UNIVERSIDAD UNIVERSID AD TÉCNICA TÉCNICA DE AMBATO AMBATO FACULT FACULTAD AD DE INGENIE INGENIERÍA RÍA CIVIL CIVI L Y MECÁNICA CARRERA DE INGENIERÍA MECÁNICA MODALIDAD PRESENCIAL
INFORME DE LABORATORIO
PRACTICA N°6 NOVENO SEMESTRE
PERIODO ACADÉMICO ABRIL –SEPTIEMBRE 2015
0
1. IDENTIFICACIÓN
AREA ACADÉMICA
Materiales
ASIGNATURA ASIGNATURA
Ensayos no Destructivos
UNIDAD TEMÁTICA
Syllabus
TÍTULO/ NOMBRE DE LA PRÁCTICA HORAS POR SEMANA DEL CURSO:
4
“Ensayo de Ultrasonido (EU) de campo “
PRÁCTICA:
N°6
FECHA DE REALIZACIÓN DE LA PRÁCTICA: Aosto !"#$ HORARIO DE LA PRÁCTICA: "%&"" a ##&"" 'oras
David Ne* +ic'ard Mayora Mayora
NOMBRE DE LOS INTEGRANTES INTEGRANTES ,'ristian Sailema -avier Santamar.a
NOMBRE DEL AYUDANTE/PROFESOR AYUDANTE/PROFESOR
/n0 M0 -uan 1aredes 1aredes
2. ÍNDICE 1. IDENTIFICACIÓN................. IDENTIFICACIÓN........................................... .....................................................1 ...........................1 2.
ÍNDICE....................................................................................1
3. MARCO TEÓRICO....................... TEÓRICO................................................. ....................................... .................... .......2 2 3.1 ENSAYO ENSAYO DE ULTRASONIDO ULTRASONIDO.. (EU)..................................... (EU)............................................ .......2 2 3.2. EQUIPO BÁSICO......................................................................3 3.3. CARACTERÍSTICAS GENERALES DE LAS ONDAS ULTRASÓNICAS ........4
3.4. PROPAGACIÓN PROPAGACIÓN DE LAS ONDAS................... ONDAS................... ....................... ........... ...............4 ...4 3.5. PROPIEDADES DE LAS ONDAS ULTRASÓNICAS.......................4 3.6. ONDAS LONGITUDINALES LONGITUDINALES ULTRASÓNICAS...................... ULTRASÓNICAS............................ .......5 .5
1
3.7. ONDAS TRANSVERSALES ULTRASÓNICAS..............................5 3.. VENTA!AS Y DESVENTA!AS...................................................6 3.". #LO$UE DE CALI#RACION....................................................7 3.1%. DETECTOR ULTRASÓNICO DIGITAL AVAN&ADO MFD%%#......7 4. O#!ETIVOS..............................................................................................8 4.1
Objetivo General:...............................................................................8
4.2
Objetivos Específcos:........................................................................8
5. MATERIAL Y E$UIPO A UTILI&AR........................................................9 6. PROCEDIMIENTO O DESARROLLO (FOTOGRAFÍAS)...........................10 7. DISCUSIÓN' O#SERVACIONES E INTERPRETACIÓN DE RESULTADOS.............................................................................................. 14 7.1
RES!"#$OS.................................................................................... 14
7.2
$%S&S%'(....................................................................................... 1)
. CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES...........................................17 8.1
&O(&!S%O(ES............................................................................... 17
8.2
RE&O*E($#&%O(ES........................................................................ 17
". #I#LIOGRAFÍA......................................................................................17 1%.
ANEOS............................................................................................. 18
3. MARCO TEÓRICO 3.1
ENSAYO DE ULTRASONIDO. (EU)
“La téc!ca "# $%t&a'(!"( #' $( "# %(' #'a)(' c( *a)(& a+%!cac!, # %a act$a%!"a" c( #% c$a% '# +$#"# !"#t!-!ca& !"!cac!(#' '$'$+#&-!c!a%#' # !t#&a' # *at#&!a%#' /##&a%*#t# "# ac#&( a% ca&(( ) +#&*!t# $a !'+#cc!, &+!"a ) #-!c!#t#. La c$a% # %a *a)(&a "# %(' ca'(' +&(+(&c!(a $a !*#"!ata 3#&!-!cac!, c( #4$!+(' *a$a%#' ) "# +(c( +#'( -ac!%!ta"( !-(&*ac!, ) +#&*!t!#"( t(*a& "#c!'!(#' ( ac#& a$'t#' &+!"a*#t# '! +&(+(&c!(a& #-#ct(' (c!3(' +a&a #% !'+#ct(& ( +#&'(a% c#&ca( %( 4$# +#&*!t# ac#& %a !'+#cc!, '! #c#'!"a" "# "#'+#a& 7(a' ( '$'c!ta& +#%!/&(' a+a&#t#' %( 4$# %# "a /&a 3#&'at!%!"a" -&#t# a (t&(' #'a)(' c(*( %a &a"!(/&a-a !"$'t&!a%. La téc!ca "# $%t&a'(!"( #*+%#a '#8a%#' $%t&a',!ca' +(& ac#' (&*a%#' ) a/$%a&#' t&a'*!t!"a' +(& +a%+a"(&#' +#&*!t!#"( #'ca#a& #'+#'(&#' +a&a #%#*#t(' #9+$#'t(' a "#'/a't#' c(&&('!(#' ) "!'c(t!$!"a"#' ta%#' c(*( %a*!ac!(#' /&!#ta' +(&('!"a"#' 2
# !c%$'!(#' #t&# (t&a' /##&a"a' # %a -a&!cac!, &#+a&ac!, *at#!*!#t( ) ta*!é # %a 3#&!-!cac!, "# %a a+%!cac!, "# '(%"a"$&a' +&!c!+a%*#t# a t(+# ) TEE # +&("$ct(' "# Ac#&( a% Ca&(( ( "# aa a%#ac!, # +%at!a' ) t$#&a' #'ta' :%t!*a' c( "!*#t&(' *a)(&#' a ; +$%/a"a'.< =ASM >a"((?. 2000@
Ilustración 1.Imagen que muestra un esquema general del proceso Fuente !ttp""###.llogsa.com
3.2.
EQUIPO BÁSICO
“La *a)(&a "# %(' #4$!+(' "# !'+#cc!, +(& $%t&a'(!"( !c%$)# #% '!/$!#t# #4$!+( '!c(
/##&a"(& #%#ct&,!c( "# '#8a% 4$# +&("$c# &-a/a' "# 3(%ta# a%t#&a"a'. t&a'"$ct(& 4$# #*!t# $ a7 "# ("a' $%t&a',!ca' c$a"( %a' &-a/a' "#
3(%ta# a%t#&a"( '( a+%!ca"a'. ac(+%a"(& +a&a t&a'-#&!& %a ##&/a "# %a' ("a' "# $%t&a'(!"( a %a +!#7a "#
t&aa(. ac(+%a"(& 4$# t&a'-!#&# %a 'a%!"a "# %a' ("a' "# '(!"( =##&/a
ac:'t!ca@ "# %a +!#7a a% t&a'"$ct(&. t&a'"$ct(& =+$#"# '#& #% *!'*( 4$# #% t&a'"$ct(& 4$# !!c!a %a' ("a' $%t&a',!ca' ( +$#"# '#& (t&( "!-#&#t#@ +a&a ac#+ta& ) c(3#&t!& %a ("a' "# $%t&a'(!"( "# 'a%!"a "# %a +!#7a "# t&aa( # &-a/a' "# 3(%ta#. E %a *a)(&a
"# %(' '!'t#*a' $ t&a'"$ct(& '!*+%# act:a c(*( #*!'(& ) &#c#+t(&. "!'+('!t!3( #%#ct&,!c( +a&a a*+%!-!ca& ) *("!-!ca& %a' '#8a%#' "#%
t&a'"$ct(&. "!'+('!t!3( "# 'a%!"a 4$# *$#'t&# %a !-(&*ac!, &#'$%tat# ) %a +&()#ct# )a
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c(*+(#t#' "#% '!'t#*a.< =AS.2002@
3.3.
CARACTERÍSTICAS GENERALES DE LAS ONDAS ULTRASÓNICAS
“La' ("a' $%t&a',!ca' '( ("a' *#c!ca' =# c(t&a't# +(& ##*+%( c( %(' &a)(' 9 4$# '( ("a' #%#ct&(*a/ét!ca'@ 4$# c('!'t# # 3!&ac!(#' ('c!%at(&!a' "# +a&tc$%a' at,*!ca' ( *(%#c$%a&#' "# $a '$'tac!a. La' ("a' "# $%t&a'(!"( '# c(*+(&ta !/$a% 4$# %a' ("a' ("a "# '(!"( a$"!%#. S# +$#"# +&(+a/a& a t&a3é' "# $ *#"!( #%'t!c( )a '#a ',%!"( %4$!"( ( /a'#('( +#&( ( a% 3ac(. E 3a&!(' a'+#ct(' $ a7 "# $%t&a'(!"( #' '!*!%a& a $ a7 "# %$7 a*(' '( ("a' ) (#"#c# a %a #c$ac!, /##&a% "# ("a'. Ca"a ("a 3!aa c( ca&act#&'t!ca' "!-#&#t#' %a' c$a%#' "#+#"# "#% *#"!( # #% 4$# '# +&(+a/$# ( "# %a' ca&act#&'t!ca' "# %a ("a. C(*( $ a7 "# %$7 $ a7 "# $%t&a'(!"( #' &#-%#a"( "# %a' '$+#&-!c!#' &#-&acta"( c$a"( c&$7a %a' -&(t#&a' #t&# "(' '$'tac!a' 4$# t!## "!-#&#t#' ca&act#&'t!ca' "# 3#%(c!"a"#' ) "!-&acta"(' # %(' (&"#' ( a%&#"#"(& "# %(' ('tc$%('.
3.. PROPAGACIÓN DE LAS ONDAS La' ("a' $%t&a',!ca' =) (t&a' ("a' "# '(!"(@ '# +&(+a/a # c!#&ta *#"!"a # c$a%4$!#& *at#&!a% #%'t!c(. C$a"( %a' +a&tc$%a' at,*!ca' ( *(%#c$%a&#' "# $ *at#&!a% #%'t!c( '( "#'+%a7a"a' "# '$' +('!c!(#' "# #4$!%!&!( +(& c$a%4$!#& -$#&7a a+%!ca"a #'-$#&7(' !t#&(' act:a +a&a &#'ta$&a& ( &#ac(*("a& a '$' +('!c!(#' (&!/!a%#'.<= N( "#'t&$ct!3# E3a%$at!(. 2002@
3.!. PROPIEDADES DE LAS ONDAS ULTRASÓNICAS “La' ("a' $%t&a',!ca' +$#"# "#'+%a7a&'# +(& #% *#"!( # -(&*a "# ("a' %(/!t$"!a%#' =%a' +a&tc$%a' 3!&a # %a "!&#cc!, "# +&(+a/ac!, "# %a ("a@ t&a'3#&'a%#' =%a' +a&tc$%a' 3!&a +#&+#"!c$%a&*#t#@ ( "# '$+#&-!c!# =%(' *(3!*!#t(' "# %a' +a&tc$%a' -(&*a #%!+'#' # $ +%a( +a&a%#%( a %a "!&#cc!, "# +&(+a/ac!, ) +#&+#"!c$%a& a %a '$+#&-!c!#@. L(' $%t&a'(!"(' 3a a t##& $a ca&act#&'t!ca *$) !*+(&tat# 4$# %(' "!-#&#c!a "# %(' '(!"(' "# *#(& -&#c$#c!a %a "!&#cc!(a%!"a" #' "#c!& %a ("a $%t&a',!ca ( '# +&(+a/a # t("a' "!&#cc!(#' '!( 4$# -(&*a $ a7 "# +#4$#8( ta*a8( 4$# +$#"# '#& #-(ca"(. A"#*' "# $ *("(
4
a%(/( a %( 4$# '$c#"# c( $a ("a %$*!('a '# +$#"# a+%!ca& %#t#' ac:'t!ca' 4$# +$#"# *("$%a& #% a7 $%t&a',!c(. E't( +#&*!t# -(ca%!7a& $#'t&( a7 '(&# %a 7(a a #9+%(&a& 4$#"a"( -$#&a "# -(c( %a' 4$# #'t '!t$a"a' +(& "#%at# ( "#t&' "# #'# +$t( #' "#c!& %( *!'*( 4$# # %a' ("a' %$*!('a' #9!'t# #% c(c#+t( "# +&(-$"!"a" "# -(c( 4$# '# a+%!ca&a a t("a' %a' #'t&$ct$&a' 4$# 4$#"a #-(ca"a' $t!%!7a"( $ a7 "# $a' ca&act#&'t!ca' "#t#&*!a"a'.
3.". ONDAS LONGITUDINALES ULTRASÓNICAS A%/$a' 3#c#' %%a*a"a' ("a' "# c(*+&#'!, '( #% t!+( "# ("a' $%t&a',!ca' *a)(&*#t# $t!%!7a"a' # %a !'+#cc!, "# *at#&!a%#'. E'ta' ("a' 3!aa a t&a3é' "# %(' *at#&!a%#' c(*( '#&!#' a%t#&a"a' "# c(*+&#'!, ) '$cc!, # %a' c$a%#' %a' +a&tc$%a' t&a'*!t# %a' 3!&ac!(#' "# &#/&#'( ) %a "!&#cc!, "# 3!a# "# %a' ("a'. La' ("a' %(/!t$"!a%#' $%t&a',!ca' ) '$ c(&&#'+("!#t# ('c!%ac!, "# +a&tc$%a ) ("a "# '$cc!, ) c(*+&#'!, &#'$%tat# '# *$#'t&a #'4$#*t!ca*#t# # %a '!/$!#t# -!/$&a
Ilustración $.%squema de ondas ultrasónicas longitudinales& oscilación de part'cula& compresión onda de succión Fuente !ttp""###.llogsa.com
3.#. ONDAS TRANSVERSALES ULTRASÓNICAS La' ("a' t&a'3#&'a%#' '( ta*!é $t!%!7a"a' a*+%!a*#t# # %a !'+#cc!, $%t&a',!ca "# %(' *at#&!a%#'. P("#*(' 3!'$a%!7a& %a' ("a' t&a'3#&'a%#' # té&*!(' "# 3!&ac!(#' c(*( $a c$#&"a 4$# '# a/!ta &t*!ca*#t# # %a 4$# ca"a +a&tc$%a # %$/a& "# 3!&ac!, +a&a%#%a a %a "!&#cc!, "#% (%#a# c(*( a %a ("a %(/!t$"!a% 3!&a ac!a a&&!a ) ac!a aa( # $ +%a( +#&+#"!c$%a& a %a "!&#cc!, "# +&(+a/ac!,. a ("a t&a'3#&'a% '# !%$'t&a #'4$#*t!ca*#t# # %a '!/$!#t# -!/$&a "("# '# *$#'t&a %a )
('c!%ac!, "# %a +a&tc$%a #% -&#t# "# ("a "!&#cc!, "#% 3!a# "# %a ("a ) %(/!t$" "# ("a c(&&#'+("!#t# a $ c!c%(.<= M!ca#%'. 2000@
Ilustración . %squema de ondas trans*ersales Fuente !ttp""###.llogsa.com
“A "!-#&#c!a "# %a' ("a' %(/!t$"!a%#' %a' ("a' t&a'3#&'a%#' ( +$#"# '#& '(+(&ta"a' +(& $a c(%!'!, #%'t!ca "# %a' +a&tc$%a' ( *(%éc$%a' a")ac#t#'. Pa&a %a +&(+a/ac!, "# ("a' t&a'3#&'a%#' #' #c#'a&!( 4$# ca"a +a&tc$%a #9!a $a #%#3a"a -$#&7a "# at&acc!, c( %a' +a&tc$%a' ( *(%éc$%a' 3#c!a' "# ta% *a#&a 4$# %a +a&tc$%a '# +$#"a *(3#& ac!a at&' ) a"#%at# *(3!#"( a %a +a&tc$%a 3#c!a ca$'a"( "# #'t# *("( 4$# #% '(!"( '# *$#3a a t&a3é' "#% *at#&!a% c( %a 3#%(c!"a" a'(c!a"a a %a' ("a' t&a'3#&'a%#' 4$# #' a+&(9!*a"a*#t# #% 50 "# %a 3#%(c!"a" "# %a' ("a' %(/!t$"!a%#' +a&a #% *!'*( *at#&!a%. A!&# ) a/$a ( '(+(&ta %a' ("a' t&a'3#&'a%#' # %(' /a'#' %a' -$#&7a' "# at&acc!, "# %a' *(%éc$%a' '( ta +#4$#8a' 4$# %a' ("a' t&a'3#&'a%#' ( +$#"# '#& t&a'*!t!"a'.
3.$. VENTA%AS Y DESVENTA%AS V&'*+ R+!"( c(-!a%# -c!% "# (+#&a& -ac!%!ta %a a$t(*at!7ac!, %(' &#'$%ta"(' '# c((c# "# !*#"!at( &#%at!3a*#t# +(&tt!%#' *$) #9act(' '#'!%#'. D&+,&'*+ R#4$!#&# c(tact( ( !*#&'!, "# %a +a&t# ) %a !t#&+&#tac!, "# %#ct$&a' #c#'!ta #t&#a*!#t(< =>#&"#7. 2000@
3.-. BLOQUE DE CALIBRACION “'a"( +a&a ca%!&ac!, +a&a t&a'"$ct(&#' "# a7 &#ct( ) a/$%a& c( +$t( "#
,
&#-#&#c!a a 0° +a&a c#ca& #% +$t( "# "!c# "# #*!'!,. Ta*!é +$#"# '#& $'a"( +a&a c#ca& %a &#'(%$c!, ) %a '#'!!%!"a". Ic%$)# $ &a"!( "# G ) $ &a"!( "# 1H0.060 "# +&(-$"!"a". Ic%$)# "(' (&!-!c!(' $( "# 0.060 ) (t&( "# 2 "# "!*#t&(. D# ac$#&"( a %a' #'+#c!-!cac!(#' "#% I't!t$t( It#&ac!(a% "# S(%"a"$&a ) ASTM E16G. D!*#'!(#' "# 12 H G.0 H 1.0.
Ilustración +.,loque de cali-ración AST. Fuente AST
3.1. DETECTOR ULTRASÓNICO DIGITAL AVAN/ADO MFD$B E% MFD00B #' $ "#t#ct(& $%t&a',!c( "!/!ta% a3a7a"( "#% "#-#ct( 4$# (-&#c# $ TFT *$%t!c(%(& LCD ) $ a-!t&!, "# $#3a' ca&act#&'t!ca' +a&a c$*+%!& $!'!t(' "# !'+#cc!, #'t!*$%at#. C(*!a %a' ca+ac!"a"#' "# /&a a%cac# "# %a "#t#cc!, ) "# %a *#"!"a "#% "#-#ct( a%*ac#a# "# "at(' #9t#'(' ) %a ca+ac!"a" "# t&a'-#&!& "at(' "# %a !'+#cc!, "#ta%%a"a a %a PC 3a '$ SB "# a%ta 3#%(c!"a" 3!&a ac!a #% %a"( "# a(&. E% !'t&$*#t( !c(&+(&a *$c(' %a' ca&act#&'t!ca' a3a7a"a' "#% t&ata*!#t( "# '#8a%#' !c%$)#"( $ 15M>7 RF ac$&a "# a"a +a&a +#&*!t!& %a +&$#a "# %(' *at#&!a%#' -!(' -!%t&(' "#' a"a #'t&#ca +a&a *#(&a& '#8a%J!t#&-#&#c!a a"#t&( A%t(' $'(' "#% a$*#t( $ +$t( !*+$%'(& +a&a %(' $'(' 4$# $!#&# -&#c$#c!a' *' a%ta' ) $ a&*(!('( ("a c$a"&a"a !*+$%'(& (+t!*!7a& %a +##t&ac!, #c#"!"( *at#&!a%#' "#'a*#t# ( a%t( at#$at#'. E% !'t&$*#t( +$#"# '#& a*+%!a*#t# $t!%!7a"( # %a '!t$ac!, ) %a c%a'!-!cac!, "# %a' /&!#ta' (c$%ta"a' a$%a "!'$#%3# ) D!'c(t!$!"a"#' '!*!%a&#' # a$t,/#a' -(&a' !%%#t#' &(%#' ##' %(' ta4$#' ) %(' &#c!+!#t#' "#% &#act(& T$&!a' ) c(*+(#t#' #'t&$ct$&a%#'.< =K#(/. 16@
7
Ilustración /. %quipo de ultrasonido. Fuente Spar2er /nstruments
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-. BIBLIOGRAFÍA
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M. U. >#&"#7 M.A.U. I74$!#&"( A. I8#7 K.K. Aa)a L.U. %%at# “P(&('!t) #'t!*at!( (- c(c&#t# ) $%t&a'(!c NDE< %t&a'(!c' $*. ; =2000@ 5;15;; >. K#(/ a" D. . >'$ “$at!tat!3# #'t!*at!( (- *at#&!a% +&(+#&t!#' (- +(&($' c#&a*!c' ) *#a' (- c(*+('!t# *!c&(*#ca!c' a" $%t&a'(!c 3#%(c!t)<. NDT W E. It#&at!(a% V(% 2 N( 2 +/. 5101 16.
1. ANE@OS
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