ESCUELA MILITAR DE INGENIERÍA MCAL. ANTONIO JOSÉ DE SUCRE “BOLIVIA”
“RECUPERACION POR EL METODO DE GAS LIFT” NELSON CESPEDES ROCHA JESICA CABRERA ROCHA BRIAN JALDIN ALBA 0 NOELIA ANTE$ANA BA$OALTO !
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ÍNDICE
!.
CONTENIDO
ÍNDICE # ÍNDICE DE TABLAS.................................... TABLAS....................................¡ERROR! MARCADOR NO DEFINIDO. #. INTR INTROD ODUC UCCI CI'N 'N.. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ..."" 3. PLA PLANTEA NTEAMI MIEN ENT TO DEL DEL PROB PROBLE LEMA MA.. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .."" 3.1. 3.1. IDEN IDENTI TIFI FICA CACI CIÓN ÓN DEL DEL PROB PROBLE LEMA MA.. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ..... ..... ..... ....4 .4 3.2. 3.2. PLAN PLANTE TEAM AMIE IENT NTO O DEL DEL PROB PROBLE LEMA MA.. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....4 .4 3.3. 3.3. FORM FORMUL ULAC ACIÓ IÓN N DEL DEL PROBL PROBLEM EMA. A... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ....5 ..5 ". OBJE OBJETI TIVO VOS S ( ACCION CCIONES ES.. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... ....5 ..5 4.1. OBJETI OBJETIVO VO GENERA GENERAL.. L..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .....5 ..5 4.2. 4.2. OBJE OBJETI TIVOS VOS ESPE ESPEC CFI FICO COS. S... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ...... ..... ..... ...... ...... ....5 .5 5. JUST JU STIF IFICA ICACI' CI'N. N... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....5 .5 5.1. JUSTIF JUSTIFICA ICACIÓ CIÓN N TCNI TCNICA. CA.... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....5 .5 5.2. 5.2. JUST JUSTIF IFIC ICAC ACIÓ IÓN N ECON ECONÓM ÓMIC ICA. A... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ...... ...... ..... ..... ..... ...5 .5 . FUND FUNDA AMENT MENTA ACI'N CI'N TE'R TE'RIC ICA A.... ...... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ... . ".1. ".1. CONC CO NCEP EPTO TOS S B#SIC B#SICOS OS DEL DEL $ACIMIE CIMIENT NTO. O... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ..." " ".1.1. ".1.1. P%&%'() P%&%'()*). *).... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ......." ..." ".1.2. P+&,+*-(()* P+&,+*-(()*)..... ).......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ........... ........... .......... ........... ........... .........." ....." ".1.3. ".1.3. S*/0&* S*/0&*( ( )+ %' 0()%'.. 0()%'..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ..... . ".1.4. ".1.4. P+&,+*P+&,+*-(() (()*) *) ++/(6 ++/(6* * 7 &+*/( &+*/(6*.. 6*..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... . ".1.5. ".1.5. T+,8+&*/ ,8+&*/0&* 0&* )+ 7*(,(+ 7*(,(+/% /%.... ....... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .... ".1.". P&%8(+)*)+' 8&+'(: 6%0,+: 7 /+,8+&*/0&* ;PVT< 8*&* %' =()&%*&-0&%'............................................................................................. ".1.. ".1.. P&+'( P&+'( )+ -0&-0> -0&-0>* * ;P-<... ;P-<...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ....... ... ".1.. ".1.. F*/%& F*/%& 6%0,? 6%0,?/&( /&(% % )+ 8+/& 8+/&+% +% ;B%< ;B%<... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ........ ........ ........ ...... .. ".1.9. ".1.9. R+*( R+*( )+ @*' )('0+/% )('0+/% + + 8+/& 8+/&+% +% ;R'<... ;R'<...... ...... ....... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ...... .. ".1.1. ".1.1. C%,8&+'(-(() C%,8&+'(-(()*) *) ('%/?&,(* ('%/?&,(* ;C%/<...... ;C%/<........... ........... ........... .......... ........... ........... ............. .................. ................9 ......9 ".1.11. ".1.11. V('%'()*) V('%'()*) )+ 8+/&+% 8+/&+% ;<....... ;<............ .......... ........... ........... .......... ........... ........... .......... ........... ........... ............... ............9 ..9 2 – 29
".2. ".2. ".2.1. ".2.1. ".2.2. ".2.2. ".3. ".3. ".3.1. ".3.1. ".3.2. ".3.2. ".3.3. ".3.3. ".3. ".3.4. 4. ".4. ".4.1. ".4. ".4.2. 2. ".4. ".4.3. 3. ".5. ".5. ".5.1. ".5.1. ".5.2. ".5.2. 7. %.
CONCEP CONC EPTO TOS S B#S B#SIC ICOS OS DEL DEL SIST SISTEM EMA A DE PROD PRODUC UCCI CIÓN ÓN.. .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ....9 .9 )(+ )(+ )+ 8&%)0/ 8&%)0/(6() (6()*) *) ;IPR<.... ;IPR<....... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ........ ........ ........9 ....9 P*/&% P*/&%+' +' )+ )+ 0> 0>% % % &+@(% &+@(%+' +' )+ )+ 0>% 0>% 6+&/(* 6+&/(*... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .......1 ...1 GENE GENERA RALI LIDA DADE DES S DEL DEL GAS GAS LIF LIFT. T... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......1 ...12 2 C%+8 C%+8/%. /%.... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .......12 ...12 T(8%' T(8%' )+ GAS GAS LIFT. LIFT.... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ......12 ..12 E((+ E((+( (* * )+ )+ +6* +6*/*, /*,(+ (+/% /% *&/( *&/(( ((* (* GAS GAS LIFT LIFT.... ....... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ........ ........ .....15 .15 O8/( O8/(,( ,(* *( ( )+ )+ '('/+ '('/+,* ,*'' )+ +6* +6*/* /*,(+ ,(+/ /% % *&/( *&/((( ((* * GAS GAS LIFT LIFT... ...... ..... ....1 ..1" " CARARTERISTICAS: MECANISMO $ CLASIFICACION DE LAS VALV VALVULAS ULAS DE BOMBEO MECANICO................................................... 1 C*&*/+&'/( C*&*/+&'/(*'.... *'......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ........... ........... .......... ........... ............ ........1 ..1 M+* M+*(' (',%' ,%' )+ *' *' 660* 660*'' '0- '08+& '08+&(((* (*+ +'' )+ BN..... BN....... ..... ..... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....1 .1 C*'( C*'(( (*( *( )+ *' *' ('/* ('/** *( (% %+' +' )+ B%,B%,-+% +% ,+ ,+( (%. %.... ...... ..... ..... ....... ........ .......1 ...1 DESC DESCRI RIPC PCIO ION N DEL DEL FUNC FUNCIO IONA NAMI MIEN ENTO TO.. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ....21 .21 B%,-+% B%,-+% +0,/ +0,/(% (% %/(0 %/(0%.. %..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ........2 ....21 1 D+'*& D+'*&@*. @*.... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .......22 ...22 CONC CONCLU LUSI SION ONES ES... ..... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ...#% #% BIBL BIBLIO IOGRA GRAFÍA FÍA.. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ...#) #)
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
3. PLANT PLANTEAM EAMIEN IENTO TO DEL DEL PROB PROBLEM LEMA A 3.!. I*+,/1 I*+,/12, 2, *+ 46+81 46+81 C0*)% * 8&+'( 8&+'( )+ &+'+&6%&(% &+'+&6%&(% 6* *7+)% '(,0/+*,+ '(,0/+*,+/+ /+ * 8&%)0( 8&%)0( + S08+&((+ 6* )+',0+)% * ,+)()* H0+ + /(+,8% 8*'+ 7 * 8&+'( *(@* '+ /+)& + '08+&((+ ,+%& 8&%)0( 8&%)0( 8%& +'% +' ++'*&(% ++'*&(% 0/((*& 0 ,?/%)% )+ &+08+&*( % )+ +6*/*,(+/% 8*&* *0,+/*& * 6()* /( )+ 0+'/&% 7*(,(+/%.
3.#. P1,+18+ P1,+18+,6 ,6 *+ 46+81 46+81 P*&* &+*(*& &+*(*& + (&+,+/% (&+,+/% )+ * 8&%)0( +' ++'*&(% ++'*&(% /%,*& + 0+/* 0+/* /%)%' %' 8*& 8*&,+/ ,+/&% &%'' )+ )+ &+'+ &+'+&6 &6%& %&(% (% 8*&* 8*&* * 0/( 0/(( (*( *( )+ *@ *@
,?/%)% ,?/%)% *&/(( *&/(((* (* % )+
+6*/*,(+/% *&/(((*.
3.3. F68912 F68912, , *+ 46+81 46+81 C%%+& C%%+& ,?/%)% )+ &+08+&*( &+08+&*( % +6*/*,(+/ +6*/*,(+/% % *&/(((* *&/(((* )+ 8+/&+% 8+/&+% * /&*6?' )+ GAS LIFT. 4 – 29
". OBJE OBJETI TIVO VOS S ( ACC ACCIO IONE NES S ".!.. O:+ ".! O:+;6 ;6 <+,+1 <+,+1 •
C%%+& + ()+/((*& + 8&%+)(,(+/% )+ ,?/%)% % +6*/*,(+/% *&/(((* GAS LIFT.
".#.. O:+ ".# O:+;6= ;6= +=4+>/ +=4+>/6 6== •
C%%+& + 8&%+)(,(+/% )+ ,?/%)% )+ &+08+&*( *&/(((* GAS LIFT.
•
I)+/((*& *' 6+/*>*' 7 )+'6+/*>*' )+ ,?/%)% )+ &+08+&*( *&/(((* GAS LIFT.
•
I)+/((*& %' )(+&+/+' +H0(8%' 7 =+&&*,(+/*' 8*&* + ,?/%)% )+ &+08+&*( *&/(((* GAS LIFT
5. JU JUST STIF IFIC ICAC ACI' I'N. N. 5.!.. J9=/ 5.! J9=/1 12 2, , ?, ?,11 E' ++'*&(% =*+& 0* &+08+&*( % +6*/*,(+/% *&/(((* 8%&H0+ '%% '+ +@* * 8&%)0(& + 1K )+ 8+/&+% + + 7*(,(+/% 8%& % 0* +' ++'*&(% * 0/((*( )+ *@ ,?/%)% )+ &+08+&*( % +6*/*,(+/% *&/(((*.
5.#. J9=/1 J9=/12, 2, +6,281 +6,281 E' ++'*&(% * &+08+&*( )+ 8+/&+% 8*&* '0'/+/*& %' @*'/%' H0+ '+ /06% + * 8+&%&*( )+ 8%% 7 8&%)0(.
5 – 29
. FUND FUNDAMEN AMENT TACI'N CI'N TE'RIC TE'RICA A .!. C6,+46= C6,+46= @=6= @=6= *+ 18+,6. 18+,6. .!. .!.!. !. P66 P66= =*1 *1*. *. E' * ,+)()* )+ 6%0,+ )+ +'8*(%' 8%&%'%' + * &%* H0+ /(++ * *8*()*) )+ *,*+*& 0()%' + 0*H0(+& %)((. S+ +8&+'* 8%& + 8%&+/*>+ )+ 6%0,+ )+ 8%&%' &+'8+/% &+'8+/% * 6%0,+ /%/* )+ * &%* ;8%&%'()*) ;8%&%'()*) /%/* % -&0/*<. -&0/*<. L* 8%&%'()*) 8%&%'()*) /%/* +' %'()+&* %,% + 6%0,+ 8%&%'% )+ /%/* )+ 8%&%' +'/? % % (/+&%+/*)%' φ=
Vp Vp = Vt Vg + Vp
D%)+ P%&%'()*) V8 V%0,+ V%0,+ P%&%'% VT V%0,+ T%/* V@ V%0,+ )+ @&*%' L* 8%&%'()*) '+ ,()+ + *-%&*/%&(% '%-&+ ,0+'/&*' )+ +%' )+ 8%%' 7 +'/* ,+)()* ,+)()* '+ 0'* 0'* 8*&* 8*&* *(*(-&* &*&& %' %' 0 0%' %' )+ 8%&% 8%&%'( '()*) )*) =+=% =+=%'' )+')+ )+')+ &+@( &+@('/& '/&%' %' +?/&(%'. S( +,-*&@% % /%)% + +'8*(% 8%&%'% +'/ )('8%(-+ 8*&* *,*+*& 0()%': 0()%': 8%& +'/* &* 0*)% '+ 0*/((* 6%0,+ )+ 0()%' ,6(+' '+ /&*-*>* % 8%&%'()*) ++/(6*. ;A@+%+: 2"<
.!.#. .!. #. P+8+1 P+8+1 *1* *1*.. S+ &+(+&+ * %' +'8*(%' *-(+&/%' ;8%&%'< + %' )(+&+/+' /(8%' )+ &%*' •
E *' R%*' D0&*' L%' +'8*(%' %&&+'8%)+ * &*/0&*': )(**'*': 8*%' )+ +'/&*/((*( 7 *6()*)+' 8&%)0/% )+ * )('%0(. E'/%' +'8*(%' % /(++ 0* )('/&(-0( 0(%&,+ 7 '+ %'()+&* %,% +,+%' %*(*)%'. E'/+ /(8% )+ 8%&%'()*) '+ )+%,(* 8%&%'()*) '+0)*&(* " – 29
•
E *' R%*' B*)*' %' 8%&%' +'/ 8&+'+/+' +/&+ %' @&*%' ()(6()0*+' ()(6()0*+' 7 %' ,(+&*+'. L* )('/&(-0( )('/&(-0( )+ ?'/%' 8%&%' +' ,0=% ,' =%,%@?+* H0+ + *' &%*' %'%()*)*'. E'/+ /(8% )+ 8%&%'()*) '+ )+%,(* P%&%'()*) P&(,*&(* % P%&%'()*) I/+&@&*0*&. ;S*=+.: 21<
.!.3. .!. 3. S191 S1912 2, , *+ 6= /9*6= /9*6=.. E' * &+*( )+ 6%0,+ H0+ 0 0()% %08* + 0 +'8*(% 8%&%'%. E'/* ,+)()* +' I,8%&/*/+ 8*&* %%+& * */()*) )+ *@0*: 8+/&+% 7 @*' +('/+/+ + * &%*. ;C&0: P&%8(+)*)+' )+ *' &%*' 7 )+ %' 0()%'.: 2"< S=
Vx Vp
D%)+
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
.!.".#. .!.". #. P+8+1* P+8+1*1* 1* 1=691. E' * &+*( % &* +/&+ * 8+&,+*-(()*) ++/(6* 7 * 8+&,+*-(()*) *-'%0/*. ;VILORIA.: 24<
– 29
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
. .!. !.. . P64+*1*+=
4+= =2 2,&
;698+,&
+84+191
PVT
411
6=
*6196=. P*&* 8%)+& &+%%+& H0? /(8% )+ &0)% '+ +0+/&* + + 7*(,(+/% '+ + )+-+ &+*(*& * +'/+ 0* '+&(+ )+ 8&0+-*' + + *-%&*/%&(% % * (*()*) )+ %%+& (+&/*' 8&%8 8&%8(+ (+)* )*)+ )+'' '( '(* *': ': /*+ /*+'' %,% %,% P&+' P&+'( ( + + 80/ 80/% % )+ -0&-0&-0> 0>+% +% ;P<: F*/ F*/%& %& 6%0,?/&(% 6%0,?/&(% )+ 8+/&+% 8+/&+% ;B6<: R+*( )+ @*' )('0+/% + + 8+/&+% ;R=<: C%+((+/+ )+ %,8&+'(-(()*) ('%/?&,(% ;C6< 7 * 6('%'()*) )+ &0)% ;6<. P*&* + *@0* 7 + @*' '+ ,()+ 8&%8(+)*)+' '(,(*&+'. ;P*=+%: 22<
.!.7. .!. 7. P+=2 P+=2, , *+ 99:1 99:1 P. P. E' * 8&+'( * * 0* *8*&++ * 8&(,+&* -0&-0>* )+ @*' + + 7*(,(+/%. ;P+&+: 21<
.!.%. F16 ;698?6 ;698?6 *+ *+ 4+2+6 4+2+6 B6. B6. E' )+(()% %,% * &+*( )+ 6%0,+ )+ 8+/&+% ;,' '0 @*' + '%0(< * %)( %)(( (%+ %+'' )+ )+ 7*( 7*(,(+ ,(+/ /% % % % &+'8+ &+'8+/ /% % * 6%0 6%0,+ ,+ )+ 8+/& 8+/&+ +% % * %)( %)(( (%+ %+'' +'/)*&. T(++ T(++ 0()*)+' )+ ;B$BN<. ;P?&+: 22<
.!.).
R+12, *+ <1= *=9+6 +, + 4+2+6 R=.
E' + 6%0,+ )+ @*': + 8(+' -(%' +'/)*& ;PCN<: H0+ '+ )('%6+& + 0 -*&&( )+ 8+/&+% )+ /*H0+ ;BN< * 0*' %)((%+' )*)*' )+ 8&+'( 7 /+,8+&*/0&*. T(++ 0()*)+' )+ ;PCNBN<. ;R%)&@0+: 2<
– 29
.!.!0.
C684+=*1* = =6?81 C C6
L* %,8&+'(-(()*) ('%/?&,(* )+ 0* '0'/*(* +' )*)* 8%& * '(@0(+/+ +0*( C
=
1 dv
−
vdp
D%)+
C: %,8&+'(-(()*) ('%/?&,(*. V: 6%0,+. P: 8&+'(. L* +0*( )+'&(-+ + *,-(% )+ 6%0,+ * ,+)()* H0+ * 8&+'( 6*&*: ,(+/&*' '+ ,*/(++ * /+,8+&*/0&*. ;C%&*@+: 29<
.!.!!.
V=6=*1* *+ 4+2+6 .
L* 6('%'()*) +' 0* 8&%8(+)*) )+ 0()% 7 ?'/* %&++ &+'('/+(* * ,%6(,(+/% &+*/(6% &+*/(6% )+ '0' ,%?0*'. ,%?0*'. L%' 8&((8*+' 8&((8*+' 8*&,+/&%' 8*&,+/&%' H0+ *+/* * 6('%'()*) '% * /+,8+&*/0&* 7 * 8&+'(. ;G%+: 24<
.#. C6,+46= @=6= *+ ==+81 *+ 46*92,. .#.!. Í,*+ *+ 46*9 46*9;*1* ;*1* IPR. IPR. L* &+*( +/&+ * /*'* )+ 8&%)0( )+ 0 8%% 7 * *)* )+ 8&+'( + * %&,*( +8&+'* + %+8/% )+ )(+ )+ 8&%)0/(6()*): J. I@0*,+/+: + )(+ )+ 8&%)0/(6()*) +' 0* ,+)()* )+ '0 *8*()*) )+ 8&%)0(&: 7 +' 0* 8&%8(+)*) )+ %' 8%%' H0+ +' %,,+/+ ,+)()*. J =
Qo Pe− Pwf
E *@0%' 8%%' + )(+ )+ 8&%)0/(6()*) +' )(&+/*,+/+ 8&%8%&(%* * * 8&+'(
9 – 29
D(+&+(* ;P+ – P < )+ %)%: 8%& % /*/% ?'/+ 8+&,*++& %'/*/+. E %/&%' 8%%': * */*' /*'*' )+ 0>% * 8&%8%&(%*()*) % '+ ,*/(++ 7 + )(+ )+ 8&%)0/(6()*) )(',(07+. L* *0'* )+ +'/* )(',(0( 80+)+ '+& )+-()* * )(6+&'%' */%&+' *< /0&-0+(* * */*' /*'*' )+ 0>%: -< )(',(0( + * 8+&,+*-(()*) )+ 8+/&+% )+-()% * * 8&+'+(* )+ @*' (-&+ &+'0/*/+ )+ * *)* )+ 8&+'( + + 8%%: < *0,+/% )+ * 6('%'()*) )+ 8+/&+% % * *)* )+ 8&+'( 8%& )+-*>% )+ 80/% )+ -0&-0 -0&-0>+ >+%: %: )< &+)0 &+)0 ( ( )+ * 8+&, 8+&,+* +*-( -(() ()*) *) )+-( )+-()% )% * * %,8 %,8&+ &+'('(-(( (()*) )*) )+ * %&, %&,* *( (.. E * 8&/ 8&/( (* * %' %' 6*%& 6*%&+' +' )+ )+ )( )(+ + )+ 8&%) 8&%)0/ 0/(6 (6()* ()*) ) '% '% 6*&( 6*&(*)% *)%'' )+8+)(+)% )+ *' *&*/+&'/(*' )+ *)* 8%% 7 )+ * %* )%)+ '+ +0+/&+ + 8%%. E -*'+ * 0* +8+&(+(* @++&* '+ =* (>*)% %' '(@0(+/+' 6*%&+' %,% ()(*/(6%' )+ )(+ )+ 8&%)0/(6()*) )+ 0 8%%. ;8&%)0/(%: 2<
.#.#. P16,+= P16,+= *+ /9:6 /9:6 6 +<6,+= +<6,+= *+ /9:6 /9:6 ;+1. ;+1. .#.#.!. .#.#. !. F9:6 86,6/@ 86,6/@=6. =6. S+ &+(+&+ * )+ 0* '%* *'+ H0()* '( @*' (-&+. L* 8&+'( + * /0-+&* +' * ,*7%& H0+ * 8&+'( )+ -0&-0>+%. ;*+&+': 2<
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– 29
@*'+% @*'+%'* '* %,% %,% * H0( H0()* )* ( (07 07+ + '(@ '(@((( (*/( */(6* 6*,+ ,+/ /+ + + + @&*) @&*)(+ (+/+ /+ )+ 8&+' 8&+'( (.. ;*+&+': 2<
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
.#.#.". .#.#. ". F9:6 1,91. 1,91. S+ 8&%)0+ 0*)% *' -0&-0>*' )+ @*' '+ +8*)+ 7 */&*6(+'* %' /*8%+' )+ H0()%' H0()%' ,' 6('%'%': 6('%'%': %&(@(*)% H0+ + @*' %&,+ 0* *'+ %/(0* +&* )+ +/&% )+ * /0-+&*: +6*)% =*(* *&&(-* 8+H0+Q*' @%/*' )+ H0()% + +*: 7 * % *&@% )+ * /0-+&* '+ 8&%)0+ 0* 8+0* )+ H0()% H0+ '+ ,0+6+ =*(* * &&(-*. ;*+&+': 2<
.#.#.5. .#.#. 5. F9:6 +=4981. +=4981. S( + H0()% /(++ /+'( (/+&*(* */*: *' -0&-0>*' % '+ 0+. E '0 0@*&: + @*' 7 + H0()% '+ %,-(* 8*&* %&,*& 0* +'80,* 8+&)0&*-+. C0*)% +'/% %0&&+: + 0()% +' ,07 (@+&%: % =*7 )(+&+(* )(+&+(* +/&+ *' 6+%()*)+' 6+%()*)+' )+ H0()% 7 )+ @*': 8+&% * &(( +' ,07 @&*)+. C0*)% '+ /&*/* )+ &0)%' % ,+%' )+ 14 API: %
11 – 29
+,0'(%+' % ,' )+ 9 K )+ *@0*: * +'80,* H0+ '+ %&,* *0'* 8&%-+,*' )+ 8&%)0(: '+8*&*( 7 ,+)((. ;*+&+': 2<
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
.3. G+,+1*1*+= *+ “GAS LIFT” .3. .3.!. !. C6, C6,+4 +46 6.. E' 0 ,?/%)% ,+)(*/+ + 0* '+ (7+/* @*' * */* 8&+'( + * %0,* )+ 0()%' 8*&* '0 +6*/*,(+/% )+')+ + '0-'0+% =*'/* * '08+&((+.
.3.#. .3. #. T46= T46= *+ *+ “GAS “GAS LIFT”. LIFT”. E('/+ )%' /(8%' -'(%' )+ +6*/*,(+/% *&/(((* 8%& @*' •
LAG C6,,96 )%)+ '+ (7+/* @*' + %&,* %/(0* + * %0,* )+ 0()% 8*&* +6*/*&* -*>% %)((%+' )+ 0>% %/(0%.
12 – 29
•
LAG I,+8+,+ )%)+ '+ (7+/* @*' + %&,* (* + * %0,* )+ 0()% 8*&* +6*/*&* + 0>% (/+&,(/+/+: +' )+(&: + %&,* )+ /*8%+' )+ H0()%. ;A&/+*@*: 2"<
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
V+,1:1= *+ BNC • • • • • •
P%%' 8&%-+,*' * ,*+>*& @&* 6%0,+ )+ '()%'. M*+>% )+ @&*)+' 6%,++' 6% ,++' + 8%%' % */% IP. M07 +(-+ 8*&* *,-(*& )+ %/(0% * (/+&,(/+/+. D('&+/% + %*(*(%+' 0&-**'. S( )((0/*) 8*&* %8+&*& + 8%%' )+ */* R+*( G*'LH0()% ;RGL<. O8+&* + 8%%' % /+&,(*(%+' )+'6(*)*'.
D+=;+,1:1= *+ BNC • • • •
D('8%(-(()*) )+ @*' )+ (7+(. D((0/*) 8*&* ,*+>*& +,0'(%+'. F%&,*( )+ =()&*/%' 7 %@+*,(+/% )+ @*'. L* T.R T.R )+-+ &+'('/(& &+'(' /(& 8&+'(%+' ++6*)*'. ++ 6*)*'. 13 – 29
•
E8+&(+(* )+ 8+&'%* ,(,*.
F16+= 9+ 1/+1, + BNC • • • • • • • •
P&+'( + * T.R T.R 7 +* )+ )+'*&@*. P&%0)()*) )+ (7+(. P&%0)()*): 8&+'( 7 /+,8+&*/0&* )+ 7*(,(+/%. IP. IP. K )+ *@0*. R+*( )+ S%0-(()*) ;R'< 7 @*' (-&+ + + 0()% )+ 8%%. P&+'( )+ '+8*&*(. S0,(('/&% )+ @*'.
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• •
B*>% )(+ )+ 8&%)0/(6()*) B*>* RGL )+ 7*(,(+/% 14 – 29
• • •
B*>* 8&+'( )+ 7*(,(+/% B*>*' /*'*' )+ 8&%)0( P%%' '( 8&%)0( )+ *&+*: + 8%%' % -*>* 8&+'( )+ %)%
.3.3. E/+,1 E/+,1 *+ +;1,18+ +;1,18+,6 ,6 1/1 1/1 “GAS “GAS LIFT”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– 29
@&(* )+ * /*'* )+ 8&%)0( )+ 8+/&+% + 0( )+ * /*'* )+ (7+( )+ @*' '+ %%+ % + %,-&+ )+ C0&6* )+ R+)(,(+/% R+)(,(+/% 7 %'/(/07+ %'/(/07+ * -*'+ 0)*,+/* 0)*,+/* 8*&* *8(*& *@0%' *@%&(/,%' )+ %8/(,(*( * (6+ )+ '('/+,*. ;A&/+*@*: 2"<
.3.". O4812 O4812, , *+ ==+81= *+ +;1,18+, +;1,18+,6 6 1/1 1/1 “GAS LIFT” LIFT”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
1" – 29
.". CARARTERISTICAS& MECANISMO ( CLASIFICACION DE LAS VALVULAS DE BOMBEO MECANICO. .".!. .". !. C11 C11+> +>= =1= 1=.. A +'/*-++& + ,?/%)% )+ -%,-+% +0,/(% ;BN< '+ )+-+ '++(%*& + /(8% )+ 660* '0- '08+&((*: )+ *0+&)% * *' *&*/+&'/(*' 8&%8(*' )+ )('+Q% )+ * ('/**(: 7* H0+ +'/*' 80+)+ %8+&*& + %&,* %/(0* % (/+&,(/+/+.
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• • •
• •
C0+&8% )+ * 660* ;0++<. E+,+/% )+ *&@* ;&+'%&/+: @*' % 0* %,-(*( )+ *,-%'< E+,+/% )+ &+'80+'/* * 0* 8&+'( ; 0++ )+ ,+/*: 8('/ % )(*&*@,* )+ =0+< E+,+/% )+ /&*',('( ;)(*&*@,* )+ =0+ % 6'/*@% )+ ,+/*< E+,+/% ,+)()%& ;%&(((% % *'(+/%<.
1 – 29
.".3. C1=/1 C1=/12, 2, *+ 1= ,=116, ,=116,+= += *+ B68+6 8+@,6 8+@,6..
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
.".3.!. .".3. !. I,=112, I,=112, 1+1. 1+1. L* /0-+&* )+ 8&%)0( '+ '0'8+)+ + + 8%% '( %-/0&*)%&. E @*' '+ (7+/* =*(* *-*>% 8%& + +'8*(% *0*& *'(@/0-(@ 7 + 0()% '+ 8&%)0+ * /&*6?' )+ /0-(@. N% +' ,07 &+%,+)*)* 8*&* 8%%' )+ BN (/+&,(/+/+. 1 – 29
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
19 – 29
.".3.3. .".3. 3. I,=112, I,=112, +1*1. +1*1. E' '(,(*& * * ('/**( '+,( – +&&*)* ++8/% H0+ + + /0-(@ '+ %%* 0* 660* (>*. E'/* 660* +6(/* H0+ * 8&+'( )+ @*' )+ (7+( */+ %/&* * %&,*(. E'/+ /(8% )+ ('/**( +' * ,+0)% &+%,+)*)* 8*&* BN (/+&,(/+/+.
2 – 29
FUNCIONAMIENTO .5. DESCRIPCION DEL FUNCIONAMIENTO .5.!. B68+6 B68+6 ,+98@6 ,+98@6 6,,96. 6,,96. E 8&%+'% +' + '(@0(+/+
!. R+)0( )+ * )+'()*) )+ 0()% 7 + 8+'% )+ * %0,* )+ ,*+&* H0+ * 8&+'( )(+&+(* +/&+ + 7*(,(+/% 7 + )(,+/&% (/+&% )+ 8%% '+* (&+,+/*)*. E8*'( )+ @*' (7+/*)% )+ ,*+&* H0+ ?'/+ +,80>+ H0()% )+*/+ )+ ?: H0+ #. E8*'( 8%'/+&(%&,+/+ &+)0(& + 8+'% )+ * %0,*: (&+,+/*)% )+ +'/+ ,%)%: * )(+&+(* )+ 8&+'( +/&+ + 7*(,(+/% 7 + )(,+/&% (/+&(%& )+ 8%%.
3. D+'8**,(+/% )+ -*=+' )+ H0()% ,+)(*/+ -0&-0>*' @&*)+' )+ @*' */0*)% %,% 8('/%+'.
.5. .5.#. #. D+ D+= =1 1<1 <1.. U* 6+ ('/**)*' *' 660*' )+ BN: + 8*'% '(@0(+/+ +' * )+'*&@* )+ %' 0()%' )+ 8%%. L* (*()*) )+ * %8+&*( %8+&*( +' * )+ 8+&,(/(& H0+ + @*'/% +@0+ * * 660* 21 – 29
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
22 – 29
P1=6 !. E @*' '+ (7+/* +/*,+/+ + + +'8*(% *0*& * /&*6?' )+ 0* 660* )+ *@0>* ;+'/&*@0*)%&<. I,+)(*/*,+/+ + 0()% )+ %/&% +,8(+* +, 8(+* * '*(& 8%& * TP. TP. L* 8&/(* %, +' )+'*&@*& + 0()% + 0* 8&+'*: =*'/* H0+ +,8(++ * '*(& @*' * /&*6?' )+ * 8&(,+&* 660* % =*'/* H0+ + * %&&(+/+ *8*&+* @*'. E' (,8%&/*/+ ++/0*& * %8+&*( +/*,+/+ 8*&* H0+ %' 0()%' H0+ 8*'+ 8%& *' 660*' % *' )*Q+.
P1=2 #. A ,+)()* ,+)()* H0+ * +'8*(% *0*& '+ + *8(* @*' %/(0*,+/+: %/(0*,+/+: * 8&+'( + * TR )+-+ '0-(& @&*)0*,+/+ 8*&* H0+ + 0()% '(@* *'+)(+)% 8%& * TP.
P1=2 3. L* 660* ,+&% 1 ;"25 W8'(X< % /*&)* + H0+)*& * )+'0-(+&/%: 7* H0+ + @*' 8*'* * * TP. E'/% '+ %-'+&6* + * '08+&((+ 8%& + *0,+/% ('/*/+% )+ * 6+%()*) )+ 0>% H0+ H 0+ '*+ 8%& + +/&+,% )+ * TP.
23 – 29
P1=2 ". L* )+'*&@* )+ 8%% +' 0* ,+* )+ @*' 7 H0()%': 7 * 8&+'( + * TR '+ +'/*-((* * "25 W8'(X: H0+ +' * 8&+'( )+ %8+&*( )+ * 660* 1. P*&* % )+'8+&)((*& @*': + 0>% 80+)+ )(&+(%*&'+ * %' '+8*&*)%&+'.
P1=2 5. L* (7+( )+ @*' + + +'8*(% *0*& =*+ H0+ + (6+ )+ H0()% '(@* -*>*)% =*'/* H0+ * 660* 2 ;" W8'(X< H0+)* * )+'0-(+&/% )+-()% * H0+ + @&*)(+/+ +' *(@+&*)% %'()+&*-+,+/+ 8%& + @*'. P%& +>+,8%: '( + 0()% )+ %/&% /(++ 0 @&*)(+/+ )+ .5 W8'(8(+X: % * (7+( )+ @*' 80+)+ -*>*& * .1 W8'(8(+X + * TP: % + %'+0+/+ *,-(% + + @&*)(+/+ )+ 8&+'(: )+8+)(+)% * H0? 8&%0)()*) +'/? * 660* 1.
S( * 8&+'( )+ @*' * 8*'*& 8%& * 660* 1 +' )+ 5 W8'(X: 7 '08%(+)% H0+ +'/? * 0* 8&%0)()*) )+ 125 W8(+X: * 8&+'( )+ @*' + * '08+&((+ +' )+ 5 Y ;125Z.1< 24 – 29
15 W8'(X. [0+)* +/%+' "25 –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– 2"5 335 W8'(X 8*&* +@*& =*'/* * 660* 3: '(/0*)* * 215 Y ;335.5< 22 W8(+X.
P1=2 7. E @*' '+ (7+/* %/(0*,+/+ =*'/* +@*& * * /+&+&* 660* 7 * %8+&*( '+ &+8(/+ =*'/* +@*& * * 0*&/*. D0&*/+ * )+'*&@* )+ 8%%: * 8&+'( )+ %)% 25 – 29
-*>* * 80/% + + H0+ %' 0()%' )+ * %&,*( +,8(+* +,8(+* * +/&*& + + %)% )+ * TP. E +'/+ +'/+ ,%,+ ,%,+/% /%:: * %,8 %,8%'( %'(( ( )+ %' 0() 0()%' %' + * TP +,8(+ +,8(+* * * *,*,-(*& (*&:: /&*'%&,)%'+ + 0* ,+* )+ %' 0()%' H0+ '+ +'/ )+'8**)% )+ +'8*(% *0*& 7 %' H0+ '*+ )+ * %&,*(. C0*)% +'/% %0&&+: * 8&%)0( )+ )+'*&@* )+ 8%% /(+)+ * -*>*&: =*'/* H0+ '+ +@* * * 660* )+ %8+&*( ;0*&/* 660*<.
P1=2 %. T* 8&%/% '+ +@* * * 660* 4 ;* 33" W8(+X<: * TR '+ +'/*-((* * 55 W8'(X )+ 8&+'( )+ %8+&*( + * '08+&((+ 7 + 8%% +/&* + 8&%)0(.
2" – 29
7. CONC ONCLUS LUSIO IONE NES S. L*' %0'(%+' 0+&% *' '(@0(+/+' •
E 8&%+)(,(+/% )+ ,?/%)% )+ &+08+&*( *&/(((* GAS LIFT %'('/+ + 0* 0* '+&( '+&(+ + )+ 8*'%' 8*'%' !. R+)0( )+ * )+'()*) )+ 0()% 7 + 8+'% )+ * %0,* )+ ,*+&* H0+ * 8&+'( )(+&+(* +/&+ + 7*(,(+/% 7 + )(,+/&% (/+&% )+ 8%% '+* (&+,+/*)*. E8*'( )+ @*' (7+/*)% )+ ,*+&* H0+ ?'/+ +,80>+ H0()% )+*/+ )+ ?: H0+ 8%'/+&(%&,+/+ &+)0(& + 8+'% )+ * %0 %0,* ,*:: (&+ (&+,+ ,+/ /*) *)% % )+ +'/+ +'/+ ,%)%: ,%)%: * )(+ )(+&+ &+ (* (* )+ 8&+'( 8&+'( +/& +/&+ + + 7*(,(+ 7*(,(+/% /% 7 + )(,+/&% )(,+/&% (/+&(%& (/+&(%& )+ 8%%. 8%%. 3. D+'8**,(+/% )+ -*=+' )+ H0()% ,+)(*/+ -0&-0>*' @&*)+' )+ @*' */0*)% %,% 8('/%+'. *' 6+/ 6+/*>*' *>*' )+ ,?/% ,?/%)% )% )+ &+08+ &+08+&*( &*( *&/( *&/((( ((* * GAS GAS LIFT LIFT V+,1:1= *+
BNC o o o o o o
P%%' 8&%-+,*' * ,*+>*& @&* 6%0,+ )+ '()%'. M*+>% )+ @&*)+' 6%,++' 6%, ++' + 8%%' % */% IP. M07 +(-+ 8*&* *,-(*& )+ %/(0% * (/+&,(/+/+. D('&+/% + %*(*(%+' 0&-**'. S( )((0/*) 8*&* %8+&*& + 8%%' )+ */* R+*( G*'LH0()% ;RGL<. O8+&* + 8%%' % /+&,(*(%+' )+'6(*)*'.
D+=;+,1:1= *+ BNC D('8%(-(()*)
o
o o o
(7+(. D((0/*) 8*&* ,*+>*& +,0'(%+'. F%&,*( )+ =()&*/%' 7 %@+*,(+/% )+ @*'. L* T.R T.R )+-+ &+'('/(& &+'('/( & 8&+'(%+' ++6*)*'. 2 – 29
)+
@*'
)+
o
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E8+&(+(* )+ 8+&'%* ,(,*.
%' +H0(8%' 7 =+&&*,(+/*' 8*&* + ,?/%)% )+ &+08+&*( *&/(((* GAS LIFT o o o
o o
C0+&8% )+ * 660* ;0++<. E+,+/% )+ *&@* ;&+'%&/+: @*' % 0* %,-(*( )+ *,-%'< E+, E+,+ +/% /% )+ &+'8 &+'80+ 0+'/ '/* * * 0* 0* 8&+' 8&+'( ( ; 0+ 0++ + )+ ,+/* ,+/*:: 8('/ 8('/ % )(*&*@,* )+ =0+< E+,+/% )+ /&*',('( ;)(*&*@,* )+ =0+ % 6'/*@% )+ ,+/*< E+,+/% ,+)()%& ;%&(((% % *'(+/%<.
%. BIB IBLI LIO OGRA GRAFÍA FÍA A@+%+: M. I. ;2"<. Geologia y Geotecnia. M+(% Geotecnia. M+(% T+'('. A&/+*@*: F. S. ;2"<. Optimiz Optimizacio acion n del sistema sistema de gas lift lift del campo campo libert libertador ador.. E'8*Q* T+'('. *+&+': A. A. ;2<. Dinamica de los fluidos. P+&0 fluidos. P+&0 T+'('. C%&*@+: J. J. ;29<. EQUILIBRIO ER!ODI"#!I$O . C%%,-(* . C%%,-(* T+'('. C&0: L. M. ;2"<. %ropiedades de las rocas y de los fluidos. E'8*Q* fluidos. E'8*Q* G+%('(*. G%+: F. O. ;24<. Estudio de la densidad y de la &iscosidad del petroleo. E'8*Q* petroleo. E'8*Q* T+'('. N(+/%: R. R. ;2<. %rincipios de !ecanica de 'acimientos. 'acimientos. C%%,-(* C%%,-(* T+'('. P*=+%: J. J. ;22<. ("#LI)I) ;22<. ("#LI)I) %* DE $RUDO DE DE %ER+LEO . M+(% . M+(% T+'('. P?&+: C. G. ;22<. I"RODU$$IO" (L ("#LI)I) *OLU!,RI$O . M+(% . M+(% T+'('. P+&+: P. L. ;21<. Determinacion del punto de rocio. C%%,-(* rocio. C%%,-(* T+'('. 8&%)0/(%: %. ;2<. -ell %erformance . A&@+/(* . A&@+/(* %( . R%)&@0+: I. J. ;2<. Ingenieria Basica de yacimientos. V++0+* yacimientos. V++0+* T+'('. S*=+ S*=+.: .: M. R. ;21<. ;21<. IDROGEOLOGI( DE ($UI/ERO). ($UI/ERO). V++0+*. M(=(@* /+=. 2 – 29
T(&*)%: D. A. ;22<. )I)E!() BO!BEO !E$("I$O 0B!$1 ' "EU!#I$O 0B"1. C%%,-(* T+'('. VILORIA.: O. F. ;24<. %ropiedades de los fluidos. M+(% fluidos. M+(% T+'('.
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