)p$%"n#&" p"%" -"%"n&7"% *" +&," ,e* )&!)$. E* p%e!ene &n$%)e &ene #$)$ /n"*&,", ,"% " #$n$#e% *" &n$%)"#&'n )! %e*e+"ne %e*"#&$n"," " un puene #$*-"ne ,en$)&n",$ ;Puene B%$$<*n= B%$$<*n= "*e! pun$! " %""% !e p%e!en"n " #$n&nu"#&'n> Ane#e,ene! ?&!$%&" D"$! -ene%"*e!. I)p$%"n#&" ,e* puene.
E* p%$e#$ @$n!%u##&'n
F&n"*)ene " )"ne%" &*u!%"&+" !e ep$n,% un" )"(ue" e*"$%"," p$% e* e(u&p$ e(u&p$ )en#&$ )en#&$n", n",$ $ "ne%& "ne%&$% $%)en )ene e en e* #u"* #u"* !e p%ee p%een,e n,e "p%e#&"% *" "%(u&e#u%" e!%u#u%" ,e* ")$!$ puene ,e Ne Y$%< ,e *$! E!",$! Un&,$!.
SUMMARY A %&,-e &! " #$n!%u#&$n " "**$! $ !"+e " -e$-%"p&# "##&,en *& B"#<-%$un, ?&!$% ene%"* &n$%)"&$n. I)p$%"n#e $ e %&,-e. Te p%$e# @$n!%u#&$n
F&n"* &n"** * " )$,e )$,e** e*" e*"$% $%" "e, e, e e "$% "$%e) e)en en& &$n $ne, e, e") e") &** &** e p%e!ene, p%e!ene, &n "n &**u!%"&+e &**u!%"&+e " &n &# & &! &nen,e, $ "pp%e#&" "pp%e#&"e e e "%#&e#u%e "n, !%u#u%e $ e ")$u! %&,-e $ Ne Y$%< Y$%< $ e Un&e, "e!.
I. INTROD INTRODUCC UCCIÓ IÓN N @$n un" *$n-&u, ,e 1054 )e%$! " %"+! ,e* %$ E!e un&en,$ *"! &!*" ,e B%$$<*n G"n""n e* B%$$<*n B%&,-e ue e* p%&)e% puene #$*-"ne ,e* )un,$. L" #$n!%u##&'n #$)en7' en 1869 ue e%)&n",$ #"$%#e "$! )! "%,e "&*&n,$!e p"%" !u u!$ e* 24 ,e )"$ 1883. E* ,"
,e *" &n"u-u%"#&'n un $"* ,e 1 800 +e#u*$! 150 300 pe%!$n"! #%u7"%$n e* puene. @$!' H18 )&**$ne! "p%$&)",")ene 2 pe%!$n"! )u%&e%$n ,u%"ne !u #$n!%u##&'n. Puen uene e ue ue &n"u &n"u-u -u%" %",$ ,$ en 1883 1883 !&en, !&en,$ $ e* p%& p%&)e )e%% puen puene e ,e !u!pe !u!pen! n!&' &'n n ,e "#e% "#e%$ $ ,e* ,e* )un, )un,$ $.. L" #$n! #$n!% %u# u##&' #&'n n ,e* ,e* puen puene e %e!u*' )u #$!$!" "n$ en %e#u%!$! #$)$ en +&,"! u)"n"! pe%$ #$n e* &e)p$ !e !e " #$n+e%&,$ en un -%"n ee)p*$ ,e ,&!e$ u%"n$. Pe!e " ene% )! ,e 128 "$! ,e &!$%&" e* puene !&-ue ,e!*u)%"n,$ e! un$ ,e *$! puene! )! e**$! ,e* )un,$. E* B%$$<*n B%&,-e )"%#' un &$ en *" &!$%&" "* u&*&7"% p$% p%&)e%" +e7 en e!e &p$ ,e #$n!%u##&$ne! e* "#e%$ p$% !e% ,u%"ne 20 "$! e* puene #$*-"ne )! *"%-$ ,e* )un,$. E* Puene ,e B%$$<*n #$n$#&,$ &n&#&"*)ene #$)$ Puene ,e Nue+ Nue+" " Y$%< $%< B%$$ B%$$<* <*n n une une *$! *$! "%% "%%&$ &$!! ,e G"n G"n" "" "n n ,e B%$$<*n en *" #&u,", ,e Nue+" Y$%<. Fue #$n!%u&,$ en%e 1869 1883 en e* )$)en$ ,e !u &n"u-u%"#&'n e%" e* puene #$*-"ne )! -%"n,e ,e* )un,$ )&,e 1825 )e%$! ,e *"%-$ *" *u7 en%e p&*"! e! ,e 4863 )e%$! %#$%, ,e *u7 "!" (ue en 1889 !e #$n!%ue e* F$% B%&,-e #$n un" *u7 )&)" ,e 521 ). T")&n ue ue e* p%&) p%&)e% e%$ $ !u!p !u!pen en,& ,&,$ ,$ )e,& )e,&"n "ne e #"* #"*e! e! ,e "#e% "#e%$ $. De De!, !,e e en$n#e! !e " #$n+e%&, &,$ en un$ ,e *$! !)$*$! )! %e#$n$#&*e! ,e Nue+" Y$%<.
II. II. MARC MARCO O TEÓR TEÓRIC ICO O 2.1. 2. 1. ANTE ANTECE CEDE DENT NTES ES
L$! puene! #$*-"ne! !$n #$n!%u##&$ne! (ue !e *e+"n"n !$%e un" ,ep%e!&'n ,e* e%%en$ %$ #"n"* $!$ e#. $ en $%$ !&&$ p"%" #$)un&#"% *",$!. E!$! puene! #u$ "*e%$ en +e7 ,e e!"% "p$",$ !$%e p&*"! $ "%#$! !e !ue" )e,&"ne #"*e! p&e7"! "&%"n","! ,e!,e un" e!%u#u%" " *"! (ue +"n !ue"!. En%e *$! puene! #$*-"ne! )! *"%-$! ,e* )un,$ !e u&#"n> G! *"% *"%-$ ,e* ,e* 1. Gr' Gr' P,&' P,&'(& (& "& A+ A+$ $ 7$ 7$89 89 :;< :;<*' *'=> => G! )un,$ #$n un" *$n-&u, ,e 3.911 )e%$! un +"n$ #en%"* ,e 1.991 e! !$p$%",$ p$% ,$! #"*e! (ue !$n #$n!&,e%",$! *$! )! %e!&!ene! pe!",$! ,e* )un,$. 2. P,&' P,&'(& (& $# $#,% ,%&' &' :C$ :C$' '=> => P$!ee e* u*$ ,e ene% e* !e-un,$ #$*-"ne ,e )"$% *$n-&u, ,e* p*"ne" #$n un +"n$ #en%"* ,&!"n#&" en%e p&*"%e! ,e 1.650 )e%$!. @$n$#& #&,$ ,$ #$)$ #$)$ e* 3. P,&'(& "& Gr' B&( :D$'%r)=> @$n$ Puene ,e O%&ene &ene un" *$n-&u, ,e 1624 <) " !&,$ "!" *" e#" e* )"$% p%$e#$ ,e #$n!%u##&'n en *" &!$%&" ,e* p"!. 4. P,&' P,&'(& (& Y$ S,'? S,'?+$ +$' ' :C#r :C#r& & "& S,r=> S,r=> T&ene un" *$n-&u, ,e 2.260 )e%$! *" ,&!"n#&" en%e *"! $%%e! e! ,e 1.545 )e%$!. 5. P,&' P,&'(& (& R,'8 R,'8'@ '@ :C$' :C$'= =>> L" *$n-&u, $"* ,e* #$nun$ ,e puene! e! ,e )! ,e 36 <&*')e%$! pe%$ e! !u puene !u% #$n un +"n$ ,e 1.490 )e%$! *$ (ue *e #$n+&e%e en e* (u&n$ )! *"%-$ ,e* )un,$. e!%u# u#u%" u%" &en &ene e 6. P,&'(& H,%0&r :R&$'# U'$"#=> u e!% un" *$n-&u, ,e +"n$ #en%"* ,e 1.410 )e%$! un" *$n-&u, $"* ,e 2.220 )e%$!. Une *"! *"! #&u, #&u,", ",e! e! ,e J&"n J&"n- -&n &n . P,&' P,&'(& (& ;$' ;$'@8 @8$' $' :C$' :C$'= =>> Une J&n-&"n-. E* +"n$ p%&n#&p"* &ene un" *$n-&u, ,e ,e 1.385 )e%$!. . P,&'(& P,&'(& T+$'@?M +$'@?M :C$' :C$'=> => Puene #$*-"ne !&u",$ en ?$nK$n- *" *$n-&u, ,e* +"n$ p%&n#&p"* e! ,e 1.3 )e%$! *$! p&*"%e! &enen un" "*u%" ,e 206 )e%$!.
*" %-$ ,e EE.UU . P,&'(& V&rr!'#?Nrr# V&rr!'#?Nrr#+ + :EE.UU.=> :EE.UU.=> E* )! *"%-$ &en &ene e ,$! ,$! n&+e n&+e*e *e!! un" un" *$n*$n-& &u, u, ,e %") %")$ $ #en #en%" %"** ,e 1.29 1.298 8 )e%$! *$ (ue *e !&%+&' "!" 1981 e* $n$% ,e !e% e* puene #$*-"ne )! *"%-$ ,e* )un,$. 1.G#"&' G(& :EE.UU.=> @uen" #$n un" *$n-&u, "p%$&)"," ,e 1.280 )e%$!. E! !u!pen,&,$ ,e ,$! $%%e! ,e 22 )e%$! &ene &ene un" #"*7", #"*7"," " ,e !e&! !e&! #"%%&*e #"%%&*e!! %e! %e! en #"," #"," ,&%e## ,&%e##&'n &'n ",e)! ,e #"%%&*e! p%$e-&,$! p"%" pe"$ne! &#&#*e"!. 1
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T$p T$p ,e puene! #$*-"ne! )! *"%-$! *"%-$! ,e* )un,$. 2.2. HISTORIA
E* Puene ue ,&!e",$ p$% un" /%)" ,e &n-en&e%$! p%$p&e,", ,e J$n Au-u!u! R$e*&nR$e*&n- ,e ,e T T%en$n %en$n Nu Nue+ e+" " Je Je%!e %!e . R$e*&n- !u /%)" ""n #$n!%u&,$ "ne%&$%)ene puene! #$*-"ne! )! pe(ue e(ue $! $! #$)$ $)$ e* Puen uene @$*@$*-"n "ne e ,e @&n#&nn"& O&$ O&$ $ e* Puen Puene e @$*@$*-"n "ne e ,e C"#$ Te"! Te"! (ue !&%+ !&%+&' &' #$)$ #$)$ p%$ p%$$ $&p &p$ $ p"%" p"%" e* ,&!e ,&!e$ $ /n"* /n"* ,e* ,e* Puen uene e ,e B%$$<*n. L" #$n!%u##&'n ,e* Puene ,e B%$$<*n #$)en7' e* 3 ,e ene%$ ,e 180 #$n#*u' %e#e "$! )! "%,e e* 24 ,e )"$ ,e 1883 #u"n,$ ue "&e%$ "* pM*&#$. E* p%&)e% ," *$ #%u7"%$n un $"* ,e )! ,e 1800 +e#u*$! )! ,e 150 000 pe%!$n"!. En !u #$n! #$n!% %u# u##& #&'n 'n !e -"! -"!"% "%$n $n 18 )&** )&**$n $ne! e! ,e ,'*"%e! )u%&e%$n 2 pe%!$n"!. Du%"ne e* p%$#e!$ ,e #$n!%u##&'n R$e* R$e*&n&n- !e %"#u %"#u%' %' -%"+e)en -%"+e)ene e un p&e #u"n,$ #u"n,$ un $e ,e %"n!p$%e #$#' #$n%" un )ue**e )ue**e p$#"! !e)"n"! )! "%,e )u%&' ,e "n$! "n$! " " #"u!" ,e *" ")pu"#&'n ,e *$! ,e,$! ,e* p&e. u &$ C"!&n-$n R$e*&n- *e !u#e,&' en e* #"%-$ pe%$ !u%&' un" ene%)e,", #"u!"," p$% !u %""$ en *$! p$7$! ,e #&)en"#&'n e* !n,%$)e ,e ,e!#$)p%e!&'n $ #&)en"#&'n ,e!#$)p%e!&'n $ ene%)e,", ,e *$! u7$!. L" e!p$!" ,e C"!&n-$n E)&* C"%%en R$e*&n- !e #$n+&%& %&' en !u "u,"ne "p%en,&e ,&en,$ &n-en&e%" #$)un&#"n,$ *"! &n!%u##&$ne! ,e !u )"%&,$ " *$! "u,"ne! !$%e e* e%%en$. E* puene e! ,e e!&*$ -'&#$ p$% *$! "%#$! "pun",$! ,e *"! $%%e! ,u%"ne )u#$! "$! e!"! ue%$n *"! $%%e! )! "*"! ,e $,$ e* e)&!e%&$ $##&,en"*.
E* Puene e! #$n!%u&,$ #$n p&e,%" #"*&7" #"*&7" -%"n&$ -%"n&$ #e)en$ #e)en$.. u e!&*$ e!&*$ "%(u&e# "%(u&e#'n 'n&#$ &#$ e! ne$-'&#$ ne$-'&#$ #$n !u! #"%"#e%!&#$! "%#$! "pun",$! "%#$! "pun",$! en *"! ,$! $%%e! *"e%"*e!. A,e)! R$e*&n"" #"*#u*",$ (ue #$n *$! !$p$%e! ,e #"*e )e*&#$ e* puen puene e e%" e%" !e&! !e&! +e#e +e#e!! )! )! %e!& %e!&! !en ene e ,e *$ e!%&# e!%&#" ")e )en ne e ne#e!"%&$ *$ (ue ep*&#" (ue $,"+" !e )"nen-" en p&e #u"n,$ -%"n p"%e ,e *$! puene! #$*-"ne! #$n!%u&,$! en *" )&!)" p$#" "n en&,$ (ue !e% !u!&u&,$!. En e* )$)en$ ,e !u &n"u &n"u-u -u%" %"#& #&'n 'n e* Puen uene e ,e B%$$ B%$$<* <*n n e%" e%" e* puene #$*-"ne )! #$*-"ne )! *"%-$ ,e* )un,$ un 50 )! *"%-$ (ue n&n-un$ #$n!%u&,$ "ne%&$%)ene. A#u"*)ene e* puene ,&!p$ne ,e !e&! #"%%&*e! p"%" +e#u*$! +e#u*$! e#ep$ e#ep$ #")&$ne! "u$u!e! "u$u!e! un" p"!"%e*" &n,epen,&ene p"%" &#&#*e"! &#&#*e"! pe"$ne! pe"$ne!.. 2.3. 2. 3. DATO DATOS S GENE GENERA RALE LES S
1. U&#"#&'n> E"! R&+e%. P"%< R$ G"n""n " *" #"**e ,e
A,")! B%$$<*n. 2. In-en&e%$!> J$n A. "n, C"!&n-$n R$e*&n-. e#" e%)&n" e%)&n"#&' #&'n n "&e%$ "&e%$ "* %/#$ %/#$>> 24 ,e )"$ ,e* 3. Fe#" 1883. 4. A*u%"> 22 p&e! 84 )e%$!. 5. L$n-&u,> 1 054 )e%$!. 6. @$n!%u#$%" ,e* puene> Ne Y$%< B%&,-e @$)p"n. puene> Puene #$*-"ne. . T&p$ ,e puene> . NM)e%$ ,e #"%%&*e!> 6 #"%%&*e!. . E* 24 ,e )"%7$ ,e 1983 e* puene ue ,e#*"%",$ p"%e ,e G$nu)en$ ?&!'%&#$ Gun,&"* ,e *" In-en&e%".
1. @u"n,$ ue #$n!%u&,$ e* puene ,e B%$$<*n ,e 1 054 ).
")&n !e #$n+&%&' en e* puene )! *"%-$ !u!pen,&,$ ,e* )un,$ #$n!e%+"n,$ e!e %ee%ene ,u%"ne 20 "$!. ?$ ," " !upe%",$ p$% $%$! -%"n,e! puene! #$*-"ne! #$)$ e* $*,"n "e ,e "n F%"n#&!#$ ,e 1 350 ). $ e* Puene @$*@$*-"n "ne e A<"! A<"!& &K K"& "&<<$ ,e 3 911 911 ). 199 1991 1 )e% )e%$! $! ,e* ,e* %")$ #en%"* ,e +"n$.
2.4. 2. 4. IMPOR IMPORT TANCIA ANCIA DEL PUEN PUENTE TE
Ane Ane%& %&$% $%) )en ene e!e !e %e#$% e#$%%& %&,$ ,$ e%" e%" e# e#$ $ p$% p$% $e $e!! ,e %"n!p$%e " %"+! ,e* %$ E!e. E!e %"e#$ )u#"! +e#e! e%" pe*&-%$!$ ,e&,$ " *" -%"n +e*$#&,", ,e* %$ e* #*&)" #")&"ne ,e *" #&u,", *" #u"* p%e!en !en" e!"#&$ne! p%&)"+e%" +e%"n$ $$$ e &n+&e%n$. A,e)! e* +&"e !&e)p%e !e "#" un p$#$ *"%-$ e,&$!$. %"n,e! e*","! $#u%%&,"! "#&" 1850 ,&/#u*"%$n -%"n,e)ene *" n"+e-"#&'n $*&-"%$n " *"! "u$%&,",e! " $)"," ,e#&!&'n ,e #$n!%u&% un puene p$% *$ #u"* *" )un&#&p"*&,", ,e Nue+" Y$%< ,e#&,&' ee#u"% *" #$n!%u##&'n ,e e!" $%". En *" p%&)e%" )&", ,e* !&-*$ 19 G"n""n "" " ",(u&%&,$ !&n-u*"% &)p$%"n#&" e#$n')&#" !u p$*"#&'n e)pe7' " ep"n,&%!e "#&" *"! 7$n"! +e#&n"! p%&n#&p"*)ene B%$$<*n (ue ",e)! ,e !u "!e "-%"%&" *" "p$"" #$n un" #%e#&ene &n,u!%&" )"n$ ,e $%". 2.5. EL PROYECT YECTO O
e %"" ,e un puene #$*-"ne ,e %e! %")$! #$n #u"%$ #"*e! ,e "#e%$ "n#*",$! en &e%%"> /%)e (ue !e "p$"n en ,$! $%%e! ,e "*"&*e%" ,e p&e,%" ,e 84 ) ,e "*$ *e+"n","!
#"," un" " 284 ) ,e !u %e!pe#&+$ "n#*"e. E* %")$ #en%"* )&,e 486) *" *$n-&u, $"* 1054 ) (ue en e!e &e)p$ e%" 50 )"$% (ue #u"*(u&e% puene !u!pen,&,$ " #$n!%u&,$. E* "*e%$ ,e 26 ) ,e "n#$ e! " 41 ) ,e "*u%" !$%e e* n&+e* )e,&$ ,e *" "*" )"%e" !u!pen,&,$ ,e *$! #"*e! p$% 1520 pn, pn,$* $*"! "! +e% +e%&# &#"* "*e! e!.. I-u"* -u"*)e )en ne e p"%" "%" %&-& %&-&, ,&7"% &7"% )! *" e!%u e!%u# #u% u%" " !e en, en,&e &e%$ %$n n 400 400 &%" &%"n ne! e! ,&",&"-$n $n"* "*e! e! en% en%e e *"! *"! $%%e! e* "*e%$. "%&$! %#$%,! )un,&"*e! !e e!"*e#&e%$n #$n *" #$n!%u##&'n ,e* puene B%$$<*n> Fue en !u )$)en$ e* puene #$*-"ne )! *"%-$ ,e* )un,$. Fue e* p%&)e% puene #$*-"ne en u&*&7"% #"*e! ,e "#e%$ en +e7 ,e &e%%$. Fue *" p%&)e%" +e7 (ue !e u&*&7"%$n ep*$!&+$! ,en%$ ,e *$! #"&!!$ne! neu)&#$! (ue !&%+& !&%+&e% e%$n $n p"%" p"%" #&)e #&)en n"% "% *"! *"! $%% $%%e!. e!. E* #"&!! #"&!!$n $n ,e* ,e* *",$ *",$ ,e G"n""n ,e 52 p$% 31 )e%$! ue e* )! -%"n,e #$n!%u&,$ "!" en$n#e!.
2.6. CONS CONST TRUCCIÓ CCIÓN N 2.6.1. Tr!"#
L" p%&n#&p"* %"7'n ,e !u %"7",$ ue *" M!(ue," ,e un pun$ ,e &ne%#$ne&'n en *" 7$n" !u% ,e G"n""n #$n B%$$<*n p$% *$ (ue !e $p' p$% u!#"% un" *ne" %e#" (ue un&e un&e%" %" ") ")"! 7$n"! $n"!.. P"%" "%" e! e!$ !e u!' *" e#n$ e#n$*$ *$- -" " ,&!p$n&*e en e!" p$#" e$,$*&$ Q &n!%u)en$ ,e %n!&$ #$)$ ")&n n&+e*e! ,e p%e#&!&'n. 2.6 .6.2 .2.. C$% C$%&'( &'()$*' )$*'
E* p%&n#&p"* p%$*e)" !e p%e!en"" en *$! p%&)e%$! p"!$! ,e* p%$e#$ *" #&)en"#&'n. N$ !'*$ "" (ue **e-"% "* $n,$ ,e* %&$ !&u",$ " )! ,e 20 )e%$! ,e p%$un,&,", !&n$ (ue un" +e7 "*#"n7",$ e* !ue*$ ,e* %&$ e%" ne#e!"%&$
e#"+"% $%$! #"!& 30 )e%$! "!" en#$n%"% un !ue*$ #$n *" %e!&!en#&" !u/#&ene p"%" !$p$%"% e* pe!$ ,e *" e!%u#u%". 2.6.3. L+ (# (#rr&+
e #$*$ #$*$#" #"%%$n ")"% ")"%%" %",$ ,$!! !$% !$%e e e* %&$ %&$ p"%" p"%" "!e"!e-u% u%"% "% !u #$%%e#" !&u"#&'n ,$! en$%)e! #"$ne! &n+e%&,$! (ue !e )"nen"n " :$e p$% e* "&%e (ue #$nen"n en !u &ne%&$%. T$)"n,$ T$)"n,$ *" !upe%/#&e ,e e!$! ,$! #"$ne! #$)$ "!e !e #$)en7' *" #$n!%u##&'n ,e *"! ,$! $%%e! !$%e e**$!. A )e,& )e,&," ," (ue (ue *" #$n! #$n!% %u# u##& #&'n 'n ,e *"! *"! $%% $%%e! e! "+"n "+"n7" 7"" " *$! *$! #"$ne! !e &"n un,&en,$ -%"#&"! "* pe!$ ,e* -%"n&$. Un" +e7 +e7 *$! *$! #"$ #"$ne ne!! **e**e-"% "%$n $n "* $n, $n,$ $ ,e* ,e* %&$ %&$ un e(u& e(u&p$ p$ ,e $pe%"%&$! !&u",$! en e* &ne%&$% ,e* #"'n " 25 )e%$! ,e p%$un,&,", #$)en7"%$n " e#"+"% !$%e e* "n-$!$ $n,$ ,e* %&$ pe%)&&en,$ (ue #"," #"'n #$n&nu"!e "+"n7"n,$ "#&" !ue*$ /%)e )&en%"! *" #$n!%u##&'n ,e *"! ,$! $%%e! #$n&nu"" en *" !upe%/#&e. L$! #"$ne! !e )"nen"n een$! ,e* "-u" (ue *$! %$,e"" -%"# -%"#&" &"!! " un !&! !&!e e)" ,e u ue%" e%"!! (ue (ue &n% &n%$ $,u# ,u#" " "&% "&%e #$)p%&)&,$ en !u &ne%&$%. O%$ !&!e)" ,e ue%"! "#&" p$!&*e *" e%"##&'n ,e* "n-$ " *" !upe%/#&e. L"! ,$! -%"n,e! $%%e! (ue !$p$%"n *$! #"*e! p%&n#&p"*e! ue% ue%$n $n #$n! #$n!% %u& u&," ,"!! #$n #$n "*" "*"& &*e *e% %" " ,e -%"n -%"n& &$ $ #"n #"ne" e",$ ,$ %"n!p$%",$ p$% +" )"%&)" ,e!,e *"! #"ne%"! ?"**$e** en e* e!",$ ,e G"&ne. u! -%"n,e! ,&)en!&$ne! 84 ) ,e "*$ !$%e e* n&+e* ,e* "-u" 45 ) ,e "n#$ $"* un +$*u)en ,e 32 550 )3 #"," $%%e *e! ,"n un "!pe#$ &)p &)p$nen $nene (ue (ue ,$) ,$)&n" &n" e* p"& p"&!"e !"e u%"n %"n$ $ ,e *" 7$n" 7$n" #$)p&&en,$ #$n *$! +e#&n$! %"!#"#&e*$!.
P*"n$! $%&-&n"*e! ,e *"! $%%e! $%%e! ,e* puene B%$$<*n
2.6. 2. 6.4. 4. C$+ C$++# +#'& '&+ + '&,% '&,%-( -($) $)#+ #+
En e* #"!$ ,e* puene B%$$<*n *" p%$un,&,", " (ue !e en#$ en#$n n%" %"" " e* $n, $n,$ $ u& u&e%" e%" $*& $*&-" -",$ ,$ " e*e) e*e)en en$ $!! )u )u *"%-$! (ue n$ "%" !$p$%",$ *$! -$*pe! p"%" un,&%*$!. e ",$p' en$n#e! e* )$,$ ,e *$! #"&!!$ne! neu)&#$! (ue ""n !&,$ u!",$! #$n &$ en 1851 en e* puene R$#e!e% en Ken In-*"e%%". E* !&!e)" e)p*e",$ en e* puen puene e B%$$ B%$$<* <*n n #$n! #$n!&! &! " " en p%e p%e" "%& %&#" #"%% #$n #$n )",e )",e%" %" #"$ne! &n+e%&,$! (ue e%)&n""n en $%,e! "/*",$! ,e &e% &e%%%$ (ue (ue !e un, un," "n n p$#$ p$#$ " p$#$ p$#$ #$n #$n e* pe!$ pe!$ ,e *$! *$! -%"n -%"n,e ,e!! *$( *$(ue ue!! ,e *"! *"! $% $%%e! %e! (ue (ue !e &"n &"n #$*$ #$*$#" #"n, n,$ $ en#&)". En%e *$! $%,e! e* e#$ ,e* #"&!!$n !e ,e"" un e!p" e!p"#& #&$ $ p"%" p"%" %" %"" ""% "% *" e#" e#"+" +"#& #&'n 'n p"%" p"%" e+& e+&"% "% (ue (ue en%"%" e* "-u" p$% *$! /*$! $ p$% #u"*(u&e% -%&e" ,e *" )",e%" !e &ne#"" "&%e #$)p%&)&,$ " un" p%e!&'n )"$% (ue *" ,e* "-u". L" e#"+"#&'n )&!)" u+$ (ue "#e%!e #$n p&#$! p"*"! "%%e"! #"%%e&**"! -""! &,%u*&#"! p"%" %$)pe% *"! %$#"!. De )$,$ e#ep#&$n"* !e u!' ep*$!&+$!
,en%$ ,e* #"&!!$n. E* )"e%&"* e#"+",$ !e !"#"" p$% un ,u#$ #$n!%u&,$ en e* e#$ en e* (ue ",e)! "" un" #)"%" ,e p%e!&'n p"%" pe%)&&% e* )$+&)&en$ ,e* pe%!$n"*. @u"n,$ !e "*#"n7' *" p%$un,&,", %e(ue%&," p"%" en#$n%"% un !ue*$ %e!&!ene e* e!p"#&$ ,e %""$ ,e *$! #"&!!$ne! !e %e**en' #$n #$n#%e$. E* *en$ "+"n#e en e* un,&)&en$ ,e *$! #"&!!$ne! "* #$)&en7$ un$! 15 #en)e%$! p$% !e)"n" %e(ue%" ,e un e!ue%7$ e!pe#&"* ,e *$! * $! $%e%$! " #"%-$ ,e *" e#"+" #"+"#& #&'n 'n.. E!" E!" *"% *"%-" pe% pe%)"ne )"nen# n#&" &" en un ")& ")&en ene e p%e!u%&7",$ un&," " *$! #")&$! %p&,$! ,e p%e!&'n "* en%"% !"*&% ,e* ")&ene ,e %""$ ue )$&+$ ,e (ue )u#$! $pe%"%&$! #$n%"e%"n *" ene%)e,", ,e *"! "%&#u*"#&$ne! (ue " *" *"%-" e%)&n"" en p"%*&!&! "!" *" )ue%e. 2.6 .6.5 .5.. L#+ L#+ A') A') /& /&+ +
L$! "n#*"e! !$n !'*&,"! e!%u#u%"! #M&#" ,e p&e,%" ,e )")p$!e%" (ue )&,en 119 p$% 132 )e%$! en *" "!e e* "u)en$ ,e un$! 28) ,e "*$ p$% en#&)" ,e *" )"%#" ,e "-u". u pe!$ e! ,e "p%$&)",")ene 60 000 $ne*","! #"," un$ (ue !e u&*&7" p"%" %e!&!&% *" "%"##&'n ,e *$! #"*e!.
2.6.6. L#+ C C0&+
E* puene e! ! $%)",$ p$% 2 -%"n,e! $%%e! en *$! e%e)$!. L$! #u"%$ #"*e! ,e "#e%$ en#"%-",$! ,e !ue"% *" p*""$%)" ,e* puene unen *"! $%%e! ,e "n#*"e en #"," $%&* $%&**" *" ,e* ,e* %$ %$ #$n #$n *$! *$! #"* #"*e! e! +e% +e%&# &#"* "*e! e! (ue (ue !$p$ !$p$% %"n "n *" p*""$%)". @"," un$ ,e *$! 4 #"*e! p%&n#&p"*e! &ene un ,&)e%$ ,e 40 #en)e%$! e! #$)pue!$ p$% 19 &*$! ,e "#e%$. L" p*""$%)" ,e* #")&n$ #ue*-" en *&-"! ,e "#e%$ #$n un ,&)e%$ ,e 2 pu*-","! en#",en","! " p"%&% ,e ,$! p"%e! ,e #"*e! *"! #"en"%&"! ,e 16 pu*-","! ,e ,&)e%$. @"," #"*e !e #$)p$ne ,e 5 296 "*")%e! ,e "#e%$. @"," un$ ,e *$! #u"%$ #"*e! e! #"p"7 ,e !$!ene% un" #"%-" +&+" ,e 12 000 $ne*","!. E* puen uene e ,e B%$$ B%$$<<*n *n !upu !upu!$ !$ un ,e!" e!"$ $ #n& #n&#$ #$ "* u&* u&*&7 &7"% "%!e !e p$% p$% p%&) p%&)e% e%" " +e7 +e7 "#e% "#e%$ $ p"%" p"%" *" e*" e*"$% $%"# "#&' &'n n ,e #u" #u"%$ %$ -&-" -&-"n ne! e!#$ #$!! #"* #"*e! e! ,e!, ,e!,e e *$! *$! (ue (ue p"% p"%en en $%$ $%$!! +e%&#"*e! (ue !$p$%"n *" p*""$%)" #$n *" "u," ,e ,$! $%%e! ,e -%"n&$.
Re, ,e #"*e!. 2.6 .6. ... P$%& $%&'(# '(#
E* puen puene e #uen #uen" " #$n #$n ,$! ,$! n&+e n&+e*e *e!> !> e* &ne &ne%& %&$% $% #$n #$n ,$! ,$! #"*7","! ,e %e! #"%%&*e! #"," un" p$% *" (ue #&%#u*"n "
,&"%&$ )! ,e 150 000 +e#u*$!. E* n&+e* !upe%&$% e! un" p"!"%e*" p"%" u!$ pe"$n"* p"%" #&#*&!"!. L" "n#u%" $"* ,e* puene e! ,e 26 ). #$n un" "*u%" ,e *"! $%%e! p$% en#&)" ,e* n&+e* ,e* %$ ,e 84 ). un" "*u%" ,e *" #"*7"," ,e!,e e* %$ ,e 40 ). un" *$n-&u, ,e #"," un$ ,e *$! 4 #"*e! p%&n#&p"*e! ,e 1 100 ). "! #$)$ un ,&)e%$ ,e 40 #).
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III.ELABORACION DE MAUETA 3.1. MAT MATERIAL IALES
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IV. IV. CONCLUSIONES
L$! #"!& 128 "$! ,e e,", #u)p*&,$! p$% e* puene B%$$<*n "n p%$",$ #')$ e* $)%e pue,e !upe%"% *"! *&)&"#&$ne! e#n$* e#n$*'-& '-&#"! #"! u&*&7 u&*&7"n, "n,$ $ !u #%e" #%e"&+& &+&,", ,", e &n-en& &n-en&$. $. En )u#$! )u#$! "!pe "!pe# #$! $! e!" e!" e)* e)*e) e) &# &#" " %e"* %e"*&7 &7"# "#&' &'n n ,e *" &n-e &n-en& n&e% e%" " !e ",e*"n' " !u &e)p$ !en' un" e!#ue*" ,e #$n!%u##&'n ,e puene! #$*-"ne! (ue !& &en " +en&,$ pe%e##&$nn,$!e en
*"! M*&)"! ,#","! n$ " ""n,$n",$ *$! p%&n#&p&$! !&#$! e)p*e",$! en e**". E* n$)%e ,e J$n A. R$e*&n- /-u%" ,e!,e en$n#e! en *" &!$%&" ,e *" &n-en&e%" "* *",$ ,e *$! -en&"*e! &n-en&e%$! (ue ,&e%$n un -%"n p"!$ ",e*"ne ,e!"%%$**"n,$ e* u!$ ,e* &e%%$ en e* ,&!e$ ,e puene!> T$)"! Te*$%, R$e% epen!$n I.K.
B%un B%une* e* pe%$ pe%$ *" ,e#& ,e#&!& !&'n 'n ,e e)p* e)p*e" e"%% #"* #"*e! e! ,e "#e% "#e%$ $ p"%" p"%" !$p$%"% *"! #"%-"! ,e *$! puene! #$*-"ne! %e#"e e#*u!&+")ene en R$e*&n-. R$e*&n-. Ap"%e ,e *" #"*&,", #&en/#" #n&#" (ue !&-n&/#' e* ,&!e$ ,e* puene *" !e*e##&'n ,e *$! )"e%&"*e! p%&n#&p"*e! &ene ,&)en!&$ne! e!pe#&"*e! *" "#u"#&'n e%$&#" ,e (u&ene! &#&e%$n %en %ene e " *" ,e!,e!-%" %"#& #&" " **e+ **e+"% "%$n $n !u "% "%e" "! "!" " e* M*& M*&)$ )$ )$)en$ &n#*uen,$ +e&ne $ %e&n" $)%e! (ue ,e"%$n !u +&," +&," en e* p%$p p%$p'! '!& &$ $ #$)M #$)Mn. n. T$,$ $,$ e!e e!e #u", #u",%%$ ,e e# e#$! $! *")en"*e! ,&$ *u-"% " p$!&&+"! &n+e!&-"#&$ne! ,e p%e+en#&'n
,e "##&,ene! ene%)e,",e! ,e %""$. L" #$n! #$n!% %u# u##& #&'n 'n ,e* ,e* puen puene e B%$$ B%$$<* <*n n e! e! p$% p$% $," $,"!! e!" e!"!! %"7$ne! )$&+$ ,e $%-u**$ ,e *" &n-en&e%" )un,&"* p"%e e!en#&"* ,e* p"&!"e ,e Nue+" Y$%<. Y "#e "pen"! un$! $! e* ")$!$ puene !&u",$ " #$%" ,&!"n#&" ,e* e)p*"7")&en$ ,e *"! *"! $%% $%%e! -e)e* e)e*"! "! ,e* ,e* C$%*, %*, T%",e %",e @en @ene% e% +$*+& $*+&' ' " *" n$$ $$%&e, %&e,", ", "* !e%+ !e%+&% &% #$) #$)$ +" +" ,e e!#" e!#"p pe " $% $%%$%&7" %&7",$ ,$!! ne$$%(u&n$! (ue u"n ,e* *u-"% ,e *" %"-e,&".
V. BI BIBL BLIO IOGR GRAF AFÍA ÍA
p>SS.+&+enue+"$%<.#$)S+&!&"%Spuen p>SS.+&+enue+"$%<.#$)S+&!&"%Spuene%$$<*n.pp e%$$<*n.pp p>SSe!.&<&pe,&".$%-S&<&SPuene,eB%$$<*n p>SS."%&n-".neSp$!!S+&,e$!S1186195S p>SS."%&n-".neSp$!!S+&,e$!S1186195SB"e%&"! B"e%&"! un"!"$e*puene,eB%$$<*n.)* un"!"$e*puene,eB%$$<*n.)* p>SS)"p!.-$$-*e.#$)S)"p! *Ve!W&V1419W&V24Wn$V1W(VPUENTEXDEXBROOKLLYN *Ve!W&V1419W&V24Wn$V1W(VPUENTEXDEXBROOK Wu)V1W&eVUTF8W(VWne"%VB%$$<*nXB%&,-eXNeXY Wu)V1W&eVUTF8W(VWne"%VB%$$ <*nXB%&,-eXNeXY$%< $%< XNY
XEEUUW-*VpeWe&VBAT%OeC10ZI&$3NBW!"V[W$&V-e$# $,e%e!u*W#V&*eW%e!nu)V1W+e,V0@B0Z8-EAA.. $,e%e!u*W#V&*eW%e!nu)V1W+e,V0@B0Z8-EAA p>SS)"-ne.""<".#$)Sun)un,$"!#&n"neS"!&!e #$n!%u$e*puene,e%$$<*n
VI.VI ANEOS 6.1 PLANOS
