Imprrov Imp oving ing San Sand d Contr Control ol Method Methodss
Presentation Outlines: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Introduction Problem Statements Objective Scope of Study Methodology and Literature Review Resin Injection Resin Coated Gravel without Screens Gravel Packing Other Improved Sand Control Methods 6. Discussion Comparison 7. Conclusion 8. References 2
[13] Introduction One of the oldest problem in oil and gas industry When wellbore pressure becomes lower than reservoir pressure, drag forces are applied to the form format atio ion n sand sands s If formation¶s restraining forces are exceeded sand will be drawn into the wellbore and plug the well Controlling formation sand is costly and usually involves either slowing the production rate or using grave ravell packi ackin ng or san sand cons conso olid lidatio ation n tech techn nique ques 3
Why do sand problems
[13] occur?
Fluid flow Geograph Geographic ic and geologic geologic factors factors Produc Productio tion n rate rate Natural Natural consolida consolidation tion (intergran (intergranular ular bonds) Multi Multipha phase se flow flow
4
Problem
[13] Statement
Surfa Surface ce equip equipme ment nt ± sand sand carrie carried d at velo velocit cities ies sufficient to erode surface equipment, such as valves and chokes Tubular ubular damage damage ± slumpin slumping g of the overlyi overlying ng casing bearing formations can subject the entire casing string to abnormal loads Produc Productiv tivity ity loss loss ± sand sand bridg bridge e form form in the the production tubing. Happens when fluid velocity is insufficient to suspend the produced sand completely and flow it from the well. Sand can fill the production tubing and block the flow 5
Objective 1. To discuss the main types of sand control methods commonly applied in the industry 2. To discuss improved sand control methods
Scope of Study 1. Resin Injection 2. Resin Coated Gravel Without W ithout Screen 3. Gravel Packing 4. Other Improved Sand Control Methods
6
Resin Injection
Resin Injection
7
Resin Injection
Resin Injection
perforation
Injected resin
Figure 1: Resin application in perforation (Source:www.petrolcarbon.com/en/images/stories/tecnologiageken (Source:www.petrolcarbon.com/en/images/stories/tecnologiagekengineering.com/Downl gineering.com/Downloads/Free.../Sand_Control_Over oads/Free.../Sand_Control_Over view.pdfs/line3/.../fiber24.pdf 8
Resin Injection
Descriptions Alternative procedure: artificial consolidation consolidation of sand [1] Sand grains cemented through perforations perforations and then flushed through catalyst [1] Eliminat Eliminate e need for screens screens or liner liners s
[1]
9
Resin Injection
Descriptions Consideration when used: Clay stabili stabiliser ser used in preflu preflush sh as high high clay concentration can hinder consolidation process [1] High quantity quantity of resin used in situations situations of high high residual water [1] Chemical injection must be even even and and exposed exposed sand properly coated. [1] Final polymer must be chemically inert
[2].
10
Resin Injection
Important Requirements Viscosit Viscosity y of resin resin not not excessiv excessive e
[2]
Resin Resin must must wet wet the forma formatio tion n solids solids
[2]
Resin possess sufficient sufficient tensile tensile and and compressive compressive strength [2] Polymeri Polymerisation sation time must must be control controlled led
[2]
Final Final polymer polymer must be chemi chemically cally inert inert
[2]
11
Resin Injection
Mechanism 1.
Preflush Jo Job (diesel oi oil) [2] Create de desired we wettability Remove compounds present in zon zone
2. Resin Placement [2] Inte nterva rval to be tre treated ted mu must be isol solate ated 3. Overflush Process [2] Over Overfl flus ush h of high high conc concen entr trat ated ed resi resin n inj injec ecte ted d to to control both permeability and compressive strength
12
Resin Injection
Case Study A new 3 step step sand consolidation consolidation process 1.Inject epoxy resin 2.Follow resin by diesel oil 3.Inject activator flush
[4]
Applied in Gulf Coast with 80% success rate where 50% of permeability retained and compressive strength ranged from 3000 ± 12000 psi [4]
13
Resin Injection
Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages [3]
Disadvantages[3]
Leaves wellbore open
Limited zone height
Relatively low cost
Longevity
Eliminates
necessity for screens and liners
limited sensitiv ity < Temperature sensitivity 250° F Very difficult to evenly apply Reduces permeability by 10%0%- 60% 60%
14
Resin Injection
Summary This method method represents represents only only 10% of overall overall sand treatment methods used. [1] Main purpose is to increase increase formation strength and maintain permeability at the same time [1] Cheap Cheap but comes with with many disadvan disadvantage tages s compared to other methods [1]
15
Resin Coated Gravel without Screens
Resin Coated Gravel
without Screens
16
Resin Coated Gravel without Screens
Resin Coated Gravel Gravel without Screens General Idea :
Placement of a gravel medium between the sand face and the wellbore to restrict the invasion of formation material into the producing conduit. conduit. [5]
17
Resin Coated Gravel without Screens
Descriptions 1) Resin Resin coated coated gravel gravel is high high perm permea eabil bility ity gravel gravel pack sand coated with a thin layer of resin. [1] 2) The The use use of resi resin n coa coate ted d grav gravel el as a sand sand control technique involves pumping the gravel into the well to completely fill the perforations and casing. [1] 3) The The bot botto tom m hole hole tem tempe pera ratu ture re of the the wel welll or injection of steam causes the resin to cure c ure into a consolidated consolidated pack. [1]
18
Resin Coated Gravel without Screens
Descriptions 4) The remaining consolidated consolidat ed gravel in the perforations perforations acts as a permeable filter to prevent the production of formation sand.[1] 5) Resi Resin, n, atta attach ched ed to to the the sand sand gra grain in cont contac acts, ts, hardens to form a consolidated mass having a compressiv compressive e strength strength on the order order of 250025003500 psi. [1] 6) Simpl Simple e in in conc concep eptt but but comple complex x in in opera operatio tion. n. [1]
19
Resin Coated Gravel without Screens
Mechanism Pre-Job 1) Well Well Prep Prepar arat atio ion n (Clea (Clean n Perf Perfor orat atio ion) n) Perforation tunnel resulting from jet charge is filled charge debris, casing debris, the cement sheath and formation sand. [5]
Necessary to remove these materials to allow the slurry to effectively enter all perforations perforations . [5]
20
Resin Coated Gravel without Screens
Mechanism Treatment Procedure 1)Formation sand sieve analysis.
[7]
2)Sufficient gravel must be available to fill the casing above the perforations. [7] 3)Slurry pumping rate is kept low to avoid fracturing the formation. [7] 4)After curing, the consolidated slurry remaining below the casing are drill out. [7]
21
Resin Coated Gravel without Screens
Mechanism Type of resin commonly use i. Epoxy ii. Furan iii. iii. Pheno Phenolic lic
[7]:
22
Resin Coated Gravel without Screens
Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages Do not need special
hardw hardwar are e Screen Screen [5] Mainly for low cost onshore markets [5] Leave wellbore obstruction free [5] Applicable to zone that are shaly [6]
Disadvantages Applicable
for intervals not longer than 20ft (6m) is difficult to be achieve [5] Gravel must be packed
outside all perforations for a durable producing completion
[6]
23
Resin Coated Gravel without Screens
Case Study 1)
Gulf Gulf of Me Mexico ico ± Amoco Can Canada ada Pet Petro role leu um Co. Ltd. - Potential savings of $10 million million to $15 million million annually [5]
2) Cali Califo forn rnia ia and and Indo Indone nesi sia a± - Befor efore e (12 (12 BOPD) BOPD) to After (105 (105 BOPD) BOPD) [6]
24
Resin Coated Gravel without Screens
Summary Sand proble problem m occur in almos almostt all field field that produce from unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs
[6]
Increase the strength strength of the formation formation uniformly uniformly through the completion zone without excessive excessi ve reduction in permeability [6] This method method represent represent about 5% 5% of sand control control treatment [1]
25
Gravel Packing
Gravel Packing
26
Gravel Packing
Descriptions Figure 2: Typical well completion with gravel pack with screen in open and cased hole (Source: ExproBase, gravel Pack. 26-06-2009 http://www.exprobas e.com/Default.aspx? page=476)) page=476
Figure 3: Gravel Pack (Source: Reference 1) 27
Gravel Packing
Mechanism Gravel to hold formation sand in place (with a screen to retain the gravel)
Design the gravel Pack 1.Gravel size 2.Completion type 3.Screen size 4.Transportation of the gravel 28
Gravel Packing
Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages
[12]
Gravel packing offers an economical method of controlling sand Gravel packs covering long intervals up to 500 ft
Disadvantages[12]
While initial installation is
economical, a remedial treatment to replace a failed screen may involve an expensive fishing job Cause pressure drop
29
Gravel Packing
Case Study Brun Brunei ei Shel Shelll Petrol troleu eum m has has succ succes essf sful ully ly ins insta tall lled ed twenty-one horizontal open-hole gravel packs with lengths ranging from 100 m to over 1000 m.
[14]
Current production from the wells completed with open-hole gravel packs accounts for some 18% 18% of Bru Brunei She Shell lls total oil productio ction n [14]
30
Gravel Packing
Summary Gravel pack has been used in industry since 1930s, Today its the most widely used on sand control treatment. Gravel packing account for three quarters of the sand control treatments
31
Other Improved Sand Control Methods
Other Improv Improved ed Sand Control Methods
32
Other Improved Sand Control Methods
Other Improved Sand Control Methods Shape memory polymers (SMP)
[9]
SMP is manufactured to a desired shape and size, placed on the outside of base pipe[9] When exposed to bottomhole temperatures and a catalyst, it expands to its original shape to fully contact the borehole wall [9]
Figure 4: Baker Hughes GeoFORM conformable sand management system using Morphic shape-memory polymer (SMP) technology
It provides a positive stress on the formation to stabilize the near wellbore region and control sand migration [9]
(Source:Reference 9)
33
Other Improved Sand Control Methods
Other Improved Sand Control Methods Expandab Expandable le sand-screen sand-screen systems systems (ESS) (ESS)
[10]
ESS is contacting the formation f ormation directly, preventing sand movement and reducing skin development Figure 5: Weatherford¶s expandable sand screens (Source:Reference 10)
Nanoparticle technology
[11]
Baker Hughes¶ nanoparticle nanoparticle fines migration control additive. The inogranic nanocrystals nanocrystals are capable of fixating fi xating formation fines, such as colloidal silica, sili ca, charged and non-charged particles particles and expandable and non-expandable non-expandable clays onto proppant particles. particl es. [11]
34
Comparison Criteria
Pressure
Temperature Overall percentage sand control treatments
Gravel Pack
Resin Coated Gravell without Grave Screens
Resin Injection
>1000 psi
2500-3500 psi
Up to 3300psi
> 150° F
< 250° F
< 250° F
75%
5%
10%
Conclusion Conventional sand control methods consist of installation of screen, gravel packing and resin injection More improv roved sand control techniques are being researched and developed for new and more challeng challenging ing environme environments nts
36
References 1.
Jon Jon Carl Carlso son, n, Der Derre rell Gurl Gurley ey,, Geor George ge Kin King. g. et et al, al, Sand Sand Cont Contro rol: l: Why and How?, Oilfield Review, 1992, Completion/Stimulation
2.
Robert S.Schechter 1992, Oil Well Stimulation, Prentice Hall, New
Jersey 3.
gekengineering.com/Downloads/Free.../Sand _Control _ _Overview .pdf
4.
P.Harold Parker Studies of a New Process to Consolidate Oil Sands with Plastics University of California
5.
V.G Cons Consti tien en,, M.H M.H Maye Mayerr, What What!! No scr scree een? n? Gra Grave vell Pac Packi king ng with water-carried resin coated gravel, 3 rd Symposium on Formation Damage of the SPE of AIME in Louisiana, 1978.
6.
J.L Durrett, W.T Golbin, J.W.Murray et al, Seeking a Solution to Sand Control, Journal of Petroleum Technology echnolo gy,, S PE 6210, 1976.
7.
W.L. Penberthy Jr, C.M Shaughnessy, Sand Control, Chapter 14 Resin-Coated Gravel Packs, SPE Series on Special Topic Volume 1, Henry L. Doherty Series, 1992.
8.
Schlumberger,http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/ Display.cfm? Term=sandout,, 22nd June 2011. Term=sandout 37
References 9.
Baker Hughes, http://www.bakerhughes.com/products-and http://www.bakerhughes.com/products-andservices/completions/well-comple services/complet ions/well-completions/sand tions/sand-control-pu -control-pumpingmpingtools-and-services/geoform-conformable-sand-managementsystem# , , 28th June 2011.
10. 10.
Dril Drilli ling ng Co Cont ntra ract ctor or,, http://www.drillingcontractor.org/open http://www.drillingcontractor.org/openhole-applications-testing-multi-zone-completions-expandabletools-to-new-limits-6413, tools-to-new-limits-6413 , 28th June 2011.
11. 11.
Dril Drilli ling ng Co Cont ntra ract ctor or,, http://www.drillingcontractor.org/sand http://www.drillingcontractor.org/sandcontrol-case-histories-shap control-case-his tories-shape-memory-polym e-memory-polymers-resins-shun ers-resins-shuntttubes-8793, 28 tubes-8793 2 8th June 2011.
12.
Well Production Practical ractical Handbook (New Edition Expanded)
Edited by: Cholet, Henri © 2008 Editions Technip Technip 13.
W.L. Penberthy and C.M. Shaughnessy. 2002, Sand Control ,
Texas, Society Of Petroleum Engineers. 14 .
Horizontal Openhole Gravel Packs Boost Oil Production in Brunei J.P.M. van Vliet, SPE,2001. 38
Q & A
