Important Points Chemistry Unit 1 •
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Salt preparation: ○ For example, the reaction between Copper(II)Carbonate(Cu 2SO4) and Sulphuric acid Observations of alkali metals: ○ Lithium Gas given off Fizzing/effervescence Floats on top of the water ○ Sodium Gas given off Melts into a ball Floats on water Fizzing/effervescence ○ Potassium Gas given off Very fast reaction, in comparison to the other 2 Purple/lilac flame given off Morphs into a ball Floats on top of the water When carrying out an enthalpy reaction which involved an exothermic reaction that releases heat, we take a series of temperatures. This is because: ○ Any fluctuations in temperature smoothed out ○ Able to allow for cooling effect Poly(propene) Poly(propene) does not have a sharp boiling point because poly could mean different chain lengths.
Unit 2 •
Indicators ○ Litmus Red in Acid Green in neutral Blue in Alkali Range of pH 5 to 8 Link ○ Phenolphthalein Pink in Pink in Alkali Colourless in acid or near neutral Range of pH 8.3 to 10.0 Link
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Methyl Orange Alkali or neutral is Yellow is Yellow Acid begins from Orange and works its way up to red Range of pH 3.1-4.4 Link Universal Indicator It is a combination of many different reagents, which include Methyl Orange and Phenolphthalein.
pH
Descripti on
Colour
0-3
Strong acid
Red
3-6
Acid
Orange/Yello w
7
Neutral
Green
8-11
Base
Blue
11-14
Strong Base
Purple
From what we can see Litmus is an indicator for determining whether it is an acid or base ○ Phenolphthalein can be used to judge the strength of an alkali ○ Methyl orange can be used to see the strength of an acid Homolytic and Heterolytic bond fission ○ Homolytic Homolytic is when a bond is cleaved, and each atom gets an electron ○ Het Heterolytic is when a bond is i s cleaved, and one atom gets on electron and the other does not get any. Reactions of Halogenoalkanes ○ Substitution Happens when KOH/NaOH is dissolved in H2O Also, dilute KOH and NaOH ○ Elimination Happens when KOH/NaOH is dissolved in Alcohol Also concentrated KOH and NaOH ○ Reaction with Ammonia This is a special case, because this happens in a sealed tube, tube, as if it were to happen under reflux, then NH 3 would leave the condenser as it simply does not condense. Frequently asked bond angles ○ FBF 120o ○ NHN 107o ○ HOH ○
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Both happen under reflux.
104.5o Molecules with H-Bonding ○ Molecules with N-H bonds, such as NH3 ○ Molecules with O-H bonds, such as H2O and C2H5OH But Hydrogen bonding in H2O is stronger than in Ethanol, because the hydrogen bonding is limited by the fact that there is only one hydrogen in each ethanol molecule with sufficient δ+ charge, whereas, in water, there are 2 hydrogen with δ+ charge, thus allowing more bonds to be formed. ○ Molecules with H-F, H-F, such as HF
o AtFewer lowermolecules C, the mole cules will have the th e curve will shift to because there is activation energy, the right. less kinetic energy due to a lower
temperature. 500oC
The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution diagram •
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Iodine and Sodium Thio-sulphate titrations ○ The indicator used to find the end point of the titration is Starch. Starch. Balancing Ionic Equations and Overall Equations ○ When doing this, only certain particles can be added
Electrons (e-)
Water Molecules (H2O)
Protons, Protons, or Hydrogen ions ( H+)
When balancing alkaline reactions, reactions, OH- ions can be added ○ You first have to balance the electrons, by multiplying one side by two different integers ○ Then cancel the H+ ions and H2O on both sides ○ Then the equations should be balanced The boiling point of substances ○ It all depends on the intermolecular intermolecular forces
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In a question, when the only variable is the chain-length, then the longest un-branched chain will have the highest boiling point. If there is a functional group, such as –OH, then this will be the choice, as normally in organic molecules without special functional groups, there are only London forces. But in alcohols, there are also dipole forces. A typical example:
The correct answer is D. Because it has –OH and also, the alcohol is primary. In secondary alcohols, alcohols, the –OH is i s cluttered by hydrogen atoms, thus the intermolecular bonding is less effect than in D.
Unit 3 •
Enthalpy Change reactions (EDEXCEL_JUN_09_3B_2) ○ If, in a reaction, a metal is involved, often the mass of the metal is not taken into consideration when measuring the enthalpy change, because the specific heat capacity of the metal is negligible. negligible . ○ The reason why the experiment is continuously stirred is to spread out the temperature more uniformly, uniformly , also to make sure that all the reactants have reacted. reacted. ○ The greater the enthalpy change, the greater the difference in reactivity between the reactants(c). The way to distinguish halides using sulphuric acid ○ A chloride, such as Lithium Chloride would give out white/steamy fumes. ○ A bromide, such as Sodium Bromide would give out brown/orange vapour or liquid . ○ An Iodide, such as Potassium Iodide would give a purple vapour / dark solid or liquid or residue .
Physics
Unit 1 •
The point beyond the elastic limit is called the yield point, point, here there is a large increase in strain for a small increase in stress, meaning that for a small force there is a large extension. Adobe Acroba Document
Figure 2: Properties of Materials Stress-Strain graph •
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Streamlined Streamline d flow or laminar flow is flow that has no abrupt change in direction or speed of low, usually this occurs at low l ow speeds. Streamlines do not mix. mix.
Turbulent Turbulen t flow is flow in which there is abrupt change in speed and direction and thus causes the formation of eddies of eddies..
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The major difference between ductile and malleable is that the forces of attraction in malleable materials are weak and weak and thus they can be moulded into shape. But, in ductile materials, the material material has empty spaces between the particles in the materials. So ductile materials can be stretched into lines. Tough materials are those that absorb a lot of energy before breaking. But hard materials cannot, they cannot absorb energy much, but they can withstand large impact forces, forces, i.e. they are hard to scratch or indent. A strong material is a material that requires a large stress to break it. A hard material is a material with high breaking stress, meaning that a lot of energy is required to break it. Compressive strain: Decrease in LengthOriginal Length Compressive Stress: Compressive forceArea of Cross-Section Adobe Acrobat Document
Figure 3: PH01_0906_14-15_Worked •
Often, a data logger is used, because it can accurately record large amounts of data in real time, so it is easier to process, and reduces the chances of human error.
Unit 2 •
A source of light emits a train of waves lasting 0.04 μs. The light has a wavelength of 600 nm and the speed of light is 3×108 ms-1. How many complete waves are sent out?
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2.0 × 10 7 A. 4.5 × 10 7 B. 2.0 × 10 10 C. 4.5 × 10 10 D. We need to keep in mind the values of μ and n, μ=10-6 and n=10-9 The total length for the ray of light is 0.04×10-6×3×108=12m ∴each wave being 600×10-9 ∴12÷600×10-9=2.0×107
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The single resistor will have 2X the current. Therefore, as P=I2R, current will be made four times, and therefore quadrupled. This is in comparison to one of the two resistors, not both of them. them. Thus, the first will have 4 times than one at the bottom as 2 is squared.
How much electrical energy is required to move 4.00 mC of charge through a potential difference of 36.0 V? 1.11 × 10-4 J A. B. 0.144 J C. 144 J D. 9000 J Remember that V=Energy(Joules,J)Charge(Coulombs,C) NTC resistors decrease their resistance as the temperature increases • •
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As the voltage increases, so does the temperature of the NTC resistor As we can see that the curve becomes steeper, so for a larger value of V, there is a greater increase In I than R, which is the gradient Thus, the answer is B. Because R=VI Another interesting question is Question 8_SAM_GCE_UNIT2 8_SAM_GCE_UNIT2
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π4, is 18th, as a complete wave has a phase of 2π So, 0.5×8=4, is the wavelength This as v=fλ, v=10×4=40 ms-1
The rate at which electrons are liberated due to the photoelectric effect, from a metal surface is depends on the distance between the source of light and the metal surface. Thus, the number of photoelectrons emitted only depends on the intensity, not the frequency. frequency. UV light only transfers energy to the metal surface, not electrons, so on a positively charged metal surface, on an electroscope, electroscope, it would have no effect.
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The difference between sound waves and radio waves: Radio Waves
1. 2. 3. 4.
Tran Transv sver erse se Trav Travels els throug through h Vac Vacuum uum Much Much fas faster ter than than soun sound d Infini Infinite te range range of of freque frequenci ncies es
Sound waves 1. 2. 3. 4.
Long Longit itud udin ina al Trave Travels ls throug through h medi medium um Much Much slower slower than than rad radio io Frequ Frequenc encies ies betw between een 20Hz20Hz20KHz
This question is taken from Edexcel June 2009 Physics paper2. Section A question 2.
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The higher the frequency, the lower the wavelength, because all electromagnetic waves have a speed of 3×108. As v=fλ, i.e. velocity=frequency×Wave-length velocity=frequency×Wave-length
Unit 3
This Value is the mode, and the other value, thus has a chance of being an error.
ed, so not C. D is also not the answer because the actual reading is to one decimal place as well. It is not A,
Business Studies Technique •
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Whenever reading through a case study, try to understand the motives of the business, and evaluate the position from their point of view. When answering a context in Edexcel, these are the guidelines that you have to follow: ○ Knowledge, most of the time, this is a definition ○ Application ○ Analysis, this is where you analyse the data ○ For higher marked questions, there will be an evaluation. This is an example of the shorter questions: Examine one way in which Innocent Drinks achieved a competitive advantage.SAM advantage. SAM 9(b) [6] Competitive advantage advantage is any feature of a business that allows it to compete effectively. In this case, the endorsement endorsement by Coffee Republic, by stocking their goods. As Coffee Republic is an established brand, having many stores, this would mean that more people will have a chance to try out the product, so it would raise consumer awareness. awareness. Furthermore, as a brand has endorsed ID, that in itself is an as now a brand iimage mage is attached to their name.
Answering MCQs in both Unit 1 and Unit 2 From Edexcel Business Studies June 2009 Unit 2 6. Chocolate maker Green & Black’s objective is to increase profit. profit. (a)Which one of the following is most likely to be the best tactic? tactic? [1]
(b)Explain why your answer is correct? [3] •
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The first mark would be a mark for knowledge, so the definition of either tactic or profit would be acceptable, as they are key terms in the question. So, thus would be the knowledge mark The second mark would be an explanation as to why you chose D, thus showing your understanding, a third mark could also be scored out of this
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However, easier way way of getting a mark is to explain why the other options are wrong, so for example why would ceasing advertising be the wrong thing to do. But, there is a fundamental mark for why you chose your option. option. The other two marks are optional marks, they can be gained from further explaining your choice or the application of your knowledge
Unit 1 •
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Competitive advantage: advantage: Any feature of the business that enables it to compete effectively. It may be based on price, quality, service, reputation for innovation of the product. Also, in Dave Hall defined as an advantage which allows the business to perform better than its rivals. The difference between Unique Selling Selli ng Point and Competitive advantage is that a unique selling point may provide a competitive advantage, meaning that it is a feature that may give the business a competitive advantage. So, it is a PART of competitive advantage. advantage. Or, a feature of the business that may provide a competitive advantage. Usually the term USP is referred to niche markets and Competitive advantage to mass markets.
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Coding Mean Affected by all, all, to calculate the actual mean, just equate it back through the coding Standard Deviation ○ Just affected by division and multiplication ○ Just multiply it by the factor you divided by, and vice versa Product moment correlation ○ Not affected y=a+bx ○ This is affected by all, all, just equate a and b back through the equation Variance ○ Affected by what you have multiplied it by, and nothing else. ○ If Var(a+bx) ○ Then the answer would be b ○
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Vectors •
When something is due south or due north of a point. Adobe Acrobat Document
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Whenever calculating the acceleration in Chapter 3 question, always calculate them for the entire body at all times.
C3
Trigonometric Identities
