ALTERNATIVES ALTERNATIVES OF SAND ‘11
Seminar
1
ABSTRACT Manufactured sand is a term used for aggregate materials less than 4.75mm and which are processed from crushed rock or gravel. Due to booming of construction activities in our countr! natural sand resources are increasingl depleted and its cost is becoming increasingl high. "his seminar was! therefore! conducted to stud the influence that manufactured sand have in compressive strength of concrete! to compare the cost of diff differ eren entt mi# com composi posittions ions and and to asse assesss the the pros prospe pect ctss of usin using g manufacture manufactured d sand as replacement replacement of natural sand "he cost comparison comparisonss results also have shown that using manufactured sand in partial or full replacement to natural sand doesn$t cause an significant cost variation. %t has been found also that use of manufactured sand is more suitable for high strength concrete production. %t can therefore! be concluded that when the availabilit of natural sand is scarce or in cities where the price of natural natural sand is as e#pens e#pensive ive as manufac manufactur tured ed one! one! manufac manufactur tured ed sand sand concrete mi# is a viable and better alternative alternative to the use of natural sand.
Dept. of Civil Engg.
S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
Page | 1
ALTERNATIVES ALTERNATIVES OF SAND ‘11
Seminar
&
CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION Page | &
2. M-SAND 2.1. COMPARISON COMPARISON BETWEEN M-SAND & RIVER SAND 2.2. ADVANT ADVANTAGES AGES OF M-SAND 3. VOLCANIC GLASS 3.1. LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE 3.2. PUMICECRETE 4. GYPSUM 4.1. GYPSUM PLASTER 5. CONCLUSION 6. REFERENCES
Dept. of Civil Engg.
S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND ‘11
Seminar
'
INTRODUCTION (ow! there e#hibits some delas in the building construction due to the shortage of sand. "he demand for sand has been ever increasing with Page | ' the development of building industr. )s a result! it has been noticed the over e#ploitation of river sand causing serious environmental problems. )t least during the past five ears! this problem has been discussed b the concerned scientists and engineers. *ne of the main ob+ectives of these discussions was the identification of potential sources of river sand alternatives. Man environmental problems arises due to the taking of e#cess amount of sand from rivers. ,o -overnment banned this upto a certain e#tent. "o overcome these problems faced b the people there are other tpes of
building materials like M.,and! olcanic glass and
-psum. "hese are all building materials which are used for a long time.
Dept. of Civil Engg.
S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND ‘11
Seminar
4
M.,and M/,and is manufactured sand! obtained from specific hard rock 0granite using the state/of/the/art %nternational technolog. %ts numerous advantages over river sand have made it a favorite and a 2Must/to/3se2 with ualit conscious builders.
Rock blasting & Loading
Primary Jaw Crushing
Dept. of Civil Engg.
S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
Page | 4
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND ‘11
Seminar
5
Page | 5
Secondary Cone Crushing
Poabs is alwas been the first to introduce these technological bliss for the good use of the construction industr in ,outh %ndia. %n line with the manufacture of sand in bulk uantit! Poabs have procured the worlds best and state of the art euipments and installed them at various safe stations in 6erala compling with ever scientific parameters set for producing Manufactured ,and0M/,and. Modern and imported machines ,%0ertical ,haft %mpact are used b Poabs to produce M/,and! ensuring to %, '' 8*(9%%. :or ualit control! Poabs has engaged in a scientific tie/up with the ;(D lab and department heads of "rivandrum 9ngineering
Dept. of Civil Engg.
S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND ‘11
Seminar
=
Page | =
Vertical
Crushing
Shaft
Impact
"ori#ontal Shaft Impact "SI!
Crushing
Dept. of Civil Engg.
VSI!
S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND ‘11
Seminar
7
Page | 7
$ashing % rading
M/,and / read to transport
"he particle shape of the aggregates is ver important for making concretes. %t is a well known fact that the sand having cubical particles with grounded edges gives higher tensile strength and compression strength to the concrete. "he grains should be of durable material and the Dept. of Civil Engg.
S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND ‘11
Seminar
si>e of the grains must be such that it should give minimum voids. "he presence of cla and slit is avoided since it retards the setting of the cement and making mortar. 9#periments shown that considerable variations in strength of mortar ma occur owing to form and variet of the sand particle. "he strength of mortar ma differ b about 5?@ of average. %t is not possible in river sand that all particles should be of higher strength. "his can be achieved onl b making sand with the help of machines. %n machine/made sand! we can use the raw material of higher strength..
The manufactured sand produced by proper machines can be better substitute to river sand.
"here is discrepanc in the river sand for two loads lifted from same source. Aence to achieve consistent ualit! each truck of sand should be tested. Moreover the sand has to be sieved to remove stones! slit and cla. %n routine average wastage of sieving are about '5@ and e#tra labour cost Dept. of Civil Engg.
S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
Page |
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND ‘11
Seminar
B
involved. Chereas Poabs M/,and is read/to/use/sand with no wastage since it do not have organic impurities. "he superior shape and gradation of Poabs M/,and ensures high strength concrete with significant savings in Page | B
cement. M/,and is crushed aggregates produced from hard granite stone which is cubicall shaped with grounded edges! washed and graded with consistenc to be used as a substitute of river sand. asthu shastra sas building material must be free from traces of human bod or animal. M/ sand is free of such material and is produced b crushing hard granite stone when compared to river sand that is produced naturall from weathered rock.
M/sand is superior ualit manufactured sand with
international standards. M/,and is cubical in shape and is manufactured using international technolog like high carbon steel with rock and the rock on rock$ process which is snonmous to that of natural process undergoing in river sand information. %t is alwas been the first to introduce these technological bliss of the good use of the construction industr in ,outh %ndia. "his e#ceptional kind of technical support alwas assures us to maintain consistenc in ualit as well as to upgrade our technolog from time to time.1 "he particle shape of the aggregates is ver important for making concretes. %t is a well known fact that the sand having cubical particles with grounded ees gives higher tensile strength and compression strength to the concrete. "he grains should be durable material and the si>e of grains should be such that it should give minimum voids. "he presence of
Dept. of Civil Engg.
S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND ‘11
Seminar
1?
cla and slit is avoided since it retards the setting of the cement and making mortar.
9#periments shown that considerable variations in
strength of mortar ma occur owing to form and variet of the sand particle. "he strength of mortar ma differ b about 5?@ of average. %t is not possible in river sand that all particles should be of higher strength. "his can be achieved and b making sand with the help of machines. %n machine made sand we can use the raw material of higher strength. "here is discrepanc in the river sand for two loads lifted from same source! hence to achieve consistent ualit each track of sand should be tested! moreover the sand has to be sieved to remove stones! slit and cla. %n routine average wastages of sieving are about '5@ and e#tra labour cost involved! whereas poabs M/,and is read to use seand with no wastage since! it do not have organ ic impurities. "he superios shape and gradation of poabs M/,and ensures high strength concrete with significant savings in cement. C!"#$%' ()*+))' M-S#', #', R%)$ #',
"he natural river sand was the cheapest resources of sand. Aowever the e#cessive mining of river bed to meet the increasing demand for sand in construction industr has lead to the ecological imbalance in the state. (ow the sand available in the river bed is ver coarse and contains ver high percentage of silt and cla. "he silt can the cla presence in the sand reduce the strength of the concrete and holds dampness. "he natural river sand is the product of sedimentation.
Mica!
organic impurities are present in the river sand above certain percentage which make the sand useless for concrete work.
Dept. of Civil Engg.
S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
Page | 1?
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND ‘11
,l.(o ?1
Seminar
M/,and -re
11
Cubically Shaped
Page | 11
Manufactured as per IS, BS,
Elongated
Shapeless!
ASTM Standards
a! It is fractured dust of "a# crusher b! A #aste product in production
?4. Manufacturing $rocess ?5. 'radation ?=. Suitability for concreting
Internation technology controlled
process of stone crusherv %o controlled manufacturing
manufacturing process through
process as it is the by&product of
imported machines As per IS ()(
stone crusher /oes not adhere to IS ()( & *+-
one&II 0ecommended concrete #orld#ide
1
for
&
the
in
or any other standards %ot recommended for use in
#or2s
concrete or masonry #or2s. /oes
usage
masonry by
*+-
concrete
not have 3uality.
technologists. Confirms international standards
Dept. of Civil Engg.
S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND ‘11
Seminar
1&
)dvantages of M/,and G$)#*)$ D$#(%/%*0
M/,and has balanced phsical and chemical properties that can withstand an aggressive environmental and climatic conditions as it has enhanced durabilit! greater strength and overall econom. 3sage of M/,and can overcome the defects occurring in concrete such as hone combing! segregation! voids! capillar etc. H% S*$)'*
"he superior shape! proper gradation of fines! smooth surface te#ture and consistenc in production parameter of chemicall stable sands provides greater durabilit and higher strength to concrete b overcoming deficiencies like segregation! bleeding! hone combing! voids and capillar. G$)#*)$ W$#(%/%*0
"he crusher dust is flak and angular in shape which is troublesome in working. "here is no plasticit in the mortar which makes it even difficult for the mason to work! whereas the cubical shape with grounded edge and superior gradation gives good plasticit to mortar providing e#cellent workabilit. O)* C'*$*%' D))*
Dept. of Civil Engg.
S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
Page | 1&
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND ‘11
Seminar
1'
M/,and has optimum initial and final setting time as well as e#cellent fineness which will help to overcome the deficiencies of concrete such as Page | 1'
segregation! bleeding! honecombing! voids and capillar. E'!0
3sage of M/,and can drasticall reduce the cost since like river sand! it does not contain impurities and wastage is (%E.
%n %nternational
M/,and is the onl alternative to river sand. Dredging of river beds to get river sand will lead to environmental disaster like ground water depletion! water scarcit! threat to the safety of bridges, dams etc. Beside #ith the 'overnment contemplating ban on dredging of 0iver beds to 3uarry river sand, as part of the gro#ing concern for environment protection, M&Sand #ill be the only available option.
Dept. of Civil Engg.
S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND ‘11
Seminar
14
Page | 14
VOLCANIC GLASS
olcanic glass is the amorphous 0uncrstal product of rapidl cooling magma. olcanic ash and lava also form rich soil! while hot rocks heat under water. olcanic ash also serves as a natural resource for construction and industr. Eava and tuffs can be cut into blocks and used as stone for building. "he have enough strength for high buildings. ,tone buildings are light weight! resistant to weathering and good insulators.
Dept. of Civil Engg.
S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND ‘11
Seminar
15
Page | 15
)mong
its
advantages
are
less
need
for
structural
steel
reinforcement! smaller. "he are porous! :roth/like volcanic glass which come in various colours and are found in the western united states. Dept. of Civil Engg.
S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND ‘11
Seminar
1=
L%* +)%* C'$)*)
Eight weight concrete weighing from '5 to115 pound per cubic foot has been used in the 3nited ,tates for more than 5? ears. "he compressive Page | 1= strength is not as great as ordinar concrete! but it weathers +ust as well. )mong its advantages are less need for structural steel reinforcement! smaller
foundation reuirements! better fire resistance and most
importantl the fact that it can serve as an insulation material. %t can cost more that sand and gravel concrete and it ma shrink more upon dring. Eight weight concrete ma be made b using light weight aggregates or b the use of foaming agents such as aluminium powder! which generates gas while the concrete is still plastic. (atural light weight aggregates include Pumica! ,coria! olcanic linders! tuff and diatomite.
Eight weight
aggregates can also be produced b heating cla! shale! slate! diatomaceous! shale! perlite! obsidian and furnace slag that has been speciall cooled can also be used. "he rock from which perlite is manufactured has a structure resembling tin pearls and when it is heated it e#pands and breaks into small e#panded particles the si>e of sand.
Pumice is an e#tremel lightweight rock formed when volcanic lava cools so uickl that most of its volume is comprised of tin bubbles of trapped gases. Pumice/
S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND ‘11
Seminar
17
pumice together. "he insulating value of Pumice/
Pumice/
Pumice/
Pumice/
3nlike wood! Pumice/
"he uniforml coarse Pumice/
Dept. of Civil Engg.
S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
Page | 17
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND ‘11
Seminar
1
"he light weight of Pumice/
"hick! poured walls allow for interesting architectural choices that highlight their massive! earth ualit.
Dept. of Civil Engg.
S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
Page | 1
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND ‘11
Seminar
1B
Page | 1B
GYPSUM
-psum is a light weight material which is formed as the result of evaporating sea water in massive prehistoric basis. %n terms of its chemical composition! it is calcium sulphate Di/hdrate 0
%t has e#cellent
insulation properties both thermal and acoustic and can offer ver good passive fire protection! moisture resistance! impact resistance and vapour control when used in combination with the right sstems.
%n recent ears! the construction sector has witnessed a number of new trends! technolog advancements and innovations across applications all aimed at making construction faster and delivering higher performance. Dept. of Civil Engg.
S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND ‘11
Seminar
&?
Aowever! ver few would have imagined that the substitute for the generations old method of sand cement surface plastering will be an even older method of plastering. ie! gpsum plastering. -psum has proved to Page | &?
be a miraculous material aiding interior construction.
,elenite -psum
;ock -psum Uses
"he most significant use for gpsum is for wallboard and plaster products. )ll modern homes in (orth )merica and other developed countries use a
Dept. of Civil Engg.
S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND ‘11
Seminar
&1
great deal of wallboard for interior walls. "he 3nited ,tates is the world$s leading consumer of wallboard at over '? billion suare feet per ear. ,ome gpsum is used to make Portland cement! and some is used in agricultural applications. ) small amount of ver pure gpsum is used in glass making and other speciali>ed industrial applications.
G0"! P/#*)$ Chen a wall is constructed with brick or block! the are finished with a coat of plaster which is called internal plastering. %nternal plastering has traditionall been done through a process of ,and/cement plastering finished with pop pruning. A,#'*#)
Cash sand mi#ing in cans ensures >ero wastage
,ite mi#ing
(o
ualit control
Cater curing for 7 das minimum no water curing.
(o
,hrinkage cracks
Direct application on brick! block or ;<
,mooth finish
Dept. of Civil Engg.
S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
Page | &1
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND ‘11
Seminar
&&
;ead to painting.
Page | &&
CONCLUSIO (
Aigh ,trength "he superior shape! proper gradation of fines! smooth surface te#ture and consistenc in production parameter of chemicall stable sands provide greater durabilit and higher strength to concrete b overcoming the deficiencies like segregation! bleeding! hone combing! voids and capillar. -reater workabilit
Dept. of Civil Engg.
S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND ‘11
Seminar
&'
"he alternatives of sand has greater workabilit than the original river sand
Page | &'
REFERENCES 1. +++.+%%")#,%#.! 2. +++./).! 3.
Dept. of Civil Engg.
S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
