Implementing Training Within Industry - TWI 2nd Ed

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Jrbltài lam Olaliài l Zd`ffs-Elsbm Jufturb

@OSFBOBA]@AI

] Y@ Jrbltài lam Olaliài l Zd`ffs-Elsbm Jufturb

Sltr`jd Irlupp Unebrt K. Yrnal

JUJ Srbss ]lyfnr & Hrlaj`s Irnup 8333 Erndba Znuam Slrdwly AY, Zu`tb :33 Enjl Ultna, HF ::=79-59=5 © 53<3 ey ]lyfnr & Hrlaj`s Irnup, FFJ JUJ Srbss `s la òpràt nh ]lyfnr & Hrlaj`s Irnup, la @ahnrol eusàbss An jflò tn nrìàlf R.Z. Invbraobat wnrds Xbrs`na Mltb; 53<23232 @atbralt`nalf Ztlamlrm Ennd Auoebr-<:; 097-<-=882-3:<0-0 (bEnnd - SMH) ]g`s ennd jnatlàs àhnrolt`na netlàbm hrno lutgbat`j lam gìgfy rbilrmbm snurjbs. Ublsnalefb bhhnrts glvb ebba olmb tn puef`sg rbf`lefb mltl lam àhnrolt`na, eut tgb lutgnr lam puef`sgbr jlaant lssuob rbspnasè`f`ty hnr tgb vlf`m`ty nh lff oltbr`lfs nr tgb jnasbqubajbs nh tgb`r usb. ]gb lutgnrs lam puef`sgbrs glvb lttboptbm tn trljb tgb jnpyrìgt gnfmbrs nh lff oltbr`lf rbprnmujbm à tg`s puef`jlt`na lam lpnfni`zb tn jnpyrìgt gnfmbrs `h pbro`ss`na tn puef`sg à tg`s hnro gls ant ebba netlàbm. @h lay jnpyrìgt oltbr`lf gls ant ebba ljdanwfbmibm pfblsb wr`tb lam fbt us danw sn wb oly rbjt`hy à lay huturb rbpràt. Bxjbpt ls pbro`ttbm uambr R.Z. Jnpyrìgt Flw, an plrt nh tg`s ennd oly eb rbpràtbm, rbprnmujbm, trlaso`ttbm, nr ut`f`zbm à lay hnro ey lay bfbjtrna`j, objgla`jlf, nr ntgbr oblas, anw danwa nr gbrblhtbr àvbatbm, àjfumài pgntnjnpyài, o`jrnh`foài, lam rbjnrmài, nr à lay àhnrolt`na stnrlib nr rbtr`bvlf systbo, w`tgnut wr`ttba pbro`ss`na hrn o tgb puef`sgbrs. Hnr pbro`ss`na tn pgntnjnpy nr usb oltbr`lf bfbjtrna`jlffy hrno tg`s wnrd, pfblsb ljjbss www.jnpyrìgt.jno (gttp;// www.jnpyrìgt.jno/) nr jnatljt tgb Jnpyrìgt Jfblrlajb Jbatbr, @aj. (JJJ), 555 Unsbwnnm Mr`vb, Mlavbrs, OL 3<05:, 097-923-7=33. JJJ `s l ant-hnr-prnh`t nrila`zlt`na tglt prnv`mbs f`jbasbs lam rbi`strlt`na hnr l vlr`bty nh usbrs. Hnr nrila`zlt`nas tglt glvb ebba irlatbm l pgntnjnpy f`jbasb ey tgb JJJ, l sbplrltb systbo nh plyobat gls ebba lrrlaibm. ]rlmbolrd Ant`jb; Srnmujt nr jnrpnrltb alobs oly eb trlmbolrds nr rbi`stbrbm trlmbolrds, lam lrb usbm nafy hnr `mbat`h`jlt`na lam bxpflalt`na w`tgnut àtbat tn àhràib. X`s`t tgb ]lyfnr & Hrlaj`s Ybe s`tb lt gttp;//www.tlyfnrlamhrlaj`s.jno lam tgb JUJ Srbss Ybe s`tb lt gttp;//www.jrjprbss.jno

Mbm`jlt`na ]n nur w`vbs Lrmba Irlupp lam @abz Yrnal Y`tgnut tgb`r plt`bajb, bajnurlibobat, lam suppnrt wb wnufm ant glvb ebba lefb tn olàtlà nur hnjus na eràiài ]Y@ eljd àtn tgb olàstrblo nh trlàài.

Jnatbats Hnrbwnrm ................................................................................. xv Ljdanwfbmiobats .................................................................. x`x @atrnmujt`na; L Jnopbffài Abbm hnr Zd`ffs ]rlàài ............ xx` La Liài Ynrdhnrjb .......................................................................xx` L Jnoprno`sbm Bmujlt`nalf Zystbo ........................................... xx`` Fljd nh ]bjga`jlf Lpprbat`jbsg`ps............................................... xx`` 5332 Zd`ffs Ilp Ubpnrt”]gb Lobr`jla Olauhljturài Ynrdhnrjb..................................................................................... xx``` ]gb Zgràdài R.Z. Ynrdhnrjb ..............................................xx`v @opljt nh l Zgràdài Ynrdhnrjb na Olauhljturài ............xxv ]gb M`sbailibm Bopfnybb ..................................................xxv`` Eu`fmài ]lfbat; ]gb Abw Nfm Oàmsbt .................................... xxv``` Fbla Olauhljturài à tgb Ybstbra Ynrfm; Rambrut`f`zbm Sbnpfb .................................................................................... xxx Zlvài tgb Zupbrv`snr .................................................................. xxx` ]gb Unfb nh Fblmbrs lt ]nyntl ............................................ xxx`` Ubstnrài tgb Zupbrv`snr tn Gblftg lam Huajt`na ..............xxx`v ZBJ]@NA @ ]Y@ ]LDBZ GNFM @A ]GB R.Z.”LIL@A < Fblraài tn Mn Lilà Yglt Yls Lfrblmy Mnab Ebhnrb ...... : ]nyntl‐s Lmnpt`na lam M`ssboàlt`na nh ]Y@ ................................. = L \u`jd Ubv`bw nh tgb ]Y@ Srnirlo .............................................. 9 ]gb Enbài L`rjrlht Jnoplay .................................................<3 Ygy Yls ]Y@ Mrnppbm lhtbr YY@@> ...................................... <: v``

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Jnatbats

Fblraài tn Mn @t Lff Nvbr Lilà ................................................... <= ]gb Ubst nh tgb Jnuatry S`jds Rp tgb Elaabr ........................ <9 Fblraài hrno ]nyntl ............................................................... 5< Mnài Yglt Abbms tn Eb Mnab ...................................................... 5= 5 ]balj`nus lt A`xna Iblr, @aj. ........................................... 59 ]gb Jglffbaib .................................................................................. :5 Jlut`na! Fbla ]blos lt Ynrd .................................................. :: Ubsurrbjtài ]Y@ lt A`xna Iblr à 533= ....................................... :2 Yb M`m @t”Lilà ..................................................................... :7 @ajbat`vb tn @oprnvb; L Hrbsg Ztlrt ................................................ :0 Ubsuribajb nh ]Y@ ................................................................... =5 Kne Ubflt`nas ]rlàài ....................................................... =: Kne @astrujt`na ]rlàài ....................................................=: Kne Obtgnms ]rlàài ........................................................== KU, K@, lam KO ..................................................................... == Ljtulf`zlt`na nh Fbla/]Y@; ]gb Srbj`s`na Jnoprbssnr Iblr Jbff Ztnry .......................................................................................... == Fblraài tn Zbb”Lilà ...........................................................=9 Onvài Hnrwlrm w`tg KO à Ntgbr Mbplrtobats ........................... 2< ]gb Hnffnw-Rp Srnjbss....................................................................28 Jnajfus`na .......................................................................................27 ]gb A`xna Iblr Nutfàb hnr Zujjbss .............................................. 8< Jfnsài Ubolrds hrno Srbs`mbat Mbla Eurrnws ............................ 85 : Ibttài ]Y@ tn ]ldb Unnt à la Nrila`zlt`na; ]Y@ ls la @atbirltbm Srnjbss........................................................ 82 Inài Eljd tn Els`js ...................................................................... 89 ]gb ]grbb-Fbiibm Ztnnf ..................................................................80 Kne @astrujt`na ls l Ztlam-Lfnab Srnirlo .............................. 93 ]gb Ubflt`nasg`p ebtwbba K@ lam KU ........................................ 9: ]gb Ubflt`nasg`p ebtwbba K@ lam KO ....................................... 98 ]gb Ubflt`nasg`p ebtwbba KU lam KO ...................................... 90

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Yglt @s tgb Jnrrbjt Nrmbr tn Unff Nut tgb ]grbb Srnirlos> ........ 75 K@ ebhnrb KO...............................................................................7= KU ebhnrb K@ (nr tgb Ntgbr Yly Lrnuam)..................................77 Jnajfus`na .......................................................................................05 ZBJ]@NA @@

]Y@‐Z JNAABJ]@NA ]N FBLA

= ]Y@ ls la @atbirlf Slrt nh Ztrltbi`j Fbla; Ztlamlrm Ynrd, Jnatàunus @oprnvbobat, Ubspbjt hnr Sbnpfb........ 09 Ljg`bvài Srnjbss Ztle`f`ty ............................................................ <33 Fbla @opfbobatlt`na Zbqubajb ............................................. <33 Ztlamlrm Ynrd lam Jnatàunus @oprnvbobat ...................... <3: ZNSs vs. K@Es ........................................................................... <39 Jnatrnffài tgb Erbldmnwa Zgbbts ........................................ <<5 Jnatàunus @oprnvbobat .............................................................. <<=

]gb Unfb nh ]Y@ à Jnatàunus @oprnvbobat ..................... <<2 Ygy Dl`zba @s Zn M`h﬌juft ..................................................... <<9 Ant Zn Klplabsb! ..................................................................... <55 @oprnvbobat ls l Slrt nh Kne @astrujt`na ............................. <5= Ubspbjt hnr Sbnpfb ......................................................................... <52 ]Y@/Fbla @atbirlt`na ....................................................................<50 2 ]gb Unfb nh l ]Y@ Jglop`na lt Mnaabffy Justno Olauhljturài ................................................................. <:< ]gb Jnoplay ................................................................................ <:5 Rambrstlamài Zgnrt Uua ls l Jnopfbx Eusàbss ....................... <:= Zjntsola @jb Zystbos ............................................................. <:2 Irljn Hfu`m Glamfài Zystbos ............................................... <:8 Olstbrài Jnopfbx`ty............................................................. <:8 Jnopfbx`ty Jrbltbs l Jnopbffài Abbm hnr Zd`ffs ]rlàài .. <:7 Blrfy Fbla G`stnry ......................................................................... <=3 Zblrjg hnr l Fbla/]Y@ Jglop`na ......................................... <=<

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Jnatbats

]gb Fbla/]Y@ Knuraby ................................................................. <=: @atrnmujài ]Y@ à Oàabsntl .............................................. <== @opfbobatài K@ ...................................................................... <=2 K@ Hàms l Gnob...................................................................... <=8 Jrbltài la @ZN 033< Jnatrnf hnr Kne @astrujt`nas ............... <=7 @opfbobatài KU ..................................................................... <23 KU Hàms l Gnob..................................................................... <25 Oblsurài tgb @opljt nh KU ................................................... <2= @opfbobatài KO .................................................................... <2= KO Hàms l Gnob.................................................................... <28 Fbssnas Fblrabm lenut @mbl Srnirlos .................................. <8< Oblsurài tgb @opljt nh KO ................................................... <85 Bvlfult`na nh ]gb`r ]Y@ @opfbobatlt`na ..................................... <85 Yglt ]gby M`m Uìgt.............................................................. <8: Yglt ]gby Ynufm Mn M`hhbrbatfy .......................................... <8= Suttài ]Y@ tn tgb ]bst ................................................................. <82 ]gb Ubsufts Ybrb @oobm`ltb ................................................. <87 ]gb @opljt nh Fbla/]Y@ na Zlfbs, @ajnob, lam Sbnpfb............. <80 Jfnsài Ubolrds hrno Srbs`mbat Una D`rsjgt ............................... <9< 8 Ztlrtài Nvbr tn Ibt @t Uìgt lt Lfelay @atbralt`nalf Onan﬌flobat Sflat ..........................................................<9: Eljdirnuam.................................................................................... <9= Hrno ]ntlf \ulf`ty Lssurlajb (]\L) tn Z`x Zìol ............... <98 Abw Sflybrs, Abw Hnjus ........................................................ <99 Jglffbaiài ]òbs .........................................................................<73

Blrfy Kne @astrujt`na Bhhnrts ................................................... <7< Srnefbos w`tg Kne @astrujt`na \u`jdfy Ebjnob X`sèfb....... <7: ]gb Euraài Sflthnro ............................................................. <78 ]uraài tgb Zg`p Lrnuam .............................................................. <79 Ztlrtài Nvbr w`tg l Obatnr ..................................................<77 @atrnmujài Kne Obtgnms (KO) Srnv`mbs Znob Ubf`bh............ <0<

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@a`t`lf Fbssnas Fblrabm hrno tgbJAP]MN Obatnrài Srnkbjt...<0: Zbtup Npbrltnr ]rlàài ......................................................... <02 Oldài K@ ]rlàài Zt`jd; ]gb Lum`tài Srnjbss .................... <09 Zglrài Ebst Srljt`jbs lam Fbssnas Fblrabm ......................... <00 Zg`htài Iblrs ................................................................................533 Bxplamài tgb ]Y@ K@ @ahrlstrujturb ..................................... 535 Abw Jglffbaibs ...................................................................... 53= ]lfbat Olalibobat ................................................................ 538 Jfnsài Ubolrds hrno Sflat Olalibr Zjntt Jurt`s ....................... 539 ZBJ]@NA @@@

]Y@ LAM JRF]RUB

9 Eu`fmài l Jufturb nh Jnopbtbajb; ]gb Guola Bfbobat nh Bljg ]Y@ Srnirlo...................................................... 5<< ]gb Guola Bfbobat ..................................................................... 5<2 Ont`vltài tgb Ynrdhnrjb .............................................................. 55<

]gb Rftòltb Guola Sntbat`lf; Jrblt`v`ty .................................... 559 L Jufturb nh Jnopbtbajb .............................................................. 5:: 7 Jufturb Eu`fmài lt Y. F. Inrb........................................ 5:9 Obm`jlf Srnmujts M`v`s`na Hnjusbs na ]rlàài Srnirlo @oprnvbobats ................................................................................5=3 L Hnrobr Bmujltnr ]ldbs tgb Fblm........................................ 5=5 ]gb H`rst Eì Gurmfb; Glamfài K@ Erbldmnwas à tgb \ulf`ty Zystbo ............................................................................................5=8 ]gb ZNS @s tgb ]bxtennd, tgb K@E @s tgb Fbssna Sfla .......... 5=9 @atbirltài K@ Erbldmnwa Zgbbts àtn tgb \ulf`ty Zystbo .... 5=0

Unffnut nh tgb S`fnt......................................................................... 52= @atrnmujài tgb Srnirlo Yg`fb Fblraài tn Oldb Kne Erbldmnwas ............................................................................ 528 Ibttài Baiàbbrs @avnfvbm à tgb Srnjbss............................583 Ubsufts lam Jnajfus`na.................................................................. 58< Fblraàis lam Ubjnoobamlt`nas .......................................... 58=

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Jnatbats

0 ]Y@ Ubturas tn Gblftgjlrb lt X`rià`l Olsna Obm`jlf Jbatbr .............................................................................. 589 ]gb Uìgt Sbrsna hnr tgb Kne.........................................................580 @a`t`lf ]rlàài lam @asìgts .......................................................... 59: Glam Gyi`bab; ]gb Uìgt Sfljb tn Ztlrt ....................................... 598

]rlàài Unffnut .............................................................................57= Gnurfy Unuamài; L Znfut`na tn l Ra`vbrslf Srnefbo.................. 50: Ibttài Slt`bats tn Lsd hnr Gbfp ............................................ 50= ‖Yb‐rb ]nn Eusy tn Mn ]g`s!‟ ................................................ :33 Ubsufts nh tgb @a`t`lf Unffnut .......................................................... :35 Glam Ylsgài S`fnt Jrbltbm ‖Suff‟ ........................................ :3= Slt`bat Hlffs Ybrb Ubmujbm ....................................................:37 Abxt Ztbps ...................................................................................... :<3 Jnajfus`na ..................................................................................... :<2 ZBJ]@NA @X ]Y @ @OSFBOBA]L]@NA <3 Lppfyài ]Y@ tn Pnur Nrila`zlt`na ................................:<0 L Sfla hnr Jnatàuài Ubsufts ....................................................... :5< Fbssnas hrno tgb Slst............................................................. :58 ]nyntl ]Y@ ............................................................................. :59 Ibttài Ztlrtbm na tgb Uìgt Hnnt ................................................. :57 Hnro l ]Y@ Ynrdài Irnup Ubspnasèfb tn Fblm tgb Yly ... :50 Zbfbjt l S`fnt Srnkbjt”] n Zgnw tgb Abbm nr h Ztlamlrm Ynrd... ::5 @a`t`lf Mbf`vbry nh ]Y@ ]rlàài ............................................::= Mbvbfnp Jbrt`﬌bm @a-Gnusb ]rlàbrs lam Zprblm tgb

]rlàài”]gb ]Y@ @ast`tutb Jbrt`﬌bm ]rlàbr Srnirlos ..... ::7 ]gb Unffnut Sfla ..................................................................... :=5 Gnw tn Ibt Jnatàuài Ubsufts hrno K@, KU, lam KO< .............. ..... :=: L Ynrfm-Jflss Olalibobat Zystbo ....................................... :=8 ]gb SMJL Jyjfb ..................................................................... :=0 Oldài ]Y@ Slrt nh tgb Ml`fy Olalibobat Zystbo ............. :2< Bamantbs ........................................................................................ :2:

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<< L Srbbopt`vb ]uralrnuam lt Jurr`br Sflst`js, @aj. ......... :22 L Srbbopt`vb ]uralrnuam”5338‚5330........................................ :83 Mbvbfnpài l Ztrltbi`j Hrlobwnrd hnr @oprnvbobat ........... :8< ]lfbat Olalibobat Jrbltbs l Hfbxèfb lam Bailibm Ynrdhnrjb ........................................................................ :88

Lppfyài Xbfnj`ty Ù Xlfub ? X 5© ljrnss tgb Jnoplay tn Bxjbbm Ynrfm-Jflss Ztlamlrms ................................... :87 @aanvlt`vb Irnwtg tn Zbjurb tgb Huturb ........................ :87 Bstlef`sgài Dby Nekbjt`vbs ................................................... :80 @opfbobatài tgb Jurr`br Fbla Ztrltbiy ....................................... :9< Z`x Zs (2Z pfus Zlhbty)............................................................. :95 Ztlamlrm`zbm Ynrd lam ]Y@ ................................................. :95 @a`t`lf Hnjus na tgb Efnw Onfmài Npbrlt`na”]gb ]nttfb @aspbjt`na Srnkbjt .......................................................................... :92 Klaulry 5337”]gb Jurr`br Ztrltbiy hnr @opfbobatài ]Y@ ......................................................................................... :98 Hberulry 5337”Ztbvb Xlfbatàn lam Mustà Mrbbsb Mr`vb tgb K@ Unffnut ........................................................................... :99 Olrjg 5337”L Fbssna na Ebajgolrdài ............................ :97 Sflaaài lam Unffài K@ Nut à Efnw Onfmài ...................... :73 Lpr`f‚Mbjboebr 5337”Fluajg nh tgb Abw ]nttfb @aspbjt`na Srnjbss .................................................................. :73 Zustlàài tgb ]rlàài”L Jglffbaib hnr Ztbvb lam Mustà......................................................................................:7< @opljt nh K@ na tgb ]nttfb @aspbjt`na Srnjbss ....................... :75 Zustlàài tgb Ilàs lam Onvài Hnrwlrm ........................... :7: Onvài Na tn @akbjt`na Onfmài...................................................:7= Dbbpài Zjnrb w`tg Fbla Ljjnuatài ........................................... :78 Zuppfy Jglà Olalibobat ....................................................:79 \ulf`ty ....................................................................................:77 @am`jltnrs nh Zujjbss ..............................................................:70 Jfnsài Ubolrds hrnoX`jb Srbs`mbat nh Npbrlt`nas Lfla Irnss ... :03

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Jnatbats

ZBJ]@NA X

BWSLAM@AI ]Y@ EP FBXBULI@AI KU, K@, LAM KO

<5 ]Y@‐s Srnefbo Znfvài ]rlàài ..................................... :02 Jnoplrài ]Y@ lam ]nyntl Srnefbo-Znfvài Obtgnms .............. :09 Yglt @s l Srnefbo> ........................................................................ =35 Ztbp <; @snfltb tgb Srnefbo............................................................ =3= Ztltb tgb Srnefbo ...................................................................=3= I`vb Srnnh nr Bv`mbajb nh tgb Srnefbo.................................=38 Bxpfnrb tgb Jlusb ..................................................................=37 Mrlw Jnajfus`nas................................................................... =<5 Zuoolry nh Ztbp < ................................................................. =<2 Ztbp 5; Srbplrb hnr Znfut`na .......................................................... =<8 Srbplrb hnr Znfut`na nh Objgla`jlf Srnefbos; Nvbrlff Z`tult`na Lalfys`s.................................................................... =<7 Srbplrb hnr Znfut`na nh Objgla`jlf Srnefbos; Zpbj`﬌j Z`tult`na Lalfys`s.................................................................... =5: Srbplrb hnr Znfut`na nh Sbnpfb Srnefbos; Mna‐t Danw/ Jla‐t Mn ..................................................................................=58 Srbplrb hnr Znfut`na nh Sbnpfb Srnefbos; Mna‐t Jlrb/ Yna‐t Mn ................................................................................. =:3 Ztbp :; Jnrrbjt tgb Srnefbo .......................................................... =:5 Mbvbfnp tgb Abw Obtgnm lam Sut Jnrrbjt`na àtn Bhhbjt .... =:5 @astrujt tgb Fblrabr ................................................................=:= ]ldb Ljt`na na tgb Srnefbo .................................................. =:8 Ztbp =; Jgbjd lam Bvlfultb Ubsufts .............................................. =:9 Zuoolry ........................................................................................==3 Jnajfus`na ............................................................................. ==< L Abw Ebiàaài hnr ]Y@ ............................................................ ==< Lenut tgb Lutgnrs

Hnrbwnrm Jnopla`bs lrb uambr bvbr àjrblsài prbssurb tn rbolà na tgb jnopbt`t`vb juttài bmib. L huffy bailibm wnrdhnrjb `s bssbat`lf hnr mnài tg`s sujjbsshuffy, lam ]rlàài Y`tgà @amustry (]Y@) `s l pnwbrhuf lpprnljg tn jrbltài lam olàtlàài tg`s bailibobat. ]gb àjrblsài jnopbt`t`vb prbssurb jnobs hrno l vlr`bty nh hnrjbs. ◱

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Bjnano`j mbvbfnpobat à Ls`l, Znutg Lobr`jl, lam Blstbra Burnpb gls àjrblsbm tgb auoebr nh pntbat`lf r`vlfs jglffbaiài hnr justnobrs fnylft`bs. @ajrbmèfb òprnvbobats à jnooua`jlt`na lam trlaspnrtlt`na glvb jnavbrtbm tgnsb pntbat`lf r`vlfs à ljtulf nabs. Zj`bat`﬌j lam tbjganfni`jlf lmvlajbs jnoprbss tgb glfh-f`hb na lay olrdbt nhhbrài‐s v`le`f`ty, àjrblsài tgb mbolam hnr bvbr hlstbr òprnvbobat lam àanvlt`na à mbvbfnpobat, mbsìa, prnmujt`na, lam mbf`vbry.

]gbsb tgrbb hnrjbs lrb sìa`﬌jlat uambr lay j`rjuostlajbs. Lmm tn tg`s tgb hlffnut nh tgb wnrfm w`mb bjnano`j rbjbss`na tgb flst hbw yblrs. Lff nrila`zlt`nas glvb tn rlp`mfy rbjna﬌iurb gnw àignw vlfub tn olrdbt ls justnobrs glvb ebjnob onrb j`rjuospbjt à tgb tbr osernh tgby lrb inài tn slt`shy abbms tglt glvb jglaibm à sìa`﬌jlat, m`sjnatàunus wlys. ]glt wnrdhnrjb bailibobat `s bssbat`lf `s lfsn w`tgnut qubst`na. L al`vb v`bw oìgt eb tglt àjrblsbm tbjganfni`jlf snpg`st`jlt`na gls àjrblsbm tgb jlplj`ty hnr l sbfbjt erlà trust tn mn tgb glrm ‗tgàdài‐ nh xv

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Hnrbwnrm

wglt tn sbff lam gnw tn oldb `t, fblvài tgb rbolàmbr nh tgb nrila`zlt`na tn mn antgài onrb tgla eb euttna pusgài onadbys hnr lutnoltbm bqu`pobat lam prnjbssbs. ]g`s ebf`bh tglt oàm lam ousjfb lrb sbplrlefb `s sòpfy wrnai, lt fblst ls wrnai anw ls `t wls à tgb plst. @a tgb gbymly nh sj`bat`﬌j olalibobat, `t wls tgnuigt tglt l sbfbjt hbw jnufm mn tgb tòb ont`na stum`bs tn rbvblf gnw tgb rbolàài olssbs jnufm wnrd onst bhhbjt`vbfy lam bh﬌j`batfy. ]g`s o`ssbm àjnrpnrltài à wnrd mbsìa tgb suetfbt`bs nh j`rjuostlajbs danwa nafy ey tgnsb àvnfvbm à ljtulffy mnài wnrd, lam `t o`ssbm àjnrpnrltài tgb lmm`t`nalf jr`t`jlf pbrspbjt`vb ntgbr pbnpfb oìgt glvb ernuigt tn tgb mbsìa. Zbplrltài oàm hrno ousjfb glm an els`s ntgbr tgla tgb bf`t`st snj`lf jnastrujt nh tgb mly. ]gb abbm hnr ernlm bailibobat gls nafy inab up, ant mnwa. Ylfd àtn lay wnrd bav`rnaobat”olauhljturài, gblftgjlrb, lam lay sbrv`jb sbjtnr”lam tgb auoebr nh m`stàjt prnhbss`nas abbmbm tn ljjnopf`sg wnrd gls inab up ey olay ouft`pfbs lam tgb snpg`st`jlt`na nh gb t bqu`pobat pbnpfb usb tn jnopfbtb tgb`r wnrd gls àjrblsbm bxpnabat`lffy ls wbff. Jrbltài vlfub `s bvbr onrb l tblo bhhnrt, w`tg tgb sd`ffs rbqu`rbm nh àm`v`mulf tblo oboebrs bvbr onrb jglffbaiài à tgb`r ljqu`s`t`na lam mbolamài à tgb`r bxprbss`na. Olauhljturài `s an fnaibr tgb pgys`jlffy glrm wnrd nh wrbajg turaài”f`db Jglrf`b Jglpfà à Onmbra ]òbs nr l jglrljtbr à M`bin U`vbrl‐s hrbsjn, Mbtrn`t @amustry. @t `s juttài bmib pgys`js, jgbo`stry, lam àjrblsàify e`nfniy ernuigt tn eblr à jrbltài prnmujts usbhuf tn snj`bty. ]gb lonuat nh rbqu`rbm danw gnw `s jnas`mbrlefb. Yg`jg eràis us tn trlàài. Zujjbss mbpbams na stlyài lgblm nh tgb jurvb, lam stlyài lgblm nh tgb jurvb mbpbams na bailiài tgb oàms lam tgb ousjfb nh bvbrynab à tgb nrila`zlt`na. Gnw tgba, tn ibt tglt bailibobat> @t `s uarblf`st`j tn bxpbjt tglt pbnpfb w`ff lrr`vb w`tg tgb sd`ffs lfrblmy àtljt. Bvba wbrb tgby prnmujts nh tgb onst sujjbsshuf bmujlt`na, lam wb danw ant lff bmujlt`na `s sn sujjbsshuf, tgby‐ff fljd tgb kne-spbj`﬌j sd`ffs lam danwfbmib tn sujjbbm. Sbnpfb jnufm ljqu`rb sd`ffs

Hnrbwnrm

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tgrnuig bxpbr`bajb lfnab, eut tglt `s entg tòb jnasuoài lam uarbf`lefb. Gnw mn ynu basurb pbnpfb ibt tgb rìgt bxpbr`bajbs lt tgb rìgt tòb> Nr, pbnpfb jnufm eb mbvbfnpbm à l obatnrbm lpprbat`jbsg`p hlsg`na. Eut tglt tnn tldbs jnas`mbrlefb tòb lam prnmujbs uabvba rbsufts. ]gbrbhnrb, la bssbat`lf àirbm`bat à ebài jnopbt`t`vb `s glvài l rbf`lefb systbo hnr mbvbfnpài sd`ffs. ]g`s `s wgbrb ]rlàài Y`tgà @amustry jnobs à; Kne @astrujt`na trlàài tn erài anv`jbs up tn spbbm, Kne Obtgnms trlàài sn tgby jla eb ljt`vb libats à òprnvài wglt tgby m`m lam gnw tgby m`m `t, lam Kne Ubflt`nas trlàài tglt tbljgbs tgb hnuamlt`nas nh pns`t`vb bopfnybb rbflt`nas. Irlupp lam Yrnal erài olay bxlopfbs nh jnopla`bs tglt boerljbm tgbsb bfbobats nh ]Y@, òprnvài tgb`r jnopbt`t`vbabss ey òprnvài tgb`r jlplj`ty tn huffy bailib tgb`r wnrdhnrjb prnmujt`vbfy. ]gbsb bxlopfbs jla sbrvb ls àsp`rlt`na lam onmbfs hnr yblrs. Y`tg ebst w`sgbs hnr jnatàubm sujjbss, Ztbvba Zpblr Zr. Fbjturbr, O@] Zfnla Zjgnnf nh Olalibobat Lutgnr, ]gb Gìg Xbfnj`ty Bmib”Gnw Olrdbt Fblmbrs Fbvbrlib Npbrlt`nalf Bxjbffbajb tn Eblt tgb Jnopbt`t`na.

Ljdanwfbmiobats Nur nekbjt`vb hnr wr`tài ]gb ]Y@ Ynrdennd puef`sgbm à 5338 wls tn mnjuobat tgb stlamlrm`zbm ‖K‟ prnirlo obtgnmnfniy tglt, wgba mbf`vbrbm ey prnpbrfy trlàbm trlàbrs wnufm balefb nrila`zlt`nas tn lttlà tgb mbs`rbm rbsufts hrno tg`s trlàài. @a tglt ennd wb ljdanwfbmibm ‖lff tgb pbnpfb tnn auobrnus tn obat`na wgn ernuigt us àtn tgb`r pflats lam ﬌ros ljrnss tgb jnuatry (lam anw tgb wnrfm) tn àtrnmujb tgb`r pbnpfb tn ]Y@.‟ Lftgnuig wb ﬌am nursbfvbs à l sò`flr s`tult`na w`tg tg`s hnffnw-na ennd, gbrb wb wnufm f`db tn pbrsnalffy rbjnia`zb lff tgb pbnpfb tglt wnrd hnr tgb jnopla`bs tglt jnatrèutbm tn tgb jlsb stum`bs à tg`s ennd lam i`vb jrbm`t wgbrb jrbm`t `s mub. Gnwbvbr, tgbrb `s lfsn irnup nh pbnpfb lt tgbsb jnopla`bs tglt jnatrèutbm l sìa`﬌jlat lonuat nh pbrsnalf bhhnrt tn oldb surb tgb`r stnry wls ljjurltbfy mnjuobatbm na ebglfh nh tgb`r nrila`zlt`na. Yb lrb àmbetbm tn Olrtgl Surr`br lam Fàml Gbe`sg lt tgb X`rià`l Olsna Obm`jlf Jbatbr, Zuzlaab Zo`tg lt Y. F. Inrb, lam Zlo Yliabr lt Mnaabffy Justno Olauhljturài hnr tgb batgus`lso tgby ernuigt tn tg`s jglffbaib. L spbj`lf tglad ynu tn Olrd Ebjgtbfbr lam Mbla Eurrnws lt A`xna Iblr4 Zjntt Jurt`s, Zjntt Fluamry, Klo`b Zo`tg, lam Kbaa`hbr S`jdbrt lt tgb Lfelay @atbralt`nalf Sflat,]gbsb lam Lfla Irnss, Mustà Mrbbsb, lam Kbaa`hbr M`bttbrOnan﬌flobat lt Jurr`br Sflst`js. pbnpfb ant nafy tnnd tòb hrno tgb`r eusy sjgbmufbs tn wnrd w`g us na tgb`r jlsb stumy, tgby lfsn npbabm tgb`r mnnrs hnr guamrbms nh v`s`tnrs hrno lrnuam tgb wnrfm tn tnur tgb`r pflats à tgb Zyrljusb, AP lrbl wgbrb tgby fblrabm ﬌rstglam hrno tgnsb àvnfvbm lenut tgb fbvbf nh jnoo`tobat x`x

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Ljdanwfbmiobats

`t tldbs tn rblp tgb ebab﬌ts nh ]Y@, lam tgb na-inài bhhnrt abbmbm tn jnatàub mnwa tg`s pltg. Yb lrb vbry hnrtualtb tn eb wnrdài w`tg tlfbatbm lam mbm`jltbm ]Y@ @ast`tutb Olstbr ]rlàbrs, U`jglrm Lebrjrnoe`b lam O`db Erlof, wgn spbam wbbds lwly hrno gnob trlvbfài ljrnss tgb RZ lam lrnuam tgb wnrfm tn àtrnmujb ]Y@ lam tn trlà trlàbrs hnr nrila`zlt`nas tn àtbralf`zb tgb trlàài. ]gbsb prnhbss`nalfs lrb lfwlysprbplrbm tn àtrnmujb jnopla`bs tn tgb ‖K‟ prnirlos lam tn jnljg tgbo na gnw tn ibt stlrtbm mnwa tgb rìgt pltg. ]gb`r kne wls olmb tglt oujg bls`br tglads tn Fyaab Glrmài wgn prnv`mbs fni`st`jlf suppnrt hnr tgb ]Y@ @ast`tutb. Nur le`f`ty tn wr`tb lenut òpfbobatài ]Y@ lt tgb fbvbf nh mbtl`f hnuam à tgb jlsb stum`bs à tg`s ennd wnufm ant glvb ebba pnssèfb glm `t ant ebba hnr l sbfbjt irnup nh m`stàiu`sbm lutgnrs tglt puef`j`zbm tgb rbflt`nasg`p ]Y@ gls w`tg tgb ]nyntl Srnmujt`na Zystbo lam Fbla. Yb tglad Unebrt ‖Mnj‟ Glff, Kò Guatzàibr, Kbhhrby F`dbr, Mlv`m Ob`br, Lfla Uneàsna, Mbla Zjgrnbmbr, Knga Zgnnd, lam Lrt Zolffby wgn npbabm tgb mnnrs hnr tgb rbsuribajb nh ]Y@.

@atrnmujt`na; L Jnopbff` A bbm hnr Zd`ffs ai ]rlàài Hnr l vlr`bty nh rblsnas lam ljrnss lff hljbts nh tgb wnrdpfljb flamsjlpb, nrila`zlt`nas lrb ﬌amài onrb lam onrb tglt tgby jla‐t ﬌am pbnpfb wgn pnssbss tgb sd`ffs tgby abbm tn ibt tgb wnrd mnab. Ljjnrmài tn tgb 5332 Zd`ffs Ilp Ubpnrt, l survby nh 7,333 ALO oboebrs jnamujtbm ey tgb Alt`nalf Lssnj`lt`na nh Olauhljturbrs (ALO), tgb Olauhljturài @ast`tutb‐s Jbatbr hnr Ynrdhnrjb Zujjbss, lam Mbfn`ttb Jnasuftài FFJ, tgbrb `s l jr`t`jlf sgnrtlib nh sd`ffbm wnrdbrs à entg erblmtg lam mbptg. ]gb rbpnrt prnkbjtbm tglt tg`s sgnrtlib wnufm gàmbr tgb le`f`ty nh R.Z. olauhljturbrs tn jnopbtb à l ifnelf bjnanoy. ]glt tòb gls jbrtlàfy lrr`vbm. ]gbrbhnrb, wb jla an fnaibr wl`t tn tldb ljt`na w`tg tgb tnnfs wb glvb, lam nab nh tgbsb `s ]rlàài Y`tgà @amustry (]Y@) tglt wls jrbltbm hnr kust sujg l abbm. ]grbb bvbats lrb jnoài tnibtgbr tn ljjbfbrltb tgb sd`ffs sgnrtlib lt la ànppnrtuab tòb hnr olauhljturbrs lfrblmy struiifài w`tg gnw tn jnopbtb à l ifnelf bjnanoy.*

La Liài Ynrdhnrjb Srnkbjtbm mbonirlpg`js hnr 53<3 sgnwbm tglt tgb wnrdhnrjb à tgb lib rlaib nh =2 tn 2= w`ff irnw ey 5<%, ls tgb eley ennobr ibabrlt`na *

]brry Y`sbola, L Sbrhbjt Ztnro G`ts tgb Zd`ffbm Ynrdhnrjb, Sflat Baiàbbrài, Mbjboebr 5337.

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@atrnmujt`na

wnrdhnrjb (lib rlaib nh 22 tn 8=) irnws ey 2=%. ]g`s rl`sbs tgb qubst`na nh gnw jnopla`bs w`ff ﬌am qulf`﬌bm rbpfljbobats ls tgb ennobrs rbt`rb hrno tgb wnrdpfljb.

L Jnoprno`sbm Bmujlt`nalf Zystbo Rp tn 23% nh jurrbat stumbats mrnp nut nh sjgnnf à l olknr`ty nh sjgnnf m`str`jts, lam nafy nab-tg`rm nh lff irlmultài R.Z. stumbats jla pbrhnro lt tgb twbfhtg-irlmb fbvbf. ]glt `s ant l innm àm`jltnr nh tgb qulf`ty nh tgb wnrdhnrjb tglt w`ff eb lvl`flefb tn olauhljturbrs à tgb huturb ls tgb sd`ff fbvbf rbqu`rbobats hnr prnmujt`na wnrdbrs jnatàub tn àjrblsb. ]g`s s`tult`na oldbs `t tglt oujg onrb òpnrtlat hnr jnopla`bs tn jlpturb tgb`r ‖trèlf danwfbmib,‟ tgb tr`jds lam daljds tglt pbnpfb mbvbfnp na tgb`r nwa nvbr yblrs nh bxpbr`bajb na tgb kne. ]g`s `s tgb typb nh jr`t`jlf àhnrolt`na lam ljqu`rbm danwfbmib tglt tgbsb pbnpfb w`ff tldb w`tg tgbo uafbss `t jla eb qu`jdfy plssbm na tn abw bopfnybbs. Ntgbrw`sb, abw bopfnybbs w`ff glvb tn fblra `t ey rbpbltài tgb slob o`stldbs tgb`r prbmbjbssnrs m`m wgba tgby fblrabm tgbsb knes.

Fljd nh ]bjga`jlf Lpprbat`jbsg`ps Jnopla`bs mn ant suppnrt lpprbat`jbsg`p prnirlos ls tgby m`m à tgb plst. Bvba wgba tgby mn, àm`v`mulfs lrb ant sìaài up mub à innm plrt tn tgb hljt tglt plrbats lam gìg sjgnnf iu`mlajb jnuasbfnrs mn ant uambrstlam tgb nppnrtua`t`bs tglt bx`st hnr sd`ffbm pbnpfb à àmustry tnmly. ]n tg`s f`st nh rbqu`rbobats wb lmm Fbla Olauhljturài tglt `s pfljài gìgbr mbolams na prnmujt`na wnrdbrs, tblos, lam tgb`r fblmbrs. @a tnmly‐s wnrdpfljb, tgbsb pbnpfb lrb àjrblsàify ebài lsdbm tn rua onrb snpg`st`jltbm oljgàbry lam tn oldb ml`fy mbj`s`nas tglt glvb l m`rbjt bhhbjt na tgb prn﬌tle`f`ty nh tgb`r nrila`zlt`nas.

@atrnmujt`na

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533 2 Zd`ffs Ilp Ubpnrt”]gb Lobr`jla Olauhljturài Ynrdhnrjb Ljjnrmài tn tgb ALO survby, tgb sgnrtlib nh qulf`﬌bm bopfnybbs bx`sts à tgb hnffnwài jr`t`jlf lrbls;* ◱

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Bìgty pbrjbat nh olauhljturbrs survbybm lrb bxpbr`bajài la nvbrlff sgnrtlib nh qulf`﬌bm wnrdbrs tglt juts ljrnss àmustry sbjtnrs. ]gb sgnrtlib nh qulf`﬌bm wnrdbrs `s onst ljutb na tgb hrnat fàb, wgbrb 03% rbpnrt l onmbrltb tn sbvbrb sgnrtlib nh qulf`﬌bm sd`ffbm prnmujt`na bopfnybbs, àjfumài oljgà`sts, npbrltnrs, jrlht wnrdbrs, lam tbjga`j`las. Olauhljturbrs hljb tgb lmm`t`nalf jglffbaib nh pnnr sd`ff fbvbfs lonai jurrbat bopfnybbs, w`tg =8% rbpnrtài àlmbqultb prnefbosnfvài sd`ffs lonai bopfnybbs.

]gb olia`tumb nh tgbsb sgnrtlibs `s ebttbr uambrstnnm wgba wb nnd f lt gnw gìg tgb elr wls sbt ey tgb jrbltnrs nh tg`s survby. ]gb hnffnwài mb﬌a`t`na nh l qulf`﬌bm sd`ffbm prnmujt`na bopfnybbwls prnv`mbm ls l rbhbrbajb hnr jnopla`bs tn rbspnam tn tgb survby qubst`nas. L sd`ffbm prnmujt`na bopfnybb `s mb﬌abm ls ebài lefb tn npbrltb olauhljturài bqu`pobat à onrb tgla nab prnjbss4 jlplefb nh rbjnia`zài prnjbss òprnvbobat nppnrtua`t`bs4 lam glvb danwfbmib nh olauhljturài bqu`pobat lam prnjbssbs suh﬌j`bat tn uambrstlam lam rbsnfvb onmbrltbfy jnopfbx prnmujt`na `ssubs, prnv`mb prbvbat`vb olàtbalajb, lam oldb rnutàb rbpl`rs. ]gb sd`ffbm prnmujt`na wnrdbr jla lfsn lppfy lmvlajbm prnefbo snfvài lam lalfyt`jlf tgàdài sd`ffs tn trnuefbsgnnt ana-rnutàb prnmujt`na `ssubs.

*

5332 Zd`ffs Ilp Ubpnrt”L Zurvby nh tgb Lobr`jla Olauhljturài Ynrdhnrjb, ALO, Ylsgàitna, MJ, 5332.

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@h tgb lenvb mb﬌a`t`na ljjurltbfy mbsjrèbs ynur sd`ffbm prnmujt`na pbnpfb, tgba nab oust lsd gnw olay nh tgbsb pbnpfb lrb nvbr 22, gnw olay nh tgbsb pbnpfb w`ff in àtn rbt`rbobat à tgb abxt hbw yblrs, lam gnw w`ff ynu rbpfljb tgbsb pbnpfb wgba tgby mn rbt`rb>

]gb Zgràdài R.Z. Ynrdhnrjb L olknr`ty nh tgb onrb tgla bìgt guamrbm jnopla`bs tglt plrt`j`pltbm à tgb ALO survby wbrb solff tn o`ms`zb jnopla`bs w`tg hbwbr tgla ﬌vb guamrbm bopfnybbs. Gnwbvbr, sò`flr mltl wbrb puef`sgbm à 5332 hrno l stumy nh tgb strltbi`bs rbfltbm tn la liài wnrdhnrjb lt tgrbb olknr ouftàlt`nalf jnopla`bs. ]gbsb jnopla`bs sglrbm tgb slob jglffbaibs nh l sgràdài wnrdhnrjb ls tgb solff lam o`ms`zb olauhljturài jnopla`bs tglt olmb up tgb eufd nh tgb ALO rbpnrt jnopla`bs.* ]gb òobm`ljy nh tgb jglffbaib jla eb sbba à tgb hnffnwài prnkbjt`nas hnr tgb yblr 53<3; ◱

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]gb nvbrlff rltb nh R.Z. wnrdhnrjb irnwtg wls :3% à tgb <093s lam <5% à tgb <003s tgrnuig 5332, lam `s prnkbjtbm tn an fnaibr irnw ebiàaài à 53<3. ]gb auoebr nh R.Z. wnrdbrs hnrty-﬌vb tn ﬌hty-hnur w`ff irnw ey 5<% ls tgb auoebr nh ﬌hty-﬌vb- tn s`xty-hnur-yblr-nfms irnws ey 25%. ]gb auoebr nh R.Z. wnrdbrs tg`rty-﬌vb tn hnrty-hnur yblrs nfm w`ff mbjfàb ey <0%, wg`fb tg`s pnnf nh wnrdbrs `s lfsn bxpbjtbm tn sgràd ey <0% à tgb Ra`tbm Dàimno, 59% à Ibrolay, lam 0% à @tlfy.

Nur sgràdài wnrdhnrjb `s lfsn òpljtài gblftgjlrb, babriy, lam tgb puef`j sbjtnr, wgbrb bhhnrts lrb lfrblmy ebài olmb tn mn onrb w`tg fbss à nrmbr tn nvbrjnob sgnrtlibs nh qulf`﬌bm pbnpfb. ]gb prnefbo *

Fnrr`b Hnstbr, Jnahrnatài tgb Ifnelf Erlà Mrlà, Danwfbmib Olalibobat Ubv`bw, Anvboebr/ Mbjboebr 5332.

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gls l hlr-rbljgài bhhbjt. ‖]gb R.Z. Invbraobat `s bxpbjtài tn lfsn hbbf tgb jruajg; Y`tgà ﬌vb yblrs, glfh nh tgb hbmbrlf Jg`fbla wnrdhnrjb * Ls (R.Z. j`t`zbas wnrdài à Jg`fb) w`ff eb bfìèfb tn rbt`rb ey 53<3.‟ pr`nr`t`bs sg`ht tn stlhh rbtbat`na lam trlashbrrài danwfbmib, tgb abbm hnr ebttbr sd`ffs à gnw tn fblm lam tn trlà pbnpfb `s tglt oujg onrb jr`t`jlf tgla `t wls à tgb plst. @a tgb gblftgjlrb àmustry, wgbrb jnsts lppblr tn eb nut nh jnatrnf, aursbs glvb fnai ebba à sgnrt suppfy, ls lrb tbjga`j`las lam lssnj`ltbm gnsp`tlf stlhh. Ljjnrmài tn l 5335 rbpnrt ey tgb Lobr`jla Gnsp`tlf Lssnj`lt`na, tgb aursài sgnrtlib ‖rbﬅbjts huamlobatlf jglaibs à pnpuflt`na mbonirlpg`js, jlrbbr bxpbjtlt`nas, wnrd ltt`tumbs lam wnrdbr m`sslt`shljt`na.‟† Ljjnrmài tn tg`s rbsblrjg, gnsp`tlf aursài vljlaj`bs w`ff rbljg bìgt guamrbm tgnuslam, nr 50%, ey 5353. ]gb auoebr nh aursbs `s bxpbjtbm tn irnw ey nafy 8%, wg`fb mbolam hnr aursài jlrb àjrblsbs ey =3%. Najb lilà, wb rua àtn tgb `ssub nh l sgràdài wnrdhnrjb. Ynoba libs :2 tn =0 jnast`tutb tgb flribst auoebr nh UAs à tgb wnrdhnrjb, wg`fb UAs uambr tgb lib nh :2 jnast`tutb tgb solffbst. Nab wly tn rbmujb tg`s mbolam hnr aursbs hrno l solffbr wnrdhnrjb oìgt eb tn trlà ntgbr stlhh oboebrs na gnw tn pbrhnro lmoà`strlt`vb lam ntgbr tlsds tglt jla eb plssbm mnwa tn ntgbrs sn tglt aursbs jla mbvntb onrb nh tgb`r tòb tn tgb plt`bat jlrb hnr wg`jg tgby lrb trlàbm.

@opljt nh l Zgràdài Ynrdhnrjb na Olauhljturài ]gb rbsufts nh tg`s survby àm`jltb tglt ifnelf jnopbt`t`na w`ff hnrjb R.Z. olauhljturbrs, à nrmbr tn stly à eusàbss, tn jnopbtb fbss na jnst tgla na prnmujt`v`ty, ﬅbxè`f`ty, qulf`ty, lam rbspnas`vbabss tn justnobr abbms. ]g`s sg`ht à tgàdài `s lfrblmy pusgài olauhljturbrs * †

@e`m. O. Y. Ztlatna lam O. D. Uutgbrhnrm, Gnsp`tlf Aursb Ztlh﬌ai lam \ulf`ty nh Jlrb, Libajy hnr Gblftgjlrb lam \ulf`ty, Unjdv`ffb, OM, 533=.

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@atrnmujt`na

lam ntgbr àmustr`bs tn put l prboùo na tgb sd`ffs, onrlfb, lam wbffebài nh tgb`r pbnpfb. Jnopla`bs tglt mn ant trblt pbnpfb ls tgb`r onst òpnrtlat lssbt lrb ruaaài tgb r`sd nh fnsài tgb`r ebst pbnpfb tn ntgbr jnopla`bs tglt w`ff eb w`ffài tn ply l prboùo hnr gìgfy qulf`﬌bm bopfnybbs wgn pnssbss sd`ffs tglt lrb à sgnrt suppfy. @a 5337, tgb ﬌rst oboebrs nh tgb eley ennobr ibabrlt`na turabm 85, tgb lvbrlib lib nh rbt`rbobat à Anrtg Lobr`jl, Burnpb, lam Ls`l, wgbrb 73% nh wnrdpfljb irnwtg w`ff njjur lonai pbnpfb 23 yblrs nr nfmbr nvbr tgb abxt ﬌htbba yblrs. @t `s prnkbjtbm tglt ey 5323, =3% nh Burnpb‐s pnpuflt`na lam 83% nh `ts wnrdài lib pnpuflt`na w`ff eb pbnpfb nvbr 83, lt wg`jg tòb Ibrolay, @tlfy, Zplà, lam Klpla jnufm hljb bjnano`j jr`s`s hrno glvài onuatài pbas`na nefìlt`nas huambm ey sgràdài wnrdhnrjbs à tgbsb jnuatr`bs.* ]gbsb prnkbjt`nas mn ant rbﬅbjt tgb òpljt nh lff tgb hnrjbm rbt`rbobats tglt rbsuftbm hrno tgb bjnano`j jr`s`s jlusbm ey tgb ﬌alaj`lf àmustry obftmnwa nh 5330, wg`jg `s oldài l elm s`tult`na bvba wnrsb. Nab jla‐t prbm`jt tgb òpljt nh tgb sd`ffs mrlà inài na à tgb lutnone`fb àmustry jlusbm ey tgb blrfy rbt`rbobat nh sn olay pbnpfb, olay nh wgno wbrb ant pgys`jlffy, obatlffy, nr ﬌alaj`lffy prbplrbm tn bx`t tgb wnrdhnrjb. Ls tgb jnopbt`t`na àjrblsbs hnr l sgràdài auoebr nh sd`ffbm pbnpfb, nrila`zlt`nas oust lfsn rbtgàd tgb wlys tgby olalib, trlà, lam trblt tgb`r dby pbnpfb, bspbj`lffy tgb`r supbrv`snry irnup. Ygba flynhhs lam rbmujbm g`rài lrb tgb nrmbr nh tgb mly, tgbsb lrb tgb pbnpfb jnopla`bs oust àvbst à tn dbbp pljb w`tg tgb mbolams nh tgb tòbs, kust f`db tgb prnpbrfy trlàbm supbrv`snrs wgn lrb jrbm`tbm hnr tgb sujjbsshuf bxplas`na nh R.Z. àmustry murài Ynrfm Ylr @@.†

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@t‐s 5337; Mn Pnu Danw Ygbrb Pnur ]lfbat @s> Ygy Ljqu`s`t`nas lam Ubtbat`na Ztrltbi`bs Mna‐t Ynrd, L Mbfn`ttb Ubsblrjg Ztumy, Abw Pnrd, 533=. Lfla I. Uneàsna lam Mbla O. Zjgrnbmbr, ]rlàài, Jnatàunus @oprnvbobat, lam Guola Ubflt`nas; ]gb R.Z. ]Y@ Srnirlos lam tgb Klplabsb Olalibobat Ztyfb, Jlf`hnra`l Olalibobat Ubv`bw. Xnfuob :2.

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]gb M`sbailibm Bopfnybb Ljjnrmài tn Mbfn`ttb Ubsblrjg, mnwas`zài, àjrblsbm bopfnybr mbolams, kne m`sbajglatobat, lam tbjganfni`bs tglt dbbp pbnpfb pfuiibm àtn tgb`r knes w`tgnut guola àtbrljt`na glvb tldba tgb`r tnff. ]gb nafy tgài wnrsb hnr bopfnybrs tgla l sgnrtlib nh sd`ffbm pbnpfb `s tn glvb bopfnybbs wgn wnufm rltgbr ant eb wnrdài hnr tgb jnoplay eut oldb an bhhnrt tn fblvb. Ljjnrmài tn jurrbat survbys, onrb tgla glfh tgb wnrdhnrjb `s hbm up; Snffstbr Ilffup gls hnuam tglt 73 pbrjbat nh Er`t`sg wnrdbrs fljd jnoo`tobat tn tgb`r knes, w`tg l qulrtbr nh tgnsb ebài ‖ljt`vbfy m`sbailibm‟ hrno tgb`r wnrdpfljbs. ]gb s`tult`na `s wnrsb à Hrlajb, wgbrb nafy <5 pbrjbat nh wnrdbrs à Hrlajb wbrb bailibm à tgb`r wnrd. @a Zàilpnrb, <9 pbrjbat nh wnrd hnrjb `s ljt`vbfy m`sbailibm, jrbltài l jnrrns`vb hnrjb à nrila`zlt`nas. M`sbajglatbm wnrdbrs puff mnwa prnmujt`v`ty, àjrblsb jgura, lam mlrdba tgb onrlfb nh tgb pbnpfb lrnuam tgbo. ]gb laaulf bjnano`j jnsts lrb guib; ls oujg ls <33 e`ff`na Burns à Hrlajb, RZ$8= e`ff`na à tgb RD, RZ$8 e`ff`na à Zàilpnrb, lam l wgnppài $:23 e`ff`na à tgb R.Z.*

]gb jruj`lf snurjb nh tg`s m`sbailibobat lam tgb auoebr nab rblsna wgy pbnpfb fblvb l kne `s tgb pnnr rbflt`nasg`p tgby glvb w`tg tgb`r enss. ]g`s s`tult`na `s typ`jlffy nvbrfnndbm lam fblms tn oyr`lm trnuefbs à tgb wnrdpfljb. Onrb tgla glfh tgb wnrdhnrjb à tgb R.Z. wls lfrblmy hbm up w`tg tgb`r wnrd ls tgb jnuatry batbrbm tgbsb tnuig bjnano`j tòbs wgba knes ebjlob sjlrjb lam turanvbr wls an fnaibr l trub oblsurb nh bopfnybb jnoo`tobat. Y`tg òprnvbobats à tgb bjnanoy uambrwly, jnopla`bs oìgt àjrblsàify eb surpr`sbm tn gblr † hrno bopfnybbs wglt tgby glvb ant gblrm à l wg`fb; ‖@ qu`t.‟

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@t‐s 5337; Mn Pnu Danw Ygbrb Pnur ]lfbat @s> Ygy Ljqu`s`t`nas lam Ubtbat`na Ztrltbi`bs Mna‐t Ynrd, L Mbfn`ttb Ubsblrjg Ztumy, Abw Pnrd, 533=, plib =. Knb Fìgt, Onrb Ynrdbrs Ztlrt tn \u`t, Ylff Ztrbbt Knuralf, Oly 52, 53<3, plib M8.

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Ubjru`tbrs lam guola rbsnurjb bxpbrts sly tgb àjrblsb à bopfnybbs i`vài ant`jb `s l prnmujt nh twn hnrjbs. H`rst, tgb alturlf turanvbr nh bopfnybbs fblvài tn lmvlajb tgb`r jlrbbrs m`ma‐t njjur murài tgb rbjbss`na ebjlusb knes wbrb sjlrjb. Lantgbr hljtnr oldài `tglrmbr hnr jnopla`bs tn rbtlà bopfnybbs `s tgb bhhbjt nh tgb gblvy jnstjuttài lam mnwas`zài murài tgb mnwatura na wnrdbrs‐ onrlfb. L survby jnamujtbm flst suoobr hnr tgb Jnahbrbajb Enlrm, l olalibobat rbsblrjg nrila`zlt`na, hnuam tglt tgb mr`vbrs nh tgb mrnp à kne huf﬌ffobat àjfumbm fbss slt`shljt`na w`tg wlibs lam fbss àtbrbst à wnrd. ‖Bopfnybbs hbbf m`sbailibm w`tg tgb`r knes, wg`jg `s inài tn fblm tn l fnt nh jgura ls wb jnob nut nh tgb rbjbss`na,‟ slys Erbtt Innm, l m`str`jt prbs`mbat nh Znutgbra Jlf`hnra`l hnr Unebrt Glff @atbralt`nalf, la bxbjut`vb rbjru`tài ﬌ro.*

Jnopla`bs wnufm mn wbff tn oldb `t l pr`nr`ty tn prnpbrfy trlà tgb pbnpfb tlsdbm w`tg fblmài ntgbrs `h tgby bxpbjt tn tura lrnuam tgb`r m`sbajglatbm bopfnybbs. ]gb ebst wly tn babri`zb pbnpfb `s tn prnv`mb tgbo w`tg tgb tnnfs tgby abbm tn ibt tgb`r knes mnab à tgb onst bhhbjt`vb wly. Hnr tgb onst plrt, pbnpfb wlat tn eb prnum nh tgb`r wnrd, lam tgby wlat tn eb rbwlrmbm hnr tgb innm kne tgby mn. ]gb ebst wly tn jglaabf tglt babriy àtn pns`t`vb wnrdpfljb rbflt`nasg`ps `s tn prnv`mb supbrv`snrs w`tg tgb sd`ffs tgby abbm tn fblm pbnpfb kust f`db ]Y@ m`m murài YY@@, f`db ]nyntl gls mnab sàjb lmnptài ]Y@ à <02<, lam ls ynu w`ff fblra hrno tgb jlsb stum`bs à tg`s ennd.

Eu`fmài ]lfbat; ]gb Abw Nfm Oàmsbt Ubmbsìaài knes, òprnvài wnrdài jnam`t`nas, lam basurài tglt dby pbnpfb lrb prnpbrfy trlàbm lam mbpfnybm in l fnai wly à dbbpài pbnpfb bailibm. ]gb onst sujjbsshuf jnopla`bs mnài tg`s lrb tgnsb tglt *

@e`m.

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bajnurlib tgb`r pbnpfb tn plrt`j`pltb à òprnvbobat ljt`v`t`bs w`tgnut tgb hblr nh fnsài tgb`r knes ls l rbsuft. Mbfn`ttb Ubsblrjg jnajfumbm tglt l m`hhbrbat lpprnljg tn trlàài pbnpfb wls abbmbm tn entg prnpbrfy trlà tgbo lam tn dbbp tgbo bailibm.* Ls ynu w`ff sbb ebfnw, tgb tgrbb suiibst`nas hrno Mbfn`ttb na gnw tn ebttbr trlà glm lfrblmy ebba jlpturbm onrb tgla s`xty yblrs lin wgba tgb ]Y@ prnirlo wls jrbltbm. <. Ultgbr tgla pusg onrb àhnrolt`na natn bopfnybbs tgrnuig jnavbat`nalf trlàài, `t `s onrb òpnrtlat tglt tgby ‖fblra gnw tn fblra.‟ Kne @astrujt`na trlàài (K@) tbljgbs supbrv`snrs gnw tn qu`jdfy trlà bopfnybbs tn mn l kne jnrrbjtfy, slhbfy, lam jnasj`bat`nusfy. ]gb obtgnm bopgls`zbs prbplrài tgb npbrltnr tn fblra ey ﬌rst ﬌amài nut wglt tgby lfrblmy danw lenut tgb kne lam ﬌ttài tgb àstrujt`na àtn tg`s bx`stài obatlf hrlobwnrd. Ey lfsn i`vài tgb rblsnas wgy tgb kne à mnab l jbrtlà wly, pbnpfb jla uambrstlam tgb òpnrtlajb nh tgb tbjga`qub lam tgb abilt`vb rlo`﬌jlt`na `h mnab àjnrrbjtfy. @a tgbsb wlys, tgb fblrabr `s bailibm à tgb prnjbss nh fblraài àstblm nh kust ebài tnfm nr sgnwa gnw tn mn l kne. 5. ]gb ebst wly tn mbvbfnp jr`t`jlf tlfbat `s tgrnuig tgb jnfflenrlt`vb rbsnfut`na nh rblf-f`hb `ssubs (‗ljt`na fblraài‐). Kne Obtgnms @oprnvbobat (KO) `s ua`qub à `ts sòpf`j`ty lffnwài supbrv`snrs lam àm`v`mulfs tn òprnvb tgb wly tgby mn tgb`r knes. ]gb lò nh tgb KO prnirlo `s tn gbfp prnmujb irbltbr qulat`t`bs nh qulf`ty prnmujts à fbss tòb ey oldài tgb ebst usb nh tgb olapnwbr, oljgàbs, lam oltbr`lfs anw lvl`flefb. @a usài tgb KO obtgnm, supbrv`snrs lrb tluigt tn wnrd w`tg ntgbrs, bspbj`lffy npbrltnrs, à jnoài up w`tg abw obtgnms lam tn tldb na òprnvbobat nppnrtua`t`bs à tgb`r òobm`ltb lrbl nh rbspnasè`f`ty, nabs tglt tgby jla mn snobtgài lenut. * @t‐s 5337; Mn Pnu Danw Ygbrb Pnur ]lfbat @s> Ygy Ljqu`s`t`nas lam Ubtbat`na Ztrltbi`bs Mna‐t Ynrd, L Mbfn`ttb Ubsblrjg Ztumy, Abw Pnrd, 533=, plibs 8 lam 9.

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:. ]gby fblra ant ey pnambrài l gypntgbt`jlf prnefbo, eut ey m`rbjtfy tljdfài rblf `ssubs. @a lff nh tgb ]Y@ trlàài onmufbs, bljg plrt`j`plat fblras ey lppfyài tgb obtgnm tn la ljtulf kne hrno tgb`r nwa lrbls”tgb ‖fblra ey mnài‟ lpprnljg. ]g`s `s lfsn trub w`tg Kne Ubflt`nas trlàài (KU) wg`jg tbljgbs supbrv`snrs gnw tn eu`fm pns`t`vb bopfnybb rbflt`nas, àjrblsb jnnpbrlt`na lam ont`vlt`na, lam bhhbjt`vbfy rbsnfvb jnaﬅ`jts. Ey eràiài à ljtulf ‖pbnpfb prnefbos‟ tn jflss tglt rbqu`rb tgbo tn tldb ljt`na, supbrv`snrs fblra tn glamfb prnefbos ey iltgbrài lam wbìgài hljts ebhnrb tldài ljt`na, lam tgba tn jgbjd rbsufts tn bvlfultb wgbtgbr tgb ljt`na tldba gls gbfpbm prnmujt`na. @a bljg rblf f`hb prnefbo m`sjussbm à tgb jflss, trlàbbs lfsn jnas`mbr gnw tglt prnefbo jnufm glvb ebba prbvbatbm.

Fbla Olauhljturài à tgb Ybstbra Ynrfm; Rambrut`f`zbm Sbnpfb ]gb ]nyntl Srnmujt`na Zystbo hnjusbs na tgb sbvba wlstbs nh prnmujt`na (mbhbjts, nvbrprnmujt`na, àvbatnry, ont`na, prnjbssài, trlaspnrtlt`na, lam wl`tài), tn wg`jg uambrut`f`zbm pbnpfb wls lmmbm à tgb Fbla prnmujt`na vbrs`na nh ]SZ wgba àtrnmujbm à tgb Ybstbra wnrfm. Ls Mlv`m Olibb pnàts nut à g`s ennd, Gnw ]nyntl Ebjlob #<; ]gb sbjrbt tn ]nyntl‐s sujjbss `s … gnw `t lpprnljgbs `ts eusàbss ls l wgnfb, w`tg la uambrfyài hnjus na ‖rbspbjt hnr pbnpfb.‟ Ey olàtlàài l hnjus na nab vbry fnhty `mblf, lam ey òpfbobatài lam olàtlàài l eusàbss strujturb tglt bajnurlibs bvbry bopfnybb tn eb ljt`vbfy bailibm à pursuài tgb jnoplay‐s inlfs, ]nyntl `s mbvbfnpài àtn l sbfh-ibabrltài àtbralffy jnoeust`vb batbrpr`sb.*

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Mlv`m Olibb, Gnw ]nyntl Ebjlob #<, ]gb Sbaiuà Irnup, Abw Pnrd, 5339, p. 7.

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]g`s `s wglt oldbs ]nyntl‐s onmbf ls lppf`jlefb tn l elad, l rbtl`fbr, nr l gnsp`tlf ls `t `s tn l olauhljturbr. Ubilrmfbss nh tgb eusàbss ynu lrb à, wnrdbrs à tnmly‐s gìg-pljbm tbjganfni`jlf wnrfm sòpfy oust ‖erài tgb`r oàms tn wnrd.‟ ]gby jlaant jgbjd tgb`r erlàs lt tgb mnnr f`db à tgb plst brl nh olss prnmujt`na, wgbrb fnai tbm`nus prnmujt`na ruas, jglaibnvbr spbj`lf`sts, qulf`ty ey àspbjt`na, btj., lffnwbm tgbo tn oàmfbssfy mn tgb`r wnrd, lam ibt pl`m wbff hnr `t. ]gb nfm onmbf à wg`jg tgb efub-jnfflr wnrdbrs wbrb tgb ousjfb nh tgb nrila`zlt`na lam tgb wg`tb-jnfflr wnrdbrs wbrb tgb erlàs wls sglttbrbm ey tgb Fbla rbhnrolt`na tglt tnnd pfljb à Klpla lhtbr YY@@ lam tnmly‐s olalibobat `s prnv`mài Fbla trlàài tn i`vb pbnpfb tgb tnnfs tgby abbm n t huajt`na à tgb abw onmbf. @a tura, Fbla gls lfsn mrlolt`jlffy jglaibm tgb rnfbs nh tgb supbrv`snr wgn oust rbpfljb g`s nr gbr ﬌rb﬌igtài sd`ffs w`tg fblmbrsg`p sd`ffs à nrmbr tn snfvb prnefbos lam prbvbat ﬌rbs hrno ibttài stlrtbm à tgb ﬌rst pfljb.

Zlvài tgb Zupbrv`snr ]n oldb tgb wnrdbr rbspnasèfb hnr g`s kne lam hnr tglt nh tgb wnrd irnup `s lfsn tgb ebst”lam olyeb tgb nafy”wly tn rbstnrb tgb supbrv`snr tn gblftg lam huajt`na. Sbtbr H. Mrujdbr, Olalibobat, <09:

‖Hnr l glfh jbatury nr onrb tgb ﬌rst-fàb supbrv`snr, bspbj`lffy à olauhljturài lam jfbr`jlf wnrd, gls sbba g`s rnfb sgràdài à stltus, à òpnrtlajb lam à bstbbo. Ygbrb l supbrv`snr wls ‗olalibobat‐ tn tgb bopfnybbs nafy l glfh-jbatury lin, gb anw gls, ey lam flrib, ebjnob l euhhbr ebtwbba olalibobat, ua`na, lam wnrdbrs. Lam f`db lff euhhbrs, g`s olà huajt`na `s tn tldb efnws.‟* Ene rboboebrs wbff wglt *

Sbtbr H. Mrujdbr, Olalibobat; ]lsds, Ubspnasè`f`t`bs, Srljt`jbs, Glrpbr & Unw, Suef`sgbrs, <09:, plibs 590, 573.

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`t wls f`db ebài l euhhbr ebtwbba olalibobat lam tgb ua`na wgba gb wls l sgnp ﬅnnr supbrv`snr lt tgb Jgbvrnfbt-]nalwlaml Ibabrlf Ontnrs pflat à tgb fltb <083s. Gb m`m ant lpprbj`ltb tgb vlfub nh tglt fblraài bxpbr`bajb uat`f, ls la àmbpbambat ]\O olauhljturài jnasuftlat, gb fblrabm tglt supbrv`snrs wbrb an ebttbr trlàbm hnr tgb kne tgla gb wls twbaty yblrs blrf`br. Zupbrv`snrs tgrnuignut tgb wnrfm tnmly lrb st`ff sbplrltbm hrno tgb pbnpfb tgby supbrv`sb ey l wlff nh rbsbatobat lam susp`j`na tglt jnobs hrno tgb`r rnfb ls l ‖euhhbr‟ ebtwbba olalibobat, ua`na, lam m`sbailibm wnrdbrs. ]gb supbrv`snr‐s rnfb ls l ‖﬌rb﬌igtbr‟ gls ant mòà`sgbm w`tg tgb àtrnmujt`na nh Fbla Olauhljturài ebjlusb olalibobat jnatàubs tn prbssurb olalibrs lam supbrv`snrs tn mn onrb w`tg fbss ey àst`ffài onrb m`sj`pfàb. @ajrblsbm m`sj`pfàb oly à hljt eb abbmbm, eut ls O`db Untgbr jlut`nas à g`s ennd ]NPN]L DL]L, irbltbr bopgls`s sgnufm eb pfljbm na gnw pbnpfb jla sbasb lam uambrstlam l s`tult`na sn tgby jla rbljt tn `t na tgb`r nwa à l wly tglt onvbs tgb nrila`zlt`na hnrwlrm. ‖]gb tgàdài (nh olalibobat) sbbos tn eb tglt `h pbnpfb à tgb nrila`zlt`na wnufm lmgbrb onrb jfnsbfy tn tgb`r wnrd stlamlrms lam mn wglt tgby wbrb suppnsbm tn mn, tgbrb wnufm eb hbwbr prnefbos. Rahnrtualtbfy `t mnbs ant wnrd tg`s wly. Dbbp à oàm tgb sbjnam flw nh tgbronmyalo`js, nr batrnpy, wg`jg stltbs tglt bvba `h wb hnffnw tgb wnrd stlamlrm, l wnrd prnjbss w`ff tbam tn sf`p tnwlrm jglns `h wb fblvb `t lfnab. An olttbr wglt, tgbrb w`ff eb prnefbos tglt tgb npbrltnrs, `h fbht lfnab, w`ff glvb tn wnrd lrnuam. ]gb prnjbss w`ff mbjly.‟*

]gb Unfb nh Fblmbrs lt ]nyntl @a g`s ennd, Untgbr bxpflàs gnw ]nyntl olalibs hrno mly-tn-mly boebmmài jnatàunus òprnvbobat lam lmlptlt`na àtn lam ljrnss tgb nrila`zlt`na. ]g`s `s ljjnopf`sgbm tgrnuig tgb usb nh twn dltl (tgb *

]NPN]L DL]L; Olaliài Sbnpfb hnr @oprnvbobat, Lmlpt`vbabss, lam Zupbr`nr Ubsufts, OjIrlw-G`ff, 53<3, plibs <8: lam <8=.

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Klplabsb wnrm hnr ebglv`nr rnutàbs, gle`ts, nr plttbras nh tgàdài lam jnamujtài nabsbfh) tglt lrb tluigt tn lff ]nyntl bopfnybbs; ]gb @oprnvbobat Dltl”l rbpbltài rnutàb nh bstlef`sgài jglffbaiài tlribt jnam`t`nas, wnrdài stbp-ey-stbp tgrnuig nestljfbs, lam lfwlys fblraài hrno tgb prnefbos wb bajnuatbr4 lam ]gb Jnljgài Dltl”l plttbra nh tbljgài tgb òprnvbobat dltl tn bopfnybbs lt bvbry fbvbf tn basurb tglt `t ont`vltbs tgb`r wlys nh tgàdài lam ljtài. Lftgnuig tgbsb ebglv`nr plttbras lrb ant v`sèfb, tgby lrb ‖l eì plrt nh wglt prnpbfs tglt jnoplay ls la lmlpt`vb lam jnatàunusfy òprnvài nrila`zlt`na.‟* ‖]gb pròlry tlsd nh ]nyntl‐s olalibrs lam fblmbrs tgba mnbs ant rbvnfvb lrnuam òprnvbobat pbr sb, eut lrnuam àjrblsài tgb òprnvbobat jlple`f`ty nh pbnpfb. ]glt jlple`f`ty `s wglt, à ]nyntl‐s v`bw, strbaitgbas tgb jnoplay. ]nyntl‐s olalibrs lam fblmbrs mbvbfnp pbnpfb wgn à tura òprnvb prnjbssbs tgrnuig tgb òprnvbobatdltl. Mbvbfnpài tgb òprnvbobat jlple`f`ty nh pbnpfb lt ]nyntl `s ant rbfbiltbm tn tgb guola rbsnurjbs nrtrlàài lam mbvbfnpobat mbplrtobats. @t `s plrt nh bvbry mly‐s wnrd à bvbry lrbl, lam `t `s olalibrs lam supbrv`snrs wgn lrb bxpbjtbm tn tbljg tgb`r pbnpfb tgb òprnvbobat dltl…plrt nh gnw pbnpfb lrb olalibm mly tn mly.‟† ]g`s eràis us eljd tn Sbtbr Mrujdbr wgn à <09: wrntb; ‖An nrila`zlt`na jla huajt`na wbff `h `ts supbrv`snry hnrjb mnbs ant huajt`na.‟ ]gb jr`s`s nh tgb supbrv`snr wnufm ey `tsbfh eb rblsna banuig tn tgàd sbr`nusfy lenut nrila`zlt`na nh tgb wnrdbr lam wnrdài. Hnr oldài tgb wnrdbr ljg`bvài, oldài gò nr gbr rbspnasèfb, `s tgb nab wly nh oldài tgb supbrv`snr bhhbjt`vb ls l rbsnurjb hnr tgb wnrdbr lam *

†

]NPN]L DL]L; Olaliài Sbnpfb hnr @oprnvbobat, Lmlpt`vbabss, lam Zupbr`nr Ubsufts, OjIrlw-G`ff, 53<3, plib xv`. @e`m, plib <78.

xxx`v

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@atrnmujt`na

tgb wnrd irnup. Nafy ey ebjnoài l rbsnurjb hnr danwfbmib, àhnrolt`na, trlàài, tbljgài stlamlrm sbttài, lam iu`mài tgb ljg`bvài wnrdbr lam g`s wnrd irnup mnbs tgb supbrv`snr onvb lwly hrno * tgb jurrbat uatbalefb rnfb nh ‖supbrv`sài‟ pbnpfb.

Ubstnrài tgb Zupbrv`snr tn Gblftg lam Huajt`na Yb glvb fblrabm oujg hrno tgb g`stnry nh ]Y@ à tgb R.Z. murài Ynrfm Ylr @@ lam hrno tgb Klplabsb bxpbr`bajb w`tg ]Y@ lhtbr tgb wlr, wgba Klplabsb àmustry wls ruaaài lt fbss tgla <3 pbrjbat nh `ts <0:2 tn <0:9 fbvbfs. @t wls murài tg`s pbr`nm nh rbjnastrujt`na tglt tgb tgrbb stlamlrm`zbm ]Y@ trlàài prnirlos hnr supbrv`snrs wbrb lmnptbm na l alt`nalf fbvbf. Kne @astrujt`na trlàài (K@) tluigt supbrv`snrs tgb òpnrtlajb nh prnpbr trlàài lam gnw tn prnv`mb tg`s trlàài tn tgb`r wnrdhnrjb. Kne Obtgnms trlàài (KO) tluigt supbrv`snrs gnw tn oldb tgb ebst usb nh tgb pbnpfb, oljgàbs, lam oltbr`lfs anw lvl`flefb. Kne Ubflt`nas trlàài (KU) tluigt supbrv`snrs gnw tn ibt rbsufts tgrnuig pbnpfb ey trbltài tgbo ls àm`v`mulfs. ]gb jlsb stum`bs à tg`s ennd mbonastrltb gnw olalibrs, supbrv`snrs, lam tblo fblmbrs ebab﬌t hrno tgb ]Y@ trlàài tglt prnv`mbs tgb sd`ffs tgby abbm tn ebjnob l rbsnurjb hnr tgb wnrdbr lam tgb`r wnrd irnup. @t `s nafy wgba tgb wnrdbr lam tgb`r wnrd irnup ljjbpt rbspnasè`f`ty hnr tgb`r wnrd tglt tgb pròlry rbspnasè`f`ty nh tgb supbrv`snr jla eb tn jrbltb lam olàtlà l innm wnrdài bav`rnaobat ey mblfài w`tg tgb mly-tn-mly leanrolf`t`bs à tgb wnrds`tb. Nur mbs`rb à wr`tài tg`s ennd `s tn gbfp ynu uambrstlam gnw ]Y@ jla gbfp ynu snfvb tgb jnopbffài abbm hnr sd`ffs trlàài hnr ynur pbnpfb à tgb wnrdpfljb. ]grnuignut, wb w`ff sgnw gnw jnopla`bs glvb òpfbobatbm ]Y@, hnffnwài tgb slob prbsjrèbm hnroufls sn *

Sbtbr H. Mrujdbr, Olalibobat; ]lsds, Ubspnasè`f`t`bs, Srljt`jbs, Glrpbr & Unw, Suef`sgbrs, <09:, plibs 573, 57<.

@atrnmujt`na

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xxxv

sujjbsshuffy usbm wgba tgb prnirlo wls ﬌rst mbvbfnpbm murài YY@@, lam gnw nrila`zlt`nas lrb oldài ]Y@ rbfbvlat à nvbrjnoài tgb jglffbaibs tgby hljb tnmly. Yb ebf`bvb tglt tgbsb irblt bamblvnrs tn ‖fblra tn mn lilà wglt wb m`m ebhnrb‟ w`ff eu`fm l strnai hnuamlt`na hnr huturb sujjbss lt tgb wnrdbr lam supbrv`snr fbvbfs lfnai tgb fàbs nh jnopla`bs à tgb R.Z. murài YY@@, ]nyntl snna tgbrblhtbr, lam tnmly tgb jnopla`bs wgn sn jlam`mfy sglrbm tgb`r bxpbr`bajbs w`tg ]Y@ à tg`s ennd.

@ ]Y@ ]LDBZ GNFM @A ]GB R.Z.”LIL@A

Jglptbr <

Fblraài tn Mn Lilà Yglt Yls Lfrblmy Mnab Ebhnrb Murài wlr tòb, pflats abbmbm tn usb trlàài à nrmbr tn suppfy tgb abbms nh tgb lrobm hnrjbs. Anw (w`tg tgb bam nh tgb wlr), pflats oust usb trlàài `h tgby lrb inài tn surv`vb à jnopbt`t`vb s`tult`nas lam `h tgby lrb inài tn dbbp na prnv`mài knes lam wlibs hnr wnrdbrs.* ”J. U. Mnnfby, Lpr`f <0=9

Z`xty yblrs sàjb tgb bam nh Ynrfm Ylr @@, jnopbt`t`vb s`tult`nas lrnuam tgb wnrfm glvb tldba tgb`r tnff na jnopla`bs tglt m`ma‐t gbbm tg`s innm lmv`jb hrno Mnnfby, wgn sbrvbm ls m`rbjtnr nh tgb ]rlàài Y`tgà @amustry (]Y@) prnirlo hrno <0=3 tn <0=2. ]gb abbm hnr innm trlàài, ls boenm`bm ey tgb ]Y@ prnirlos tglt wbrb mbvbfnpbm tn basurb v`jtnry à ifnelf tgb wlrstruiifb wls jfblrfy antjnatàub nafy l wlrtòb abjbss`ty. ]gb wnufm à l m`hhbrbat hnro bvba lhtbr tgb flst sgnt wls ﬌rbm. ]gbsb slob jnopla`bs tglt lelamnabm tgb wlrtòb trlàài *

J. U. Mnnfby, Ubpnrt @@@; Xnjlt`nalf ]rlàài, @.F.N. (Onatrblf, <0=8), ]rlàài Y`tgà @amustry à tgb Ra`tbm Ztltbs, ]g`rm Jnahbrbajb nh Lobr`jla Ztltbs Oboebrs nh tgb @atbralt`nalf Flenr Nrila`zlt`na, Obx`jn J`ty, Lpr`f <0=8, p. <8 <.

:

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@opfbobatài ]Y@; Jrbltài lam Olaliài l Zd`ffs-Elsbm Jufturb

bhhnrt lfsn ìanrbm tgb blrfy sujjbssbs nh nrila`zlt`nas tglt vbaturbm àtn Fbla olauhljturài ebhnrb lam murài tgb <0=3s, wgba wlrtòb prnmujt`na abbms hnrjbm tgàdài tglt wls mbjlmbs lgblm nh `ts tòb. Najb tgb wlrtòb òpbrlt`vb wls nvbr, tgby qu`jdfy hbff à fàb w`tg tgb olss prnmujt`na oàmsbt tglt tnnd nvbr à tgb Ybstbra wnrfm w`tg tgb bam nh tgb wlr. @a Klpla, tgb stnry wls qu`tb m`hhbrbat. ]gb tntlf mbstrujt`na nh tgb jnuatry‐s àmustry prnv`mbm nppnrtua`t`bs hnr tgb alt`na tn tgàd m`hhbrbatfy lenut gnw tn oldb ebst usb nh tgb`r fò`tbm rbsnurjbs lam l ibabrlt`na nh wnrdbrs fnst tn tgb wlr. Ygltbvbr tgb`r rblsnas, tgb Klplabsb boerljbm ]Y@ lam tgb prnirlo ebjlob la àtbirlf plrt nh tgb rbv`vlf nh tgb`r prnmujt`na systbo tglt wnufm snna ebjnob tgb bavy nh tgb bat`rb wnrfm. L rbv`bw nh gnw Fbla prnmujt`na bvnfvbm prnv`mbs àsìgt àtn gnw ]Y@ ebjlob sujg la òpnrtlat plrt nh tglt bvnfut`na tglt inbs hlr ebynam `t ebài kust l trlàài prnirlo.

]nyntl‐s Lmnpt`na lam M`ssboàlt`na nh ]Y@ Nur Fbla vnylib ebila f`db sn olay ntgbrs wgba wb rblm ]gb Oljgàb ]glt Jglaibm tgb Ynrfm.* Glvài rbv`s`tbm tglt ennd sbvbrlf tòbs sàjb fblraài tgb rbflt`nasg`p ]Y@ gls w`tg Fbla prnmujt`na, wb ilàbm vlfulefb danwfbmib hrno tgb tgnuigts nh tgbsb fblrabm lutgnrs na gnw Fbla olauhljturài tbjga`qubs oìgt eb m`hhusbm lrnuam tgb wnrfm; *

Klobs S. Ynoljd, Mla`bf ]. Knabs, lam Mla`bf Unns, ]gb Oljgàb ]glt Jglaibm tgb Ynrfm; ]gb Ztnry nh Fbla Srnmujt`na, H`rst Glrpbr Sbrbaa`lf, Abw Pnrd, <00<.

Fblraài tn Mn Lilà Yglt Yls Lfrblmy Mnab Ebhnrb

Yb ebf`bvb wb glvb trlvbfbm hlrtgbr lam olmb onrb jnoplr`snas tgla laynab bfsb…. Zn, wgbrb mn wb stlam lfnai tgb pltg tn ifnelf m`hhus`na à fbla prnmujt`na> Lam wglt oust glppba hnr tgb wgnfb wnrfm tn boerljb tgb systbo> Uboboebr tglt ls l prljt`jlf olttbr tgbrb lrb nafy twn wlys hnr fbla prnmujbrs tn m`hhusb ljrnss tgb wnrfm. ]gb Klplabsb fbla prnmujbrs jla sprblm `t ey eu`fmài pflats lam tldài nvbr jnopla`bs lernlm, nr tgb Lobr`jla lam Burnpbla olss-prnmujbrs jla lmnpt `t na tgb`r nwa.*

]nyntl gls l ﬌hty-yblr gblm stlrt qu`btfy m`hhusài ]Y@ ls la àtbirlf plrt nh tgb ]nyntl Srnmujt`na Zystbo (]SZ), lam abbmfbss tn sly, tgbrb `s oujg tn fblra ey rbtrljài tgb jnatrèut`nas ]Y@ gls glm na Fbla prnmujt`na trlàài. @t jnufm eb sl`m, pbrglps, tglt ]Y@ jlob eljd tn tgb Ra`tbm Ztltbs wgba Knga Zgnnd, lutgnr nh Fblraài tn Zbb, wls g`rbm ey ]nyntl lam ebjlob l ]Y@ àstrujtnr lt ]nyntl‐s tgba abw knàt vbaturb w`tg IO à Hrbonat, Jlf`hnra`l, Abw Ra`tbm Ontnr Olauhljturài, @aj. (AROO@), wgba `t npbabm à <07=. Y`tg tgb jnopfbt`na nh ]nyntl‐s ﬌rst irnuam-up jnastrujt`na nh l guib olauhljturài jnopfbx à Ibnribtnwa, Dbatujdy, tgb ]Y@ rbàtrnmujt`na jnatàubm. ‖Ibnribtnwa ebila prnmujt`na à <078, lam tgrnuignut tgb <003s tgb pflat rnutàbfy jflòbm tgb tnp spnts à tgb w`mbfy wltjgbm K. M. Snwbr lam Lssnj`ltbs qulf`ty survby hnr jlrs snfm à tgb R.Z.‟† Alobm Anrtg Lobr`jl‐s sbjnam ebst pflat à 533<, sbjnam nafy tn ]nyntl‐s Fbxus pflat à Jlalml, wnrdbrs à Anrtg Lobr`jl wbrb eu`fmài ]nyntl jlrs ‖hlstbr, ebttbr, lam jgblpbr‟ tgla tgb jlrs jnoài nut nh Mbtrn`t. Yb * †

@e`m., p. 5=3. Euopy Unlm, Ylff Ztrbbt Knuralf, Luiust =, 533=, p. <.

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anw danw tgbsb Anrtg Lobr`jla wnrdbrs wbrb trlàbm usài ]Y@ Kne @astrujt`na trlàài. ]gb lutgnrs glm la nppnrtua`ty à 5332 tn obbt Kò Yg`tb, wgn tnfm us g`s ‖jfnjd auoebr‟ lt ]nyntl‐s Ibnribtnwa pflat wls <=, wg`jg oblat gb wls tgb hnurtbbatg pbrsna g`rbm lt tgb pflat. Kò wls tgb trlàài m`rbjtnr à tgb blrfy yblrs nh tgb pflat lam ebjlob l ]Y@ Kne @astrujt`na trlàbr wgbrb gb àstrujtbm tgb ﬌rst supbrv`snrs nh tgb pflat gnw tn tbljg knes usài ]Y@. Fltbr, ennds f`db ]gb ]nyntl Yly H`bfmennd lam ]nyntl ]lfbat ey Kbhhrby D. F`dbr lam Mlv`m Ob`br, lfsn l hnrobr ]nyntl supbrv`snr lt Ibnribtnwa, wnufm bxpflà à mbtl`f gnw ]nyntl usbm tgb ]Y@ K@ obtgnm f`tbrlffy à tgb slob hnro ls tgby fblrabm `t à tgb <023s. ]Y@ `s l hnuamlt`nalf p`bjb à tgb ]SZ systbo, sn oujg sn tglt `t wls p ut à pfljb rìgt * up hrnat wgba ]nyntl stlrtbm tgb Ibnribtnwa pflat. Olrbd S`ltdnwsd` wls g`rbm ey ]OOJ à <079 ls tgb trlàài olalibr hnr tgb Jloer`mib, Natlr`n, Jlalml, pflat wgbrb gb mbf`vbrbm tgb ]SZ Kne @astrujt`na prnirlo tn trlà abw g`rbs ls tgb pflat stlhhbm up hnr prnmujt`na. ]gbsb lrb l hbw nh g`s à`t`lf nesbrvlt`nas lenut ]nyntl‐s trlàài styfb prbsbatbm à g`s lrt`jfb ‖]rlàài Ubjnoobamlt`nas hnr @opfbobatài Fbla,‟ pnstbm na tgb Fbla Batbrpr`sb @ast`tutb wbes`tb (www.fbla.nri) à 5337;

Nesbrvlt`na <; Nab nh oy ﬌rst m`sjnvbr`bs lenut trlàài lt ]nyntl wls tgbrb wls vbry f`ttfb wr`ttba lenut ]SZ. ]gbrb wbrb an ennds nr npbrltài olaulfs. ]gbrb wbrb snob ernjgurbs lam

*

@a tgb jurrbat mbjlmb, w`tg ]nyntl‐s rlp`m bxplas`na wnrfmw`mb, JBN Ld`n ]nyntl stltbm à rbspnasb tn olss`vb qulf`ty rbjlffs à blrfy 53<3; ‖]nyntl‐s trlàài nh wnrdbrs tn olàtlà qulf`ty hl`fbm tn dbbp up w`tg tgb jnoplay‐s rlp`m irnwtg‟ (A`ddb`.jno, Olrjg <9, 53<3).


glamnuts, eut antgài jfnsb tn wglt wb lrb usbm tn, lam tgbrb wbrb an wr`ttba pnf`j`bs mb﬌aài wglt ]SZ wls. ]nyntl wls gblv`fy mbpbambat na tgb spndba wnrm tn trlà lam sustlà tgb danwfbmib nh ]SZ hrno nab ibabrlt`na tn lantgbr. Nesbrvlt`na =; ]nyntl rbqu`rbs ﬌vb els`j fbvbfs nh danwfbmib lam sd`ffs hrno l fblmbr; <. Danwfbmib nh rnfbs lam rbspnasè`f`t`bs 5. Danwfbmib nh kne bfbobats :. ]rlàài sd`ffs =. Fblmbrsg`p sd`ffs 2. Dl`zba sd`ffs

@a l jnavbrslt`na w`tg S`ltdnwsd`, gb tnfm us tglt gb wls ant lwlrb à tgnsb mlys tglt wglt gb glm ljtulffy ebba trlàbm tn mbf`vbr ey l sba`nr obatnr lt ]nyntl wls à hljt tgb ]Y@ K@ prnirlo. @t wls ant uat`f gb rblm lrt`jfbs na tgb g`stnry nh ]Y@ lam ennds wbrb puef`sgbm jnaabjtài ]nyntl tn ]Y@ tglt gb fblrabm wgbrb tgb ]SZ Kne @astrujt`na Srnirlo ljtulffy jlob hrno”tgb ]Y@ K@ trlàài tglt wls boerljbm ey ]nyntl wgba àtrnmujbm à Klpla à <02<.

L \u`jd Ubv`bw nh tgb ]Y@ Srnirlo ]gb ]Y@ Zbrv`jb wls nab nh tgb ﬌rst bobribajy sbrv`jbs bstlef`sgbm ey tgb R.Z. Invbraobat Ylr Srnmujt`na Enlrm ‖tn gbfp àmustry tn gbfp `tsbfh tn ibt nut onrb oltbr`lfs tgla glm bvbr ebba tgnuigt pnssèfb, lam lt jnastlatfy ljjbfbrltài spbbm.‟ ]gb ]Y@ prnirlo wls mbvbfnpbm tn lss`st mbhbasb àmustr`bs tn obbt tgb`r olapnwbr abbms ey trlàài bljg wnrdbr tn oldb tgb huffbst usb nh g`s nr gbr ebst sd`ff up tn tgb olxòuo nh

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àm`v`mulf le`f`ty.* @amustry rbspnambm ey glvài `ts nwa pbnpfb jnffbjt, mbvbfnp, lam stlamlrm`zb tgb ]Y@ tbjga`qubs ls fl`m nut ey tgb ]Y@ Zbrv`jb. ]gb jglffbaib wls tn jnavàjb tnp olalibobat tglt stlamlrm`zbm prnirlos sujg ls tgbsb jnufm gbfp tgbo tn obbt tgb ua`qub abbms nh tgb`r eusàbss lam tn abutrlf`zb tgb stlamlrm rbknàmbr tglt ‖nur eusàbss `s m`hhbrbat.‟ ]n ljg`bvb tg`s, ]Y@ mbv`sbm la bhhbjt`vb wly nh bxpflàài tgb purpnsb nh tgb K prnirlos. @t bxpflàbm tglt supbrv`snrs glvb ﬌vb els`j abbms; ◱ ◱ ◱ ◱ ◱

Danwfbmib nh tgb wnrd Danwfbmib nh rbspnasè`f`t`bs Zd`ff à àstrujtài Zd`ff à òprnvài obtgnms Zd`ff à fblmài

Danwfbmib nh tgb wnrd oblat hlo`f`lr`ty w`tg tgb oltbr`lfs, oljgàbs, tnnfs, prnjbssbs, npbrlt`nas, lam tbjga`jlf sd`ffs spbj`﬌j tn tgb supbrv`snr‐s àmustry. Danwfbmib nh rbspnasè`f`t`bs àvnfvbm la uambrstlamài nh l jnoplay‐s spbj`﬌j s`tult`na, sujg ls `ts rufbs, prnjbmurbs, slhbty pnf`j`bs, àtbrmbplrtobatlf rbflt`nasg`ps, lam ua`na jnatrljts. ]Y@ m`m ant ibt àvnfvbm à b`tgbr nh tgbsb twn lrbls ebjlusb bljg wls ua`qub lam m`hhbrbat hnr bljg jnoplay lam àmustry. @t m`m, gnwbvbr, m`rbjtfy lmmrbss, tgrnuig tgb tgrbb K jnursbs, tgb abbm hnr sd`ffs à àstrujtài, òprnvài obtgnms, lam fblmài.† *

†

Ylr Srnmujt`na Enlrm, Eurblu nh ]rlàài, ]rlàài Y`tgà @amustry Zbrv`jb, ]gb ]rlàài Y`tgà @amustry Ubpnrt; <0=3‚<0=2, R.Z. Invbraobat Sràtài Nh﬌jb, Ylsgàitna, MJ, <0=2, p. :. Lfla I. Uneàsna lam Mbla O. Zjgrnbmbr, ]rlàài, Jnatàunus @oprnvbobat, lam Guola Ubflt`nas; ]gb R.Z. ]Y@ Srnirlos lam tgb Klplabsb Olalibobat Ztyfb, Jlf`hnra`l Olalibobat Ubv`bw, :2, :0, <00:.


<. Kne @astrujt`na (K@) ]rlàài. ]rlàs supbrv`snrs gnw tn àstrujt bopfnybbs sn tgby jla qu`jdfy rboboebr tn mn knes jnrrbjtfy, slhbfy, lam jnasj`bat`nusfy. 5. Kne Obtgnms (KO) ]rlàài. ]rlàs supbrv`snrs gnw tn òprnvb kne obtgnms à nrmbr tn prnmujb irbltbr qulat`t`bs nh qulf`ty prnmujts à fbss tòb ey oldài tgb ebst usb nh tgb olapnwbr, oljgàbs, lam oltbr`lfs anw lvl`flefb. :. Kne Ubflt`nas ( KU) ]rlàài. ]rlàs supbrv`snrs gnw tn fblm pbnpfb sn tglt prnefbos lrb prbvbatbm lam i`vbs tgbo la lalfyt`jlf obtgnm tn bhhbjt`vbfy rbsnfvb prnefbos tglt mn lr`sb. ]Y@ trlàbrs tgba trlàbm pbnpfb w`tgà àmustry wgn wnufm, à tura, in na tn trlà ntgbr pbnpfb à àmustry, jrbltài l ouft`pf`br bhhbjt tglt lffnwbm l oàòuo nh qulf`﬌bm trlàbrs tn rbljg l olxòuo auoebr nh pbnpfb wgn jnufm tgba rbspnam tn tg`s jglffbaib à tgb sgnrtbst pbr`nm nh tòb. ]n oblsurb tgb òpljt nh tgb ]Y@ trlàài na tgb wlr bhhnrt, tgb ]Y@ Zbrv`jb ona`tnrbm s`x guamrbm nh `ts jf`bat jnopla`bs hrno <0=< uat`f `t jblsbm npbrlt`nas à <0=2. ]gb flst survby, pbrhnrobm kust lhtbr ]Y@ sgut mnwa ﬌bfm npbrlt`nas, mbtl`fbm tgb hnffnwài pbrjbatlibs nh tgbsb ﬌ros tglt rbpnrtbm lt fblst 52% òprnvbobat à bljg nh tgb hnffnwài lrbls;*

*

@e`m., p. ==.

@ajrblsbm prnmujt`na

78%

Ubmujbm trlàài tòb

<33%

Ubmujbm flenr-gnurs

77%

Ubmujbmsjrlp

22%

Ubmujbm ir`bvlajbs

<33%

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G`mmba w`tgà tgbsb pbrjbatlibs lrb rbjbatfy ljqu`rbm prnmujt`na ﬌iurbs tglt prnv`mb àsìgt àtn jflòs tglt ]Y@ sgnrtbabm YY@@ ey yblrs; R.Z. prnmujt`na tntlfs à <0=: glm àjfumbm 78,333 pflabs, jnoplrbm w`tg elrbfy 5,333 à <0:0. Lfsn =2,333 tlads, 07,333 elznndls, l o`ff`na o`fbs nh jnooua`jlt`nas w`rb, <7,333 abw sg`ps lam jrlht, 8=7,333 trujds, ablrfy 8 o`ff`na r`ﬅbs, 58,333 onrtlrs, lam 8< o`ff`na pl`rs nh wnnf snjds. Bljg mly, lantgbr 9< o`ff`na rnuams nh solff-lros loon sp`ffbm hrno R.Z. oua`t`nas pflats. @a <0== onrb nh lfonst bvbrytgài wnufm eb olmb.*

Lfsn g`mmba à tgbsb pbrjbatlibs `s wglt glppbabm lt tgbsb s`x guamrbm jnopla`bs tglt wbrb ona`tnrbm ey tgb ]Y@ Zbrv`jb tgrnuignut tgb wlr. Nab nh tgbsb wls tgb Enbài L`rjrlht Jnoplay, wgbrb l prnirlo nh àtbasb trlàài elsbm na ]Y@ wls jnoeàbm w`tg la àtbralffy mbvbfnpbm Fbla prnmujt`na systbo tn prnmujb tgb E-<9 enoebr.

]gb Enbài L`rjrlht Jnoplay

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]gb E-<9 enoebr wls lfrblmy mbsìabm lam tbstbm ebhnrb Enbài mbj`mbm tn eu`fm tgb pflab lt la bx`stài hlj`f`ty snutg nh Zblttfb tglt, lftgnuig vljlat lam `mblffy fnjltbm lmkljbat tn la l`rpnrt, wls nafy glfh tgb s`zb abbmbm tn lssboefb tgb l`rjrlht w`tg an flam lvl`flefb hnr bxplas`na. Enbài olalibobat ljjbptbm tgb jglffbaib tn nvbrjnob *

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U`jd Ltdàsna, ]gb Mly nh Elttfb; ]gb Ylr à Z`j`fy lam @tlfy, <0=:‚<0==, Gbary Gnft lam Jnoplay, Abw Pnrd, 5339, p. =23. E`ff X. Xnit lam Unebrt ‖Mnj‟ Glff, Yglt Pnu Jla Mn Ygba Pnu Glvb ]n; Slrts @ lam @@, LOB ]lribt Olilzàb, <2, an. <, <000.


tgbsb fò`tlt`nas ey jnoo`ttài tn glvài l gìg-onrlfb, pbnpfb-mbpbambat systbo w`tg tblos, l strnai suiibst`na systbo, lam l prnirlo nh àtbas`vb trlàài ls tgb hnuamlt`na tn eu`fmài tgb onst jnopfbx hnur-baiàb l`rjrlht bvbr tn eb olss prnmujbm. Gnw lff nh tgb p`bjbs jlob tnibtgbr `s onstfy fnst tn g`stnry, eut tgbrb `s banuig bv`mbajb fbht nh wglt tgby m`m tn sgnw gnw tgb jrblt`v`ty nh pbnpfb jglffbaibm ey sbboàify àsuronuatlefb jnastrlàts jla r`sb lenvb tgbsb nestljfbs. Fnai ebhnrb laynab bvbr gblrm nh Fbla, tgb Enbài stlhh ‖àvbatbm‟ Fbla jnajbpts f`db ﬅnw ey mbvbfnpài R-sglpbm ﬌alf lssboefy fàbs tglt wbrb hbm ey suelssboefy lrbls à ntgbr eu`fmàis. L tldt tòb nh sbvba oàutbs wls oblsurbm hnr olaulf onvbobat hrno stlt`na tn stlt`na ey usài l jfnjd tgby put up na tgb wlff. Oltbr`lf glamfài wls oàò`zbm ey glvài suelssboefy lrbls hbbm m`rbjtfy tn tgb fàb, lam tgb usb nh m`bs wls olxò`zbm ey mbvbfnpài qu`jd jglaibnvbr tbjga`qubs. ]gb baiàbbrs glm bhhbjt`vbfy jrbltbm l Fbla prnmujt`na systbo tglt jglaibm tgb rnfbs nh tgb supbrv`snr yblrs ebhnrb dl`zba glm tgb slob òpljt à Klpla.* Y`tg prnmujt`na fàbs onvài hlstbr tgla lt lay tòb à tgb plst, prnefbos glm tn eb snfvbm ls snna ls tgby jlob up na tgb sgnp ﬅnnr ànrmbr tn dbbp tgb fàbs onvài. ]gb pljb nh prnmujt`na lam hrbqubajy nh baiàbbrài jglaibs lfsn rbqu`rbm supbrv`snrs tn eb na tgb sgnp ﬅnnr jgbjdài lam jnljgài jnastlatfy. Zàjb onst nh tgb bxpbr`bajbm wnrdbrs wbrb sbat nhh tn wlr, supbrv`snrs, wgn tgbosbfvbs wbrb onst f`dbfy abw lt tgb`r rbspnasè`f`t`bs, glm tn fblm l irbba wnrdhnrjb, oldài trlàài lam *

Olslld` @ol`, Iboel Dl`zba, OjIrlw-G`ff, Abw Pnrd, <009, Jglp. 0.

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danwfbmib nh stlamlrm wnrd àstrujt`nas mnuefy òpnrtlat. Glfh nh tgb abw wnrdhnrjb nh tg`rty-tgrbb tgnuslam jnas`stbm nh jnwenys, hlrobrs, ﬌sgbroba, lam fuoebrkljds. ]gb ntgbr glfh wls onstfy lrbl gnusbw`vbs. ]g`s jnopbffài abbm hnr supbrv`snrs tn fblra tgbsb bssbat`lf sd`ffs wls ﬌ffbm ey ]Y@. H`rst, supbrv`snrs glm tn mblf w`tg l w`mb vlr`bty nh pbnpfb hrno m`hhbrbat eljdirnuams wgn glm abvbr wnrdbm à l prnmujt`na bav`rnaobat ebhnrb. ]Y@ tluigt tgbo tn trblt pbnpfb ls àm`v`mulfs lam tn ibt àtn prnefbos blrfy lam prbvbat tgbo wgbrb pnssèfb. ]gb KU jnursb jlsb stumy nh tgb ﬌rst wnola supbrv`snr wls àm`jlt`vb nh prnefbos hljbm lt tgb tòb. Zupbrv`snrs wbrb tluigt na tgb kne ey ]Y@ tn erbld mnwa jnoona àmustr`lf tlsds àtn bls`fy mìbstbm, bls`fy olstbrbm stbps hnr trlàài abw pbnpfb. ]gby lfsn fblrabm tn jrnss-trlà bopfnybbs tn prnontb tblownrd, lam hnr pbnpfb tn fblra gnw tn tldb na ernlmbr rbspnasè`f`ty w`tgà tgb`r wnrd lrbl. Yglt `s onrb, fnai ebhnrb tgb Klplabsb wnrm dl`zba wnufm eb pnpuflr`zbm, wnrdbrs wbrb trlàbm w`tg ]Y@ tn lalfyzb lam òprnvb tgb`r obtgnms tn oldb tgbo bls`br lam slhbr tn mn. Nab sujg `mbl jlob hrno l ‖Uns`b tgb U`vbtbr‟ wnola wgn, glvài trnuefb gnfmài tgb gblvy r`vbtbr nvbr tgb wài sgb wls wnrdài na, mbv`sbm l twn-knàtbm enno tglt wnufm gnfm tgb wbìgt nh tgb oljgàb bvba ls sgb lppf`bm r`vbts ljrnss tgb bat`rb surhljb nh tgb wài. ]gb rbsufts nh tgb ]Y@ trlàài, jnoeàbm w`tg tgb`r abwhnuam Fbla w`smno, jrbltbm nab nh tgb olay o`rljfb stnr`bs tn jnob nut nh tgb wlr. ]gb prnmujt`na nh E-<9 enoebrs àjrblsbm hrno <33 tn :8= l`rpflabs pbr onatg ey Olrjg <0==, tgb pbld prnmujt`na pbr`nm. Srnmujt`na


hnr tglt onatg auoebrbm <2 ﬅy-lwlys pbr mly, < bvbry <.8 gnurs lt l jnst nh $<:0,52=, l =5.=8% rbmujt`na à jnst nvbr l :5-onatg pbr`nm ljjnopla`bm ey l 58=% àjrblsb à sg`pobats.*

Ygy Yls ]Y@ Mrnppbm lhtbr YY@@> @amustry lam invbraobat v`bwbm ]Y@ ls l wlrtòb prnirlo wgba tgb ]Y@ Zbrv`jb wls sgut mnwa sgnrtfy lhtbr YY@@ bambm. ]gb Ra`tbm Ztltbs wls nab nh tgb hbw jnuatr`bs à tgb wnrfm wgbrb `ts àmustr`lf àhrlstrujturb wls ant mlolibm nr mbstrnybm ey tgb wlr, balefài Lobr`jla olauhljturbrs tn sg`ht tn tgb olss prnmujt`na nh jnasuobr innms ls qu`jdfy ls tgby glm sg`htbm tn tgb prnmujt`na nh wlr oltbr`bf à <0=3. Raf`db Mnnfby, quntbm lt tgb ebiàaài nh tg`s jglptbr, tgby m`m ant sbb tgb lppf`jlt`na nh ]Y@ nuts`mb nh tgb wlrtòb prnmujt`na jnatbxt, lam w`tg an jnopbt`t`na hrno tgb rbst nh tgb wnrfm hnr tgb`r prnmujts, tgby m`ma‐t glvb lay abbm tn lt tgb tòb. ]gb jnopns`t`na nh tgb wnrdhnrjb jglaibm mrlolt`jlffy ls wbff ls o`ff`nas nh pbnpfb rbturabm tn tgb`r knes hrno tgb o`f`tlry, m`spfljài tgnsb o`ff`nas nh pbnpfb wgn glm ebba trlàbm w`tg ]Y@ wg`fb tgby wbrb inab. ]gbsb oba, wgn glm rbturabm tn tgb`r jnuatry ls gbrnbs hnr wàaài tgb wlr, sòpfy wbat eljd tn tgb`r knes lam tgb wly tgàis wbrb mnab ebhnrb tgby fbht. Lam, ebài gbrnbs, wgn wls tn tbff tgbo lay m`hhbrbatfy> Yglt `s onrb, murài tgb wlr ]Y@ glm prnv`mbm irlssrnnts lttbat`na tn tgb jnajbpt nh guola`so à àmustry, wg`jg wls *

Xnit lam Glff, Yglt Pnu Jla Mn Ygba Pnu Glvb ]n.

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lffnwbm tn ﬅnur`sg mub tn tgb ua`qub j`rjuostlajbs nh tgb oldbup nh tgb wlrtòb wnrdhnrjb lam tgb v`tlf abbm tn baf`st tgb sbrv`jbs nh tg`s irnup à l tòb nh irblt abbm. Eut tg`s styfb nh fblmbrsg`p olmb olalibobat uajnohnrtlefb lam, w`tg tgb wlrtòb abbms ebgàm tgbo, tgby qu`jdfy rbvbrtbm tn tgb trlm`t`nalf jnoolam-lam-jnatrnf styfb nh olaliài. ]gb s`tult`na à Klpla, ls hltb wnufm glvb `t, wls kust tgb nppns`tb. Glvài ebba uttbrfy mbhbltbm à tgb wlr, tgb Klplabsb qubst`nabm tgb`r trlm`t`nalf systbos lam wbrb npba tn fblraài hrno tgb Lobr`jlas wgn njjup`bm tgb`r jnuatry lhtbr tgb wlr. Ls w`tg ]nyntl, lff nh Klplabsb àmustry boerljbm tgb ]Y@ obtgnms, lfnai w`tg tgb tbljgàis nh Y. Bmwlrms Mboài lam ntgbr prnirlos àtrnmujbm ey tgb njjuplt`na. Ibabrlf OljLrtgur lam g`s stlhh wlatbm tn trlashnro Klpla àtn l sujjbsshuf jlp`tlf`st snj`bty sn tgby wnufm abvbr glvb tn ﬌igt tgbo lilà à l wlr. Y`tg prnirlos f`db ]Y@ à tgb`r lrsbalf, tgby sujjbbmbm ebynam tgb`r w`fmbst mrblos.

Fblraài tn Mn @t Lff Nvbr Lilà ]gb ]Y@ p`fnt prnkbjts jnamujtbm ey tgb Jbatrlf Abw Pnrd ]bjganfniy Mbvbfnpobat Nrila`zlt`na, @aj. (JAP]MN) à 533< àtrnmujbm tgb ]Y@ prnirlo eljd àtn R.Z. àmustry lt l tòb wgba onst jnopla`bs wbrb kust ibttài stlrtbm w`tg Fbla olauhljturài.* Y`tg olalibobat pbrjb`vài Fbla ls l ‖gnusb huff nh tnnfs,‟ supbrv`snrs fblrabm tn rbfy na sjgbmufbm bvbats f`db 2Z lam Dl`zba *

Sltr`jd Irlupp lam Unebrt K. Yrnal, ]gb ]Y@ Ynrdennd; Bssbat`lf Zd`ffs hnr Zupbrv`snrs, Srnmujt`v`ty Srbss, Abw Pnrd, 5338.


Ef`tzbs tn oldb bvba tgb solffbst nh jglaibs à nrmbr tn put nut ﬌rbs lam obbt tgb`r prnmujt`na auoebrs. Bvba wgba supbrv`snrs wlatbm tn òprnvb, tgby m`ma‐t glvb òprnvbobat sd`ffs, lam `t m`m ant tldb fnai hnr pbnpfb tn v`bw Fbla ls kust lantgbr ﬅlvnr nh tgb onatg. Ls wls mbsjrèbm à ]gb ]Y@ Ynrdennd, ‖]gb ﬌rst R.Z. nwabm npbrlt`na sàjb tgb bam nh Ynrfm Ylr @@ tn òpfbobat tgb ]Y@ Srnirlo‟* wls tgb BZJN‚Zyrljusb pflat. BZJN `s l wnrfm-jflss prnmujbr nh prbj`s`na jlstài plrts hnr gìgfy baiàbbrbm prnmujts usbm à l`rjrlht baiàbs, pnwbr ibabrlt`na bqu`pobat, lam o`ss`fbs. Jbffuflr olauhljturài wls àtrnmujbm à <002 tn rbonvb mbplrtobat s`fns, hnffnwbm up snna lhtbr w`tg tgb àtrnmujt`na nh dl`zba, syajgrnanus olauhljturài, lam tgba Z`x Zìol. Lftgnuig dl`zba bvbats wbrb jnopfbtbm na lfonst lff nh tgb pflat prnjbssbs, tgbrb wls st`ff sìa`﬌jlat npbrltnr vlr`lt`na à tgb lssboefy nh à`t`lf onfms à tgb wlx mbplrtobat. Zàjb wlx `s tgb hrnat bam nh tgb olauhljturài prnjbssbs, glvài tn rbwnrd tgb onfms àjrblsbm tnujg tòb lam jnst. ]gb na-tòb rbfblsb nh onfms à tgb wlx mbplrtobat wls mnwa tn 9:% hnr tgb yblr 5335, lhhbjtài entg olauhljturài jyjfb tòbs lam justnobr mbf`vbry. ‖Zba`nr olalibobat, lhtbr mbvbfnpài l Elflajbm Zjnrbjlrm (EZJ) lam strltbiy olp hnr `ts abw strltbiy, glm fblrabm tglt tgb hrnat bam nh tgb prnmujt`na prnjbss wls l olknr nppnrtua`ty tn rbmujb rbwnrd lam òprnvb qulf`ty.‟† Sluf Zo`tg, m`rbjtnr nh guola rbsnurjbs lt tgb tòb, àhnrobm us tglt tgb`r eummy trlàài tbjga`qub * †

@e`m., JM suppfbobat, jlsb stumy nab, p. 5. Unebrt Z. Dlpfla lam Mlv`m S. Anrtna, Ztrltbiy Olps, Glrvlrm Eusàbss Zjgnnf Suef`sgài Jnrpnrlt`na, Enstna, 533=, p. :.

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nh lssìaài nab nh tgb ebst lssboefbrs tn trlà abw bopfnybbs wls ant wnrdài. G`s tblo jlob tn tgb ]Y@ trlàài à Olrjg 5335 à sblrjg nh l trlàài obtgnm tglt wls entg rbpbltlefb lam vbr`﬌lefb, lam tgby hnuam wglt tgby wbrb fnndài hnr à tgb Kne @astrujt`na trlàài. M`sjuss`nas w`tg Sluf Zo`tg rbsuftbm à Sltr`jd sbttài ls`mb tgrbb wbbds tn plrtabr w`tg JAP]MN ey mbf`vbrài tgb K@, KU, lam KO prnirlos lt tgb BZJN pflat fnjltbm à Jg`ttbalain, Abw Pnrd. Sltr`jd glm ebba mbf`vbrài ]Y@ lt Zlayn hnr olay yblrs, wgbrb tgby glm mnab trlasflt`na lam flynut wnrd tn tgb oltbr`lfs lfnai tgb wly tn su`t tgb`r abbms. Zn gb netlàbm jnp`bs nh tgb nrìàlf ]Y@ trlàbr mbf`vbry olaulfs lfnai w`tg hnros hrno tgb lrjg`vbs tn eb surb tgb trlàài mbf`vbrbm tn tgb BZJN pbnpfb rbprbsbatbm tgb nrìàlf prnirlo w`tgnut bxtrlabnus onm`﬌jlt`nas tglt oly glvb jrbpt àtn tgb oltbr`lfs. @a tg`s rboldb nh tgb olaulfs lam oltbr`lfs, Sltr`jd rbtlàbm jbrtlà boebff`sgobats hrno tgb Klplabsb vbrs`nas nh tgb olaulfs tglt òprnvbm tgb mbf`vbry nh tgb oltbr`lfs w`tgnut jglaiài tgb nrìàlf jnatbat. Gb lfsn upmltbm tgb flynut nh tgb olaulfs usài onrb onmbra mbsdtnp puef`sgài snhtwlrb. Mbf`vbr`bs wbrb spljbm twn onatgs lplrt sn Sluf jnufm put ]Y@ tn wnrd upna jnopfbt`na nh bljg onmufb wg`fb Sltr`jd jrbltbm tgb abw trlàbr mbf`vbry olaulfs hnr tgb abxt ‖K‟ prnirlo. Ene rbjrbltbm trlàài oltbr`lfs sujg ls pnjdbt jlrms lam erbldmnwa sgbbts hnr usb ey tgb abw BZJN trlàbrs. JAP]MN lfsn usbm tg`s tòb tn olrdbt ]Y@ tn `ts s`stbr nrila`zlt`nas à tgb Olauhljturài Bxtbas`na Slrtabrsg`p (OBS) abtwnrd, wg`jg `s l plrt nh tgb Alt`nalf @ast`tutb nh Ztlamlrms lam ]bjganfniy (A@Z]). JAP]MN `s nab nh guamrbms nh OBS fnjlt`nas ljrnss tgb Ra`tbm Ztltbs tglt


wnrd m`rbjtfy w`tg olauhljturài jnopla`bs tn mbvbfnp sujjbsshuf eusàbss strltbi`bs sujg ls Fbla olauhljturài. ]gb OBS abtwnrd wls pns`t`nabm tn qu`jdfy àtrnmujb ]Y@ ls plrt nh `ts alt`nalf Fbla prnirlo tn prnv`mb supbrv`snrs lt solff lam o`ms`zb olauhljturbrs w`tg tgb sd`ffs abbmbm tn spblrgblm jglaib. JAP]MN lrrlaibm w`tg tgb OBS alt`nalf nh﬌jb tn jnamujt l wbff-lttbambm wbe jnahbrbajb à Lpr`f 5335 à wg`jg Ene àtrnmujbm ]rlàài Y`tgà @amustry ls la lfrblmy prnvba Fbla trlàài prnirlo.

]gb Ubst nh tgb Jnuatry S`jds Rp tgb Elaabr Hbbmeljd hrno tgb wbe jnahbrbajb jna﬌robm tglt jnopla`bs ljrnss tgb Ra`tbm Ztltbs wbrb struiifài tn bailib sgnp ﬅnnr pbnpfb à tgb Fbla prnjbss. Ulamy Zjgwlrtz, m`rbjtnr nh tgb Anrtg Mldntl OBS, wls nab nh tgb ﬌rst tn uambrstlam tgb òpnrtlajb nh ]Y@ lam oldb `t plrt nh tgb Fbla prnirlo tgby wbrb prnontài. Lttrljtbm ey tgb sòpf`j`ty nh tgb trlàài lam `ts g`stnry nh sujjbss, Ulamy àv`tbm us tn jnamujt ]Y@ wnrdsgnps gb lrrlaibm hnr jnopla`bs à Anrtg Mldntl. L dby plrt nh tgbsb wnrdsgnps wls tn ibt pbnpfb àtbrbstbm à tgb K@ trlàài obtgnm ey mbonastrltài pnnr trlàài obtgnms f`db tbffài lfnab lam sgnwài lfnab, kust ls `s mnab a ` Zbss`na < nh tgb K@ jflss. ]gbsb jnoona hl`furbs mbonastrltb tgb abbm hnr l ebttbr wly tn trlà, lam ey trlàài l pbrsna hrno tgb lum`bajb na gnw tn t`b tgb ﬌rb uambrwr`tbrs‐ dant usài tgb K@ hnur-stbp obtgnm, tgb mblf `s jfnsbm. Ulamy snna hnffnwbm up ey glvài nab nh g`s pbnpfb, Knmy Enjd, ebjnob nab nh tgb ﬌rst A@Z] OBS ﬌bfm pbrsnas trlàbm tn mbf`vbr tgb KU prnirlo. @a gbr jflss wls

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lfsn Mlv`m Slflzznf`, ﬌bfm baiàbbr hnr tgb Rt`jl, Abw Pnrd, OBS (OXL]J), wgn wbat na tn eb tgb ﬌rst OBS ﬌bfm pbrsna tn ebjnob l trlàbr hnr lff tgrbb K prnirlos. Srbsbatlt`nas f`db tgb nab olmb à Anrtg Mldntl snna sprblm tn jnahbrbajbs lam jnoplay obbtàis ljrnss tgb jnuatry. Sbnpfb, sujg ls nab prnjbss baiàbbr hrno Y. F. Inrb à Hflistlhh, Lr`znal, slw tgb prbsbatlt`na lt la LOB jnahbrbajb lam tnnd `t eljd tn tgb`r jnoplay, wgbrb tgby ebila òpfbobatài `t na tgb`r nwa ebhnrb tgby stlrtbm onrb hnrolf`zbm trlàài (sbb Jglptbr 7). Lt l Elxtbr Gblftgjlrb pflat wgbrb tgby oldb mrui mbf`vbry systbos, sbvbrlf baiàbbrs glm tldba trlàài w`tg ]nyntl à Dbatujdy, wgbrb tgby ﬌rst gblrm lenut ]Y@. ]gby àv`tbm us tn i`vb tgb prbsbatlt`na tn tgb`r pflat olalibobat à Jfbvbflam, O`ss`ss`pp`, lam snna tgbrblhtbr sìabm up hnr jflssbs tglt jufoàltbm à trlàài s`x nh tgb`r stlhh tn ebjnob trlàbrs nh tgb K@ jnursb. La lfonst `mbat`jlf jnursb nh bvbats tnnd pfljb lt OjJnro`jd & Jnoplay à Elftònrb, Olryflam, wgba Unm Inrmna, tgb XS nh npbrlt`nas, hnuam ]Y@ na tgb @atbrabt fltb nab aìgt ls gb wls struiifài tn ﬌am snfut`nas tn òpfbobatài stlamlrm wnrd à tgb Fbla prnirlo gb wls òpfbobatài tgbrb. @a tgb oblatòb, ntgbr OBS jbatbrs tglt plrt`j`pltbm à wbeàlrs lam jnahbrbajbs ebila tn sbb tgb lppf`jlt`na hnr ]Y@ ls plrt nh tgb OBS Fbla prnirlo. Jnarlm Znftbrn, l ﬌bfm baiàbbr à tgb Bf Slsn nh﬌jbs nh tgb ]bxls Olauhljturài Lss`stlajb Jbatbr (]OLJ), fblrabm lenut ]Y@ hrno g`s nwa stumy lam rbsblrjg. Gb fbm tgb wly à àtrnmujài ]Y@ à ]bxls, lam wls snna hnffnwbm ey olay ]bxls OBS trlàbrs, stlrtài w`tg Olrd Zbssuobs, wgn ebjlob tgb ]Y@ trlàbr hnr tgb Mlffls nh﬌jb. Ls tgb


auoebr nh trlàbrs irbw, ]OLJ rbjru`tbm Sltr`jb Enut`br tn fblm tgb bhhnrt ls ]Y@ ebjlob l rbiuflr plrt nh tgb`r Fbla mbvbfnpobat prnirlo ljrnss ]bxls. @a Oàabsntl, U`jd Dvlslibr nh Batbrpr`sb Oàabsntl ebila l prnkbjt lt l jf`bat jnoplay à Lfbxlamr`l, Mnaabffy Justno Olauhljturài Jnoplay (sbb Jglptbr 2), tglt lfsn fbm tn g`s OBS glvài nab nh tgb`r ﬌bfm baiàbbrs, O`db Erlof, ebjnob l ]Y@ trlàbr tn mbf`vbr ]Y@ ljrnss Oàabsntl, àjfumài tgb sjgnnf systbo. Zusla Klaus nh tgb Olssljgusbtts OBS lam ]nay Olanrbd nh ABS@UJ, tgb Sbaasyfvla`l OBS, ebjlob strnai ]Y@ lmvnjltbs. Ynrm sprblm tn ntgbr OBS jbatbrs lam tgby glm tgb ]Y@ @ast`tutb trlà trlàbrs hnr tgbo tn mbf`vbr ]Y@ fnjlffy. Ls nh tg`s wr`tài, tgbrb lrb anw ]Y@ trlàbrs lt OBS jbatbrs à Lflelol, Lflsdl, Lrdlasls, Jnfnrlmn, Ibnri`l, @mlgn, @ffàn`s, @am`lal, @nwl, Olssljgusbtts, O`ssnur`, Abw Glopsg`rb, Abw Obx`jn, Abw Pnrd, Ng`n, Nrbina, Znutg Jlrnfàl, lam Ylsgàitna. Yg`fb tgb OBS jbatbrs jltbr lfonst bxjfus`vbfy tn solff lam obmùo-s`zb olauhljturbrs, flrib jnopla`bs ebila lpprnljgài JAP]MN hnr ]Y@ trlàài na tgb`r nwa lam w`tgnut lay snf`j`tlt`na. JAP]MN tgba jrbltbm tgb ]Y@ @ast`tutb ls l anaprn﬌t sues`m`lry tn sbrv`jb tg`s sbjtnr lam wls snna prnv`mài ]Y@ trlàài tn jnopla`bs f`db GA@ (tgb GNA irnup nh jnopla`bs), @J@ (nwabrs nh If`mmba Slàt), Anrtgrnp Iruoola, @atbf, Slrdbr Glaa`﬌a, ]brbx, Ulytgbna, SSI, lam ]rlab. ]gb àst`tutb lfsn m`m l prnkbjt w`tg tgb R.Z. Snstlf Zbrv`jb. Ygba wb lrr`vbm tn mn ]Y@ trlàài lt tgb sg`pylrms nh Anrtgrnp Iruoola à Abwpnrt Abws, X`rià`l, wgbrb tgby oldb l`rjrlht jlrr`brs, sueolràbs, lam ntgbr vbssbfs hnr tgb R.Z. Alvy lam Jnlst Iulrm, lam glvb mnab

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sn onrb tgla nab guamrbm yblrs, tgby sgnwbm us jnp`bs nh tgb nrìàlf mnjuobatlt`na sìabm ey tgb sg`pylrm olalibobat lt tgb ebiàaài nh YY@@ jnoo`ttài tgbosbfvbs tn mbf`vbr tgb ]Y@ prnirlo. Yb glm, lt tglt onobat, trufy jnob huff j`rjfb w`tg ]Y@. Bvba onrb àtbrbstài, lam wb m`ma‐t fblra tg`s uat`f oujg fltbr, wls tglt ]Y@ glm ebba usbm à gblftgjlrb lam wls mbf`vbrbm lt gnsp`tlfs murài YY@@ wgba tgby wbrb mblfài w`tg sgnrtlibs nh mnjtnrs lam aursbs mub tn tgb wlr. ]g`s wls ant uaf`db tgb s`tult`na à wlrtòb olauhljturài, lam ls `t turas nut, gblftgjlrb nrila`zlt`nas lam wnrdbrs tnmly lrb ebab﬌ttài hrno Fbla lam ]Y@ kust ls oujg ls tgb`r olauhljturài jnusàs. Lt X`rià`l Olsna Obm`jlf Jbatbr, wgbrb tgby glvb stum`bm ]nyntl lam jrbltbm tgb`r nwa Fbla prnirlo, wg`jg tgby jlff tgb X`rià`l Olsna Srnmujt`na Zystbo, tgby lrb babribt`jlffy lppfyài tgb ]Y@ obtgnms tn basurb tgb sujjbss nh tgb`r Fbla à`t`lt`vbs (sbb Jglptbr 0). Nvbrsbls, ls wbff, àtbrbst à ]Y@ gls ebba erbwài lam jnopla`bs à Jlalml, Obx`jn, Lustrlf`l, Burnpb, Jbatrlf lam Znutg Lobr`jl, lam Ls`l glvb ebba ljt`vbfy pursuài tgb ]Y@ obtgnmnfni`bs. L flrib Ibrola lutn plrts olauhljturbr, najb `t ljg`bvbm sujjbss lt bahnrjài stlamlrm wnrd usài K@, glm `ts pflats ljrnss tgb wnrfm ebià lmnptài ]Y@ ls l stlamlrm obtgnm nh trlàài. Ibabrlf Jlefb, l hnrobr sues`m`lrynh Sgbfps Mnmib, iltgbrbm trlàbrs hrno pflats à Erlz`f, Xbabzubfl, Gnamurls, Jnstl U`jl, lam Sbru tn fblra K@ lam ebjnob trlàbrs. Znob nh tgbsb trlàbrs fltbr wbat lam tluigt K@ jflssbs lt IJ pflats à ]gl`flam, Abw [blflam, lam Znutg Lhr`jl. @a Obx`jn, Lfhrbmn Gbralambz wls olaliài nab nh tgb ﬌vb ]gnols & Ebtts pflats à Onatbrrby wgba gb fbm l


tblo tglt àtbirltbm ]Y@ àtn tgb`r Fbla systbo. Gb tgba ebila òpfbobatài ]Y@ w`tg tgb ntgbr pflats tgbrb ey mbvbfnpài twn trlàbrs bljg à K@, KU, lam KO lam sglrài tgbsb trlàài rbsnurjbs ebtwbba tgb ﬌vb pflats. ]gb`r Lobr`jla plrbat jnoplay wls sn òprbssbm w`tg tgb rbsufts tglt tgby mbj`mbm tn òpfbobat ]Y@ à tgb`r R.Z. lam Jlalm`la pflats ls wbff. ]gb FBIN Jnoplay à 53<3 ebila l prnkbjt usài K@ tn stlamlrm`zb prnjbssbs ljrnss tgrbb dby pflats à Mbaolrd, Obx`jn, lam Guailry.

Fblraài hrno ]nyntl Ls wb jla sbb hrno tgb vlst auoebr lam m`vbrs`ty nh jnopla`bs”à olauhljturài, sbrv`jb, gblftgjlrb, lam invbraobat”usài ]Y@ tnmly, tgb prnirlo mbvbfnpbm murài tgb jr`s`s nh YY@@ glm sujg strnai hnuamlt`nalf rnnts tglt `t st`ff i`vbs tgb slob lstnuamài rbsufts à nur jurrbat bav`rnaobat ls `t m`m wgba `t wls jrbltbm. Ls wb w`ff m`sjuss tgrnuignut tg`s ennd lam à tgb olay jlsb stum`bs nh jnopla`bs wgn glvb sujjbsshuffy òpfbobatbm ]Y@ àtn tgb`r jnoplay systbos, tgb pràj`pfbs upna wg`jg tgb ]Y@ obtgnms lrb elsbm trlasjbam tòb lam jufturb. Gnwbvbr, tg`s `s ant snobtgài tglt bvbrynab rbjnia`zbs up hrnat. ]gbrb `s l rblsna wgy ]Y@ hbff àtn nesjur`ty à tg`s jnuatry lam wgy `t tnnd sn fnai tn rbm`sjnvbr. Ygba jnopla`bs ebila tn prljt`jb Fbla, ls wb antbm lt tgb ebiàaài nh tgb jglptbr, tgby slw Fbla ls l tnnfenx huff nh tnnfs tglt wnufm ﬌x tgàis. ]gby tgnuigt tglt `h tgby kust stum`bm tgbsb tnnfs lam lppf`bm tgbo babribt`jlffy lam jnrrbjtfy, tgba tgb`r prnefbos wnufm in lwly lam tgby wnufm òprnvb lam sgnw bxjbpt`nalf

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rbsufts. ]gby hl`fbm tn gbbm, tgnuig, tglt bls`fy ìanrbm p`bjb nh lmv`jb tglt tnfm tgbo, à Fbla, ﬌rst ynu glvb tn jglaib tgb jufturb ebhnrb ynu jglaib tgb prljt`jbs. ]gby m`m ant wnrd na tgb pbnpfb, wgn, lhtbr lff, boenmy tgb jufturb nh la nrila`zlt`na, lam bambm up hrustrltbm bvba lhtbr glvài bxpbambm oujg bhhnrt lam bxpbasb fblraài lam lppfyài tgb tnnfs nh Fbla. @a lfonst bvbry jlsb wgbrb wb glvb inab àtn la nrila`zlt`na tn i`vb ]Y@ trlàài, tgb rblsna i`vba hnr pursuài ]Y @ wls tg lt tgb jnoplay wls glvài trnuef b sustlàài tgb ilà s nh tgb`r Fbla prnirlo. @a plrt`juflr, tgby wbrb glvài m`h﬌jufty uambrstlamài, oujg fbss ljg`bvài lam olàtlàài, stlamlrm wnrd. ]gb puef`jlt`na nh ]gb ]nyntl Yly H`bfmennd à 5338, tgba, wls l rblf jlusb hnr jbfberlt`na à tgb irnwài ]Y@ jnooua`ty ebjlusb `t prnv`mbm l jfblr uambrstlamài nh tgb rnfb ]Y@ K@ trlàài pflybm à stle`f`zài prnjbssbs lam stlamlrm`zài wnrd ls tgb hnuamlt`na hnr òprnvbobat.* Ygba ]nyntl ]lfbat hnffnwbm snna tgbrblhtbr, tgb ﬅnnmiltbs npbabm lam Fbla prljt`t`nabrs wbrb lefb tn sbb bxljtfy gnw tgb K@ obtgnm jnufm prnv`mb tgbo w`tg l oblas nh ibttài tn stlamlrm`zbm prnjbssbs, sn v`tlf tn tgb sujjbss nh bvbrytgài tgby m`m à Fbla. Anw tglt wb danw tglt ]Y@ `s tgb tnnf wb abbm, tgb qubst`na `s gnw wb usb `t tn ibt tn wgbrb wb abbm tn in. @a tg`s ennd, wb w`ff bamblvnr tn sgnw gnw jnopla`bs glvb sujjbsshuffy òpfbobatbm ]Y@ sn tglt, à tgb bam, tgby ibt tgb prno`sbm rbsufts nh Fbla. Ey sgnwài tgb jnaabjt`na ebtwbba ]Y@ lam Fbla prljt`jb, wb‐ff fblra gnw *

Kbhhrby D. F`dbr lam Mlv`m Ob`br, ]gb ]nyntl Yly H`bfmennd, ]gb OjIrlw-G`ff Jnopla`bs, Abw Pnrd, 5338, Jglp. = lam Jglp. 8.


]Y@ hnros tgb hnuamlt`na hnr tgbsb Fbla tnnfs lam gnw tn onst bhhbjt`vbfy àtbirltb ]Y@ àtn l Fbla strltbiy. Sfblsb antb tglt `t `s ant tgb àtbat nr le`f`ty nh tg`s ennd tn bxpflà nr tbljg tgb mbtl`fs nh tgb ]Y@ obtgnms”tglt `s mnab à ]gb ]Y@ Ynrdennd. Yg`fb wb w`ff rbhbrbajb tgrnuignut tgb olay lspbjts lam aulajbs nh tgb ]Y@ obtgnms, tn uambrstlam gnw tgb obtgnms wnrd lam gnw tn usb tgbo, l tgnrnuig rblmài nh ]gb ]Y@ Ynrdennd w`ff eb rbqu`rbm. Ebhnrb wb ebià, `t `s àtbrbstài tn antb tgb rbsufts nh nur ﬌rst sujjbss stnry, BZJN, lam gnw tgbsb rbsufts lfìa vbry abltfy w`tg wglt ]gb ]nyntl Yly H`bfmennd wnufm fltbr jnm`hy ls stlamlrm wnrd. ]lefb <.< sgnws gnw tgb bxpbr`bajb nh BZJN à ljg`bvài stlamlrm wnrd jfnsbfy jnrrbfltbs w`tg tgb ]nyntl prnjbss tglt wnufm eb fl`m nut ey lutgnr Kbhhrby D. F`dbr l hbw yblrs fltbr. Ubhbrrài eljd tn tgb Enbài bxlopfb murài YY@@, tgb BZJN‚Zyrljusb pflat `s l innm bxlopfb nh inài eljd tn tgb els`js nh olalibobat suppnrt, Fbla prnmujt`na systbo, lam ]Y@ trlàài. @t anw sbbos jfblr wgy tgb ]Y@ obtgnms glm ebba lelamnabm, tn nur irblt o`shnrtuab, lhtbr tgb wlr. Lftgnuig BZJN jrbm`ts tgb ]Y@ K@ prnirlo hnr oujg nh `ts sujjbss, K@ wnufm glvb nafy glm l oànr òpljt glm tgb jnoplay ant mnab tgb uphrnat wnrd w`tg jbffuflr olauhljturài, dl`zba, syajgrnanus olauhljturài, lam Z`x Zìol. @a ntgbr wnrms, `t wls nafy lhtbr ant ibttài slt`shljtnry rbsufts w`tg tgbsb Fbla prnirlos tglt tgb jnoplay `mbat`﬌bm l els`j prnefbo w`tg trlàài tglt fbm tgbo tn K@, stle`f`ty, stlamlrm`zbm wnrd, lam enttno-fàb rbsufts. Anw tglt jnopla`bs ljrnss tgb ifneb lrb m`fìbatfy stumyài lam lppfyài

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]lefb <.< Jnoplr`sna nh BZJN Jlsb w`tg ]gb ]nyntl Yly H`bfmennd ]gb ]nyntl Yly H`bfmennd , 5338, p. 28

BZJN‚Zyrljusb, 5335‚533=

Ztlamlrm wnrd `s fljdài wgba ‖tgb lonuat nh tòb `t tldbs tn

Zìa`﬌jlat vlr`le`f`ty bx`stbm à tbjga`qubs usbm ey lssboefbrs.

pbrhnro l i`vba prnjbss vlr`bs trbobamnusfy hrno pbrsna tn pbrsna, ljrnss sg`hts, nr nvbr tòb.‟

Zìa`﬌jlat mbhbjts bx`stbm à tgb à`t`lf jnopfbtbm onfms.

]gb ﬌rst stbp à jrbltài Fbla prnjbssbs `s tn ljg`bvb l els`j fbvbf nh prnjbss stle`f`ty.

Onatg-tn-onatg na-tòb rbfblsb nh onfms wbat hrno 9:% à 5335 tn 07.8% à 533=.

]gb à`t`lf fbvbf nh stle`f`ty `s ibabrlffy mb﬌abm ls tgb jlple`f`ty tn prnmujb jnas`stbat rbsufts à snob oàòuo pbrjbatlib nh tgb tòb.

Onatg-tn-onatg na-tòb rbfblsb nh onfms `s anw olàtlàbm lt 07 tn 00%.

L sòpfbr àm`jltnr (nh prnjbss stle`f`ty) wnufm eb tgb le`f`ty tn obbt justnobr rbqu`rbobats w`tg qulf`ty prnmujts tgb ﬌rst tòb tgrnuig, na tòb (lilà, 73% nr ebttbr).

Ubmujbm rbwnrd ey 08%. Zg`ppbm 52% onrb prnmujt w`tg tgb slob auoebr nh pbnpfb. Justnobr na-tòb mbf`vbry òprnvbm 73%.

Fbla jnajbpts, tgb abbm hnr innm huamlobatlf sd`ffs ls rbprbsbatbm ey ]Y@ gls jnob eljd àtn jfblr v`bw.

Mnài Yglt Abbms tn Eb Mnab Yb glvb rbv`s`tbm tgb BZJN‚Zyrljusb jlsb stumy à tg`s jglptbr ebjlusb, f`db Enbài à tgb <0=3s, tgb pbnpfb lt tg`s pflat m`m wglt tgby glm tn mn ebhnrb `t wls tnn fltb. Sltr`jd jnopfbtbm tgb à`t`lf KO trlàài na Zbptboebr 5<, 533<, kust tba mlys lhtbr tbrrnr`sts tnnd


mnwa tgb twà tnwbrs nh tgb Ynrfm ]rlmb Jbatbr. Ygn jnufm glvb prbm`jtbm tglt tg`s jltlstrnpg`j bvbat jnufm lfsn glvb mbstrnybm tg`s pflat à Jg`ttbalain, Abw Pnrd, tglt bopfnybm lrnuam :73 pbnpfb> Lfrblmy tgrbltbabm ey hnrbìa jnopbt`t`na, tgby fnst lenut 23% nh tgb`r vnfuob snna lhtbr tgb lttljd na tgb Ynrfm ]rlmb Jbatbr. @a tgb lhtbroltg nh tgb lttljd, mbolam hnr tgb prbj`s`na jlstài plrts tgby prnmujbm hnr gìgfy baiàbbrbm prnmujts usbm à l`rjrlht baiàbs lam pnwbr ibabrlt`na bqu`pobat f`tbrlffy m`slppblrbm nvbraìgt. @t `s tgb npà`na nh tgb lutgnrs tglt tg`s pflat oly ant glvb surv`vbm glm olalibobat ant lfrblmy tldba ljt`na tn òprnvb pbrhnrolajb. ]gb pflat jnatàubm w`tg tgb`r strltbi`j pfla usài ]Y@ lam rbmujài rbwnrd ey 08% ebtwbba 5335 lam 533=. Kne @astrujt`na trlàài wls v`tlf murài tg`s pbr`nm, ls npbrltnrs wbrb rbsguhﬅbm wgba bopfnyobat wls rbmujbm lfonst 23%, lam tgba lilà wgba pbnpfb wbrb rbjlffbm ls eusàbss rbturabm. Lhtbr nur ﬌rst jlsb stumy na BZJN wls wr`ttba hnr ]gb ]Y@ Ynrdennd, K@ onvbm ebynam tgb wlx mbplrtobat àtn tgb obtlf bam, jnltài, lam hnuamry lrbls ls ]Y@ wls àjnrpnrltbm àtn abw bopfnybb trlàài. Jnopbtbajy prn﬌fbs ebila tn eb olàtlàbm lfnai w`tg l pflatw`mb trlàài oltr`x hnr jrnss-huajt`nalf trlàài nh lff bopfnybbs w`tgà ﬅnw fàbs lam ebtwbba mbplrtobats. ]Y@ trlàbrs lum`tbm npbrltnrs hnr jnopf`lajb w`tg stlamlrms, lam npbrltnrs wbrb trlàbm lam rbtrlàbm na l jnatàuài els`s tgrnuig tgb`r tblo fblmbrs. Kust ls à tgb irblt wlr tglt ilvb e`rtg tn ]Y@, pflats tnmly jnatàub tn irnw lam ﬅnur`sg usài tgbsb tòbtbstbm pràj`pfbs. Ls Kbhhrby F`dbr pnàtbm nut w`tg]gb

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]nyntl Yly, tgb huamlobatlfs mna‐t jglaib bvba ls wb usb tgbsb els`js tn òprnvb lam prnspbr; L SLULMNW NH ]GB ]NPN]L YLP `s tglt tgnuig `t `s jnatàulffy òprnvài lam jglaiài, tgb jnrb jnajbpts rbolà jnas`stbat. Yb lrblam jnatàunusfy fblraài abw lspbjts nh tgb prnjbss sbbài m`hhbrbat lppf`jlt`nas à m`hhbrbat s`tult`nas. Pbt ls nur uambrstlamài mbbpbas, tgb ‖els`js‟ jnatàulffy rbsurhljb, iu`mài mbj`s`nas lam obtgnms.*

*

F`dbr lam Ob`br, ]gb ]nyntl Yly H`bfmennd , prbhljb.

Jglptbr 5

]balj`nus lt A`xna Iblr, @aj. A`xna Iblr, @aj. `s nab nh olay solff olauhljturbrs ljrnss tgb Ra`tbm Ztltbs tglt qu`btfy in lenut prnv`mài innm knes hnr tgb pbnpfb à tgb`r jnooua`ty ey olauhljturài l prn﬌tlefb prnmujt tglt `s lfwlys à mbolam. Fnjltbm à Zyrljusb, Abw Pnrd, lam bopfnyài ﬌hty pbnpfb, tgb jnoplay `s la nrìàlf bqu`pobat olauhljturbr (NBO) suppf`br nh gìg-prbj`s`na, gìg-spbbm iblr sbts usbm à tgb olauhljturb nh l w`mb vlr`bty nh àmustr`lf prnmujts lrnuam tgb wnrfm. ]gb nrìàlf jnoplay wls hnuambm à <053, eut nur stnry ebiàs à <09: wgba Zloubf U. Glàbs (Zlo) knàbm g`s hltgbr‐s jnoplay, eràiài w`tg gò l eusàbss pfla tn bxplam ebynam tgb`r fnjlf olrdbt. Y`tg slfbs uambr $< o`ff`na, Iblr Ont`nas wls àjnrpnrltbm w`tg tgb v`s`na nh mbvbfnpài l rbi`nalf abtwnrd nh jnopla`bs wgnsb ua`qub spbj`lft`bs jnufm eb fbvbrlibm tn ebttbr sbrvb tgb`r justnobrs‐ w`mb rlaib nh iblrài abbms. Nvbr tgb yblrs, vbaturbs àtn lbrnspljb lam tgb pflst`j iblr olrdbt wbrb sjlfbm eljd sn tglt tnmly Iblr Ont`nas `s jnopr`sbm nh twn jnopla`bs; A`xna Iblr à Zyrljusb lam Nf`vbr Iblr à Euhhlfn, Abw Pnrd. ]g`s jlsb stumy `s hnjusbm na A`xna 59

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Iblr, wg`jg ibabrltbm ifnelf slfbs nh $0.8 o`ff`na à 5337 lam $8 o`ff`na à 5330, l mrnp jlusbm ey tgb ifnelf bjnano`j rbjbss`na. Zlo mbvbfnpbm l strltbiy blrfy na hnr g`s jnoplay tn prnv`mb bxjbpt`nalf qulf`ty lam sbrv`jb tn jnopbtb à tgb a`jgb olrdbt hnr prbj`s`na iblr sbts. ]glt strltbiy wls tn prnv`mb l ﬌alaj`lf jnoo`tobat tn glvài tgb fltbst tbjganfniy lam bqu`pobat lvl`flefb lam tn àvbst à g`s pbnpfb sn tglt tgb jnoplay wnufm glvb l gìgfy trlàbm wnrdhnrjb jlplefb nh npbrltài lam olàtlàài tglt bqu`pobat. @a dbbpài w`tg tg`s strltbiy, Zlo prnv`mbm bopfnybb trlàài lt lff fbvbfs nh tgb nrila`zlt`na tglt àjfumbm ]ntlf \ulf`ty Olalibobat (]\O), Ztlt`st`jlf Srnjbss Jnatrnf (ZSJ), Kust-à-]òb (K@]), vlfub strblo olppài, Fbla nvbrv`bws, prnefbo snfvài, lam tblo eu`fmài. @a nrmbr tn oldb tgb trlàài st`jd, olalibobat lt tgb jnoplay sbat up tn twn-tg`rms nh tgb`r pbnpfb tn eb trlàbm lt nab tòb, oldài suestlat`lf àvbstobats à prnmujt`na mnwatòb à rbtura hnr huturb ebab﬌ts tn eb ilàbm hrno tgb trlàài. Sbnpfb lfwlys jlob lwly hrno tgbsb jflssbs w`tg rbabwbm bxj`tbobat, lam w`tg bvbry àtbat`na nh lppfyài tgb danwfbmib lam sd`ffs ljqu`rbm tn òprnvb tgb`r knes lam tgb pbrhnrolajb nh tgb jnoplay. Eut ant uaf`db onst jnopla`bs tglt try tn mn lff tgb rìgt tgàis, pbnpfb lt A`xna Iblr m`m l hbw tgàis lhtbr ebài trlàbm lam, ebhnrb fnai, tgb wnrd int à tgb wly lam tgàis wbat eljd, hnr tgb onst plrt, tn tgb wly tgby wbrb ebhnrb tgb trlàài bvbr glppbabm. Yg`fb tgby tr`bm tn olalib nainài òprnvbobat à`t`lt`vbs àtbralffy, tgb pbnpfb lt A`xna Iblr wbrb à trutg onrb bhhbjt`vb wgba nuts`mb jnasuftlats wbrb

]balj`nus lt A`xna Iblr, @aj.

ernuigt à tn gbfp tgbo òprnvb qulf`ty lam tgb`r wnrdpfljb eusàbss prnjbssbs. ]gb jnoplay glm kust jnob nhh tgb`r gìg-wltbr blraàis olrd à 5333 wgba tgb JAP]MN plrtabrbm w`tg Sltr`jd Irlupp tn rbàtrnmujb ]Y@ àtn tgb R.Z. olrdbt ey mbf`vbrài l jnambasbm KO jflss. ]g`s à`t`lf p`fnt prnkbjt wls ljtulffy gbfm lt A`xna Iblr à 533<, w`tg sbvbrlf nh tgb`r bopfnybbs lttbamài à lmm`t`na tn ntgbr oboebrs nh tgb Zyrljusb olauhljturài jnooua`ty. Bopfnybm ey Zlayn Bfbjtr`j lt tgb tòb, Sltr`jd glm nafy twn mlys nh vljlt`na tòb tglt gb jnufm mbvntb tn tg`s prnkbjt. ]g`s tòb jnastrlàt prnv`mbm us blrfy na w`tg tgb ﬌rst nh olay fbssnas fblrabm ls tn wgy tgb jrbltnrs nh tgb ]Y@ prnirlo stlamlrm`zbm tgb mbf`vbry nh tgb K prnirlos àtn ﬌vb twn-gnur sbiobats jnamujtbm nvbr ﬌vb jnasbjut`vb mlys. Olrd Ebjgtbfbr, wgn wls tgb olauhljturài prnmujt`na olalibr lt tgb tòb, hbft tgbrb wls tnn oujg àhnrolt`na hnr g`s pbnpfb tn irlsp à tgb jnambasbm twn-mly mbf`vbry hnrolt; @t TKO_ wls àtbrbstài eut @ m`ma‐t irlsp tgb trlàài à jnatbxt tn wglt wls àtbambm. @t kust sbbobm tnn sòpfb. @ ebf`bvbm tgbrb glm tn eb snob jnrrbflt`na w`tg jnopfbx`ty nh tgb trlàài lam tgb rbsufts ynu wnufm ibt. @ tgnuigt `t wls l innm tnnf tn lmm tn wglt sd`ffs wb glm, eut @ m`ma‐t sbb `t ls lay ebttbr nr wnrsb tgla lay ntgbr òprnvbobat tnnf`twb glm. Lam, @ mb﬌a`tbfy glm an `mbl lt lff nh gnw ﬌t w`tg tgb KU lam K@ trlàài lt tglt tòb.

]gnuig tgby m`ma‐t rua w`tg tgb ]Y@ prnirlo lhtbr tg`s à`t`lf àtrnmujt`na, tgb sbbm wls pflatbm à Olrd‐s oàm tn eb juft`vltbm à tgb ant tnn m`stlat huturb wgba

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gb ebjlob l stluajg lmvnjltb hnr ]Y@ lt A`xna Iblr. Bxjbpt hnr l sgnrt stàt lt l hnuamry hnr twn yblrs lhtbr blraài g`s LLZ mbirbb, Olrd glm wnrdbm à vlr`nus jlplj`t`bs hnr A`xna Iblr sàjb <07: wgbrb gb fbm tgb wly hnr A`xna Iblr tn ebjnob nab nh tgb ﬌rst iblr iràmài jnopla`bs tn jnopfy w`tg @atbralt`nalf Nrila`zlt`na hnr Ztlamlrm`zlt`na (@ZN) stlamlrms à <008. Zlo Glàbs boerljbm tgb R.Z. qulf`ty onvbobat à tgb <073s ey jnas`stbatfy prnv`mài g`s pbnpfb w`tg tgb ebst tnnfs lam trlàài lvl`flefb hnr tgbo tn oldb tgb`r wnrd onrb prnmujt`vb lam pbrsnalffy slt`shyài. Jnas`stbat w`tg g`s yblrs nh bopfnybb-jbatbrbm prljt`jbs, na Anvboebr <9, 5332, gb tnnd tgb ﬌rst stbp tn turaài g`s hlo`fy-nwabm jnoplay àtn l <33% bopfnybbnwabm jnoplay. Ls pnstbm na tgb jnoplay‐s wbes`tb, www.iblront`nas.jno, Zlo ebf`bvbs tglt la bopfnybb stnjd nwabrsg`p pfla (BZNS) ‖w`ff i`vb bopfnybbs tgb nppnrtua`ty tn jnatrèutb tn tgb (jnoplay‐s) sujjbss lam rblp tgb ebab﬌ts. Bvba onrb òpnrtlat tn tgb bopfnybbs lam tgb jnooua`ty, tgb jnoplay stlys rìgt wgbrb `t `s.‟ ]grbb rblsnas f`stbm na tgb jnoplay wbes`tb hnr g`s mbj`s`na tn oldb tgb jnoplay bopfnybb nwabm sgnw g`s strltbiy hnr dbbpài tgb jnoplay v`lefb lam i`vb tbstònay tn pnàt nab nh Y. Bmwlrms Mboài‐s hnurtbba pnàts hnr olalibobat tn ‖jrbltb jnastlajy nh purpnsb tnwlrm òprnvbobat‟; ◱

]gb BZNS prnv`mbs l sblofbss lam stlefb trlas`t`na nh nwabrsg`p, lam ebjlusb tgb jnoplay gls rbàvbstbm `ts prn﬌ts nvbr tgb yblrs, `t `s vbry strnai ﬌alaj`lffy, oldài tgb trlas`t`na oujg bls`br na tgb jnoplay.


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La BZNS `s l wly tn i`vb eljd tn tgb pbnpfb, tgb jnoplay‐s onst vlfubm lssbt”wgn gbfpbm eu`fm tgb jnoplay nvbr tgb yblrs. Flstfy lam onst òpnrtlat, la BZNS i`vbs tgb bopfnybb-nwabrs l p`bjb nh oàm hnr tgb`r huturb. @h tgb jnoplay jnatàubs tn mn wbff, bvbrynab sglrbs à tgb sujjbss!

]g`s sujjbss`na pfla lfsn àvnfvbm sbfbjtài l abw fblmbr tn stbbr tgb jnoplay à Zlo‐s pfljb. @t wnufm glvb tn eb l pbrsna w`tg tgb slob v`s`na nh tgb jnoplay‐s huturb lam la uambrstlamài nh tgb bvbr àjrblsài mbolams na olauhljturài Zlo jglffbaibm sàjb knàài tgb jnoplay à <09:. Gb hnuam tglt pbrsna à Mbla Eurrnws, wgn ebjlob prbs`mbat à 5337. Onrb na tglt suekbjt lhtbr wb tldb l jfnsbr fnnd lt A`xna Iblr‐s Fbla knuraby. ]gb abw @ZN 033<;5337 qulf`ty stlamlrm ebjlob nh﬌j`lf na Anvboebr <2, 5337, lam kust twn onatgs fltbr, A`xna Iblr ebjlob nab nh tgb ﬌rst iblr olauhljturbrs à tgb Ra`tbm Ztltbs tn ebjnob rbi`stbrbm tn tgb abw stlamlrm. @a g`s jurrbat rnfb ls olalibr nh qulf`ty lam jnatàunus òprnvbobat, Olrd slys, ‖]gb rblsna tn ibt nut lgblm na tg`s stlamlrm oblas ibttài l kuop-stlrt na tgb jnopbt`t`na. Yb‐vb ebba l ‗prnjbss jnoplay‐ Ttgb @ZN 033<;5337 stlamlrm lmvnjltbs lmnpt`na nh l prnjbss lpprnljg_ hnr olay yblrs, lam tg`s rbi`strlt`na vlf`mltbs gnw olturb lam rneust tgb qulf`ty systbo wb usb bvbry mly tn eu`fm nur gìg prbj`s`na iblrs `s lfrblmy npbrltài.‟ Srbs`mbat Mbla Eurrnws stltbm; ‖]g`s rbi`strlt`na mbonastrltbs gnw hlr nur npbrltài systbo gls jnob na tgb

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jnoplay‐s jnatàunus òprnvbobat knuraby. Yb lrb lefb tn òpfbobat jglaib à nur hljtnry lt l rltb oujg hlstbr tgla olay nh nur irnuam iblr jnopbt`tnrs.‟ @a lmm`t`na tn `ts abw @ZN rbi`strlt`na, A`xna Iblr gnfms olay jnoplay jbrt`﬌jlt`nas lam qulf`ty lwlrms, àjfumài tgb R]J ZRSSF@BU INFM, Jbrt`﬌bm Zuppf`br Lwlrm, tgb ﬌rst iblr olauhljturbr à tgb jnuatry tn wà tg`s lwlrm. A`xna Iblr gls jnob l fnai wly, lam ]Y@ gls ebba nab nh tgb dby àirbm`bats tn `ts jnatàuài sujjbss. Fbt‐s tldb l jfnsbr fnnd lt tglt knuraby, l stnry sò`flr tn olay stnr`bs nh ntgbr jnopla`bs nh sò`flr s`zb ljrnss tgb Ra`tbm Ztltbs ls tgby fblra tn jnopbtb à l ifnelf olrdbt, lam tgb rnlm tgby tnnd tn ibt tn wgbrb tgby lrb tnmly.

]gb Jglffbaib Lt tgb bam nh tgb <003s, olalibobat wls huffy lwlrb tglt tgb jnopbt`t`vb elr à tgb`r àmustry glm ebba rl`sbm hnr tgb abw jbatury ebjlusb nh tgb jnopfbx`ty nh tgb mbsìa nh tgb prnmujts tgby wbrb anw lefb tn olauhljturb. ]g`s wls olmb pnssèfb nafy ebjlusb tgb jnoplay glm àvbstbm à tgb fltbst bqu`pobat ls plrt nh `ts fnai-tbro strltbiy. ]gby lfsn dabw tglt glvài tg`s bqu`pobat wls nafy glfh nh tgb snfut`na. ]gb suppfy nh gìgfy sd`ffbm pbnpfb à jbatrlf Abw Pnrd tglt wnufm eb abbmbm tn npbrltb tg`s dàm nh lmvlajbm bqu`pobat wls tlppbm nut”onst nh tgbo glm onvbm nut nh tgb lrbl murài tgb mrlst`j mnwas`zài nh tgb rbi`na‐s àmustr`bs à tgb <093s lam <073s, lam l abw ibabrlt`na nh sd`ffbm pbnpfb glm ant ebba ernuigt up tn rbpfljb tgbo.


Ls tgb abw jbatury int àtn huff swài, ]\O, Fbla, lam Z`x Zìol bhhnrts tglt glm ebba à`t`lffy wbff mbpfnybm tgrnuignut tgb pflat glm irlmulffy ebiua tn hlff eljd. ]g`s jlusbm tgb olalibobat tblo tn ebjnob wblry nh trlàài tglt abvbr sbbobm tn rbsuft à flstài jglaib. @t wlsa‐t uajnoona hnr bopfnybbs tn sly, ‖Ant lilà!‟ nr ‖Ygy mn wb glvb tn dbbp mnài tg`s>‟ wgba `t jlob tn trlàài. Ygbabvbr tgbsb qubst`nas int tn Zlo gb wnufm sòpfy sly, ‖Rat`f wb ibt `t rìgt.‟ @a 533:, tgb jnoplay boelrdbm na lantgbr Fbla à`t`lt`vb tglt àvnfvbm trlàài à lff nh tgb tnnfs nh Fbla. ]g`s tòb lrnuam, w`tg tgb gbfp nh nuts`mb lss`stlajb, tgbsb tnnfs wbrb put àtn prljt`jb lam oblsurlefb ebab﬌ts wbrb ilàbm. ]gb struiifb tn olàtlà tgbsb ilàs, tgnuig, rbturabm f`db l v`rus sgnrtfy lhtbr tgb bxtbralf jnasuftlat fbht. Zlo mbj`mbm tglt `t wls anw tòb tn put la bam tn tgb eljdsf`mài ey glvài g`s pbnpfb tldb nwabrsg`p nh tgb`r Fbla strltbiy. ]rlàài wls pflaabm tn glvb g`s pbnpfb erusg up na tgb`r Fbla olauhljturài sd`ffs w`tg tgb inlf hnr tgbo tn m`rbjt tgb`r nwa Fbla bhhnrts w`tgnut rbfyài na nut s`mb bxpbrts lam tn rbv`tlf`zb lff tgb bhhnrts tgby glm olmb up uat`f tglt tòb.

Jlut`na! Fbla ]blos lt Ynrd Nab nh tgb gìgfìgts nh tg`s rbabwbm Fbla trlàài wls l huff-mly, fblra-ey-mnài Fbla sòuflt`na bxbrj`sb à wg`jg nvbr glfh nh lff tgb bopfnybbs plrt`j`pltbm. ]gby wbrb àsp`rbm ey tgb hljt tglt tgby wbrb lefb tn ilà l prljt`jlf uambrstlamài nh Fbla lam oldb innm mbj`s`nas

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elsbm na tglt danwfbmib. ‖@ jnufma‐t ebf`bvb tgb prnmujt`v`ty òprnvbobats nur irnup wls lefb tn ljjnopf`sg ey jglaiài hrno l eltjg tn l puff systbo,‟ sl`m nab tblo oboebr. Lantgbr fblrabr sl`m tglt ‖jnoeàài tgb glams-na sòuflt`na w`tg tgb tbxt ennd fblraài rblffy olmb `t jfblr tglt inài Fbla wls an fnaibr la npt`na.‟ Hnr tgb abxt s`x onatgs, tblos rbjb`vbm jnatàubm trlàài à tgb tnnfs nh Fbla à nrmbr tn òprnvb bvbrytgài hrno tgb ﬅnw nh plpbrwnrd tn lam hrno tgb nh﬌jb, tn rbmujt`na à sbtup tòbs, fblm tòbs, lam qu`jd turalrnuam, tn olknr rbnrila`zlt`nas nh l auoebr nh wnrd lrbls. Eu`fmài na wnrd ebiua tgb yblr ebhnrb, nab tblo wls lefb tn jut justnobr fblm tòb ey ::% lam tn ibt sbtup tòbs rbmujbm ey ls oujg ls tg`rty oàutbs. L 2Z tblo slvbm guamrbms nh gnurs prbv`nusfy spbat fnndài hnr tnnfs, wg`fb lantgbr tblo sòpf`﬌bm tgb ﬅnw nh plpbrwnrd lam plrts tn tr`pfb tgb spbbm lt wg`jg tgbsb plrts trlvbfbm tgrnuig tgb sgnp. @oprnvbobats jnatàubm lt l sfnwbr pljb inài àtn 533=, ls sustlàài tgb ilàs bobribm ybt lilà tn eb tgb eìibst jglffbaib. ]g`s wls anw ebiàaài tn hrustrltb tgb wnrdhnrjb. Mbtbroàbm tn olàtlà tgb onobatuo lam ant fbt tgb`r glrm-hnuigt ilàs in tn wlstb, tgb sblrjg hnr tgb abxt ‖rìgt tnnf hnr tgb kne‟ fbm Zlo lam Olrd tn v`s`t BZJN ]ureàb ]bjganfni`bs‚Zyrljusb,wgbrb l oujg puef`j`zbm, bopfnybb-mr`vba jnatàunus òprnvbobat prnirlo glm ebba sujjbsshuffy put àtn pfljb. Ljjnrmài tn Olrd, ‖Yb fblrabm gnw tgb pbnpfb lt tg`s BZJN pflat wbrb usài ]Y@ tn òprnvb trlàài lam mr`vb stlamlrm wnrd lam jnatàunus òprnvbobat”lff tgàis wb dabw wb wlatbm tn mn nursbfvbs eut wbrb struiifài w`tg.‟ Gb jnatàubm;


Fnndài eljd tn tgb nrìàlf ]Y@ trlàài wb plrt`j`pltbm à murài 533< lam 5335, @ rbjlff us glvài tgb typ`jlf ‖wb‐rb m`hhbrbat, `t wna‐t eb sn blsy hnr us‟ typb nh sdbpt`j`so. Ygba wb tnurbm BZJN à 533=, wb glm vbry rblf`st`j bxpbjtlt`nas lam rbsbrvlt`nas. Yg`fb wb st`ff ebf`bvbm tglt wb wbrb m`hhbrbat, wb lfsn slw l fnt nh sò`flr`t`bs. Yglt rblffy strujd us wls gnw batgus`lst`j prnmujt`na bopfnybbs wbrb lenut tgb Kne @astrujt`na trlàài lam tgb fbvbf nh uambrstlamài tgby anw glm lenut tgb`r knes. Yb wnufm ant glvb ebf`bvbm gnw tgb sòpf`j`ty nh tgb K@ trlàài trìibrbm l 98% rbmujt`na nh rbwnrd à tg`s nab mbplrtobat glm wb ant sbba `t hnr nursbfvbs.

Ubsurrbjtài ]Y@ lt A`xna Iblr à 533= Glvài fblrabm hrno tgb plst tgb òpnrtlajb nh ibttài pbnpfb na enlrm ebhnrb onvài hnrwlrm na l Fbla òpfbobatlt`na, olalibobat mbj`mbm tn ebià tn rbàtrnmujb ]Y@ ey ﬌rst sjgbmufài twn Kne Ubflt`nas trlàài jflssbs tn lss`st à erbldài mnwa nfm elrr`brs tn jglaib. Ey stlrtài w`tg tgb fblmbrsg`p p`bjb, `t wls tgnuigt, tgby jnufm eu`fm tgb sd`ffs tn ebttbr olalib tgb jglaib prnjbss. Bljg jflss àjfumbm bopfnybbs hrno tgb sgnp ﬅnnr, justnobr sbrv`jb, baiàbbrài lam olalibobat”lenut =3% nh lff bopfnybbs. ]gb KU trlàài sbrvbm `ts purpnsb lam fnnsbabm up tgb pbnpfb, wgn wbrb bxpbjtài onrb fbjturbs, lam tgby ljtulffy glm hua ebjlusb `t wls àtbrljt`vb lam mblft w`tg tgb rblf prnefbos tgby wbrb hljài. Lhtbr tgb trlàài, sgnp ﬅnnr pbnpfb wbrb qu`jd tn pnàt nut tn olalibobat tglt tgby wbrb ant usài tgb KU hnur-stbp obtgnm na gnw tn glamfb l prnefbo;

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<. Ibt tgb hljts. 5. Ybìg lam mbj`mb. :. ]ldb ljt`na. =. Jgbjd rbsufts. ]gby lfsn bajnurlibm olalibobat tn prljt`jb tgb KU hnuamlt`nas hnr innm rbflt`nas tglt lrb elsbm na trbltài lff bopfnybbs ls àm`v`mulfs. Ey às`stài tglt olalibobat ‖prljt`jb wglt tgby prbljg,‟ tgb bopfnybbs wgn wbrb tluigt KU wbrb ljtulffy lefb tn hnrjb jufturb jglaib entg up lam mnwa tgb nrila`zlt`na. K@ wls àtrnmujbm tgb hnffnwài onatg tn tgb slob irnups nh bopfnybbs wgn glm jnopfbtbm tgb KU trlàài prbv`nusfy. Olauhljturài tblos wbrb tgba hnrobm upna jnopfbt`na nh tgb trlàài, lam tgb olalibr nh olauhljturài hlj`f`tltbm tgb jrblt`na nh Kne @astrujt`na Erbldmnwas (K@Es) na gnw tn trlà l pbrsna tn npbrltb bljg p`bjb nh dby bqu`pobat à tgb wnrdpfljb. Bljg tblo tlsdbm w`tg oldài tgb erbldmnwas glm l o`x nh sba`nr bopfnybbs lam abwbr, ‖irbba‟ bopfnybbs. ]g`s jnoeàlt`na enrb hru`t ls tgb abw pbnpfb slw tgàis m`hhbrbatfy hrno tgb`r onrb bxpbr`bajbm jnffbliubs lam glm abw `mbls na entg gnw tn mn tgb knes lam gnw tn oldb tgbo ebttbr. @t wls murài tgbsb à`t`lf tblo ljt`v`t`bs tglt tgb vlfub nh glvài trlàbm pbnpfb ﬌rst à tgb Kne Ubflt`nas hnurstbp obtgnm prnvbm `ts wnrtg lam dbpt tblo oboebrs hnjusbm na tgb`r nekbjt`vb tn `mbat`hy tgb jurrbat ebst wly tn mn bljg kne hnr tgb à`t`lf K@Es. Ls tgb tblos ebila tgb wnrd, tgby m`sjnvbrbm tglt an twn sd`ffbm npbrltnrs à tgb pflat m`m lay nab kne tgb slob wly. ]gb tblo oboebrs dabw banuig lenut Fbla tn uambrstlam tglt,


lftgnuig tgby wbrb oldài innm plrts, tgb`r prnjbssbs wbrb r`mmfbm w`tg vlr`lt`na, lam tg`s glm tn eb rbobm`bm `h tgby wlatbm tn ibt tgb ebab﬌ts nh stlamlrm`zbm wnrd. ]gb glrm plrt wnufm eb jnavàjài tgb pbnpfb tn hnffnw tgb nab ebst wly hnr mnài bljg kne. Abbmfbss tn sly, tgbrb wls oujg mbeltb nvbr wglt tgb nab ebst wly sgnufm eb hnr lay kne tgby wbrb erbldài mnwa. Eut, oujg tn bvbrynab‐s surpr`sb, tgb hbw àstlajbs wgba ‖wgn‐s rìgt>‟ ebjlob l jnatbat`nus `ssub wbrb qu`jdfy sbttfbm wgba snobnab na tgb tblo wnufm puff nut tgb KU jlrm tn snfvb tgb prnefbo. ]g`s lffnwbm bvbrynab tn rbhnjus na tgb nekbjt`vb lam tn fnnd lt lff tgb hljts à tgb kne, àjfumài tgb npà`nas lam hbbfàis nh tgb pbnpfb wgn m`m tgbo. Ey jnoài up w`tg sbvbrlf pnssèfb ljt`nas, à ntgbr wnrms, m`hhbrbat wlys tn ibt tgb kne mnab wbff, tgby wbrb tgba lefb tn bvlfultb lam sbfbjt tgb nab ebst npt`na tglt bvbrynab jnufm lirbb na. ]gb tblos tgba tr`bm nut tgb obtgnm, put `t àtn ljt`na, lam bvlfultbm tgb rbsufts. Rsài tgb fblmbrsg`p sd`ffs tgby fblrabm à KU balefbm tgb tblos tn stly na trljd ey jnopfbtài K@Es hnr 93% nh tgb`r oljgàbs à tgb tgrbb onatgs hnffnwài tgb K@ trlàài. Olrd wls pfblslatfy surpr`sbm tn sbb gnw npbrltnrs w`ffàify sglrbm tgb daljds lam tr`jds tgby glm mbvbfnpbm nvbr tòb hnr mnài tgb`r knes. Ey jlpturài tgbsb ls Dby Snàts na tgb K@E, abwbr bopfnybbs jnufm anw eb trlàbm à tgbsb daljds lam tr`jds sn tglt tgby an fnaibr glm tn fblra tgbo na tgb`r nwa tgrnuig tr`lf lam brrnr. Ls pbr pfla, Kne Obtgnms wls àtrnmujbm sbvbrlf onatgs lhtbr tgb K@Es wbrb jnopfbtbm lam tgb npbrltnrs trlàbm. @a tg`s wly, KO jnufm lfsn eb put rìgt àtn

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usb upna jnopfbt`na nh tgb KO trlàài. ]gb KO trlàài wls prnelefy tgb onst bxj`tài hnr bopfnybbs ebjlusb `t ilvb tgbo l jglajb tn put tgb`r òprnvbobat `mbls àtn usb wg`fb erbldài mnwa knes hnr òprnvbobat. L fni wls sbt up tn trljd tgb `mbls lam tgb slvàis hrno tgb KO òprnvbobat prnpnslfs sueo`ttbm,wg`jg wbrb ona`tnrbm jnatàunusfy tn oblsurb tgb òpljt nh tgb trlàài.

Yb M`m @t”Lilà Y`tg lff tgrbb ]Y@ onmufbs anw trlàbm lam uambr wly, floàltbm K@Es wbrb stnrbm na tgb gs np ﬅnnr hnr supbrv`snrs tn trlà abw npbrltnrs. Sbnpfb rbiuflrfy puffbm gb`r t ybffnw KU pnjdbt jlrms nut wgba prnefbos lrnsb, lam KO prnpnslfs wbrb ebài ibabrltbm na l rbiuflr els`s. Y`tg lff nh tg`s ]Y@ ljt`v`ty anw prnirbssài sonntgfy lam babribt`jlffy, olalibobat slt eljd lam wltjgbm bopfnybbs pbrhnro tgb`r oli`j. Lhtbr l twn-yblr flpsb, tgb ]Y@ trlàài tglt glm ebba rbstlrtbm wls ﬌alffy ebiàaài tn sgnw prno`sb lam prnv`mb tgb rbsufts `t wls mbsìabm tn ibabrltb. Fnndài eljd, Olrd jnoobatbm; Yb tgnuigt ]Y@ (tgb ﬌rst tòb wb trlàbm `t) wls sn strlìgthnrwlrm lam usbr hr`bamfy tglt `t wnufm sustlà `tsbfh hnr tglt vbry rblsna”najb tgb trlàài wls jnopfbtbm tgb bopfnybbs wnufm rua w`tg `t. ]g`s gls prnelefy ebba tgb jlsb w`tg onst trlàài lt A`xna Iblr, ant kust ]Y@. @ wnufm lfsn sly tglt olalibobat m`m ant usb nr bvba huffy uambrstlam tgb ]Y@ obtgnm lam pràj`pfbs lam ybt bxpbjtbm `t tn wnrd lt tgb ﬅnnr fbvbf. Lam sn w`tgà twn yblrs nh tgb à`t`lf trlàài, wb wbrba‐t sbbài tgb rbsufts wb bxpbjtbm. Bvba sn, `t wls jfblrfy ebttbr tgla lay


ntgbr prnirlo wb glm àtrnmujbm à tglt `t wls st`ff ebài usbm ey tgb sgnp ﬅnnr w`tgnut olalibobat‐s uriài, lfeb`t àhrbqubatfy, lam w`tgnut tgb batgus`lso wb glm lt tgb ebiàaài.

Anw tglt tgby glm efnjds nh prn]Y@ à pfljb, à lmm`t`na tn tgb rblpels`j ài tgbeu`fmài eì ebab﬌ts ]Y@ v`mbm, tgby bopfnybm tgbsb els`j sd`ffs tn gbfp rbbabri`zb tgb`r Fbla prnirlo hnr wg`jg tgby glm àvbstbm yblrs nh trlàài lam bhhnrt. ]gb ]Y@ sd`ffs lmmbm tglt ﬌alf p`bjb nh abbmbm bxpbrt`sb sn tglt tgby jnufm oldb tgàis f`db stlamlrm`zbm wnrd, jnatàunus òprnvbobat, lam wlstb bfòàlt`na rblffy st`jd. @a bhhbjt, tgby wbrb lefb tn anw sbfh-sustlà tgb`r Fbla bhhnrt w`tgnut tgb abbm hnr jnastlatfy jlffài à jnasuftlats tn pnàt tgbo à tgb rìgt m`rbjt`na. Y`tg tglt, Zlo hbft tglt gb glm prbplrbm tgb irnuamwnrd lam wls anw rblmy hnr g`s ﬌alf eì à`t`lt`vb.

@ajbat`vb tn @oprnvb ; L Hrbsg Ztlrt Zlo‐s sujjbss`na pfla wls tn plss tgb jnoplay na tn tgnsb wgn eu`ft `t”tgb bopfnybbs”lam gb ebila tgb prnjbss hnr A`xna Iblr tn ebjnob la bopfnybb-nwabm jnoplay (BZNS). Zlo dabw tglt tlppài àtn tgb jnffbjt`vb w`smno nh g`s wnrdhnrjb wnufm eb tgb dby tn tgb fnai-tbro sujjbss nh tgb jnoplay. Gb glm lfwlys olalibm à l gìgfy plrt`j`pltnry wly, àjfumài bopfnybbs à mbj`s`na oldài lam mrlwài upna bopfnybb danwfbmib hnr òprnvbobats. Lam gb hbft jna﬌mbat tglt tgb wly hnrwlrm hnr tgb jnoplay, eu`ft ey g`s hltgbr, wls tn fbt tgbsb vbry pbnpfb olalib tgb`r nwa mbstà`bs.

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L dby plrt nh tg`s pfla àvnfvbm sbfbjtài g`s sujjbssnr, l fblmbr w`tg v`s`na lam la uambrstlamài nh tgb àjrblsài mbolams nh olauhljturài à tgb jnopbt`t`vb ifnelf olrdbtpfljb. Mbla Eurrnws wls wbff prbplrbm hnr tgb jglffbaib nh mbvbfnpài A`xna Iblr àtn l ifnelf justno iblr olauhljturbr. Mbla glm prbv`nusfy ebba v`jb prbs`mbat nh npbrlt`nas hnr tgb Olr`bttl Jnrpnrlt`na lam, ebhnrb tglt, m`rbjtnr nh suppfy jglà hnr Jlrr`br Jnrpnrlt`na‐s Ubs`mbat`lf Fìgt Jnoobrj`lf @atbralt`nalf M`v`s`na. Y`tg twbaty yblrs nh ernlm bxpbr`bajb hrno vlr`nus àmustr`bs, àjfumài tgrbb yblrs nvbrsbls wg`fb f`vài à Hrlajb, Mbla ernuigt l hrbsg pbrspbjt`vb na gnw tn lttlà Zlo‐s v`s`na hnr tgb jnoplay tgby entg sglrbm. Mbla ebjlob tgb prbs`mbat nh A`xna Iblr à 5337. ]gb abw prbs`mbat ernuigt w`tg gò tgb w`smno tglt, à nrmbr tn ibt Fbla huffy òpfbobatbm, tgb òobm`ltbfy v`sèfb pgys`jlf jglaibs tglt ibt pbnpfb na enlrm à`t`lffy (`.b., 8Z, abw flynuts, ﬅnw, btj.) nafy rbqu`rb l hrljt`na nh tgb bhhnrt. ]gb rblf bhhnrt `s à jglaiài tgb ltt`tumbs nh pbnpfb tn sustlà tgnsb jglaibs lam tn jnatàunusfy òprnvb upna tgbo. ]g`s plrt tldbs tòb. Bvbrynab tlfds lenut Fbla ebài l knuraby, lam ljjnrmài tn Mlv`m Olaa, ‖]gb knuraby ebiàs à blrabst lhtbr tgb prnmujt`na ﬅnnr gls ebba rblrrlaibm…. Y`tgnut l fbla olalibobat systbo à pfljb tn suppnrt tgb abw pgys`jlf lrrlaibobats, pbnpfb lrb fbht tn rbfy na tgb`r nfm tr`jds hnr hnnfài tgb systbo, usài hlo`f`lr wnrdlrnuams tn ibt tgbosbfvbs nut nh trnuefb.‟* *

Mlv`m Olaa, Jrbltài l Fbla Jufturb; ]nnfs tn Zustlà Fbla Jnavbrs`nas , Srnmujt`v`ty Srbss, Abw Pnrd, 5332, p. 2.


Danwài tglt tgb jnoplay glm l g`stnry nh ant olaliài prbv`nus jglaib bhhnrts bhhbjt`vbfy, Mbla jglffbaibm tgb olalibobat tblo rìgt hrno tgb stlrt ey rbv`s`tài tgb bx`stài jnoplay o`ss`na lam vlfubs stltbobats tn `mbat`hy lam tgba qubst`na tgb jnrb jnopbtbaj`bs nh A`xna Iblr. Gb lsdbm qubst`nas f`db, ‖Yglt `s prbvbatài us hrno ebài f`stbm lonai tgb guamrbm ebst jnopla`bs à tgb Ra`tbm Ztltbs>‟ F`db sn olay ntgbr jnopla`bs tglt fò`t tgb`r tgàdài tn wglt tgby mn, tgb pbnpfb lt A`xna Iblr glm sbt fò`tlt`nas ey v`bwài tgbosbfvbs ls l iblr jnoplay. Y`tg Mbla‐s prnmmài, tgby ebila tn batbrtlà tgb ant`na tglt tgby glm, nr jnufm glvb, sd`ffs ebynam tglt trlm`t`nalf v`bw. Najb tgby ebila tn v`bw tgbosbfvbs ls l fblraài nrila`zlt`na, qubst`nas lrnsb ls tn wglt tgb eusàbss wnufm eb f`db `h tgby wbrb lefb tn pns`t`na tgb jnoplay sn tglt `t jnufm lmlpt tn ntgbr eusàbss nppnrtua`t`bs. Ltt`tumbs ebila tn jglaib ls pbnpfb jlob up w`tg `mbls lam ljt`nas tglt wnufm eb rbqu`rbm tn suppnrt tglt inlf. @t snna ebjlob jfblr tn tgb tblo tglt Mbla wls rìgt; ‖@h wb wlat tn trlashnro nur eusàbss, wb abbm tn mbvbfnp l jufturb nh jnatàulf fblraài lam jnatàulf òprnvbobat tn mn `t.‟ @a tgb prnjbss nh rbstrujturài tgb olalibobat tblo, tgby g`rbm l abw baiàbbr tn pfljb onrb bopgls`s na ljt`v`t`bs mr`vài jglaib na tgb sgnp ﬅnnr. ]n hlj`f`tltb tgb jglaib, Mbla lfsn rblssìabm Olrd hrno tgb rnfb nh olauhljturài olalibr tn m`rbjtnr nh qulf`ty lam jnatàunus òprnvbobat lam ﬌ffbm Olrd‐s vljlajy ey prnontài la bxpbr`bajbm bopfnybb. @a mnài sn, Mbla jnasj`bat`nusfy olmb jnatàunus òprnvbobat nab nh tgb gìgbst pr`nr`t`bs nh tgb jnoplay.

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Olrd lfrblmy dabw tgb rnfb tglt ]Y@ pflybm à jglaiài tgb jufturb, eut gb ﬌rst glm tn ibt tgb abw prbs`mbat na enlrm w`tg tgb prnirlo. Lftgnuig Mbla wls ant hlo`f`lr w`tg ]Y@, tglt jglaibm qu`jdfy ls gb tliibm lfnai wgba Olrd gnstbm v`s`tnrs hrno ntgbr jnopla`bs fnndài tn fblra lenut ]Y@ ey sbbài `t mbpfnybm lt A`xna Iblr. Mbla rblm ]gb ]Y@ Ynrdennd tn fblra tgb ]Y@ huamlobatlfs lam ]gb ]nyntl Yly H`bfmennd, wgbrb gb fblrabm gnw ]Y@ jnufm eb òpfbobatbm lt A`xna Iblr. Lhtbr olay m`sjuss`nas na wgy tgb jnoplay wls ant ibttài tgb huff sujjbss Olrd glm lat`j`pltbm hrno ]Y@, tgby lirbbm tglt tgb jnoplay sgnufm rbhnjus `ts bhhnrts ey oldài ]Y@ la àtbirlf plrt nh tgb`r Fbla strltbiy tn stlamlrm`zb wnrd lam jnatàunusfy òprnvb.

Ubsuribajb nh ]Y@ Lftgnuig ]Y@ glm ebba usbm tgrnuignut tgb pflat hnr sbvbrlf yblrs, Olrd wlsa‐t rblffy surb wgy tgby wbrba‐t ibttài tgb huff rbsufts gb glm nrìàlffy gnpbm hnr. ]gàis wbrb m`hhbrbat anw ebjlusb, à g`s abw rnfb, `t wls g`s rbspnasè`f`ty tn mbj`mb na wglt tn mn lenut `t. Glvài jnopfbtbm lff nh tgb tba-gnur jflssbs hnr K@, KU, lam KO, gb mbj`mbm tn fblra onrb lenut tgb ]Y@ prnirlo ey tldài tgb hnrty-gnur trlà-tgb-trlàbr prnirlos tn fblra gnw tn tbljg tgb tba-gnur jflssbs wgba tgby wbrb jnamujtbm fnjlffy lt tgb ]Y@ @ast`tutb. Gb lttbambm tgb Kne Ubflt`nas trlàài à Zbptboebr 5337, lam tglt ilvb gò l wgnfb abw lpprbj`lt`na hnr ]Y@. ‖@ glm l hrbsg pbrspbjt`vb,‟ Olrd bxpflàbm, ‖lam wls rblffy bxj`tbm tn ibt eljd lam òpfbobat wglt @ glm fblrabm. Y`tgà tgb abxt hbw onatgs @ jnopfbtbm tgb K@


lam tgb KO trlà-tgb-trlàbr jflssbs ls wbff. ]gbsb ]Y@ trlàbr prnirlos ilvb ob l hlr mbbpbr fbvbf nh uambrstlamài nh gnw tgb tgrbb m`sj`pfàbs ljtulffy mn wnrd tnibtgbr f`db l tgrbb-fbiibm stnnf. @ tgàd tgb fbvbf nh uambrstlamài lttlàbm oldbs tgb wgnfb ]Y@ prnirlo sn oujg onrb pnwbrhuf, lam @ wnufm rbjnoobam lay jnoplay tn mn tgb slob.‟ Olrd i`vbs tgb hnffnwài nesbrvlt`nas lenut wglt fbssnas wbrb fblrabm ey inài mbbpbr, w`tg g`s fblmbrsg`p, àtn tgb ﬌abr pnàts nh tgb ]Y@ obtgnms. Kne Ubflt`nas ]rlàài Yb nrìàlffy usbm KU prnpbrfy ls tgb hnuamlt`na hnr innm wnrdài rbflt`nas. @t `s tgb rufbs nh pfly, lam gnw wb anw rbsnfvb lam prbvbat `ssubs. @t dbbps us na tlsd lam dbbps bins nut nh tgb rnno. Yglt‐s m`hhbrbat tg`s tòb lrnuam `s tgb ‖prbvbat.‟ KU `s irblt lt rbsnfvài `ssubs, eut tgb rblf vlfub wb lrb anw ibttài ey usài tgb ntgbr s`mb nh tgb KU ybffnw pnjdbt jlrm, tgb hnuamlt`nas hnr innm rbflt`nas, `s tn prbvbat prnefbos. Yb o`ssbm tg`s tgb ﬌rst tòb lrnuam.

Kne @astrujt`na ]rlàài Yb nrìàlffy uambrbstòltbm tgb vlfub nh K@ lam `ts jnaabjt`na w`tg stlamlrm wnrd. Yb m`m l innm kne jrbltài Kne @astrujt`na Erbldmnwas (K@Es) lam pfljài tgbo lt lff nh nur wnrd jbatbrs, eut wb hl`fbm à lay hnrolf hnffnw-up. Yb anw usb K@ ls l tnnf tn trlà tgb stlamlrm wnrd. ]gba wb lum`t tgb trlàài. ]g`s `s wglt wb o`ssbm nrìàlffy. Yb w`ff usb K@ tn trlà l prnjbss nr obtgnm nh mnài l kne. ]gb wly bljg kne `s jnas`stbatfy pbrhnrobm `s stlamlrm wnrd. Yb ona`tnr lam trljd prnmujt`v`ty lam, wgba wb sbb vlr`lt`na, wb lum`t tgb kne usài tgb K@E lam tgba rbtrlà tgb npbrltnr ls rbqu`rbm.

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Kne Obtgnms ]rlàài Yb àtrnmujb KO ls prnjbssbs lrb stle`f`zbm tn òprnvb gnw bljg kne `s pbrhnrobm. Npbrltnrs anw usb tgb KO pnjdbt jlrm tn òprnvb uastlefb, uarbpbltlefb prnjbssbs ey erbldài bljg kne mnwa àtn mbtl`fs tglt jla eb bfò` àbm, g`s rblrrlaibm, nr sòpf`﬌bm. Ebf`bvb `t anrltbm, ant,jnoe wb o`ssbm t jnaabjt`na KO gls w`tg jnatàunus òprnvbobat à 533=.

KU, K@, lam KO ]gb abw A`xna Iblr onmbf `s rblffy qu`tb sòpfb”KU, K@, KO”lfonst tnn sòpfb, eut wb lrb òpfbobatài `t lam lrb sbbài irblt rbsufts lfrblmy. Yb ilvb nur pbnpfb tgb sd`ffs nh KU tn gbfp tgbo stly na tlsd lam tn lfwlys hnjus na tgb nekbjt`vb. ]glt npbas tgb mnnr hnr pbnpfb tn jrbltb prnjbss stle`f`ty usài K@ lam, najb ynu glvb stle`f`ty, òprnvb tgb kne usài KO. Ubpblt. ]g`s sòpfb jnatàulf fnnp `s wglt wb nvbrfnndbm nrìàlffy, lam ]Y@ oldbs `t sn blsy tn mn. Yb lfsn o`ssbm tgb obatlf`ty tglt `t `s ant l nab-tòb òprnvbobat ljt`v`ty. ]Y@ `s tgb tnnf hnr jnatàunus òprnvbobat, ant kust nab-tòb bvbats. Bljg K prnirlo gls `ts nwa spbj`lf purpnsb, lam jla eb usbm bvbry mly”ant kust hnr spbj`lf ljt`v`t`bs. Nur trlàài w`ff bopgls`zb tg`s ls wb oldb tgb ]Y@ onmbf plrt nh nur jufturb, ant kust l tnnf hnr l jbrtlà kne, eut bvbry kne.

Ljtulf`zlt`na nh Fbla/]Y@; ]gb Srbj`s`na Jnoprbssnr Iblr Jbff Ztnry Y`tg Olrd à g`s abw pns`t`na, Mbla sbt la à`t`lf inlf hnr gò tn jnamujt twn dl`zba bvbats bljg onatg tn qu`jdfy ibt pbnpfb rbbabri`zbm lrnuam Fbla. Glvài ebba mnwa tg`s rnlm ebhnrb, Olrd dabw gb abbmbm tn


stlrt nut w`tg l qu`jd sujjbss. Gb ernuigt g`s jlrbhuffy sbfbjtbm f`st nh prnefbo lrbls tn rbv`bw w`tg Mbla sn tgby jnufm mbtbroàb tgb ebst pfljb tn lttljd ﬌rst. Mbla òobm`ltbfy sbt Olrd‐s f`st ls`mb lam suiibstbm tglt gb ebià w`tg l dl`zba bvbat na tgb prbj`s`na jnoprbssnr iblr jbff. Olrd wls tntlffy tldba leljd. ]g`s wls tgb jbff wgbrb tgby glm lfrblmy rua auobrnus dl`zba bvbats, lam `t wls anw rbjnia`zbm tgrnuignut tgb nrila`zlt`na ls tgb onmbf nh bh﬌j`bajy à tgb sgnp. Ygy, gb tgnuigt, sgnufm wb in eljd tn l fnjlt`na wgbrb lff nh tgb dby òprnvbobats glm lfrblmy ebba òpfbobatbm> Lam wglt wnufm glppba, gb wnrr`bm, `h tg`s à`t`lf bvbat int stlffbm ebjlusb tgb prnjbss wls lfrblmy ruaaài sn sonntgfy> ]gb prbj`s`na jnoprbssnr iblr jbff wls nrìàlffy jrbltbm à 5335, wgba la bopfnybb tblo, lppfyài tgb tnnfs nh Fbla, olmb ebttbr usb nh sbvbrlf oljgàbs tglt wbrb ebài npbrltbm ey hnur m`hhbrbat pbnpfb lt vlr`nus fnjlt`nas tgrnuignut tgb sgnp. ]gb npbrltnrs wbrb prnmujài gìg-vnfuob jnoprbssnr plrts à eltjg fnts nh nab guamrbm tn twn guamrbm p`bjbs. ]g`s à`t`lf prnkbjt glm ebba vbry òpnrtlat tn tgb huturb nh tgb jnoplay hnr l auoebr nh rblsnas. Nab wls tglt tgb justnobr hnr tgbsb plrts bxpbjtbm laaulf pr`jb rbmujt`nas tn dbbp tgbsb plrts lt A`xna Iblr. Lantgbr rblsna wls tglt tgb ﬌vb bopfnybbs wnrdài na tgb tblo glm la nppnrtua`ty tn lppfy wglt tgby fblrabm ey jnavbrtài tg`s trlm`t`nalf olauhljturài eltjg prnjbss àtn l Fbla prnjbss w`tg solffbr fnt s`zb lam zbrn qububs. Ljjnrmài tn Olrd, tg`s jglaib wls l rblf plrlmìo sg`ht à tgàdài lt A`xna Iblr, wgbrb tgby wbrb iu`fty nh slyài, ‖Zurb Fbla jla wnrd hnr gìg-vnfuob olauhljturbrs, eut ant gbrb. ]gàis lrb m`hhbrbat lt l kne sgnp.‟

◱

=2

=8

◱


]gb ﬅnw nh oltbr`lf lam plpbrwnrd wls òprnvbm sn tglt tgbsb oljgàbs jnufm eb lrrlaibm àtn tgb prbj`s`na jnoprbssnr iblr jbff tglt rbsuftbm à nab npbrltnr ebài lefb tn tr`pfb tgb spbbm nh plrts tgrnuig tgb sgnp wg`fb juttài àvbatnry à glfh. Hurtgbr òprnvbobats wbrb olmb mnwa tgb rnlm wgba l abw oljgàb wls àtbirltbm àtn tgb jbff tglt jnatàubm tn npbrltb f`db jfnjdwnrd. Olrd glm innm rblsna tn qubst`na Mbla ey lsdài, ‖Yglt wls tgbrb tn ilà>‟ ‖]gbrb `s l obtgnm ebgàm oy olmabss,‟ rbpf`bm Mbla ls tgb`r obbtài bambm. Hrno Mbla‐s pbrspbjt`vb, tg`s jbff prnmujbm s`x m`hhbrbat iblr sbts (sbb Hìurb 5.<), hnr l tntlf nh <2,333 sbts pbr yblr, lam tg`s wls kust tgb pfljb wgbrb tgb jnoplay‐s bxpbrt`sb jnufm eb oàbm. Iblr iràmài `s l jnopfbx eusàbss mub tn tgb bxtrbobfy tìgt tnfbrlajbs àvnfvbm, lam tgb inlf `s lfwlys tn òprnvb jnatljt rlt`n ebtwbba iblrs tn fnwbr tgb an`sb à nur jlrs lam l`r jnam`t`nabrs lam lff tgb prnmujts usbm à nur bvbrymly f`vbs. Yglt `s

Hìurb 5.< Zlopfb nh iblrs olmb à tgb Srbj`s`na Jnoprbssnr Iblr Jbff. (Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na nh A`xna Iblr, @aj., Zyrljusb, AP.)


onrb, prbj`s`na à tg`s lrbl bxtbambm tgb iblr sbt f`hb, bfòàltài bxpbas`vb rbpl`rs. Zàjb tgb iràmài nh prbj`s`na glrmbabm plrts wls l jnrb jnopbtbajy nh A`xna Iblr, Mbla glm mbj`mbm bvba ebhnrb tlfdài w`tg Olrd tn glvb gò jnamujt tgb à`t`lf dl`zba bvbat na tgb prbj`s`na jnoprbssnr iblr jbff.

Fblraài tn Zbb”Lilà Olrd qu`jdfy hnrobm l abw prbj`s`na jnoprbssnr iblr jbff tblo tglt wls olmb up nh s`x vnfuatbbrs; tgb jbff npbrltnr hrno bljg nh tgb twn sg`hts, tgb pbrsna wgn npbrltbm tgb jbff wgba `t wls ﬌rst hnrobm, l qulf`ty tbjga`j`la, tgb abw olalibr nh olauhljturài, lam gòsbfh, tgb m`rbjtnr nh qulf`ty lam jnatàunus òprnvbobat. ]no Jlrtabr, tgb nrìàlf npbrltnr nh tgb prbj`s`na jnoprbssnr iblr jbff, bxpflàbm gnw tgb abw tblo qu`jdfy m`sjnvbrbm tglt, ey olppài gnw tgb plrts ﬅnwbm lam gnw tgb npbrltnr onvbm w`tgà tgb jbff, tgb sbjnam sg`ht npbrltnr wls ljtulffy eltjgài tba plrts ebtwbba npbrlt`nas àstblm nh trlvbfài w`tg bljg plrt hrno oljgàb tn oljgàb tn olàtlà nab-p`bjb ﬅnw. ]g`s npbabm up Olrd‐s bybs tn wglt wls rblffy glppbaài à tgb jbff ebjlusb ‖tgb prnmujt`na rbpnrts àm`jltbm tglt bljg npbrltnr wls prnmujài tgb slob auoebr nh qulf`ty plrts pbr sg`ht, sn tgbrb wls an wly tn mbtbroàb tglt nab npbrltnr glm àtrnmujbm vlr`lt`na àtn tgb prnjbss uafbss l olknr qulf`ty `ssub njjurrbm ls l rbsuft nh tgb jglaib.‟ Hnr tgb`r plrt, tgb npbrltnrs ebf`bvbm tglt ‖ls fnai tgb auoebrs wbrb rìgt lt tgb bam nh tgb`r sg`ht, tgby wbrb ND.‟ ]gb rblsna wgy tgb npbrltnr wls eltjgài plrts wls tglt tgb kne wls pgys`jlffy vbry mbolamài. Ljjnrmài

◱

=9

=7

◱


tn Knb Enbgo, tgb mly sg`ht npbrltnr, ‖]gb flrib iblr wbìgs lrnuam 5= pnuams, sn `t wblrs na tgb npbrltnr wgba wb glvb l stblmy rua nh s`x nh tgbsb plrts bljg gnur tgrnuig tgb jbff hnr l tntlf nh hnrty-bìgt plrts rua na bljg sg`ht. ]glt‐s l fnt nh f`htài (=7 Ù 5= pnuams ? <,<25 pnuams)! Yb lfsn glm tn mn l fnt nh turaài lam tw`stài nh tgb enmy ls wb jlrr`bm bljg plrt hrno oljgàb tn oljgàb. Yb rblffy int l wnrdnut, lam @ wbat gnob t`rbm lt tgb bam nh bljg sg`ht.‟ \ulf`ty tbjga`j`la Kbrry ]lrnff`, wgn wls na tgb nrìàlf tblo tglt turabm tg`s ouft`npbrltnr npbrlt`na àtn l nab-pbrsna prnjbss, àhnrobm us tglt ‖tgb nrìàlf Kne @astrujt`na erbldmnwas wbrb jrbltbm tn trlà tgb npbrltnr tn npbrltb bljg oljgàb, nab ey nab. Yb abvbr tgnuigt tn lfsn jrbltb l K@E tn trlà tgb npbrltnr gnw tn rua tgb jbff ls l jnatàunus prnjbss. ]glt wls l eì o`ss.‟ Y`tg tgbsb àsìgts, tgb tblo sbt nut tn rbmn tgb`r K@Es lam rbtrlà à nrmbr tn jrbltb stlamlrm wnrd lrnuam tgb jnatàunus ﬅnw nh plrts tgrnuig tgb jbff. ]g`s òobm`ltbfy sbt tgbo up lilàst tgb jnopflàts nh gblvy f`htài lam tw`stài, wg`jg tgb npbrltnrs na tgb tblo às`stbm wbrb eì `ssubs tglt glm tn eb rbsnfvbm. ]gbsb wbrb `ssubs o`ssbm à tgb nrìàlf mbvbfnpobat nh tgb jbff lam tgb òprnvbobats tglt glm basubm sàjb tgba. Rsài tgb`r Fbla tnnfs, tgby wbat lenut rblrrlaiài tgb fnjlt`na nh tgb oljgàbs sn tglt tgby jnufm eb jnaabjtbm ey sgnrt jnavbynrs tglt wnufm trlaspnrt tgb gblvy iblrs àstblm nh tgbo ebài f`htbm ey la npbrltnr tw`stài ebtwbba tgb twn oljgàbs. Sfljbobat nh tgb plrts wls lfsn baglajbm tn blsb tgb trlaspnrt hrno plfbttb tn oljgàb. Ebhnrb lam lhtbr p`jturbs nh tgb prnjbss lrb sgnwa à Hìurbs 5.5 lam 5.:.


Hìurb 5.5

Srbj`s`na Jnoprbssnr Iblr Jbff ebhnrb tgb dl`-

zba bvbat. (Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na nh A`xna Iblr, @aj., Zyrljusb, AP.)

Hìurb 5.:

Srbj`s`na Jnoprbssnr Iblr Jbff lhtbr tgb dl`-

zba bvbat. (Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na nh A`xna Iblr, @aj., Zyrljusb, AP.)

◱

=0

23

◱


Olrd suoobm up tgb òpljt nh stlrtài tgb`r Fbla/ ]Y@ vnylib w`tg l dl`zba bvbat à tgb`r onst prnmujt`vb jbff ey stltài, ‖Bvbrynab à tgb sgnp wls babri`zbm ey wglt wls ljjnopf`sgbm à tgb prbj`s`na jnoprbssnr iblr jbff, lam Zlo lam Mbla jlob tgrnuig ey prnv`mài tgb suppnrt wb abbmbm tn dbbp tgàis onvài.‟ Hnffnwài tg`s sujjbss, abw tblos wbrb tgba hnrobm tn rbnrila`zb ntgbr mbplrtobat flynuts tn ebttbr hlj`f`tltb prnmujt ﬅnw lam tn rbmujb fnt s`zbs. ]gb`r 2Z ljt`v`t`bs wbrb rbv`tlf`zbm ls oljgàbs wbrb jfblabm, rbfnjltbm, lam plàtbm, lam jlrts wbrb purjglsbm tn oldb `t bls`br tn onvb solffbr fnt s`zbs hrno fnjlt`na tn fnjlt`na. X`sulfs tglt wbrb najb kust tlfdbm lenut wbrb snna hler`jltbm lam mbpfnybm tgrnuignut tgb sgnp. Ls lff tgbsb jglaibs wbrb òpfbobatbm lam knes wbrb òprnvbm, abw K@Es wbrb olmb sn tglt npbrltnrs jnufm eb rbtrlàbm tn sustlà tgb ilàs nh tgb jglaibs. Anw tglt Olrd m`m ant glvb tgb m`strljt`na nh glvài tn ibt prnmujt nut tgb mnnr, g`s abw rbspnasè`f`ty hnr jnatàunus òprnvbobat fbm gò tn sbam g`s pbnpfb eljd ybt lilà tn tgb prbj`s`na jnoprbssnr iblr jbff tn sbb `h tgby jnufm hurtgbr òprnvb upna tgb abw obtgnm tgby glm kust bstlef`sgbm. Gb glm tgb pbnpfb lppfy tgb`r ]Y@ Kne Obtgnms sd`ffs tg`s tòb, anw tglt tgb stlamlrm wls ﬌rofy bstlef`sgbm usài K@, tn sbb `h bvba onrb òprnvbobats wbrb g`mmba à tgb abw prnjbss. Lmm`t`nalf òprnvbobats wbrb à hljt hnuam lam òpfbobatbm, lam lrb jnoeàbm lam sgnwa à ]lefb 5.<, lfnai w`tg lff nh tgb ntgbr òprnvbobats ibabrltbm ey lppfyài tgb`r Fbla tnnfs.


]lefb 5.<

Nvbrlff @opljt na tgb Srbj`s`na Jnoprbssnr Iblr Jbff

Dl`zba Obtr`js

Elsbfàb

]lribt

Ljtulf

Zpljb(sq.ht.)

<,305

723

203

Ylfdài(ht.)

<3,503

7,233

5,<33

Slrts trlvbf m`stlajb (ht.)

83

:3

5

5

\ulf`ty(SSO)

90:

233

Slrtspbrgnur

8

8

9

Jglaibnvbr(oà.)

<53

<53

<53

:=

59

58

2Zrltài

<5.3

52

=8% 73%

5:

Fblmtòb(mlys)

Brinano`jstrbssnrs

% @oprnvbobat Ljtulf/Elsbfàb

85%

5

A/J

=7

0=% <9%

55

3 5=% 7:%

Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na nh A`xna Iblr, @aj., Zyrljusb, AP.

Onvài w`tg KO à NtgbrHnrwlrm Mbplrtobats Hrbsg nhh l sujjbsshuf bxpbr`bajb w`tg KO à tgb prbj`s`na jnoprbssnr iblr jbff, bopfnybbs qu`jdfy fblrabm wgy tgby wbrb tluigt à tgb tba-gnur jflss tn qubst`na bvbry mbtl`f ey lsdài wgy, wglt, wgbrb, wgba, wgn, lam gnw, à tglt nrmbr, wgba mnài l KO erbldmnwa. ]gb rblsna `s tglt wb mna‐t wlat tn wlstb nur tòb ﬌amài l ‖ebttbr wly‟ tn mn l mbtl`f, tgb laswbr tn tgb qubst`na gnw, `h `t `s ant abjbsslry tn pbrhnro tglt mbtl`f lt lff, tgb laswbr tn tgb qubst`na wgy. ]g`s àsìgt wls mbonastrltbm wgba tgb sbjnam sg`ht npbrltnrs m`m l KO erbldmnwa na tgb`r obtgnm tn spà nut iràmài wgbbfs na lff oljgàbs lt tgb bam nh tgb`r sg`ht. ]g`s wls l kne tgby glm ebba mnài hnr ls fnai ls laynab jla rboboebr à nrmbr tn rbonvb

◱

2<

25

◱


n`f hrno tgb wgbbfs, wg`jg jlusbs wgbbf òelflajb, fblmài tn qulf`ty `ssubs hnr tgb mly sg`ht. Ey kust lsdài tgb ﬌rst twn qubst`nas nh wgy `t `s abjbsslry lam wglt `ts purpnsb `s, tgb bopfnybbs m`sjnvbrbm tglt tg`s prnjbmurb jnufm eb bfòàltbm ebjlusb, uaebdanwast tn laynab à tgb pflat, tgb abwbr oljgàbs tglt glm ebba àstlffbm nvbr tgb plst sbvbrlf yblrs lutnolt`jlffy elflajbm tgb wgbbfs bfbjtrna`jlffy. ]g`s g`mmba ibo prnv`mbm l ilà nh tg`rty oàutbs pbr mly nh prnmujt`na tòb na hnur oljgàbs, hnr l tntlf nh twn gnurs bljg mly. ]gb tblo wls pfblslatfy surpr`sbm wgba tgby fblrabm tglt tg`s jglaib, wg`jg tgby jnufm put àtn bhhbjt òobm`ltbfy, wnufm trlasfltb àtn la laaulf slvàis nh $2<,833. ]g`s `s l innm bxlopfb nh wglt Lfla Uneàsna lam Mbla Zjgrnbmbr m`sjnvbrbm lenut Kne Obtgnms trlàài wgba mnài rbsblrjg hnr tgb`r lrt`jfb lenut ]Y@; KO `s l jnursb à jnatàunus òprnvbobat. @t ant nafy àmnjtràltbs pbnpfb àtn la ‖òprnvbobat‟ hrlob nh oàm, eut tbljgbs tgbo gnw tn ﬌am nppnrtua`t`bs hnr òprnvbobat, gnw tn ibabrltb `mbls tn tldb lmvlatlib nh tgbsb nppnrtua`t`bs, lam tgba gnw tn ibt tgbsb `mbls put àtn prljt`jb. ]gb rbsufts nh sujg trlàài jla eb òprbss`vb, lam lrb ant glrm tn mnjuobat.*

Olrd‐s tblo hnuam hurtgbr nppnrtua`t`bs hnr òprnvbobat wgba tgby lppf`bm KO à tgb iràmài mbplrtobat na l prbtty strlìgthnrwlrm fnlm/uafnlm nh l iblr iràmài npbrlt`na. ]gb`r à`t`lf nesbrvlt`na àm`jltbm tglt *

Lfla I. Uneàsna lam Mbla O. Zjgrnbmbr, ]rlàài, Jnatàunus @oprnvbobat, lam Guola Ubflt`nas; ]gb R.Z. ]Y@ Srnirlos lam tgb Klplabsb Olalibobat Ztyfb, Jlf`hnra`l Olalibobat Ubv`bw, Yàtbr <00:, p. 2<.


tgb npbrltnr wls ut`f`zài l stblmy prnjbss w`tg innm prnmujt ﬅnw lam vbry f`ttfb wlstb. Jrbltài l KO erbldmnwa (sbb Hìurb 5.=), tgnuig, fbm tgb tblo tn lalfyzb wgbrb tgb plrt jlob hrno lam wgbrb tgb plrt wls sbat ebhnrb lam lhtbr tg`s prnjbssài. Ey mnjuobatài bvbry mbtl`f, tgby fblrabm tglt tgb plrt glm tn trlvbf :3 hbbt ljrnss tgb sgnp, wgbrb `t wls stnrbm wg`fb wl`tài tn eb mb-eurrbm. Ygba plrts eu`ft up lt tgb eurrài stlt`na, tgby wbrb fnlmbm àtn l wlsgbr tn rbonvb tgb n`f ebhnrb mb-eurrài. ]g`s wls l sìa`﬌jlat m`sjnvbry ebjlusb tgb prnjbss nh onvài, stnrài, wlsgài, stnrài, eurrài, lam onvài wls mnab hnr lenut 92% nh tgb`r prnmujts. ]gb Kne Obtgnms òprnvbobat prnpnslf (sbb Hìurb 5.2) `ffustrltbs gnw sòpfb `t wls hnr tgb tblo tn kust`hy eu`fmài l prntntypb one`fb eurrài stlt`na tn bfòàltb twbaty-hnur flenr gnurs hrno tgb prnjbss, rbmujài fblm tòb ey twbfvb mlys. Slrts hnuam à tgb sgnp wbrb usbm tn eu`fm tgb prntntypb tglt wls fnjltbm à tgb iràmài mbplrtobat hnr bvlfult`na. ]gb tblo bxpbjts tn ibabrltb lmm`t`nalf slvàis ey hler`jltài twn nr tgrbb onrb one`fb eurrài stlt`nas tn jnopfbtbfy bfòàltb tgb abbm tn trlaspnrt plrts tn l jbatrlf eurrài stlt`na. ]g`s jglaib `ffustrltbs tgb nekbjt`vb hnr Kne Obtgnms ls hnuam lt tgb tnp nh bljg KO pnjdbt jlrm; ‖L prljt`jlf pfla tn gbfp ynu prnmujb irbltbr qulat`t`bs nh qulf`ty prnmujts à fbss tòb ey oldài tgb ebst usb nh tgb Olapnwbr, Oljgàbs, lam Oltbr`lfs anw lvl`flefb.‟ ]gb jnoplay gls lfsn jglaibm tgb`r hnjus na gnw tgby anw usb KO wgba `t jnobs tn fnndài lt jnst slvàis hrno òprnvbobat. Yg`fb à tgb plst tgby wnufm mnjuobat jnst slvàis ls tgb pròlry nekbjt`vb, Olrd slys, ‖Anw wb usb KO tn `mbat`hy wlstb”pbr`nm. Yb fnnd

◱

2:

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g j l n r e n t

th. 3 5

i a `r r u e n t

s rt l p rr u e b M

L \ tn b v n O

3 <

< <

p b tg ` w m b t a `r p b U ( . 8 2 3 3 2 < = < 8 tr l S ;v b r b s w n f H r n h t b b g s a w n m d l b r e s m n g t b O e n K = . 5 b r u i ` H

). P ,A b s u j l r y Z ,. j a @ ,r l b I


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22

@oprnvbobat Srnpnslf Zgbbt Zueo`ttbm tn; Olalibobat tblo Olmb ey; Mlvb O.

Mbplrtobat;

Srnmujt/plrt; Hfnwsbrvb 8<-=<2-3328

Mltb; 30/:3/30

Npbrlt`nas; GI7=/GE3
Lhtbr @oprnvbobat

Srnmujt`na(nabwnrdbrpbrmly)

533p`bjbs

533p`bjbs

Oljgàb usb (nab oljgàb pbr mly)

<

:

Ubkbjt rltb

]ME

Auoebr npbrltnrs nh

:

Ntgbr; Fblm tòb

<

<= mlys

mlys 5

:. Jnatbat Ebhnrb

Lhtbr

]ura eflad

<5 gnurs

]ura eflad

<:gnurs

Ernljg

\ubub

Gne

Gne \ubub

Eurr

Ernljg

< 5 gnurs <: gnurs 8gnurs gnurs 8

8 gnurs

\ubub Eurr

8 gnurs

Olauhljturài tòb;

:9 gnurs

Olauhljturài tòb; <: gnurs (lff npbrlt`nas àtbralf tn turaài)

]ntlf tòb; <= mlys ]ntlf tòb;5 mlys Srnkbjtbm slvàis; <5-mly fblm tòb rbmujt`na 5= gnurs flenr rbmujt`na Antb;

Bxpflà bxljtfy gnw tg`s òprnvbobat wls olmb. @h abjbsslry, lttljg prbsbat lam prnpnsbm erbldmnwa sgbbts, m`lirlos, lam lay ntgbr rbfltbm `tbos.

Hìurb 5.2

Kne Obtgnms òprnvbobat prnpnslf hnr Hfnwsbrvb; Slrt 8<-=<2- 3328.

(Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na nh A`xna Iblr, @aj., Zyrljusb, AP.)

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hnr lam bfòàltb wlstb.‟ ]g`s lpprnljg gls ‖npbabm nur bybs‟ tn lff hnros nh wlstb ebjlusb, nhtbatòbs, òprnvbobats sbbo tn glvb an pbrjb`vbm òpljt na jnst. ]g`s wls kust tgb jlsb hnr l KO erbldmnwa à tgb prbj`s`na jnoprbssnr iblr jbff tglt `mbat`﬌bm tgb npbrltnr npbaài lam jfnsài l gblvy mnnr twbaty-hnur tòbs bljg gnur tn ljjbss tgb fltgb. @t jnst tgb òprnvbobat tblo kust $<33 tn àstlff l abw lutnolt`j na/nhh sw`tjg tn bfòàltb tgb npbrltnr pbrhnroài tg`s tlsd, tgnuig w`tg an òobm`ltb jnst slvàis òpljt. Gnwbvbr, brinano`j strbssnrs hnr tgb npbrltnr wbat hrno =5.2 tn 3 na l kne tglt wls lfrblmy pgys`jlffy mbolamài hnr npbrltnrs glamfài tgb gblvy 5=-pnuam plrts. ]gb òpljt tgb jglaib glm na tgb qulf`ty nh f`hb hnr tgb npbrltnrs ruaaài tgb jbff wls banronus. Els`jlffy, Olrd ebf`bvbs tglt lay wlstb tgby jla rbonvb hrno l prnjbss w`ff, à tgb bam, uftòltbfy rbmujb jnst.

]gb Hnffnw-Rp Srnjbss Anw tglt lff tgrbb nh tgb ]Y@ prnirlos wbrb up lam ruaaài lam hlst ebjnoài l plrt nh tgb jufturb nh tgb jnoplay, Olrd lam g`s tblo wbat eljd tn sbb gnw tgby jnufm jfnsb tgb ﬌alf fnnp ey oldài surb tgby m`ma‐t hlff eljd na tgb`r nfm wlys, ls wls tgb`r bxpbr`bajb sn nhtba à tgb plst. Gb wlatbm tn usb ]Y@ ls l wly nh sbfhibabrltài `tsbfh sn tglt tgb obtgnms tgbosbfvbs basurbm tgb`r jnatàubm uslib. Zàjb Ztbp = nh bljg ]Y@ obtgnm `s l hnffnw-up prnjbss, gb glm tn eb surb tg`s òpnrtlat plrt nh tgb prnirlo wls ebài huffy ut`f`zbm. Srnmujt`v`ty enlrms lrb olàtlàbm lt bljg oljgàb hnr npbrltnrs tn trljd gnurfy nutput (tldt). @ajnas`stbat nutput


àm`jltbs tglt tgb prnjbss `s uastlefb. Jnas`stbat lmgbrbajb tn stlamlrms mbonastrltbs prnjbss stle`f`ty. Ygba l prnjbss `s ant mbonastrltài stle`f`ty, tgb ﬌rst stbp tgb pbnpfb lt A`xna Iblr anwtldb `s tn usb tgb Kne @astrujt`na erbldmnwa tn lum`t wgbtgbr tgb npbrltnr `s pbrhnroài tgb kne ls trlàbm. @h npbrltnrs lrb ant pbrhnroài tgb kne ls `mbat`﬌bm à tgb K@E, tgb abxt stbp `s tn vbr`hy tglt tgb K@E `s st`ff ljjurltb. @h `t `s mbtbroàbm tglt tgb K@E `s ant ljjurltb, l abw K@E `s jrbltbm lam tgba usbm tn rbtrlà lff nh tgb npbrltnrs. Ubiuflr lum`ts lrb tgba pbrhnrobm tn basurb tglt bvbry npbrltnr `s mnài tgb kne ls trlàbm, lam tg`s prnjbmurb jnatàubs uat`f tgb prnjbss `s stle`f`zbm ls mbonastrltbm ey jnas`stbat nutput. Zbb Hìurb 5.8 hnr la nutfàb nh A`xna Iblr‐s jnatàulf òprnvbobat onmbf. Kne Obtgnms ﬌ts à bxtrbobfy wbff w`tg tg`s jnatàulf òprnvbobat onmbf. Ygba npbrltnrs sbb la nppnrtua`ty hnr òprnvbobat, tgby lrb anw trlàbm tn bvlfultb wgbtgbr tgbrb `s l ebttbr, bls`br, nr hlstbr wly tn mn tgb kne ey mnài l KO erbldmnwa lam prljt`jb rltgbr tgla wl`tài hnr lantgbr Fbla bvbat. ]g`s `s wglt tgb tblo tglt jnamujtbm tgb dl`zba bvbat à tgb prbj`s`na jnoprbssnr iblr jbff m`m wgba tgby rbv`s`tbm tgb lonuat nh f`htài lam turaài npbrltnrs glm tn in tgrnuig wgba glamfài tgb 5=-pnuam jlstàis à tglt jbff. ]gnuig tgby glm olmb suestlat`lf òprnvbobats n t tgb prnmujt`v`ty nh tgb jbff, ey lum`tài tgb wnrd lam ﬌amài `t wls ant ebài pbrhnrobm tn stlamlrm`zbm, tgby wbrb lefb tn `mbat`hy tgb rblsnas hnr tglt vlr`lt`na lam usbm KO tn oldb tgb abbmbm jglaibs. Ey hnffnwài up jnas`stbatfy na wgbtgbr knes lrb lmgbrài tn stlamlrm wnrd, ls bv`mbajbm ey tgb jnas`stbat nutput nh qulf`ty plrts hrno tgb prnjbssbs, tgb pbnpfb lt A`xna Iblr lrb lefb tn òobm`ltbfy ljt na lay vlr`lt`nas.

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29

27

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Srnjbss Nutput Oblsurb

Lum`t Srnjbss

An

tn K@E

Jnas`stbat tn Ultb> Pbs

Lirbb w`tg K@E>

Srnjbss @oprnvbobat Ljt`v`ty Kne Obtgnms

An Pbs Ubv`sb K@E

Rpmltb K@E

Ubtrlà tn K@E

Hìurb 5.8 Jnatàulf òprnvbobat onmbf usài ]Y@. (Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na nh A`xna Ib lr, @aj., Zyrljusb, AP.)

]g`s mnbs ant obrbfy obla rbtrlàài npbrltnrs na tgnsb stlamlrms, eut ﬌rst jgbjdài tn eb surb tgb jnrrbjt trlàài wls mnab usài tgb jnrrbjt K@E, oldài lmkustobats tn tgb K@E `h abbmbm, lam tgba oldài òprnvbobats tn tgnsb prnjbmurbs wgba nppnrtua`t`bs prbsbat tgbosbfvbs. Olrd hbft tglt, w`tg tg`s onmbf, gb glm ﬌alffy hnuam tgb trub sbjrbt tn jnatàunus òprnvbobat.

Jnajfus`na Ls obat`nabm lt tgb ebiàaài nh tg`s jlsb stumy, tgb olalibobat nh A`xna Iblr à`t`lffy tgnuigt ]Y@ wls sn


strlìgthnrwlrm lam usbr-hr`bamfy tglt bopfnybbs wnufm sòpfy dbbp usài tgb lpprnpr`ltb hnur-stbp obtgnms tn snfvb prnefbos ls tgby lrnsb. ]gàis wbrb glamfbm m`hhbrbatfy, tgnuig, najb Mbla tnnd nvbr fblmbrsg`p lam put Olrd à jglrib ls m`rbjtnr nh qulf`ty lam jnatàunus òprnvbobat. Mbla wls tgb nab wgn bajnurlibm Olrd tn jnopfbtb tgb ]Y@ @ast`tutb hnrty-gnur trlà-tgb-trlàbr prnirlos hnr K@, KU, lam KO sn tglt gb wnufm glvb tgb danwfbmib tn ebjnob tgb àtbralf mr`vài hnrjb hnr jnatàunus òprnvbobat tgrnuignut tgb pflat. Bvba ebhnrb Olrd ebila tbljgài ]Y@ jflssbs, wg`jg `s tgb purpnsb nh lttbamài tgb trlà-tgb-trlàbr prnirlo, gb wls ibttài irblt ebab﬌ts hrno tgb danwfbmib lam àsìgts gb ilàbm tgbrb. ‖H`rst,‟ gb bxpflàbm, tgb wls innm ebjlusb l olknr jnopnaba t nh oy tòài abw pns`t`na `s tn hnjus na jnatàulf òprnvbobat. ]gb ]Y@ trlàài prnv`mbm ob w`tg tgb àsìgt tn uambrstlam tgb sòpf`j`ty lam bhhbjt`vbabss nh tgb K prnirlos lt tgb tòb wgba @ abbmbm l innm tnnf tn ant kust mr`vb òprnvbobat, eut oldb òprnvài l sustlàlefb plrt nh bvbrynab‐s kne. ]ldài tgb jflss ilvb ob l irbltbr uambrstlamài nh tgb obtgnmnfniy lam gnw tgb tgrbb onmufbs nh K@, KU, lam KO wnrd tnibtgbr tn mr`vb jnatàunus òprnvbobat lt tgb npbrltnr fbvbf.

Najb Olrd ebila tbljgài jflssbs, gb rblf`zbm tglt g`s rnfb ls l ]Y@ trlàbr obsgbm sblofbssfy w`tg g`s rbspnasè`f`t`bs tnwlrm ibabrltài jnatàunus òprnvbobat à tgb jufturb. ‖@ snna rblf`zbm,‟ gb sl`m, ‖tglt lftgnuig @ fblrabm gnw tn usb bljg hnur-stbp obtgnm à tgb tba-gnur jflssbs, `t wls ant uat`f @ tnnd tgb hnrtygnur trlàbr trlàài tglt @ ebila tn uambrstlam gnw

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20

83

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tgb aulajbs w`tgà tgb stlamlrm`zbm mbf`vbry mrnvb tgb fblraài prnjbss. ]gb àtbrbstài tgài lenut ebjnoài l ]Y@ trlàbr `s tglt tgb onrb @ mbf`vbr tgb trlàài, tgb onrb @ lpprbj`ltb tgb òpnrtlajb nh hnffnw-up ls wb wbrb tluigt à tgb hnrty-gnur K@ trlàbr prnirlo. ]glt `s wgba @ ebila tn uambrstlam tgbrb `s l fnt onrb tn ]Y@ tgla bopfnybb trlàài.‟ ‖Ls la baiàbbr @ glvb lfwlys ebba mrlwa tn sòpfb bhhbjt`vb tgàis f`db jyjfài,‟ Olrd slys ls gb rbfltbs ]Y@ tn g`s fnvb nh jyjfài. ‖Yglt @ fnvb lenut jyjfài `s tgb sòpf`j`ty lam bh﬌j`bajy nh tgb e`jyjfb. Rsài tg`s ls la lalfniy, @ jnufm kust ibt na oy e`db lam r`mb. Eut danwài tgb sj`bajb ebgàm tg`s sòpfb ybt bfbilat oljgàb, lam tgb danwfbmib nh gnw lff tgbsb plrts jnob tnibtgbr tn pbrhnro l huajt`na, i`vbs ob la bvba irbltbr lpprbj`lt`na nh `t. Onst òpnrtlatfy, tg`s uambrstlamài balefbs ob tn ibt tgb ebst pbrhnrolajb hrno oy e`db. ]gb ]Y@ trlà-tgb-trlàbr trlàài ilvb ob tgb mbptg nh danwfbmib nh tgb tgnuigt prnjbss ebgàm tgb obtgnmnfniy. Y`tg tglt uambrstlamài @ int tgb ‗wgy‐ lam ‗gnw‐ ]Y@ sgnufm eb usbm tn ibt tgb ebst pbrhnrolajb.‟ ]Y@ gls ebjnob plrt nh tgb ml`fy olalibobat systbo lt A`xna Iblr, lam ]Y@ `s lfsn wr`ttba àtn tgb`r @ZN prnjbmurbs ls l tnnf hnr prbvbat`vb ljt`na lam jnatàulf òprnvbobat. @t `s lfsn la àtbirlf plrt nh tgb`r jnatàulf prnjbss òprnvbobat strltbiy, ls nutfàbm à Hìurb 5.9. Lftgnuig tgb jnoplay gls ant ybt jrbltbm l prnirlo nr systbo tn rbwlrm nr jbfberltb òprnvbobats, olalibobat mnbs ernlmjlst tgbo lt bopfnybb obbtàis lam oldbs snob ‖jgbbrhuf an`sb‟ tn olàtlà tgb onobatuo, uat`f tgby glvb la `mbl systbo à pfljb à 53<3. ]gb pfla `s tn jnatàub prnontài tgb uslib nh ]Y@ ey


Ubsnurjbs

◱

8<

Olalibobat Ljt`v`t`bs

\ulf`ty Nekbjt`vbs Zuppf`br JLU

Jnopbt`t`vb Ebajgolrdài ]Y@

Xbamnr Jbrt`﬌jlt`na

Jnrrbjt`vb Ljt`nas ]rlàài Bffibjt`vbabss

Srbvbat`vb Ljt`nas Dl`zba Bvbats

Kne Ubflt`nas BJU

Justnobr Zurvby

Srnmujt ]bst Ubsufts

Srnjbss @oprnvbobat

Jnopflàts :rm Slrty Lum`ts

ZSJ

@atbralf Lum`ts

Kne @asturjt`na

Ilib Ztum`bs Kne Obtgnms

\ulf`ty Ubjnrms

Srnmujt Ublf`zlt`na

Ona`tnrài & Oblsurài

Hìurb 5.9 Jnatàulf Srnjbss @oprnvbobat Ztrltbiy. (Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na nh A`xna Iblr, @aj., Zyrl jusb, AP.)

mbonastrltài gnw bvbrynab à tgb jnoplay ebab﬌ts hrno `ts uslib. Lam, ls abwfy oàtbm bopfnybb-nwabrs, `t `s leuamlatfy jfblr tn bvbrynab lt A`xna Iblr tglt bljg nab nh tgbo gls l stldb à sbbài tn tg`s sujjbss. Nab ﬌alf antb; Olrd‐s rbspnasè`f`t`bs wbrb rbjbatfy àjrblsbm ls olalibr nh qulf`ty lam jnatàunus òprnvbobat lt `ts Nf`vbr Iblr npbrlt`na à Euhhlfn, Abw Pnrd. Ebiàaài w`tg @ZN rbi`strlt`na à 53<3, tgb abxt pglsb nh `ts jnatàunus òprnvbobat pfla `s l huff òpfbobatlt`na nh ]Y@/Fbla lt Nf`vbr Iblr.

]gb A`xna Iblr Nutfàb hnr Zujjbss ◱ ◱ ◱

Glvb l sbasb nh uribajy Sfla jlrbhuffy, bxbjutb sw`htfy Mb﬌ab lam hnffnw l prnjbss

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X`bw fblm tòb ls l jnopbt`t`vb lmvlatlib Oblsurb bvbrytgài Rsb ]Y@ trlàài ls l hnuamlt`na hnr bopfnybbrua dl`zba Ubmujb àvbatnry, fnt s`zbs, sbtup tòbs Fnnd up tn onvb tgb vlfub strblo Bxplam nur v`s`na nh tgb huturb Abvbr stnp sbbdài pbrhbjt`na

Jfnsài Ubolrds hrno Srbs`mbat Mbla Eurrnws Olay jnopla`bs lpprnljg bjnano`j mnwaturas w`tg tgb hnjus tn rbmujb jnsts, rbmujb àvbstobat, lam ‖guadbr-mnwa‟ hnr tgb òpbamài stnro. Lt A`xna Iblr wb usbm tg`s ls la nppnrtua`ty tn àvbst à tgb huturb nh nur jnoplay, bopfnybbs, lam justnobrs. Yb wbltgbrbm tg`s stnro w`tg solrt àvbstobat, strnai jlsg olalibobat, lam sbfh-huamài tgb òprnvbobats. ]grnuig tgb ljjbfbrlt`na nh Fbla lam tgb rbsuriài usb nh ]Y@, wb bx`t tgb rbjbss`na w`tg l strnaibr elflajb sgbbt tgla wgba wb batbrbm `t. Lftgnuig nur vnfuobs wbrb mnwa =3%, nur stnjd vlfub m`ppbm nafy 2%. ]gb òprnvbobats tglt wbrb mr`vba murài tg`s mnwatura, tgrnuig Fbla lam ]Y@, lffnwbm us tn mnuefb nur jlsg na glam, rbmujb nur àvbatnr`bs ey =:%, rbmujb fblm tòbs ey 23%, wg`fb òprnvài nur olriàs. Ls wb bx`t tg`s rbjbss`na, wb ﬌am nursbfvbs ebttbr pns`t`nabm tn bxjbbm nur justnobrs‐ bxpbjtlt`nas lam tn jlp`tlf`zb na eusàbss nppnrtua`t`bs.


Ey mbm`jltài tgb rbsnurjbs rbqu`rbm, lam jnoo`ttài tgb nrila`zlt`na tn òpfbobat tgb v`s`na, sujjbss `s àbv`tlefb. Yb oly eb eusy, eut wb lrb abvbr tnn eusy tn òprnvb. Yb pfla twn tn tgrbb dl`zba bvbats bljg onatg. Ls tgb òprnvbobats lrb òpfbobatbm, tgby lrb fnjdbm-à lam sustlàbm w`tg K@. @a ebtwbba nur pflaabm dl`zba bvbats, wb jnljg bopfnybbs na gnw tn usb KO tn hurtgbr mr`vb tgb nrila`zlt`na hnrwlrm. Glvài l jnoplay rbsnurjb lam l wbff-trlàbm wnrdhnrjb na ]Y@ gls olmb l oblsurblefb m`hhbrbajb lam m`stàjt`na à nur eusàbss. @h ynu mn ant mbm`jltb tgb tòb tn òprnvb, ynu w`ff lfwlys ﬌am la bxjusb ant tn mn `t. Pnu w`ff eb tnn eusy, ant glvb banuig pbnpfb, nr jrbltb lantgbr bxjusb. Ls wb òprnvbm nur prnjbssbs lam hrbbm up rbsnurjbs, tglads à innm plrt tn ]Y@, tgnsb rbsnurjbs wbrb tgba usbm tn òprnvb ntgbr prnjbssbs. @t `s l sbfh-huamài prnjbss.

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8:

Jglptbr :

Ibttài ] Y@ tn ]ldb Unnt à la Nrila`zlt`na; ] Y@ ls la @atbirltbm Srnjbss ]gb A`xna Iblr stnry wls prbsbatbm ﬌rst à tg`s ennd nh sbvbrlf jlsb stum`bs ebjlusb `t mbonastrltbs l typ`jlf plttbra nh gnw jnopla`bs jnob tn ]Y@ lam struiifb tn ibt `t tn tldb rnnt à tgb jufturb nh tgb nrila`zlt`na. Ant lff nh tgb jnopla`bs wgn sbb tgb abbm hnr ]Y@ lrb uftòltbfy sujjbsshuf à `ts òpfbobatlt`na, ls wls A`xna Iblr, lam à sp`tb nh tgb irblt vlfub nh tg`s prnirlo, `t jla in tgb slob rnutb ls sn olay ntgbr innm prnirlos”lantgbr ‖ﬅlvnr nh tgb onatg.‟ @t sgnufma‐t eb tg` s wly, lam àmbbm, tglt `s tgb purpnsb nh tg`s ennd; tn sgnw gnw innm jnopla`bs glvb sujjbsshuffy àtbirltbm tgb els`j sd`ff sbts nh ]Y@ àtn tgb ml`fy huajt`naài nh tgb`r npbrlt`nas. Ls wb sbb `t, tgbrb `s an nab jnrrbjt òpfbobatlt`na obtgnm nr onmbf, kust ls tgbrb `s an nab ﬌xbm jufturb nr sujjbss hnroufl hnr lay jnoplay nr eusàbss. Bljg eusàbss jufturb gls `ts nwa ua`qub g`stnry lam jglrljtbr`st`js tglt `t eràis w`tg `t wgba, hnr l vlr`bty nh rblsnas, `t mbj`mbs tn òpfbobat tgb ]Y@ sd`ffs. Ebjlusb tgb ]Y@ 82

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prnirlos lrb sn huamlobatlf, tgnuig, tgby jla ﬌t àtn lay hnro nr styfb nh eusàbss, kust ls lmm`t`na lam suetrljt`na ﬌t àtn lay oltgbolt`jlf hnroufl, an olttbr gnw jnopfbx. ]gnuig tgbsb vlr`nus hnroufls mn m`hhbrbat tgàis à m`hhbrbat wlys hnr m`hhbrbat purpnsbs, tgby lff st`ff rbfy na els`j oltgbolt`js tn ljg`bvb tgb`r inlfs. Lam kust ls nab nrila`zlt`na oly eu`fm l`rjrlht jlrr`brs wg`fb lantgbr mbf`vbrs gblftgjlrb, entg systbos st`ff rbfy na tgb els`j sd`ffs nh àstrujt`na, fblmbrsg`p, lam òprnvbobat tn ibt tgb`r knes mnab wbff na l jnas`stbat els`s. Ls sbba à tgb A`xna Iblr jlsb, lam ls wb sglff sbb à tgb Mnaabffy Justno Olauhljturài lam Lfelay @atbralt`nalf jlsbs, tgb`r bhhnrts beebm lam ﬅnwbm ls tgby fblrabm, stbp ey stbp, wglt tgby abbmbm tn mn à nrmbr tn ljg`bvb, tgrnuig ]Y@, tgb rbsufts tgb`r eusàbssbs mbolambm. @t wls ant l sòpfb, strlìgthnrwlrm pltg, eut nab tglt bvnfvbm ls tgby tgbosbfvbs lam tgb`r nrila`zlt`na irbw w`tg bxpbr`bajb. ]gby glm tn fblra hrno tgb`r nwa ua`qub j`rjuostlajbs tgb jnrrbjt wly nh ibttài ]Y@ tn st`jd. Lt tòbs, lam tg`s `s l jnas`stbat jnoobat wb gblr à onst òpfbobatlt`nas, tgb`r prljt`jb nh ]Y@ ljtulffy gbfpbm tn sgnw tgbo wglt abbmbm tn eb mnab abxt. @a ntgbr wnrms, `t wls nafy lhtbr tgby ebila òpfbobatài tgb ]Y@ m`sj`pfàbs tglt tgby slw wgbrb tgb prnirlo abbmbm tn in à nrmbr tn mbf`vbr na `ts prno`sb. Yg`fb bljg jnoplay‐s stnry `s m`hhbrbat, tgbrb lrb snob jnas`stbat tgbobs tglt wb glvb hnuam hlj`f`tltb tgb prnjbss nh ibttài ]Y@ tn tldb rnnt lam ebjnob plrt nh tgb wly tgb jnoplay npbrltbs”tn ebjnob plrt nh tgb jnoplay jufturb. ]gb ﬌rst fbssna, lam tgb onst huamlobatlf, `s tn tldb l fblp nh hl`tg lam trust à tgb els`js.

Ibttài ]Y@ tn ]ldb Unnt à la Nrila`zlt`na; ]Y@ ls la @atbirltbm Srnjbss

Inài Eljd tn Els`js @t sbbos nmm tn lff tgnsb wgn uambrstlam tgb prnirlo, ebjlusb tgby jnvbr tgb onst els`j nh sd`ffs abbmbm tn supbrv`sb à la nrila`zlt`na, eut `t `s nhtbatòbs qu`tb m`h﬌juft tn jnavàjb l jnoplay‐s olalibobat nh tgb abbm hnr mnài ]Y@. Kust tlfdài tn tgbo usulffy mnbs ant mn tgb tr`jd. @t‐s f`db tbffài l elad olalibr tglt g`s stlhh abbms tn in eljd lam fblra tgb`r ouft`pf`jlt`na tlefbs. ‖Nh jnursb tgby danw gnw tn mn tglt,‟ tgb olalibr w`ff às`st. ‖Lam ebs`mbs, tgby glvb tgb`r jlfjufltnrs.‟ Ant nafy glvb wb fnst tgb lrt nh els`j trlàài, eut wb rbolà jnas`stbatfy à mba`lf tglt nur pbnpfb oìgt ant pnssbss tgb sd`ffs abjbsslry tn mn tgb`r knes bhhbjt`vbfy. Gnwbvbr, wglt mnbs wnrd à ibttài olalibobat tn rbjnia`zb tgb abbm hnr els`j sd`ffs `s sgnwài tgbo bxlopfbs nh gnw pnnr trlàài `s fblmài tn tgb uaslt`shljtnry rbsufts tgby lrb jurrbatfy ibttài. Ygba wb mbonastrltb tgb ﬌rb uambrwr`tbrs‐ dant, hnr bxlopfb, kust ls `t wls mnab à tgb <0=3s wgba tgb K@ jnursb wls mbvbfnpbm, tgby jla sbb w`tg tgb`r nwa bybs tgb rbsufts nh kust tbffài l pbrsna gnw tn mn l kne nr kust sgnwài l pbrsna gnw tn mn l kne, typ`jlf wlys pbnpfb à tgb`r nrila`zlt`na lrb ‖trlàbm‟ tn mn tgb`r knes tnmly. @t mnbsa‐t wnrd wbff. Ygba wb sgnw tgbo tgb jnrrbjt wly nh àstrujt`na usài ]Y@ Kne @astrujt`na, tgby tgba rbjnia`zb tglt tgbsb els`j sd`ffs lrb fljdài. Rahnrtualtbfy, tgb twn stnr`bs Sltr`jd f`dbs tn tbff lenut tgb abbm hnr els`j sd`ffs jnob hrno twn m`sirljbm spnrts stlrs, anw lam tgba; Sbtb Unsb lam ]ìbr Ynnms. Eut ebjlusb entg nh tgbsb ltgfbtbs wbrb tgb vbry ebst lt tgb`r

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ilob, tgby prnv`mb innm bxlopfbs nh gnw prljt`jài tgb els`js `s wglt tgb vbry ebst mn tn stly à tnp hnro. @t wls sl`m tglt, à g`s mly, wgba Sbtb Unsb wls ant glppy w`tg g`s g`ttài à l gnob ilob, gb wnufm glvb tgb stlmùo fìgts turabm eljd na à Jàjàalt` lam wnufm mn onrb elttài prljt`jb”lhtbr bvbrynab bfsb glm inab gnob. Lam wgba ]ìbr Ynnms wls à l sfuop sbvbrlf yblrs lin, gb int l jnljg lam wbat tn wnrd na g`s swài”kust f`db wb mn wgba wb wlat tn òprnvb nur infh ilob” lam gb ebila g`s fnai olrjg nh tnuralobat v`jtnr`bs. Zn tgbrb `s an sglob à inài eljd lam prljt`jài tgb els`js. ]glt‐s wglt tgb vbry ebst à tgb ilob mn. Lam tglt‐s wglt ]Y@ `s lff lenut”tgb els`js. ]n ibt ]Y@ tn tldb gnfm, tgba, wb ﬌rst oust glvb hl`tg à tgbsb els`js lam danw tglt tgbrb `s w`smno à tgb libs. ]gb ]Y@ m`lfniub, wr`ttba à tgb <0=3s, stltbs tglt ‖tgbrb `s antgài abw lenut tgbsb obtgnms. Innm supbrv`snrs glvb ebba usài tgbo lff lfnai.‟ Ygba olalibobat uambrstlams lam suppnrts tgb abbm hnr els`j sd`ffs mbvbfnpobat, tgby jla ebià tn jrbltb l strnai hnuamlt`na hnr tgb ntgbr Fbla prnjbssbs lam tnnfs tn ebià wnrdài lam prnv`mài rbsufts. Yb‐ff bxpflà gnw tg`s wnrds à tgb abxt jglptbr. Yg`fb `t `s usulffy m`h﬌juft hnr olalibobat tn uambrstlam tgb abbm hnr tgbsb els`j sd`ffs, kust tgb nppns`tb `s trub w`tg hrnat-fàb supbrv`snrs. L vbry jnoona jnoobat wb ibt à nur ]Y@ jflssbs `s, ‖Ygy m`ma‐t ynu tbljg ob tg`s wgba @ stlrtbm ls l supbrv`snr> @t wnufm glvb olmb tgàis l wgnfb fnt bls`br.‟ ]g`s rbspnasb àm`jltbs tglt supbrv`snrs rbjnia`zb tgb abbm hnr tgbsb dàms nh sd`ffs, lam wgba tgb prnpbr trlàài `s ant prnv`mbm, tgby


glvb tn fblra tgbo tgb glrm wly”à tgb sjgnnf nh glrm danjds. Bvba bxpbr`bajbm supbrv`snrs, wgn oldb up tgb eufd nh nur jflssbs, jnas`stbatfy sly tglt tgby jla jnatàub tn fblra lam òprnvb na tgbsb abjbsslry sd`ffs. ]n usb lantgbr spnrts lalfniy, wgba Sltr`jd wls mnài ]Y@ trlàài à Lflelol à Anvboebr 5337, tgbrb wls l fnt nh tlfd lenut hnntelff ls tgb Lflelol‚Lueura ilob wls jnoài up tglt wbbdbam. ]ldài l jub, gb bxpflàbm gnw ]Y@ `s kust f`db efnjdài lam tljdfài; ‖Bvba wgba ynu glvb tgb onst tlfbatbm pflybrs na tgb ﬌bfm, `h tgb tblo jla‐t efnjd lam tljdfb, ynu fnsb tgb ilob.‟ Bvbrynab à Lflelol, wgbrb hnntelff `s dài, uambrstnnm wglt tglt oblat, lam tgb oboebrs nh tgb jflss anmmbm vìnrnusfy à lirbbobat.

]gb ]grbb-Fbiibm Ztnnf Lt tgb bam nh ]gb ]Y@ Ynrdennd wb bxpflàbm vbry er`bﬅy gnw tgb tgrbb plrts nh ]Y@”Kne @astrujt`na, Kne Ubflt`nas, lam Kne Obtgnms @oprnvbobat”lrb kust f`db tgb fbis nh l tgrbb-fbiibm stnnf; `h ynu tldb nab lwly, tgb stnnf hlffs nvbr. @a ntgbr wnrms, tgb tgrbb prnirlos wnrd tnibtgbr lam suppnrt bljg ntgbr wgba ]Y@ `s àtrnmujbm ls la àtbirltbm prnirlo. Zàjb wb wrntb tglt sòpfb obtlpgnr, olay jnopla`bs glvb inab na tn òpfbobat twn nr tgrbb nh tgb ]Y@ prnirlos lam lrb prnvài `ts vlf`m`ty. Yb lrb anw à l ebttbr pns`t`na tn sgnw gnw tg`s syabriy wnrds lam wgy ]Y@ ls la àtbirltbm prnirlo eu`fms l strnaibr hnuamlt`na wgba `t ebjnobs plrt nh l jnoplay‐s jufturb.

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Kne @astrujt`na ls l Ztlam-Lfnab Srnirlo Ebhnrb wb fnnd lt tgb strnai rbflt`nasg`ps ebtwbba tgb tgrbb ]Y@ prnirlos, tgnuig, wb glvb tn rbjnia`zb tglt olay jnopla`bs, snob nh tgb ebst à tgb`r ﬌bfms lam l hbw nh wgno lrb rbprbsbatbm ls jlsb stum`bs à tg`s ennd, bfbjt nafy tn òpfbobat tgb Kne @astrujt`na pnrt`na nh ]Y@. Bljg nh tgb ]Y@ onmufbs jla stlam lfnab ls l prljt`jlf lam usbhuf sd`ff, lam ynu mna‐t abbm tgb ntgbr twn tn oldb lay nab wnrd. @a plrt`juflr, Kne @astrujt`na wls tgb ﬌rst onmufb tn eb mbvbfnpbm, lam `t `s tgb hnuamlt`na upna wg`jg tgb ntgbr onmufbs lrb elsbm na. Ant uabxpbjtbmfy, `t gls prnvba nvbr tòb tn eb tgb onst pnpuflr nh tgb tgrbb. Kne @astrujt`na `s huamlobatlf tn tgb sujjbss nh lay nrila`zlt`na, lam `ts rbsufts in m`rbjtfy tn tgb enttno fàb. Glvài l wbff-trlàbm wnrdhnrjb tglt uambrstlams tgb`r knes lam jla pbrhnro tgbo w`tg ljjurljy, prbj`s`na, lam tòbfàbss `s wglt dbbps l jnoplay strnai lam prn﬌tlefb. Yglt `s onrb, ls nrila`zlt`nas nh lff str`pbs babribt`jlffy stumy Fbla obtgnmnfniy lam ebià tn rbjnia`zb tgb abbm hnr bahnrjài stlamlrm wnrd, tgby jnob tn ]Y@ K@ ls tgb oblas nh ljg`bvài lam sustlàài tglt stlamlrm pbrhnrolajb. Ls Lrt Zolffby, nab nh tgb ﬌rst hnrbìa alt`nalfs tn wnrd hnr ]nyntl à Klpla wgn `s l ]nyntl Srnmujt`na Zystbo (]SZ) bxpbrt lam K@ trlàbr, pnàts nut; Els`j stle`f`ty stlrts w`tg l wbff trlàbm wnrdhnrjb. Hnrtualtbfy bopfnybbs tbam tn danw tgb`r knes vbry wbff nr wb wnufm lff eb à sbr`nus trnuefb. Gnwbvbr, ]nyntl à tgb <023s fblrabm snob els`j tbjga`qubs lenut supbrv`s`na à prnmujt`na lam gnw tn hurtgbr


òprnvb tgb sd`ffs lam jlple`f`t`bs nh wnrd tblos. Zpbj`﬌jlffy, tgby lmnptbm la àmustr`lf trlàài prnirlo tglt tgb R.Z. usbm murài YY@@ jlffbm ]rlàài Y`tgà @amustry (]Y@).*

vlr`bty nh wnrds glvb jnoblam nutmbsjrèbm à rbjbat yblrs nas ]gbL ]nyntl Yly glvbtglt bopgls`zbm ]nyntl‐ jnatàubm usb nh tgb ]Y@ obtgnms, à plrt`juflr Kne @astrujt`na. @t `s ant surpr`sài, tgba, w`tg tgb gìg fbvbf nh àtbrbst à boufltài ]nyntl‐s olauhljturài obtgnms, tglt Kne @astrujt`na gls ebjnob tgb hnjus nh oujg àtbrbst. ]gb àtbat gbrb, tgnuig, inbs oujg mbbpbr tgla kust ò`tltài ]nyntl. ]gbrb `s l rblsna wgy K@ wls sn àﬅubat`lf tn tgb ]nyntl Srnmujt`na Zystbo lam wgy jnopla`bs tryài tn boufltb ]nyntl sbb tgb abbm hnr innm àstrujt`na sd`ff. ]gb rblsna `s tgb abjbss`ty hnr stlamlrm wnrd ls ebmrnjd tn lff tgb ntgbr Fbla tnnfs lam prljt`jbs. Jnopla`bs glvb ebba lttboptài hnr yblrs, f`db wb slw à tgb blrfy stlibs nh tgb A`xna Iblr stnry, tn òpfbobat Fbla nafy tn ﬌am nut tglt tgby o`ssbm tgb onst huamlobatlf p`bjb; ljg`bvài lam olàtlàài stlamlrm wnrd. ]gby prnhbss tn uambrstlamài stlamlrm wnrd, eut lt tgb slob tòb, tgby lfsn lmo`t tglt à rblf`ty tgb knes ebài mnab lt tgb`r pflats lrb pbrhnrobm m`hhbrbatfy, ‖tgb wly tgb npbrltnrs f`db tn mn tgbo.‟ @a lfonst bvbry jnoplay, m`hhbrbat npbrltnrs mnài tgb slob knes mn tgbo m`hhbrbatfy, lam bvba wgba mnab ey tgb slob npbrltnr, tgb obtgnm jglaibs lam vlr`bs hrno jyjfb tn jyjfb. Yb w`ff m`sjuss gnw K@ prnv`mbs tgb tnnf tn ibt tn stlamlrm wnrd à tgb abxt jglptbr, eut tgb pnàt gbrb *

Lrt Zolffby, Els`j Ztle`f`ty @s Els`j tn Fbla Olauhljturài Zujjbss, Lrt nh Fbla, @aj., www.lrtnﬅbla.jno.

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`s tglt tgb nvbrwgbfoài abbm hnr Kne @astrujt`na oblas tglt olay jnopla`bs str`vài tn oldb Fbla l rblf`ty lam ant kust l sfnila put l sàiuflr lam jnajbrtbm hnjus na òpfbobatài kust tgb K@ prnirlo lfnab. Yb mna‐t tgàd tglt‐s l elm lpprnljg lt lff, lam wgba mnab wbff, tgbsb jnopla`bs ljg`bvb spbjtljuflr rbsufts, ls wb slw à tgb BZJN ]ureàb ]bjganfni`bs‚Zyrljusb jlsb, lam ls wb sglff sbb à onrb jlsb stum`bs tn jnob à tg`s ennd. ]gbrb `s nab eì jlvblt, tgnuig, tn tgbsb sujjbssbs. @a prljt`jlffy bvbry àstlajb wgbrb wb slw K@ òpfbobatbm sujjbsshuffy ls l stlam-lfnab prnirlo, jnopla`bs lfrblmy glm l strnai jufturb nh guola mbvbfnpobat à pfljb. ]gbsb jnopla`bs vlfubm tgb`r bopfnybbs, f`stbabm tn tgb`r npà`nas, lam put bopgls`s na strnai guola rbflt`nas à tgb wnrd bav`rnaobat. @a lfonst lff jlsbs, ls wbff, tgby glm la òprnvbobat prnirlo uambr wly tglt bopgls`zbm lam rbwlrmbm tgb plrt`j`plt`na nh lff bopfnybbs, bspbj`lffy tgb npbrltnrs. ]gbrbhnrb, pbnpfb à tgbsb jnopla`bs lfrblmy glm ls strnai sbasb nh àvnfvbobat à tgb ml`fy npbrlt`nas bvba ebhnrb K@ wls òpfbobatbm. ]gb Kne @astrujt`na sd`ffs jnopfbobatbm tgb strnai lam stblmy fblmbrsg`p nh tgb jnoplay‐s olalibobat. Ygba tg`s `s ant tgb jlsb, gnwbvbr, wb ﬌am tglt wglt `s abbmbm, bvba onrb huamlobatlffy tgla stlamlrm wnrd, `s innm fblmbrsg`p. ]Y@, wgba usbm ls l huffy àtbirltbm prnirlo, prnv`mbs l snf`m hnuamlt`na hnr fblmbrsg`p wgbrb bopfnybbs jla fnnd tn tgb`r supbrv`snrs w`tg rbspbjt, danwài tglt tgby pnssbss tgb sd`ffs tn prnv`mb tgbo w`tg wglt tgby abbm tn sujjbbm à tgb`r wnrd. @h tgby mn ant trust tgb`r fblmbrs banuig tn hnffnw tgb`r àstrujt`nas, tgba tgb ebst àstrujt`na obtgnm à tgb wnrfm w`ff ant ibt tgbo tn lmgbrb tn tgb stlamlrm


obtgnms. @h tgby lrb ant hnffnwài tgbsb àstrujt`nas, tgba tgb`r supbrv`snrs lrb ant fblmài.

]gb Ubflt`nasg`p ebtwbba K@ lam KU @a nur K@ jflssbs wb rbpblt lilà lam lilà tgb jnrb jnajbpt nh tgb obtgnm; @h tgb wnrdbr glsa‐t fblrabm, tgb àstrujtnr glsa‐t tluigt.(Olay pbnpfb jnoài nut nh ]nyntl glvb sl`m tgby lfwlys tgnuigt tg`s fàb wls mbvbfnpbm ey tgb Klplabsb lam lrb surpr`sbm tn gblr tglt `t wls ljtulffy Lobr`jlas wgn jnàbm tgb pgrlsb.) @abv`tlefy, tgnuig, à olay jflssbs tgbrb w`ff eb nab supbrv`snr wgn w`ff prntbst lam sly snobtgài f`db; ‖Kust wl`t l oàutb gbrb. Pnu jla‐t put tglt na ob. Pnu jla‐t tbff ob `t‐s oy hluft `h tgby mna‐t fblra. @h ynu nafy dabw tgb dàm nh pbnpfb @ glvb tn supbrv`sb….‟ Ygba wb jglffbaib tgbo na tg`s, tgby lfonst lfwlys hlff eljd tn tgb pns`t`na; ‖Bvba `h @ glm l innm àstrujt`na obtgnm, tgby st`ff wnufma‐t f`stba tn ob.‟ ]glt `s jnrrbjt. Eut tg`s `sa‐t l prnefbo nh àstrujt`na, `t `s l prnefbo nh fblmbrsg`p. Ls wb àtòltbm kust lenvb, l fblmbr `s l pbrsna wgn gls hnffnwbrs. @h pbnpfb lrb ant hnffnwài ynur àstrujt`nas, tgba ynu lrb ant fblmài tgbo. ]gbrbhnrb, fblmbrsg`p `s l hnuamlt`na tn innm àstrujt`na. ]gb stltbm inlf nh tgb Kne Ubflt`nas jnopnabat nh ]Y@ `s tn ilà tgb mbm`jlt`na lam jnnpbrlt`na nh pbnpfb à ibttài tgb wnrd mnab. Ygba wb lppfy tgb KU obtgnm nh mbvbfnpài lam olàtlàài innm rbflt`nas w`tg pbnpfb, nafy tgba, wgba pbnpfb wlat tn mn tgb`r knes jnrrbjtfy, jla wb bxpbjt innm rbsufts hrno nur àstrujt`na bhhnrt. @h pbnpfb rblffy mn wlat tn pbrhnro tgb`r knes prnpbrfy lam tgby st`ff jla‐t, tgba àmbbm wb jla sly, ‖@h tgb wnrdbr

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glsa‐t fblrabm, tgb àstrujtnr glsa‐t tluigt.‟ Gbrb wb jla jfblrfy sbb tgb rbflt`nasg`p ebtwbba K@ lam KU à tglt tgb fblmbrsg`p bfbobat nh KU, tgb sd`ff à fblmài, suppnrts tgb bhhbjt`vb usb nh tgb sd`ff à àstrujtài. Pnu oly wnambr wglt tg`s sd`ff à fblmài fnnds f`db à ljtulf lppf`jlt`na. Gbrb `s l stnry wb gblr rbpbltbm jnatàunusfy. Gnw olay tòbs à tgb jnursb nh la nrmàlry wbbd, nr bvba l mly, mnbs l supbrv`snr ﬌am gòsbfh nr gbrsbfh à l gbltbm lriuobat nvbr l sbr`nus pbrsnaabf s`tult`na, l pbnpfb prnefbo tglt batl`fs strnai bont`nas f`db laibr, hblr, m`slppnàtobat, vbaibhufabss, btj.> ]yp`jlffy tgbsb sbr`nus jlsbs bam w`tg snobnab à gìgbr lutgnr`ty spf`ttài tgb m`hhbrbajb lam tryài tn jnob up w`tg snob typb nh hl`r snfut`na sn bvbrynab jla stnp e`jdbrài lam ibt eljd tn wnrd. Eut tgb rbsuft `s tglt bljg pbrsna àvnfvbm inbs lwly uaglppy lam m`siruatfbm, lam tgb nrìàlf prnefbo, st`ff fbht uasnfvbm, jnatàubs tn hbstbr lam irnw nafy tn jnob eljd fltbr à l flribr lam onrb v`rufbat hnro. Y`tg supbrv`snrs anw trlàbm à KU, à tgb o`mst nh lff tgb sgnutài lam ﬌aibr pnàtài, nab nh tgb plrt`j`plats à tgb m`sjuss`na w`ff puff nut tgb`r ybffnw KU jlrm lam lsd tgb irnup, ‖Zn, wglt `s tgb nekbjt`vb gbrb>‟ ]g`s `s tgb ﬌rst qubst`na nh tgb KU obtgnm tn snfvài pbnpfb prnefbos. Najb bvbrynab ibts hnjusbm na tgb obtgnm, òobm`ltbfy lff nh tgb bont`na `s sujdbm nut nh tgb rnno lam pbnpfb jlfo mnwa lam rbvbrt tn l onrb bhhbjt`vb wly nh prnefbo snfvài. Lhtbr lirbbài na wglt tgby wlat tn sbb glppba, tgby ebià lssboefài tgb hljts, Ztbp < nh KU, lam à plrt`juflr try tn jlpturb tgb npà`nas lam hbbfàis nh tgb àm`v`mulfs àvnfvbm à tgb prnefbo. Elsbm na tgbsb hljts, tgby tgba


onvb na tn jnas`mbrài wglt pnssèfb ljt`nas oìgt eb tldba lam bvlfultb tgbsb vlr`nus npt`nas. ]glt‐s Ztbp 5. Najb tgby p`jd tgb ljt`nas tgby tgàd w`ff erài tgb prnefbo tn l sujjbsshuf rbsnfut`na, tgby jla qu`jdfy lam bls`fy onvb na tn Ztbps : lam =, tldài tgb ljt`na lam hnffnwài up tn jgbjd `h innm rbsufts wbrb netlàbm. ]g`s `s kust wglt glppbabm lt A`xna Iblr wgba Olrd Ebjgtbfbr wls hlj`f`tltài l tblo nh sbvbrlf pbnpfb, hnur nh wgno wbrb gìgfy sd`ffbm JAJ (jnoputbr auobr`jlf jnatrnf) oljgàb npbrltnrs. Nab nh tgbsb npbrltnrs ernuigt à l K@ erbldmnwa na gnw tn elflajb l flrib plrt wgba fnlmài `t na l iràmài oljgàb. Ls `t turabm nut, lff hnur npbrltnrs fnlmbm tglt slob oljgàb m`hhbrbatfy, eut lff prnmujbm innm plrts à tgb rbqu`rbm tòb. M`sjuss`na na wg`jg npbrltnr m`m tgb kne ‖jnrrbjtfy‟ ebjlob gbltbm lam bxtbambm àtn tgb abxt tblo obbtài. Nab nh tgb npbrltnrs jlob tn tgb tg`rm obbtài hbm up w`tg tgb òplssb. Gb puffbm nut g`s ybffnw KU pnjdbt jlrm, sbt `t na tgb tlefb, lam lsdbm, ‖Yglt `s nur nekbjt`vb>‟ ]gb tblo sbttfbm tgb `ssub w`tgà tg`rty oàutbs, lam tgb KU obtgnm gls sàjb ebba usbm tn rbljg jnasbasus lt lff tblo obbtàis. ]g`s sjbalr`n ibts rbpbltbm nvbr lam nvbr lilà lt jnopla`bs tglt boerljb tgb huamlobatlfs nh innm kne rbflt`nas, lam tgb nutjnob `s jfblr; tgb nrila`zlt`na jla ibt tn l innm snfut`na wgbrb bvbrynab àvnfvbm `s slt`s﬌bm w`tg entg tgb prnjbss lam tgb ljt`nas tldba. Ygba pbnpfb jla wlfd lwly hrno la bont`nalffy jglribm s`tult`na lam hbbf innm lenut wglt glppbabm, tg`s `s tgb ﬌rst stbp tnwlrm eu`fmài strnai lam trustwnrtgy rbflt`nasg`ps. Ygba tgb bopfnybbs m`rbjtfy àvnfvbm à tgbsb s`tult`nas glvb tgb`r npà`nas gblrm lam tgb`r hbbfàis

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jnas`mbrbm, rbilrmfbss nh tgb nutjnob, tgby hbbf tgby glvb ebba trbltbm onrb hl`rfy lam lrb oujg onrb f`dbfy tn rbspbjt tgb fblmbrsg`p tglt ernuigt tgbo tn tgb ﬌alf jnajfus`na nh tgb prnefbo. ]g`s `s gnw innm rbflt`nas lrb eu`ft, lam tgb basuài trust jnatrèutbs m`rbjtfy tn tgb sujjbsshuf òpfbobatlt`na nh stlamlrm wnrd. Lhtbr lff, wgy wnufm snobnab hnffnw l systbo `h gb nr sgb m`ma‐t glvb rbspbjt hnr lam trust à tglt systbo> L wnrdbr‐s m`rbjt supbrv`snr `s tgb f`vài boenmòbat nh tglt systbo, tglt stlamlrm nh wnrd, lam `h bopfnybbs mna‐t trust tgb`r supbrv`snr tn mn rìgt ey tgbo, wgy wnufm tgby hnffnw tgnsb àstrujt`nas> @astblm, tgby w`ff tgàd tgby glvb l ebttbr wly, ebf`bvài tglt tgb supbrv`snr‐s obtgnm, tgb ‖stlamlrm,‟ `s ant olmb w`tg tgb`r ebst àtbrbsts à oàm. @h ynu wlat pbnpfb tn hnffnw stlamlrm wnrd, ﬌rst ynu glvb tn eu`fm tgb`r trust à ynu ls tgb`r fblmbr. Ls wb sl`m blrf`br, `h tgby lrb ant hnffnwài, tgba ynu lrb ant fblmài.

]gb Ubflt`nasg`p ebtwbba K@ lam KO ]gb jnaabjt`na ebtwbba Kne @astrujt`na lam Kne Obtgnms @oprnvbobat `s prbtty strlìgthnrwlrm lam jfblr; lhtbr l abw obtgnm `s mbvbfnpbm à KO, usb K@ tn tbljg `t tn tgb npbrltnrs lam basurb tglt `t ibts usbm jnrrbjtfy lam jnas`stbatfy. ]gb ebab﬌ts nh l abw obtgnm w`ff ant eb rblf`zbm uat`f tgb pbnpfb mnài tgb wnrd put `t àtn usb. Lam `h tgby mna‐t fblra tgbsb abw obtgnms wbff, tgby w`ff ant eb lefb tn pbrhnro tgbo ls mbvbfnpbm. Olay, `h ant onst, jnopla`bs tglt boelrd na l Fbla knuraby ﬌am tglt, lhtbr snob à`t`lf ilàs, tgby stlialtb nr hlff eljd. ]gb sgbbr òpbtus nh tgb d`jdnhh jloplìa


hnr jglaib fblms tn blrfy sujjbssbs ls ‖fnw-glaiài hru`t‟ nppnrtua`t`bs lrb hnuam lam òprnvbobats olmb. Eut ebhnrb fnai, npbrltnrs hlff eljd na tgb nfm obtgnms tglt lrb onrb hlo`f`lr tn tgbo lam, bvba ebhnrb tgb pnstbrs ebià tn hlmb, jnatàunus òprnvbobat prnvbs ant tn eb jnatàunus. Zn wg`fb tgb`r bhhnrts lrb put à tgb rìgt pfljbs, tgb le`f`ty tn olàtlà tgb gìgbr stlamlrms `s o`ssài lam batgus`lso hnr tgb bhhnrt wlabs. Auobrnus jnopla`bs jnob tn ]Y@ Kne @astrujt`na ebjlusb tgby lrb sbbdài tn sustlà tgb ilàs tgby glvb olmb hrno tgb`r Fbla prnirlos”lam tgb KO obtgnm nh ﬌amài òprnvbobat ﬌ts rìgt à w`tg tgbsb Fbla ljt`v`t`bs. @a tgb slob wly, tgnuig, tglt npbrltnrs rbvbrt tn prbFbla prnjbmurbs lam gle`ts, `h tgby lrb ant tluigt wbff tgb abw obtgnms hnuam usài KO, tgbsb òprnvbobats w`ff lfsn ant eb olàtlàbm lam, à tgb bam, ebab﬌ts w`ff ant eb rblf`zbm. Dbbp à oàm tglt innm kne àstrujt`na tbjga`qub `s ant obrbfy bxpflàài tgb abw obtgnm tn npbrltnrs, eut lfsn ibttài tgbo àtbrbstbm à lam ont`vltbm tn mn tgb wnrd”tglt `s jnvbrbm à Ztbp <”lam tgba hnffnwài up w`tg tgbo tn basurb tgby lrb usài tgb abw prnjbmurb jnrrbjtfy lam jnas`stbatfy”tglt `s Ztbp =. Hurtgbronrb, wgba rbv`bwài tgb abw obtgnm ebài àstrujtbm à Ztbps 5 lam :, ey i`vài tgb rblsnas hnr tgb dby pnàts tn tgb prnjbmurb, tgb fblrabr `s lefb tn uambrstlam tgb ebab﬌ts tn tgb jglaibs ebài olmb lam jla onrb bls`fy ljjbpt lam lmnpt tgb abw obtgnm. Ygba pbnpfb uambrstlam wgy tgby glvb tn mn tgàis l jbrtlà wly, tgby w`ff eb onrb jnasj`bat`nus nh wglt tgby lrb mnài lam rboboebr tn mn `t tglt wly lff tgb tòb. @a tg`s wly, K@ `s tgb tnnf ey wg`jg òprnvbobats olmb à KO lrb put àtn usb. Y`tgnut `t, òprnvbobat

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ljt`v`ty ebjnobs l hut`fb bxbrj`sb à wg`jg innm `mbls lrb squlambrbm lam fbht tn in tn wlstb. Na tgb ntgbr glam, K@ `s lfsn l abjbsslry prbrbqu`s`tb tn tgb òprnvbobat ljt`v`t`bs nh KO. @a onst òprnvbobat sjgbobs, wb ebià ey lalfyzài tgb jurrbat wly tgb kne `s ebài pbrhnrobm. F`dbw`sb à KO, wb ﬌rst ibt tgb mbtl`fs nh tgb jurrbat obtgnm sn tglt tgby jla eb qubst`nabm tn ﬌am `mbls hnr òprnvbobat. Gnwbvbr, `h tgbrb `s vlr`lt`na à tgb wly tgb kne `s ebài pbrhnrobm, wb w`ff abvbr eb lefb tn pbrhnro l jnas`stbat lalfys`s nh tg`s jurrbat obtgnm. @a ntgbr wnrms, bljg tòb wb fnnd lt `t tn jlpturb tgb mbtl`fs, `t w`ff eb l m`hhbrbat sbr`bs nh mbtl`fs. Jnasbqubatfy, wb w`ff ant glvb l snf`m elsbfàb upna wg`jg tn ibt `mbls lam eu`fm nur òprnvbobats. Ygba wb ﬌rst ebila rbàtrnmujài ]Y@ eljd àtn tgb Ra`tbm Ztltbs à tgb blrfy 5333s, wb wbrb wnrdài w`tg l flrib lutn plrts jnoplay tglt às`stbm na stlrtài tgb`r ]Y@ trlàài w`tg KO. ]gb jflss plrt`j`plats wbrb i`vài tgb`r mbonastrlt`nas, à wg`jg tgby prljt`jbm usài tgb KO obtgnm na knes à tgb pflat. Ls nab nh tgbo mbsjrèbm tgb jurrbat obtgnm mbtl`fs nh tgb kne gb glm stum`bm, l hbw @amustr`lf Baiàbbrài stlhh wgn wbrb plrt`j`pltài à tgb trlàài prntbstbm tglt tgb npbrltnrs wbrb ant suppnsbm tn eb mnài tgb kne tglt wly. ‖Eut tglt‐s wglt @ nesbrvbm!‟ tgb prbsbatbr rbtnrtbm. @a tgb bam, `t turabm nut tglt tgb `mbls gb int ey mnài tgb KO bxbrj`sb wbrb tgàis tglt glm lfrblmy ebba à tgb stlamlrm prnjbmurb”tgb prnjbmurb tglt wls ant ebài hnffnwbm ey tgb npbrltnrs. ]gb ‖òprnvbobat‟ wls l rbglsg nh blrf`br `mbls tglt glm ant ebài òpfbobatbm jnrrbjtfy nr jnas`stbatfy. Bvba à jnopla`bs tglt mbjflrb tgby lrb bahnrjài stlamlrm wnrd, lam prbsbat olay tg`jd eàmbrs nh stlamlrm


npbrltài prnjbmurbs (ZNSs) tn prnvb `t, wgba wb in nut lam tlfd tn pbnpfb na tgb ﬅnnr, lfonst àvlr`lefy wb ﬌am tglt tgbrb `s irblt m`splr`ty à tgb wly tgb wnrd `s ljtulffy ebài pbrhnrobm. Kust ebjlusb `t `s wr`ttba mnwa mnbsa‐t oldb `t glppba tglt wly à tgb ljtulf wnrd. ]gbrb abbms tn eb l obmùo tglt er`mibs tgb ilp ebtwbba tgb `mblf vbrs`na nh tgb stlamlrm, wg`jg `s mnjuobatbm à tgb ZNSs, lam tgb ljtulf lppf`jlt`na nh tglt stlamlrm, wg`jg `s tgb ljt`nas lam ebglv`nr nh tgb pbnpfb pbrhnroài tgb knes. ]glt obmùo, nh jnursb, `s innm àstrujt`na ls jlrr`bm nut à tgb K@ obtgnm. Y`tgnut tgb stlefb pbrhnrolajb wb ibt hrno l wbff-trlàbm wnrdhnrjb, òprnvbobat ljt`v`t`bs w`ff ant eblr hru`t. ]g`s m`sjuss`na w`ff eb onrb huffy mbvbfnpbm à Jglptbr =.

]gb Ubflt`nasg`p ebtwbba KU lam KO @a tgb Kne Ubflt`nas onmufb wb pnàt nut hnuamlt`nas hnr innm rbflt`nas tglt, wgba lppf`bm na l rbiuflr els`s, gbfp l supbrv`snr eu`fm strnai rbflt`nas w`tg g`s nr gbr pbnpfb à nrmbr tn prbvbat prnefbos hrno lr`sài. Sbrglps tgb onst jglffbaiài nh tgbsb hnur hnuamlt`nas `s tn ‖oldb ebst usb nh bljg pbrsna‐s le`f`ty‟ ebjlusb wb glvb tn ﬌am wlys tn fbt pbnpfb irnw ey eràiài nut fltbat le`f`t`bs bvba tgby oly ant eb lwlrb nh. Ygba tg`s `s mnab sujjbsshuffy, pbnpfb ibt l sbasb nh tgb`r nwa pntbat`lf, ilà onrb slt`shljt`na lam pr`mb hrno tgb`r wnrd, lam v`bw tgb`r nwa nrila`zlt`nas ls innm pfljbs hnr tgbo tn wnrd ebjlusb tgby w`ff jnatàub ilàài irbltbr huf﬌ffobat à tgb`r wnrd lam lmvlajbobat à f`hb. Pnu w`ff sbb l innm bxlopfb nh tg`s à Jglptbr 8, tgb Lfelay @atbralt`nalf jlsb stumy, wgbrb Kbaa`hbr S`jdbrt ebjlob

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l mbm`jltbm K@ trlàbr lam Klo`b Zo`tg ebjlob l jbrt`﬌bm K@ @astrujtnr tbljgài tgb tba-gnur jflss lhtbr bljg wls ‖m`sjnvbrbm‟ wg`fb plrt`j`pltài à tgb ]Y@ tba-gnur jflssbs lam ljt`v`t`bs. Fbla à`t`lt`vbs sbbd tn tlp àtn tg`s pntbat`lf ey lffnwài bopfnybbs tn plrt`j`pltb à tgb òprnvbobat lam mbsìa nh tgb`r nwa knes. Lhtbr lff, ls tgbsb prnirlos prnontb, wgn ebttbr tn uambrstlam tgb jurrbat stltus lam abbms nh l kne tgla tgb pbrsna mnài tglt kne mly à lam mly nut> ]gb KO prnirlo rbjnia`zbm tg`s bhhbjt eljd à tgb <0=3s wgba `t wls mbvbfnpbm. ]gb obtgnm gls lfwlys ebba tluigt tn hrnat-fàb supbrv`snrs wgn lrb bajnurlibm tn ibt tgb`r pbnpfb àvnfvbm à tgb prnjbss. Ey ‖wnrdài nut ynur `mbls w`tg ntgbrs,‟ tgb obtgnm prbsjrèbs, usài la npbrltnr‐s `mbls `s l wly nh ibttài l ‖slt`s﬌bm bopfnybb,‟ wg`jg `s ‖pbrglps onrb òpnrtlat tgla tgb `mbl `tsbfh.‟ @a tg`s wly, KO prnv`mbs tgb oblas ey wg`jg wb jla jnatàub eu`fmài strnaibr rbflt`nasg`ps w`tg nur pbnpfb, wg`jg `s tgb stltbm nekbjt`vb nh tgb KU prnirlo. Najb tg`s `s mnab, tgb ntgbr tgrbb hnuamlt`nas hnr innm kne rbflt`nas jla bls`fy eb lppf`bm. Zujjbsshuffy jrbltài lam òpfbobatài òprnvbobats prnv`mbs la nppnrtua`ty tn ‖i`vb jrbm`t wgba mub‟ tn tgnsb pbnpfb wgn plrt`j`pltbm, lam `t oldbs `t bls`br tn ‖tbff pbnpfb à lmvlajb lenut jglaibs tglt w`ff lhhbjt tgbo‟ ebjlusb tgby glvb lfrblmy tldba l plrt à mbvbfnpài wglt tgnsb jnoài jglaibs w`ff eb. Onrbnvbr, ebjlusb tgb npbrltnrs glvb glm l glam à mbj`mài tgb abw obtgnm, `t w`ff eb tglt oujg bls`br hnr tgbo tn fblra lam put tgbo àtn usb ebjlusb tgby glvb tldba nwabrsg`p nh tgb obtgnm ey ebjnoài plrt nh tgb tblo tglt lutgnrbm tgb abw stlamlrm. Hàlffy,


wb jla ‖fbt bljg wnrdbr danw gnw gb nr sgb `s mnài‟ elsbm na l stlamlrm gb nr sgb gbfpbm tn jrbltb. Na tgb ntgbr glam, à oujg tgb slob wly tglt KU gbfps tn eu`fm ont`vlt`na hnr hnffnwài àstrujt`nas i`vba à K@, `t w`ff lfsn gbfp tn eu`fm onrlfb lrnuam plrt`j`pltài à òprnvbobat ljt`v`t`bs sujg ls KO. @t `s la lx`no nh innm Fbla à`t`lt`vbs tglt nvbrlff sujjbss `s mbpbambat na bvbrynab‐s àvnfvbobat lam jnatrèut`na. Eut hnr l vlr`bty nh rblsnas, olay npbrltnrs lrb sdbpt`jlf nh lam rbs`stlat tn oldài l wgnfb-gblrtbm jnoo`tobat tn tgbsb bhhnrts. ]gby oly eb hblrhuf nh tgb rbsufts, wnrr`bm tglt tgb`r `mbls w`ff fblm tn tgb`r nwa flynhh nr m`so`sslf. Nr tgby oly sòpfy eb t`rbm nh ybt nab onrb prnirlo tglt ibts l hbw wbbds, nr onatgs, nh lttbat`na nafy tn eb m`sjlrmbm lam hnrinttba wgba tgb prnont`na m`bs mnwa. Rsài tgb KU hnur-stbp obtgnm nh glamfài prnefbos, supbrv`snrs jla ibt tgb hljts lam ﬌am nut wgy jbrtlà àm`v`mulfs lrb ant w`ffài tn plrt`j`pltb lam i`vb `mbls hnr òprnvbobat. Ey tlfdài w`tg tgbo lam ibttài tgb`r npà`nas lam hbbfàis, supbrv`snrs oly ﬌am tglt tgbrb lrb mbbpbr rblsnas tn tgb`r loe`vlfbajb tnwlrm kne òprnvbobat ntgbr tgla nur usulf lssuopt`nas lenut ‖elm ltt`tumb‟ lam ‖flzy wnrdbrs.‟ Hnr bxlopfb, tgby oly ﬌am tglt tgb pbrsna m`m i`vb la `mbl à tgb plst hnr wg`jg gb nr sgb abvbr rbjb`vbm bvba l tglad ynu, lam sn mbj`mbm ‖tn abvbr oldb tglt o`stldb lilà.‟ Onvài na tn Ztbp 5, wbìg lam mbj`mb, supbrv`snrs jla tldb tgbsb hljts lam jnob up w`tg l vlr`bty nh pnssèfb ljt`nas tn jnrrbjt tgb prnefbo, sujg ls nhhbrài tglt pbrsna l pns`t`na tn fblm la òprnvbobat tblo lam tldb rbspnasè`f`ty hnr oldài surb bvbrynab na tgb tblo ibts jrbm`t hnr tgb`r wnrd. ]ldài ljt`na lam jgbjdài rbsufts rnuams nut tgb

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]lefb :.<

Gnw tgb ]Y@ Srnirlos Ynrd ]nibtgbr K@‚KU

Ubflt`nasg`p

K@‚KO

KU‚KO

Fblmbrsg`p sd`ff (KU) `s hnuamlt`nalf tn àstrujt`na sd`ff

Innm àstrujt`na (K@) entg prbjbmbs lam hnffnws

@oprnvbobat ljt`v`t`bs (KO) baglajb strnai

(K@).

òprnvbobat bhhnrts (KO).

rbflt`nas (KU) lam v`jb vbrsl.

Sràj`pfb

Sbnpfb w`ff ant hnffnw nur àstrujt`nas `h wb mn ant fblm tgbo wbff.

Ynrd prnjbssbs oust eb stle`f`zbm ebhnrb tgby jla eb òprnvbm.

M`rbjt àvnfvbobat à mbsìaài knes àsp`rbs pns`t`vb wnrd btg`j.

Ebab﬌ts

Ztlamlrm wnrd `s lmgbrbm tn wgba pbnpfb wlat tn hnffnw innm àstrujt`na.

@oprnvbm obtgnms w`ff st`jd wgba tgby lrb tluigt prnpbrfy.

Dl`zba rbsufts ouft`pfy bxpnabat`lffy wgba pbnpfb lrb ljt`vbfy àvnfvbm.

obtgnm, lam rbsufts jla eb oblsurbm ey sbbài wgbtgbr tgb ltt`tumb nh tgb àm`v`mulf gls jglaibm, wgbtgbr g`s nr gbr plrt`j`plt`na gls olmb la bhhbjt na tgb nutput, lam wgbtgbr ntgbrs à tgb irnup glvb rbspnambm pns`t`vbfy tn tgb pbrsna‐s jglaib à ebglv`nr. ]lefb :.< suoolr`zbs tgb wly à wg`jg bljg nh tgb ]Y@ prnirlos suppnrts lam baglajbs tgb ntgbrs.

Yglt @s tgb Jnrrbjt Nrmbr tn Unff Nut tgb ]grbb Srnirlos> Najb jnopla`bs sbb tgb vlfub nh òpfbobatài twn nr lff tgrbb nh tgb ]Y@ obtgnmnfni`bs, tgb abxt fni`jlf


qubst`na `s; @a wg`jg nrmbr sgnufm tgby eb rnffbm nut> Ls stltbm blrf`br, bljg nh tgb tgrbb prnirlos jla stlam lfnab, sn an nab òpfbobatlt`na `s rbqu`rbm ebhnrb ynu jla stlrt lantgbr. Pnu jla ebià w`tg lay nh tgb tgrbb onmufbs lam, mbpbamài na jnoplay abbms, l innm lriuobat jla eb olmb hnr bljg nab ebài tgb fni`jlf pfljb tn stlrt. Ygba wb ﬌rst ebila àtrnmujài ]Y@ eljd àtn tgb Ra`tbm Ztltbs à blrfy 533<, olay jnopla`bs, entg flrib lam solff, wbrb bxtrbobfy balonrbm w`tg Kne Obtgnms @oprnvbobat, bybài tgb pnssè`f`ty nh ilàài òobm`ltb ebab﬌ts à prnmujt`v`ty lam prn﬌tle`f`ty. ]gnuig tgby jnufm sbb tgb vlfub nh innm kne àstrujt`na, tgby hbft tgb ﬌rst abbm tn lmmrbss wls r`mmài tgbosbfvbs nh àbh﬌j`baj`bs lam wlstb, wg`jg tgb KO prnirlo wbat lhtbr qu`jdfy lam bhhbjt`vbfy. Onrbnvbr, tgby hbft tglt tgbrb wls an abbm hnr tgb Kne Ubflt`nas jnursb ebjlusb tgby glm lfrblmy tldba tgb`r supbrv`snry stlhh tgrnuig jnuatfbss sboàlrs lam trlàài jnursbs na gnw tn mblf w`tg pbnpfb lam hbft tgby glm tgbsb sd`ffs jnvbrbm. Kne Obtgnms wls tgb ]Y@ jnursb tgby wlatbm ﬌rst, lam pbrglps tgby gnpbm tglt `t wls lff tgby wnufm bvbr abbm. Onrb tgla kust tglt, tgnuig, olay nh tgb pbnpfb wb wbrb wnrdài w`tg lt tgb tòb wbrb ljt`vbfy bailibm à tgb blrfy stlibs nh Fbla òpfbobatlt`na lam wbrb hnjusbm bxtbas`vbfy na dl`zba lam ntgbr òprnvbobat ljt`v`t`bs. Hnr tgbo, ﬌xài tgb wnrdpfljb wls tgb à`t`lf nrmbr nh eusàbss, lam ebs`mbs, tgby sl`m, ‖Yglt `s tgb sbasb nh tbljgài la àbh﬌j`bat obtgnm>‟ H`rst, tgby às`stbm, ebhnrb tbljgài tgb kne, tgb onst bhhbjt`vb wly nh mnài tglt kne glm tn eb hnuam. Ntgbrw`sb, tgby wnufm ﬌am tgbosbfvbs tbljgài fbss tgla `mblf kne stlamlrms.

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@a sp`tb nh nur lriuobats hnr mnài K@ ﬌rst, tgbsb mbeltbs jnatàubm hnr l hbw yblrs uat`f ennds f`db]gb ]nyntl Yly H`bfmennd lam ]nyntl ]lfbat jlob nut lam mbsjrèbm tgb abbm hnr stlamlrm wnrd ls l hnuamlt`na tn jnatàunus òprnvbobat. ]g`s glm lfwlys ebba l plrt nh tgb Fbla `mbnfniy, eut `t wls ant jfblrfy uambrstnnm. @a plrt`juflr, tgb wly tn ibt tn stlamlrm wnrd, usài ]Y@‐s K@ jnopnabat, wls jfblrfy àtrnmujbm à tgbsb ]nyntl tbxts, lam pbnpfb ebila tn uambrstlam, pbrglps hnr tgb ﬌rst tòb, tglt l fnt onrb wnrd wls àvnfvbm gbrb tgla sòpfy jnopnsài lam `ssuài stlamlrm npbrltài prnjbmurbs. Ls `t turas nut, Kne Obtgnms sgnufm eb tgb flst prnirlo àtrnmujbm à l ]Y@ rnffnut, lam ls sbvbrlf nh tgb jlsb stum`bs à tg`s ennd w`ff `ffustrltb, tglt `s wglt gls prnvba onst bhhbjt`vb.

K@ ebhnrb KO Yb bxpflàbm lenvb, à tgb sbjt`na na tgb rbflt`nasg`p ebtwbba K@ lam KO, gnw òpnrtlat `t `s tn glvb stlefb wnrd pbrhnrolajb à nrmbr tn eb lefb tn lalfyzb l kne hnr òprnvbobat. ]g`s `s pbrglps tgb strnaibst rblsna hnr mnài K@ ebhnrb KO, eut tgbrb lrb ntgbrs, lam tgby lrb vbry jnopbffài. Hnr nab, `t `s hl`rfy jnoona hnr supbrv`snrs tn ant danw nr bvba eb hlo`f`lr w`tg tgb knes tgby lrb supbrv`sài. ]gb qubst`na qu`tb hrbqubatfy lr`sbs wgba mnài l K@ jflss ls tn gnw l supbrv`snr `s suppnsbm tn erbld mnwa lam tbljg l kne gb nr sgb mnbs ant bvba danw. Unm Inrmna wls tgb v`jb prbs`mbat nh olauhljturài lt OjJnro`jd lam Jnoplay, @aj. wgba gb hnuam ]Y@ na tgb @atbrabt fltb nab aìgt wg`fb struiifài tn jnob


up w`tg snfut`nas tn sustlàle`f`ty à tgb Fbla òpfbobatlt`na gb wls tlsdbm tn m`rbjt. Unm glm rbjbatfy jnob à hrno Sbps`, wgbrb gb wls l glrmbabm vbtbrla nh tgb jnfl wlrs lam wls mbtbroàbm tn jglaib tgb jufturb lt OjJnro`jd tn rbspnam tn tgb prbssurbs nh l onmbra ifnelf olrdbt. ]gnuig OjJnro`jd `s tgb mnoàlat prnmujbr nh pljdlibm sp`jbs hnr entg tgb àmustr`lf lam jnasuobr olrdbts, `t wls kust l olttbr nh tòb, tgby dabw, ebhnrb ntgbr jnuatr`bs, sujg ls @am`l nr X`bt Alo”lam ntgbr pfljbs wgbrb tgb ljtulf rlw oltbr`lfs lrb irnwa” hnuam wlys nh iràmài up sp`jbs lam puttài tgbo àtn solff pljdlibs. ]gby glm tn ibt fbla `h tgby wbrb tn olàtlà tgb`r fblmbrsg`p à tgb àmustry. Lhtbr nur à`t`lf p`fnt trlàài, Unm wls s`ttài qu`btfy à tgb wrlp-up obbtài, wgbrb olalibrs lam ntgbr fblmbrs wbrb jr`t`quài tgb jnursb kust jnopfbtbm, wgba nab pbrsna lsdbm, ‖Mnbs tg`s K@ obla tglt supbrv`snrs glvb tn danw tgb knes tgby supbrv`sb>‟ Unm summbafy pbrdbm up, sfloobm g`s ﬌st na tgb tlefb, lam mbjflrbm, ‖Mloa rìgt, tgby mn!‟ Gb tgba wbat na tn bxpflà gnw, ls l ynuai Plfb irlmultb na g`s ﬌rst kne lt Srnjtnr & Iloefb, gb glm tn mbonastrltb tglt gb jnufm pbrhnro bvbry kne na l fàb ebhnrb gb wls lffnwbm tn eb tgb supbrv`snr nh tglt fàb. ]glt‐s gnw innm jnopla`bs mn `t, gb bxpflàbm, lam `h tgb supbrv`snrs lt OjJnro`jd m`ma‐t danw gnw tn mn tgb knes tgby wbrb à jglrib nh, tgba tg`s wnufm eb l innm nppnrtua`ty hnr tgbo tn fblra. ]gb eì fbssna gbrb `s tglt `h wb bxpbjt nur hrnat-fàb supbrv`snrs tn fblm tgb jglrib tnwlrm ebjnoài Fbla, `h wb bxpbjt tgbo tn ﬌am lam tldb nut wlstb lam tn m`sjnvbr òprnvbobats tn ibt ebttbr prnmujt`v`ty, `h wb bxpbjt tgbo tn rbmbsìa prnjbssbs tn jrbltb ebttbr ﬅnw,

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`h wb bxpbjt tgbo tn mn lay nh tgbsb Fbla prnjbssbs, tgby sòpfy oust glvb l innm uambrstlamài nh tgb wnrd ebài pbrhnrobm. Gnw jla wb bxpbjt snobnab tn ﬌am wlstb nr òprnvbobat à l kne tgby mna‐t bvba uambrstlam> @t `s jbrtlàfy trub tglt tgby w`ff abvbr danw l kne nr eb lefb tn pbrhnro `t ls wbff ls tgb pbrsna wgn mnbs `t bvbry mly, lam tglt tgby w`ff abbm tglt npbrltnr‐s suppnrt, àsìgt, lam iu`mlajb wgba òprnvài tgb kne. Eut tn fblm tg`s bamblvnr, tgb supbrv`snr oust glvb l huamlobatlf danwfbmib lam rbspbjt hnr tgb wnrd à nrmbr tn pnàt tgb òprnvbobat bhhnrt à tgb rìgt m`rbjt`na lam basurb tglt tgb Fbla tnnfs lrb prnpbrfy lppf`bm. ]gb supbrv`snr mnbs ant abbm tn eb tgb ebst pbrhnrobr nh l kne à nrmbr tn tbljg `t, kust ls tgb jnljg nh l spnrts tblo mnbs ant abbm tn eb tgb ebst pflybr na tgb ﬌bfm à nrmbr tn i`vb àstrujt`nas tn tgb tblo oboebrs. An nab bxpbjts tgb jnljg tn in nut lam tldb nvbr hnr l pflybr wgn `s pbrhnroài pnnrfy. Eut tgb jnljg mnbs abbm tn uambrstlam gnw tgb ilob `s pflybm lam tn àstrujt pflybrs, bvba tgb supbrstlrs, na gnw tn pbrhnro tgb`r rnfbs à nrmbr tn wà tgb ilob. ]glt àjfumbs inài eljd lam rbfblraài tgb huamlobatlfs wgba abbmbm. Kne @astrujt`na, tgba, sbrvbs tn entg eu`fm tgb sd`ffs nh tgb npbrltnrs à mnài tgb knes lam jrbltb bxpbrt`sb à tgb supbrv`snrs à m`rbjtài tgb wnrd. Bhhnrts hrno entg tgbsb laifbs eu`fm l strnai hnuamlt`na upna wg`jg jnatàunus òprnvbobat ljt`v`t`bs w`ff irnw lam ﬅnur`sg. Nab onrb tgài. ]gbrb `s la òprnvbobat bfbobat tn K@ tglt ibts la nrila`zlt`na onvài mnwa tgb dl`zba pltg bvba ls `t `s wnrdài na bahnrjài stlamlrm wnrd tgrnuig innm kne àstrujt`na. Ebjlusb tgbrb `s vlr`lt`na


lam àstle`f`ty à tgb wly wnrd `s mnab, tbljgài bvbrynab tn mn tgb kne tgb ‖nab ebst wly‟ oblas tglt lff nh tgb ‖ant sn ebst wlys‟ w`ff eb tldba nut. ]gb trutg nh tgb olttbr `s tglt bljg wnrdbr gls g`s nr gbr nwa spbj`lf sd`ffs nr daljd hnr mnài tgb knes gb nr sgb mnbs. ]gbsb lrb fblrabm, nhtbatòbs uajnasj`nusfy, nvbr tòb lam tgrnuig fnai bxpbr`bajb. Ygba supbrv`snrs qu`z tgb vlr`nus npbrltnrs nh l jbrtlà kne na gnw tgby mn `t, tgby jla tgba jnasnf`mltb lff nh tgb ebst tbjga`qubs àtn nab stlamlrm tglt bvbrynab jla usb. Onrbnvbr, ey àjfumài snob nh tgb tbjga`qubs bljg wnrdbr usbs à tgb ﬌alf obtgnm, `t w`ff eb bls`br tn ibt euy-à hrno lff nh tgbo tn hnffnw tgb stlamlrm ebjlusb bljg gls olmb l jnatrèut`na. Hnr lff tgbsb rblsnas, `t `s bxtrbobfy bhhbjt`vb tn mn l huff K@ òpfbobatlt`na ebhnrb onvài na tn KO. Olay jnopla`bs, à hljt, w`ff in sbvbrlf yblrs rblpài tgb ebab﬌ts nh Kne @astrujt`na lam jnatàub an hurtgbr tgla tglt. Ygba wb lsd tgbo wgy tgby mna‐t onvb na tn KO, tgby jflò tglt tgb rbwlrms nh K@ lrb sn irblt tgby wlat tn dbbp tgbo jnoài à w`tgnut m`srupt`na lam w`ff ibt tn KO wgba tgby lrb rblmy. ]glt wls tgb plttbra lt BZJN ]ureàb ]bjganfni`bs‚Zyrljusb tglt jrbm`tbm tgb K@ prnirlo hnr l 08% rbmujt`na à mbhbjts à tgb`r wlx mbplrtobat hrno 5335 tgrnuig 533= wg`fb rbmujài trlàài *

tòb à tglt mbplrtobat hrno twn onatgs tn twn wbbds. ]gb pflat tgba hnuam tgb abbm tn àtrnmujb Fbla olauhljturài à 5332 lam hnffnwbm tglt ey àtrnmujài Kne Obtgnms ls l tnnf hnr jnatàunus òprnvbobat. *

Sltr`jd Irlupp lam Unebrt K. Yrnal, ]gb ]Y@ Ynrdennd; Bssbat`lf Zd`ffs hnr Zupbrv`snrs, Srnmujt`v`ty Srbss, Abw Pnrd, 5338, jlsb stumy na JM.

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KU ebhnrb K@ (nr tgb Ntgbr Yly Lrnuam) ]gb abxt qubst`na, tgba, wnufm eb wgbtgbr tn òpfbobat Kne @astrujt`na ebhnrb nr lhtbr Kne Ubflt`nas. Ls wb bxpflàbm lenvb à tgb sbjt`na na tgb rbflt`nasg`p ebtwbba K@ lam KU, fblmbrsg`p `s l hnuamlt`na nh innm kne àstrujt`na. Zn fni`jlffy wb sgnufm tbljg KU ebhnrb K@. @h strnai rbflt`nasg`ps eu`ft na trust lam rbspbjt lrb ant ﬌rofy bstlef`sgbm up hrnat, àstrujt`nas w`ff ant eb hnffnwbm w`tg prbj`s`na nr batgus`lso, lam tgb rbsuft w`ff eb lff tgb prnefbos wb ﬌am wgba pbnpfb fljd trlàài nr lrb ant trlàbm wbff. Zn tgb sujjbss nh l K@ òpfbobatlt`na mbpbams na wgbtgbr tgb fblmbrsg`p jnopnabat `s lfrblmy à pfljb. ]gb rblf`ty nh tgb olttbr, tgnuig, `s tglt tgb vlst olknr`ty nh jnopla`bs wb wnrd w`tg ebià w`tg Kne @astrujt`na. ]gnuig tgby oly uambrstlam tgb jnopbffài abbm tn mn KU up hrnat, ebjlusb K@ prnv`mbs qu`jd rbsufts hnr jfblrfy mb﬌abm prnefbos, K@ `s rbflt`vbfy bls`br tn fluajg w`tg strnai tnp olalibobat suppnrt. @a ntgbr wnrms, `t‐s bls`br tn ‖sbff‟ tgb nrila`zlt`na na tgb abbm hnr K@ tgla hnr KU. Ls w`tg lff à`t`lt`vbs nh tg`s sjlfb, olalibobat suppnrt `s l v`tlf àirbm`bat tn l sujjbsshuf ]Y@ rnffnut lam oust ant eb nvbrfnndbm”`t `s la bfbobat wnrtg oldài sljr`﬌jbs hnr à nrmbr tn netlà. Eut ls wb antbm, `t `s vbry nhtba m`h﬌juft tn ibt olalibobat tn sbb tgb abbm hnr KU sàjb tgby glvb lfrblmy spbat l fnt nh onaby lam tòb tryài tn bmujltb tgb`r supbrv`snrs na innm pbnpfb sd`ffs. @a lay jlsb, K@ `s ant l elm pfljb tn stlrt sàjb trlàài `s lfwlys l jnatàuài lam jnopbffài abbm hnr lay nrila`zlt`na. Ebjlusb nh tglt, wgba K@ `s àtrnmujbm à


l prnpbr olaabr, innm rbsufts jnob à qu`tb qu`jdfy lam, wgba rnffbm nut wbff, onobatuo ebiàs tn eu`fm hnr usài K@ ls l stlamlrm wly hnr trlàài à tgb jnoplay. Onrbnvbr, K@ jnatlàs l vbry strnai mnsb nh guola fblmbrsg`p jnopnabats (sbb Jglptbr 9) tglt jnvbr olay lspbjts nh innm kne rbflt`nas, lam sn tglt plrt nh tgb bqult`na `s ant abifbjtbm. @a l jnoplay tglt mnbs l innm kne nh bopgls`zài lam prnontài strnai kne rbflt`nas, tgba, K@ prnvbs tn eb la bxjbffbat stlrtài pnàt. Glvài sl`m tglt, nur bxpbr`bajb gls sgnwa tglt tgb uppbr olalibobat nh olay jnopla`bs i`vbs tgbosbfvbs onrb jrbm`t hnr jrbltài strnai guola rbflt`nasg`ps à tgb`r nrila`zlt`nas tgla tgby oly ljtulffy mbsbrvb. ]g`s `s ant tn sly tglt tgby mn ant wlat nr str`vb hnr l strnai pbnpfb-nr`batbm jufturb. ]gby ebf`bvb à wglt tgby prbljg lam lssuob tglt pbnpfb lrb ebài trbltbm jnrrbjtfy lt lff fbvbfs nh tgb`r nrila`zlt`nas. Eut tglt oly ant abjbsslr`fy eb tgb jlsb, lam `t `s blsy hnr olalibobat tn àsufltb tgbosbfvbs hrno tgb trub rblf`ty nh wglt `s glppbaài à tgb`r nwa jnopla`bs. Sbnpfb à tgb`r nrila`zlt`nas oly abvbr àhnro tgbo nh tgb ljtulf trnuefbs tgby lrb bxpbr`bajài na l rbiuflr els`s ebjlusb tgby hbbf tg`s dàm nh ‖ebffyljgài‟ lenut sbboàify pbtty pbnpfb prnefbos w`ff ant eb sbba à l innm fìgt ey tgb`r supbr`nrs. Ygba tgbsb oànr prnefbos bvbatulffy irnw àtn olknr nabs, wg`jg tgby lfonst lfwlys mn, tgba olalibobat jnobs à w`tg tgb ﬌x ebjlusb tglt `s wglt tgby mn; tgby snfvb prnefbos. Eut tgby abvbr ibt tn tgb uambrfyài `ssubs tglt fbm tn tgb prnefbos, wg`jg jnatàub tn hbstbr. Hrnat-fàb supbrv`snrs, na tgb ntgbr glam, lrb àgbrbatfy lwlrb nh tgb`r nwa fljd nh sd`ff à mblfài w`tg pbnpfb `ssubs ebjlusb tgby glvb tn hljb tgbo bvbry

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mly. Uìgt hrno tgb stlrt, ls wb rbpnrtbm à ]gb ]Y@ Ynrdennd, supbrv`snrs jnufm sbb tgb abbm hnr KU, bvba onrb tgla K@. @a sp`tb nh lff tgb trlàài tgby oly glvb glm prbv`nusfy na jnooua`jlt`na tbjga`qubs lam uambrstlamài guola pbrsnalf`t`bs, tgby st`ff mn ant glvb tgb sd`ff tn rbsnfvb pbnpfb prnefbos à l wly tglt eu`fms strnai rbflt`nasg`ps lam innm onrlfb à tgb wnrdhnrjb. @a bhhbjt, tgby lrb mrnwaài à pbnpfb prnefbos, wg`jg prbvbats tgbo hrno ljg`bvài tgb`r inlfs hnr prnmujài innm qulf`ty prnmujts lam sbrv`jbs. Yglt jla eb mnab lenut tg`s o`soltjg à pbrjbpt`nas> @astblm nh tryài tn jnavàjb tnp olalibobat tglt tgby rblffy mn abbm KU, wglt usulffy glppbas `s tglt jnopla`bs in lgblm lam stlrt w`tg K@ lam oldb l jnajbrtbm bhhnrt tn oldb K@ tgb stlamlrm hnr trlàài à tgb jnoplay. Lhtbr tglt, najb tgb nrila`zlt`na ebiàs tn sbb tgb pnwbr nh innm trlàài, `t lfsn ebiàs tn sbb tgb abbm hnr KU. @a ntgbr wnrms, najb tgb bav`rnaobat ebiàs tn jglaib hrno nab nh eflob”‖tgb npbrltnr hl`fbm tn mn tgb kne jnrrbjtfy‟”tn nab nh rbspnasè`f`ty”‖`h tgb wnrdbr glsa‐t fblrabm, tgb àstrujtnr glsa‐t tluigt‟”tgba tgb eurmba hlffs na tgb supbrv`snr tn basurb gb nr sgb gls ont`vltbm tgb npbrltnr tn mn l innm kne. ]g`s `s kust tgb inlf nh KU, lam `t ebjnobs vbry lpplrbat à tg`s abw plrlmìo nh supbrv`s`na tglt tg`s sd`ff `s fljdài. Ls innm àstrujt`na sd`ffs ebià tn eb òpfbobatbm lam tgb abbm hnr KU ebjnobs lpplrbat, olay jnopla`bs mnài K@ onvb qu`jdfy tn òpfbobatài tgb KU jnopnabat. Y`tg tgb strnai hbbmeljd lam batgus`lso olalibobat sbbs hnr tgb K@ òpfbobatlt`na, ant tn obat`na tgb innm rbsufts tgby ebià rbjb`vài, `t `s oujg bls`br tn


ljqu`bsjb tn mnài KU ebjlusb tglt `s wglt supbrv`snrs lrb anw lsdài hnr. K@ lam KU wnrd jfnsbfy tnibtgbr lam in glam à glam à prnv`mài l strnai fblmbrsg`p prnirlo tglt mbvbfnps sd`ffbm pbnpfb wgn lrb mbm`jltbm tn mnài l innm kne bljg tòb `t `s pbrhnrobm. Ygbtgbr K@ jnobs ﬌rst nr KU jnobs ﬌rst, tgbsb twn prnirlos sgnufm eb mnab jfnsbfy tnibtgbr ebjlusb nh tg`s tìgt rbflt`nasg`p. ]lefb :.5 suos up tgbsb pnàts na tgb `mblf sbqubajài lam tòài hnr l strnai ]Y@ rnffnut. ]lefb :.5

@mblf ]Y@ Mbpfnyobat Zbqubajb

Ey ﬌rst eu`fmài strnai rbflt`nas, supbrv`snrs ilà trust lam rbspbjt hrno tgb`r pbnpfb, wgn w`ff tgba wlat tn hnffnw tgb`r innm àstrujt`nas lam plrt`j`pltb à òprnvbobat ljt`v`t`bs.

5am”K@

Innm kne àstrujt`na w`ff tgba jrbltb stle`f`ty à wnrd prnjbssbs, wg`jg w`ff ebjnob tgb hnuamlt`na hnr mbvbfnpài trub stlamlrm`zbm wnrd. Nafy tgba jla prnjbssbs eb lalfyzbm prnpbrfy tn ﬌am òprnvbobat.

:rm”KO

Najb innm onrlfb `s bstlef`sgbm lrnuam hnffnwài stlamlrm wnrd prnjbssbs, bhhnrts lt ibttài bvbrynab àvnfvbm à òprnvbobat ljt`v`t`bs w`ff ﬅnur`sg. Innm àstrujt`na prljt`jb w`ff basurb òprnvbm obtgnms lrb tluigt wbff tn bopfnybbs wgn wlat tn hnffnw tgb abw stlamlrms.

KU‚K@ sw`tjg

Kne @astrujt`na jla eb àtrnmujbm ﬌rst `h strnai guola rbflt`nas bx`st. Bvba à tglt jlsb, tgb abbm hnr Kne Ubflt`nas ebjnobs qu`jdfy lpplrbat, lam KU

]òài

sgnufm eb òpfbobatbm snna tgbrblhtbr. Kne àstrujt`na lam Kne Ubflt`nas sgnufm eb rnffbm nut hl`rfy sòuftlabnusfy, w`tg kust banuig tòb à ebtwbba tn olstbr nab ebhnrb onvài na tn tgb abxt. Kne Obtgnms jla eb òpfbobatbm oujg fltbr (aàb tn twbfvb onatgs nr fnaibr) wgba prnjbssbs stle`f`zb.

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Jnajfus`na Lftgnuig bvbry jnoplay oly tldb l m`hhbrbat lpprnljg tn rnffài nut ]Y@, tgbsb huamlobatlf sd`ffs lppfy tn lay jnoplay‐s wnrd à lay àmustry. Ebjlusb tgby lrb sn els`j, tgby lrb nhtbatòbs nvbrfnndbm. Ygba Unm Inrmna nh OjJnro`jd wls ﬌rst m`sjussài w`tg us g`s pflas hnr ]Y@ w`tgà tgb`r Fbla strltbiy, gb bxjflòbm snobwglt àjrbmufnusfy, ‖Gnw m`m wb o`ss tg`s plrt>‟ Onst bxbjut`vbs lrb ant tglt gnabst w`tg tgbosbfvbs, eut tgb hljt `s tglt wb ebjnob sn balonrbm, nr nvbrwgbfobm, w`tg tgb m`h﬌juft tgàis tglt abbm tn eb mnab, wb fblvb ebgàm tgb els`j tgàis. Ibttài eljd tn els`js `s lfwlys l innm pfljb tn in wgba tgb inài ibts rnuig lam tg`s bssbat`lf a ` sìgt `s abbmbm tn ibt ]Y@ tn tldb rnnt à la nrila`zlt`na. Yg`fb tgb ]Y@ prnirlos lrb bhhbjt`vb ls stlam-lfnab prnirlos, bspbj`lffy K@, tgby ebjnob la àtbirlf plrt nh tgb jufturb nh l jnoplay wgba tgby lrb usbm tnibtgbr. Bljg prnirlo jnopfbobats lam rbàhnrjbs tgb ntgbr. ]gby hnro l jnrb sbt nh sd`ffs tglt, wgba usbm à tlambo, oldb fblmbrsg`p l rblf`ty lam ant kust l pg`fnsnpgy. Danwài tgb rbflt`nasg`ps ebtwbba tgb prnirlos lam la bhhbjt`vb sbqubajb tn rnffài tgbo nut w`ff jnatrèutb tn ibttài tgbsb sd`ffs tn st`jd. ]gb ﬌alf qubst`na tglt rbolàs, najb wb mbj`mb na l sbqubajb nh wg`jg prnirlos wb wlat tn òpfbobat, `s tgb strltbiy hnr rnffài nut tglt sbqubajb sn tglt `t boebms à w`tg tgb nrila`zlt`na lam ebjnobs plrt nh tgb ml`fy jufturb. ]gbsb lrb onrb òpfbobatlt`na tljt`js tgla spbj`﬌js nh tgb ]Y@ prnirlos tgbosbfvbs, lam tgby glvb tn ﬌t àtn tgb flribr jnatbxt nh wglt tgb nrila`zlt`na `s mnài, lam tryài tn mn, w`tg `ts nvbrlff Fbla


òpfbobatlt`na. Zn à tgb abxt plrt nh tg`s ennd, wb w`ff fnnd à onrb mbtl`f lt gnw ]Y@ rbfltbs tn tgb jnrb Fbla vlfubs lam wgy ]Y@ prnv`mbs tgb hnuamlt`na hnr sujjbss à Fbla. Zbvbrlf jlsb stum`bs w`ff sgnw gnw jnopla`bs lrb mnài tglt tnmly. ]gba, à Zbjt`na @X nh tgb ennd, wb w`ff in àtn irbltbr mbtl`f na gnw tn olalib l sujjbsshuf rnffnut nh tgb ]Y@ obtgnms.

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@@ ]Y@‐Z JNAABJ]@NA ]N FBLA

Jglptbr =

]Y@ ls la @atbirlf Slrt nh Ztrltbi`j Fbla; Ztlamlrm Ynrd, Jnatàunus @oprnvbobat, Ubspbjt hnr Sbnpfb ]ldba jnffbjt`vbfy tgb :K jnursbs jla prnv`mb l vbry òpnrtlat elsb hnr l wnrd tblo à l fbla prnirlo tglt w`ff sustlà. Lt tgb gblrt nh bvbry systbo lrb pbnpfb lam tgb`r jnffbjt`vb ebf`bhs lam ebglv`nrs. ]gb ]Y@ oltbr`lf pflybm l pnwbrhuf sglpài hnrjb blrfy na à ]nyntl‐s òprnvbobat knuraby. @astblm nh usài vlfub strblo olps, dl`zba bvbats, nr puff systbos wg`jg lff jlob fltbr à ]nyntl‐s knuraby tgbsb els`j jnursbs wbrb hnuamlt`nalf bfbobats à oldài tgb ]nyntl sgnp ﬅnnr l onrb stlefb lam prbm`jtlefb bav`rnaobat. @ urib lff plrt`bs àtbrbstbm à tgbsb oltbr`lfs tn oldb tgbo la àtbirlf plrt nh ynur òprnvbobat knuraby. ”Lrt Zolffby * *

Lrt Zolffby, Els`j Ztle`f`ty Zuoolry Mnjuobat, Lrt nh Fbla, lrtnﬅbla.jno, 5337.

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]grnuig tgb wnrd nh ]nyntl vbtbrlas lam sjgnflrs f`db Knga Zgnnd, Kbhhrby F`dbr, Lrt Zolffby, lam Mlv`m Ob`br, `t gls ebjnob leuamlatfy jfblr tglt, lt ]nyntl, ebhnrb tgbrb wbrb vlfub strblo olps,pndl yndb, nr Kust-à-]òb, tgbrb wls ]Y@. ]gbsb ]Y@ hnuamlt`nas gbfpbm hnro tgb jnrb bfbobats nh wglt wb danw tnmly ls tgb ]nyntl Srnmujt`na Zystbo (]SZ), eut onst òpnrtlatfy, wglt wb abbm tn rboboebr `s tglt lt ]nyntl tgbsb huamlobatlf sd`ffs m`ma‐t in lwly ls tgby prnirbssbm tn onrb snpg`st`jltbm tbjga`qubs. @a hljt, tgbsb huamlobatlf sd`ffs lrb wglt oldb tgb gìgbr-fbvbf tnnfs wnrd, kust f`db ynu abbm lmm`t`na lam suetrljt`na tn mn onrb lmvlajbm oltgbolt`js, lam kust f`db ynu abbm tn ﬌rst fblra tn efnjd lam tljdfb tn wà tgb hnntelff ilob, an olttbr gnw tlfbatbm ynur qulrtbreljd oly eb. Ls wb m`sjussbm à tgb flst jglptbr, prljt`jài els`j sd`ffs `s wglt tgb ebst prljt`t`nabrs à lay ﬌bfm nh bamblvnr mn tn stly na tnp. ]gbrb `s l Klplabsb slyài tglt ‖bvba l onadby snobtòbs hlffs nut nh tgb trbb,‟ wg`jg òpf`bs tglt bvba la bxpbrt jla oldb l o`stldb. Ls wb wr`tb tg`s jglptbr, ]nyntl `s pbrglps hljài tgb onst m`h﬌juft jglffbaib nh `ts stnr`bm bx`stbajb ls `t glfts prnmujt`na nh dby onmbfs lam rbjlffs o`ff`nas nh vbg`jfbs ljrnss tgb ifneb tn rbpl`r hlufty ils pbmlfs. Gnw jnufm tgb wnrfm‐s ebst lutn jnoplay w`tg l euffbtprnnh rbputlt`na hnr qulf`ty eb hljbm w`tg sujg l jnfnsslf hl`furb na tgb ernlmbst sjlfb òliàlefb> ]glt stnry w`ff eb wr`ttba ey ntgbrs, eut wb ebf`bvb tglt tgb huamlobatlf pràj`pfbs nh innm olauhljturài tglt ]nyntl gls mbvbfnpbm lam prljt`jbm w`ff jnatàub tn eb tgb infm stlamlrm hnr prnmujt`na bxjbffbajb, lam tglt tgb jnoplay w`ff rbilà `ts prbo`br pns`t`na ey inài

]Y@ ls la @atbirlf Slrt nh Ztrltbi`j Fbla

eljd tn wglt `t gls prljt`jbm lff lfnai”stlamlrm wnrd, jnatàunus òprnvbobat, lam rbspbjt hnr pbnpfb. Abvbrtgbfbss, tgb mbvbfnpobat nh Fbla prnmujt`na gls jnob l fnai wly sàjb ]gb Oljgàb ]glt Jglaibm tgb Ynrfm * àtrnmujbm tgb wnrfm tn Fbla lam tn tgb prljt`jbs nh innm olauhljturbrs f`db ]nyntl. Jbrtlàfy ]nyntl gls bxbopf`﬌bm tglt stlamlrm nh bxjbffbajb, eut w`tg jnopla`bs lff ljrnss tgb ifneb òpfbobatài Fbla tnnfs lam jnajbpts, tgb prljt`jb nh Fbla gls sprblm wbff ebynam nafy wglt `s mnab lt ]nyntl. Lam, ls Ld`n ]nynml, prbs`mbat nh ]nyntl, sl`m à la àtbrv`bw w`tg Klpla‐s ml`fy ﬌alaj`lf abwsplpbr, tgb A`gna Db`zl` Zgàeua, ‖Ygba nur laaulf nutput surplssbm 8 o`ff`na ua`ts (lrnuam ﬌sjlf 5335), wb stlrtbm onvài sn hlst tglt wb m`ma‐t glvb tòb tn erài up nur wnrdbrs tgb rìgt wly. ]nyntl‐s trlàài nh wnrdbrs tn olàtlà qulf`ty jnatrnf hl`fbm tn dbbp up w`tg tgb jnoplay‐s rlp`m irnwtg.‟† Ls glppbas sn olay tòbs à lff nh nur f`vbs, `t sbbos tglt ]nyntl tnn oust in eljd tn tgb els`js. @a tg`s jglptbr, wb wnufm f`db tn pnàt nut lam bxpflà gnw ]Y@ suppnrts tgb Fbla huamlobatlfs lam wgy, w`tgnut ]Y@, lppf`jlt`na nh tgbsb tnnfs sn nhtbatòbs turas àtn la bxbrj`sb à hut`f`ty. @a plrt`juflr, tgb jnrb Fbla jnajbpts nh stlamlrm wnrd, jnatàunus òprnvbobat, lam rbspbjt hnr pbnpfb, wb hbbf, jnob rìgt nut nh tgb ]Y@ els`js ls tgby wbrb mbvbfnpbm à tgb <0=3s. Onrbnvbr, wb w`ff sgnw gnw lppfyài ]Y@ tn la lfrblmy *

†

Klobs S. Ynoljd, Mla`bf ]. Knabs, lam Mla`bf Unns, ]gb Oljgàb ]glt Jglaibm tgb Ynrfm; ]gb Ztnry nh Fbla Srnmujt`na, H`rst Glrpbr Sbrbaa`lf, Abw Pnrd, <00<. ]nyntl; Ynrdbr ]rlàài Flpsbm Lo`m Hlst Irnwtg, ZOB Ml`fy Bxbjut`vb Er`b﬌ai, Olrjg <0, 53<3, quntài la àtbrv`bw ey Ld`n ]nynml à A`ddb` Zgàeua, Olrjg 9, 53<3.

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bx`stài Fbla à`t`lt`vb w`ff supbrjglrib tglt bhhnrt lam gbfp ilà tgb rbtura na tglt àvbstobat.

Ljg`b vài Srnjbss Ztle`f`ty Ls wb bxpflàbm à tgb flst jglptbr, `t `s l jnoona o`suambrstlamài tglt tgb Fbla knuraby ebiàs w`tg òprnvbobat. ‖Lhtbr lff,‟ abw Fbla à`t`ltbs w`ff às`st, ‖tgb wgnfb `mbl nh Fbla `s tn ibt ebttbr ey bfòàltài wlstb, lam wb mn tglt ey oldài òprnvbobats tn nur jurrbat prnjbssbs, rìgt>‟ Gnwbvbr, ls Lrt Zolffby tbljgbs à g`s jflssbs na els`j stle`f`ty, ‖@ rbjnoobam tglt `t `s nhtba ebttbr tn put ls`mb tgb ‗sbxy‐ `tbos à fbla sujg ls dlaela, stlamlrm`zbm wnrd, nr vlfub strblo olps, lam àstblm wnrd na tgb onrbhuamlobatlf `tbos‟ nh jrbltài els`j stle`f`ty.*

Fbla @opfbobatlt`na Zbqubajb ]nyntl gls ebba rbfujtlat tn puef`sg nr bvba bamnrsb wglt `t jnas`mbrs tn eb tgb rìgt wly tn òpfbobat Fbla ebjlusb ]nyntl bxbjut`vbs v`bw ]SZ/Fbla ls l systbo nh tgàdài tglt prljt`t`nabrs fblra ebst ey mnài. Ygba prbssbm, vbtbrlas nh ]nyntl w`ff suiibst tglt tgbrb lrb prbjnam`t`nas abbmbm hnr l Fbla òpfbobatlt`na tn prnjbbm sonntgfy; ‖]gbsb àjfumb rbflt`vbfy hbw prnefbos à bqu`pobat uptòb, lvl`flefb oltbr`lfs w`tg hbw mbhbjts, lam strnai supbrv`s`na lt tgb prnmujt`na fàb fbvbf.‟ Zolffby lfsn fblrabm hrno àtbrv`bws lam jnavbrslt`nas *

Lrt Zolffby, Els`j Ztle`f`ty Zuoolry Mnjuobat, Lrt nh Fbla, 5337, lrtnﬅbla.jno, p. <.


w`tg rbt`rbm ]nyntl bxbjut`vbs lenut stle`f`ty gnw ]nyntl fblrabm tgb glrm wly tglt à tgb ebiàaài nh l trlashnrolt`na l jnoplay abbms stlefb prnjbssbs ebhnrb ebài lefb tn sujjbbm w`tg tgb onrb snpg`st`jltbm bfbobats nh Fbla. Yglt ]nyntl fblrabm wls tglt `h wb lttbopt tn òprnvb la uastlefb prnjbss, wb w`ff ant eb lefb tn jnamujt la ljjurltb lalfys`s nh tgb ‖jurrbat stltb‟ ebjlusb `t jglaibs bljg tòb wb nesbrvb `t nr wgba m`hhbrbat npbrltnrs mn tgb slob kne m`hhbrbatfy. Bvba `h wb mn ﬌am òprnvbobats uambr tgbsb jnam`t`nas, nur ‖abw obtgnm‟ w`ff kust eb nab nh lay auoebr nh wlys tglt tgb kne w`ff eb mnab lam tgb ebab﬌ts nh tgb òprnvbobat w`ff eb fnst.* ]nyntl usbs tgb els`j eu`fmài efnjds nh olauhljturài”tgb =Os nh olapnwbr, oljgàbs, oltbr`lfs, lam obtgnms”tn bstlef`sg l jnas`stbat lam prbm`jtlefb prnjbss ebhnrb inài tnn hlr w`tg tgb flttbr bfbobats nh ﬅnw lam tldt tòb tglt jnatrèutb tn stlamlrm wnrd. ]gb dby tn ljg`bvài prnjbss stle`f`ty, ls plssbm na ey hnrobr ]nyntl bxbjut`vbs tn Lrt Zolffby, wgn à tura mnjuobatbm tgb prnjbss, wls tn jnajbatrltb na tgbsb hnur dby bfbobats; <. Olapnwbr; Els`j stle`f`ty stlrts w`tg l wbff-trlàbm wnrdhnrjb. 5. Oljgàbs; Pnu oust danw ynur justnobr mbolam, tgb jlplj`ty nh ynur prnjbss, lam tgb ljtulf lvbrlib nutput. :. Oltbr`lfs; Lppfy tgb tnnfs nh Fbla tn rbmujb wlstb tn sgnrtba tgb tòbfàb hrno wgba tgb nrmbr `s rbjb`vbm uat`f `t `s prnmujbm. *

Lrt Zolffby, Els`j Ztle`f`ty `s Els`j tn Fbla Olauhljturài Zujjbss, ww w.fbla.nri, p. 5.

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=. Obtgnms; Glvb stlamlrm obtgnms à pfljb ls l oblsurb hnr gnw ynu lrb mnài lam tn oblsurb tgb òpljt nh jglaib.* Bvbrynab prljt`jài Fbla uambrstlams tglt stlamlrm`zbm wnrd `s tgb ebmrnjd hnuamlt`na nh innm Fbla prljt`jb. Ygba jnopla`bs stumy Fbla, gnwbvbr, tgby kuop rìgt tn òprnvài obtgnms lam wglt tgby hbbf `s jrbltài stlamlrm wnrd. Hnr tgbo, tg`s oblas wr`tài `t mnwa à mbtl`fbm mbsjr`pt`nas jlffbm stlamlrm npbrltài prnjbmurbs (ZNSs) nr stlamlrm wnrd mnjuobats nr wnrd àstrujt`nas. ]gb `mbl `s tglt tgbsb mnjuobats lrb tn eb rblm ey tgb npbrltnrs mnài tgb wnrd lam hnffnwbm sn tglt bvbrynab mnbs `t ‖tgb stlamlrm wly.‟ Ls wb sglff sbb à sbvbrlf jlsb stum`bs à tg`s ennd, tgnuig, kust ebjlusb ynu wr`tb `t mnwa mnbsa‐t oldb `t sn. Yglt Zolffby `s slyài `s tglt ebhnrb wb jla jnob up w`tg l stlamlrm hnr tgb wnrd tglt wb jla fnjd à lam mbjflrb ‖tgb nh﬌j`lf wly tgb wnrd `s mnab bljg lam bvbry tòb,‟ wb abbm tn jrbltb stle`f`ty lrnuam wglt `s ebài mnab tnmly. @a ntgbr wnrms, wb abbm tn usb tgb K@ erbldmnwa obtgnm tn mbtbroàb tgb jurrbat ebst wly wb danw gnw tn mn tgb kne, trlà bvbry pbrsna à tglt obtgnm, lam onst jr`t`jlffy, mbvbfnp l hnffnw-up systbo sn tglt wb jla oldb surb bvbrynab hnffnws tglt obtgnm, kust ls wls mnab ey BZJN ]ureàb ]bjganfni`bs‚Zyrljusb (sbb Jglptbr <). Najb wb glvb bvbrynab trlàbm à tglt obtgnm, lam ont`vltbm tn hnffnwài tgbsb àstrujt`nas, tgba wb glvb l elsbfàb tn lalfyzb tglt stlefb pbrhnrolajb, tn fnnd hnr òprnvbobat nppnrtua`t`bs, *

@e`m.


lam `h tgb obtgnm prnvbs sustlàlefb, tn mnjuobat `t ls tgb stlamlrm. ]gb tgrbb ]Y@ sd`ffs lt wnrd à tg`s prnjbss mr`vb us tnwlrm tgb uftòltb inlf nh stlamlrm`zbm wnrd. Kne Ubflt`nas jrbltbs tgb abbmbm jnnpbrlt`na hrno tgb pbnpfb wgn lrb tn mn tgb wnrd sn tgby lrb w`ffài lam ont`vltbm tn hnffnw tgb àstrujt`nas tgby lrb i`vba. Kne @astrujt`na jnatàubs w`tg tg`s bhhnrt lam m`rbjts `t tn l spbj`﬌j kne tglt `s tn eb tluigt. H`rst, tgnuig, tgb kne `s erndba mnwa lam ‖tgb nab ebst wly‟ wb danw gnw tn mn tgb kne `s mbtbroàbm sn tglt `t jla eb fblrabm qu`jdfy lam pbrhnrobm jnrrbjtfy, slhbfy, lam jnasj`bat`nusfy. Hàlffy, nppnrtua`t`bs hnr òprnvbobat jla eb oàbm na l ml`fy els`s ey usài Kne Obtgnms tn òprnvb upna tgb jurrbat ebst wly tglt w`ff uftòltbfy rbsuft à abw obtgnms tluigt eljd tn tgb npbrltnrs usài Kne @astrujt`na. Najb tgb prnjbss `s stle`f`zbm lam wb glvb jnas`stbat pbrhnrolajb nh tgb kne ljrnss npbrltnrs lam sg`hts, wb jla prnjbbm w`tg tgb ntgbr tgrbb Os nh oljgàbs, oltbr`lf, lam obtgnms, ls rbqu`rbm, tn wr`tb nur stlamlrm wnrd mnjuobat.

Ztlamlrm Ynrd lam Jnatàunus @oprnvbobat Ygba inài mnwa tgb pltg tn stlamlrm wnrd, `t `s w`sb tn dbbp à oàm tgb lmv`jb nh Olslld` @ol`, wgn rboàms us tglt tgb knuraby mnbs ant bam wgba tgb à`t`lf wnrd `s mnab; @a rblf`ty, tgbrb jla eb an sujg tgài ls l stlt`j jnastlat. Lff systbos lrb mbstàbm tn mbtbr`nrltb najb tgby glvb ebba bstlef`sgbm. Nab nh tgb hlonus

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Slrdàsna‐s Flws `s tglt la nrila`zlt`na, najb `t gls eu`ft la bm`﬌jb, ebiàs tn mbjfàb. @a ntgbr wnrms, tgbrb oust eb l jnatàuài bhhnrt hnr òprnvbobat tn bvba olàtlà tgb stltus qun.*

ljt`v`t`bs sujg ls vlfub strblo lam@oprnvbobat dl`zba bvbats tglt lrb hnjusbm onrb na olppài prnjbss òprnvbobats oly rbsuft à jrbltài l ebttbr obtgnm. Nh jnursb, tglt `s wglt dl`zba `s lff lenut, eut uafbss tglt obtgnm stlamlrm`zbs wnrd, tgbrb `s an wly tn eb surb tglt ynu glvb à hljt òprnvbm tgb npbrlt`na, nr `h ynu kust jglaibm tgb wly l plrt`juflr pbrsna wls mnài tgb kne lt tglt t` ob. ]gba, bvba wgba wb pbrhnro nrila`zbm òprnvbobat bvbats, tgb òprnvbobats olmb ebià tn mbjfàb uafbss tgbrb `s l jnatàuài bhhnrt tn olàtlà tgb abw fbvbfs nh pbrhnrolajb. ]g` s `s sgnwa na tgb slwtnntg òprnvbobat jurvb à Hìurb =.<. ]g`s eràis us huff j`rjfb, tgba, tn nur nrìàlf jg`jdbalam-bii m`fbool; Yg`jg jnobs ﬌rst”stlamlrm wnrd nr òprnvbobat> @t sgnufm eb jfblr ey anw tglt w`tgnut l stlefb prnjbss, nab à wg`jg lff npbrltnrs lrb mnài l kne tgb slob wly ljrnss lff wnrd sg`hts, `t w`ff eb m`h﬌juft tn lalfyzb lay kne hnr òprnvbobat lam tgba sustlà lay òprnvbobats wb mn ﬌am. Srljt`jài Kne Ubflt`nas lam Kne @astrujt`na na l rbiuflr els`s w`ff gbfp jrbltb tglt hnuamlt`na sn tglt wgba tgb ntgbr Fbla tnnfs lrb ljt`vltbm, tgby jla pbrhnro lt tgb`r pbld fbvbfs. Onrbnvbr, wgba wb prljt`jb Fbla à ljt`v`t`bs sujg ls dl`zba bvbats, KU lam K@ w`ff balefb us tn olàtlà tgnsb gìgbr fbvbfs *

Olslld` @ol`, DL @[BA; ]gb Dby tn Klpla‐s Jnopbt`t`vb Zujjbss, OjIrlw-G`ff/ @rwà, Abw Pnrd, <078, p. 52.


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: # t a b v B

Yglt stlamlrm sgnufm eb 5 # t a b v B t u tp u N

Yglt stlamlrm sgnufm eb < # t a b v B @oprnvbobat

Olàtbalajb

Olàtbalajb t a b o b v rn p o @

àis in eljd tn wgbrb tgby wbrb ebhnrb tgb jglaib

Ztlamlrm`zbm Ynrd

]òb

Hìurb =.< Zlw-tnntg òprnvbobat jurvb.

nh pbrhnrolajb mbvbfnpbm à tgb bvbat. Kne Obtgnms w`ff hurtgbr lss`st us à jnatàuài tn ﬌am òprnvbobat na l jnatàunus els`s w`tgnut glvài tn wl`t hnr tgb abxt Fbla bvbat (sbb Hìurb =.5). Lff nh tgb jlsb stum`bs à tg`s ennd mbsjrèb tgb usb nh ]Y@ ls l mr`vbr tnwlrm ljg`bvài stlamlrm wnrd. ]g`s `s ant surpr`sài sàjb jrbltài lam sustlàài stlamlrm wnrd, ls wb glvb kust pnàtbm nut, `s tgb hnuamlt`na nh Fbla sujjbss. Yglt tgbsb jlsb stum`bs sgnw `s tglt tgb wly wb lrb jurrbatfy tbljgài nur bopfnybbs gnw tn mn tgb`r wnrd, usulffy snob vlr`lt`na nh tgb eummy systbo w`tg m`hhbrbat ebffs lam wg`stfbs lttljgbm, `s ant ibttài us laywgbrb ablr glvài npbrltnrs mn tgb`r wnrd à jnas`stbat wlys tglt hnffnw sbt stlamlrms. Znob jnopla`bs oly bvba mbpfny l trlà-tgb-trlàbr prnirlo tglt jnas`sts nh, lonai ntgbr tgàis, tbljgài trlàbrs tgbnrbt`jlf jnajbpts f`db tgb m`hhbrbat typbs nh pbnpfb lam gnw tgby

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Abw Ztlamlrm

Jnatàunus @oprnvbobat - KO tu p u N

Abw Ztlamlrm t ta b a b v B a l b F

o b v rn p o @

Ztle`f`zbm Srnjbssbs - K@ Sns`t`vb Bav`rnaobat - KU

]Y@ ]lps tgb Srnmujt`vb Sntbat`lf nh Rambrut`f`zbm Sbnpfb

Ztlamlrm`zbm Ynrd

]òb

Hìurb =.5 @oprnvbobat jurvb w`tg Fbla/]Y@.

fblra; lum`tnry, v`sulf, bxpbr`bat`lf, btj. Eut bvba à tgbsb nrila`zlt`nas, wgba wnrdbrs lrb hnuam tn eb pbrhnroài knes à m`hhbrbat wlys, tgb typ`jlf rbspnasb `s, ‖]glt‐s tgb wly oy àstrujtnr tluigt ob gnw tn mn `t.‟ ]gb hnur-stbp obtgnm nh Kne @astrujt`na ljtulffy àtbirltbs lff nh tgbsb àsìgts àtn gnw pbnpfb fblra ey tbffài, sgnwài, lam `ffustrltài tgb npbrlt`na, lam ebjlusb `t lfsn àjfumbs i`vài tgb rblsnas wgy wb mn `t tglt wly, `t basurbs jnopfbtb uambrstlamài. Onrbnvbr, ebjlusb wb tldb tgb tòb, ebhnrb wb àstrujt, tn erbld mnwa tgb kne lam put tglt prnjbmurb mnwa na plpbr, wb jla eb surb tglt tgb mbonastrlt`na lam bxpflalt`na nh tgb kne `s jnas`stbat bvbry tòb `t `s tluigt, rbilrmfbss nh wgn `s tbljgài tgb kne. @astblm nh i`vài supbrv`snrs l tgbnry na gnw pbnpfb fblra, ]Y@ i`vbs tgbo l obtgnm tglt tgby jla mbpfny bvbry tòb tgby abbm tn trlà, rbilrmfbss nh wgn tgby lrb trlàài. @t `s jnoprbgbas`vb lam wnrds w`tg lay kne wb tbljg.


Rsbm à jnakuajt`na w`tg KU lam KO, tgb K@ obtgnm nh trlàài knes `s la blsy-tn-fblra lam m`rbjt obtgnm nh ibttài pbnpfb ont`vltbm tn mn tgb kne hnffnwài tgb sbt stlamlrms. ]gb basuài prnjbss stle`f`ty jrbltbm ey tgb rbiuflr uslib nh tgb ]Y@ sd`ffs w`ff jrbltb tgb bav`rnaobat à wg`jg Fbla ljt`v`t`bs nvbrlff w`ff tgr`vb. ]g`s wls tgb jlsb lt ]nyntl wgba tgby wbrb mbvbfnpài tgb`r ]SZ obtgnms, lam `t `s tgb jlsb lt jnuatfbss jnopla`bs tnmly tglt lrb sbbdài tn jrbltb l sujjbsshuf Fbla bxpbr`bajb.

ZNSs vs. K@Es @h tgb nrila`zlt`na `s ynuai nr hl`rfy solff, `t oly ant glvb lay bx`stài mnjuobatlt`na na wnrd prnjbmurbs, lam tgb prnjbss nh jrbltài stlamlrm wnrd jla ebià labw. Jnopla`bs à tg`s s`tult`na lrb usulffy bxj`tbm lenut òpfbobatài K@ ebjlusb `t i`vbs tgbo tgb lmmbm ebab﬌t nh glvài tgb`r knes, pbrglps hnr tgb ﬌rst tòb, wr`ttba mnwa lam mnjuobatbm à tgb hnro nh l K@ erbldmnwa. ]g`s `s ebttbr tgla glvài antgài lt lff ebjlusb à nrmbr tn basurb tglt l kne `s pbrhnrobm tgb slob wly bljg lam bvbry tòb `t `s mnab, an olttbr wgn mnbs `t, wb glvb tn glvb l jnas`stbat plttbra, l wr`ttba rbjnrm, tn hlff eljd na lam usb wgba wb tbljg lam lum`t tgb wnrd. ]gb hljt nh tgb olttbr `s, tgnuig, tglt olay jnopla`bs glvb lfrblmy inab tgrnuig l prnjbss nh jrbltài ZNSs hnr l vlr`bty nh abbms, àjfumài @atbralt`nalf Nrila`zlt`na hnr Ztlamlrm`zlt`na (@ZN) jnopf`lajb nr tn huf﬌ff lum`tài rbqu`rbobats. Hnr tgbsb vbry òpnrtlat rblsnas, tgby oust glvb mnjuobatbm tgb jnopfbtb lam jnrrbjt wly nh mnài tgb wnrd w`tg qulf`ty lam slhbty. ]gb ZNSs lrb usulffy wr`ttba ey baiàbbrs nr ntgbr tbjga`jlf pbnpfb

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wgn abbm tn àstrujt tgb hljtnry gnw tn eu`fm tgb prnmujt à tgb wly tgby glvb mbsìabm `t. Hnr tglt purpnsb, tgbsb ZNS lutgnrs, wgn oly ant wnrd lt tgb pflat nr, `h tgby mn, mn ant in tn tgb prnmujt`na ﬅnnr na l rbiuflr els`s, try tn àjfumb bvbry sàifb tgài tglt abbms tn eb danwa lenut nr mnab à tgb kne. ]gbsb mbtl`fbm mnjuobats jnatlà l wblftg nh innm àhnrolt`na, lam àstrujtnrs wnufm eb solrt tn stumy tgbo jlrbhuffy ebhnrb tgby tbljg l kne tn la npbrltnr. Ygbrb tgàis in wrnai, tgnuig, `s wgba supbrv`snrs try tn sgnrtjut tgb àstrujt`na prnjbss lam sòpfy plss na tgb ZNSs m`rbjtfy tn tgb fblrabrs, tbffài tgbo tn pbrhnro tgb kne ls wr`ttba. Lhtbr lff, tgby lssuob, tgbsb mnjuobats lrb jlffbm tgb wnrd àstrujt`nas. Lt nab obm`jlf prnmujts olauhljturbr, wgbrb tgby glm tn jnopfy w`tg stràibat Hnnm lam Mrui Lmoà`strlt`na (HML) lum`ts, wb wbrb sgnwa la bxlopfb nh l typ`jlf ZNS. @t wls hnur plibs fnai w`tg sàifb-spljbm <3-pnàt hnat typb à jlrbhuffy auoebrbm plrlirlpgs; Zbjt`na 5.3, Slrlirlpg 5.:, @tbo 5.:.<, @tbo 5.:.5, btj. ]gba, lt tgb enttno nh tgb flst plib, tgbrb wls l sìalturb fàb hnr tgb npbrltnr tn lh﬌ro tglt gb nr sgb glm rblm tgbsb àstrujt`nas jlrbhuffy lam huffy uambrstnnm gnw tn mn tgb kne. ]g`s wls tn prnvb, tgby tnfm us, tglt tgb wnrdbr glm ebba trlàbm. ]gb baiàbbr wgn sgnwbm us tg`s mnjuobat, wgn wls hl`rfy abw tn tgb jnoplay lt tgb tòb, sl`m tglt bvba sgb glm m`h﬌jufty uambrstlamài gnw tn mn tgb kne lhtbr glvài rblm `t! ]gb Kne @astrujt`na Erbldmnwa (K@E) sbrvbs l sbplrltb lam m`stàjt huajt`na hrno tgb ZNS. @t mnbs ant jnvbr bvbry sàifb tgài tglt glppbas à l kne, lam à tglt sbasb, `t `s ant l wr`ttba mbsjr`pt`na nh tgb kne. @t `s olmb


à l spbj`﬌j wly tn eb antbs tn gbfp nrila`zb tgb npbrlt`na à tgb àstrujtnr‐s oàm sn tglt antgài jr`t`jlf tn fblraài tgb kne `s o`xbm up nr fbht nut wgba àstrujtài. Onst òpnrtlatfy, tgb K@E sgbbt `s lfwlys usbm à jnakuajt`na w`tg tgb hnur-stbp obtgnm hnr Kne @astrujt`na. @a Ztbp 5 nh K@, wb tbff, sgnw, lam `ffustrltb tgb òpnrtlat stbps nh tgb kne, ls nutfàbm na tgb erbldmnwa sgbbt, lam tgba mn tgb kne lilà strbssài dby pnàts, lam ybt lilà i`vài tgb rblsnas hnr tgnsb dby pnàts, lfwlys hnffnwài tgb erbldmnwa sgbbt. Eut tgb fblrabr `s nesbrvài tgb kne ebài pbrhnrobm bvba ls gb nr sgb f`stbas tn tgbsb àstrujt`nas. Entg wglt `s sbba lam wglt `s gblrm jnopr`sb tgb huff bxtbat nh tgb àstrujt`na. Hnr bxlopfb, `h ynu lrb jglaiài tgb eflmb à l gljdslw, ynu mna‐t abbm tn tbff tgb fblrabr tn ‖tldb l gnfm nh tgb wài aut‟ nr bvba tn ‖tura mnwa tgb wài aut.‟ ]gby w`ff sbb ynu mn tglt. Lff ynu w`ff abbm tn sly `s, ‖Lmkust tgb tbas`na na tgb eflmb,‟ ls ynu mbonastrltb gnw `t `s mnab. ]glt `s tgb onst òpnrtlat tgài tglt glppbas tn uambrstlamài tglt plrt nh tgb kne. ]gb rblf sd`ff nh tgb K@ obtgnm `s tn erbld mnwa tgb kne sn tglt wb mna‐t i`vb fblrabrs onrb àhnrolt`na tgla tgby jla glamfb lt nab tòb. Fblraài `s f`db bltài”`h ynu try tn pusg tgb wgnfb gloeuribr à ynur onutg lam swlffnw `t lt nab tòb, ynu‐ff jgndb. Yb mn tgb slob tgài wgba wb try tn tbljg pbnpfb gnw tn mn snobtgài ey tbffài tgbo, à nab eì eflst nh àhnrolt`na, bvbrytgài wb danw lenut tgb kne”nr ey i`vài tgbo l fnai lam mbtl`fbm ZNS lam lsdài tgbo tn rblm lam uambrstlam `t. Yb wàm up jnahusài tgbo (`.b., tgby jgndb), lam tgba tgby glvb tn in na struiifài tn fblra tgb kne na tgb`r nwa, hnr tgb onst plrt, tgrnuig tr`lf lam brrnr.

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Ygba wb erbld mnwa tgb kne, na tgb ntgbr glam, wb fnnd hnr kust tgb rìgt lonuat nh àhnrolt`na tn put ljrnss tgb kne tn tgb fblrabrs sn tgby jla fblra tn pbrhnro `t qu`jdfy lam jnrrbjtfy. Ebjlusb tgby w`ff eb nesbrvài tgb kne wgba tgby fblra, tgb vbrelf àstrujt`na jla eb fò`tbm tn kust tgnsb jr`t`jlf lspbjts tglt wnufm ntgbrw`sb eb o`ssbm. Gbajb, ynu jnufm ant kust rblm l K@ erbldmnwa lam uambrstlam gnw tn mn tgb kne. ]glt `s wgy tgb K@ erbldmnwa sgbbt jlaant ljt ls l suest`tutb hnr la ZNS wgba, sly, la nuts`mb lum`tnr abbms tn rblm `t tn oldb surb tgb prnjbmurb `s jnopfbtb. Na tgb ntgbr glam, tgbrb `s usulffy àhnrolt`na à tgb K@ erbldmnwa sgbbt tglt `s ant hnuam à tgb jnrrbspnamài ZNSs. ]gbsb lrb usulffy dby pnàts jnajbraài tgb daljd nr tr`jd tn ibttài tgb kne mnab. Ygba baiàbbrs tldb tgb ]Y@ jflss lam fblra lenut K@, tgby tbff us tglt tgby o`ssbm tgb dby pnàts à wr`tài ZNSs ebjlusb tgby wbrb snfbfy hnjusbm na tgb prnjbmurb hnr pbrhnroài tgb npbrlt`na lam abvbr tgnuigt lenut tgb tbjga`qub nr sd`ff `t wnufm rbqu`rb tn ibt tglt kne mnab. @a ntgbr wnrms, tgby wrntb mnwa tgb ‖wglt tn mn‟ nh tgb kne eut abifbjtbm tn jnas`mbr tgb ‖gnw tn mn `t.‟ @a bhhbjt, tglt wls lfwlys fbht up tn tgb npbrltnrs wgba `t jlob tòb hnr tgbo tn ﬌iurb nut gnw tn ibt `t mnab. Lam tg`s `s tgb vbry rblsna wgy, à sp`tb nh nur bopgls`s na glvài ZNSs à nrmbr tn jrbltb stlamlrm wnrd, tgbrb `s sn oujg vlr`lt`na à gnw wnrd ibts mnab. Bvbry npbrltnr, nr pbrsna wgn trlàs tgb npbrltnrs, gls ﬌iurbm nut g`s nr gbr nwa wly nh mnài `t ebjlusb tgb tbjga`qub àvnfvbm à mnài tgb knes mnbs oldb l m`hhbrbajb. @h wb mna‐t jlpturb tglt à nur kne àstrujt`na, ls rbprbsbatbm ey tgb dby pnàts tn tgb kne, tgba wb abvbr ibt tn stlamlrm wnrd.


Yglt `s onrb, ZNSs tbam tn jnvbr lay npbrlt`na à `ts bat`rbty. Eut, na jfnsbr àspbjt`na, wb usulffy ﬌am tglt tgb kne jla jnas`st nh olay jnopnabat plrts. Hnr bxlopfb, ynu jnufm glvb la ZNS na mr`vài la lutnone`fb, eut à rblf`ty, tgbrb lrb olay àm`v`mulf sd`ffs rbqu`rbm tn npbrltb l vbg`jfb, àjfumài stbbrài, erldài, turaài, plssài, plrdài, btj. Innm àstrujtnrs tbljg tgbsb sd`ffs nab lt l tòb sn tglt, wgba tgby lrb olstbrbm, tgb abw npbrltnr jla put tgbo lff tnibtgbr lam sd`ffhuffy jlrry nut tgb bat`rb npbrlt`na. Zn tgbrb oly eb sbvbrlf Kne @astrujt`na erbldmnwas hnr lay nab ZNS. ]g`s jnajbpt nh m`v`mài l kne àtn àstrujt`na ua`ts nr `ts tbljglefb bfbobats `s nab nh tgb eìibst àsìgts supbrv`snrs ibt wgba fblraài K@. ]gby jnob àtn tgb jflss tgàdài tglt tgb`r knes lrb tnn flrib lam jnopfbx tn tbljg usài l sòpfb hnur-stbp obtgnm, eut fblra tglt tg`s tbljgài obtgnm `s kust wglt tgby glvb ebba o`ssài lff lfnai. @a suoolry, ZNSs hl`f wgba wb try tn usb tgbo hnr trlàài, eut lt tgb slob tòb, wb jlaant usb tgb K@ erbldmnwa ls l suest`tutb hnr tgb ZNS. Olay jnopla`bs stlrtài nut w`tg K@ ibt sn bxj`tbm lenut tgb K@ erbldmnwa hnrolt tglt tgby wlat tn usb `t bxjfus`vbfy lam mn lwly w`tg tgb`r uaw`bfmy ZNSs tglt hbw pbnpfb lrb usài laywly ebjlusb tgby lrb sn m`h﬌juft tn uambrstlam. Eut wgba K@Es lrb tgb nafy wr`ttba rbjnrms nh knes, tgb tboptlt`na `s tn put tnn oujg àhnrolt`na àtn tgbo, lam tgb`r usb à àstrujt`na `s tgus jr`ppfbm. ]g`s `s wglt glppbabm lt Lfelay @atbralt`nalf (sbb Jglptbr 8) lam, ls l rbsuft, tgb`r à`t`lf K@ òpfbobatlt`na stlffbm lam hl`fbm tn prnmujb tgb abbmbm rbsufts. @a tgb bam, wb abbm entg mnjuobats ebjlusb tgby sbrvb m`hhbrbat purpnsbs. ]lefb =.< suoolr`zbs tgb m`hhbrbajbs ebtwbba ZNSs lam K@Es.

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]lefb =.<

Jnoplr`sna nh ZNSs lam K@Es

Ztlamlrm Npbrltài Srnjbmurbs •

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Rsulffy olmb ey baiàbbrs nr ntgbr tbjga`jlf pbnpfb Bvbrytgài tglt abbms tn eb danwa lenut l kne Rsbm hnr ntgbr purpnsbs ebs`mbs trlàài Zgnufm eb stum`bm ebhnrb oldài l K@E

Kne @astrujt`na Erbldmnwas •

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Olmb ey supbrv`snrs w`tg gbfp hrno npbrltnrs Mn ant jnatlà bvbry sàifb tgài lenut l kne Lfwlys usbm à jnakuajt`na w`tg K@ hnur-stbp obtgnm Oly glvb sbvbrlf K@Es hnr lay nab ZNS

Jnatrnffài tgb Erbldmnwa Zgbbts ]gb abxt eì qubst`na tglt jnobs up, lam `t `s usulffy l jnatbat`nus nab, `s gnw tn glamfb tgb K@ erbldmnwa sgbbts lfnai w`tg tgb ZNSs, wg`jg lrb typ`jlffy jnatrnffbm ey rbv`s`na rufbs lam stnrlib rbqu`rbobats tn basurb prnpbr uslib. Onst prnmujt`na stlhh lrb lfrblmy nvbrwgbfobm ey tgb lonuat nh plpbrwnrd tgby glvb tn jnatrnf, lam trlàbrs hbbf tglt tgb K@ erbldmnwas sgnufm ant eb rbstr`jtbm ey juoebrsnob jglaib rbqu`rbobats tglt fò`t tgb`r ﬅbxè`f`ty wgba trlàài l vlr`bty nh pbnpfb w`tg m`hhbrbat eljdirnuams lam sd`ff fbvbfs. \ulf`ty jnatrnf stlhh oly rbs`st lantgbr vbrs`na nh tgb stlamlrm ebài puef`sgbm ebjlusb, tgby wnrry, `t jnufm jnatrlm`jt nr jglaib tgb`r wr`ttba stlamlrm. Onrbnvbr, `h tgb K@ erbldmnwas wbrb ant jnatrnffbm, f`db ZNSs, tgby wnufm rua àtn tgb slob prnefbos nh, hnr bxlopfb, nutmltbm vbrs`nas fyài lrnuam lam ebài tluigt tn npbrltnrs. ]gb dby tgài tn rboboebr gbrb `s tglt tgb K@ erbldmnwa nh l kne `s ant l m`hhbrbat vbrs`na nh tgb kne obtgnm ls mbsjrèbm ey tgb ZNS. Ls nur innm jnffbliub Olrd Zbssuobs hrno ]OLJ, tgb ]bxls OBS, puts `t, ‖Ztlamlrm


wnrd `s ant wnrms na l plib, `t `s ebglv`nr na tgb ﬅnnr.‟ @a ntgbr wnrms, tgb ZNS `tsbfh `s ant tgb stlamlrm. ]gb ZNS mbsjrèbs l prnjbss tglt `s tn eb mnab à l stlamlrm wly, lam tgb K@ erbldmnwa mbsjrèbs tglt slob stlamlrm wly nh mnài tgb kne, eut hrno l m`hhbrbat pnàt nh v`bw. @t‐s f`db fnndài lt twn mrlwàis nh tgb slob gnusb. Nab oly eb la `snobtr`j :M rbambrài nh wglt tgb gnob fnnds f`db hrno tgb nuts`mb, wgbrbls tgb ntgbr oly eb l sjgbolt`j mrlwài nh às`mb mbtl`fs hrno tgrbb m`hhbrbat laifbs; hrnat, s`mb, lam tnp. Eut entg mrlwàis st`ff sgnw tgb slob gnusb. @a tgb slob wly, glvài lantgbr wr`ttba mbsjr`pt`na nh tgb kne mnbs ant obla wb glvb lantgbr, m`hhbrbat stlamlrm. Entg mnjuobats mbsjrèb tgb slob stlamlrm prnjbss nh mnài tgb wnrd. Bljg jnoplay abbms tn mbj`mb gnw `t w`ff olalib `ts erbldmnwa sgbbts, mbpbamài na tgb jnopfbx`ty nh `ts npbrlt`nas lam `ts abbms lrnuam mnjuobat jnatrnf. Na tgb nab glam, ynu mna‐t wlat tn ebjnob tnn àﬅbxèfb ebjlusb tgbsb lrb f`vài mnjuobats tglt oust obbt tgb abbms nh l m`vbrsb lam jnatàulffy jglaiài wnrdpfljb”an twn fblrabrs lrb lf`db. Na tgb ntgbr glam, ebjlusb nur inlf `s, lhtbr lff, stlamlrm wnrd, wb abbm snob fbvbf nh jnatrnf tn basurb tglt bvbrynab fblraài tgb kne w`ff eb i`vba tgb slob trlàài lam eb lefb tn pbrhnro `t à tgb mb﬌abm wly. Nab nh tgb ebst wlys wb glvb sbba hnr jnatrnffài K@ erbldmnwa sgbbts `s tn glvb tgbo olalibm ls la lmmbamuo nr lttljgobat tn tgb ZNS tglt jla eb jnatrnffbm usài tgb slob jnatrnfs ls tgb ZNS. @h tgb ZNS jglaibs, tgba tgb obtgnm nh àstrujt`na oust lfsn eb upmltbm tn rbﬅbjt tgnsb jglaibs. (Zbb Jglptbr 7 hnr la bxjbffbat rbv`bw nh gnw l jnoplay w`tg str`jt mnjuobat jnatrnfs àtbirltbm K@Es àtn `ts qulf`ty systbo.)

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Najb la npbrltnr gls fblrabm lam olstbrbm l kne tgrnuig prnpbr àstrujt`na, gb nr sgb jla jbrtlàfy usb tgb ZNS ls l rbhbrbajb tn hlff eljd na wgba qubst`nas jnob up nr prnefbos njjur. Eut tgb abbm hnr innm àstrujt`na lfwlys jnobs ﬌rst. Pnu sgnufm ant eb rblmài la ZNS wg`fb mnài l kne lay onrb tgla ynu sgnufm eb mr`vài mnwa tgb gìgwly wg`fb rbv`bwài tgb nwabr‐s olaulf tn tgb jlr. @h ynu glvb l qubst`na nr jnajbra, sly l wlraài fìgt jnobs na nr tgbrb `s snob an`sb nr vèrlt`na w`tg tgb vbg`jfb, ynu jla puff nvbr tn tgb s`mb nh tgb rnlm lam jnasuft tgb olaulf. Eut wg`fb mr`vài, ynur hnjus sgnufm eb bat`rbfy na tgb tlsd lt glam”npbrltài tgb vbg`jfb slhbfy à nrmbr tn ibt tn ynur mbstàlt`na. Y`tgnut innm trlàài, ynu wnufm eb puffài tgb jlr nvbr bvbry tba oàutbs tn jgbjd tgb àstrujt`nas lam wnufm abvbr ibt tn wgbrb ynu‐rb inài à l rblsnalefb lonuat nh tòb.

Jnatàunus @oprnvbobat Ygba sblrjgài tn bxpflà tgb m`hhbrbajbs à gnw Klplabsb lam Ybstbra olalibrs lpprnljg tgb`r wnrd, Olslld` @ol`, tgb ola wgn tluigt tgb Ybst tgb Klplabsb jnajbpt nh dl`zba, lsdbm gòsbfh, ‖Gnw mn wb bxpflà tgb hljt tglt wg`fb onst abw `mbls jnob hrno tgb Ybst lam snob nh tgb onst lmvlajbm pflats, àst`tut`nas, lam tbjganfni`bs lrb hnuam tgbrb, tgbrb lrb sn olay pflats tgbrb tglt glvb jglaibm f`ttfb sàjb tgb <023s>‟* *

Olslld` @ol`, Iboel Dl`zba; L Jnoonasbasb, Fnw-Jnst Lpprnljg tn Olalibobat, OjIrlw-G`ff, Abw Pnrd, <009, p. 5.


@ol` bxpflàbm tg`s gòsbfh wgba gb rbhbrbajbm Slrdàsna‐s Flw na tgb alturlf mbtbr`nrlt`na nh stlt`j systbos. ]gb R.Z. lutnone`fb àmustry `s tgb onst v`sèfb bv`mbajb tglt suh﬌j`bat bhhnrt wls ant olmb ey àmustry fblmbrs tn bvba olàtlà tgb stltus qun, oujg fbss òprnvb à rbspnasb tn tgb lttljd ey Klplabsb lutnone`fb olauhljturbrs à tgb <093s. Zìa`﬌jlat str`mbs w`tg Fbla prnmujt`na sàjb tgb <003s wbrb lfsn ant banuig tn prbvbat tgb jnfflpsb nh tgb àmustry à 5337. Elsbm na wglt wb glvb fblrabm lt jnopla`bs lrnuam tgb wnrfm, wb jla‐t gbfp eut hbbf tglt ]Y@ oìgt glvb gbfpbm snfvb tgb trbobamnus pbnpfb `ssubs tgb Lobr`jla lutnone`fb àmustry hljbm, lam st`ff mnbs, à tryài tn spbbm up tgb trlas`t`na tn Fbla prnmujt`na.

]gb Unfb nh ]Y@ à Jnatàunus @oprnvbobat Ene ﬌rst fblrabm nh tgb bx`stbajb nh ]Y@ hrno wglt lppblrbm tn eb la nut-nh-jnatbxt jnoobat ey O lslld` @ol` à g`s ennd DL@[BA; ‖Fbss wbff danwa `s tgb hljt tglt tgb suiibst`na systbo wls ernuigt tn Klpla lenut tgb slob tòb Tls Mboài lam Kurla_ ey ]Y @ (]rlàài Y`tgà @amustry) lam tgb R.Z. L`r Hnrjb.‟* @t wls ant uat`f @ol` puef`sgbm Iboel Dl`zba yblrs fltbr tglt gb jrbm`tbm ]Y@ Kne Obtgnms hnr `ts rnfb à tgb mbvbfnpobat nh dl`zba à Klpla. ]gb trub vlfub nh tg`s fltbr ennd, hrno nur pbrspbjt`vb, wls tn `mbat`hy tgb supbrv`snr‐s rnfb à iboel lam tgb àﬅubajb ]Y@ glm na gnw tglt rnfb bvnfvbm. *

Olslld` @ol`, DL@[BA; ]gb Dby tn Klpla‐s Jnopbt`t`vb Zujjbss, OjIrlw-G`ff, Abw Pnrd, <009, p. <<5.

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Hrbqubatfy supbrv`snrs à iboel mn ant danw bxljtfy tgb`r rbspnasè`f`t`bs. ]gby bailib à sujg ljt`v`t`bs ls ﬌rb﬌igtài, gblm jnuats, lam ljg`bvài prnmujt`na quntls w`tgnut rbilrm tn qulf`ty. Znobtòbs tgby mna‐t bvba glvb ml`fy prnmujt`na quntls à oàm4 tgby kust try tn prnmujb ls olay p`bjbs ls pnssèfb wg`fb tgb prnjbss `s uambr jnatrnf”ebtwbba tgb olay àtbrrupt`nas jlusbm ey oljgàb mnwatòb, lesbatbb`so, lam qulf`ty prnefbos. ]g`s s`tult`na lr`sbs wgba olalibobat mnbs ant jfblrfy bxpflà gnw tn olalib à iboel lam gls ant i`vba l prbj`sb mbsjr`pt`na nh supbrv`snrs‐ rnfbs lam ljjnuatle`f`ty.*

]glt wls tgb bav`rnaobat lt l A`ssla Ontnr lssboefy pflat wgba Zgu`jg` Pnsg`ml wls prnontbm tn sbjt`na olalibr à <093. Pnsg`ml fltbr netlàbm l f`jbasb tn tbljg tgb K@, KO, lam KU jnursbs tn sujjbsshuffy trlà uasd`ffbm wnrdbrs tn obbt rlp`mfy bxplamài mbolam à tgb R.Z. lutnone`fb àmustry, oujg tgb slob ls murài Ynrfm Ylr @@. Pnsg`ml hnffnwbm tgb ]Y@ hnroufl hl`tghuffy; ‖Bljg jnursb jnas`stbm nh nab wbbd nh twn-gnur fbjturbs lam prljt`jb sbss`nas4 lhtbr tgb fbjturbs, plrt`j`plats rbturabm tn iboel tn put àtn ljt`na wglt tgby glm kust fblrabm.‟† @a Pnsg`ml‐s v`bw, supbrv`snrs sgnufm eb trlàbm tn ljt onrb f`db tutnrs lam tn fnnd lhtbr tgb pbnpfb tgby lrb à jglrib nh à ljjnrmlajb w`tg tgb rnfbs nh supbrv`snrs gb mb﬌abm hnr A`ssla. ]gnsb rnfbs lrb f`stbm gbrb, lam wb lmmbm tgb K prnirlo à plrbatgbsbs tglt wb sbb ls glvài àﬅubajbm Pnsg`ml wgba mbvbfnpài bljg nh tgbsb rnfbs;

* †

@ol`, Iboel Dl`zba, p. <32. @e`m., p. <<:.


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Srbplrb wnrd stlamlrms (K@). Srnv`mb trlàài tn basurb npbrltnrs mn tgb`r wnrd ljjnrmài tn stlamlrms (K@). @oprnvb stltus qun ey òprnvài stlamlrms (KO). Ant`jb leanrolf`t`bs lam lmmrbss òobm`ltbfy tn dbbp tgb prnjbss uambr jnatrnf (KO). Jrbltb l innm wnrdài bav`rnaobat (KU). Mblf w`tg leanrolf`t`bs lt tgb wnrds`tb (KU).

Ygy Dl`zba @s Zn M`hh`juft ]gb dby tn dl`zba, wglt wb jlff jnatàunus òprnvbobat à Baif`sg, `s tglt `t eb jnatàunus. ]g`s sbbos tn in w`tgnut slyài, eut wglt wb ﬌am à jnuatfbss jnopla`bs tryài tn àstlff l Fbla jufturb `s tglt jnatàunus òprnvbobat jnatàunus. olyebjnob prnjbbmplrt à ﬌ts lam stlrts, eut `swbant jlaant sly tglt @t`t gls nh tgb wly pbnpfb à tgb jnoplay wnrd bvbry mly. ]gbrb lrb l vlr`bty nh rblsnas hnr tg`s; ◱

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Sbnpfb rbs`st jglaib, lam tg`s oàmsbt w`ff jlusb tgbo tn eljdsf`mb lam lelamna òprnvbobat. Sbnpfb typ`jlffy rbfy na ntgbrs hnr òprnvbobat. Bvba wgba pbnpfb wlat tn òprnvb tgby mna‐t glvb òprnvbobat sd`ffs. Jnopla`bs tbam tn rbfy na sjgbmufbm bvbats tn oldb bvba solff jglaibs. Zupbrv`snrs lam npbrltnrs bam up fblvài òprnvbobat uat`f lhtbr ‖oldài tgb auoebrs.‟

]gb pg`fnsnpgy tglt ruas tgrnuig lff nh tgb ]Y@ onmufbs jnuatbrljts lam rbonvbs tgbsb bxjusbs. Fbt‐s fnnd lt tgbo pnàt ey pnàt.

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Yb m`sjussbm blrf`br à tg`s jglptbr gnw l jnoeàlt`na nh lff tgrbb ]Y@ sd`ffs gbfps prbvbat eljdsf`mài lhtbr òprnvbobats lrb olmb. Eut tgb hljt tglt pbnpfb rbs`st jglaib `s l pnwbrhuf hnrjb tglt fblms tn stbr`fb lam stlffbm Fbla à`t`lt`vbs. ]gb KU onmufb m`rbjtfy lmmrbssbs tgb hljt tglt pbnpfb ‖lrb lff àjfàbm tn qubst`na wgbtgbr `t `s abjbsslry tn jglaib tgb tgàis wb glvb ebjnob ljjustnobm tn.‟ Bvba à Kuab <0==, wgba tgnsb wnrms wbrb wr`ttba, pbnpfb wbrb rbs`stài jglaib, sn tg`s `s ant l abw pgbanobana à tgb lib nh Fbla. KU tgba tbljgbs tglt ls supbrv`snrs wb oust prbplrb tgb wly hnr jglaib à tgb wnrdpfljb lam usb nab nh tgb KU hnuamlt`nas hnr innm rbflt`nas”tbff pbnpfb à lmvlajb lenut jglaibs tglt w`ff lhhbjt tgbo”à nrmbr tn prbvbat prnefbos hrno jnoài up ebjlusb nh tgb jglaib. ]gb ljt`na pnàts hnr tg`s hnuamlt`na lrb tn ‖tbff tgbo wgy `h pnssèfb‟ lam tn ‖wnrd w`tg tgbo tn ljjbpt tgb jglaib.‟ ]bffài tgbo wgy gbfps tgbo tn uambrstlam tgb abbm hnr tgb jglaib, lam onst pbnpfb jla lirbb w`tg snobtgài, bvba `h tgby mna‐t f`db `t, `h `t gls l rlt`nalf rblsna. ]gb sbjnam pnàt `s glrmbr tn lppfy. KU sgnws us tglt pbnpfb abbm tòb tn lmkust tn jglaib, lam fbttài tgbo ‖glvb tgb`r sly‟ lam lffnwài tgbo tn ‖efnw nhh stblo‟ lrb l plrt nh tgb prnjbss nh ljjbptlajb. Jflr`hyài tgb bhhbjts tglt tgb jglaib w`ff glvb na àm`v`mulfs lam bxpflàài lay ebab﬌ts tgby w`ff ibt hrno `t lfsn gbfp tn o`tìltb tgb hblr lrnuam tgb upsbt nh mb﬌abm gle`ts lam rnutàbs. Ygba supbrv`snrs mna‐t uambrstlam tg`s hnuamlt`na lam try tn hnrjb jglaib na pbnpf b w`tgnut wlfdài w`tg tgbo tg rnuig tgb jglaib prnjbss, tgby nafy eu`fm up rbsbatobat lam rbs`stlajb.


]g`s sd`ff à fblmài `s l o`ssài p`bjb à tnn olay Fbla òpfbobatlt`nas, bvba tgnuig tgbsb jnopla`bs glvb fblrabm tglt l dby bfbobat tn Fbla sujjbss `s l jglaib à jufturb. Yb w`ff fnnd lt tg`s à onrb mbtl`f à Jglptbr 9, eut tgb pnàt gbrb `s tglt ]Y@ sd`ffs lmm tg`s guola mòbas`na tn tgb Fbla sd`ff sbt sn tglt wb mna‐t fblvb nur pbnpfb ebgàm bvba ls wb prbss hnrwlrm tnwlrm òprnvbobat. ]gb sbjnam pnàt wls tglt pbnpfb rbfy na ntgbrs hnr òprnvbobat. ]glt oblas tgby mna‐t hbbf `t `s tgb`r rbspnasè`f`ty tn jnob up w`tg òprnvbobat `mbls lam suiibst`nas. Gbrb lilà, innm fblmbrsg`p `s tgb laswbr, lam à KU wb fblra tglt ‖l supbrv`snr ibts rbsufts tgrnuig pbnpfb.‟ Ygba supbrv`snrs try tn mn bvbrytgài tgbosbfvbs nr wgba tgby plss tgb eujd tn ntgbrs, tgby hl`f tn bailib tgb`r pbnpfb lam tn ‖oldb tgb ebst usb nh bljg pbrsna‐s le`f`ty,‟ lantgbr KU hnuamlt`na hnr innm rbflt`nas. @a tgb KO jnursb, wb sbb à tgb npbaài mbonastrlt`na gnw l supbrv`snr wnrds w`tg la npbrltnr usài g`s suiibst`nas à oldài tgb ﬌alf òprnvbobat prnpnslf. ]gb ]Y@ obtgnms tbljg supbrv`snrs tn jnasj`bat`nusfy wnrd w`tg lam tgrnuig pbnpfb, lam tg`s oblas usài tgb`r àaltb le`f`t`bs lam dbbpài tgbo ljt`vb à tgb òprnvbobat prnjbss. ]gb abxt pnàt `s l s`tult`na wb ﬌am oujg onrb jnoona”pbnpfb wgn wlat tn plrt`j`pltb eut ibt hrustrltbm ebjlusb tgby mna‐t glvb tgb sd`ffs tn jnob up w`tg òprnvbobat prnpnslfs. Yb oly lsd nur pbnpfb hnr tgb`r `mbls, bvba put nut l suiibst`na enx tglt, lhtbr snob à`t`lf jnopflàts, rbolàs pbrpbtulffy bopty. Eut `h wb mna‐t i`vb tgbo l obtgnm hnr gnw tn ibabrltb tgnsb `mbls, tgby w`ff ant eb lefb tn prnv`mb tgbo na l rbiuflr els`s, an olttbr

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gnw oujg tgby oly wlat tn lam an olttbr gnw glrm wb jlknfb tgbo tn mn sn. ]gb Kne Obtgnms @oprnvbobat pfla `s l sòpfb lam strlìgthnrwlrm obtgnm tglt bvbrynab jla plrt`j`pltb à tn ﬌am lam òpfbobat òprnvbobats na l rbiuflr els`s. Ey hnffnwài tgb KO hnur-stbp obtgnm, laynab jla jnob up w`tg òprnvbm obtgnms tn mnài g`s nr gbr wnrd, lam `t `s l rbpbltlefb prnjbss gb nr sgb jla mn nvbr lam nvbr lilà. ]gnuig tgb ]Y@ prnirlos lrb m`rbjtbm lt ﬌rst-fàb supbrv`snrs, olay jnopla`bs ﬌am tglt tgb KO trlàài jnursb `s snobtgài tgby wlat f`tbrlffy lff nh tgb`r bopfnybbs tn tldb lam usb. M`hhbrbat hrno K@ nr KU, wgbrb tgb sd`ffs lrb tn tbljg snobnab bfsb l kne nr tn tldb la ljt`na na l prnefbo jnajbraài snobnab bfsb, ﬌amài la òprnvbm obtgnm tn ynur wnrd usài KO `s snobtgài laynab jla usb, àjfumài tgnsb wgn mn ant i`vb m`rbjt`nas tn ntgbrs. Bvba wgba tgb jnursb `s i`vba nafy tn supbrv`snrs, tgbsb supbrv`snrs lrb trlàbm tn usb tgb`r KO sd`ff tn m`rbjt tgb òprnvbobat ljt`v`ty wg`fb fblmài tgb`r pbnpfb tn plrt`j`pltb à bvbry stbp nh tgb prnjbss. Ls tgb KO obtgnm stltbs, ‖Ynrd nut ynur `mbls w`tg ntgbrs,‟ lam tg`s oblas ibttài npbrltnrs àvnfvbm. @a nrmbr tn ebst ‖sbff tgb abw obtgnm tn tgb npbrltnrs,‟ tgb jnursb tbljgbs tgbo tn ibt tgbsb npbrltnrs àvnfvbm blrfy à tgb prnjbss sn tglt tgby w`ff glvb onrb jnoo`tobat tn jlrryài `t nut. Onvài na tn tgb hnurtg pnàt, Hìurb =.5 sgnws us tglt KO sgnufm eb mnab jnatàunusfy lam ant ls l sjgbmufbm bvbat. ]gbrb `s jbrtlàfy irblt ebab﬌t wgba jnopla`bs tgrnw l fnt nh bopfnybb tòb lam bhhnrt àtn sjgbmufbm Fbla bvbats tglt jla tgba lttljd prnefbos à l jnajbrtbm


wly. Eut, ls nab hrustrltbm ]nyntl bxbjut`vb wls nvbrgblrm slyài, ‖Dl`zba `s ant la bvbat, `t `s l wly nh f`hb!‟ @h bopfnybbs glvb tn wl`t hnr l sjgbmufbm bvbat tn oldb l abbmbm òprnvbobat, tgby w`ff hl`f tn mbvbfnp l obatlf`ty nh jnatàunus òprnvbobat lam w`ff sbb prnefbo snfvài ls snobtgài tglt jla wl`t uat`f tgbrb `s tòb tn sjgbmufb `t à. ]gb pg`fnsnpgy nh KO, ls wbff ls K@ lam KU, `s tglt tgbsb sd`ffs sgnufm eb prljt`jbm na l ml`fy els`s. @a Jglptbr <3 wb w`ff mbsjrèb gnw tgbsb sd`ffs hnro tgb els`s nh wglt `s tgb ml`fy olalibobat nh Fbla, à ntgbr wnrms, wglt supbrv`snrs mn bvbry mly. ]g`s eràis us tn tgb ﬌alf pnàt, l oàmsbt tglt `s qu`tb pbrvls`vb wgba prnjbssbs lrb jnatàulffy uastlefb, wg`jg `s tglt supbrv`snrs put nhh òprnvbobat uat`f tgby glvb ‖olmb tgb auoebrs.‟ @a tgb K@ jnursb, wb npba up ey rbv`bwài lff tgb prnefbos tglt supbrv`snrs hljb tglt gnfm eljd tgb`r prnmujt`na, erài mnwa qulf`ty, lam mr`vb up jnst. ]gbsb lrb tgb vbry slob prnefbos tgby lrb wrbstfài w`tg bvbry mly à nrmbr tn oldb tgb auoebrs, lam tgby mn tg`s tgrnuig la bamfbss bhhnrt lt puttài nut ﬌rbs, juttài jnrabrs, lam puffài stràis. L solrtbr wly tn obbt tgb`r rbspnasè`f`t`bs nh ibttài nut qulf`ty prnmujt`na lt tgb prnpbr jnst wnufm eb tn mbvbfnp l wbfftrlàbm wnrdhnrjb, ebjlusb wb jla bls`fy sbb gnw onst nh tgb prnefbos wb hljb jla eb snfvbm nr lffbv`ltbm `h pbnpfb lrb prnpbrfy trlàbm. Najb innm trlàài `s òpfbobatbm lam wnrd ebjnobs onrb stlefb lam jnatrnffbm, tgba tgbsb prnefbos in lwly nr lrb wg`ttfbm mnwa tn s`zb sn tglt wb anw glvb tòb tn wnrd na òprnvbobat, wg`jg w`ff à tura jrbltb onrb stle`f`ty à tgb wnrd lt gìgbr fbvbfs nh ljg`bvbobat. @t `s ant banuig tn sòpfy

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sly ynu mna‐t glvb tòb hnr òprnvbobat. @a hljt, jnas`mbrài tgb ﬌brjb jnopbt`t`na onst jnopla`bs hljb à tgb olrdbtpfljb, tgby mna‐t glvb tòb ant tn òprnvb. ]gb trub bssbajb nh Fbla `s tn oldb òprnvbobat l jnatàunus prnjbss, onrb l wly nh f`hb tgla sòpfy la ljt`v`ty wb mn hrno tòb tn tòb. Eut, ls wb jla sbb, tg`s batl`fs l fnt nh wglt gls ebba jlffbm snht sd`ffs ebjlusb wb jlaant sòpfy m`lirlo tgbo na l jglrt nr irlpg lam bxpbjt tgbo tn wnrd. @a tgb abxt jglptbr, na tgb Mnaabffy Justno Olauhljturài Jnoplay jlsb stumy, wb w`ff sbb gnw l jnoplay à l tnuig eusàbss sbjtnr usbm lff tgb ]Y@ obtgnms tn trlashnro `ts jufturb tn nab wgbrb ibabrltài òprnvbobat `mbls ebjlob tgb wly `t m`m wnrd na l rbiuflr els`s.

Ant Zn Klplabsb! @t `s àtbrbstài tn antb tglt, wg`fb tgb Klplabsb wnrm hnr jnatàunus òprnvbobat, dl`zba, `s lfonst ua`vbrslffy danwa lam usbm ant nafy à tgb Fbla onvbobat, eut à snj`bty lt flrib, tgb jnajbpt `s ant Klplabsb lt lff.* @a hljt, `t jla eb hnuam à tgb ]Y@ Kne Obtgnms olaulf wr`ttba à <0=:, fnai ebhnrb laynab jnas`mbrbm tgb Klplabsb tn eb àanvlt`vb olauhljturbrs. @a Ztbp =, wgba tgb obtgnm àstrujts us tn ‖put tgb obtgnm tn wnrd,‟ `t lfsn stltbs *

@h laytgài, tgb Klplabsb jufturb fblas vbry gblv`fy tnwlrm trlm`t`na lam `s sfnw tn jglaib. Ebhnrb <787, wgba tgb jnuatry wls hnrjbhuffy npbabm ey Jnoonmnrb Sbrry‐s ‖iuaenlt m`pfnoljy,‟ an hnrbìabrs wbrb lffnwbm àtn Klplabsb snj`bty, lam `t wls `ffbilf hnr lay Klplabsb pbrsna tn fblvb tgb jnuatry. ]gb wgnfb snj`bty wls hnrjbm tn rbolà stlialat hnr jbatur`bs ey `ts hbumlf fblmbrs. @a tgb onmbra brl, tgb Klplabsb glm tn fblra gnw tn qubst`na jurrbat obtgnms lam tn boerljb jnastlat jglaib lam òprnvbobat.


tglt wb sgnufm ‖usb `t uat`f l ebttbr wly `s mbvbfnpbm.‟ ]g`s àkuajt`na `s pràtbm rìgt na tgb pnjdbt jlrm tglt supbrv`snrs lrb tn jlrry lrnuam w`tg tgbo lt lff tòbs wgba tgby in lenut oldài òprnvbobats. ]gb olaulf tgba bopgls`zbs tg`s pnàt ey stltài, ‖Uboboebr tgbrb w`ff lfwlys eb l ebttbr wly. Dbbp sblrjgài hnr hurtgbr òprnvbobats.‟ @t `s jnopfbtbfy jfblr gbrb tglt tgb KO òprnvbobat pfla `s iblrbm tnwlrm oldài l sbr`bs nh òprnvbobats tglt `s jnatàunus lam abvbr bamài. ]g`s `s tgb trub sp`r`t nh dl`zba. Lantgbr wbff-rbilrmbm lspbjt nh Fbla tglt tgb Klplabsb glvb pbrhbjtbm `s tgb usb nh prnpnslf systbos, nrdl`zba tb`la (òprnvbobat prnpnslf) lam tb`la sb`mn (prnpnslf systbo) à Klplabsb. Gbrb lilà, tgb prnpnslf wls la àtbirlf plrt nh tgb ]Y@ KO prnirlo lam àjfumbm tgb usb nh ebhnrb lam lhtbr rbsufts tn sgnw tgb pns`t`vb bhhbjts nh tgb abw obtgnm ebài prnpnsbm à nrmbr tn gbfp sbff tgb prnpnslf. Lfla Uneàsna, à g`s ennd Jnrpnrltb Jrblt`v`ty, bxpflàbm tgb g`stnry nh prnpnslf systbos tglt ebila à tgb Ra`tbm Ztltbs, onst antlefy lt tgb Alt`nalf Jlsg Ubi`stbr Jnoplay nh Mlytna, Ng`n, à tgb blrfy <033s. Gb stltbs; ‖]Y@ pflybm l jbatrlf rnfb à tgb mbvbfnpobat nh tgb dl`zba tb`la systbo. ]gb pusg jlob hrno ]Y@‐s KO] jnursb, wg`jg hnrjbhuffy jnooua`jltbm tgb òpnrtlajb nh tgb olay solff òprnvbobat `mbls l jno*

play oìgt ibt hrno `ts bopfnybbs.‟ ]gbsb prnirlos tglt wbat tn Klpla lhtbr tgb wlr wbrb lfsn mbsjrèbm à ]gb @mbl Ennd, l Klplabsb ennd na tgbsb prnpnslf systbos; *

Lfla I. Uneàsna lam Zlo Ztbra, Jnrpnrltb Jrblt`v`ty, Gnw @aanvlt`na lam @oprnvbobat Ljtulffy Glppba, Ebrrbtt-Dnbgfbr Suef`sgbrs, Zla Hrlaj`sjn, <009.

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<5:

<5=

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]gb hnrbruaabr nh tgb onmbra Klplabsb-styfb suiibst`na systbo uamnuetbmfy nrìàltbm à tgb Ybst…. ]Y@ (]rlàài Y`tgà @amustry), àtrnmujbm tn Klplabsb àmustry à <0=0 ey tgb R.Z. njjuplt`na hnrjbs, glm l olknr bhhbjt à bxplamài tgb suiibst`na systbo tn àvnfvb lff wnrdbrs rltgbr tgla kust l glamhuf nh tgb bf`tb. Kne onm`﬌jlt`na jnast`tutbm l plrt nh ]Y@ lam ls hnrboba lam supbrv`snrs tluigt wnrdbrs gnw tn pbrhnro kne onm`﬌jlt`na, tgby fblrabm gnw tn oldb jglaibs lam suiibst`nas…. Olay Klplabsb jnopla`bs àtrnmujbm suiibst`na systbos tn hnffnw up na tgb kne onm`﬌jlt`na onvbobat ebiua ey ]Y@.*

Yb jla sbb tglt tgb rnnts nh jnatàunus òprnvbobat f`b à nur nwa g `stnry, nh wg`jg ] Y@ wls l olknr jnatrèutnr. Bvba ls wb glvb fblrabm oujg hrno tgb Klplabsb àmustr`lf bxpbr`bajb sàjb tgb bam nh Y Y@@ lam tgb àtrnmujt`na nh ]Y@ tgbrb, `t `s àstrujt`vb tn antb tglt tgbsb hnuamlt`nalf bfbobats l rb ant Klplabsb lt lff, eut glvb strna i rnnts ` a nur nwa juftu rb. Ebhnrb tgbrb wls Fbla tgbrb wls ]Y@. Lam ]Y@ wls àﬅubat`lf à tgb hnrolt`na nh wglt wb danw nh tnmly ls Fbla. Fblraài lam lppfyài tgbsb hnuamlt`na bfbobats jla nafy baglajb nur usb nh lam sujjbss à lppfyài Fbla.

@oprnvbobat ls l Slrt nh Kne @astrujt`na Ls wb bxpflàbm lt tgb bam nh tgb flst jglptbr, tgbrb `s la òprnvbobat bfbobat à tgb K@ prnirlo tglt enfstbrs tgb dl`zba bhhnrt bvba ls wb hnjus na mbvbfnpài l *

Klpla Guola Ubflt`nas Lssnj`lt`na, ]gb @mbl Ennd, Srnmujt`v`ty Srbss, Snrtflam, NU, <077, p. 535.


wbff-trlàbm wnrdhnrjb. @a ntgbr wnrms, wgba wb erbld mnwa l kne hnr trlàài lam str`vb tn ﬌am tgb nab ebst wly nh mnài tgb wnrd, lff nh tgb ntgbr ant sn ebst wlys lrb str`ppbm lwly lam m`sjlrmbm. Ey stlamlrm`zài tgb obtgnm à wg`jg pbnpfb mn tgb`r knes, ant nafy `s vlr`lt`na rbonvbm hrno tgb wnrd, eut tgb pbrhnrolajb bams up lt l gìgbr fbvbf.

Ubspbjt hnr Sbnpfb Bvbry jnoplay f`dbs tn jflò tglt pbnpfb, tgb bopfnybbs nh tgb nrila`zlt`na, lrb `ts onst òpnrtlat rbsnurjb nr lssbt. Ey tldài jlrb nh tglt rbsnurjb, tgb rblsnaài inbs, tgb wnrd nh tgb jnoplay w`ff eb pbrhnrobm à sujg l innm wly tglt justnobrs w`ff eb glppy lam prn﬌ts w`ff basub. ]g`s jglffbaib prnvbs tn eb bls`br sl`m tgla mnab, gnwbvbr, lam tgb prnnh nh tglt `s bls`fy hnuam ey tlfdài tn lay nab nh tgbsb òpnrtlat rbsnurjbs lam lsdài tgb`r gnabst npà`na nh tgb`r nrila`zlt`na lam gnw tgby lrb trbltbm ey `t. @t turas nut tglt, mbsp`tb tgb rgbtnr`j, wgba `t jnobs tn gnw olay nrila`zlt`nas rblffy ibt tgb wnrd mnab, tgb usulf jnoolam-lam-jnatrnf tnnfs nh tgrblts lam àtò`mlt`na lrb tgb anro. ]glt `s, mn wglt ynu lrb tnfm nr hljb tgb jnasbqubajbs. @a Zbjt`na @@@ nh tg`s ennd, wb in àtn tgb olay hljbts nh tgb ]Y@ prnirlos tglt mblf m`rbjtfy w`tg fblmbrsg`p lam tgb sd`ffs tglt oldb rbspbjt hnr pbnpfb l rblf`ty lam ant kust l sfnila. ]g`s plrt nh ]Y@‐s rbflt`nasg`p tn Fbla `s entg bxtbas`vb lam lff-bajnoplssài. @a ntgbr wnrms, `t pbrobltbs bvbry lspbjt nh bljg nh tgb hnur-stbp obtgnms. Ls wb‐ff sbb à Jglptbr 9, tgb guola bfbobat nh tgb

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<58

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]Y@ obtgnms `s wglt olmb tgb prnirlo sn lppblfài tn tgb Klplabsb wgba tgby wbrb àtrnmujbm tn `t lhtbr tgb`r mbvlstltài mbhblt à YY@@. ]g`s pg`fnsnpgy nh guola`ty à tgb wnrdpfljb, wg`jg wls sn bhhbjt`vb murài tgb wlr à eu`fmài up tgb wlrtòb prnmujt`na jlplj`ty à tgb Ra`tbm Ztltbs lhtbr onst nh tgb wnrdbrs fbht tgb`r knes tn in lam ﬌igt à tgb wlr, wls tgba lmnptbm ey tgb Klplabsb ls tgby ebila tgb`r olrjg tnwlrm gìgbr prnmujt`v`ty lam qulf`ty. @t sgnufm ant eb surpr`sài, tgba, tn ﬌am tglt Klplabsb jnopla`bs npbrltài à tgb Ra`tbm Ztltbs lam ntgbr jnuatr`bs lrb lefb tn ljg`bvb tg`s lspbjt nh tgb`r Fbla systbos nuts`mb nh Klpla. ]g`s `s an solff hblt jnas`mbrài tgb jglffbaibs nh struiifài w`tg m`hhbrbajbs à flaiulib lam jufturb tglt lrb vbry ua`qub tn tgb Klplabsb bxpbr`bajb. Uuaaài la nrila`zlt`na tglt trufy rbspbjts `ts pbnpfb lam wnrds na tgb jnoplay jufturb ﬌rst, ebhnrb tryài tn òpfbobat tnnfs tglt wnrd na tgb prnmujt`na systbo, `s tgb ﬌rst fbssna à Fbla tglt olay, `h ant onst, jnopla`bs o`ss. Zàjb tg`s `s sujg l eì tnp`j, wb w`ff mbvntb tgb wgnfb nh Jglptbr 9 tn m`sjuss `t. Hnr anw, gbrb `s nab stnry tglt v`v`mfy m`spflys gnw tgb glrm wnrd nh rbspbjtài pbnpfb pl`m nhh hnr l jnoplay. Yb wbrb lsdbm tn mbf`vbr ]Y@ trlàài hnr l sues`m`lry nh ]nyntl à Dbatujdy tglt suppf`bm wgbbfs, entg lfuoàuo lam stbbf, hnr tgb prnmujt`na nh ]nyntl onmbfs lt tgb Ibnribtnwa pflat lam ntgbr lutn olauhljturbrs, entg Klplabsb lam Lobr`jla. ]gb pflat wls rua `mbat`jlffy tn tgb olà ]nyntl hlj`f`ty, sn oujg sn tglt wgba X@S iubsts, wlatbm tn tnur ]nyntl lam tgb Ibnribtnwa pflat wls tnn eusy tn gnst


tgbo, tgb iubsts wbrb sbat tn tgb wgbbf pflat. Ygba wb int tgbrb, wb hnuam tglt sbvbrlf nh tgb stlhh wgn glm wnrdbm tgbrb wgba tgb pflat ﬌rst npbabm glm tldba tgb ]Y@ Kne @astrujt`na trlàài lt tgb olà ]nyntl hlj`f`ty wgba tgby stlrtbm. Eut ls tòb wbat na, abwbr supbrv`snrs wbrb ant ibttài tgb trlàài, lam sn tgby wlatbm tn mbvbfnp tgb à-gnusb le`f`ty tn mbf`vbr K@ lam KU. Murài tgb à`t`lf tba-gnur trlàài, nab nh tgb supbrv`snrs, wb‐ff jlff Kò, lpprnljgbm Sltr`jd lhtbr tgb jflss lam sl`m gb glm gblrm tglt nab nr twn nh tgb plrt`j`plats à tgb KU jflss wbrb tn in na tn fblra tn ebjnob àstrujtnrs nh tgb jnursb. Gb tnfm Sltr`jd tglt gb wnufm f`db tn eb nab nh tgnsb pbnpfb ebjlusb gb f`dbm tgb jflss sn oujg. Sltr`jd tnfm gò tglt `t wls ant g`s mbj`s`na, bvba tgnuig gb glm ljtulffy ebba lsdbm ey tgb jnoplay tn sueo`t snob rbjnoobamlt`nas. Ls `t turas nut, Kò wls p`jdbm tn eb l trlàbr, lam gb knàbm us à Zyrljusb l hbw onatgs fltbr hnr tgb KU trlàtgb-trlàbr prnirlo. @t wls g`s ﬌rst tr`p na la l`rpflab, lam gb wls surb tn erài g`s iu`tlr w`tg gò tn dbbp gò jnoplay murài tgb huff wbbd nh trlàài. ]grnuignut tgb wbbd, wg`jg wls gbfm lt l eblut`huf trlàài hlj`f`ty à tgb Abw Pnrd Hàibr Fldbs, wg`fb tgb ntgbr plrt`j`plats wbrb baknyài tgb`r hrbb tòb s`ppài wàb ey tgb fldb, Kò wls hnuam à tgb jnahbrbajb glff prljt`jài g`s mbf`vbr`bs. Gb sl`m gb glm tn eb surb gb int `t mnwa kust rìgt sn tglt gb wnufm sujjbbm à mbf`vbrài tgb jnursb. Kò tnfm Sltr`jd gnw pfblsbm gb wls tn eb tgbrb, lam sl`m tglt gb wlatbm tn eb l trlàbr sn tglt gb ‖jnufm i`vb snobtgài eljd tn tgb jnoplay tglt glm ebba sn innm tn gò.‟ Gb tnfm us gnw, wgba gb ﬌rst knàbm tgb

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<57

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jnoplay ls l rbebff`nus ynutg, gb glm inttba àtn l fnt nh trnuefb lam tglt tgb jnoplay glm bvbry rìgt tn fbt gò in. ‖]gby rblffy sgnufm glvb ﬌rbm ob,‟ gb stltbm w`tg irblt jna﬌mbajb. Eut tgb jnoplay ebat nvbr eljdwlrms tn gbfp gò tgrnuig tg`s tòb, lam Kò wbat na tn eb nab nh tgb`r ebst npbrltnrs. ]gby fltbr prnontbm gò tn supbrv`snr. Kò ebjlob l vbry sujjbsshuf KU trlàbr, ls wls sgnwa à tgb hbbmeljd sgbbts gb sglrbm w`tg us lhtbr g`s ﬌rst hbw mbf`vbr`bs. ]gb pbnpfb wgn lttbambm g`s KU sbss`nas sl`m tglt gb ant nafy uambrstnnm tgb oltbr`lf, eut wls lefb tn lppfy `t tn tgb ljtulf s`tult`na lt tgb Dbatujdy pflat ebjlusb nh g`s pbrsnalf eljdirnuam. ]gb jnoplay‐s bhhnrts tn mbvbfnp Kò, ey rbspbjtài gò ls la àm`v`mulf lam wnrdài w`tg gò ls gb irbw ls l pbrsna lam la bopfnybb, pl`m nhh olay tòbs nvbr, ls gb jnufm anw usb g`s nwa bxpbr`bajbs tn gbfp trlà ntgbr supbrv`snrs tn fblm à tgb slob bhhbjt`vb wlys gb gòsbfh wls trbltbm. Olay bxbjut`vbs f`db tn oldb tgb bxjusb tglt jnopla`bs à Klpla glvb ebba sujjbsshuf ebjlusb tgb Klplabsb pbnpfb lrb ebttbr bmujltbm lam ont`vltbm. Eut wgba tgbsb vbry slob jnopla`bs jla rbpf`jltb tgb`r sujjbss lt mbvbfnpài l fnylf lam mbm`jltbm wnrdhnrjb à pfljbs f`db Dbatujdy, ]baabssbb, Ng`n, O`ss`ss`pp`, @am`lal, lam ]bxls, wb jla sbb gnw tgbsb pràj`pfbs lrnuam rbspbjt hnr pbnpfb lrb ua`vbrslf lam abjbsslry. Pnu sòpfy jla‐t sujjbbm w`tg tgb onrb tbjga`jlf lspbjts nh Fbla uat`f ynu ibt tgb pbnpfb plrt rìgt.


Zustlà lam Jnatàunusfy @oprnvb wnrd obtgnms

Olàtlà Ztlamlrm`zbm Ynrd, Kne Obtgnms, Dl`zba Bvbats

Ztlamlrm`zb wnrd obtgnms

]ldt ]òb, Ztlamlrm à-prnjbss àvbatnry, Ztlamlrm wnrd sbqubajb

Ztle`f`zb wnrd obtgnms Kne @astrujt`na

Zlhb, pns`t`vb, jfbla wnrd bav`rnaobat Kne Ubflt`nas, Kne Zlhbty, 2Z

Hìurb =.: ]Y@/Fbla àtbirlt`na.

]Y@ /Fbla @atbi rlt`n a ]gb huamlobatlf prnirbss`na nh Fbla ljt`v`ty `s tn stle`f`zb, stlamlrm`zb, sustlà, lam jnatàunusfy òprnvb. @a tg`s jglptbr wb glvb sgnwa gnw tgb ]Y@ prnirlos gbfp tn eu`fm tg`s Fbla strujturb ey m`rbjtfy àﬅubajài tgb jnrb Fbla jnajbpts nh stlamlrm wnrd, jnatàunus òprnvbobat, lam rbspbjt hnr pbnpfb. Hìurb =.: sgnws tg`s prnirbss`na lam wgbrb ]Y@ ﬌ts à w`tg tgb ntgbr Fbla tnnfs. Ls wb glvb sl`m lff lfnai, ]Y@ wls tgbrb lt tgb ebiàaài wgba tgbsb Fbla tnnfs wbrb ebài mbvbfnpbm lam pbrhbjtbm. Ey àtbirltài ]Y@ àtn tgb Fbla prnjbss, ey puttài eljd àtn pfljb tg`s o`ssài fàd, wb jla basurb tglt tgb wgnfb systbo mbf`vbrs na tgb trub prno`sb nh Fbla.

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<50

Jglptbr 2

]gb Unfb nh l ]Y@ Jglop`na lt Mnaabffy Justno Olauhljturài Batbrpr`sb O` aabsntl (BO) `s l ant-hnr-prn﬌t bjnano`j mbvbfnpobat nrila`zlt`na tglt rbjb`vbs ﬌alaj`lf suppnrt hrno tgb Olauhljturài Bxtbas`na Slrtabrsg`p (OBS), l plr(A@Z]), t nh tgbwg`jg Alt`nalf @ast`tutb Zt lamlrms lam ]bjganfniy `s r ua ey tgbnh R.Z. Mbplr tobat nh Jnoobrjb. Ls nab nh tgb o`ss`nas nh tgbsb àmbpbambatfy npbrltbm OBS jbatbrs fnjltbm à bvbry stltb nh tgb Ra`tbm Ztltbs, BO wnrds m`rbjtfy w`tg olauhljturài jnopla`bs tn mbvbfnp sujjbsshuf eusàbss strltbi`bs, òpfboba t stltb-nh-tgb-lr t tbjganfni`bs, lam sonntg tgb trlas`t`na hrno stlrt-ups tn olturb nrila`zlt`nas. BO gls sujjbsshuffy fbvbrlibm tg`s hbmbrlf suppnrt hnr onrb tgla tg`rtbba yblrs ey lmoà`stbrài tgb jnnpbrlt`vb lirbbobat tglt suppnrts tgbo ls tgb OBS jbatbr à Oà absntl. @a tgb flst hbw yblrs, tgb`r ljjnopf`sgobats àjfumb;

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Bfbvba guamrbm Oàabsntl jnopla`bs tglt rbjb`vbm jr`t`jlf eusàbss lss`stlajb. ]gbsb jnopla`bs rblf`zbm l pns`t`vb bjnano`j òpljt nh $=9.2 o`ff`na tn tgb`r enttno fàb hrno àjrblsbm slfbs, rbmujbm prnmujt`na jnsts, lam òprnvbm ut`f`-

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zlt`na nh tgb`r tlaièfb lam àtlaièfb lssbts, wg`jg àjfumb pbnpfb. ]gbsb jnopla`bs wbat na tn àvbst $:0.2 o`ff`na à abw tbjganfniy. * Onrb tgla 5,:23 knes jrbltbm nr rbtlàbm.

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Mnaabffy Justno Olauhljturài Jnoplay (Mnaabffy) `s nab nh tgb Oàabsntl jnopla`bs tn glvb rbjb`vbm jr`t`jlf eusàbss lss`stlajb hrno tgb Batbrpr`sb Oàabsntl rbi`nalf nh﬌jb fnjltbm à Lfbxlamr`l, Oàabsntl. Mnaabffy jrbm`ts tgb pbnpfb wnrdài nut nh tg`s nh﬌jb hnr prnv`mài tgbo w`tg jnasuftài sbrv`jbs tglt balefbm tgbo tn òpfbobat Fbla olauhljturài jnajbpts ls l mr`vbr hnr tgb`r jnatàunus òprnvbobat prnjbss. ]gb olalibobat lfsn jrbm`ts U`jglrm Dvlslibr, ljjnuat olalibr hnr tgb Lfbxlamr`l nh﬌jb, hnr àtrnmujài tgbo tn ]Y@, wg`jg `s anw pflyài l dby rnfb à onvài tgb`r Fbla prnirlo tn bvba gìgbr fbvbfs.

]gb Jnoplay Ztla Mnaabffy hnuambm Mnaabffy Justno Olauhljturài à <07=. Gb wlatbm tn tlp àtn tgb sgnrt-rua a`jgb olrdbt hnr àkbjt`na onfmài plrts tglt gb v`bwbm ls ebài nvbrfnndbm lam uambrsbrvbm ey olay àkbjt`na onfmài *

Batbrpr`sb Oàabsntl wbes`tb, www.batbrpr`sboàabsntl.nri, Klaulry <=, 53<3.

]gb Unfb nh l ]Y@ Jglop`na lt Mnaabffy Justno Olauhljturài

jnopla`bs tglt olàfy wbat lhtbr tgb onrb fujrlt`vb lam fbss trnuefbsnob fnai-rua olauhljturài knes. Ztla jna﬌mbatfy wbat lenut lssboefài lff nh tgb eusàbss bfbobats gb abbmbm hnr l stlrt-up olauhljturài eusàbss à Lfbxlamr`l, Oàabsntl; l nab-stnry eu`fmài, hnur àkbjt`na onfmài prbssbs, lam bìgt tlfbatbm pbnpfb. Lftgnuig g`s abw jnoplay fljdbm justnobrs, gb wls jna﬌mbat tglt gb glm tgb rìgt `mbl tn hnjus na sgnrtrua, jfnsb-tnfbrlajb olauhljturài, lfnai w`tg rbfltbm baiàbbrài sbrv`jbs tn suppnrt tg`s olrdbt. ]gb jnoplay wls snna prnmujài nrmbrs hnr fblmài nrìàlf bqu`pobat olauhljturbrs (NBOs) wgnsb bam prnmujts, f`db L]O oljgàbs, lrb ant snfm à olss prnmujt`na ua`t vnfuobs eut lrb jnopnsbm nh gìg- qulf`ty, ouft`pfb pflst`j jnopnabats. Ztla sujjbsshuffy eu`ft g `s jnoplay na tgb snuam eusàbss pràj`pfbs nh spbbm, sòpf`j`ty, sbrv`jb, lam sujjbss. Gb lfsn olàtlàbm l jfnsb rbflt`nasg`p w`tg g`s pbnpfb lam mbolambm tglt g`s olalibobat mn tgb slob ey lfwlys ebài àvnfv bm à wglt wls inài na ` a tgb wnrdpfljb. ]g`s lpprnljg jnatàubs tn oàò`zb mbe`f`tltài jnooua`jlt`na prnefbos ntgbr jnopla`bs bxpbr `bajb ls tgby i rnw. Ljjnrmài tn Srbs`mbat Una D`rsjgt, wgn knàbm tgb jnoplay à <00<; ]gb ebst wly tn glvb jnoo`ttbm bopfnybbs `s tn oldb surb bvbrynab gls tgb nppnrtua`ty tn pfly la òpnrtlat rnfb. Lff bopfnybbs lrb bajnurlibm tn jnatrèutb `mbls lam suiibst`nas tn tgb jnoplay, rbilrmfbss nh sba`nr`ty nr pns`t`na. Xnfuatlry Fbla òprnvbobat tblos lrb hnrobm onatgfy tn oldb pbrhnrolajb òprnvbobats na l m`hhbrbat lrbl nh hnjus bljg tòb. Mnaabffy lfsn gls l ‖wlr rnno‟ wgbrb

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<::

<:=

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jrnss-huajt`nalf tblos lssboefb ml`fy tn rbv`bw rbsufts, `mbat`hy prnefbos lam snurjbs nh wlstb, lam tgba lssìa tgbsb tn oboebrs tn snfvb, ls wbff ls tn sbt pflas lam lssbss prnirbss na justnobr prnkbjts.

]gb jnoplay anw gls nvbr twn guamrbm bopfnybbs wgn lrb mbm`jltbm tn sbrvài tg`s olrdbt twbaty-hnur gnurs l mly, sbvba mlys bljg wbbd, à l onmbra <<3,333squlrb-hnnt olauhljturài hlj`f`ty wgbrb tgb jnoplay sbts tgb stlamlrm hnr sgnrt-rua onfmài bxjbffbajb ls boenm`bm à `ts erlam prno`sb, Gnw Zgnrt Uua @s Mnab℥.

Rambrstlamài Zgnrt Uua ls l Jnopfbx Eusàbss Una D`rsjgt ebf`bvbs tglt Mnaabffy‐s rbspbjt hnrpbnpfb `s l olknr rblsna hnr `ts sujjbss à tgb sgnrt-ruaa`jgb olrdbt. ‖@t tldbs innm pbnpfb tn mbf`vbr innm prnmujts na tòb,‟ gb bxpflàs, ‖wgba hbbmài nvbr 933 m`hhbrbat oltbr`lfs tgrnuig :: prbssbs, usài onrb tgla 5,233m`sjrbtb onfms tglt rbqu`rb =3 tn 23 jglaibnvbrs bljg mly, tn prnv`mb nvbr :,333 ljt`vb plrts hnr nur NBO justnobrs. Zàjb nur kne sbjur`ty rbsts na pbrhnrolajb lfnab, bvbry mly wb in ebynam tgb jlff nh muty hnr nur justnobrs.‟ Ygba lsdbm wglt gb oblat ey tglt, Una glambm us l jnpy nh tgb 5337 Sflst`js Abws Srnjbssnr nh tgb Pblr Lwlrm hnr wg`jg Mnaabffy wls l ﬌alf`st. @a `t, wb hnuam tgb laswbr. ]gb wly tn jnopbtb nr sujjbbm à tg`s àmustry `s tn sgnw gnw ynu lrb gbfpài ynur jf`bats ljg`bvb tgb`r inlfs lam wglt rnfb ynu pfly à tgb`r sujjbssbs. Mnaabffy gls rbjb`vbm auobrnus suppf`br lwlrms hrno jnopla`bs tglt àjfumb Gnabywbff, Zjntsola @amustr`bs,


Irljn, Olrvà Yàmnws, M`benfm, lam Hlrin Bfbjtrna`js, lam tgbsb mbonastrltb tglt tgb jnoplay mnbs à hljt sbt tgb stlamlrm hnr sgnrt-rua onfmài bxjbffbajb. ]gb hnffnwài twn bxlopfbs hrno tgb`r lwlrm sueo`ss`na `ffustrltb tglt bxjbffbajb nh sbrv`jb.

Zjntsola @jb Zystbos Zjntsola `s tgb wnrfm‐s flribst olauhljturbr nh `jb systbos, w`tg onrb tgla tgrbb guamrbm onmbfs nh `jb oljgàbs, stnrlib eàs, lam `jb lam wltbr m`spbasbrs. ]gb`r bqu`pobat fblms tgb àmustry à bh﬌j`bajy, w`tg prnmujts sujg ls Srnmìy® Juebrs lam Auiibt @jb® Oljgàbs tglt mbjrblsb entg ut`f`ty jnsts lam wltbr uslib. Ygba Zjntsola abbmbm gbfp w`tg tgb fluajg nh `ts abw prnmujt, tgb Srnmìy, Mnaabffy olalibm tgb jnopfbx prnjbss nh mbvbfnpài tgb pflst`j plrts hnr tgb oljgàb hrno stlrt tn ﬌a`sg. ]glt prnkbjt àvnfvbm tgb hler`jlt`na nh hnrty pflst`j plrts, tgb snurjài nh fnw-jnst onfms tn Jgàl, lam ﬌alffy basurài tglt l gìg-qulf`ty prnmujt wls prnmujbm lam sg`ppbm na tòb lam w`tgà eumibt. Mnaabffy‐s prnkbjt baiàbbr olmb surb tglt Zjntsola‐s mbsìas wbrb uslefb lam lss`stbm tgb`r prnmujt mbsìa à basurài tgb lppf`jlt`na lam jnsobt`j rbqu`rbobats nh tgb plrts wbrb obt. Hnr bxlopfb, Mnaabffy baiàbbrài `mbat`﬌bm l tnnfài `ssub à tgb mbsìa stlib lam wls lefb tn rbjnoobam l tgbrolffy jnamujt`vb onfm jnrb oltbr`lf tglt wnufm prnv`mb lmbqultb plrt jnnfài, òprnvb jyjfb tòb, lam bfòàltb plrt m`stnrt`na jnajbras. ]gb Srnmìy fluajgbm na tòb lam na eumibt. ‖Mnaabffy `s vbry lttbat`vb tn Zjntsola‐s abbms lam mbs`rb,‟ sl`m Zjntsola rbprbsbatlt`vb Lfbx Glrvby. ‖Hnr tgb Srnmìy,

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<:2

<:8

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tgby dabw wglt wb abbmbm lam gnw tn oldb tglt glppba na tòb lam na eumibt. ]gb`r plrtabrsg`p wls àm`spbasèfb.‟ ]gb Srnmìy @jb Juebr wls rbjnia`zbm ls nab nh tgb onst àanvlt`vb abw prnmujts à tgb wnrfm w`tg tgb rbjb`pt nh tgb D`tjgba @aanvlt`nas Lwlrm hrno tgb Alt`nalf Ubstlurlat Lssnj`lt`na à 5339. Ljjnrmài tn tgb kumibs, tgb stltb-nh-tgb-lrt sbfh-ona`tnrài systbo olmb Srnmìy trufy stlams nut.

Irljn Hfu`m Glamfài Zystbos Irljn, l wnrfm fblmbr à ﬅu`m glamfài systbos lam jnopnabats, jlob tn Mnaabffy w`tg nab nh gb t onst baiàbbràiàtbas`vb prnkbjts tgbyglm bvbr sbba; l $<.0 o`ff`na prnkbjt tglt rbqu`rbm hnrty abw onfms tn suppfy ﬌hty-pfus plrts hnr

tgb abw Irljn Gusdy 532 plàt sprlybr. Mnaabffy‐s baiàbbrài tblo wnrdbm up hrnat w`tg Irljn baiàbbrs na tgb mbsìa nh tgb abw plàt sprlybr lam jnnrmàltbm ljt `v`t`bs w`tg tnnfoldbrs”﬌vb mnobst`j snurjbs lam nab à Jgàl. Mnaabffy baiàbbrs lfsn àtbrhljbm w`tg prntntypb sgnps lam oltbr`lf jnopla`bs tn jnnrmàltb tgb`r bhhnrts lam tn dbbp tgb prnjbss onvài sonntgfy hnrwlrm. @a tgb bam, Mnaabffy‐s blrfy àvnfvbobat òprnvbm tgb nutput na tg`s prnjbss ey oàò`zài lay abjbsslry tnnfài jglaibs , wg`jg wnufm glvb mbflybm Irljn‐s tìgt sjgbmufbs.

Olstbrài Jnopfbx`ty

*

Olay àkbjt`na onfmbrs jnas`mbr sgnt-rua olauhljturài tn eb la uaprn﬌tlefb vbaturb ebjlusb nh tgb jnopfbx`ty *

5337 Sflst`js Abws Srnjbssnr nh tgb Pblr Lwlrm sueo`ss`na, Mnaabffy Justno Olauhljturài.


nh tgb auoebr nh plrts àvnfvbm à tg`s a`jgb olrdbt lam tgb àgbrbat vlr`bty nh oltbr`lfs rbqu`rbm. Mnaabffy‐s lpprnljg `s tn fàd `ts mbsìa-tn-prnmujt`na prnjbss w`tg ua`qub vlfub-lmmbm sbrv`jbs tn prnv`mb NBOs w`tg jlple`f`t`bs tgby tgbosbfvbs lrb ntgbrw`sb fljdài. ]n ljg`bvb bxjbffbajb à tg`s olrdbt, hnr bxlopfb, Mnaabffy oust fluajg lt fblst nab guamrbm abw onfmbm plrtsa` nrmbr tn irnw olauhljturài slfbs ey $< o`ff`na. Ynrdài jfnsbfy w`tg NBOs `s tgb nafy wly tn dbbp up tg`s hrbabt`j pljb. ]gb dby tn sujjbss à sgnrt-rua onfmài `s àanvlt`na à tgb onfm sbtup prnjbss. Ebjlusb nh tgb vlr`bty nh plrts `t prnmujbs, tgb jnoplay jlaant purjglsb l mbm`jltbm qu`jd-jglaib onfm systbo. ]gb onfms lrb sòpfy tnn auobrnus lam m`hhbrbat, lam tgb dàms nh trlashbr tnnfs abbmbm tn mn tgb kne tnn m`vbrsb. ]glt fbm fblmbrsg`p tn jnajfumb tglt tgb nafy snfut`na wls tn glvb wbfftrlàbm lam mbm`jltbm pbnpfb na tgb kne lam tn hnjus na la nptò`zbm onfm jglaibnvbr prnjbss. Gnw jnopfbx lrb tgb onfmài npbrlt`nas lt Mnaabffy à jnoplr`sna w`tg `ts jnopbt`tnrs> O`jgìla-elsbm Sflatb & Onrla `s l jnasuftài ﬌ro tglt gbfps jf`bats lalfyzb tgb`r npbrlt`nas. ]gb`r lalfys`s jlfjufltbs tgb jnopfbx`ty hljtnr nh l eusàbss eyqulat`hyài tgb jglffbaibs tgb jnoplay w`ff hljb tn jnvbr nvbrgblm jnsts elsbm na tgb auoebr nh rbsàs, onfms, lam prbssbs `t usbs tn huf﬌ff justnobr rbqu`rbobats. ]gb gìgbr tgb jnopfbx`ty hljtnr sjnrb, tgb onrb jnopfbx tgb npbrlt`na, lam tgb onrb m`h﬌juft `t `s tn prn﬌tlefy olalib mly-tn-mly ljt`v`t`bs lam pr`nr`t`bs. Mnaabffy‐s jurrbat jnopfbx`ty hljtnr nh =2 o`ff`na, ls sgnwa à Hìurb 2.<, `s :92 tòbs gìgbr tgla l typ`jlf jnoplrlt`vb àkbjt`na onfmbr à tgb àmustry, wg`jg mrlolt`jlffy gìgfìgts `ts bhhbjt`vb glamfài

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<:9

<:7

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=2,333,333 Enttno qulrt`fb

=3,333,333

23tg pbrjbat`fb

:2,333,333

Rppbr qulrt`fb

:3,333,333 52,333,333

Jnopfbx`ty hljtnr ? ljt`vb onfms x oltbr`lfs usbm x prbssbs

53,333,333 <2,333,333 <3,333,333 2,333,333 3

i à tl `p `jt rl S ff L

sb ` a l p o n J

% 3 2 brv N

i a ` m f n O a n ` jtb k a @

% 2 5 brv N

fl j` m b O

% 2 5 brv N

bv `t n o tn u L

s O fb O lZ 2 5 à $ brv N

yf bf a a n M

Hìurb 2.< Mnaabffy‐s jnopfbx`ty hljtnr (Sflatb lam Onrla‐ s 533= Lobr`jla Ztumy nh tgb Sflst`js Onfmài @amustry). (Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na nh Mnaabffy Justno Olauhljturài, Lfbxlamr`l, OA.)

lam olalibobat nh tgb jnopfbx`ty nh wglt `ts bopfnybbs mn. @ts systbo hnr lmmrbssài tg`s jnopfbx`ty, wg`jg hnjusbs na ljjnuatle`f`ty lam l jnastlajy nh purpnsb, `s sgnwa à Hìurb 2.5.

Jnopfbx`ty Jrbltbs l Jnopbffài Abbm hnr Zd`ffs ]rlàài Ls `s tgb jlsb hnr onst àkbjt`na onfmbrs, tgb olknr`ty nh abw g`rbs lt Mnaabffy stlrt nut lt batry-fbvbf pns`t`nas. ]gnsb ﬌rst g`rbm ey Ztla qu`jdfy ebjlob tgb bxpbrts, lam abw bopfnybbs glm tn wltjg lam fblrahrno tgbo ls tgby ebila mnài tgb`r wnrd. ]g`s eummy systbo lpprnljg tn trlàài balefbm tgb jnoplay tn irnw à tgb blrfy yblrs, eut tgb abbm hnr hnrolf trlàài snna ebjlob l pr`nr`ty. Huturb irnwtg onrb lam onrb mbpbambm nala leuamlajb


Srnjbss nr`batlt`na w`tg oblsurbobats ‚ Olauhljturài fluajg (=3 oblsurbs) ‚ Jr`t`jlf sujjbss hljtnrs (<5 dby oblsurbs ‚ :3 bfbobats)

Sbbr ljjnuatle`f`ty ‚ Olauhljturài wlr rnno ‚ X`sulf olalibobat

Jnopfbx`ty

Jnastlajy nh purpnsb ‚ Zgnrt rua ‚ \ulf`ty olalibobat systbo (àjf. OU]) ‚ Fbla olauhljturài tbjga`qubs ‚ ]rlàài & wnrdhnrjb mbvbfnpobat

Lttbat`na tn mbtl`f ‚ Jgbjdf`sts ‚ Zupbrv`snr lum`ts ‚ ]blo fblmbr lum`ts ‚ Sr`jài vnflt`f`ty

Hìurb 2.5 Lmmrbssài tgb jnopfbx`ty hljtnr. (Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na nh Mnaabffy Justno Olauhljturài, Lfbxlamr`l, OA.)

nh wbff-trlàbm npbrltnrs wgn wbrb jlplefb nh mblfài w`tg tgb àjrblsài auoebr, lam irnwài jnopfbx`ty, nh onfm jglaibnvbrs rbqu`rbm hnr tgb jnoplay tn jnatàub bxplamài à tgb a`jgb olrdbt nh sgnrt-rua onfmài. ]n slt`shy tglt abbm, Mnaabffy mbvbfnpbm tgb Mnaabffy Jbrt`﬌bm Onfmài Npbrltnr (JON) ]rlàài Srnirlo à <00<. L jnoeàlt`na nh jflssrnno lam vìnrnus glamsna trlàài, tgb prnirlo `s nab wgbrb npbrltnrs oust lppfy tn ibt àtn, eb rbjnoobambm ey tgb`r supbrv`snr, lam eb lpprnvbm ey olauhljturài fblmbrsg`p, àjfumài Srbs`mbat Una D`rsjgt. Jbrt`﬌jlt`na `s ljg`bvbm ey plssài l wr`ttba tbst lam ey mbonastrltài le`f`ty tn pbrhnro jglffbaiài jglaibnvbrs tn stlamlrm. Rpna jbrt`﬌jlt`na, abw JONs rbjb`vb l enaus, l rl`sb, lam l ‖Jbrt`﬌bm Onfmài Npbrltnr‟ sg`rt, lam tgb`r alob `s lmmbm tn tgb JON rbjnia`t`na pflqub na m`spfly à tgb olauhljturài lrbl. Mnaabffy jurrbatfy gls bìgty-hnur JONs wgn jnopr`sb =3% nh tgb tntlf wnrdhnrjb. Ls tgb jnoplay jnatàubs tn irnw, tgb pns`t`na nh JON `s sbba ls l prnont`na hnr tgnsb blibr banuig tn lttlà tgb m`stàjt`na.

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<:0

<=3

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Blrfy Fbla G`stnry Lftgnuig Mnaabffy gls ebba prn﬌tlefb bvbry yblr sàjb <078, rbilrmfbss nh gnw tgb olrdbt wls pbrhnroài nr wglt wls glppbaài w`tg slfbs à tgb pflst`js àmustry, Una D`rsjgt rbjnia`zbm à 5335 tglt tgb jnoplay glm tn mn tgàis m`hhbrbatfy tn basurb jnatàubm prn﬌tle`f`ty à tgb huturb. Gb rblm bxtbas`vbfy na Fbla lam Z`x Zìol lam wls uambj`mbm ls tn wg`jg lpprnljg wls tgb ebst ﬌t hnr tgb`r sgnrt-rua, jfnsb-tnfbrlajb pflst`j àkbjt`na onfmài eusàbss. Una mbj`mbm tn erài à twn jnasuftlats tn jnamujt l s`mb-ey-s`mb tr`lf nh Z`x Zìol lam Fbla tn bvlfultb entg ebhnrb oldài l mbj`s`na. Ls hnr tgb Z`x Zìol irnup, ey tgb tòb tgb mltl wbrb jnffbjtbm, tgb s`tult`na ebài stum`bm glm jglaibm lam tgb snfut`na tn tgb tr`lf prnefbo an fnaibr lppf`bm. ]g`s fbm tgb IB rbprbsbatlt`vbs hlj`f`tltài tgb prnjbss tn jnajfumb tglt Z`x Zìol m`m ant ﬌t w`tg tgb Mnaabffy sgnrt-rua eusàbss onmbf. Ls hnr tgb Fbla tr`lf, Fbla <3< trlàài wls lrrlaibm tgrnuig Batbrpr`sb Oàabsntl hnr lff bopfnybbs à Mbjboebr 5335 tn àtrnmujb tgbo tn tgb huamlobatlf jnajbpts lam tnnfs nh Fbla. ]g`s huff-mly glams-na lssboefy sòuflt`na àvnfvbm irnups nh bopf nybbs fblraài lam lppfyài tgb tnnfs nh Fbla tn trlas`t`na l trlm`t`nalf olauhljturài lssboefy npbrlt`na àtn l Fbla prnjbss. Glvài plrt`j`pltbm à tg`s trlàài, lam sbbài tgb lppf`jle`f`ty nh tgb jnajbpts tn Mnaabffy‐s npbrlt`na, Una dabw gb wls gblmbm à tgb rìgt m`rbjt`na w`tg Fbla. L 2Z bvbat wls jnamujtbm à Klaulry 533: tn mbonastrltb gnw glvài l ablt, jfbla, lam slhb wnrd lrbl jla snfvb wnrdpfljb prnefbos tglt bopfnybbs glm fblrabm


tn f`vb w`tg nvbr tgb yblrs. ]gb à`t`lf trlàài wls tgba hnffnwbm ey l sbr`bs nh bfbvba Fbla bvbats à 533: tn jrbltb lam àstlff òprnvbobats à tgb pflat. H`vb onrb bvbats wbrb jnamujtbm à 533= ebhnrb tgb òprnvbobat prnirlo stlffbm. Yg`fb tgb blrfy rbsufts fnndbm sn prno`sài, tgb bhhnrt rla nut nh ils ls ‖fnw-glaiài hru`t‟ prnpnslfs wbrb qu`jdfy p`jdbm nhh lam tgb Fbla bvbats mbvnfvbm àtn kust lantgbr rnutàb tlsd tn mn lam ibt nut nh tgb wly. ]gby wbrb ant lefb tn sustlà tgb à`t`lt`vb. Una, wgn glm jnatàubm stumyài Fbla ls gb nesbrvbm wglt wls glppbaài tn tgb Fbla à`t`lt`vb na tgb ﬅnnr, rbjnia`zbm tglt tg`s tljt`jlf lpprnljg tn tgb bhhnrt wls ant ibabrltài tgb bxpbjtbm rbsufts. @t wls kust l euajg nh tnnfs tglt wbrb ant ebjnoài l plrt nh tgb jufturb. Gb mbj`mbm tn stlrt nvbr ey àvnfvài Mnaabffy‐s olalibobat tblo à l strltbi`j pflaaài prnjbss tglt, lonai ntgbr tgàis, `mbat`﬌bm tgb abbm hnr la bxpbr`bajbm prnhbss`nalf hrno nuts`mb nh tgb jnoplay tn jnnrmàltb lam mr`vb tgb jglaib prnjbss na l huff-tòb els`s.

Zblrjg hnr l Fbla/]Y@ Jglop` na Una lpprnljgbm Zlo Yliabr lam lsdbm gò `h gb wnufm f`db tn jnob na enlrm w`tg Mnaabffy tn fblm tgb Fbla bhhnrt. Zlo wls snobnab gb glm jnob tn danw wgba tgby entg sbrvbm na l vnfuatbbr enlrm hnr Mnuifls Jnuatry Mbvbfnpbrs, l jnooua`ty ljt`na irnup tglt suppnrtbm bjnano`j mbvbfnpobat ljt`v`t`bs à tgb Lfbxlamr`l lrbl. Zlo wbfjnobm tgb jglffbaib lam knàbm Mnaabffy à Njtnebr 533= ls tgb m`rbjtnr nh lmvlajbm olauhljturài w`tg hnur m`rbjt rbpnrts; tgb m`rbjtnr nh olauhljturài, tgb qulf`ty olalibr, tgb trlàài lam jnatàunus

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<=<

<=5

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òprnvbobat jnnrmàltnr, lam tgb prnjbss baiàbbr. Glvài lfrblmy fblrabm hrno plst bxpbr`bajb tglt mnài Fbla bvbats lfnab wls ant inài tn ibt Mnaabffy wgbrb olalibobat abbmbm tgb jnoplay tn eb, Zlo jlob na enlrm lam jnfflenrltbm w`tg Una tn mbvbfnp l pfla tn rbàvìnrltb tgb`r Fbla prnirlo ey tlppài àtn tgb jrblt`v`ty nh bljg nh tgb jnoplay‐s wnrdbrs. Enra lam rl`sbm à Mbtrn`t Fldbs, Oàabsntl, Zlo Yliabr put g`s baiàbbrài mbirbb tn wnrd lt Ibabrlf Myalo`js à Zla M`bin, wgbrb gb blrabm g`s OEL ebhnrb onvài g`s ynuai hlo`fy eljd tn tgb Lfbxlamr`l, Oàabsntl, lrbl tglt gb lam g`s w`hb, Jàmy, jnas`mbrbm tgb`r gnob. Lhtbr spbamài twn yblrs ls l rbi`nalf m`rbjtnr hnr Batbrpr`sb Oàabsntl, Zlo wbat eljd tn g`s olauhljturài rnnts ls tgb pflat olalibr hnr tgb Ilrmabr Ebambr‐s Slfobr @amustr`bs, wgbrb gb ebjlob l ebf`bvbr à Fbla olauhljturài wg`fb wnrdài w`tg tgb Dl`zba @ast`tutb tn òpfbobat Fbla olauhljturài lt tg`s pflat. Zlo olmb la uatòbfy onvb tn ebjnob prbs`mbat lam ibabrlf olalibr nh la lutnont`vb hrlob strlìgtbaài bqu`pobat olauhljturbr à Lfbxlamr`l tglt wls snna jfnsbm mub tn jnrpnrltb mnwas`zài. Ant wlatài tn onvb g`s hlo`fy, gb ebjlob l prnmujt`na supbrv`snr hnr Zupbr`nr @amustr`bs, wgbrb g`s òobm`ltb jglffbaib wls tn trlà pbnpfb lssìabm tn tgb abwfy jrbltbm pns`t`na nh tblo fblmbr. @a sblrjg nh trlàài hnr tg`s irnup, Zlo jnatljtbm U`jd Dvlslibr lam E`ff Olrtàsna, wgn wbrb hnrobr jnffbliubs nh g`s lt Batbrpr`sb Oàabsntl. ]gby batgus`lst`jlffy bxpflàbm tglt ]Y@ wls tgb laswbr gb wls fnndài hnr. Zlo òobm`ltbfy lrrlaibm tn glvb g`s pbnpfb lttbam l tba-gnur KU trlàài prnirlo à 533=, wgbrb tgby


fblrabm tgb KU hnur-stbp obtgnm na gnw tn ibt rbsufts tgrnuig pbnpfb. ]gb hbbmeljd hrno tgb tblo fblmbrs wls hlatlst`j. Ljjnrmài tn Zlo, ‖]gby rbhbrrbm tn KU ls ebài tgb ebst trlàài tgby glm bvbr rbjb`vbm.‟ Zlo hnffnwbm up tgb KU trlàài ey obbtài w`tg tgb tblo fblmbrs na l e`wbbdfy els`s tn stlamlrm`zb gnw jnoplay pnf`jy wls tn eb òpfbobatbm jnas`stbatfy tgrnuignut tgb pflat. ]g`s à`t`lt`vb wls sujg l sujjbss tglt tgb bxpbr`bajb turabm Zlo àtn l stluajg ]Y@ lmvnjltb sgnrtfy ebhnrb knàài Mnaabffy.

]gb Fbla/ ]Y@ Knurab y Zlo knàbm Mnaabffy danwài tglt olalibobat uambrstnnm tgb òpnrtlajb nh sustlàài abw à`t`lt`vbs, rltgbr tgla jnatàulffy stlrtài l abw ﬅlvnr nh tgb onatg prnirlo tglt Una rbhbrrbm tn ls Ygò mu Knur olalibobat. Y`tg tgb gbfp nh U`jd lam E`ff lt Batbrpr`sb Oàabsntl, ]Y@ qu`jdfy ebjlob l dby plrt nh tgb Mnaabffy Fbla òpfbobatlt`na pfla. Zàjb tgb ntgbr pbnpfb rbpnrtài tn Zlo na tgb fblmbrsg`p tblo glm mly-tn-mly npbrltài rbspnasè`f`t`bs, `t wls mbj`mbm tn glvb tgbsb tgrbb tblo oboebrs ebjnob ]Y@ trlàbrs. K@ wls l alturlf bxtbas`na hnr Erlmfby (Erlm) Lamr`st, wgn wls lfrblmy rbspnasèfb hnr trlàài ls tgb trlàài lam jnatàunus òprnvbobat jnnrmàltnr. Ls tgb m`rbjtnr nh olauhljturài, Mlv`m Floe wls lmmrbssài bxbjut`na lam pbrsnaabf `ssubs à tgb wnrdpfljb, sn gb nptbm hnr tgb KU onmufb. Zlo Yliabr, m`rbjtnr nh lmvlajbm olauhljturài, v`bwbm KO ls l hnuamlt`na hnr la `mbl prnirlo tn bailib pbnpfb à tgb òprnvbobat prnjbss lam wls tgb

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<=:

<==

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onmufb gb wlatbm tn m`rbjt. Mnaabffy anw glm la batgus`lst`j jlmrb nh pbnpfb, suppnrtbm ey àsp`rbm fblmbrsg`p hrno tgb tnp nh tgb jnoplay, rblmy tn onvb hnrwlrm w`tg ]Y@”l hnroufl tglt wnufm basurb l gìg fbvbf nh sujjbss w`tg sustlàbm jnoo`tobat.

@atrnmujài ]Y@ à Oàabsntl Y`tg huamài hrno tgb Ybst Jbatrlf @a`t`lt`vb, Batbrpr`sb Oàabsntl lrrlaibm hnr pbnpfb hrno Mnaabffy lam lantgbr fnjlf olauhljturbr, ]YH @amustr`bs, lfnai w`tg snob nh tgb`r nwa ﬌bfm baiàbbrs hrno Batbrpr`sb Oàabsntl, tn plrt`j`pltb à tgb tba-gnur supbrv`snr prnirlo hnr K@ lam KO trlàài. ]gb trlàài wls sujjbsshuffy jnamujtbm à Lfbxlamr`l à Zbptboebr 5332 lt tgb Mnaabffy pflat. Lff tgrbb plrt`j`pltài nrila`zlt`nas hnffnwbm up tg`s à`t`lf trlàài ey glvài lt fblst nab nh tgb`r pbnpfb trlàbm ls àstrujtnrs à Kne @astrujt`na à Anvboebr 5332 sn tgby jnufm ebià jnamujtài tgb K@ jflss na tgb`r nwa. Zàjb tgba, Batbrpr`sb Oàabsntl gls mbvbfnpbm ﬌vb ]Y@ @ast`tutb-jbrt`﬌bm trlàbrs wgn mbf`vbr tgb ]Y@ prnirlos nh K@, KU, KO, lam Kne Zlhbty (KZ) hnr jnopla`bs tgrnuignut tgb stltb ls plrt nh tgb`r A@Z] OBS Fbla prnirlo. U`jd Dvlslibr jrbm`ts Mnaabffy hnr ‖npbaài tgb mnnr hnr ]Y@ lt ntgbr Oàabsntl jnopla`bs.‟ Gb bxpflàs hurtgbr; Glrmfy l wbbd inbs ey tglt wb lrba‐t prnv`mài ]Y@ trlàài hnr l jnoplay tglt wlats tg`s trlàài ebjlusb ntgbrs sbb òobm`ltb rbsufts. Ygbtgbr `t‐s hrbbài up olalibobat tòb hrno tgb sd`ffs fblrabm à Kne Ubflt`nas, stlamlrm`zài tgb wly pbnpfb lrb pbrhnroài tgb`r tlsds à Kne @astrujt`na, nr onaby slvbm tgrnuig òprnvbobats olmb w`tg Kne


Obtgnms, ]Y@ trlàài w`ff typ`jlffy ply hnr `tsbfh ey tgb bam nh tgb ﬌rst wbbd nh trlàài.

@opfbobatài K@ Erlm Lamr`st, tgb hnurtg nh bìgt pbnpfb ﬌rst g`rbm ey Ztla Mnaabffy à <07=, wls ernuigt na ls l prbss npbrltnr lhtbr rbjb`vài g`s mbirbb à ﬅu`m pnwbr hrno tgb Lfbxlamr`l ]bjga`jlf Jnffbib. Murài g`s ﬌rst aàbtbba yblrs lt Mnaabffy, Erlm prnirbss`vbfy onvbm up hrno prbss npbrltnr tn supbrv`snr, prnmujt`na olalibr/ olàtbalajb/prnmujt`na sjgbmufbr, jnrpnrltb trlàbr/ prnmujt`na sjgbmufbr, lssboefy olalibr, prnmujt`na olalibr, lam tgba tn g`s jurrbat pns`t`na nh trlàài lam jnatàunus òprnvbobat jnnrmàltnr. G`s eljdirnuam lam g`s m`vbrs`﬌bm bxpbr`bajb lt Mnaabffy wbrb `mblf hnr gò tn ebjnob tgb jnoplay‐s K@ trlàbr. Erlm baknys g`s wnrd lt Mnaabffy, wg`jg balefbs gò tn f`vb na l gneey hlro kust nuts`mb nh Lfbxlamr`l w`tg g`s w`hb lam twn jg`fmrba, wgbrb gb lfsn baknys ﬌sgài, guatài, lam sanwone`fài wgba ant wnrdài na jlrs. Erlm‐s à`t`lf K@ trlàài bxjbbmbm g`s bxpbjtlt`nas. Una wls lfsn vbry pfblsbm w`tg tgb à`t`lf rbsufts. Ls Una bxpflàbm `t, ‖@opfbobatài tgb abw ]Y@ trlàài obtgnms lt Mnaabffy à 5332 rbsuftbm à l mrlolt`j jut à trlàài tòb, hrno onatgs tn mlys, wg`fb bopfnybb turanvbr rltbs jnatàub tn eb fnw. Hbbmeljd hrno bopfnybbs tnfm us tglt tgb ]Y@ trlàài olmb tgb`r knes fbss strbsshuf.‟ Rsài K@, Mnaabffy snna uajnvbrbm nppnrtua`t`bs hnr òprnvbobat à ntgbr lrbls tglt glm la òobm`ltb abbm nh K@ trlàài. ]g`s fbm tgb jnoplay tn onm`hy lam sfnw mnwa `ts nrìàlf òpfbobatlt`na

◱

<=2

<=8

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pfla sn `t jnufm tldb lmvlatlib nh tgbsb nppnrtua`t`bs wg`fb eu`fmài onobatuo hnr tgb prnirlo pflat-w`mb. @a nab nh Erlm‐s blrfy jflssbs l abw bopfnybb lsdbm `h bvbrynab wls trlàbm na gnw tn prnpbrfy rua la àkbjt`na onfmài oljgàb, tgb onst jnoona kne à tgb wgnfb pflat. Raf`db jglaiài l onfm, l jnopf`jltbm lam àvnfvbm prnjbss, tg`s wls jnas`mbrbm tn eb jnoona danwfbmib ey tgnsb wgn mn tgb kne bvbry mly. ]rlàbrs glm ant bvba jnas`mbrbm tglt l abw bopfnybb wnufm ant fblra lam tgus danw gnw tn pbrhnro tgb els`j tlsds ey wltjgài ntgbr npbrltnrs. Ygba gb fnndbm àtn tgb olttbr, Erlm wls ljtulffy surpr`sbm tn fblra tglt tgby m`ma‐t glvb lay wr`ttba stlamlrm àstrujt`nas na gnw tn rua l oljgàb. L tblo tgba lppf`bm tgb K@ obtgnm tn jrbltb l K@ erbldmnwa na gnw tn rua la àkbjt`na onfmài oljgàb, lam anw bvbry abw g`rb à olauhljturài `s trlàbm na ruaaài l oljgàb usài tglt stlamlrm. ‖]glt prnefbo wbat lwly,‟ slys Erlm, ‖anw tglt bvbry bopfnybb `s trlàbm usài tgb K@ obtgnm tglt rbqu`rbs l pbrsna tn pbrhnro tgb kne w`tg snobnab nesbrvài lam jnljgài uat`f tglt pbrsna mbonastrltbs tglt gb nr sgb danws gnw tn prnpbrfy npbrltb la àkbjt`na onfmài oljgàb.‟

K@ Hàms l Gnob Hnffnw-up lum`ts glvb ebba jr`t`jlf tn tgb sujjbss nh tgb K@ òpfbobatlt`na ebjlusb tgby npbabm up tgb fàbs nh jnooua`jlt`na ebtwbba tgb trlàbr lam tgb hrnat-fàb npbrltnrs. ]g`s `s vbry òpnrtlat lt Mnaabffy, wgbrb, wgba ruaaài hnrty tn ﬌hty m`hhbrbat lam jnopfbx knes,


bvbry mly `s m`hhbrbat lam olay nh tgb knes lrb ant rua bljg mly4 snob knes lrb nafy rua najb l wbbd, wg`fb ntgbrs lrb rua w`tg bvba fnaibr àtbrvlfs à ebtwbba, jlusài npbrltnrs tn rbqubst rbtrlàài wgba tgbsb knes lrb sjgbmufbm. Erlm m`sjussbm tg`s w`tg tgb npbrltnrs, lam tgby mbj`mbm tn dbbp K@ erbldmnwas lt bljg prbss hnr npbrltnrs tn usb tgbosbfvbs ls rbhrbsgbr trlàài na gnw tn rua l kne tgby glm ant mnab hnr snob tòb. ]g`s ant nafy snfvbm tgb rbtrlàài prnefbo, eut npbrltnrs int onrb kne slt`shljt`na eyglvài tgb rbspnasè`f`ty tn ‖trlà tgbosbfvbs‟ rltgbr tgla glvài tn lsd hnr lss`stlajb. ]nmly lt Mnaabffy, usài tgb ]Y@ K@ trlàài obtgnmnfniy rbqu`rbs sìa`﬌jlatfy fbss tòb tgla tgb trlm`t`nalf trlàài obtgnms `t rbpfljbm, w`tg sìa`﬌jlatfy ebttbr rbsufts. Hnr bxlopfb, à 5339, Mnaabffy summbafy fnst l auoebr nh tgb pbnpfb wgn pbrhnrobm jglaibnvbrs na nab sg`ht, lam tg`s jrbltbm l vn`m tglt put tgb jnoplay lt r`sd nh ant obbtài lff justnobr mbf`vbry rbqu`rbobats. ]gb supbrv`snr na tgb òpljtbm sg`ht bstòltbm tglt `t wnufm tldb l oàòuo nh tgrbb onatgs tn ibt g`s sg`ht eljd tn anrolf. Mnaabffy dabw `t glm tn rbljt oujg onrb qu`jdfy tgla tglt. Zlo, Mlvb, lam Erlm put tgb`r jnffbjt`vb ]Y@ gblms tnibtgbr lam mbvbfnpbm l pfla tn put K@ tn tgb tbst tn spbbm up tgb trlàài prnjbss; <. Rpmltb tgb pbrtàbat jglaibnvbr kne àstrujt`nas (K@ erbldmnwa sgbbts). 5. Rsb tgb abw kne àstrujt`nas tn rbtrlà sbtup npbrltnrs na gnw tn trlà ntgbr npbrltnrs. :. Jnljg abwfy trlàbm sbtup npbrltnrs na gnw tn usb tgbsb kne àstrujt`nas tn trlà abw g`rbs.

◱

<=9

<=7

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Lhtbr kust twn wbbds tgb supbrv`snr rbpnrtbm tglt nabglfh nh tgb trlàài wls jnopfbtbm. ]g`s wnrdbm sn wbff tglt tgb prnjbss wls snna òpfbobatbm tgrnuignut tgb jnoplay tn ibt abw pbnpfb up tn stlamlrm, rbmujài trlàài tòb ey twn-tg`rms.

Jrbltài la @ZN 033< Jnatrnf hnr Kne @astrujt`nas Rat`f tgb jnoplay ebjlob @ZN 033< jbrt`﬌bm à blrfy <008, Mnaabffy m`m ant glvb lay hnrolf mnjuobatlt`na w`tg wg`jg tn trlà pbnpfb. Bvba lhtbr tglt, f`db lt onst @ZN-jbrt`﬌bm jnopla`bs, an nab lt Mnaabffy rblf`zbm kust gnw pnnr tgb`r @ZN wnrd àstrujt`nas wbrb lt trlàài pbnpfb uat`f `t wls m`sjnvbrbm tglt jnp`bs nh tgbsb wnrd àstrujt`nas, stnrbm à tgb nh﬌jb, wbrb sbfmno, `h bvbr, usbm à tgb wnrdpfljb. ]gb wnrd àstrujt`nas wbrb tgba pfljbm na tgb sgnp ﬅnnr wgbrb, lilà, tgby wbrb uambrut`f`zbm ey trlàbrs wgn rbpnrtbm ‖tgby lrb tnn fnai tn trlà hrno.‟ K@ erbldmnwas, nr K@s, ls tgby lrb rbhbrrbm tn lt Mnaabffy, glvb sàjb ebba jrbltbm tn trlà pbnpfb gnw tn pbrhnro kne-rbfltbm tlsds à jnopf`lajb w`tg @ZN‐s wnrd àstrujt`nas lam stlamlrm wnrd rufbs. ]gb supbrv`snr nh l prnjbss `s anw rbspnasèfb tn rbv`sb tgb K@ wgba l kne jglaibs, nr ls snna ls l abw p`bjb nh bqu`pobat jnobs à tgb mnnr. ]gb supbrv`snr lssìas l pbrsna nr l tblo nh pbnpfb onst hlo`f`lr w`tg tgb kne nr tgb p`bjb nh bqu`pobat tn oldb l rnuig mrlht nh l K@ erbldmnwa. Erlm tgba rbv`bws `t ebhnrb sbamài `t tn mnjuobat jnatrnf tn eb lssìabm l jnatrnf auoebr. ]gb abw K@ `s tgba pfljbm na tgb p`bjb nh bqu`pobat wgbrb `t `s usbm tn


◱

<=0

trlà lff npbrltnrs, lam lfsn ls l rbhrbsgbr hnr lay trlàbm npbrltnr wgn gls ant rbjbatfy npbrltbm tgb bqu`pobat. @a ljjnrmlajb w`tg tgb @ZN 033< stlamlrms, lff prnjbssbs lt Mnaabffy lrb tn eb pbrhnrobm à ljjnrmlajb w`tg tgb fltbst `ssub nh tgb lppf`jlefb wnrd àstrujt`nas. Abw mnjuobats lam jglaibs tn bx`stài mnjuobats hnffnw tgb slob upmltài prnjbss ls lff jnatrnffbm mnjuobats. ]rlàài mnjuobats lrb i`vba l sbplrltb mnjuobat t`tfb tglt `s jnatrnffbm ey tgb rbv`s`na auoebr lam fbttbr mbsìaltnr . ]gbsb lrb hbm àtn Mnaabffy‐s bfbjtrna`j trlàài mltlelsb systbo (@\OZ) tn trljd bvbry bopfnybb trlàài abbm ey sd`ff lfnai w`tg trlàài rbjb`vbm. ]g`s trlàài mltlelsb àjfumb s lff jurrbat lam plst bopfnybbs, tgb`r jurrbat sd`ff sbts, lam trlàài `tbos abbmbm pbr sd`ff sbt, ls sgnwa à Hìurbs 2.: lam 2.=.

Hìurb 2.: Zjrbba sgnt nh jurrbat sd`ff sbts. (Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na nh Mnaabffy Justno Olauhljturài, Lfbxlamr`l, OA.)

<23

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Hìurb 2.= Zjrbba sgnt nh trlàài `tbos abbmbm pbr sd`ff sbt. (Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na nh Mnaabffy Justno Olauhljturài, Lfbxlamr`l, OA.)

Jglaibs tn mnjuobats lrb rbv`bwbm ey mbsìaltbm àm`v`mulfs wgn glvb ljjbss tn pbrtàbat eljdirnuam àhnrolt`na ls l els`s hnr lpprnvlf. ]rlàài `s mbf`vbrbm usài tgb fltbst rbv`s`na nh tgb K@ hnr tglt trlàài, usài tgb K@ hnur-stbp obtgnm, lam tgba rbjnrmbm à tgb mltlelsb hnr tglt pbrsna tn sgnw tgb trlàài wls jnopfbtbm. (Zbb Jglptbr 7 hnr lantgbr mbtl`fbm mbsjr`pt`na nh gnw l jnoplay àtbirltbm K@ erbldmnwas àtn tgb`r qulf`ty systbo.)

@opfbobatài KU Olay jnopla`bs o`stldbafy v`bw ]Y@ Kne Ubflt`nas ls kust lantgbr snht sd`ffs trlàài prnirlo. Ant sn lt


Mnaabffy, wgbrb Mlv`m Floe, m`rbjtnr nh olauhljturài, òobm`ltbfy rbjnia`zbm gnw KU wnufm ﬌t àtn tgb fblmbrsg`p trlàài tgb jnoplay gls ebba prnv`mài sàjb <00:. ‖Entg prnirlos strbss tgb abbm hnr supbrv`snrs tn wnrd tgrnuig prnefbos w`tg pbnpfb,‟ Mlv`m slys, ‖eut KU gls l oujg ernlmbr mb﬌a`t`na nh l supbrv`snr tglt inbs ebynam tgb trlm`t`nalf supbr`nr-suenrmàltb rbflt`nasg`p ls ebài laynab wgn i`vbs wnrd m`rbjt`na. @ wls bxj`tbm lenut ebài tgb KU trlàbr sàjb tgb onst m`h﬌juft pbrsnaabf `ssubs tglt jrnp up à tgb prnmujt`na lrbl bam up à oy nh﬌jb. @ jnufm sbb tglt glvài ob prnv`mb KU trlàài tn tgb pbnpfb na nur prnmujt`na ﬅnnr wnufm ant nafy òprnvb rbflt`nasg`ps à tgb wnrdpfljb, eut wnufm lfsn oldb oy kne l fnt bls`br.‟ Mlvb blrabm g`s EZ mbirbb à àmustr`lf tbjganfniy ebhnrb ebjnoài l prnmujt`na supbrv`snr lt ]bxls @astruobats wgbrb gb ernlmbabm g`s bmujlt`na blraài l EL à bjnano`js ebhnrb onvài na tn wnrd hnr ]nrn. Lftgnuig Mlvb stlrtbm nut ls l prnmujt`na supbrv`snr, gb snna lmvlajbm tn onrb rbspnasèfb pns`t`nas ls onfmài olalibr, tntlf qulf`ty hlj`f`tltnr, lam lmvlajbm olauhljturài pflaabr. G`s àtbrbst à wnrdài n h r l solffbr jnoplay fbm Mlvb tn knà Mnaabffy à <002 ls tgb`r tnnfài jnnrmàltnr, wgbrb, lhtbr nab yblr, gb wls prnontbm tn prnmujt`na olalibr lam tgba tn g`s jurrbat pns`t`na ls m`rbjtnr nh olauhljturài. Mlvb‐s à`t`lf hnjus hnr tgb KU trlàài lt Mnaabffy wls na tgb olalibrs, supbrv`snrs, lam tblo fblmbrs ebhnrb bxplamài tgb trlàài tn àjfumb ntgbr bopfnybbs. Mlvb snna rblf`zbm tglt, f`db lff tgb ]Y@ onmufbs, fblraài

◱

<2<

<25

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njjurrbm ls bljg plrt`j`plat ernuigt l rblf-f`hb prnefbo tn snfvb à jflss usài tgb hnur-stbp obtgnm fblrabm à tgb ﬌rst mly nr twn nh trlàài. Gb bxpflàs; Yglt strujd ob blrfy na wls gnw pbnpfb tbambm tn kuop rìgt tn ‖wbìg lam mbj`mb‟ nr ‖tldb ljt`na‟ ebhnrb iltgbrài lff nh tgb hljts ey tlfdài tn lff nh tgb pbnpfb àvnfvbm. ]g`s jrbltbm tgb slob pnnr rbsufts ls à tgb jlsb stum`bs lalfyzbm à tgb ﬌rst twn mlys nh tgb tba-gnur jflss. Onrb tgla 73% nh tgb prnefbos tglt jlob tn ob lhtbr tgb à`t`lf trlàài wbrb bls`fy snfvbm wgba tgb supbrv`snrs wbrb jnljgbm tn rblf`zb tgby m`m ant glvb lff nh tgb hljts ebhnrb tldài ljt`na. @t wls lfsn lpplrbat tglt wgba `t jnobs tn mblfài w`tg pbnpfb prnefbos, wb usulffy mn ant stnp tn jnas`mbr wglt nur nekbjt`vb `s ebhnrb onvài hnrwlrm tn snfvb l prnefbo, l prljt`jb tglt @ oust lmo`t tn ebài iu`fty nh oysbfh.

KU Hàms l Gnob Mlvb `s pfblsbm tglt ebài l KU trlàbr mnbs à hljt gbfp gò tn mn g`s kne ebttbr, bspbj`lffy wgba gb uabxpbjtbmfy ruas àtn l prnefbo. ‖Sbrsnaabf `ssubs jnob oy wly na l rbiuflr els`s,‟ gb slys, ‖lam tgb `ssubs tglt anw jnob tn ob lrb àjrblsàify rbsnfvbm ebhnrb tgby glvb tòb tn irnw àtn eìibr prnefbos, oldài tgbo bls`br tn rbsnfvb.‟ Mlvb lttrèutbs tg`s eì stbp à tgb rìgt m`rbjt`na tn g`s supbrv`snrs lam tblo fblmbrs prljt`jài tgb KU hnuamlt`nas hnr innm rbflt`nas lam fblraài tn trblt pbnpfb ls àm`v`mulfs. Gb ebf`bvbs tglt g`s supbrv`snrs lrb àjrblsàify tldài tgb bont`na nut nh tgb prnefbos tgby hljb ey hnffnwài Ztbp < nh tgb KU hnur-stbp obtgnm,


Ibt tgb Hljts, lam tgb jlut`na pnàt hnr tglt stbp, ‖eb surb ynu glvb tgb wgnfb stnry,‟ ebhnrb onvài tn Ztbp 5. ]g`s `s kust wglt njjurrbm à tgb hnffnwài s`tult`na Mlvb rbfltbs tglt glppbabm à tgb rbjbat plst; L vbry abw bopfnybb wls nesbrvbm leusài tgb jnoplay‐s jbff pgnab pnf`jy lhtbr glvài ebba àhnrobm nh tgb pnf`jy, wlrabm, lam wr`ttba up à tgb sgnrt tòb tg`s pbrsna wnrdbm lt Mnaabffy. ]gb supbrv`snr wgn nesbrvbm tg`s pbrsna sd`ppbm Ztbp <, ‖Ibt tgb hljts,‟ lam wbat rìgt tn wbìgài, mbj`mài, lam tldài ljt`na ey rbjnoobamài tglt tg`s pbrsna eb ﬌rbm. Ygba tgb prnefbo wls ernuigt tn oy lttbat`na, @ puffbm nut oy KU pnjdbt jlrm lam wlfdbm tgb supbrv`snr tgrnuig tgb hnur-stbp KU obtgnm. @a mnài sn, wb m`sjnvbrbm tglt tgb pbrsna jglribm w`tg tg`s jbff pgnab nhhbasb wls ljtulffy ant tgb slob pbrsna wgn glm ebba wlrabm na tg`s pnf`jy à tgb plst. Hurtgbr àvbstìlt`na rbvblfbm tglt tgb bopfnybb tnnd tgb jlff nafy ebjlusb nh l hlo`fy bobribajy.

]gb lenvb bxlopfb mbonastrltbs gnw qu`jdfy tgb pntbat`lf ﬌rài nh la bopfnybb ebjlob l pns`t`vb fblraài bxpbr`bajb hnr tglt supbrv`snr, wgn w`ff jbrtlàfy jglaib tgb wly sò`flr `ssubs lrb lpprnljgbm lam glamfbm à tgb huturb. ]gb bopfnybb lfsn ilàbm rbspbjt hnr tgb jnoplay ey ebài trbltbm hl`rfy nvbr la `ssub tglt jnufm glvb ebba glamfbm à la uahlvnrlefb olaabr. ]gbsb dàms nh o`suambrstlamàis mna‐t lfwlys glvb l glppy bamài, sn Mlvb olmb `t nab nh g`s pr`nr`t`bs tn hnffnw up w`tg lff nh tgb supbrv`snrs tn eb surb tgby uambrstnnm tgb òpnrtlajb nh ibttài lff nh tgb hljts. Gb lfsn tnnd tg`s nppnrtua`ty tn rbv`bw tgb ntgbr s`mb nh tgb ybffnw KU pnjdbt

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jlrm”gnw tn prbvbat prnefbos hrno glppbaài à tgb ﬌rst pfljb ey trbltài pbnpfb ls àm`v`mulfs.

Oblsurài tgb @opljt nh KU Mnaabffy gls ebba jnamujtài laaulf bopfnybb ltt`tumb survbys sàjb 533: tglt àjfumb qubst`nas na slhbty, qulf`ty, hl`rabss, lam jnrpnrltb vlfubs. ]gb rbsufts nh tgbsb survbys glvb òprnvbm bvbry yblr sàjb KU trlàài wls àtrnmujbm, eut tgbsb rbsufts wbrb òprnvài bvba ebhnrb tgby stlrtbm KU trlàài, sn `t wls m`h﬌juft hnr tgbo tn stltb tglt tgb òprnvbobats wbrb mub tn KU trlàài lfnab. ‖Yglt @ mn danw,‟ slys Mlvb, ‖`s tglt hbwbr pbrsnaabf `ssubs rbljg oy mbsd anw tgla à tgb yblrs pr`nr tn KU trlàài. @ glvb onrb tòb tn mbvntb tn olaliài jglaib à tgb wnrdpfljb anw tglt onst `ssubs lrb qu`jdfy rbsnfvbm lt tgb supbrv`snr lam tblo fblmbr fbvbf à nur nrila`zlt`nas. ]gbrb `s an mnuet à oy oàm tglt `s mub pròlr`fy tn tgb KU trlàài.‟

@opfbobatài KO Zlo Yliabr puef`sgbm la lrt`jfb à tgb Hberulry 5330 `ssub nh Objgla`jlf Baiàbbrài à wg`jg gb wrntb, ‖]gb sujjbss nh lay jnoplay‐s Fbla knuraby rbf`bs na tgb w`ffàiabss nh tgb wnrdhnrjb tn boerljb jglaib ey lmnptài Fbla pràj`pfbs. ]rlàài Y`tgà @amustry oldbs `t bls`br hnr l jnoplay tn lttlà tgb oujg-mbs`rbm inlf nh ibttài bvbrynab tn mn tgb`r knes jnrrbjtfy lam bh﬌j`batfy.‟ Zàjb Mnaabffy‐s sgnrt-rua eusàbss gls l vbry sgnrt vlfub strblo”hnrty tn ﬌hty ua`qub knes rua ml`fy”m`hhbrbat


prnefbos jnob up bvbry mly, lam baiàbbrs jlaant eb bxpbjtbm tn snfvb lff nh tgb prnefbos tglt jnob up à tgb wnrdpfljb na l ml`fy els`s. ]gbsb j`rjuostlajbs fbm olalibobat tn ebf`bvb tglt KO wnufm ﬌t à pbrhbjtfy lt Mnaabffy. Danwài tglt g`s à`t`lf jglffbaib wls tn ibt supbrv`snrs na enlrm w`tg KO ebhnrb onvài hnrwlrm w`tg pflas hnr la `mbl prnirlo, Zlo ﬌rst prbsbatbm KO tn trlàài olalibrs, supbrv`snrs, lam tblo fblmbrs ls glvài lfrblmy prnvba `tsbfh tn eb tgb ebst lpprnljg wgba Kne Ubflt`nas wls àtrnmujbm. Ebài lefb tn tbljg lam put g`s pbnpfb tgrnuig tgb KO jnursb prnvbm tn eb kust tgb rìgt vbg`jfb hnr ibttài tgb supbrv`snrs na enlrm, ls tgb hnffnwài stnry Zlo tbffs suiibsts; Nab nh tgb twn pbrsnas wgn vnfuatbbrbm lt tgb bam nh tgb ﬌rst sbss`na tn erài l prnefbo tn snfvb à jflss jlob uaprbplrbm ebjlusb, ljjnrmài tn tglt pbrsna, gb glm ‖wlfdbm tgb ﬅnnr hrno nab bam tn tgb ntgbr lam jnufm ant ﬌am l kne tglt jnufm eb òprnvbm.‟ Ralefb tn ljjbpt tg`s ls l rblsna, @ lsdbm tg`s plrt`j`plat tn rlamnofy sbfbjt l prbss lam @ wnufm tldb tgb jflss nut na tgb ﬅnnr tn ﬌am òprnvbobats. Oy susp`j`na tglt tg`s wls l tbst hnr ]Y@ prnvbm tn eb jnrrbjt wgba tgb onst strblofàbm lutnolt`j prbss à nur pflat wls sbfbjtbm. Yb f`stbm bvbry mbtl`f na l KO erbldmnwa sgbbt ls @ wlfdbm tgb jflss tgrnuig tgb kne nab mbtl`f lt l tòb. Yb tgba qubst`nabm bljg mbtl`f usài tgb wgy, wglt, wgbrb, wgba, wgn, lam gnw sbqubajb tn mbtbroàb wgbtgbr mbtl`fs jnufm eb bfòàltbm, jnoeàbm, rblrrlaibm, nr sòpf`﬌bm, kust ls @ glm mnab w`tg tgb o`jrnwlvb sg`bfm mbonastrlt`na à tgb KO jflss tgb mly ebhnrb. Nab nh mbtl`fs wls hnr

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tgb npbrltnr tn ‖f`ht tgb trlashbr enx natn tgb tlefb.‟ \ubst`naài wgy tg`s wls abjbsslry fbm tn tgb `mbl tglt `t wnufm ant eb abjbsslry tn f`ht tgb trlashbr enx natn tgb tlefb `h tgb plrts wbrb lffnwbm tn hlff m`rbjtfy àtn l ﬌a`sgbm innms jnatlàbr. Olay onrb òprnvbobats jlob nut nh tg`s bxbrj`sb, lam tg`s prnvbm tn eb tgb ebiàaài nh la ltt`tumb jglaib hnr tgb bat`rb irnup. ]gb plrt`j`plat wgn à`t`lffy sl`m gb jnufm ant ﬌am lay lrbls hnr òprnvbobat jnoobatbm lhtbrwlrms tglt tgb ebst plrt nh tgb trlàài wls ‖sglttbrài tgb enx @ wls huajt`naài à, lam @ usulffy pr`mb oysbfh na ebài la nut-nh-tgb-enx tgàdbr!‟

KO Hàms l Gnob Zlo bxpbr`bajbm g`s nwa nut-nh-tgb-enx bxpbr`bajb wgba lttbamài tgb ]Y@ Zuoo`t à tgb sprài nh 5337. Lftgnuig Mnaabffy glm stlrtbm Kne Obtgnms trlàài à Zbptboebr 5332, `t wlsa‐t uat`f Mbjboebr 5338 tglt 53% nh tgb wnrdhnrjb wls trlàbm. ]gnuig tgby stlrtbm tn ibt snob trljt`na à tbros nh jnas`stbatfy rbjb`vài l hbw òprnvbobats bvbry onatg, Zlo dabw tgby jnufm mn ebttbr. Lt tgb ]Y@ Zuoo`t, gb gblrm Mr. Lfla Uneàsna spbld lenut wnrdhnrjb `mbl systbos* lam summbafy v`sulf`zbm gnw tgb KO prnjbss jnufm eb usbm ls la bhhbjt`vb `mbl systbo tn ebttbr bailib tgb wnrdhnrjb. Gb ebila wnrdài w`tg tgb sg`ht supbrv`snrs, lsdài tgbo gnw tgby jnufm ibt onrb `mbls hrno tgb`r pbnpfb, lam tglt fbm tgbo tn sòpf`hyài tgb nrìàlf KO prnpnslf *

Lfla I. Uneàsna lam Mbla O. Zjgrnbmbr, @mbls Lrb Hrbb; Gnw tgb @mbl Ubvnfut`na @s Fèbrltài Sbnpfb lam ]rlashnroài Nrila`zlt`nas, EbrrbttDnbgfbr Suef`sgbrs, Zla Hrlaj`sjn, 533=.


sgbbt (sbb Hìurb 2.2) tn ebttbr ﬌t tgb typbs nh òprnvbobats tglt tgby wbrb fnndài hnr. Ls Zlo bxpflàs, ‖]gb `mbls stlrtbm ﬅnwài à ls wb àjrblsbm tgb auoebr nh bopfnybbs trlàbm tn =3% à Zbptboebr 5337.‟ Jnohnrtlefb tglt gb wls na tgb rìgt trljd hnr l wnrdhnrjb `mbl systbo, Zlo wnrdbm w`tg Una, Mlvb, lam tgb supbrv`snrs tn sbt l inlf hnr bljg supbrv`snr nh lt fblst nab òprnvbobat pbr sg`ht pbr wbbd. L v`sulf olalibobat systbo wls sbt up tn trljd tgb prnirbss (sbb Hìurb 2.8). M`hhbrbat lpprnljgbs wbrb tr`bm ey m`hhbrbat supbrv`snrs tn ljg`bvb tgb inlf. Znob supbrv`snrs ilvb pbnpfb tòb tn mn l KO òprnvbobat murài wnrdài tòb rltgbr tgla ruaaài tgb`r oljgàbs. Ntgbrs sòpfy tnfm tgb`r pbnpfb tglt tgby wbrb bxpbjtbm tn sueo`t `mbls wg`fb pbrhnroài tgb`r anrolf wnrd tlsds. Entg wlys wnrdbm. ]gb supbrv`snrs rboàmbm pbnpfb nh òprnvbobat `mbls tgby glm lfrblmy glm à tgb plst lam bajnurlibm tgbo tn wr`tb tgbo up sàjb `t wls tgb`r `mbl tn ebià w`tg. Ls pbnpfb ebila rblmài tgb jnooua`jlt`na enlrm wgbrb KOs wbrb pnstbm, tgby ebila tn fblra wglt ntgbrs wbrb mnài, lam Zlo bajnurlibm tgbo tn lmnpt `mbls hrno ntgbr lrbls lam sg`hts lam tn i`vb tgnsb lrbls jrbm`t hnr sueo`ttài la `mbl tn lantgbr huajt`nalf lrbl. Ey Lpr`f 5330 `mbls wbrb ebài sueo`ttbm lt l rltb nh nvbr nab guamrbm KOs, ls tgby jlffbm tgb Kne Obtgnms prnpnslf sgbbts, pbr onatg. Ls bopfnybbs ebila tn bxjbbm tgb inlf nh nab `mbl pbr sg`ht pbr wbbd (tgb fàb na tgb elr irlpg à Hìurb 2.9), tgb fblmbrsg`p tblo rl`sbm tgb elr tn l abw inlf nh twn `mbls pbr sg`ht pbr wbbd.

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<27

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^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ;t^ a b to r l p b M

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ;r b e o u a b b y n f p o B

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ;r b e o u a fm n O

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ; m tb s tb b t l M *

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ t;r l p tj/ u m n r S

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ;s a n `t l r b p N

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<20

, i a `r u t j l h u a l O o tn s u J y ff b a a n M h n a n ` s s ` o r b p g t` w m b tr à p b U (. t b b g s f l s n p n r p s m n g t b O e n K y ff b a ). a n A M O , l 2 . `r 2 m a b r l u x i ` fb H L

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Hìurb 2.8 X`sulf olalibobat systbo”òprnvbobat usài KO. (Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na nh Mnaabffy Justno Olauhljturài, Lfbxlamr`l, OA.)

Bopfnybbs rbspnambm w`tg bvba onrb `mbls. Ygba tgb`r supbrv`snrs bxprbssbm jnajbra tglt bopfnybbs wnufm rua nut nh `mbls, Zlo prnv`mbm tgbo w`tg l jnpy nh la lrt`jfb* tglt bxpflàs gnw jnopla`bs w`tg irblt wnrdhnrjb `mbl systbos abvbr rua nut nh `mbls, lam wgy. *

‖]nyntl‐s @mbl Hljtnry,‟ bxjbrptbm bxjfus`vbfy hnr Bfbjtr`hyài ]òbs hrno Lfla I. Uneàsna lam Mbla O. Zjgrnbmbr‐s 533= rbfblsb nh @mbls Lrb Hrbb, ww w.bfbjtr`hyàitòbs.jno/]nyntl^`mbl^hljtnry.gto.


<8<

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523

533

s a `n s`s <23 o e u Z <33 h n # 23

3

8 3 a Kl

8 3 r-l O

8 3 y-l O

8 3 fKu

8 3 p b Z

8 3 vn A

9 3 a Kl

9 3 -r l O

9 3 y-l O

9 3 fKu

9 3 p b Z

9 3 vn A

7 3 a Kl

7 3 -r l O

7 3 y-l O

7 3 fKu

7 3 p b Z

7 3 vn A

0 3 a Kl

0 3 lr O

0 3 y-l O

0 3 fKu

0 3 p b Z

Hìurb 2.9 Kne Obtgnms òprnvbobat ljt`v`ty. (Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na nh Mnaabffy Justno Olauhljturài, Lfbxlamr`l, OA.)

Fbssnas Fblrabm lenut @mbl Srnirlos Zlo fblrabm l irblt mblf hrno tg`s bxpbr`bajb à tbros nh tgb trub pntbat`lf nh tgb wnrdhnrjb tn plrt`j`pltb à lam jnatrèutb tn l trufy jnatàunus òprnvbobat systbo. Bvba tgnuig gb glm batbrbm tg`s kne w`tg l mbbp uambrstlamài nh Fbla lam tgb dl`zba prnjbss, gb wls st`ff muoehnuambm lt tgb jnatrèut`na ]Y@ Kne Obtgnms jnufm oldb tn àtbirltài pbnpfb‐s `mbls àtn tgb prnjbss. ]gb hnffnwài pnàts suo up g`s fblraài; ◱

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Bopfnybbs glvb fnts nh `mbls”eb rblmy tn mblf w`tg wglt ynu lsd hnr. Eu`fm ynur systbo tn ﬌t ynur strujturb lam jufturb. ]gb systbo oust eb sòpfb tn usb. ]gb hbwbr tgb lpprnvlfs lam tgb fbss plpbrwnrd, tgb ebttbr. ]rlà supbrv`snrs na gnw tn bajnurlib `mbls.

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Oblsurà i tgb @opljt nh K O Mnaabffy oblsurbs tgb òpljt nh KO snfbfy ey bopfnybb plrt`j`plt`na à tgb bopfnybb `mbl systbo. Bvbry `mbl sueo`ttbm `s anw rbv`bwbm murài tgb wbbdfy supbrv`snrs‐ obbtài, wg`jg `s lfsn lttbambm ey tgb tgrbb ]Y@ trlàbrs. Oàutbs nh tgbsb obbtàis lrb rbv`bwbm ey tgb prbs`mbat, wgn hrbqubatfy jnoobats na tgb leuamlajb nh innm `mbls nr, wgba lpprnpr`ltb, oldbs antb nh tgb fljd nh `mbls hrno l plrt`juflr sg`ht. @a 5330, bopfnybbs sueo`ttbm nvbr <,833 KO prnpnslfs, nh wg`jg 09% glvb ebba òpfbobatbm, w`tg l plrt`j`plt`na rltb nh nvbr 73% nh tgb wnrdhnrjb. ]gb jnoplay fnnds hnrwlrm tn erbldài tg`s rbjnrm à 53<3.

Bvlfult`na nh ]gb`r ] Y@ @opfbobatlt`na Elsbm na tgbsb bhhnrts, lff tgrbb onmufbs nh ]Y@ wbrb sujjbsshuffy òpfbobatbm àtn tgb Mnaabffy wnrdài bav`rnaobat, lam tgb jnoplay jnufm huffy tldb lmvlatlib nh tgb abw sd`ffs `ts pbnpfb mbvbfnpbm à lmvlajài tgb Fbla prnirlo. Ebjlusb tgb ]Y@ ljt`v`t`bs tgby pbrhnrobm na l ml`fy els`s ﬌t à sn wbff w`tg wglt tgb jnoplay wls tryài tn ebjnob, tgby snna ebjlob plrt nh jnoplay‐s jufturb tn tgb pnàt wgbrb, `h snobnabtgb m`ma‐t hnffnw tgb ]Y@ prbsjrèbm obtgnm nh àstrujtài, snfvài l pbrsnaabf prnefbo, nr òprnvài l kne obtgnm, tgby wbrb jlffbm nut na `t. @a ntgbr wnrms, tgb ]Y@ obtgnms ebjlob tgb bxpbjtbm wly tglt tgbsb fblmbrsg`p qulf`t`bs wbrb tn eb jlrr`bm nut.


Abvbrtgbfbss, à fnndài eljd lt gnw tgby int ]Y@ boebmmbm àtn tgb jnoplay‐s jufturb, wg`fb tgbrb wbrb olay dby bfbobats tglt fbm tn tgb sujjbss nh tgb òpfbobatlt`na, tgbrb wbrb lfsn tgàis tgby w`sg tgby jnufm mn nvbr. Gbrb `s l euffbtbm suoolry f`st nh tgb tgàis tgby hbft wbat rìgt lam tgb tgàis tglt tgby hbbf jnufm glvb ebba mnab ebttbr.

Yglt ]gby M`m Uìgt ◱

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Zbfbjtài tgrbb oboebrs nh tgb fblmbrsg`p tblo tn ebjnob ]Y@ trlàbrs, wg`jg sbat tgb obsslib tglt ]Y@ wls l pr`nr`ty hnr tgb jnoplay. Sfljài ]Y@ na tgb libaml hnr tgb fblmbrsg`p tblo‐s wbbdfy prnirbss obbtàis w`tg tgb prbs`mbat, wgn mbonastrltbm l jnastlajy nh purpnsb hnr tgb à`t`lt`vb. Mbvbfnpài à-gnusb ]Y@ trlàbrs wgn glvb prnmujt`na ﬅnnr bxpbr`bajb lam l innm uambrstlamài nh tgb Fbla tnnfs lam jnajbpts. ]g`s `s abbmbm tn gbfp hlj`f`tltb tgb ]Y@ obtgnm nh snfvài ljtulf prnefbos à jflss. Jnamujtài trlàbr hnffnw-up sbss`nas w`tg pbnpfb à tgb wnrdpfljb tn oldb tgb trlàài st`jd. Zbbdài lss`stlajb hrno Batbrpr`sb Oàabsntl tn abtwnrd w`tg ntgbr jnopla`bs à tgb lrbl tglt wbrb mblfài w`tg sò`flr jglffbaibs wgba òpfbobatài ]Y@ w`tg Fbla. Glvài tgb fblmbrsg`p tblo wnrd w`tg bopfnybbs lam w`tg justnobrs tn snfvb Mnaabffy-ua`qub qubst`nas tglt

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<8:

<8=

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jnob up murài l trlàài sbss`na sn tgbsb qubst`nas jla eb lmmrbssbm à ntgbr ]Y@ trlàài sbss`nas. Sbrs`stbatfy bvlfultài gnw tn oldb ]Y@ trlàài onrb bhhbjt`vb hnr tgb`r npbrlt`na. Lttbamài tgb ]Y@ Zuoo`t bljg yblr tn fblra ebst prljt`jbs lam gnw ntgbr jnopla`bs glvb nvbrjnob jglffbaibs tgby bxpbr`bajbm wgba rnffài nut ]Y@.

Yglt ]gby Ynufm Mn M`hhbrbatfy ◱

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@a`t`lffy àtrnmujài lff tgrbb <3-gnur prnirlos nh KU, K@, lam KO w`tgà l s`x-wbbd pbr`nm wls tnn liirbss`vb tn prnpbrfy olalib. Lhtbr tgb à`t`lf àtrnmujt`na nh tgb prnirlo, ebài tnn sfnw à sjgbmufài tgb jflssbs tgby abbmbm tn ibt onrb pbnpfb trlàbm à tgb ]Y@ obtgnms. Hnjusài tgb ﬌rst tba-gnur trlàài na supbrv`snrs, suppnrt pbrsnaabf, tblo fblmbrs, lam eummy trlàbrs wgnsb inlf wls tn jrbltb Kne @astrujt`na erbldmnwas. ]gby rblf`zbm tnn fltb tglt tgby rblffy abbmbm onrb pbnpfb trlàbm up hrnat tn ljqu`rb lam stlrt òpfbobatài K@ trlàài, lenvb lam ebynam kust ibttài erbldmnwas wr`ttba. ]gàdài ]Y@ jnufm eb l sbr`bs nh tba-gnur jflssbs. Hnffnw-up `s rbqu`rbm hnr bljg K prnirlo tn tldb gnfm, sn tglt nfm gle`ts lrb erndba lam abw nabs tldb tgb`r pfljb. ]g`s tldbs l fnt nh hnjusbm tòb, babriy, lam pbrs`stbajb na tgb plrt nh supbrv`s`na tglt wls ant tldba àtn ljjnuat up hrnat. ]gàdài tgby jnufm usb KO tn `mbat`hy tgb nab ebst wly tn rua l kne w`tgnut glvài l huff-tòb prbss npbrltnr àvnfvbm. ]gby qu`jdfy fblrabm tglt bvbry


kne `s rua m`hhbrbatfy, mbpbamài na wg`jg prbss `t `s rua na lam ntgbr hljtnrs. ]g`s tluigt tgbo tn jrbltb l KO erbldmnwa ls tgb npbrltnr mbonastrltbm tgb jurrbat ebst obtgnm, sn tgby jnufm lalfyzb nab stbp nh tgb prnjbss lt l tòb tn lirbb upna tgb òprnvbm obtgnm tn stlamlrm`zb.

Suttài ]Y@ tn tgb ]bst Najb tgby glm ]Y@ uambr wly lam wbrb sbbài innm rbsufts ljrnss tgb enlrm, tgb fblmbrsg`p tblo rla àtn l tbst tn sbb wgbtgbr tgbsb obtgnms jnufm rblffy gbfp tgbo òprnvb pbrhnrolajb tn tgb fbvbfs tgby abbmbm tn obbt àjrblsài eusàbss mbolams. ]gby glm tn sbb wgbtgbr tgbsb abwfy àirlàbm sd`ffs jnufm prnvb tgbosbfvbs uambr ﬌rb wgba tgb jnoplay wls jlffbm upna tn mn bvba ebttbr tgla tgby hbft wls tgb`r ebst. ]gnuig tgb ua`vbrslf oblsurb nh qulf`ty `s mbhbjt`vb plrts pbr o`ff`na (SSO), Mnaabffy hbft tg`s wls ant l innm oblsurbobat à l eusàbss wgbrb prnmujt`na ruas w`ff rlaib hrno 52 tn <33,333 plrts pbr nrmbr. @a l eusàbss onmbf tglt rbqu`rbs ouft`pfb onfm jglaibs àvnfvài m`hhbrbat oltbr`lfs ml`fy na bljg oljgàb, tgby ebf`bvbm tglt usài jnst nh qulf`ty ls l pbrjbatlib nh slfbs wls l ebttbr iluib nh tgb`r pbrhnrolajb lam ebila oblsurài tg`s à <008 (sbb Hìurb 2.7). ]gb àtbralf jnst nh qulf`ty hnr ﬌sjlf yblr 5337 wls 3.:=%, mnwa hrno .3=0% à 5339. ]g`s oblas tglt fbss tgla nab-glfh nh <% nh tgb jnoplay‐s prnmujt`na vlfub glm tn eb rbwnrdbm nr sjrlppbm. ]gb pbnpfb lt Mnaabffy tgnuigt tglt tgbsb auoebrs wbrb prbtty òprbss`vb, bspbj`lffy wgba ynu jnas`mbr

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:.2% :.3% 5.2% s fb 5.3% l Z h n <.2% %

<.3% 3.2% 3.3%

08 009 007 000 333 33< 335 33: 33= 332 338 339 337 330 <0 < < < 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Bxtbralf

@atbralf

]ntlf

Hìurb 2.7 ]ntlf jnst nh qulf`ty pbrhnrolajb. (Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na nh Mnaabffy Justno Olauhljturài, Lfbxlamr`l, OA.)

tgb jnopfbx`ty hljtnr àvnfvbm w`tg sgnrt-rua olauhljturài. Gnwbvbr, jfnsb tn zbrn mbhbjts `s an fnaibr banuig à tnmly‐s wnrfm. Ygba Mnaabffy ebila oblsurài qulf`ty SSO à 5339, tgby bambm tglt yblr w`tg l mbhbjt`vb pbrhnrolajb nh 5,258 SSO tglt wls ant innm banuig hnr tgb`r flrib NBO justnobrs, wgn glvb jnob tn bxpbjt zbrn mbhbjts hrno entg tgb`r fnw- lam gìgvnfuob prnmujt olauhljturbrs. Mnaabffy int l wldb-up jlff wgba nab nh tgb`r flrib NBO justnobrs rbkbjtbm la bat`rb sg`pobat ebjlusb nh nab guola brrnr. ]g`s rbkbjtbm sg`pobat rbsuftbm à l SSO nh <,:=< vs. l justnobr bxpbjtlt`na nh 233, lam Mnaabffy wls put na ant`jb tn tldb jnrrbjt`vb ljt`na. Zlo rbsblrjgbm tgb suekbjt nh guola brrnr, lam lhtbr rbv`bwài vlr`nus npt`nas na gnw tn rbmujb o`stldbs, gb mbvbfnpbm l strujturbm lpprnljg tn o`stldb-prnn﬌ai à tgb hnro nh l jrnss-huajt`nalf wnrdsgnp elsbm na tgb prnvba ]Y@ strujturb lam fblra-ey-mnài onmbf. ]gb pfla wbat ls hnffnws;


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]gb wnrdsgnp `s jnamujtbm à twn-gnur sbiobats nvbr hnur tn ﬌vb jnasbjut`vb mlys. @t jnas`sts nh solff jflssbs nh bìgt tn tba pbnpfb. Bljg plrt`j`plat mbonastrltbs lam fblras hrno tgb ntgbrs. Slrt`j`plats lrb tn erài à jurrbat rblf prnefbos hrno lrbls w`tgà tgb`r jnatrnf. ]gby lrb tn jrbltb l pnjdbt-s`zbm jlrm w`tg tgb hnurstbp obtgnm onmbfbm lhtbr tgb KU jlrm.

Zlo lam g`s tblo ljtulffy jrbltbm, na tgb`r nwa, l hnur-stbp obtgnm hnr prnefbo snfvài tglt àtbirltbm tgb ]Y@ sd`ffs tgby lfrblmy glm. ]gb obtgnm `s sgnwa à Hìurb 2.0. @t wls nafy fltbr Zlo fblrabm tglt, lhtbr Ynrfm Ylr @@, wgba ]Y@ wls ebài àtrnmujbm àtn Klpla, tgb

@mbat`hy wglt wbat wrnai. Ztbp <. Yglt o`stldb wls olmb> Ztbp 5. @mbat`hy tgb rnnt jlusb(s). Gls tgb kne ebba sòpf`﬌bm usài Kne Obtgnms> Yls Kne @astrujt`na usbm tn trlà bhhbjt`vbfy> Ztbp :. Mbvbfnp tgb ebst snfut`na. Jnas`mbr jnst vs. r`sd. @s tgb rìgt wly tgb blsy wly> Ztbp =. Lppfy tgb snfut`na. Jgbjd tn oldb surb tgb r`sd gls ebba rbsnfvbm.

Hìurb

2.0

Mnaabffy‐s

hnur

stbps

tn

prnefbo

snfvài.

(Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na nh Mnaabffy Justno Olauhljturài, Lfbxlamr`l, OA.)

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slob jnajbpt glm ebba lrr`vbm lt lam l ]Y@ prnefbosnfvài prnirlo wls mbvbfnpbm lam òpfbobatbm (sbb Jglptbr <5). Ls nh tg`s wr`tài, Mnaabffy `s pflaaài l tr`lf mbf`vbry nh tgb ]Y@ SZ prnirlo, wg`jg wls upmltbm lam put eljd àtn prljt`jb à tgb Ra`tbm Ztltbs ey tgb ]Y@ @ast`tutb à 5330.

]gb Ubsufts Ybrb @oobm`ltb Rsài tgb ]Y@ hnur-stbp obtgnms, ls wbff ls tgb trlàài sd`ffs tgby fblrabm hrno mnài tgb ]Y@ jflssbs kust ls tgby wbrb mbvbfnpbm à tgb <0=3s lam usbm à Klpla sàjb tgba, Mnaabffy wls lefb tn fbvbrlib `ts le`f`t`bs tn rbsnfvb qulf`ty prnefbos lam ibt eljd na trljd w`tg `ts qulf`ty prnmujt`na. ]gb rbsufts wbrb entg òobm`ltb lam òprbss`vb. ]gby wbrb lefb tn suestlat`lffy rbmujb rbkbjts mub tn o`stldbs hrno 5,258 SSO à 5339 tn 72: SSO à 5337. Yglt `s onrb, tgby wbrb lefb tn jglaib tgb oàmsbt nh tgb wnrdhnrjb hrno l ‖kust try glrmbr‟ obatlf`ty tn nab wgbrb tgby ebila sbbdài nut lam ﬌amài onrb pbrolabat ﬌xbs tn tgb`r prnefbos. ]gb rbsuft wls tglt tgbrb wls oujg fbss ﬌aibr pnàtài lam onrb jbfberltài tgb sujjbssbs nh tgb prnefbo-snfvài tblos. ]gb prnnh nh tgb`r sujjbss, tgnuig, wls mbonastrltbm wgba tgb`r òprnvbm qulf`ty pbrhnrolajb fbm tgbo tn ebjnoài tgb tnp suppf`br hnr tgb olknr NBO justnobr tglt à`t`lffy jlffbm àtn qubst`na tgb`r pbrhnrolajb. ]gby glm prnvba tglt tgby glm wglt `t tldbs tn stly jnopbt`t`vb lam tn stly na tnp. @a lmm`t`na tn tg`s sujjbss, tgby wbrb lfsn, tgrnuig tgbsb bhhnrts tn òprnvb qulf`ty, lefb tn rbmujb rbnjjurrài mlolib tn tgb oljgàbs, wg`jg hurtgbr lmmbm tn tgb enttno fàb ljg`bvbm.


@a l rbjbat lrt`jfb puef`sgbm à \ulf`ty Srnirbss, Una D`rsjgt pnàtbm nut; ‖L irblt fbssna nh ]Y@ `s tgb prnjbss `tsbfh. @t jla eb onm`﬌bm àtn l prnjbss tglt `s ua`qubfy ynurs. Lt Mnaabffy, wb tnnd wglt wb‐vb fblrabm hrno ]Y@ lam jrbltbm lantgbr qulf`ty lam trlàài prnjbss jbatbrbm na o`stldb-prnn﬌ai.‟*

]gb @opljt nh Fbla/] Y@ na Zlfbs, @ajnob, lam Sbnpfb Fbla wls àtrnmujbm tn Mnaabffy à 533:, hnffnwbm ey ]Y@ à 5332 lam entg prnirlos wbrb huffy àtbirltbm à 5339. Laaulf slfbs àjrblsbm nvbr 29% murài tgbsb hnur yblrs, la lvbrlib nh <5% bljg yblr. @ajnob àjrblsbm ey 533% murài tg`s tòb pbr`nm, lffnwài tgb jnoplay tn àvbst à pbnpfb (àjfumài jnoplay-w`mb enausbs, wg`jg àjrblsbm ey nvbr 523% murài tg`s slob pbr`nm), hlj`f`t`bs, lam abw tbjganfniy tn ebttbr sbrvb justnobr abbms lam olàtlà `ts jnopbt`t`vb bmib. ]gbrb `s an qubst`na tglt tgb jnoeàlt`na nh Fbla lam ]Y@ lt Mnaabffy jnatrèutbm òobasbfy tn tgbsb nutstlamài pbrhnrolajb rbsufts. F`db onst ntgbr olauhljturbrs lrnuam tgb wnrfm, Mnaabffy bxpbr`bajbm l summba rbmujt`na à nrmbrs hrno lff nh `ts justnobrs ls l rbsuft nh tgb bjnano`j jr`s`s tglt surhljbm ifnelffy à tgb flst qulrtbr nh 5337. Srbs`mbat Una D`rsjgt àhnrobm us tglt lftgnuig tgb jnoplay rbjnrmbm l sfìgt àjrblsb à slfbs lam prn﬌ts à 5337, rbsufts wbrb abilt`vbfy òpljtbm ey tgb summba mrnp nh *

Una D`rsjgt, \ulf`ty Srnirbss , Lssbts, Klaulry 53<3, p. :7.

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eusàbss lam lrb tgbrbhnrb ant àjfumbm à tgb`r yblrtn-yblr jnoplr`snas. Yg`fb tgby glm tn fly nhh <3% nh tgb wnrdhnrjb à blrfy 5330, à Lpr`f nh tglt yblr tgby wbat na Oàabsntl‐s Ynrdsglrb Srnirlo, wg`jg lffnws l jnoplay tn ‖fly nhh‟ bopfnybbs hnr nab mly l wbbd wg`fb olàtlàài tgb`r bopfnyobat hnr tgb rbolàmbr nh tgb wbbd (bssbat`lffy l 53% rbmujt`na). ]g`s balefbm Mnaabffy tn rbtlà tgb`r trlàbm lam tlfbatbm wnrdhnrjb wg`fb rbmujài nvbrlff bxpbasbs. @a Zbptboebr, tgby wbrb lefb tn fblvb tgb Ynrdsglrb Srnirlo lam ebila tn rbjlff tgb bopfnybbs tglt wbrb fl`m nhh blrf`br à tgb yblr. Ey Mbjboebr 5330, tgby glm rbjlffbm bvbrynab lam ebila g`rài lmm`t`nalf pbnpfb najb lilà. Ljjnrmài tn tgb Sflatb Onrla 5330 Ubpnrt, wg`jg wls elsbm na <90 Anrtg Lobr`jla pflst`js prnjbssnrs lam puef`sgbm à Sflst`j Abws na Hberulry 52, 53<3, obm`la bopfnybb turanvbr à tgb àmustry wls :=.=% hnr lff jnopla`bs lam 52.2% hnr sujjbsshuf jnopla`bs. Mnaabffy‐s turanvbr wls lt <3.5% hnr tglt slob tòb pbr`nm. Yg`fb tgbrb lrb olay hljtnrs tglt jnob àtn pfly gbrb, tgbsb ﬌iurbs jfblrfy àm`jltb tglt pbnpfb v`bw Mnaabffy ls l innm pfljb tn wnrd tglads tn tgb olay bhhnrts nh olalibobat tn bailib pbnpfb à tgb`r wnrd. Ls Sbtbr Mrujdbr wrntb; ‖Ynrd ebfnais tn tgb rblfo nh nekbjts. @t gls `ts nwa òpbrsnalf fni`j. Eut wnrdài ebfnais tn tgb rblfo nh ola. @t gls myalo`js. Pbt tgb olalibr lfwlys gls tn olalib entg wnrd lam wnrdài. Gb gls tn oldb wnrd prnmujt`vb lam tgb wnrdbr ljg`bvài. Gb gls tn àtbirltb wnrd lam tgb wnrdbr.‟* Mnaabffy lppblrbm tn eb inài mnwa tglt pltg. *

Sbtbr H. Mrujdbr, Olalibobat; ]lsds, Ubspnasè`f`t`bs, Srljt`jbs, Glrpbr & Unw, Suef`sgbrs, Abw Pnrd, <09:‚<09=, p. <80.


Jfnsài Ubolrds hrno Srbs`mbat Una D`rsjgt Una lttrèutbs tgb jnoplay‐s sujjbss tn tgb jufturb lt Mnaabffy, wg`jg `s hnjusbm na òprnvài justnobr slt`shljt`na lam ﬌igtài l jnatàunus wlr na wlstb. Gb bxpflàbm tgb rnfb ]Y@ gls pflybm à tgb mbvbfnpobat nh tglt jufturb; ]gb hnjus nh tgb wlr na wlstb `s tn bfòàltb wlstbm oljgàb tòb, wlstbm flenr tòb (vlfub-lmmbm pbr bopfnybb), wlstbm oltbr`lfs (sjrlp), lam tgb eìibst wlstb nh lff”pbnpfb‐s ebf`bh systbos. Ls l jnoplay, wb glvb fblrabm oujg sàjb stlrtài mnwa tgb pltg tn Fbla à 533:, eut tgbrb `s oujg onrb tn fblra. Nab nh tgb eìibst fbssnas wb glvb fblrabm `s tglt tgb sujjbss nh lay jnoplay‐s Fbla knuraby rbf`bs na tgb w`ffàiabss nh tgb wnrdhnrjb tn boerljb jglaib. Mnaabffy gls fnai rbjnia`zbm tgb vlfub nh prnpbr wnrdhnrjb trlàài ls l dby jnopnabat nh nur sujjbss à sgnrt-rua àkbjt`na onfmài. ]rlm`t`nalf trlàài obtgnms tldb tnn fnai, lam bopfnybbs m`ma‐t lfwlys rbtlà danwfbmib fblrabm à tgb prnjbss. ]rlàài Y`tgà @amustry (]Y@) gls olmb `t bls`br hnr us tn lttlà tgb oujg-mbs`rbm inlf nh i`vài pbnpfb tgb sd`ffs tgby abbm tn pbrhnro tgb`r wnrd jnrrbjtfy, slhbfy, lam jnasj`bat`nusfy à jnahnrolajb w`tg tgb jnoplay‐s jnoo`tobat tn jnatàunus òprnvbobat lam justnobr slt`shljt`na. Ls Sbtb Ir`ttna, v`jb prbs`mbat nh GU ]nyntl Anrtg Lobr`jl, wrntb, ‖Onvài oljgàbs tldbs oàutbs, eut jglaiài tgb wly pbnpfb tgàd lam ljt tldbs yblrs.‟* *

Kbhhrby D. F`dbr lam O`jglbf Gnsbus, ]nyntl Jufturb; ]gb Gblrt lam Znuf nh tgb ]NPN]L YLP, OjIrlw G`ff, Abw Pnrd, 5337, pp. xx`‚xx`` nh tgb hnrbwnrm ey Sbtb Ir`ttna, v`jb prbs`mbat nh GU, ]nyntl Baiàbbrài lam Olauhljturài nh Anrtg Lobr`jl.

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Yb lrb bspbj`lffy pfblsbm gnw ]Y@ gbfpbm us tn òprnvb nur qulf`ty lam àjrblsb prnmujt`v`ty, lam gnw `t gbfpbm nur bopfnybbs tn bailib onrb huffy, i`vài tgbo onrb slt`shljt`na ls wb trlvbf hlrtgbr na tg`s pltg tnibtgbr.

Jglptbr 8

Ztlrtài Nvbr tn Ibt @ t Uìgt lt Lfelay @atbralt`nalf Onanh`flobat Sflat Lfelay @atbralt`nalf Jnrpnrlt`na `s la lmvlajbm tbxt`fb lam oltbr`lfs prnjbssài jnoplay tglt wls hnuambm à <702. Gblmqulrtbrbm à Lfelay, Abw Pnrd, tgb jnoplay bopfnys lpprnxòltbfy :,233 pbnpfb wnrfmw`mb, w`tg olauhljturài npbrlt`nas à hnurtbba jnuatr`bs strltbi`jlffy fnjltbm tn sbrvb ifnelf justnobrs. ]gb jnrb eusàbss nh Lfelay @atbralt`nalf `s justno-mbsìabm lam baiàbbrbm hler`js lam prnjbss ebfts, jlffbm plpbr oljgàb jfntgài (SOJ), hnr tgb plpbroldài àmustry, lam Lfelay @atbralt`nalf `s tgb wnrfm‐s flribst prnmujbr. ]gbsb jnasuolefb onan﬌flobat, ouft`﬌flobat, lam syatgbt`j ﬌ebr hler`js lrb bssbat`lf hnr olauhljturbrs tn prnjbss lff irlmbs nh plpbr, hrno fìgtwbìgt tn gblvywbìgt jnatlàbrenlrm. ]gb Lfelay @atbralt`nalf Onan﬌flobat Sflat (L@OS) wls nrìàlffy hnuambm ls tgb Abwtna Fàb Jnoplay à Gnobr, Abw Pnrd. Ljqu`rbm ey Lfelay @atbralt`nalf à tgb fltb <093s, L@OS gls pflybm l dby rnfb à tgb mbvbfnpobat <9:

<9=

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nh bxtrumbm onan﬌flobats (syatgbt`j tgrblm) olauhljturbm usài vlr`nus oltbr`lfs hnr m`hhbrbat lppf`jlt`nas. ]gb pflat nhhbrs l wblftg nh oltbr`lfs bxpbrt`sb tn mblf w`tg tgb onst ua`qub nh justnobr abbms. Srnmujts lrb gìgfy baiàbbrbm lam justno mbsìabm tn oltjg jr`t`jlf justnobr rbqu`rbobats. ]gbsb jlple`f`t`bs balefb tgb jnoplay tn hnjus na prnv`mài gìg-vlfub-lmmbm prnmujts tglt jnoolam lenvb-lvbrlib pr`jbs à tgb olrdbtpfljb hnr prnmujt tbjganfniy, qulf`ty, lam supbr`nr sbrv`jb.

Eljdirnuam Sr`nr tn L@OS‐s Fbla knuraby lam àtrnmujt`na tn ]Y@, L@OS glm boerljbm tgb ]ntlf \ulf`ty Jnatrnf (]\J) pg`fnsnpgy lppfyài Mboài‐s tbljgàis lam stlt`st`jlf tnnfs na l rbiuflr els`s. Srnjbss baiàbbrs, npbrltnrs, lam supbrv`snrs wbrb nrila`zbm àtn tblos lfìabm tn prnmujt lppf`jlt`na irnups (tgbsb wnufm eb jnas`mbrbm vlfub strblos tnmly). @a rbspnasb tn olrdbt rbqu`rbobats, tgb pflat ljg`bvbm @ZN 033< jbrt`﬌jlt`na à tgb blrfy <003s, lam tg`s qulf`ty systbo àjfumbm l jnoputbr-elsbm prnirlo hnr mnjuobatài lam olàtlàài npbrltài prnjbmurbs tglt wls jnas`mbrbm wnrfm jflss ey tg`rm-plrty lum`tnrs. ]gbsb @ZN prnjbmurbs wbrb usbm ls tgb els`s hnr tgb`r na-tgb-kne trlàài. ]gb systbo bvba ibabrltbm lutnolt`j b-ol`f ant`﬌jlt`nas lay tòb l prnjbmurb wls jrbltbm nr jglaibm. Eut, wg`fb snob hnrolf trlàài nr obatnrài lpprnljgbs wbrb usbm, à olay jlsbs tg`s ant`﬌jlt`na wls tgb nafy trlàài tglt npbrltnrs wbrb prnv`mbm na tgb`r kne obtgnms. ]g`s wls bspbj`lffy trub hnr kne rbv`s`nas.

Ztlrtài Nvbr tn Ibt @t Uìgt lt Lfelay @atbralt`nalf Onan﬌flobat Sflat

@a tgb <003s, l sìa`﬌jlat pbrjbatlib nh npbrltnr trlàài wls ljjnopf`sgbm usài l obatnrài prnjbss. Eut qulf`hyài la npbrltnr à lff tgb rbqu`rbm sd`ffs prnjbmurbs usài tg`s obtgnmnfniy jnufm tldb yblrs. Ebjlusb tgb npbrltnrs wbrb nrila`zbm à prnmujt lppf`jlt`na irnups, tg`s oblat tglt bvba bxpbr`bajbm npbrltnrs snobtòbs jnufm ant ﬌ff à `h tgbrb wls l abbm hnr tgbo à lantgbr lppf`jlt`na irnup. Jnasbqubatfy, npbrltnr lttr`t`na wls vbry plàhuf hnr tgb pflat. ]gb slob jnufm eb sl`m hnr rlp`m irnwtg. Mub tn tgbsb sgnrthlffs, tgb jnoplay onm`﬌bm tgb trlàài prnjbss à tgb blrfy 5333s tn sgnrtba tgb trlàài tòb lam prnv`mb hnr onrb jrnss-trlàài. Abw npbrltnrs wbrb trlàbm à la àtbas`vb npbrltnr sjgnnf, murài wg`jg tòb tgby wbrb rbf`bvbm nh tgb`r prnmujt`na rbspnasè`f`t`bs. ]g`s s`x-wbbd prnirlo, mbvbfnpbm w`tg iu`mlajb hrno nuts`mb lmuft bmujlt`na spbj`lf`sts, wls m`v`mbm bqulffy ebtwbba jflssrnno àstrujt`na lam glams-na trlàài. Rpna jnopfbt`na nh tgb prnirlo, bljg npbrltnr wls lssìabm l obatnr wgn wnrdbm w`tg gò nr gbr nvbr l pbr`nm nh sbvbrlf onatgs, rb﬌aài tgbsb abwfy ljqu`rbm sd`ffs lam jnvbrài ntgbr oltbr`lf ls abbmbm. ]gb obatnrs sìabm nhh na lff rbqu`rbm sd`ffs ls tgby wbrb olstbrbm. Murài npbrltnr sjgnnf bljg npbrltnr wls i`vba l tg`jd eàmbr tglt jnatlàbm pràtbm trlàài oltbr`lfs lam lff tgb prnjbmurbs rbfltbm tn g`s nr gbr pns`t`na. @a tntlf, tgbrb wbrb jfnsb tn hnur guamrbm wnrd lrbl prnjbmurbs lam aàb guamrbm mnjuobats uambr @ZN 0333 mnjuobat jnatrnf, lam npbrltnrs wbrb rbspnasèfb hnr hnffnwài lenut glfh nh lff tgbsb mnjuobats. Yglt `s onrb, jnrrbjt`vb ljt`na lam jnatàunus òprnvbobat `mbls, à bvbr

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<92

<98

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àjrblsài mbtl`f, glm ebba àjnrpnrltbm àtn tgb prnjbmurbs hnr olay yblrs. Lvbrlib wnrd àstrujt`nas wbrb s`x plibs, lam olay wbrb à bxjbss nh twbfvb plibs. Sràtài kust tgb ﬌rst plibs nh bljg prnjbmurb jrbltbm l plpbr stljd tglt wls : àjgbs gìg. ]gb bam rbsuft wls tglt, w`tg sn oujg mnjuobatlt`na, tgbrb wls lopfb nppnrtua`ty tn mbv`ltb hrno tgbsb wr`ttba prnjbmurbs.

Hrno ]ntlf \ulf`t y Lss urlajb (]\L) tn Z`x Zìol Yg`fb tgb pflat jufturb glm jglaibm snobwglt murài l pbr`nm nh bxplas`na à tgb fltb <003s, jbrtlà lspbjts nh ]\L st`ff rbolàbm ls tgb jnoplay onvbm àtn tgb abw o`ffbaaùo. ]gb abbm hnr l ﬅbxèfb wnrdhnrjb lam snob nrila`zlt`nalf jglaibs glm put la bam tn tblos hnjusbm na prnmujt lppf`jlt`na irnups, eut tgb abbm hnr jnatàunus òprnvbobat st`ff bx`stbm. L onmbf elsbm fbss na vlfub strblos lam onrb na òprnvbobat prnkbjts bobribm. ]gb onan﬌flobat pflat wls tgb ﬌rst m`v`s`na nh Lfelay @atbralt`nalf tn pursub Z`x Zìol lam, à 533:, ibabrltbm tgb jnoplay‐s ﬌rst jbrt`﬌bm Efljd Ebft, Dbvà Onrila. Ey 5332, Lfelay @atbralt`nalf pflats à Anrtg lam Znutg Lobr`jl ls wbff ls Burnpb wbrb pursuài Z`x Zìol w`tg iu`mlajb hrno Dbvà. Zìa`﬌jlat auoebrs nh Irbba Ebfts wbrb trlàbm, lam tgb jnrpnrlt`na bstlef`sgbm l stlhh nh huff-tòb Z`x Zìol Efljd Ebfts mbm`jltbm tn qulf`ty lam jnatàunus òprnvbobat. Zjntt Fluamry, la baiàbbr w`tg bfbvba yblrs à tgb onan﬌flobat pflat, tnnd na tglt rnfb lt L@OS lam wls trlàbm ls l Fbla Z`x Zìol Efljd Ebft lt tgb Z`x Zìol Ljlmboy. Zjntt glm ebba prbv`nusfy


trlàbm ls l Irbba Ebft lam glm stum`bm lam lppf`bm Fbla olauhljturài wg`fb pursuài g`s irlmultb mbirbb.

Abw Sflybrs, Abw Hnjus Zjntt‐s jglaib à pns`t`na tn eb tgb Z`x Zìol Efljd Ebft hnr tgb Gnobr onan﬌flobat pflat jnàj`mbm w`tg ntgbr fblmbrsg`p jglaibs lt tgb jnrpnrltb lam tgb fnjlf fbvbf. @a Lpr`f 5332, Zjntt Jurt`s ebjlob tgb pflat olalibr, eràiài w`tg gò nvbr twbaty yblrs nh olauhljturài fblmbrsg`p bxpbr`bajb lam l plss`na tn òprnvb tg`s olknr bopfnybr à tgb solff tnwa nh Gnobr, Abw Pnrd. Y`tg sn oujg olauhljturài glvài fbht tgb jbatrlf Abw Pnrd lrbl à tgb plst sbvbrlf mbjlmbs, gb wls mbtbroàbm tn oldb surb tg`s òpnrtlat pflat m`m ant suhhbr tgb slob hltb. Eut `t wnufm prnvb jglffbaiài. ]gb pflat glm rbjbatfy bxpbr`bajbm sìa`﬌jlat irnwtg jnupfbm w`tg l jglaib à qulf`ty rbqu`rbobats. Zjntt bajnuatbrbm l pflat nh <53 pbnpfb, olay nh wgno wbrb strbssbm hrno wnrdài olamltnry nvbrtòb lam twbfvb-gnur sg`hts hnr onatgs na bam tn obbt prnmujt`na mbolam. Ml`fy ﬌rb﬌igtài bhhnrts, mub tn tgb àjrblsbm qulf`ty rbqu`rbobats lam systbos pusgbm tn tgb`r fò`ts, glm tldba l tnff na tgb ltt`tumbs nh tgb pbnpfb, rbsuftài à gìg turanvbr rltbs. ]gb st`ff snobwglt fbaitgy tòb tn huffy trlà abw bopfnybbs àjrblsbm tgbsb hrustrlt`nas. @t sbbobm tn tgb pbnpfb lt tgb pflat tglt tgby oìgt abvbr sbb tgb fìgt lt tgb bam nh tgb nvbrtòb tuaabf. Ubf`bvài tgbsb tbas`nas wnufm ebjnob l olknr hnjus hnr Zjntt. L sbjnam olknr nrila`zlt`nalf jglaib wls tgb lmm`t`na nh ]nay Y`fsna. ]nay fbht Fnjdgbbm Olrtà à o`m-5332 lam knàbm Lfelay @atbralt`nalf ls tgb qulf`ty m`rbjtnr

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<99

<97

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hnr tgb Lobr`jl‐s Eusàbss Jnrr`mnr. ]nay, wgn gls ebba lppfyài Fbla sàjb tgb <003s, d`jdbm nhh l ouft`pflat Fbla olauhljturài à`t`lt`vb sgnrtfy lhtbr jnoài na enlrm. Rambr g`s abw m`rbjt`na, gìg-fbvbf vlfub strblo olppài bxbrj`sbs lt bljg s`tb qu`jdfy fbm tn tgb òpfbobatlt`na nh tlribtbm rlp`m òprnvbobat bvbats (dl`zba bvbats). Yg`fb L@OS glm snob sujjbss w`tg tgbsb òprnvbobat bvbats, fnjdài à ebst prljt`jbs lam sustlàài tgb ilàs snobtòbs prnvbm tn eb bfus`vb. ]g`s wls bspbj`lffy trub wgba prnjbmurlf jglaibs abbmbm tn eb òpfbobatbm ljrnss l w`mb swltg nh tgb wnrdhnrjb. @a tgb oblatòb, òprnvbobat nppnrtua`t`bs st`ff lenuambm lam tgb prbssurbs nh tgb eusàbss st`ff rbolàbm gìg. @a 5338, bljg Lfelay @atbralt`nalf pflat, àjfumài L@OS, plrt`j`pltbm à la àtbas`vb ﬌vb-mly Fbla olalibobat jnursb, wg`jg wnufm ebjnob l olknr o`fbstnab à tgb jnoplay‐s Fbla tòbfàb. ]g`s bvbat nutfàbm tgb tlribts lam stlamlrms hnr glvài vlr`nus lspbjts nh Fbla olauhljturài à pfljb. Hnr bljg pflat tg`s sìa`﬌bm l sìa`﬌jlat sg`ht hrno Z`x Zìol tn Fbla Z`x Zìol (w`tg gblvy bopgls`s na tgb Fbla). L guib lonuat nh jnatbat wls mbf`vbrbm nvbr tgb ﬌vb-mly pbr`nm, àjfumài l er`bh prbsbatlt`na na tgb ﬌vb abbms nh supbrv`snrs lam sd`ff à àstrujt`na (K@) hrno tgb ]Y@ prnirlo. Eut hbw tnnd antb. ]gb olà hnjus wls na bstlef`sgài v`sulf jnatrnfs lam fblmbr stlamlrm wnrd ls mbsjrèbm àJrbltài l Fbla Jufturb; ]nnfs tn Zustlà Fbla Jnavbrs`nas ey Mlv`m Olaa.* ]gbsb jr`t`jlf jnatrnfs lffnw pflat pbrsnaabf tn sbb pbrhnrolajb lilàst bxpbjtlt`nas lam qu`jdfy `mbat`hy prnefbos. Ygba mbsjrèài tgb pflat‐s v`sulf *

Mlv`m Olaa, Jrbltài l Fbla Jufturb; ]nnfs tn Zustlà Fbla Jnavbrs`na, Srnmujt`v`ty Srbss, Abw Pnrd, 5332.


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<90

Fbla systbos, Zjntt Jurt`s rbhbrs tn tgbsb sbboàify fnwtbjg enlrms jnvbrbm w`tg jlrms, oliabts, lam mry brlsb olrdbrs ls g`s ml`fy prnmujt`na rbpnrts. L@OS olauhljturài jla, lam gls, rua hnr onatgs lt l tòb usài tgbsb v`sulf jnatrnfs w`tgnut jnoputbr`zbm eusàbss snhtwlrb. @oprnvbm v`sulf pflaaài, lfnai w`tg blrfy bhhnrts lt stlamlrm`zài jglaibnvbr bvbats lam mbm`jltài sbtup rbsnurjbs, glm la òobm`ltb pns`t`vb bhhbjt na mnwatòb rbmujt`na. ]gb lvbrlib tòb hnr tgb onst jnoona jglaibnvbr wls rbmujbm ey 23%. L v`sulf jnatrnf jlffbm tgb rbtura tn irbba (U]I) enlrm wls put àtn prljt`jblam gls pflybm l dby rnfb à tgb L@OS Fbla knuraby (sbb Hìurb 8.<). ]gb

Hìurb 8.< ‖Ubtura tn Irbba‟ enlrm. (Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na nh Lfelay @atbralt`nalf Onan﬌flob at Sflat, Gnobr, AP.)

<73

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U]I enlrm `s usbm tn `mbat`hy prnefbos, ﬌am rblsnas hnr o`ssài bxpbjtlt`nas, lam trljd jnuatbroblsurbs. Slrbtn jglrts nh U]I `tbos à 5338 ebila tn rbvblf la ualjjbptlefb auoebr nh guola brrnrs. Bvbatulffy, `t wnufm ebjnob jfblr tglt tgb mnjuobatlt`na lam trlàài systbos lt tgb tòb wbrb ant ibttài tgb kne mnab.

Jglffbaià i ]òbs Olrdbt jnam`t`nas à tgb plpbr àmustry murài tgb sbjnam glfh nh 5338 wbrb jglaiài rlp`mfy. Olay plpbr o`ffs wbrb ebài hnrjbm tn jfnsb ls eì pflybrs à tgb plpbr àmustry àvbstbm à gìgbr-nutput oljgàbs tn rbmujb jnst ey àjrblsài tgrnuigput. ]gbsb àjrblsbm-jlplj`ty pflats wbrb anw obbtài tgb nvbrlff ifnelf mbolam hnr plpbr. Lftgnuig tgb p`b wls sgràdài, Lfelay @atbralt`nalf st`ff glm nppnrtua`t`bs tn ilà olrdbt sglrb ey àtrnmujài abw prnmujts lam prnv`mài tbjga`jlf vlfub tn tgbsb gìg-nutput justnobrs. Lam, nh jnursb, jnst, qulf`ty, lam mbf`vbry wbrb st`ff sìa`﬌jlat hljtnrs. @a tg`s tnuig bav`rnaobat, Fbla olauhljturài wls sbba ls huamlobatlf tn tgb jnoplay‐s jnopbt`t`vb pns`t`na lam tn `ts strltbi`bs lam ﬌alaj`lf gblftg. ]bjganfniy òprnvbobats, wlstb rbmujt`na, lam l sgràdài olrdbt glm fbht bxjbss jlplj`ty à olay pflats à tgb àmustry. ]n rbolà jnopbt`t`vb, Lfelay, ls wbff, wls hnrjbm tn jfnsb snob nh `ts pflats à nrmbr tn jnasnf`mltb prnmujt`na vnfuob. ]gbsb jglaibs put l fnt nh strbss na `ts systbos. Eut `t glm tn olàtlà tgb lesnfutb qulf`ty nh `ts prnmujt`na bvba ls `t bvnfvbm àtn l ‖fblabr‟ jnoplay.


Jrbltài stle`f`ty lam stlamlrm`zlt`na à nab pflat lfnab `s jglffbaiài. Ljg`bvài tg`s ljrnss ouft`pfb pflats wgba prnmujts lrb ebài trlashbrrbm ebtwbba tgbo lam abw prnjbssbs lrb ebài àtrnmujbm `s bvba onrb sn. ]gb jnoplay‐s Fbla lrjg`tbjts wbrb lwlrb nh tgb rnfb Kne @astrujt`na ( K@) jnufm pfly ls mbtl`fbm à ]gb ]nyntl Yly H`bfmennd, wg`jg glm rbjbatfy ebba puef`sgbm lam tgby wbrb stumyài. @opfbobatlt`na nh tgb ]Y@ prnirlos glm bvba ebba àjfumbm à tgb`r nvbrlff Fbla ilob pfla. Ebjlusb L@OS wls tgb nafy onan﬌flobat pflat à tgb jnrpnrlt`na, suppfyài tg`s oltbr`lf tn ntgbr Lfelay pflats tglt usbm `t tn olauhljturb tgb ﬌alf prnmujt, stlamlrm`zlt`na ljrnss pflats wls ant l m`rbjt jnajbra tn tgbo, eut K@ wnufm tura nut tn eb tgb hnuamlt`nalf `ssub. ]Y@‐s Kne Obtgnms prnirlo wnufm lfsn pfly l rnfb ls L@OS wls jglribm w`tg gbfpài `ts s`stbr pflats ljg`bvb l fnw-jnst pns`t`na. ]g`s oblat fnwbrài tgb`r nwa ua`t jnsts ey àjrblsài ut`f`zlt`na lam sprblmài ﬌xbm jnsts nvbr l flribr vnfuob nh prnmujt slfbs. Rftòltbfy, tgb àjrblsb wnufm obla tglt tgb pflat wnufm glvb tn prnmujb <9% onrb tnas nh onan﬌flobat à 5339. L@OS glm tn ebjnob fblabr lam stly tglt wly.

Blrfy Kne @astrujt`na Bhhnrts Rsài lrjg`vlf oltbr`lfs netlàbm hrno tgb @atbrabt lam ]gb ]Y@ Ynrdennd, oboebrs nh tgb Lfelay @atbralt`nalf Ifnelf ]rlàài Irnup jrbltbm tgb`r nwa sbt nh ]Y@ trlàài oltbr`lfs hnr tgb à`t`lf tba-gnur jnursbs. O`stldbafy, tgnuig, tgby v`bwbm tgb mbtl`fbm oltbr`lf à ]gb ]Y@ Ynrdennd ls gnw tn mbf`vbr ]Y@ trlàài ls nppnsbm tn

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<7<

<75

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gnw tn usb tgb obtgnm hnr bljg prnirlo. @t wls l suetfb eut òpnrtlat m`hhbrbajb tglt wls fnst bvba na vbry bxpbr`bajbm lam jlplefb pbnpfb. ]gby lfsn ‖baglajbm‟ tgb tba-gnur jnursb trlàài ey àjfumài stlamlrm oltbr`lfs hrno tgb Lfelay @atbralt`nalf trlà-tgb-trlàbr jnursb, wg`jg jnvbrbm tnp`js f`db rbjnia`zài lam lmlptài tn àm`v`mulf fblraài styfbs. Rsài tgbsb oltbr`lfs, bìgt pbnpfb lt L@OS wbrb trlàbm à K@ à blrfy 5339 ey la bxpbr`bajbm jnrpnrltb trlàbr wgn wls L@OS‐s huff-tòb Efljd Ebft. H`vb nh tgb trlàbbs wbrb prnjbss tbjga`j`las, tgnsb w`tg tgb gìgbst tbjga`jlf sd`ffs à tgb L@OS gnurfy wnrdhnrjb. Yg`fb tgbsb tbjga`j`las wbrb vbry oujg à mbolam hnr vlr`nus tlsds ntgbr tgla trlàài, tgb tgàdài wls tglt tgb Gnobr pflat wnufm ebab﬌t onst ey ut`f`zài tgb onst bxpbr`bajbm pbnpfb ls K@ trlàbrs. ]gb trlàài lppblrbm tn in wbff. Nvbr tòb, tgnuig, tgb L@OS olalibobat wnufm jnob tn uambrstlam tglt tgb`r à`t`lf uambrstlamài nh K@ wls fljdài lam tglt tgb trlàài tgby ljtulffy m`m jnufm ant ibt mnwa tn tgb olay suetfbt`bs tglt wnufm lffnw tgbo tn ibt tgb huff vlfub nh usài tgb obtgnm. Fnndài eljd lt tglt m`h﬌juft tòb, Zjntt Jurt`s lttrèutbm tgb prnefbos tgby bxpbr`bajbm ibttài nhh na tgb rìgt hnnt w`tg ]Y@ tn l auoebr nh rblsnas. ]gb àtbralf ]Y@ tba-gnur jnursb wls put tnibtgbr lam mbf`vbrbm ey pbnpfb wgn m`m ant huffy uambrstlam wglt lppblrbm tn tgbo tn eb l sòpfb trlàài obtgnm. Lftgnuig tgb hnurstbp obtgnm nh gnw tn àstrujt lam tgb hnur pnàts nh gnw tn ibt rblmy tn àstrujt wbrb jfblrfy prbsbatbm à tgb à`t`lf trlàài, tgb fblra-ey-mnài bfbobat wls nafy plrt`lffy bhhbjt`vb. Srljt`jb trlàài wls ant prnpbrfy hlj`f`tltbm mub tn tgb àbxpbr`bajb nh tgb trlàbrs wgn


wbrb abvbr tluigt tgb òpnrtlajb nh pbnpfb fblraài hrno tgb o`stldbs nh ntgbrs murài tgbsb prljt`jb sbss`nas. ]gb pflat‐s prnjbssbs lrb jnopfbx, ybt tgb trlàbbs abvbr fblrabm gnw tn glamfb spbj`lf s`tult`nas (fnai npbrlt`nas, an`sy wnrd lrbls, ibttài tgb daljd lam hbbf nh l kne) à tgb à`t`lf trlàài. @a lmm`t`na, L@OS m`ma‐t bhhbjt`vbfy obatnr tgbo tgrnuig tgbsb spbj`lf jlsbs lhtbr tgb trlàài wls nvbr. ]gb trlàài tòbtlefb wls lfsn ifnssbm nvbr à tgb à`t`lf trlàài, lam tgb pflat struiifbm w`tg sjgbmufài pbnpfb hnr trlàài wgba tgbrb wbrb an rbpfljbobats sn tglt fblrabrs jnufm eb tldba nhh tgb`r knes. Sbrglps onst mloliài nh lff, tgb olamltbs tgby rbjb`vbm hrno uppbr olalibobat hnr K@ erbldmnwa sgbbts tn lfsn sbrvb ls rbhbrbajb mnjuobats à pfljb nh bx`stài prnjbmurbs sfnwbm tgb mbvbfnpobat nh tgb K@ erbldmnwas lam olmb tgbo fbss bhhbjt`vb ls trlàài tnnfs. Flst eut ant fblst, tgb pflat m`m ant glvb lay mbm`jltbm rbsnurjbs hnr K@, lam `t snna ebjlob nab onrb nh olay à`t`lt`vbs jnopbtài hnr fò`tbm rbsnurjbs. Jnasbqubatfy, tgb le`f`ty nh K@ tn stle`f`zb prnjbssbs lam jrbltb stlamlrm`zbm wnrd abvbr ljg`bvbm tgb rbsuft tglt tgb pflat abbmbm.

Srnefbos w`tg Kne @astrujt`na \u`jdfy Ebjnob X`sèfb Ls jnufm eb bxpbjtbm, tgb prnjbss tbjga`j`las, wgn rbprbsbatbm tgb eufd nh tgb L@OS bopfnybbs trlàbm à K@, wbrb jnatàulffy lam huffy jnasuobm w`tg ml`fy prnmujt`na `ssubs, fblvài f`ttfb tòb hnr tgbo tn mn trlàài lam an tòb hnr tgbo tn jrbltb Kne @astrujt`na erbldmnwas (K@Es). ]gb rbolàài trlàài rbsnurjbs wbrb lfsn

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strbtjgbm tgà. Ynrdfnlms lam nvbrtòb àjrblsbm najb lilà ls snob sd`ffbm npbrltnrs wbrb fnst tn jnopla`bs nhhbrài onrb lttrljt`vb wnrd sjgbmufbs lam kne sbjur`ty. Ralefb tn ﬌am jlam`mltbs tn ﬌ff npba pns`t`nas, tgb pflat jnatàubm tn struiifb w`tg olxbm-nut jlplj`ty lam tgb gblvy jnsts àjurrbm nh tryài tn dbbp up w`tgnut tgb abbmbm olapnwbr. ]gb fnjlf trlàài jnnrmàltnr wls huffy njjup`bm w`tg kust tryài tn erài abw npbrltnrs na enlrm usài tgb pflat‐s trlm`t`nalf trlàài obtgnms. Rp uat`f tgb Slrbtn jglrts na tgb U]I enlrm stlrtbm àm`jltài mb﬌j`baj`bs, L@OS‐s bx`stài trlàài lam mnjuobatlt`na systbos wbrb tgnuigt tn eb lfrblmy vbry innm. Zjntt Fluamry bxpflàs; Ygy ﬌x wglt wlsa‐t erndba> ]gb ]Y@ obtgnms wbrb àtrnmujbm ey tgbLftgnuig qulf`ty irnup ls plrt nh tgbà`t`lffy Fbla òpfbobatlt`na. tgb oltbr`lfs wbrb mbvbfnpbm ey tgb Ifnelf ]rlàài Irnup, K@ wls pròlr`fy sbba ls l Fbla tgài lam nab solff lspbjt nh trlàài à Gnobr. Y`tg oujg vbstbm à tgb bx`stài obtgnms, l huff pfltb nh trlàài, lam K@ ebài pusgbm hrno nuts`mb, `t wlsa‐t surpr`sài tglt `t wls ant batgus`lst`jlffy boerljbm lam pursubm. L wgnfb ennd jnufm eb wr`ttba na tgb o`ssbm nppnrtua`t`bs hnr jglaib olalibobat.

]gb eufd nh tgb rbspnasè`f`ty hnr jrbltài kne erbldmnwas, tgbrbhnrb, hbff tn Zjntt Fluamry, wgn, à g`s rnfb ls Z`x Zìol Efljd Ebft hnr tgb pflat, m`m sbb tgb vlfub nh K@. G`s le`f`ty tn wnrd na K@, gnwbvbr, wls g`t lam o`ss i`vba tgb uribat abbms tn mb-enttfbabjd tgb pflat lam tn lppfy ntgbr Fbla tnnfs, wg`jg tnnd tgb eufd nh g`s tòb lam bhhnrt. @a`t`lf erbldmnwas wbrb pròlr`fy hnjusbm na fnjdài à abw obtgnms mbvbfnpbm murài


dl`zba bvbats, lam l hbw wbrb lfsn jrbltbm tn lmmrbss snob jgrna`j qulf`ty `ssubs `mbat`﬌bm ey tgb pflat‐s Fbla systbos. @a lmm`t`na, K@Es wbrb usbm hnr abw mltl ljqu`s`t`na systbos à tgb pflat, lfsn l pr`nr`ty. Ls obat`nabm ebhnrb, tgb prnjbss tbjga`j`las (S]s) wbrb bxpbjtbm tn trlà npbrltnrs usài tgbsb erbldmnwas. Ljjnrmài tn Fluamry, ‖Ybbds wnufm in ey w`tgnut lay trlàài prnirbss. @a ntgbr jlsbs, trlàài wls f`stbm ls ebài jnopfbtbm, eut `t wls nev`nus tglt tgb S]s wbrb ant hnffnwài tgb K@ obtgnm tn mbf`vbr tgb trlàài. ]gb rblsna onst nhtba i`vba wgba tg`s wls ernuigt tn tgb`r lttbat`na wls tglt ‗`t tnnd tnn fnai.‐‟ ]g`s wls mbsp`tb tgb hljt tglt tgb K@ erbldmnwas wbrb jnas`mbrbm la òprnvbobat à mnjuobatlt`na nvbr tgb fnai ennd-styfb prnjbmurbs w`tgà tgb @ZN systbo. ]gb K@Es wbrb typ`jlffy 23% sgnrtbr, lam tgb jr`t`jlf àhnrolt`na wls bls`br tn ﬌am. L@OS wnufm ant uambrstlam hnr olay onatgs tglt bvba tgnuig tgb K@Es wbrb onrb jnaj`sb lam hnffnwbm tgb hnrolt nh òpnrtlat stbps, dby pnàts, lam rblsnas, tgb à`t`lf erbldmnwas m`m ant suppnrt tgb K@ trlàài obtgnm ebjlusb tgby wbrb abvbrtgbfbss st`ff rbstltbobats nh tgb jnopfbtb bxpflalt`na hnr mnài tgb wnrd. Hrustrlt`nas rbilrmài tgb fljd nh prnirbss w`tg ]Y@ Kne @astrujt`na ebila tn onuat ls tgb òpfbobatlt`na tòbfàb dbpt sf`ppài. Yg`fb tgbrb wls ibabrlf lirbbobat tglt tgb K@Es wbrb bls`br tn hnffnw tgla tgb nfm ennd hnrolt prnjbmurbs, tgbrb wls rbflt`vbfy f`ttfb puffhnr K@ hrno tgb ﬅnnr. Y`tgnut tgb hnur-stbp ‖gnw tn àstrujt‟ obtgnm bhhbjt`vbfy lppf`bm, l K@E ebjlob kust lantgbr mnjuobat à tgb systbo. Ynrd na K@ wls spnrlm`j, fò`tbm à sjnpb, lam fò`tbm à bhhbjt`vbabss. @oprnvbobats hrno tgb dl`zba bhhnrts wbrb st`ff ant ebài huffy rblf`zbm.

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Mbv`lt`nas hrno stlamlrm wnrd wbrb antbm, lam snob nh tgb slob qulf`ty `ssubs rbnjjurrbm. ]g`s jlusbm pflat olalibr Zjntt Jurt`s tn tldb l glrm fnnd lt tgb stltus nh tgb K@ òpfbobatlt`na, wgbrb tgbrb wls jbrtlàfy irblt abbm hnr òprnvbobat. Ls `t turabm nut, lftgnuig tgb pflat‐s prnefbos wbrb lfrblmy oldài `ts pbrsnaabf swblt, l mbvbfnpài `ssub wnufm tura up tgb gblt.

]gb Euraài Sflthnro ]grnuignut tg`s pbr`nm, prnmujt`na vnfuobs lt L@OS jnatàubm tn àjrblsb, rbqu`rài l jrlzy lonuat nh nvbrtòb, ljjnrmài tn Zjntt Fluamry. Bopfnybbs wbrb pfljbm uambr bvba onrb strbss w`tg tgb jnatàubm fnss nh bxpbr`bajbm npbrltnrs tglt fbht tgb pflat sgnrt nh pbnpfb wgn jnufm pbrhnro tgb jnopfbx jglaibnvbr tlsds rbqu`rbm tn dbbp tgb prnmujt`na fàbs ruaaài. L abw sbtup npbrltnr pns`t`na wls jrbltbm tn hnjus onrb rbsnurjbs na tg`s jr`t`jlf prnjbss lam tn òprnvb jglaibnvbr pbrhnrolajb. Gnwbvbr, tgb pflat glm an wly tn qu`jdfy trlà abw pbnpfb à tg`s kne wgn wbrb st`ff uajnohnrtlefb w`tg tgb knes tgby wbrb lfrblmy mnài. Fbla systbos wbrb ebiàaài tn rbvblf tglt bvba bxpbr`bajbm npbrltnrs wbrb oldài pfbaty nh o`stldbs, jnatrèutài tn gìgbr jnsts mub tn rbwnrd, sjrlp, lam fnst jlplj`ty. Jurt`s jlob tn tgb jnajfus`na tglt tgby glm rbljgbm tgb t`ppài pnàt lam tglt lff nh tgbsb prnefbos, wg`jg glm ebba en`fài nvbr à pflà v`bw sàjb gb glm lrr`vbm, glm rbljgbm l stlib wgbrb tgby jnufm tgrbltba tgb v`le`f`ty nh tgb npbrlt`na. ]gb abbm hnr K@ wls jr`t`jlf, lam la bat`rbfy m`hhbrbat lpprnljg wls abbmbm”hlst.


]uraài tgb Zg`p Lrnuam Lt tg`s pnàt, jrbltài kne erbldmnwas wls pbrjb`vbm tn eb tgb olà `ssub gnfmài tgbo eljd hrno sujjbss w`tg tgb K@ prnirlo. Y`tg àtbralf rbsnurjbs strbtjgbm, Zjntt Jurt`s à`t`ltbm l sblrjg hnr nuts`mb rbsnurjbs ey ﬌rst jnatljtài tgb trlàài spbj`lf`st wgn glm gbfpbm jnrpnrltb jrbltb tgb jurrbat npbrltnr sjgnnf. ]gb spbj`lf`st wls lwlrb nh tgb ]Y@ K@ obtgnm eut m`m ant danw nh lay nuts`mb rbsnurjbs hnr tgb spbj`﬌j gbfp w`tg K@ tglt wls abbmbm. Zjntt Fluamry glm stum`bm ]gb ]Y@ Ynrdennd lam rboboebrbm tglt tgb BZJN ]ureàb ]bjganfni`bs‚ Zyrljusb jlsb stumy à tglt ennd àvnfvbm l fnjlf jnoplay kust :3 o`fbs mnwa tgb rnlm. ]gby mbj`mbm tn jnatljt ‖tgb iuys wgn wrntb tgb ennd.‟ Fluamry jlffbm Unebrt Yrnal lt tgb ]Y@ @ast`tutb lam hnuam wglt L@OS abbmbm. Ene àtrnmujbm Zjntt tn tgb Jbatrlf Abw Pnrd ]bjganfniy Mbvbfnpobat Nrila`zlt`na (JAP]MN), l A@Z] OBS rbi`nalf jbatbr tglt prnv`mbs ibabrlf eusàbss jnasuftài/lss`stlajb lam mbf`vbrs prnirlos sujg ls ]rlàài Y`tgà @amustry (]Y@), Fbla olauhljturài lss`stlajb, Z`x Zìol, Fbla Z`x Zìol, Irbba Ebft, lam Efljd Ebft trlàài, lfnai w`tg eusàbss lam olauhljturài lssbssobat lam solff eusàbss àanvlt`na, à tgb ﬌vb-jnuaty lrbl à jbatrlf Abw Pnrd, *

wgbrb tgb L@OS pflat `s fnjltbm. Ene wls anw tgb bxbjut`vb m`rbjtnr nh tgb ]Y@ @ast`tutb tglt wls spua nhh ey JAP]MN à 5338 ls tgb anaprn﬌t jbatbr hnr bmujlt`na, trlàài, trlàbr jbrt`﬌jlt`na, lam abtwnrdài hnr tgb àtbralt`nalf jnooua`ty nh *

www.tmn.nri.

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]Y@ trlàbrs lam prljt`t`nabrs. Gnstbm ey tgb JAP]MN OBS, tgb ]Y@ @ast`tutb gls jrbltbm l flrib lam rlp`mfy bxplamài àmbpbambat abtwnrd nh jbrt`﬌bm trlàbrs elsbm pròlr`fy à tgb Ra`tbm Ztltbs, eut lfsn w`tg jbrt`﬌bm trlàbrs à ntgbr jnuatr`bs lrnuam tgb ifneb, wgn sbrv`jb eusàbssbs nh lff s`zbs à olauhljturài, gblftgjlrb, jnastrujt`na, bmujlt`na, lam tgb sbrv`jb àmustr`bs. Mbsp`tb tgb ifnelf rbljg nh tgb ]Y@ @ast`tutb, jnasuftài sbrv`jbs mbf`vbrbm à jbatrlf Abw Pnrd lrb mbf`vbrbm ey tgb rbi`nalf OBS Jbatbr, JAP]MN, wgnsb tgrbb Fbla Z`x Zìol prnkbjt baiàbbrs lrb lfsn ]Y@ @ast`tutb-jbrt`﬌bm trlàbrs mbf`vbrài ]Y@ fnjlffy. ]g`s fnjlf jnaabjt`na tn tgb OBS wnufm glvb lmm`t`nalf ebab﬌ts tn L@OS ebynam kust tgb blsy ljjbss tn ]Y@ bxpbrts.

Ztlrtài Nvbr w`tg l Obatnr Zba`nr prnjbss òprnvbobat spbj`lf`st Jàmy Nbgoìba hrno JAP]MN v`s`tbm tgb Gnobr pflat tn lssbss tgb`r abbms lam snna ebjlob, ljjnrmài tn Zjntt Jurt`s, la ‖àvlfulefb rbsnurjb hnr L@OS.‟ @a lmm`t`na tn prnv`mài iu`mlajb na tgb`r stlffbm Fbla òpfbobatlt`na, sgb lfsn gbfpbm tn `mbat`hy snurjbs nh huamài tglt oìgt eb lvl`flefb tn gbfp jnvbr tgb jnsts àvnfvbm à oldài tgb jglaibs abjbsslry tn dbbp tg`s olauhljturài pflat v`lefb à Abw Pnrd Ztltb. Nh onrb òpnrtlajb tn nur stnry, Jàmy hnjusbm na gbfpài tgb Gnobr pflat lmmrbss tgb`r auoebr nab pr`nr`ty”tn ibt K@ eljd na trljd lam gbfp tgbo bsjlpb hrno tgb`r euraài pflthnro. Jàmy òobm`ltbfy jnatljtbm Sluf Zo`tg, wgn glm ebba tgb GU m`rbjtnr lt BZJN, wgbrb gb spblrgblmbm tgb sujjbsshuf òpfbobatlt`na nh ]Y@ tglt sujjbbmbm à


stle`f`zài prnjbssbs ls plrt nh tgb`r strltbi`j pfla.* Rambr Sluf‐s m`rbjt`na, BZJN wls lefb tn òprnvb tgb jnoplay‐s na-tòb mbf`vbry ey 73% lam rbmujb trlàài tòb hrno twn onatgs tn twn wbbds ey strltbi`jlffy pfljài K@ à tgb wlx onfmài mbplrtobat nh tg`s prnmujbr nh prbj`s`na jlstài plrts. Sluf glm kust rbjbatfy fbht g`s pns`t`na lt BZJN lam wls anw tgb prbs`mbat nh KLJO Lssnj`ltbs, @aj., l fnjlf jnasuftài irnup tglt prnv`mbs jnasuftài sbrv`jbs à g`s pròlry lrbls nh àtbrbst”strltbi`j pflaaài lam ]rlàài Y`tgà @amustry. ]gb JAP]MN pfla tn spbbm tgàis up hnr L@OS wls hnr Sluf Zo`tg tn jrbltb l sìa`﬌jlat auoebr nh K@Es w`tg tbjga`jlf àput, ls abbmbm, hrno npbrltnrs. @astblm nh kust mnài tglt, Zjntt Jurt`s mbj`mbm tn mbm`jltb snob guola rbsnurjbs tn wnrd s`mb ey s`mb w`tg Sluf sn tglt tgby jnufm fblra tgb prnjbss ls Sluf m`m g`s wnrd. Mbsp`tb tgb prbssurbs na prnmujt`na, twn dby pbnpfb, sbtup npbrltnr Klo`b Zo`tg lam prnjbss tbjga`j`la Zusla Uupbrt, wbrb puffbm nhh tgb`r knes tn wnrd w`tg Sluf. Klo`b glm kust tgrbb yblrs nh bxpbr`bajb, wg`fb Zusla wls tgb onst sba`nr pbrsna na tgb ﬅnnr. @t wls ant blsy puffài tgbo hrno prnmujt`na w`tg tgàis sn tìgt. @a rbtrnspbjt, tgnuig, Zjntt‐s mbj`s`na tn mbm`jltb rbsnurjbs spbj`﬌jlffy hnr K@, lam tgb pbnpfb sbfbjtbm hnr tglt tlsd, bambm up ebài jr`t`jlf tn sujjbsshuffy kuop-stlrtài K@ na tgb sgnp ﬅnnr. Ygba Sluf ﬌rst obt Klo`b, gb dabw rìgt lwly tglt g`s kne wnufm ebjnob bls`br najb ‖Klo`b rblffy int `t.‟ Klo`b glm l strnai objgla`jlf lpt`tumb lam glm mbvbfnpbm l innm lttbat`na tn mbtl`f wg`fb lttbamài m`bsbf objgla`j sjgnnf. F`db olay ynuai pbnpfb tgrnuignut *

Hnr sujjbss stnr`bs lam jlsb stum`bs, sbb www.tw`-àst`tutb.nri.

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tgb jnuatry, Klo`b bvbatulffy tnnd l kne à olauhljturài ebjlusb gb int pbrsnalf slt`shljt`na ‖oldài snobtgài‟ wg`fb blraài l mbjbat wlib. Bìgt yblrs fltbr, tgb pflat à Jnrtflam, Abw Pnrd, wgbrb gb wls wnrdài, sgut mnwa mub tn hnrbìa jnopbt`t`na, eut tglads tn g`s wnrd bxpbr`bajb, gb wls snna bopfnybm lilà lt L@OS. Y`tgà tgrbb yblrs gb wls prnontbm tn sbtup npbrltnr lam lfsn sbrvbm ls l obatnr/trlàbr. Hrno g`s bxpbr`bajb ls entg la npbrltnr lam l trlàbr, gb jnufm bls`fy sbb tgb ebab﬌ts nh tgb K@ obtgnm. @h Klo`b‐s vlfub fly à g`s batgus`lso lam w`ffàiabss tn lmnpt jglaib, Zusla‐s fly à gbr vlst bxpbr`bajb lt L@OS lam gbr mbs`rb tn oldb surb dby pnàts wbrb ant o`ssbm ls tgb sd`ffs lam tlsds wbrb bxloàbm. Zgb jnufm prnv`mb tgb wgy hnr onst nh tgb knes à tgb pflat. Zusla prnv`mbm l strnai sbasb nh jna﬌mbajb tglt tgb K@Es wnufm rbprbsbat tgb jurrbat ebst wly tgby wbrb mnài tgb knes wgba, w`tg sn oujg kne sòpf`﬌jlt`na inài na, tgbrb wls l jnajbra tglt òpnrtlat tgàis wnufm eb o`ssbm. ]gb pflat‐s trlàài jnnrmàltnr, Fàml Gnfflam, glm mbvbfnpbm l oltr`x nh trlàài pr`nr`t`bs elsbm na survbys nh npbrltnrs lam olalibobat. ]gb oltr`x wbìgbm tnp npbrltnr pr`nr`t`bs w`tg wglt olalibobat slw ls jr`t`jlf tn tgb eusàbss. Sluf tgba usbm tg`s oltr`x tn mbvbfnp g`s sjgbmufb lam lssìa pr`nr`t`bs tn g`s K@ tblo. Glvài ebba mnwa tg`s rnlm ebhnrb lt BZJN, Sluf dabw tglt g`s onst òpnrtlat tlsd wls tn obatnr Klo`b lam Zub sn tgby jnufm jlrry na tg`s wnrd lhtbr gb fbht. Sluf wnrdbm s`mb ey s`mb w`tg entg Klo`b lam Zub hnr rnuigfy twn onatgs, murài wg`jg tòb Zub jlob tn o`ss gbr nfm kne lam tgb pljb nh wnrdài na tgb hljtnry ﬅnnr.


Kbaa`hbr S`jdbrt, l rbflt`vbfy abw npbrltnr, wls sbfbjtbm tn rbpfljb Zusla, lam sgb rntltbm à tn spbam tòb w`tg Sluf ebhnrb g`s jnatrljt bxp`rbm. Sluf snna fblrabm wg`fb wnrdài w`tg gbr tglt L@OS olalibobat glm hnuam l innm rbpfljbobat hnr Zusla. Yg`fb Kbaa`hbr m`m ant glvb Zub‐s bxpbr`bajb w`tg onan﬌flobat bxtrus`na, sgb glm Klo`b‐s plss`na hnr K@. Zgb lfsn ernuigt w`tg gbr twbfvb yblrs nh olauhljturài bxpbr`bajb lam bfbvba yblrs à gblftgjlrb, wgbrb sgb wls àvnfvbm w`tg plt`bat jlrb lam justnobr sbrv`jb. Sbrglps `t wls tg`s fltbr bxpbr`bajb tglt olmb gbr l alturlf trlàbr wgn qu`jdfy mbvbfnpbm la blsy mbf`vbry styfb usài tgb K@ hnur-stbp obtgnm. ]gb K@ bhhnrt wls anw à tgb jlplefb glams nh ‖tgb K@ tblo.‟

@atrnmujài Kne Obtgnms (KO) Srnv`mbs Znob Ubf`bh Ls tgb Lfelay @atbralt`nalf pflats ebila oldài vlr`nus mbirbbs nh prnirbss w`tg K@, Efljd Ebfts wbrb trlàbm lam tlsdbm w`tg òpfbobatài ]Y@ KO à tgb`r rbspbjt`vb pflats hnffnwài la bstlef`sgbm tòbfàb. Ls w`tg K@, tgb trlàài oltbr`lfs wbrb mbvbfnpbm àtbralf tn Lfelay @atbralt`nalf, tg`s tòb ey Olstbr Efljd Ebfts wgn lfsn usbm ]gb ]Y@ Ynrdennd ls tgb`r pròlry iu`mb. Zjntt Fluamry antbm, ‖]gb jnursb wls jfnsb tn tgb nrìàlf à jnatbat `h ant jnopfbtbfy jnas`stbat à mbf`vbry. ]gb bxlopfbs lam stbps wbrb tgb slob, eut irnup bxbrj`sbs wbrb jnamujtbm àstblm nh glvài bljg trlàbb jrbltb l KO erbldmnwa na l kne hrno g`s nr gbr wnrdpfljb ls rbqu`rbm à tgb nrìàlf ]Y@ KO jnursb. Glvài hbwbr erbldmnwas fò`tbm tgb fblraài, eut snob innm rbsufts

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m`m jnob hrno tgb trlàài. KO gls olay sò`flr`t`bs w`tg jflss`jlf tnnfs usbm ey Efljd Ebfts, f`db prnjbss olppài, lam àm`v`mulf Efljd Ebfts hbft jnohnrtlefb jnljgài lam obatnrài tgb jnursb.‟ ]gb à`t`lf L@ KO trlàài wls wbff rbjb`vbm à Gnobr, eut rbsnurjbs najb lilà ebjlob la `ssub. Lmnpt`na nh l abw jnoputbr eusàbss systbo wls fnnoài, lam lrbl olalibrs glm tn mbvntb àjrblsài lonuats nh tòb tn suppnrt tgb upjnoài jglaib. KO wls flribfy sbba ls òpnrtlat eut ant uribat. @a olauhljturài, tgb struiifb tn rbàvìnrltb K@ wls lfsn jnopbtài hnr pr`nr`ty. Sluf Zo`tg wls kust ibttài tgb K@ trlà eljd na tgb trljds lam Zjntt Jurt`s m`m ant wlat tn rua tgb r`sd nh mbrl`fài `t lilà ey pusgài KO tnn glrm. @a nab mbplrtobat, tgnuig, KO ebjlob l vbry gìg pr`nr`ty. ]gb wlrbgnusbs wbrb, lt tglt onobat,tgb pflat‐s enttfbabjd. Ylrbgnusb olalibr Eba Ztuttlrm glm ebba trlàbm à KO lam slw tgb pntbat`lf hnr g`s mbplrtobat wgba l KO prnpnslf à tgb tba-gnur jnursb glm bfòàltbm tgrbb gnurs l wbbd nh wlstb à tgb wlrbgnusb w`tg an bxpbam`turb. ]gb auoebr nh pbnpfb àvnfvbm w`tg oltbr`lf glamfài wls rbflt`vbfy solff, lam olay nh tgb pntbat`lf òprnvbobats jnufm eb bhhbjt`vbfy òpfbobatbm w`tgnut bxtbas`vb trlàài. KO prnpnslfs à tgb wlrbgnusb, eljdbm ey mnjuobatbm slvàis, wbrb bhhbjt`vb à nvbrturaài snobtòbs nabrnus prljt`jbs tglt wbrb m`jtltbm, nhtbatòbs, ey nuts`mb mbplrtobats. @a nab bxlopfb, bstlef`sgbm prljt`jbs rbqu`rbm flebfài, f`htài, lam trlaspnrtlt`na nh àm`v`mulf 23-pnuam elis nh pflst`j pbffbts tn slt`shy la àvbatnry rbpfba`sgobat systbo. Lppf`jlt`na nh KO rbsuftbm à l sòpfb dlaela systbo, w`tg tgb nrìàlf plffbt nh


﬌hty-s`x elis ls tgb jnatlàbr s`zb. ]g`s òprnvbobat lfnab rbmujbm glamwnrd lam oltbr`lf glamfài ey 07% w`tgnut àjrblsài àvbatnry. Lantgbr KO erbldmnwa ibabrltbm la 73% rbmujt`na à nrmbr p`jdài tòb ey rblrrlaiài tgb p`jdài ljt`v`ty tn ebttbr jnrrbfltb w`tg tgb jrblt`na nh tgb ﬌alf p`jdài f`st. Lvbrlib òprnvbobats hnr ntgbr tlsds wbrb lrnuam 23% lam bfòàltbm tgrbb gnurs nh ana-vlfub-lmmbm wnrd pbr wbbd. Ls KO hrbbm up tòb lam nvbrjlob jgrna`j hrustrlt`nas w`tg àbh﬌j`baj`bs, la àtbrbstài tgài glppbabm. Ylrbgnusb pbrsnaabf wnufm lsd, snobtòbs ml`fy, `h KO jnufm eb lppf`bm tn spbj`﬌j tlsds à nrmbr tn oldb tgbo ebttbr. @a ntgbr wnrms, KO wls prnvài tn eb la bhhbjt`vb tnnf tglt wls mbvbfnpài irlssrnnts puff hrno tgb pbnpfb na tgb ﬅnnr. Bvbatulffy tgb abw obtgnms, wg`jg nhtba àjfumbm jflss`jlf Fbla tnnfs sujg ls 2Z lam dlaela rbsuftbm à sg`htài tgb pflat‐s jnastrlàt hrno tgb wlrbgnusb eljd tn olauhljturài, wgbrb tgby wbrb st`ff à tgb blrfy stlibs nh bstlef`sgài bhhbjt`vb ]Y@ Kne @astrujt`na. KO hnr tgb sgnp ﬅnnr wnufm glvb tn wl`t uat`f jnopbtbajb wls bstlef`sgbm à K@, kust ls `t wls mnab lt BZJN. @t wls anw jfblr tglt tgb rìgt pbnpfb wbrb àvnfvbm, lam tgb òprnvbobats jnoài hrno tgb KO ljt`v`ty prnv`mbm kust tgb oblsurb nh rbf`bh tgb K@ tblo abbmbm à nrmbr tn glvb tòb tn irnw lam oldb prnirbss.

@a`t`lf Fbssnas Fblrabm hrno tgb JAP]MN Obatnrài Srnkbjt @t wls jfblr tn Sluf Zo`tg wgbrb Lfelay @atbralt`nalf glm o`ssbm tgb olrd wgba tgby stlrtbm tn òpfbobat tgb K@ prnirlo. @a tgb plst, trlàài glm ebba àbxnrlefy fàdbm

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tn vbrensbfy wr`ttba mnjuobatlt`na. ]g`s, lam l jnrpnrltb olamltb tglt K@Es wnufm rbpfljb, ant suppfbobat, bx`stài prnjbmurbs, glm rbsuftbm à à`t`lf kne erbldmnwas tglt wbrb tnn fnai lam tnn jnopfbx hnr trlàbrs tn usb w`tg tgb K@ hnur-stbp obtgnm. Hnr bxlopfb, nab trlàbr jnvbrbm sbvbatbba òpnrtlat stbps à l ﬌rst-ibabrlt`na K@ erbldmnwa nh l jnopfbx jnoputbr àtbrhljb sbtup tglt tnnd lpprnxòltbfy nab lam l glfh gnurs tn pbrhnro. Lt tglt rltb, `t wnufm glvb tldba tba gnurs tn trlà tgb wgnfb kne, lam nab jla nafy iubss gnw olay tòbs tgb trlàbr mbv`ltbm hrno tgb K@ hnur-stbp obtgnm. ]g`s erbldmnwa wls onrb l rbhbrbajb mnjuobat tgla l tnnf hnr trlàài, lam tglt `s l o`stldb olay jnopla`bs oldb wgba tgby tgàd tgby uambrstlam gnw tn erbld mnwa knes w`tgnut ibttài l prnpbr uambrstlamài nh gnw tgb K@E `s usbm. (Zbb Jglptbr = hnr l jnopfbtb bxpflalt`na nh tgb m`hhbrbajb ebtwbba ZNSs lam K@Es.) Sluf lfsn trlàbm Klo`b, Zusla, lam Kbaa`hbr tn glamfb tgb spbj`lf àstrujt`na s`tult`nas tglt jnob up, kust f`db tg`s bxlopfb nh l fnai, jnopfbx npbrlt`na. Gb tluigt tgbo gnw tn erbld tgb kne mnwa àtn solffbr tlsds, nr tbljglefb ua`ts. @a sn mnài, tgby fblrabm tglt tgb nafy purpnsb hnr tgb K@ erbldmnwa `s tn gbfp tgb àstrujtnr trlà l pbrsna tn mn l kne. @h tgb trlàbr `s ualefb tn trlà tgb pbrsna usài tgb erbldmnwa, tgba tgb prnefbo `s w`tg tgb erbldmnwa, ant w`tg tgb pbrsna ebài trlàbm. Sluf wnrdbm w`tg tgb tblo tn erbld mnwa tg`s kne àtn tgrbb sbiobats, bljg glvài l sbplrltb K@E. @ahnrolt`na ant bssbat`lf tn trlàài tgb npbrltnrs wls onvbm tn l sbplrltb rbhbrbajb mnjuobat. Lhtbr sòpf`hyài tgb prnjbss à tg`s wly, bljg sbiobat ljtulffy rbqu`rbm nafy ﬌htbba oàutbs nh tntlf trlàài tòb.


Zbtup N pbrltnr ]r làài Ybbds wbrb àvbstbm à jrbltài abw kne erbldmnwas ebhnrb Klo`b ebila trlàài tgb sbtup npbrltnrs na jr`t`jlf tlsds. ]gb ﬌rst kne gb trlàbm wls tgb m`slssboefy lam jfblaài nh l irlvòbtr`j hbbmbr systbo. Ygba ibttài bvbrytgài rblmy tn trlà, Klo`b m`slssboefbm tgb hbbmbr à nrmbr tn tbljg gnw tn lssboefb `t nafy tn ﬌am tglt `t glm ant ebba lssboefbm jnrrbjtfy tgb ﬌rst tòb. @h snobnab npbrltbm tgb systbo ls gb glm hnuam `t lssboefbm, tgb hbbmbr jnufm glvb ebba tgb snurjb hnr prnjbssài prnefbos lam mbhbjts. Yg`fb trlàài ntgbr sbtup npbrltnrs, Klo`b antbm sò`flr brrnrs à tgb lssboefy nh tgb hbbmbr wgba prbplrài tn trlà. Rpna àvbstìlt`na, gb fblrabm tglt bljg lssboefy brrnr hnuam glm ebba olmb ey snobnab ant ybt trlàbm usài tgb ]Y@ K@ obtgnm. Ls tgb trlàài prnirbssbm lam gb m`m rbiuflr hnffnwups, Klo`b ant`jbm hbwbr sbtup brrnrs ls onrb sbtup npbrltnrs wbrb trlàbm. Brrnrs bssbat`lffy jblsbm lhtbr lff sbtup npbrltnrs glm ebba trlàbm usài wglt wbrb anw wbff-wr`ttba K@Es tglt rbﬅbjtbm ebst prljt`jbs. Hbbmeljd hrno bxpbr`bajbm npbrltnrs lhtbr trlàài fbt Klo`b danw tgby wbrb na tgb rìgt trljd, w`tg npbrltnrs oldài jnoobats f`db, ‖@ fblrabm snobtgài abw‟ lam ‖@ abvbr dabw wgy wb m`m `t tglt wly.‟ ]gb gìg auoebr nh brrnrs bajnuatbrbm wg`fb trlàài na tg`s ﬌rst jr`t`jlf tlsd wls la blrfy àm`jltnr nh tgb òpljt Kne @astrujt`na wnufm glvb lt L@OS. Guola brrnrs ey npbrltnrs wbrb bvbatulffy rbmujbm ey 93% nvbrlff wgba pbrsnaabf wbrb trlàbm usài tgb K@ obtgnm ls sgnwa à Hìurb 8.5. Ls Klo`b stlrtbm tn trlà sìa`﬌jlat auoebrs nh npbrltnrs, Sluf Zo`tg ebila tlpbrài nhh g`s jnljgài lam

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52 K@ @atrnmujbm 53 K@ Obatnrài Ebiàs

<2

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2 Guola brrnr 3 \='38

\< '39

\5 '39

\: '39

\= '39

\< '37

\5 '37

\:'37

\='37

Hìurb 8.5 Guola brrnrs ey qulrtbr. (Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na nh Lfelay @atbralt`nalf Onan﬌flobat Sflat, Gnobr, AP.)

fbttài tgb tblo tldb nvbr na tgb`r nwa. Klo`b qu`jdfy bxpbr`bajbm prnefbos jnnrmàltài trlàài sbss`nas à tgb 5=/9 jnatàunus olauhljturài bav`rnaobat. Zn gb usbm g`s trlàài na tòbtlefbs tn jnavbrt tgb trlàài pr`nr`t`bs prnv`mbm ey Fàml àtn la blsy-tn-hnffnw v`sulf. ]g`s wls jnooua`jltbm tn ﬌rst-fàb supbrv`snrs. Hnr lay i`vba tlsd, fbss bxpbr`bajbm npbrltnrs wbrb trlàbm ﬌rst elsbm na tgb lssuopt`na tglt àbxpbr`bajbm pbnpfb wnufm eb tgb snurjb nh onst brrnrs. ]g`s fbm tn snob bxpbr`bajbm npbrltnrs lsdài wgba tgby wbrb inài tn eb trlàbm à tgb abw obtgnm. ]gbsb npbrltnrs wlatbm tn mn tgb`r knes wbff lam wbrba‐t lfwlys <33% jnohnrtlefb mnài tgb tlsds. ]gby m`ma‐t f`db ebài lt tgb eljd nh tgb fàb. ]gbsb wbrb lff innm sìas tglt K@ wls glvài l pns`t`vb òpljt na tgb ltt`tumbs nh pbnpfb lam tglt `t wls ebài ljjbptbm àtn tgb jufturb nh tgb pflat. Sbrglps tgb onst tbffài sìa tglt K@ wls tldài gnfm wls tgb sìa tglt snobnab glm pàabm up nuts`mb tgb


trlàbr‐s nh﬌jb, wg`jg rblm; ‖Gnob nh tgb K@EFB]Z.‟ ]g`s innm-alturbm hua wls l surb àm`jlt`na tglt tgby wbrb ibttài pbnpfb‐s lttbat`na lam l gìg fbvbf nh ljjbptlajb. @t wls lfsn l sìa tglt bopfnybb strbss glm ebiua tn wlab.

Oldài K @ ]rlàài Zt`jd; ]gb Lum`tài Srnjbss Ls K@ ebila tn tldb gnfm lam sprblm, tgb òpnrtlajb nh wglt Fbla prljt`t`nabrs oìgt jlff kne jgbjdài ebjlob bv`mbat. L@OS jlffbm tgbsb jgbjds K@E lum`ts lam usbm tgb hnro sgnwa à Hìurb 8.:. La lum`t àvnfvbs glvài K@E Lum`t Zgbbt Sbrsnalum`tbm;

Mltbnhlum`t;

K@Erbhbrbajb jnmb; Mbsjr`pt`na (K@E t`tfb);

Ubv.(Xbr.);

Jnoobats hrno lum`tnr;

Lum`tnr;

Lmm`t`nalf trlàài abbmbm> An/ybs Obtgnm jglaib abbmbm> Anab/òobm`ltb/huturb rbv.

Hbbmeljd hrno bopfnybb hnr suiibstbm jglaibs; Srnefbo;

Abwobtgnmprnpnsbm;

Ubsufts `h abw obtgnm lmnptbm;

Hìurb 8.:

K@E lum`t sgbbt. (Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na nh

Lfelay @atbralt`nalf O nan﬌flobat Sflat, Gnobr, AP.)

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l qulf`﬌bm nesbrvbr wltjg lantgbr wnrdbr pbrhnro l kne wg`fb ut`f`zài tgb K@E tn oldb surb tgb wnrdbr `s pbrhnroài lff tgb òpnrtlat stbps nh tgb kne lam glsa‐t o`ssbm lay dby pnàts. L sujjbsshuf lum`t prnv`mbs la nppnrtua`ty hnr tgb nesbrvbr tn tglad tgb àm`v`mulf hnr l kne wbff mnab, lam `h l mbv`lt`na `s antbm, tgb jglajb tn m`sjuss w`tg tgb wnrdbr wgy `t glppbabm lam `mbat`hy tgb rnnt jlusb. Ubtrlàài ey l K@ trlàbr oly eb rbqu`rbm, lam `h ouft`pfb lum`ts rbvblfbm sò`flr prnefbos, tgb abxt stbp wnufm eb tn qubst`na tgb bhhbjt`vbabss nh tgb K@E. Olyeb tgb rblsnas hnr tgb dby pnàts wbrb ant jfblr nr jnopbffài banuig. @h `t `s la `snfltbm àj`mbat, l trlàbr oìgt glvb hnrinttba tn ibt tgb pbrsna àtbrbstbm à tgb kne, wg`jg `s l plrt nh Ztbp <, Srbplrb tgb Ynrdbr. Lt L@OS, tgb olatrl ‖@h tgb wnrdbr glsa‐t fblrabm, tgb àstrujtnr glsa‐t tluigt‟ `s tldba vbry sbr`nusfy tn olàtlà l pns`t`vb jufturb lam bav`rnaobat. Nesbrvbrs lfsn fblra tglt tgbrb jla eb olay ntgbr rblsnas wgy pbnpfb mbv`ltb hrno stlamlrm wnrd. ]gb wnrdbr oìgt eb mnài l ebst prljt`jb tglt wls nvbrfnndbm wgba tblos olmb l abw erbldmnwa, bvba ls tgby tr`bm tn eu`fm jnasbasus lrnuam tgb obtgnm. @t `s rlrb tn eb lefb tn nesbrvb nab pbrsna lam glvb tgb erbldmnwa rbprbsbat tgb jurrbat ebst prljt`jb. Sbrhnroài tgb K@E lum`ts i`vbs trlàbrs tgb nppnrtua`ty tn antb pnssèfb ebst prljt`jbs tglt jla eb àjnrpnrltbm àtn tgb stlamlrm wnrd ey nesbrvài l auoebr nh npbrltnrs mnài tgb slob kne. Y`tgnut sujg nesbrvlt`na, hbbmeljd, lam rbtrlàài w`tg tgb fltbst K@E, tgb òpljt nh mbtbroàài abw ebst prljt`jbs oìgt rbolà `snfltbm tn tglt nab àm`v`mulf. Zg`ht supbrv`snrs (jlffbm jnljgbs lt L@OS) wbrb ant hnrinttba à tgb K@ òpfbobatlt`na prnjbss. Yg`fb tgb


trlàài gls ebba mbfbiltbm tn trlàbrs wgn fblm tgb wnrd nh ntgbrs ey trlàài tgbo tn mn tgb knes, tgb trlm`t`nalf supbrv`snrs pbrhnro tgb K@E lum`ts ls plrt nh tgb`r fblmbr stlamlrm wnrd. Lum`ts ey sg`ht fblmbrsg`p pròlr`fy sbrvb tn rbàhnrjb tgb`r jnoo`tobat tn stlamlrm wnrd lam tn prnv`mb nppnrtua`t`bs hnr fblmbrs tn tglad nr jnljg pbnpfb ls abbmbm. Znobtòbs, tgnuig, mbsp`tb innm trlàài, pbnpfb strly hrno tgb pltg. ]g`s `s nab nh tgb olay tòbs tglt jnob up wgbrb trlàbrs rbfy na tgb Kne Ubflt`nas hnur-stbp obtgnm tn iltgbr lff tgb hljts tn mbtbroàb `h tgb pbrsna gls tgb le`f`ty tn pbrhnro tglt kne nr `h tgb pbrsna oìgt à hljt eb ebttbr su`tbm tn pbrhnro lantgbr kne w`tgà tgb jnoplay à nrmbr tn ‖oldb tgb ebst usb nh bljg pbrsna‐s le`f`ty.‟

Zglrài Ebst Srljt`jbs lam Fbssnas Fblrabm Murài tgb pbr`nm Sluf wls wnrdài w`tg tgb Gnobr pflat, trlàài jnnrmàltnrs hrno Lfelay @atbralt`nalf pflats à Anrtg Lobr`jl wbrb àv`tbm tn lttbam l Kne @astrujt`na wnrdsgnp. ]g`s wnrdsgnp wls hlj`f`tltbm ey JAP]MN lam strujturbm sn tglt L@OS jnufm sglrb ebst prljt`jbs lam fbssnas fblrabm w`tg ntgbr pflats. Ant uabxpbjtbmfy, olay nh tgb p`thlffs à`t`lffy bxpbr`bajbm ey tgb Gnobr pflat glm ebba rbpbltbm à ntgbr s`tbs. La nvbrv`bw nh tgb K@ obtgnm wls i`vba tn bopgls`zb tgb òpnrtlajb nh nab-na-nab trlàài lam lmgbrài str`jtfy tn K@‐s hnur stbps hnr àstrujt`na. L mbonastrlt`na nh prnpbr K@ trlàài usài l erbldmnwa wls lfsn i`vba. Bx`stài erbldmnwas hrno bljg pflat wbrb m`spflybm lam wbrb bvlfultbm w`tg tgb slob prnjbss usbm hnr erbldài mnwa mbonastrlt`na knes à tgb tba-gnur jnursb. Ls tgb

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<00

533

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wnrdsgnp prnirbssbm, snob trlàài jnnrmàltnrs ebila tn jr`t`qub lam òprnvb tgb`r nwa erbldmnwas ls tgby wbrb prbsbatbm. ]gb trlàài jnnrmàltnrs fbht L@OS w`tg l sìa`﬌jlatfy òprnvbm uambrstlamài nh K@ lam tgb tnnfs tn òprnvb tgb trlàài à tgb`r nwa pflats. ]g`s sglrài wls kust tgb ebiàaài. @a 5337, tgb Gnobr pflat npbabm `tsbfh up tn v`s`tnrs hrno ntgbr jnopla`bs lam ebila tn sglrb Fbla prljt`jbs lam tn rbfltb tgb`r bxpbr`bajbs w`tg ]Y@ tn l sìa`﬌jlat auoebr nh tnur irnups jnnrmàltbm ey tgb JAP]MN. Bvba tgnuig tgb v`s`tnrs wbrb jnoài tn L@OS tn sbb wglt tgby glm ljg`bvbm, `t prnvbm la bxjbffbat nppnrtua`ty hnr L@OS pbnpfb tn fblra hrno lam ebajgolrd w`tg ntgbrs. ]gb sglrài nh ]Y@ àsìgts lfsn bxtbambm tn Lfelay @atbralt`nalf pflats à m`hhbrbat m`v`s`nas lam na m`hhbrbat jnatàbats. Y`tgà l yblr tgb pflat glm prnirbssbm hrno glvài tn eb obatnrbm ey ]Y@ bxpbrts tn ebjnoài l obatnr hnr ntgbrs à tgb ]Y@ prnjbss.

Zg`htài Iblrs Murài tgb sbjnam qulrtbr nh 5337, g`rài, trlàài, lam bh﬌j`bajy òprnvbobats ﬌alffy gbfpbm tgb pflat jltjg up tn prnmujt`na mbolam, wg`fb tgb strbss mub tn tgb àjrblsbm vnfuob lt flst ebjlob olaliblefb. ]gb pflat glm surv`vbm tgb euraài pflthnro `t hljbm à 5339. L@OS glm rblf`zbm sìa`﬌jlat rbsufts sàjb stlrtài `ts Fbla knuraby lam àtrnmujài tgb ]Y@ obtgnms. @a lmm`t`na tn tgb 93% rbmujt`na à brrnrs obat`nabm lenvb, abt prn﬌t lt L@OS rnsb onrb tgla 523% hrno 5338 tn 5337, ls sgnwa à Hìurb 8.=.


233% =23%

Abt àjnob =92%

=33% =3<%

:23% :33% 523% 533% <23% <2<%

<33% <33% 23% 3% 5332

5338

5339

5337

Hìurb 8.= Abt àjnob 5332‚5337. (Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na nh Lfelay @atbralt`nalf Onan﬌flobat Sflat, Gnobr, AP.)

\ulf`ty mbf`vbrbm tn L@OS justnobrs lfsn òprnvbm. Justnobr jnopflàts lam `rr`tlt`nas wbrb rbmujbm tn g`stnr`jlf fnws, lam rbturas lam lffnwlajbs lpprnljgbm l abw fnw pnàt nh kust 3.3<% nh slfbs. Yg`fb lff nh tgb òprnvbobats à Hìurb 8.2 jlaant eb lttrèutbm snfbfy tn ]Y@, ]Y@ pflybm l sìa`﬌jlat rnfb ls l strltbi`j plrt nh tgb`r Fbla Z`x Zìol strltbiy. Lhtbr tgb gìgbst-pr`nr`ty sbtup tlsds glm ebba trlàbm, tgb hnjus nh tgb K@ òpfbobatlt`na tgba sg`htbm hrno sbtup npbrltnr tlsds tn l w`mbr sjnpb nh npbrlt`nas. L@OS bopfnybbs rbjnia`zbm tglt ntgbr knes ebynam tgb sbtup tlsds jnufm ebab﬌t hrno K@, lam tg`s jlusbm la àjrblsb à mbolam hnr ]Y@ trlàài. L abw bxpbjtlt`na glm bobribm. Abw bqu`pobat à tgb pflat wlsa‐t put àtn sbrv`jb w`tgnut l kne erbldmnwa lam trlàài tn basurb jnrrbjt npbrlt`na lam slhbty. Laynab à tgb pflat tryài tn òpfbobat l abw prnjbmurb, jglaib la bx`stài nab, nr fnjd à la òprnvbobat rblf`zbm tglt

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53<

535

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<3

$23,333

0

$=2,333

7

$=3,333

9

$:2,333

8

$:3,333

2

$52,333

=

$53,333

:

$<2,333

5

$<3,333

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$2,333

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la K

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$3

5337

Yblvài qulf`ty

]w`stài qulf`ty

Zpnnf/wàmài qulf`ty

Zg`ppài

Sljdliài qulf`ty

H`flobat qulf`ty

UOL tntlf

Hìurb 8.2 Jnopflàts lam `rr`tlt`nas ey `ssub. (Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na nh Lfelay @atbralt`nalf Onan﬌flobat Sflat, Gnobr, AP.)

tgb onst bhhbjt`vb pltg tn ibttài tglt mnab wbff wls tn àvnfvb tgb K@ trlàbrs. Yglt wls lt ﬌rst v`bwbm ls l tbopnrlry lssìaobat hnr Klo`b Zo`tg lam Kbaa`hbr S`jdbrt tn jnopfbtb tgb K@E prnkbjt glm onrpgbm àtn pbrolabat lssìaobats hnr entg nh tgbo ls mbm`jltbm rbsnurjbs tn suppnrt tgb ]Y@ trlàài. Hnrtualtbfy hnr L@OS, entg Kbaa`hbr lam Klo`b wbrb onrb tgla àtbrbstbm à jnatàuài à tgbsb rnfbs.

Bxplamài tgb ]Y@ K@ @ahrlstrujturb Zjntt Jurt`s mbj`mbm tglt à lmm`t`na tn glvài mbm`jltbm K@ trlàbrs, L@OS abbmbm l jbrt`﬌bm àtbralf rbsnurjb tn lffnw tgb pflat tn ernlmba tgb sjnpb nh K@ ebynam tgb bx`stài jnrb irnup. ]g`s tòb tgb pflat wnufm hnffnw tgb


prnvba ]Y@ K@ mbf`vbry obtgnm. Murài Sluf‐s obatnrài pbr`nm, tgb à`t`lf irnup nh K@ trlàbrs wbrb lff lefb tn lttbam l tba-gnur K@ jnursb mbf`vbrbm ey Ifba Jgwlfl, l ]Y@ @ast`tutb-jbrt`﬌bm trlàbr hrno JAP]MN. ]gb tbagnur jnursb, wg`jg prnv`mbs tgb els`j tnnfs abbmbm tn erbld mnwa knes lam trlà tgbo usài tgb K@ hnur-stbp obtgnm, `s lfsn l prbrbqu`s`tb tn lttbam tgb hnrty-gnur trlà-tgb-trlàbr prnirlo hnr Kne @astrujt`na, wgbrb trlàbrs fblra gnw tn mbf`vbr tgb tba-gnur jnursb tgbosbfvbs. Klo`b wls sbfbjtbm tn ebjnob l jbrt`﬌bm K@ trlàbr ey lttbamài tg`s trlàài jnamujtbm ey l ]Y@ @ast`tutb olstbr trlàbr à tgb tg`rm qulrtbr nh 5337. Klo`b, wgn glm stlrtbm nut ls la bxtrus`na npbrltnr lam prnirbssbm tn sbtup npbrltnr, anw glm l abw jlrbbr ls ]Y@ @ast`tutb-jbrt`﬌bm K@ jnoplay trlàbr hnr Lfelay @atbralt`nalf lam glm tg`s tn sly lenut g`s abw rnfb; @ wls bxj`tbm tn eb jgnsba hnr tgb kne. @t wls l irblt nppnrtua`ty tn gbfp prnmujt`na fblra lam tn uambrstlam tgb`r knes. @ mbvbfnpbm l plss`na hnr ]Y@, lam @ dabw tglt `t wls tgb rìgt jlrbbr hnr ob. Ls la bxtrus`na npbrltnr oy le`f`ty tn gbfp ntgbr pflats òprnvb wls fò`tbm. Anw @ glvb l ua`vbrslf sd`ff tglt lffnws ob tn gbfp tgb bat`rb jnoplay.

Klo`b usbm g`s lmvlajbm trlàài tn trlà lam jbrt`hy onrb K@ trlàbrs lt L@OS ls tgb pljb nh trlàài àjrblsbm sbvbrlf tòbs nvbr. Jurrbatfy, tgb K@ trlàbrs à tgb pflat mbf`vbr lenut tgrbb tgnuslam nab-na-nab K@ sbss`nas pbr yblr, nr lenut nab pbr wbbd pbr gnurfy bopfnybb. ]g`s `s l rbﬅbjt`na nh tgb`r batgus`lso, tgb`r jnopbtbajb, lam tgb mbolam tgby glvb gbfpbm ibabrltb hnr

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53:

53=

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innm trlàài. Klo`b gls rbjb`vbm olay jnoobats hrno npbrltnrs à tgb pflat rbilrmài K@ sàjb trlàài ebila. Znob nh tgbsb quntbs lrb prnv`mbm ebfnw; ◱

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◱

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‖@ fblrabm snobtgài abw na l efbambr systbo lhtbr usài `t hnr twn yblrs pr`nr tn tgb trlàài.‟ ‖Ynrds nut vbry wbff anw tglt abw trlàbbs lrb huffy trlàbm à nab wbbd rltgbr tgla tgrbb, f`db ebhnrb.‟ ‖]gb trlàài wls rblffy mnwa tn blrtg. Y`tg tgb rbpbt`t`na `t wls blsy lam hlst tn fblra tgb kne.‟ ‖]gb K@ trlàài `s l vbry bhhbjt`vb wly tn ibt bopfnybbs tn mn l kne tgb jnrrbjt wly lam tn dbbp l stlamlrm wly nh mnài `t.‟ ‖Yr`tài erbldmnwas `s l irblt tnnf tn fnnd lt l kne lam ﬌am wlstb lam rbonvb `t.‟ ‖@ glvb npbrltnrs lsdài ob lfonst bvbry mly wgba @ lo inài tn trlà tgbo. @t `s l rblffy pns`t`vb tgài jnas`mbrài @ tgnuigt `t wnufm eb tgb nppns`tb, w`tg snob pusg eljd lam ltt`tumbs.‟

Ant bvbry abw prnirlo rbjb`vbs tgbsb dàms nh pns`t`vb jnoobats. @t `s l innm àm`jlt`na tglt K@ lt L@OS w`ff ant eb kust lantgbr ﬅlvnr nh tgb onatg tglt w`tgbrs hnr fljd nh v`sèfb ebab﬌t.

Abw Jglffbaibs Ls K@ wls sprblmài, tgb lmnpt`na nh l abw eusàbss systbo glm jrbltbm l wgnfb abw sbt nh jglffbaibs tglt mbolambm olalibrs‐ tòb lam hnjus. Sbnpfb wbrb ﬌rst hnjusbm na fnnoài mblmfàbs, lam tgba na wnrdài nut tgb euis à tgb abw systbo. ]g`s ouft`tumb nh


bhhnrts lfsn sbvbrbfy fò`tbm tgb Kne Obtgnms ljt`v`t`bs tgby glm ebiua à tgb wlrbgnusài lrbl w`tg snob sujjbss. Rftòltbfy, tgb ifnelf bjnano`j jr`s`s tglt ebila à 5337, wgbrb Lfelay @atbralt`nalf lfsn bxpbr`bajbm l sìa`﬌jlat mnwatura, prnv`mbm entg tgb nppnrtua`ty lam tgb abjbss`ty tn rbabw Kne Obtgnms lt L@OS. L@OS tnnd tg`s nppnrtua`ty tn glvb twn oboebrs nh bljg sg`ht trlàbm à Kne Obtgnms sn tglt à tgb huturb òprnvbobats wnufm ant eb snfbfy mbpbambat upna lrbl olalibrs. Bljg pbrsna wgn wbat tgrnuig tgb trlàài wls i`vba l jglajb tn prbsbat g`s nr gbr KO prnpnslfs tn tgb L@OS fblmbrsg`p tblo lhtbr jnopfbt`na. Ls w`tg K@, Kne Obtgnms ibabrltbm pns`t`vb jnoobats, sujg ls; ◱

‖@t‐s lolzài tglt ynu jla mn tgbsb knes bvbry mly lam

◱

ant sbb tgb wlstb uat`f ynu erbld `t mnwa usài KO.‟ ‖@t m`ma‐t sbbo f`db tgbrb wls l fnt nh wlstb, eut wgba ynu lmm `t up, `t‐s guib.‟

]gb`r pns`t`vb jnoobats lrb blsy tn uambrstlam wgba jnas`mbrài tglt lppfyài tgb obtgnm tn tgb tba sòpfb tlsds sbfbjtbm ey tgb tba-gnur jnursb plrt`j`plats lfnab `mbat`﬌bm onrb tgla $<33,333 pbr yblr wnrtg nh slvàis. @a nrmbr tn suppnrt tgb flribr Kne Obtgnms bhhnrt, Kbaa`hbr S`jdbrt wls lsdbm tn bxplam gbr rnfb ebynam Kne @astrujt`na tn àjfumb wnrdài w`tg tgb sg`ht KO tblos, jnnrmàltài lam lss`stài tgbo w`tg tgb`r òprnvbobats. Zgb pflys l dby rnfb à tg`s bhhnrt, nhtbatòbs sbrvài ls l snuamài enlrm hnr pbnpfb wnrdài nut tgb`r `mbls. Zgb lfsn gbfps basurb tglt tgb abw obtgnms lrb ljtulffy lppf`bm lam rblp tgb`r prno`sbm ebab﬌ts, ey gbfpài

◱

532

538

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tblo oboebrs prbplrb tgb`r prnpnslfs lam tgba oldài surb tgby fnjd à tgb òprnvbobats ey tbljgài tgbo prnpbrfy tn npbrltnrs usài tgb K@ obtgnm.

]lfbat Olalibobat Zbfbjtài tgb rìgt pbnpfb hnr tgb rìgt kne `s nab nh tgb jr`t`jlf stbps tglt fblmbrs snobtòbs hl`f tn i`vb prnpbr lttbat`na tn. ]g`s `s bvba onrb trub wgba `t jnobs tn òpfbobatài l sujjbsshuf ]Y@ rnffnut, ls jla ebba sbba à lff tgb jlsb stum`bs à tg`s ennd. Zusla wls tgb onst sba`nr pbrsna na tgb sgnp ﬅnnr lam wls rbspbjtbm ey gbr jnwnrdbrs. Onst jnopla`bs wnufm anrolffy v`bw gbr ls ebài ‖tnn vlfulefb‟ tn onvb nut nh prnmujt`na tn jrbltb K@Es, l tlsd tglt ‖laynab jla mn.‟ ]gb trutg `s tglt `t `s ebjlusb nh gbr vlfubm stltus tglt sgb wls lefb tn jnrrbjtfy ibt tgb erbldmnwa prnjbss nhh tgb irnuam, l tlsd tglt ant kust laynab jla mn. Hnr Klo`b lam Kbaa`hbr ls wbff, lftgnuig entg glm nafy tgrbb yblrs nh bxpbr`bajb wnrdài lt L@OS, tgby glm r`jg eljdirnuams lam wbrb à dby pns`t`nas tn gbfp obbt prnmujt`na inlfs. Nab nh tgb hnuamlt`nas hnr innm rbflt`nas à KU `s tn oldb tgb ebst usb nh bljg pbrsna‐s le`f`ty, lam wb mn tglt wgba wb fnnd hnr le`f`t`bs ant anw ebài usbm lam abvbr stlam à l pbrsna‐s wly. ]gbsb pràj`pfbs wnrdbm wbff hnr L@OS. Klo`b stbppbm ebynam g`s à`t`lf rnfb ls l sbtup npbrltnr lam `s anw tgb ]Y@-jbrt`﬌bm Kne @astrujt`na jnoplay trlàbr hnr L@OS lam la òpnrtlat rbsnurjb hnr ntgbr Lfelay @atbralt`nalf pflats tglt abbm gbfp w`tg K@. Ls nab nh tgb onst danwfbmiblefb npbrltnrs, Zusla‐s jnatrèut`nas tn jrbltài K@Es wbrb


bxtrbobfy òpnrtlat, ybt Zjntt Jurt`s gnanrbm gbr rbqubst tn in eljd tn gbr nfm kne wgba `t wls jfblr gbr plss`na rbolàbm w`tg ebài l prnjbss tbjga`j`la. Kbaa`hbr, à tura, gls mnab sujg l innm kne nh mbvbfnpài K@Es lam usài tgbo tn trlà pbnpfb tglt gbr rnfb lam rbspnasè`f`t`bs, f`db Klo`b‐s, glvb irbltfy bxplambm. Gbr plss`na hnr jnatàunus òprnvbobat gls fbm gbr tn tldb na dby rnfbs à prnirlo hnffnw-tgrnuig à entg K@ lam KO.

Jfnsài Ubolrds hrno Sflat Olalibr Zjntt Jurt`s Ls tgb ifnelf mnwatura g`t enttno, Lfelay @atbralt`nalf wls mblfài w`tg olay tnuig mbj`s`nas, nab nh tgnsb ebài gnw tn hurtgbr rbmujb rlw oltbr`lf jnsts. Hljbm w`tg sbvbrlf suppf`brs ruaaài lt fbss tgla huff jlplj`t`bs lam fnndài hnr nppnrtua`t`bs tn rbmujb jnsts tgrnuig àjrblsbm vnfuob, wb glm tn oldb snob tnuig jgn`jbs. Nab nh tgnsb jgn`jbs gàibm na nur le`f`ty tn qu`jdfy lesnre onrb vnfuob w`tgnut la àtbrrupt`na à sbrv`jb fbvbfs nr qulf`ty. Elsbm na tgb ilàs bxpbr`bajbm nvbr tgb flst tgrbb yblrs, à flrib plrt mub tn tgb ]Y@ lam Fbla obtgnmnfni`bs òpfbobatbm, L@OS wls hnrtualtb banuig tn ilà tgb olrdbt sglrb tn ebjnob tgb dby onan﬌flobat suppf`br tn tgb jnoplay. ]g`s mbj`s`na m`m, gnwbvbr, rbsuft à tgb pflat jfnsurb nh lantgbr suppf`br. ]g`s jnufm glvb ebba l m`hhbrbat nutjnob hnr L@OS glm wb ant bxpbr`bajbm tgb òprnvbobats wb glm nvbr tgb flst tgrbb yblrs. Onvài hnrwlrm, L@OS `s à l oujg ebttbr pns`t`na tn rbljt. ]gb pflat anw gls tgb trlàài àhrlstrujturb lam la òprnvbm le`f`ty tn qu`jdfy rbspnam tn l rlp`mfy jglaiài wnrfm.

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539

@@@ ]Y@ LAM JRF]RUB

Jglptbr 9

Eu`fmài l Jufturb nh Jnopbtbajb; ]gb Guola Bfbobat nh Bljg ]Y@ Srnirlo Nab nh tgb onst bopgls`zbm lspbjts nh lay sujjbsshuf Fbla òpfbobatlt`na `s tgb òpnrtlajb pfljbm na pbnpfb à oldài `t lff wnrd”wglt `s danwa à tgb ]nyntl Srnmujt`na Zystbo (]SZ) ls rbspbjt hnr pbnpfb. Y`tgnut tgb jnnpbrlt`na lam àput nh pbnpfb, à plrt`juflr tgnsb pbnpfb wgn mn tgb wnrd, wb w`ff ant ibt tgb euy-à abjbsslry tn sbb tglt abbmbm jglaibs à hljt tldb pfljb lam lrb sustlàbm nvbr tòb. @t `s blsy tn ebjnob balonrbm w`tg tbjganfniy lam tnnfs”lspbjts nh tgb Fbla trlashnrolt`na tglt wb jla ljtulffy tnujg, sbb, lam mn”wg`fb nvbrfnndài nr abifbjtài tgb fbss nev`nus, eut onrb mbolamài lspbjt nh tgb pbnpfb àvnfvbm. Mlv`m Olaa, lutgnr nh Jrbltài l Fbla Jufturb, ebf`bvbs tglt à l trufy sujjbsshuf Fbla jnavbrs`na, 53% nr fbss nh tgb ljtulf bhhnrt inbs àtn pgys`jlf jglaibs à tgb prnmujt`na prnjbss à tbros nh tgàis f`db abw flynut tn bstlef`sg ebttbr ﬅnw nh oltbr`lfs lam pbnpfb, puff systbos tn syajgrna`zb prnmujt`na, v`sulf tnnfs tglt rbvblf leanrolf`t`bs 5<<

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à wnrd, lam sn na. @a hljt, Olaa hbbfs tglt tg`s `s ‖tgb bls`bst ﬌htg nh tgb prnjbss!‟* Yglt rbolàs `s gnw wb mblf w`tg pbnpfb à olaliài ml`fy rnutàbs lam tgb jnooua`jlt`na lam prnefbo-snfvài prnjbssbs. ]gbsb tgàis oldb up tgb olalibobat systbo sn jruj`lf hnr tgb fnai-tbro sujjbss nh lay Fbla òpfbobatlt`na. Nrila`zlt`nas lrb, ey mb﬌a`t`na, ‖irnup(s) nh pbnpfb `mbat`﬌bm ey l sglrbm àtbrbst nr purpnsb.‟† Lam wb danw tglt wgba wb ìanrb tgb guola bfbobat tn nur nrila`zlt`nas, trnuefb `s jbrtlà tn basub, prbvbatài us hrno ljg`bvài tglt sglrbm purpnsb. Ygba wb aurturb tgnsb guola rbflt`nas, na tgb ntgbr glam, wb npba up tgb nppnrtua`ty hnr ont`vltài pbnpfb tn ljg`bvb ebjlusb tgby `mbat`hy w`tg tgb sglrbm àtbrbsts nh tgb irnup. Knga Zgnnd bxpflàbm wglt tg`s prnjbss fnnds f`db lt ]nyntl à g`s ennd Olaliài tn Fblra; Oy nwa bp`pglay jlob wgba oy enss tnfm ob, ‖Abvbr tbff ynur stlhh bxljtfy wglt tn mn. Ygbabvbr ynu mn tglt, ynu tldb rbspnasè`f`ty lwly hrno tgbo.‟ G`s jnoobats rbvblfbm gnw ]nyntl npbrltbs ant ls la ‖lutgnr`ty-elsbm‟ eut l ‖rbspnasè`f`tyelsbm‟ nrila`zlt`na.‡

Ebjlusb Klplabsb jnopla`bs f`db ]nyntl glvb ebba sn sujjbsshuf, entg às`mb lam nuts`mb nh Klpla, lt eu`fmài strnai rbflt`nas w`tg tgb`r wnrdhnrjb, `t `s jnoonafy ebf`bvbm tglt tg`s pg`fnsnpgy nh bailiài pbnpfb à gnw *

† ‡

Mlv`m Olaa, Jrbltài l Fbla Jufturb; ]nnfs tn Zustlà Fbla Jnavbrs`na, Srnmujt`v`ty Srbss, Abw Pnrd, 5332, =. Bajlrtl M`jt`nalry; Baif`sg (Anrtg Lobr`jl), gttp;//bajlrtl.osa.jno. Knga Zgnnd, Olaliài tn Fblra; Rsài tgb L: Olalibobat Srnjbss tn Znfvb Srnefbos, Ilà Lirbbobat, Obatnr, lam Fblm, ]gb Fbla Batbrpr`sb @ast`tutb, Jloer`mib, OL, 5337, 5.

Eu`fmài l Jufturb nh Jnopbtbajb

tn mn tgb wnrd jlob tn us hrno Klpla. ]glt `s ant sn. Ygba àtbrbst à Klplabsb olalibobat prljt`jbs ebila tn st`r gbrb à tgb Ra`tbm Ztltbs à tgb blrfy <073s, tgb ant`na nh lsdài npbrltnrs hnr tgb`r `mbls lam npà`nas na wnrd obtgnms, snobtgài tgb Klplabsb wbrb mnài tn irblt sujjbss w`tg tgb`r dl`zba lpprnljg, wls qu`tb rbvnfut`nalry. @a tgnsb mlys, `t wls l jnoona ebf`bh lam prljt`jb tglt, lt fblst à olàstrblo Lobr`jla jnopla`bs, tgb wg`tb-jnfflr pbnpfb wnufm mn lff tgb tgàdài lam tgb efub-jnfflr pbnpfb wnufm mn lff tgb wnrdài. Ztrlaibfy, tgnuig, wgba Sltr`jd int tn Klpla à fltb <073, kust lhtbr irlmultài hrno Mrbxbf Ra`vbrs`ty, tgb Klplabsb olalibrs gb obt tgbrb wbrb muoehnuambm lt lff tgb lttbat`na ebài i`vba tn tgb`r wly nh olalibobat. ‖Ygy `s tglt>‟ tgby lsdbm. ‖Pnu tluigt us bvbrytgài wb danw.‟ ]gb jnatrèut`na Y. Bmwlrms Mboài olmb tn Klplabsb olauhljturài à tgb pnstwlr brl `s wbff danwa, lam onrb rbjbatfy, wb glvb jnob tn rblf`zb ]Y@‐s jnatrèut`na tn tgb Klplabsb olauhljturài rbsuribajb hnffnwài Ynrfm Ylr @@. @a g`s irnuamerbldài rbsblrjg rbàtrnmujài ]Y@ àtn tgb Lobr`jla lrbal, Mr. Lfla Uneàsna rbpnrts tglt, à la àtbrv`bw hrno Luiust <02<, tgb ‖jnajbpt nh guola`so à àmustry‟ wls ‖nab nh tgb onst lpprbj`ltbm `mbls trlaso`ttbm àtn Klpla ey ]Y@.‟* ]gb ant`na tglt innm olalibobat àjfumbm l rbspbjt hnr àm`v`mulfs wls ant, lt tglt tòb, l plrt nh tgb Klplabsb styfb. Uneàsna jflòs tglt, à lmm`t`na tn mbvbfnpài la lpprbj`lt`na hnr l onrb rlt`nalf lpprnljg tn olalibobat, ]Y@ wls lefb tn tbljg tgb Klplabsb tglt ‖innm *

Lfla I. Uneàsna lam Mbla O. Zjgrnbmbr, ]rlàài, Jnatàunus @oprnvbobat, lam Guola Ubflt`nas; ]gb R.Z. ]Y@ Srnirlos lam tgb Klplabsb Olalibobat Ztyfb, Jlf`hnra`l Olalibobat Ubv`bw, Xnf. :2, Yàtbr <00:.

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guola rbflt`nas lrb innm eusàbss prljt`jb, l obsslib tglt `s i`vba jrbm`t hnr gbfpài erbld up tgb trlm`t`na nh lutnjrlt`j olalibobat prbvlfbat à Klpla ebhnrb lam murài tgb wlr.‟* ]gb Klplabsb, tgba, fblrabm hrno tgb Lobr`jlas tglt `t wls òpnrtlat tn bopgls`zb tgb rnfb lam plrt`j`plt`na nh pbnpfb, àjfumài npbrltnrs, à ibttài tgb wnrd mnab wbff. @a tgb Kne Obtgnms onmufb nh ]Y@, tgbrb `s l flrib slopfb mbonastrlt`na mnab à Zbss`na < tn `ffustrltb lam àtrnmujb tgb hnur-stbp obtgnm tn KO. Nab nh tgb jr`t`jlf jnopnabats nh tg`s prbsbatlt`na `s tn gìgfìgt gnw tgb supbrv`snr wnrdbm w`tg nab nh tgb npbrltnrs à lppfyài tgb hnur-stbp obtgnm tn ﬌am òprnvbobats tn tgb prnjbss nh ‖oldài lam pljdài nh rlm`n sg`bfms.‟ Yb st`ff usb tg`s mbonastrlt`na tnmly à `ts nrìàlf hnro, w`tg tgb nafy jglaibs ebài tgb alob nh tgb prnmujt (o`jrnwlvb sg`bfm àstblm nh rlm`n sg`bfm sàjb rlm`ns glvb ebjnob qu`tb solffbr), tgb alob nh tgb npbrltnr (Ene Euras àstblm nh Kò Knabs ebjlusb nh tgb trlibmy lssnj`ltbm w`tg tgb nrìàlf alob), lam tgb alob nh tgb supbrv`snr (Laab Lmlos àstblm nh E`ff Ernwa tn prnv`mb onrb ibambr m`vbrs`ty, wg`jg wls fljdài à tgb <0=3s‐ jnursbs). ]gb nrìàlf olaulf m`lfniub spbj`﬌jlffy pnàts nut wg`jg `mbls wbrb i`vba ey Kò Knabs lam inbs na tn gìgfìgt tglt jnatrèut`na; ‖Uboboebr gnw E`ff Ernwa ‗wnrdbm w`tg‐ nab nh g`s npbrltnrs> Npbrltnrs glvb innm `mbls tnn4 nhtba kust ls olay ls wb glvb” snobtòbs onrb!‟ @t inbs na tn hurtgbr bopgls`zb tgb òpnrtlajb nh ibttài euy-à”abw-lib tbroànfniy hnr la lib-nfm jnajbpt; ‖Ygba gb Ttgb npbrltnr_ gbfps wnrd *

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nut la `mbl gb ibts rblf slt`shljt`na. La àtbrbstbm lam slt`s﬌bm wnrdbr `s kust ls òpnrtlat ls tgb `mbl `tsbfh.‟ @t‐s jfblr tglt tgb prljt`jb nh lsdài wnrdbrs tgb`r `mbls lam npà`nas `s nab tglt wb, à tgb Ra`tbm Ztltbs, glm lt fblst ls hlr eljd ls tgb <0=3s, wgba tgb ]Y@ prnirlos wbrb mbvbfnpbm. Danwài tglt, `t `s anw blsy tn uambrstlam wgy tgb Klplabsb wbrb sn puzzfbm lt gnw balonrbm Lobr`jlas wbrb w`tg Klplabsb olalibobat‐s rbspbjt hnr pbnpfb”l prljt`jb tgby fblrabm hrno tgb Lobr`jlas.

]gb Guola Bfbobat Ygba mnài trlàài lt olauhljturài pflats, wb usulffy ﬌am supbrv`snrs lrb gbs`tlat tn lpprnljg wglt tgby jlff tgb tnujgy-hbbfy rblfo nh guola àtbrljt`na. Lhtbr lff, tgby sly, tglt‐s wgy tgby int àtn olauhljturài” ebjlusb tgby m`ma‐t f`db tgb pbjuf`lr`t`bs lam m`h﬌juft`bs nh mblfài w`tg pbnpfb lam glm oujg onrb prnjf`v`ty tn wnrdài w`tg objgla`jlf tgàis, tgàis tglt m`ma‐t tlfd eljd nr ‖glvb l elm mly.‟ ]gbsb supbrv`snrs sbb tgbosbfvbs ls olstbrs nh tgb pgys`jlf ua`vbrsb wgbrb prnefbos jla eb snfvbm rlt`nalffy lam wgbrb, w`tg kust tgb rìgt lonuat nh nrila`zlt`na lam m`sj`pfàb, bvbrytgài w`ff wnrd kust tgb wly `t `s suppnsbm tn. Ygba pbnpfb prnefbos mn jnob up, tgby erusg tgbo ls`mb slyài, ‖Fblvb ynur pbrsnalf `ssubs lt gnob, wb‐rb gbrb tn ibt tgb wnrd mnab.‟ Nh jnursb, innm supbrv`snrs glvb fblrabm hrno glrm bxpbr`bajb tglt tg`s dàm nh ltt`tumb tnwlrm pbnpfb sòpfy mnbsa‐t wnrd lam tgàis abvbr in tgb wly tgby lrb

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suppnsbm tn. @a hljt, nab nh tgb onst hrbqubat rbolrds wb ibt eljd lhtbr i`vài tgb Kne Ubflt`nas onmufb nh ]Y@, wgbrb wb fblra tn snfvb lam prbvbat tgbsb vbry pbnpfb prnefbos, `s; ‖@ w`sg ynu wnufm glvb tluigt ob tg`s tba yblrs lin. @t wnufm glvb slvbm ob l fnt nh gblmljgbs.‟ Gbrb, lilà, wb sbb tgb w`smno nh tgb nrìàlf ]Y@ trlàài jnursbs. ]gb Kne Ubflt`nas trlàài olaulf hrno tgb <0=3s rbjnia`zbm tg`s abbm tn trblt pbnpfb w`tg rbspbjt ebjlusb bljg pbrsna `s l ua`qub lam jlplefb guola ebài. @t `s nafy tgrnuig tgb ‖fnylfty lam jnnpbrlt`na nh pbnpfb, à lmm`t`na tn wglt oljgàbs jla ljjnopf`sg,‟ tgb olaulf stltbm, tglt supbrv`snrs jla ljg`bvb tgb nutput lam qulf`ty tgby lrb jglribm w`tg mbf`vbrài. ]gb olaulf spbj`﬌jlffy pnàts nut tglt pbnpfb oust eb trbltbm m`hhbrbatfy tgla tgb oljgàbs tgby npbrltb, l pnàt tglt oust st`ff eb tluigt tnmly, kust ls `t wls à tgb <0=3s; Ygba l oljgàb `s àstlffbm à l mbplrtobat, l glamennd jnobs w`tg `t”nr tgbrb oly eb l objgla`j spbj`lffy qulf`﬌bm à gnw tglt plrt`juflr p`bjb nh oljgàbry wnrds, lam m`rbjt`nas na gnw tn dbbp `t à innm npbrltài jnam`t`na, nr wglt tn mn wgba `t erblds mnwa. Zupbrv`snrs ibt abw pbnpfb lff tgb tòb, eut glamennds mna‐t jnob w`tg tgbo. Gnw lrb ynu inài tn dbbp tgnsb abw pbrsnas à tnp hnro> Yglt w`ff ynu mn `h tgby hl`f>

]gb bat`rb Kne Ubflt`nas jnursb tbljgbs l obtgnm hnr fblmài pbnpfb bhhbjt`vbfy, lam gbrb fbt‐s jnas`mbr tgb rbsufts nh fblraài lam usài tgb obtgnm lam tgb bhhbjt `t gls na mbvbfnpài trub rbspbjt hnr pbnpfb, tglt v`tlf bfbobat nh Fbla.


]gbrb `s l innm rblsna wgy uatrlàbm lam àbxpbr`bajbm supbrv`snrs lvn`m ibttài tn danw tgb`r pbnpfb ls àm`v`mulfs. ]gby gbs`tltb ebjlusb tgby lrb lhrl`m bopfnybbs w`ff mbolam snobtgài tgby jlaant i`vb; gìgbr wlibs, ebttbr wnrdài jnam`t`nas, l solffbr wnrdfnlm. ]gby lrb lfsn lhrl`m tglt `h tgby ibt tnn jfnsb tn tgb`r pbnpfb, tglt w`ff prbvbat tgbo hrno bxbrj`sài rblf lutgnr`ty lam m`sj`pfàb wgba abbmbm. Ibttài jfnsb sbbos f`db tgby lrb ‖oldài hr`bams,‟ lam bopfnybbs oly tgba mbolam ‖spbj`lf trbltobat,‟ nr lt fblst `t w`ff fnnd tglt wly tn ntgbrs. Lt tgb vbry fblst, tgby hblr, `h supbrv`snrs ebjnob tnn hlo`f`lr w`tg tgb`r pbnpfb, tgby w`ff fnsb tgb`r lurl nh supbr`nr`ty lam rlad. Y`tgnut tglt pns`t`nalf pnwbr nh àhlffè`f`ty, tgby oly ﬌am tgbosbfvbs glvài tn eb trutghuf w`tg tgbsb pbnpfb, wgno tgby glvb inttba jfnsb tn, àjfumài lmo`ttài hluft wgba tgby lrb wrnai. Ygba wb fblra lam prljt`jb tgb KU sd`ff, tgnuig, lam ebjnob innm fblmbrs, tgbsb hblrs w`ff prnvb tn eb uahnuambm. @a hljt, wglt wb glvb hnuam ey mnài jnuatfbss KU prljt`jbs murài nur trlàài sbss`nas `s tglt supbrv`snrs sgnufma‐t lssuob tgby danw wglt bopfnybbs wlat”onrb onaby, ebttbr jnam`t`nas, btj. ]gbsb lssuopt`nas lrb lfonst lfwlys wrnai ebjlusb wb v`bw tgbsb prnefbo bopfnybbs hrno nur nwa pbrspbjt`vb, hrno nur nwa pbrsnalf g`stnr`bs. @h, hnr bxlopfb, @ glm l strnai-w`ffbm plrbat nr tbljgbr à oy jg`fmgnnm wgn ‖wg`ppbm ob àtn sglpb‟ wgba @ wls wlvbrài, @ w`ff lssuob tglt bvbrynab bfsb abbms l sò`flr bxpbr`bajb wgba tgby rua àtn m`h﬌juft`bs, lam @ w`ff try tn eb tglt slob m`sj`pfàlr`la hnr ntgbrs tglt wnrdbm hnr ob. Eut wb mna‐t, à hljt, uambrstlam tgb`r trub ont`vbs. ]gbsb

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pbnpfb lrb m`hhbrbat lam glvb ant glm nur slob f`hb bxpbr`bajbs. Yglt wnrdbm hnr us w`ff ant abjbsslr`fy wnrd hnr tgbo. Yglt `s abbmbm `s hnr us tn trblt pbnpfb ls àm`v`mulfs lam tn tldb tgb tòb tn uambrstlam tgbo ls ua`qub guola ebàis. ]g`s `s tgb rblf oblaài nh rbspbjt hnr pbnpfb. KU tbljgbs vbry spbj`﬌jlffy lam bopglt`jlffy tglt à nrmbr tn ibt tgb hljts ls tgb ﬌rst stbp tn bhhbjt`vbfy snfvài l pbnpfb prnefbo, wb abbm tn ibt tgb npà`nas lam hbbfàis nh tgb pbrsnas àvnfvbm. @a hljt, `t inbs na tn i`vb t`ps na ibttài tgnsb npà`nas lam hbbfàis, lmv`jb sujg ls ‖Mna‐t lriub,‟ ‖Mna‐t àtbrrupt,‟ lam ‖Mna‐t mn lff tgb tlfdài ynursbfh.‟ @a nrmbr tn fblm pbnpfb wbff, wb jlaant lhhnrm tn ìanrb tgb`r pbrsnalf `ssubs. Kust tgb nppns`tb, wb abbm tn gblr tgbo nut à nrmbr tn ‖eb surb ynu glvb tgb wgnfb stnry.‟ ]g`s prljt`jb inbs lilàst nur hblrs nh àtòljy w`tg pbnpfb eut, wgba mnab purpnsbhuffy, jla gbfp fblm us tn ﬌amài tgb rnnt jlusb nh tgb`r prnefbo, wg`jg à tura w`ff lffnw us tn ﬌am tgb snfut`na tglt snfvbs tgb rblf prnefbo”ant tgb prnefbo wb lssuobm `t tn eb. Najb wb ﬌am nut wglt tgb rblf prnefbo `s, tgb snfut`na, `t turas nut, w`ff ant jnst l fnt nh onaby”tgnuig `t oly jnst tgb supbrv`snr snob lonuat nh pr`mb. Pnu oly glvb tn sly, ‖@‐o snrry.‟ @a tgb bam, tgb supbrv`snr gls wglt g`s nr gbr pbnpfb wlat, lam `t `s usulffy ant m`h﬌juft tn i`vb. ]gb rblf m`h﬌jufty `s ﬌amài nut wglt tgnsb abbms lrb. Lam tglt‐s wgbrb tgb KU obtgnm gbfps. Ey bhhbjt`vbfy rbsnfvài tgbsb `ssubs, wb eu`fm tgb trust lam rbspbjt nh nur pbnpfb, lam tg`s hlr nvbrsglmnws lay jnajbras nvbr fnsài pns`t`nalf lutgnr`ty.


Nab bxlopfb nh l prnefbo l supbrv`snr ernuigt àtn l KU jflss `ffustrltbs gnw tgb KU obtgnm gbfps mbvbfnp l rblf rbspbjt hnr pbnpfb. L abw supbrv`snr glm l pbrsna uambr g`s jglrib wgn glm ebba l qu`bt eut m`fìbat wnrdbr lt tgb jnoplay hnr olay yblrs. ]gb jnoplay glm abvbr glm lay prnefbos tn spbld nh w`tg tg`s pbrsna. ]gba, lrnuam 533=, tgb wnrdbr ebjlob lriuobatlt`vb lam m`h﬌juft tn wnrd w`tg hnr bvbrynab à tgb sgnp. ]gb ynuai supbrv`snr wlrabm gò lenut g`s ebglv`nr lam gnw `t wls lmvbrsbfy lhhbjtài entg tgb wnrd bav`rnaobat lam tgb nutput. Eut tgb wnrdbr wls lairy lt tg`s lmona`sgobat lam g`s ebglv`nr int bvba wnrsb. ]gb supbrv`snr tr`bm lilà tn tlfd w`tg tgb pbrsna, òpfnrài gò tn sbt l ebttbr bxlopfb hnr tgb ntgbrs, eut `t m`m an innm. Jlsbs sujg ls tgbsb hnffnw l typ`jlf plttbra. Ls tgb pbrsna‐s ebglv`nr jnatàubs tn mbtbr`nrltb, gb nr sgb uftòltbfy jnoo`ts snob ‖uahnri`vblefb sà,‟ sujg ls rbhusài la nrmbr nr tgrbltbaài lantgbr bopfnybb, lam ls l rbsuft, gb nr sgb `s bvbatulffy, lhtbr olay wlraàis, tbroàltbm. Ygba tg`s glppbas, supbrv`snrs kust`hy tgb ljt`na tldba ey slyài tglt, à hljt, tgbsb bopfnybbs ‖﬌rbm tgbosbfvbs‟ w`tg tgb`r ualjjbptlefb ljt`nas. Rahnrtualtbfy, lam tg`s `s lantgbr jnoona trl`t tn tgbsb slm stnr`bs, tgb ﬌rbm pbrsna wls lfonst lfwlys l innm wnrdbr, olyeb nab nh tgb ebst à tgb mbplrtobat, lam l rbpfljbobat w`ff anw glvb tn eb hnuam lam trlàbm”l m`h﬌juft lam bxpbas`vb prnjbss tglt mnbs ant lfwlys erài ynu l ebttbr nr bvba bqulf pbrsna tn tgb nab fbt in. @a tg`s plrt`juflr jlsb, tgnuig, tgb ynuai supbrv`snr lppf`bm tgb KU tbjga`qub nh ibttài npà`nas lam hbbfàis lam olmb l eì bhhnrt, à sp`tb nh tgb gnst`f`ty rbjb`vbm

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hrno tgb m`siruatfbm wnrdbr, tn ﬌am nut wglt wls rblffy tgb jlusb nh tgb elm ebglv`nr. @t turas nut tgb ola wls l X`bt Alo Ylr vbtbrla lam wls lairy upna sbbài tgb gbrn‐s wbfjnob snfm`brs rbturaài hrno tgb jurrbat wlr à @rlq wbrb rbjb`vài. ‖Ygba wb int eljd hrno Alo, wb m`ma‐t ibt an plrlmb,‟ gb sl`m e`ttbrfy. Gb bxpflàbm gnw `t wls m`h﬌juft tn tlfd tn laynab lenut tgnsb nfm wnuams, bspbj`lffy tn l ynuai pbrsna f`db tgb supbrv`snr, wgn glm ant f`vbm tgrnuig tglt brl. Anw tglt tgb prnefbo wls ebttbr uambrstnnm, tgb supbrv`snr jnufm tgàd nh onrb pnssèfb ljt`nas tglt jnufm eb tldba tglt wnufm ibt tn tgb rnnt jlusb. ]g`s plrt nh tgb KU obtgnm `s tgb onst jr`t`jlf, hnr `t rbjnia`zbs tglt pbnpfb lrb m`hhbrbat”tgby lrb lff àm`v`mulfs”lam tglt an nab ljt`na jla lppfy tn bvbrynab ebjlusb tgb jlusb nh tgb`r ebglv`nr w`ff abvbr eb tgb slob. Lam w`tgnut ljtài na tgb trub jlusb nh tgb ebglv`nr, wb‐ff abvbr jnob tn l slt`shljtnry snfut`na. Xbtbrla‐s Mly jlob up sgnrtfy tgbrblhtbr, lam `t wls l gnf`mly hnr tgb jnoplay. Na tglt mly, tgb supbrv`snr jlffbm tgb ola lt gnob lam, wg`fb slyài gb m`ma‐t wlat tn entgbr gò na g`s mly nhh, tnfm gò gb wls tgàdài lenut gò lam tgladbm gò hnr tgb sbrv`jb gb ilvb tn g`s jnuatry. ]gb ljt`na tg`s supbrv`snr tnnd m`ma‐t jnst gò, nr g`s jnoplay, l sàifb mòb. Eut, lt tgb slob tòb, `t wlsa‐t la blsy tgài hnr tg`s ynuai ola tn p`jd up tgb pgnab lam bxprbss g`s sbatòbats lhtbr lff tgb glrm hbbfàis tglt glm inab mnwa ebtwbba tgb twn nh tgbo. Gb glm tn swlffnw snob pr`mb lam lmo`t tn o`suambrstlamài à`t`lffy tgb bopfnybb‐s prbm`jlobat. G`s ljt`na wls bhhbjt`vb, tgnuig, ls tgb pbrsna‐s ebglv`nr rbturabm tn anrolf


lam an lmvbrsb ljt`nas wbrb tldba lilàst tgb bopfnybb tglt wnufm glvb ebba rbirbttbm fltbr. ]g`s bxlopfb sgnws tgb pnwbr lam sòpfb ibaùs nh tgb ]Y@ KU obtgnm, lam `t mbonastrltbs gnw tgb ]Y@ obtgnmnfni`bs lrb bairlàbm w`tg tglt guola bfbobat tglt gbfps us mbf`vbr na rbspbjt hnr pbnpfb. Yg`fb jnopla`bs lrb jbrtlàfy ant à tgb eusàbss nh jlrài hnr pbnpfb‐s pbrsnalf abbms, lam tgb ﬌alf jgbjdpnàt nh tgb KU obtgnm `s ‖M`m ynur ljt`na gbfp prnmujt`na>‟, wb fblra tglt wgba wb mn rìgt ey nur pbnpfb, innm rbsufts hnffnw.

Ont`vltà i t gb Ynrdhnrjb @t‐s jnoona tn gblr tgb jnopflàt tglt wnrdbrs glvb l ‖elm ltt`tumb‟ nr ‖lff tgby jlrb lenut `s onaby.‟ Bvbry ibabrlt`na sbbos tn jnopflà lenut tgb abxt nab wgba `t jnobs tn wnrd btg`j, ls `h tgby wbrb tgb ﬌rst nabs tn danw lam vlfub tgb ebab﬌ts nh glrm wnrd lam mbm`jlt`na. Lam wgba wb sbb tg`s pnnr ltt`tumb tnwlrm wnrd, wb àstàjt`vbfy tgàd tglt tgbrb `s antgài wb jla mn lenut `t. Pbt tgbsb slob pbnpfb w`tg tgb pnnr ltt`tumb onst f`dbfy batbrbm tgb jnoplay huff nh zblf lam erìgt mrblos. Ygba tgby glm tgb`r kne àtbrv`bws, tgby oly glvb bvba prno`sbm tn eb tgb ebst wnrdbr tgb jnoplay bvbr glm, lam tgby oblat `t. Znobwgbrb lfnai tgb fàb tgby fnst tglt ont`vlt`na. Ztbpgba Jnvby, à g`s onauobatlf wnrd ]gb Zbvba Gle`ts nh Gìgfy Bhhbjt`vb Sbnpfb, tluigt us tglt hnr tgnsb jfnsbst tn us, tgb nabs wb sbb lam àtbrljt w`tg bvbry mly, wb abbm tn i`vb tgnsb rbflt`nasg`ps jfnsb lam rbiuflr

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lttbat`na. @t oly sbbo strlaib, gb sl`m, eut hnr pbnpfb wb glvba‐t sbba nr tlfdbm tn hnr la bxtbambm pbr`nm nh tòb, wb jla p`jd up tgnsb rbflt`nasg`ps rìgt wgbrb wb fbht nhh w`tg tgbo ls `h ant l mly glm plssbm ey. Pbt hnr nur fnvbm nabs lam tgnsb wb sbb bljg mly, wb oldb tgb o`stldb nh tgàdài tglt bxljtfy ebjlusb wb sbb tgbo na l rbiuflr els`s, wb mn ant abbm tn lttbam tn tgnsb rbflt`nasg`ps. ]gb nppns`tb `s trub. ]gbsb lrb tgb rbflt`nasg`ps tglt v`tlffy abbm nur rbiuflr lam jnatàubm lttbat`na.* ]gb Kne Ubflt`nas bfbobat nh ]Y@ jnvbrs tg`s lspbjt nh guola alturb tgnrnuigfy ey prbsbatài hnur hnuamlt`nas hnr innm rbflt`nas tglt, wgba prljt`jbm na lrbiuflr els`s, gbfp prbvbat prnefbos hrno glppbaài. @a hljt, hrno bxpbr`bajb wb glvb sbba gnw onst lay guola rbflt`nas prnefbo, wgba wb sblrjg hnr tgb rnnt jlusb nh tglt prnefbo, gls `ts ibabs`s à snob v`nflt`na nh tgbsb hnuamlt`nas. Hnr bxlopfb, wb danw hrno l ouft`tumb nh bopfnybb survbys nvbr olay yblrs tglt tgb auoebr nab rblsna wgy bopfnybbs qu`t tgb`r knes `s ebjlusb tgby hbbf tgby lrb ant lpprbj`ltbm, l v`nflt`na nh tgb hnuamlt`na ‖I`vb jrbm`t wgba mub.‟ Bvba wgba bopfnybbs mn hl`f, tgby st`ff hbbf tgby glvb ebba wrnaibm ebjlusb tgby wbrb abvbr i`vba l jglajb tn jnrrbjt tgb`r wnrd, l v`nflt`na nh tgb hnuamlt`na ‖fbt bljg wnrdbr danw gnw gb nr sgb `s mnài.‟ ]gba tgbrb `s tgb nhtba gblrm rbolrd, ‖@t‐s ant wglt tgby m`m, eut gnw tgby m`m `t.‟ @a ntgbr wnrms, `t‐s ant tglt bopfnybbs lrb olm lt wglt wls mnab ey olalibobat”tgnuig tgby jbrtlàfy m`ma‐t f`db `t” eut `t wls gnw `t wls mnab tglt jrbltbm tgb flstài gurt lam laibr. ]gb hnuamlt`na ‖tbff pbnpfb à lmvlajb lenut *

Ztbpgba U. Jnvby, ]gb 9 Gle`ts nh Gìgfy Bhhbjt`vb Sbnpfb, Zòna lam Zgustbr, Abw Pnrd, <070.


jglaibs tglt w`ff lhhbjt tgbo‟ gbfps tn prbplrb tgb wly hnr jglaib sn tglt pbnpfb glvb l jglajb tn glvb tgb`r sly lam mna‐t hbbf tgby wbrb ‖stleebm à tgb eljd.‟ Hàlffy, wgba wb hnffnw tgb hnuamlt`na ‖oldb ebst usb nh bljg pbrsna‐s le`f`ty,‟ wb prbvbat prnefbos wgbrb pbnpfb hbbf tgby glvb ebba ìanrbm nr plssbm nvbr. Ey tldài jlrb nh tgbsb els`j guola abbms lam prnv`mài jnatàulf lttbat`na tn pbnpfb, wb dbbp nur rbflt`nasg`ps w`tg pbnpfb strnai lam prbvbat innm ltt`tumbs hrno inài snur. @t‐s ant banuig tn jnopflà lenut pbnpfb‐s ‖elm ltt`tumb‟ w`tgnut ﬌rst jnas`mbrài nur nwa rbspnasè`f`ty hnr lffnwài tglt elm ltt`tumb tn àhbst lam hbstbr. ]g`s rbspnasè`f`ty `s lt tgb jnrb nh innm fblmbrsg`p. ]gb Kne @astrujt`na jnopnabat nh ]Y@ lfsn jnvbrs tg`s v`tlf bfbobat nh lttbat`na tn pbnpfb. Ztbp < nh tgb K@ obtgnm `s tn Srbplrb tgb Ynrdbr, lam gbrb wb tldb l hbw onobats tn ﬌am nut lenut tgb fblrabrs lam wglt tgby danw lenut tgb abw kne tn eb fblrabm, lam, onst òpnrtlatfy, ibt tgbo àtbrbstbm à tglt kne sn tglt tgby wlat tn fblra `t lam jnatàub tn mn `t jlrbhuffy lam jnasj`bat`nusfy hrno gbrb na nut. Ygba bopfnybbs lrb abw lam danw vbry f`ttfb lenut tgb wnrd nh tgb jnoplay, wb usulffy, tgnuig ant lfwlys, jnvbr olay nh tgbsb pnàts à snob typb nh nr`batlt`na nr ‖na-enlrmài‟ prnirlo. Eut tgbsb lrb ibabrlf, nvbrlrjgài tgbobs, lam tgby lrb typ`jlffy nafy bxprbssbm najb, wgba tgb pbrsna ﬌rst wlfds àtn tgb jnoplay. Y`tg K@, supbrv`snrs oust tldb tgb tòb tn prbplrb lff nh nur pbnpfb, bvba tgb vbtbrlas, hnr fblraài knes ls wb tbljg tgbo, nab ey nab. Hnr bxlopfb, wgba l pbrsna fblras l abw kne gb nr sgb gls abvbr mnab ebhnrb, tg`s pbrsna oly glvb glm

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sò`flr knes nr mut`bs à tgb plst tglt gb nr sgb jla rbfltb tn tglt w`ff gbfp tn fblra tg`s abw nab. ]gb trlàbr sgnufm ﬌am tg`s nut rìgt up hrnat”tglt‐s wgy `t‐s à Ztbp <. Eut K@ inbs hurtgbr. Bvba `h tgb pbrsna gls abvbr mnab l kne f`db tg`s nab, wb try tn ﬌am nut `h tgbrb lrb lay ntgbr tgàis gb nr sgb mnbs à f`hb, nuts`mb nh wnrd, f`db l gneey nr l spnrt, tglt usb sò`flr sd`ffs nr bxpbr`bajbs. Olay pbnpfb mn wnrd lt gnob nr à tgb ilrmba nr w`tg tgb`r jlr wgbrb tgby usb sò`flr tnnfs lam mn hlo`f`lr npbrlt`nas. L typ`jlf jlsb `s wgbrb tgb trlàbr lsds `h tgb fblrabr baknybm eu`fmài pflst`j onmbf d`ts ls l jg`fm, ebjlusb tgb lssboefy wnrd gb nr sgb w`ff eb fblraài `s ‖kust f`db tglt,‟ usài sò`flr sd`ffs. @a tgb slob wly, tgb ebst wly tn ibt l pbrsna àtbrbstbm à l kne `s tn sgnw wgy tgb kne `s òpnrtlat lam wglt glppbas `h `t `s ant mnab jnrrbjtfy”fbt tgb pbrsna sbb tgb eìibr p`jturb nh gnw g`s nr gbr solff, eut òpnrtlat, jnatrèut`na lhhbjts tgb ﬌alf prnmujt nr sbrv`jb. Ynrdbrs oly tgàd nh tgbosbfvbs ls àsìa`﬌jlat jnis à tgb eìibr oljgàb, lam tgby‐ff abvbr danw tgb`r nwa rnfb uafbss snobnab tbffs tgbo. Zupbrv`snrs, lhtbr fblraài tn lppfy tg`s lspbjt nh innm kne àstrujt`na, lrb jnatàulffy lstnuambm lt gnw f`ttfb tgb`r npbrltnrs uambrstlam lenut tgb sìa`﬌jlajb nh tgb knes tgby pbrhnro bljg mly. ]gby lssuobm, àjnrrbjtfy, tglt tgb npbrltnrs danw tgbsb tgàis. Lt l sg`pylrm, nab npbrltnr wls surpr`sbm tn gblr tglt tgb oblsurbobats gb olmb na juttài p`bjbs nh obtlf ljtulffy jnufm fblm tn flrib sbjt`nas nh tgb sg`p ant ﬌ttài tnibtgbr. ]gb npbrltnr m`ma‐t danw wgbrb tgb pfltbs wnufm eb fnjltbm na tgb sg`p. Bvba wgba fblrabrs mna‐t glvb tgb bxpbr`bajb tn uambrstlam gnw tgb`r abw kne w`ff ﬌t àtn tgb flribr


wnrd prnjbssbs, ynu jla st`ff rbfltb tgb kne tn tgàis tgby oly mn à f`hb. Ygba nab trlàbr wls tbljgài l pbrsna gnw tn l prbplrb l splrb plrts pljdlib tglt wbat w`tg l olàtbalajb d`t, gb lsdbm tgb fblrabr `h g`s w`hb glm bvbr sbat gò tn tgb irnjbry stnrb tn p`jd up l plrt`juflr àirbm`bat sgb abbmbm hnr l rbj`pb sgb wls wnrdài na. ]gb fblrabr sl`m sgb glm. ]gba tgb trlàbr lsdbm `h gb glm bvbr ernuigt gnob tgb wrnai tgài”tgb wrnai s`zb nr lonuat, tgb wrnai erlam, tgb wrnai ﬅlvnr, btj. Anmmài g`s gblm w`tg l wry so`fb, tgb fblrabr sl`m gb glm. ‖Gnw wls tglt>‟ tgb trlàbr lsdbm gò. ‖Ant tnn innm!‟ wls tgb rbpfy. ‖Ybff, tglt‐s wglt glppbas wgba ynu mna‐t jgbjd tgb flebfs jlrbhuffy lam ynu put tgb wrnai plrts àtn tg`s pljdlib. ]gb àstlffbrs ibt rblffy olm.‟ Ey rbfltài tgb fblrabr‐s pbrsnalf bxpbr`bajb w`tg justnobr slt`shljt`na, `ts òpnrtlajb ebjlob onrb tgla kust la lestrljt `mbl. Nab nh tgb onst bhhbjt`vb bfbobats nh tgb Kne@astrujt`na obtgnm (olay hbbf `t `s tgbonst òpnrtlat plrt nh K @) `s tn tbljg tgb rblsnas wgy wb mn tgb kne à l plrt`juflr wly. @a ntgbr wnrms, wgba wb pnàt nut dby pnàts”jr`t`jlf bfbobats tglt ‖oldb nr erbld‟ tgb kne, àkurb tgb wnrdbr, nr oldb tgb wnrd bls`br tn mn”wb oust tbff tgb fblrabr tgb rblsnas wgy wb glvb tn hnffnw tgbsb dby pnàts. Hnr bxlopfb, `h tgb dby pnàt wgba tìgtbaài l aut `s ‖glam tìgt, tgba glfh tura w`tg wrbajg,‟ ey tbffài tgb fblrabr tglt tgb rblsna hnr tg`s dby pnàt `s ebjlusb ‖`t w`ff eb m`h﬌juft tn rbonvb `h nvbrtìgtbabm,‟ wb bailib tgb pbrsna‐s erlà lam glvb tgb fblrabr tgàd jnasj`bat`nusfy lenut wglt gb nr sgb `s mnài. Lam tg`s rblsna abbms tn eb tgb ljtulf rblsna, ant kust l pflt`tumb f`db, ‖@t‐s tgb stlamlrm‟ nr ‖]glt‐s tgb wly `t‐s lfwlys ebba mnab.‟

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Ls wb sl`m blrf`br, pbnpfb lrb ant oljgàbs lam sgnufm ant eb trbltbm ls sujg. Pbt supbrv`snrs, jnasj`nusfy nr ant, sbbo tn bxpbjt pbnpfb tn mn tgb`r knes oàmfbssfy w`tgnut danwài wgy tgby sgnufm hnffnw l spbj`﬌j prnjbmurb. L oljgàb mnbsa‐t abbm l rblsna hnr pbrhnroài la npbrlt`na, eut guolas, wgn pnssbss erlàs, lrb àﬅubajbm ey tgb`r uambrstlamài nh l kne ls oujg ls tgby lrb ey tgb pgys`jlf ljt. ]g`s rbspbjt hnr guola le`f`ty, tgb`r jlplj`ty tn tgàd lam tn uambrstlam, w`ff hurtgbr ont`vltb tgb pbrsna tn rboboebr lam hnffnw tgb stlamlrm wnrd sàjb pbnpfb lrb ant àsp`rbm tn mn tgàis tglt glvb an oblaài. Lhtbr lff, wgy wnufm tgby mn snobtgài ‖hnr an rblsna>‟ @h wb wlat pbnpfb tn jlrb lenut wglt tgby‐rb mnài, tgba tgby glvb tn danw wgy `t `s òpnrtlat, lam tgba tgby‐ff rboboebr tn mn `t tglt wly bljg tòb. ]gb pflat olalibr nh l Ibrola ouftàlt`nalf lutn plrts olauhljturbr ilvb tgb bxlopfb nh la npbrltnr na l jg`p fàb wgn m`ma‐t wlat tn hnffnw tgb stlamlrm wnrd ebjlusb tgbrb wls an nev`nus rblsna tn mn `t tglt wly. Gb wls l erìgt ynuai npbrltnr lam qubst`nabm tgb obtgnm ebjlusb `t sbbobm, hrno g`s vlatlib pnàt, tn eb wlstbhuf. ]gb s`tult`na wls tglt tgb rblsna hnr mnài tgb dby pnàt jlob up à l fltbr npbrlt`na tglt an nab glm bvbr tnfm gò lenut. ]gb pflat olalibr wlfdbm tgb npbrltnr <33 hbbt mnwa tgb fàb lam sgnwbm gò wgy g`s npbrlt`na glm tn eb mnab tglt wly, lam tgb rbs`stlajb tn tgb stlamlrm wnrd m`slppblrbm. @a lff tgbsb wlys, tgb ]Y@ obtgnms hnjus na rbspbjtài tgb pbnpfb wgn mn tgb wnrd lam mblfài w`tg tgbo ls guola ebàis. @a tgb gustfb lam eustfb nh l usulf mly, `t `s blsy tn nvbrfnnd tgbsb suetfb guola tnujgbs,


lff à tgb àtbrbst nh ibttài tgb wnrd mnab. Yb sly tglt tgb wnrd jnobs ﬌rst lam pbnpfb‐s hbbfàis w`ff glvb tn wl`t. Yb qubst`na wgy wb glvb tn tldb tgb tòb lam babriy tn ont`vltb tgbo”‖]gby‐rb ibttài pl`m tn mn tgb wnrd, lrba‐t tgby>‟ `s l jnoona bxjusb. Zn wb sljr`﬌jb lttbamài tn tgbsb ml`fy abbms nh nur pbnpfb. Eut wgba tglt glppbas, f`ttfb ey f`ttfb wb hl`f tn àsp`rb, lam `t `s an wnambr pbnpfb hl`f tn jlrb lenut tgb`r wnrd nr mn tgb`r knes jnasj`bat`nusfy, hnffnwài tgb stlamlrms, na l rbiuflr els`s.

]gb Rftòltb Guola Sntbat`lf ; Jrblt`v`ty Lff hljbts nh Fbla rbjnia`zb tgb rnfb nh bopfnybb `mbls lam plrt`j`plt`na à tgb òprnvbobat prnjbss lt bvbry fbvbf nh tgb nrila`zlt`na, stlrtài w`tg tgb ﬌rst-fàb npbrltnrs wgn ljtulffy pbrhnro tgb wnrd. Eut `t `s àgbrbatfy m`h﬌juft tn jglaib l jufturb wgbrb pbnpfb lrb lhrl`m tn bxprbss npà`nas l am `mbls àtn nab wgbrb tgnsb npà`na s lam `mbls lrb wbfjnobm lam rbw lrmbm. Jnuatfbss jnopla`bs glvb spbat olay yblrs tryài. Yg`fb l jnoplay oly prnhbss tglt `t wlats pbnpfb tn hrbbfy suiibst jglaibs tn tgb jurrbat systbo, wglt nhtbatòbs glppbas `s tglt supbrv`snrs, wgn w`bfm tgb rblf pnwbr w`tg bopfnybbs, jnatàub tn rbsnrt tn tgb`r pns`t`nalf pnwbr tn hnrjb tgàis tn glppba ls tgby sbb ﬌t. @t oly eb tglt tgby sòpfy mna‐t danw nh lay ntgbr wly tn ibt tgb wnrd mnab tgla tn hnrjb tgb`r nwa w`ff na pbnpfb lam glvb `t mnab ‖tgb`r wly.‟ Ynrsb ybt, bvba wgba supbrv`snrs mn ebjnob àvnfvbm lam

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bxj`tbm lenut oldài òprnvbobats, tgby ebjnob hrustrltbm ebjlusb tgby glvb ant ebba tluigt gnw tgb`r olalibobat styfb oust jglaib tn ﬌t l jufturb nh bopfnybb àvnfvbobat. Eut bvba wgba tblownrd trlàài lam ntgbr fblmbrsg`p prnirlos lrb batgus`lst`jlffy lppf`bm tn gbfp supbrv`snrs nvbrjnob tgbsb wbldabssbs lam tn fblra gnw tn àtbirltb npbrltnrs àtn tgb ml`fy olalibobat prnjbssbs, wb st`ff ﬌am tglt nrmàlry wnrdbrs, àjfumài tgnsb wgn glvb bxpbr`bajbm plrt`j`pltài à tgb dl`zba-rbfltbm ljt`v`t`bs, oly st`ff ﬌am `t glrm tn jnatrèutb. @t `s ant uausulf tn gblr bxjusbs f`db; ‖@‐o ant la `mbl pbrsna.‟ ‖Olry `s tgb jrblt`vb nab. Lsd gbr.‟ ‟@ glvba‐t glm l abw `mbl hnr l vbry fnai tòb.‟ ‖@ ilvb oy `mbl flst yblr. @‐o mnab.‟ Yglt gnfms pbnpfb eljd hrno tlppài àtn tgb`r àaltb le`f`ty hnr jrblt`vb tgàdài, l efbssài tglt lff guola ebàis pnssbss> Mr. Unebrt Olurbr, à g`s sbfh-gbfp ennd Nab Zolff Ztbp Jla Jglaib Pnur F`hb; ]gb Dl`zba Yly, suiibsts entg tgb jlusb lam tgb jurb usài huamlobatlf jnajbpts nh dl`zba ls l prbsjr`pt`na. H`rst, Olurbr bxpflàs, lay typb nh òprnvbobat òpf`bs jglaib lam jglaib jrbltbs hblr, bspbj`lffy wgba `t `s m`jtltbm tn us hrno lenvb lam olamltbs suestlat`lf rbhnro. Sbnpfb hblr wglt tgb jglaib w`ff obla hnr tgbo lam tgb jnasbqubajbs `t w`ff erài tn tgb`r jurrbat jnohnrtlefb s`tult`na. ]g`s hblr à tura bailibs l rbljt`na à tgb prò`t`vb plrt nh tgb guola erlà danwa ls


tgb ﬌igt-nr-ﬅìgt rbspnasb, wg`jg `s l surv`vlf objgla`so tglt sguts mnwa rlt`nalf lam jrblt`vb tgàdài. ]g`s rbspnasb oldbs sbasb wgba wb jnas`mbr, hnr bxlopfb, ebài pnuajbm upna ey l slebr-tnntgbm tìbr”wb mna‐t wlat tn tldb l onobat tn pnambr wgbtgbr `t wnufm eb solrtbr tn rua àtn tgb hnrbst nr tn gblm hnr tgb g`ffs4 wb sòpfy rua ls hlst ls wb jla tn lvn`m ebài bltba. @a nur onmbra wnrdmly f`vbs, wb oly ant lfwlys abbm tg`s surv`vlf obatlf`ty, eut tgb wly nur erlàs lrb w`rbm st`ff jrbltbs tg`s elrr`br tn jrblt`vb tgàdài. @a tgb`r zblf tn jlpturb tgb ebab﬌ts nh Fbla, jnopla`bs nhtbatòbs in nut lam, w`tg innm àtbat`nas, m`jtltb tn tgb`r pbnpfb tglt tgby sglff ‖in hnrtg lam òprnvb,‟ rblpài guib rbwlrms tgrnuig tgb ebab﬌t nh bvbrynab‐s `mbls. Rahnrtualtbfy, tg`s bhhnrt sbrvbs tn jrbltb hblr” hblr nh ant ebài lefb tn obbt tgb gìg bxpbjtlt`nas nh olalibobat nr hblr nh lmvbrsb jnasbqubajbs”lam tgb irblt prno`sb nh òprnvbobat abvbr jnobs tn hru`t`na. @h laytgài, pbnpfb oly sòpfy i`vb tndba suiibst`nas nr rbglsg `mbls tgby glvb jnas`mbrbm ebhnrb ls l wly nh pfljltài olalibobat. Eut bvbrynab wàms up m`slppnàtbm lam rbsbathuf. Olurbr suiibsts tglt tgb dl`zba pg`fnsnpgy nh solff stbps tnwlrm jnatàunus òprnvbobat `s l wly nh s`mbstbppài tgb ﬌igt-nr-ﬅìgt rbspnasb lam lvn`mài tg`s jnauamruo. Ygba pbnpfb lrb lffnwbm tn tldb solff stbps tnwlrm òprnvbobat, tgby mn ant glvb tn hblr lmvbrsb jnasbqubajbs, lam tg`s dbbps tgb`r oàms npba tn jrblt`vb `mbls lam tgàdài. ]gbsb solff eut rbiuflr òprnvbobats, tgba, lmm up nvbr tòb tn eì rbsufts. Hurtgbronrb, Olurbr suiibsts tglt tgb wly tn ibt tg`s

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prnjbss stlrtbm `s ey lsdài solff qubst`nas, wg`jg ‖jrbltb l obatlf bav`rnaobat tglt wbfjnobs ualelsgbm jrblt`v`ty lam pflyhufabss.‟* Ey lsdài solff qubst`nas, ibatfb qubst`nas, wb dbbp tgb ﬌igt-nr-ﬅìgt rbspnasb à tgb ‖nhh‟ pns`t`na. ]gby lffnw tgb erlà tn hnjus na prnefbosnfvài lam, bvbatulffy, ljt`na. Lsd l qubst`na nhtba banuig, lam ynu‐ff ﬌am ynur erlà stnrài tgb qubst`nas, turaài tgbo nvbr, lam bvbatulffy ibabrltài snob àtbrbstài lam usbhuf rbspnasbs. Bvba `h ynu‐rb ant la lsp`rài anvbf`st, solff qubst`nas jla gbfp jlfo tgb hblrs tglt squbfjg jrblt`v`ty à ntgbr rblfos nh f`hb. Jnas`mbr gnw tgb o`jrnwlvb wls àvbatbm, hnr bxlopfb. Sbrry Zpbajbr m`ma‐t s`t lrnuam tgb gnusb, mruooài g`s ﬌aibrs lam pnuamài g`s hnrbgblm, tgàdài, ‖Gnw, gnw, gnw jla @ àvbat l mbv`jb tglt w`ff rbvnfut`na`zb d`tjgbas lrnuam tgb wnrfm>‟ Zpbajbr, la baiàbbr lt Ulytgbna, wls lt wnrd nab mly wgba gb fbht l jlamy elr tnn jfnsb tn snob rlmlr bqu`pobat. ]gb saljd obftbm, lam gb lsdbm gòsbfh, ‖Ygy wnufm rlmlr glvb tg`s bhhbjt na hnnm>‟ ]g`s solff qubst`na fbm tn laswbrs tglt fbm tn ntgbr solff qubst`nas wgnsb laswbrs bvbatulffy jglaibm gnw ynu lam @ oldb màabr.†

]gb jnajbpt nh lsdài qubst`nas w`tg la npba oàm, f`db l jg`fm, wls tldba up ey tgb nrìàlf ]Y@ Kne Obtgnms trlàài olaulf hrno <0=:, wg`jg stltbm, ‖]gb sujjbss nh lay òprnvbobat mbpbams na nur le`f`ty tn mbvbfnp l qubst`naài ltt`tumb.‟ ]gb olaulf wbat na tn bxpflà gnw jg`fmrba fblra lenut tgb wnrfm lrnuam tgbo ey lsdài qubst`nas lam tglt, ls lmufts, ‖wb stnp qubst`naài *

†

Unebrt Olurbr, Nab Zolff Ztbp Jla Jglaib Pnur F`hb; ]gb Dl`zba Yly, Ynrdola Suef`sgài, Abw Pnrd, 533=, :2. @e`m, ==, =9.


tgàis tnn snna.‟ ]gb gblrt nh tgb KO obtgnm, wgbrb tgb `mbls lrb ibabrltbm, `s Ztbp 5, \ubst`na Bvbry Mbtl`f. Gbrb wb sòpfy qubst`na bljg mbtl`f nh tgb kne, inài tgrnuig tgb s`x els`j qubst`nas à l spbj`﬌j nrmbr; Ygy `s `t abjbsslry> Yglt `s `ts purpnsb> Ygbrb sgnufm `t eb mnab> Ygba sgnufm `t eb mnab> Ygn `s ebst qulf`﬌bm tn mn `t> Gnw `s tgb ebst wly tn mn `t>

]gb laswbrs tn tgbsb qubst`nas lrb, à hljt, nur `mbls, lam wb wr`tb tgbo mnwa uambr tgb `mbls jnfuoa nh tgb KO erbldmnwa sgbbt ls wb jnatàub tn qubst`na lff nh tgb mbtl`fs nh tgb kne wb lrb lalfyzài. Ey lsdài tgbsb els`j qubst`nas lenut oàutb mbtl`fs nh l kne, wb jla jnob up w`tg `mbls tglt, wgba put tnibtgbr àtn l jnoprbgbas`vb prnpnslf, oldb up l stbp à tgb rìgt m`rbjt`na tnwlrm jnatàunus òprnvbobat. ]g`s stbp mnbs ant glvb tn eb l eì nab, eut bvbry stbp tnwlrm òprnvbobat `s sìa`﬌jlat. An fnaibr lrb wb wl`tài hut`fbfy hnr snob ‖eì `mbl‟ tn snobgnw ‖﬌x bvbrytgài‟ lam prnv`mb us w`tg tgb erbldtgrnuig laswbr tn lff nur prnefbos. @a hljt, wb an fnaibr glvb tn eb lhrl`m tglt wb glvb an innm `mbls tn i`vb”wb sòpfy lsd tgb qubst`nas lam fbt nursbfvbs ﬌am laswbrs tn tgbo. @a tgb lesbajb nh hblr, nur oàms rbflx lam wb lrb, bvba w`tgnut nur rblf`zài `t, lefb tn ljjbss tglt jrblt`vb snurjb nh tgb erlà tglt w`ff anw i`vb us laswbrs tn tgbsb qubst`nas. ]gbsb laswbrs, `t turas nut, lrb à hljt nur ua`qub lam jrblt`vb `mbls.

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Ygba mnài l KO bxbrj`sb lt l pflat tglt rbhure`sgbs pnwbr ibabrlt`na tureàb plrts, l supbrv`snr wls qubst`naài tgb prnjbss nh glvài tn jrlwf àtn l oljgàb à nrmbr tn rbonvb l sbt nh iulrms hrno tgb plrt kust jnopfbtbm”nafy tn glvb tn pfljb tgnsb slob iulrms na tgb abxt plrt tglt wnufm eb prnjbssbm. ]gb oljgàb eflstbm nhh tgb wnra surhljb nh tgb eurabr ua`t, lam tgb iulrms wbrb put na tn prntbjt jbrtlà mbf`jltb lrbls nh tgb ua`t tglt wnufm eb mlolibm ey tgb eflstài. ]g`s wls la lrmunus prnjbss lam snobwglt mlaibrnus ebjlusb nh tgb jna﬌abm spljb às`mb nh tgb oljgàb. ]gb supbrv`snr qubst`nabm, ‖Ygbrb sgnufm `t eb mnab>‟ lam tgnuigt tglt tgb iulrms sgnufm eb put na nuts`mb nh tgb oljgàb, wgbrb tgbrb wls onrb spljb. Lhtbr snob m`sjuss`na w`tg tgb jflss, tgb supbrv`snr hbft tglt tgby jnufm jglaib tg`s prnjbmurb. ]gba tgby wbat na tn tgb abxt qubst`na; ‖Ygba sgnufm `t eb mnab>‟ ]gb `mbl jlob up nh puttài na tgb iulrms hnr tgb abxt plrt wg`fb tgb prbv`nus nab wls st`ff à prnjbss tn slvb mnwatòb na tgb oljgàb, eut tgby nafy glm nab sbt nh iulrms. ‖]gba wgy mna‐t wb oldb up lantgbr sbt nh iulrms>‟ tgb supbrv`snr lsdbm àjrbmufnusfy. ]g`s sòpfb Fbla jnajbpt nh oldài sbtup prbplrlt`nas wg`fb l oljgàb `s ruaaài wls abvbr lppf`bm tn tg`s prnjbss ebjlusb tgb iulrms glm lfwlys ebba rbonvbm lam àstlffbmàs`mb nh tgb oljgàb. Najb l sòpfb qubst`na wls lsdbm lam tgb fnjlt`na jglaibm, `t ebjlob vbry blsy tn sbb tgb abxt òprnvbobat stbp, wg`jg wnuam up jrbltài suestlat`lffy onrb prnmujt`v`ty na l enttfbabjd prnjbss. Bvba lhtbr olay yblrs nh babribt`j Fbla ljt`v`t`bs, jnopla`bs tglt tldb up tg`s sòpfb qubst`naài prnjbss usài tgb ]Y@ KO obtgnm lrb lstnuambm lt gnw olay


onrb òprnvbobat `mbls, sòpfb eut bhhbjt`vb, tgby lrb lefb tn ibabrltb. Yglt `s onrb, tgby lrb lefb tn jnatàub rbpbltài tgb prnjbss ebjlusb tgb`r pbnpfb lrb an fnaibr plrlfyzbm ey hblr lam jut nhh hrno tgb`r jrblt`vb hljuft`bs. Glvài l obtgnm tglt rbjnia`zbs tgb guola bfbobat nh wgbrb `mbls jnob hrno, tgby lrb anw lefb tn huffy rblf`zb tgb trub pntbat`lf nh jnatàunus òprnvbobat.

L Jufturb nh Jnopbtbajb @a tgb bxlopfb lenvb lenut tgb X`bt Alo vbtbrla wgnsb ebglv`nr wbat snur wgba gb slw tgb gbrn trbltobat snfm`brs hrno tgb wlr à @rlq wbrb rbjb`vài wgba tgby int gnob”l vbry m`hhbrbat rbjbpt`na tgla vbtbrlas hrno g`s wlr int wgba tgby rbturabm tn tgb Ra`tbm Ztltbs”wb antbm gnw à onst jlsbs f`db tg`s uatrlàbm supbrv`snrs hbbf kust`﬌bm wgba tgby wàm up ﬌rài bopfnybbs wgn erbld zbrn-tnfbrlajb rufbs sujg ls àsuenrmàlt`na nr glrlssobat. Ygba wb pnàt nut tglt tgb`r ebglv`nr, tgnuig ant jnrrbjt, wls abvbrtgbfbss uambrstlamlefb jnas`mbrài tgb j`rjuostlajbs, tgby prnjflò, mb﬌latfy, ‖Eut tgby mbsbrvbm `t!‟ ]glt oly jbrtlàfy eb tgb jlsb, mbpbamài na tgb nhhbasb tglt fbm tn tgb tbroàlt`na. Gnwbvbr, tg`s `s st`ff l hl`furb nh fblmbrsg`p. Ebjlusb tgb supbrv`snr m`m ant ibt àtn tgb prnefbo blrf`br, wgba `t wls solffbr lam ebhnrb tgb pbrsna jnoo`ttbm snob ‖uahnri`vlefb sà,‟ gb nr sgb lffnwbm tgb s`tult`na tn mbtbr`nrltb lam mbsjbam tn `ts ﬌alf nutjnob. @a Kne Ubflt`nas, wb tbljg tglt fblmbrsg`p `s lenut rbjnia`zài lam mblfài w`tg prnefbos wg`fb tgby lrb st`ff solff. Ey eu`fmài strnai rbflt`nasg`ps, supbrv`snrs

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jla ibt tn danw bljg lam bvbry nab nh tgb`r pbnpfb ls àm`v`mulfs, lam jla spnt jglaibs à ebglv`nr nr ltt`tumb ebhnrb tgby ebjnob batrbajgbm. Ygba l prnefbo `s st`ff solff, lam bls`br tn glamfb, tgbrb w`ff eb l vlr`bty nh pnssèfb ljt`nas tglt jla eb tl`fnrbm tn tglt pbrsna‐s ua`qub abbms lam mbolams. @a tgbsb blrfy stlibs, tgb bopfnybb w`ff ant, ls ybt, glvb jnoo`ttbm tgnsb jr`t`jlf àhrljt`nas, wg`jg lrb mnab, lhtbr lff, à nrmbr tn ibt nur lttbat`na ebjlusb wb glvba‐t ant`jbm tgb onrb suetfb sìalfs nh m`sslt`shljt`na gb nr sgb gls ebba i`vài sn hlr. Onrbnvbr, w`tg ouft`pfb npt`nas lt nur m`spnslf, wb w`ff tgba glvb tgb nppnrtua`ty tn p`jd tgb rìgt nab tglt entg snfvbs tgb prnefbo lam obbts nur flribr nekbjt`vbs. ]gbrb `s l jnoona o`suambrstlamài tglt bljg pbrsna à la nrila`zlt`na oust eb trbltbm bxljtfy tgb slob hnr lay i`vba nhhbasb, ls `h pbnpfb rblffy wbrb oljgàbs, lam wgba snobtgài ibts squbldy, l f`ttfb n`f lfwlys mnbs tgb tr`jd. Bvbry pbrsna gls g`s nr gbr nwa ont`vlt`na hnr tgb ebglv`nrs gb nr sgb bxgè`ts, lam wglt `s l pua`sgobat hnr nab oly ljtulffy eb l rbwlrm hnr lantgbr. Hl`rabss `s onrb lenut oldài surb bljg prnefbo `s rbsnfvbm, ant glpglzlrmfy nr elsbm na snob sòpf`st`j hnroufl, eut ey hnffnwài l ua`hnro obtgnm, ls boenm`bm ey tgb KU hnur-stbp obtgnm. @a ntgbr wnrms, bljg prnefbo `s glamfbm hnffnwài l rìnrnus obtgnm nh hljt ﬌amài lam bvlfult`na nh npt`nas. ]g`s obtgnm basurbs tglt supbrv`snrs hnffnw lff prljt`jbs lam pnf`j`bs nh tgb nrila`zlt`na wg`fb, lt tgb slob tòb, lffnwài tgbo tn trblt bljg prnefbo àm`v`mulffy elsbm na tgb j`rjuostlajbs nh bljg jlsb. @a nur KU jflssbs, supbrv`snrs erài à rblf pbnpfb prnefbos tgby lrb hljài lam wb prljt`jb usài tgb KU


obtgnm tn ﬌am ljt`nas tglt gbfp tgbo ibt ebttbr rbsufts. Yb lfwlys ebià ey lsdài tgbo wglt tgb nekbjt`vb hnr tgb`r prnefbo `s, lam hnr tgb onst plrt, `t `s snob vlr`lt`na na ‖tn oldb Kngaay l ebttbr wnrdbr.‟ Ygba wb ibt tn tgb ljt`na tgby ﬌alffy tnnd, tgnuig, `t `s ant uausulf tn gblr, ‖Yb ﬌rbm gò.‟ ‖Zn, m`m ynur ljt`na obbt tgb nekbjt`vb>‟ wb lsd. ‖Ant rblffy,‟ tgby sly. ‖Yglt bfsb jnufm ynu glvb mnab,‟ wb jglffbaib tgbo, ‖ebs`mbs ﬌rài gò, tglt oìgt glvb olmb gò l ebttbr wnrdbr>‟ @a bhhbjt, tg`s `s lenut tldài rbspnasè`f`ty hnr nab‐s pbnpfb, wg`jg `s tgb bssbajb nh jnopbtbat fblmbrsg`p. Ls Ztbpgba Jnvby f`dbs tn sly, ebài rbspnasèfb `s lenut ebài ‖rbspnasb + lefb,‟ nr lefb tn rbspnam tn s`tult`nas à l wly tglt prnmujbs innm nutjnobs. Yb f`db tn jlff `t, sòpfy, jnopbtbajb. @t `s ant banuig tn sòpfy eflob pb npfb hnr tgb`r brrnrs nr àjlple`f`ty. Zupbrv`snrs oust ﬌rst lsd wglt tgby lrb fljdài tglt fbt tgb prnefbo njjur. Lff tgrbb nh tgb ]Y@ sd`ffs lrb, à bssbajb, lenut fblmbrsg`p. ]gby mbvbfnp spbj`﬌j sd`ffs tglt lrb tlribtbm lt fblmài pbnpfb tn onrb mbs`rlefb nutjnobs. Ygba bopfnybbs glvb jna﬌mbajb à tgb`r supbrv`snrs tn gbfp tgbo sujjbbm lam ﬅnur`sg à tgb`r knes, `t `s l alturlf nutjnob tglt tgby w`ff hnffnw tg`s iu`mlajb, danwài `t w`ff tldb tgbo tn tglt ebttbr pfljb bvbry àm`v`mulf str`vbs hnr. @h tgby hnffnw ynu, tgba ynu lrb fblmài. Bvbrynab wlats tgb`r f`vbs tn òprnvb mly ey mly, lam tgus bvbrynab `s lfwlys fnndài hnr innm fblmbrsg`p. Eut kust glvài ynur gblrt à tgb rìgt pfljb `s ant banuig. Jnopbtbajb à tgbsb sd`ffs `s bssbat`lf tn ilà tgb pbnpfb‐s trust.

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@a tg`s jglptbr wb glvb sbba gnw tgb ]Y@ obtgnmnfni`bs wbrb mbsìabm tn jlpturb tgb guola bfbobat à bljg nh tgb sd`ffs tgby prnontb. Ey boenmyài l trub rbspbjt hnr pbnpfb, tgby ibt tn tgb bssbajb nh fblmbrsg`p ey tbljgài supbrv`snrs tgb sd`ff nh bailiài tgb`r pbnpfb wgba tgby pbrhnro tgb v`tlf huajt`nas nh tbljgài knes, prbvbatài lam snfvài pbnpfb prnefbos, lam òprnvài obtgnms tn oldb tgbo slhbr lam bls`br tn mn. Najb tgbsb sd`ffs lrb olstbrbm, supbrv`snrs ebjnob jnopbtbat à pbrhnroài tgb`r v`tlf rnfb nh ibttài nut qulf`ty nutput lt tgb prnpbr jnst. L hnjus na tgbsb sd`ffs, tgba, jrbltbs l jufturb nh jnopbtbajb à wg`jg v`tlf tlsds, hrno entg tgb supbrv`snr‐s stlampnàt lam tgb npbrltnr‐s stlampnàt, lrb pbrhnrobm sd`ffhuffy na l rbiuflr els`s.

Jglptbr 7

Jufturb Eu`fmài lt Y. F . Inrb Yglt dàm nh jufturb wnufm l jnoplay glvb tn glvb tn eb f`stbm, hnr tgb tg`rtbbatg yblr à l rnw, na Hnrtuab Olilzàb‐s f`st nh tgb ‖<33 Ebst Jnopla`bs tn Ynrd Hnr‟ lam tn eb tg`rtbbatg à tglt 53<3 rladài> * Sbrglps l jnoplay tglt Hlst Jnoplay olilzàb jlffbm lt tgb bam nh 533=, ‖pnuam †hnr pnuam, tgb onst àanvlt`vb jnoplay à Lobr`jl,‟ lam rladbm auoebr tg`rty na tgb f`st nh tgb wnrfm‐s ﬌hty onst àanvlt`vb jnopla`bs à 5330.‡ Y. F. Inrb & Lssnj`ltbs, tgb jnoplay tglt Y`febrt (E`ff) Inrb stlrtbm w`tg g`s w`hb Ibabv`bvb (X`bvb) à <027 à tgb`r elsbobat oldài bfbjtr`jlf jlefb, gls irnwa à `ts ﬌hty-pfus-yblr g`stnry tn $5.2 e`ff`na à rbvbaub w`tg aàb tgnuslam lssnj`ltbs. ]nmly, tgby oldb tgnuslams nh m`vbrsb prnmujts, àjfumài hler`js (tgb wltbrprnnh, erbltglefb INUB-]BW® hler`j `s pbrglps tgb`r ebst danwa prnmujt), ﬌ebr, jlefb, obm`jlf mbv`jbs, ﬌ftrlt`na prnmujts, sblflats, lam vbatài prnmujts. ]gby lrb nab

* † ‡

<33 Ebst Jnopla`bs tn Ynrd Hnr 53<3,Hnrtuab, Hberulry 7, 53<3. ]gb Hler`j nh Jrblt`v`ty, Hlst Jnoplay, Mbjboebr <, 533=. ]gb Hlst Jnoplay 23”5330, Hlst Jnoplay, gttp;//www.hlstjnoplay.jno/ hlst23^30/f`st-lff.

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5:7

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nh tgb twn guamrbm flribst pr`vltbfy gbfm jnopla`bs à tgb Ra`tbm Ztltbs.* Ramnuetbmfy, l dby hljtnr à Inrb‐s sujjbss gls ebba tgb jnoplay‐s ua`qub, anag`brlrjg`jlf, tblo-elsbm jufturb. @a jrbltài tg`s typb nh wnrd bav`rnaobat, E`ff mrbw gblv`fy hrno g`s bxpbr`bajbs lt tgb MuSnat Jnoplay, wgbrb gb wnrdbm hnr sbvbatbba yblrs. Murài g`s tòb tgbrb, gb njjls`nalffy wnrdbm na solff tlsd hnrjbs, jrbltbm tn snfvb prnefbos. Gb ant`jbm tglt tgb solff s`zb nh tgbsb tlsd hnrjbs, lam tgb`r fljd nh g`brlrjgy, balefbm tgbo tn prnefbo snfvb qu`jdfy lam bhhbjt`vbfy. ]gb tlsd hnrjbs lfsn lffnwbm E`ff tn ebttbr nesbrvb g`s jnffbliubs‐ tlfbats. ]gbsb tblos npbrltbm hnr gnrt s murlt`nas, uat`f g tb prnefbos tglt tgby lttljdbm wbrb rbsnfvbm. Ygy, tgba, E`ff wnambrbm, jnufma‐t gb strujturb la bat`rb nrila`zlt`na tn npbrltb tg`s wly> ]g`s tgàdài plvbm tgb wly hnr Inrb‐s ﬅlt ‖fltt`jb‟ strujturb. Xbry hbw t`tfbs bx`st w`tgà tgb batbrpr`sb, lam lff bopfnybbs lrb rbhbrrbm tn ls lssnj`ltbs. ]gb jnoplay `s lfsn hrbb nh trlm`t`nalf enssbs lam olalibrs. @astblm, Inrb gls fblmbrs, wgn bobrib elsbm na tgb`r danwfbmib, sd`ff, lam le`f`ty tn lttrljt hnffnwbrs. Raf`db enssbs, tgby glvb an lssìabm lutgnr`ty. Bvbry lssnj`ltb lfsn gls l spnasnr”l hbffnw lssnj`ltb wgn upgnfms lam tbljgbs tgb Inrb jufturb. Zpnasnrs lfsn gbfp tgb`r ‖spnasbbs‟ olxò`zb tgb`r jnatrèut`nas. Bvbry lssnj`ltb gls tgb hrbbmno tn jglaib spnasnrs `h tgby hbbf tgb rbflt`nasg`p `s ant wnrdài. Inrb‐s p`nabbrài jnrpnrltb jufturb lam olalibobat strujturb mn onrb tgla sòpfy jrbltb l hlvnrlefb wnrd *

Y. F. Inrb & Lssnj`ltbs 4 G`stnry, Y`d`pbm`l, gttp;//ba.w`d`pbm`l.nri/ w`d`/Y.^F.Înrb^lam^Lssnj`ltbs.

Jufturb Eu`fmài lt Y. F. Inrb

bav`rnaobat. ]gby pfly l jr`t`jlf rnfb à mr`vài eusàbss rbsufts, ey hnstbrài pbrsnalf à`t`lt`vb, àanvlt`na, lam m`rbjt jnooua`jlt`na. Lt tgb gblrt nh tgb jufturb lrb hnur iu`mài pràj`pfbs, wg`jg E`ff hnrolffy nutfàbm à l <098 plpbr m`strèutbm tn lssnj`ltbs, jlffbm ‖]gbFltt`jb Nrila`zlt`na”L Sg`fnsnpgy nh Batbrpr`sb.‟ ]gbsb pràj`pfbs lrb àtbambm tn gbfp iu`mb lssnj`ltbs à tgb`r mly-tn-mly mbj`s`na oldài, lam tgby rbolà l dby plrt nh tgb jnoplay‐s jufturb. Iu`mài Sràj`pfbs* ◱

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*

Hrbbmno; ]gb jnoplay wls mbsìabm tn eb la nrila`zlt`na à wg`jg lssnj`ltbs jla ljg`bvb tgb`r nwa inlfs ebst ey m`rbjtài tgb`r bhhnrts tnwlrm tgb sujjbss nh tgb jnrpnrlt`na4 ljt`na

`s pr`zbm4`s`mbls lrblsbajnurlibm4 lam oldài o`stldbs v`bwbm plrt nh tgb jrblt`vb prnjbss. Yb mb﬌ab hrbbmno ls ebài bopnwbrbm tn bajnurlib bljg ntgbr tn irnw à danwfbmib, sd`ff, sjnpb nh rbspnasè`f`ty, lam rlaib nh ljt`v`t`bs. Yb ebf`bvb tglt lssnj`ltbs w`ff bxjbbm bxpbjtlt`nas wgba i`vba tgb hrbbmno tn mn sn. Hl`rabss; Bvbrynab lt Inrb sàjbrbfy tr`bs tn eb hl`r w`tg bljg ntgbr, nur suppf`brs, nur justnobrs, lam laynab bfsb w`tg wgno wb mn eusàbss. Jnoo`tobat; Yb lrb ant lssìabm tlsds4 rltgbr, wb bljg oldb nur nwa jnoo`tobats lam dbbp tgbo. Yltbrfàb; Bvbrynab lt Inrb jnasufts w`tg ntgbr lssnj`ltbs ebhnrb tldài ljt`nas tglt oìgt eb ‖ebfnw tgb wltbrfàb‟”jlusài sbr`nus mlolib tn tgb jnoplay.

]ldba hrno Y. F. Inrb wbes`tb; gttp;//www.inrb.jno/ba^xx/jlrbbrs/ wgnwblrb/wgltwbebf`bvb/inrb-jufturb.gtof.

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5:0

5=3

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]gb wltbrfàb pràj`pfb usbs l enlt ls la lalfniy tn jnooua`jltb tgb òpljt jbrtlà ljt`nas jnufm glvb na tgb jnoplay. Ygba snobnab mr`ffs l gnfb lenvb l sg`p‐s wltbrfàb, `t gls rbflt`vbfy f`ttfb òpljt. Gnwbvbr, wgba snobnab mr`ffs l gnfb ebfnw tgb wltbrfàb, `t tgrbltbas tn sàd tgb bat`rb sg`p. ]g`s jnajbpt `s put àtn prljt`jb wgba lssnj`ltbs jnas`mbr wglt `s à tgb ebst àtbrbst nh tgb bat`rb jnoplay ebhnrb oldài mbj`s`nas na tgb`r nwa tglt oìgt mn mlolib ebfnw tgb wltbrfàb. @a bhhbjt, E`ff wls jrbltài l jufturb wgbrb àanvlt`na jnufm ﬅnur`sg w`tgnut r`sdài m`slstbr. @t wls l jnoeàlt`na nh hrbbmno lam rbspnasè`f`ty, sn tglt àm`v`mulfs jnufm tgr`vb bvba ls tgby jnoo`ttbm tgb`r bhhnrts tn tgb fnai-tbro gblftg lam irnwtg nh tgb jnoplay.

Obm`jlf Srnmujts M`v`s`na Hnjusbs na ]rlàài Srnirlo @oprnvbobats Inrb‐s obm`jlf prnmujts m`v`s`na olauhljturbs l flrib vlr`bty nh obm`jlf mbv`jbs, sujg ls bamnvlsjuflr* stbat irlhts, syatgbt`j vlsjuflr irlhts, gblrt prnstgbsbs, lam gbra`l rbpl`r oltbr`lf. Y`tg nvbr 52 o`ff`na mbv`jbs sg`ppbm nvbr tgb`r tg`rty-yblr g`stnry, tgb m`v`s`na pr`mbs `tsbfh à ﬌amài snfut`nas tn jnopfbx obm`jlf prnefbos. ]gb`r prnmujts fbvbrlib Inrb‐s vlst bxpbrt`sb à ﬅunrnpnfyobr tbjganfniy”tgb slob tbjganfniy rbspnasèfb hnr prnmujts f`db INUB-]BW® hler`j. *

]gb Lobr`jla Gbr`tlib Obm`jlf M`jt`nalry (gttp;//www.ynurm`jt`nalry.jno/ obm`jlf/bamnvlsjuflr) mb﬌a`t`na; ‖Nh nr rbfltài tn l suri`jlf prnjbmurb à wg`jg l jltgbtbr jnatlàài obm`jlt`nas nr oà`lturb àstruobats `s àsbrtbm pbrjutlabnusfy àtn l efnnm vbssbf hnr tgb trbltobat nh vlsjuflr m`sblsb.‟


Ls w`tg lff nh Inrb‐s prnmujt m`v`s`nas, qulf`ty `s nh utonst òpnrtlajb tn tgb obm`jlf m`v`s`na. Mnjtnrs rbfy na Inrb‐s obm`jlf tbjganfniy tn òprnvb, lam nhtba slvb, plt`bats‐ f`vbs. ]gbrbhnrb, tgb prnmujts oust pbrhnro à s`tult`nas wgbrb hl`furb `s ant la npt`na. ]n basurb tglt `ts obm`jlf prnmujts obbt tgb gìgbst stlamlrms, Inrb hnffnws vbry stràibat qulf`ty jnatrnf oblsurbs à tgb olauhljturb nh tgbsb prnmujts. @a 5337, tgb m`v`s`na fluajgbm l olauhljturài trlàài prnirlo mbsìabm tn òprnvb jnas`stbajy lonai olauhljturài trlàbrs lam lssnj`ltbs, jlffbm tgb Olauhljturài ]rlàài Znfut`nas Srnkbjt (Ol]rZ). ]gb prnkbjt o`ss`na wls mb﬌abm ls ‖l tblo nh lssnj`ltbs mbm`jltbm tn mnài wglt olttbrs”jrbltài snfut`nas tglt lffnw hnr l onrb jnas`stbat, bhhbjt`vb, lam trlashbrlefb olauhljturài trlàài prnjbss.‟ Olauhljturài trlàbrs lt bljg nh Inrb‐s obm`jlf pflats tbljg knes usài lpprnvbm stlamlrm npbrltài prnjbmurbs (ZNSs). Lt tgb tòb tgb prnkbjt fluajgbm, à nrmbr tn òprnvb trlàài sd`ffs, snob trlàbrs lfsn wbat tgrnuig l trlà-tgb-trlàbr prnirlo mbsìabm tn òprnvb jnooua`jlt`na sd`ffs lam bfbvltb lwlrbabss nh m`hhbrbat fblraài styfbs. ]g`s prnirlo wls gbfphuf tn trlàbrs4 gnwbvbr, `t wls rbjnia`zbm tglt onrb jnufm eb mnab tn lmmrbss gnw pbnpfb fblra knes à m`hhbrbat wlys. @a bssbajb, Inrb‐s obm`jlf m`v`s`na wlatbm onrb jnas`stbajy w`tg gnw prnjbss mbtl`fs wbrb ebài tluigt tn lssnj`ltbs. Ebhnrb l snfut`na jnufm eb prnpnsbm, l jnoprbgbas`vb abbms lssbssobat wls abbmbm. Inrb‐s fblraài lam mbvbfnpobat tblo plrtabrbm w`tg tgb olauhljturài tblo tn ebià rbjru`tài l pbrsna wgn jnufm fblm tg`s trlàài bhhnrt.

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5=<

5=5

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L Hnrobr Bmujltnr ]ldbs tgb Fblm Zuzlaab Zo`tg, wgn wnrdbm ls la bfbobatlry sjgnnf tbljgbr hnr bìgt yblrs ebhnrb knàài Inrb, wls jnamujtài trlàài lam jnooua`jlt`nas hnr m`v`s`nalf snhtwlrb òpfbobatlt`nas wgba sgb ebila trlas`t`naài àtn tgb abw rnfb nh fblmài tgb Olauhljturài ]rlàài Znfut`nas Srnkbjt. Zuzlaab‐s eljdirnuam à bmujlt`na balefbm gbr tn bvlfultb tgb vlf`m`ty nh tgb m`hhbrbat olauhljturài trlàài prnirlos lam obtgnms sgb wls rbv`bwài. @a tgb oblatòb, l prnjbss baiàbbr à Inrb‐s obm`jlf m`v`s`na glm lttbambm la Lssnj`lt`na hnr Olauhljturài Bxjbffbajb (LOB) jnahbrbajb wgbrb gb glm gblrm lenut tgb ]Y@ prnirlo. Gb wls bxj`tbm lenut wglt gb fblrabm, lam gb sglrbm tgbsb àsìgts w`tg olauhljturài fblmbrs, snob nh wgno wbrb lfsn l plrt nh Inrb‐s npbrlt`nalf bxjbffbajb (NSBW) tblo, wnrdài na jnatàunus òprnvbobat lam Fbla-rbfltbm ljt`v`t`bs f`db dl`zba bvbats. Lhtbr gblrài lam rblmài onrb lenut tgb ]Y@ prnirlo, nab pflat ebila usài plrts nh tgb ]Y@ obtgnm lt Inrb, lam tgby ebila sbbài rbsufts. Zuzlaab àhnrolffy gblrm lenut tg`s bhhnrt hrno nab nh tgb olauhljturài fblmbrs wgn sglrbm, ‖Gbrb‐s snobtgài àtbrbstài tglt wb‐rb wnrdài na.‟ ]gnuig tgb ]Y@ ljt`v`ty wls st`ff lt l vbry fnw-dby fbvbf, sgb dabw `t wls l obtgnm tglt glm lppblf tn Inrb lssnj`ltbs. Lhtbr jnamujtài jnas`mbrlefb rbsblrjg, Zuzlaab m`sjnvbrbm tgb ]rlàài Y`tgà @amustry‐s Kne @astrujt`na (K@) prnirlo wls tgb nafy wbff-mb﬌abm lam ernlmfy usbm hnrolf olauhljturài trlàài obtgnmnfniy. Nh jnursb, tgbrb wbrb ntgbr npt`nas lvl`flefb, eut tgby glm ebba mbvbfnpbm w`tgà jbrtlà jnopla`bs, à rbspnasb tn tgb


spbj`﬌j abbms nh tgnsb jnopla`bs. Y`tg Inrb‐s ua`qub jufturb, Zuzlaab dabw tglt sgb wnufm abbm n t ﬌am snobtgài tglt wnufm ﬌t à wbff w`tg tgb wly tgb jnoplay trbltbm `ts lssnj`ltbs”ls tblo oboebrs lam ant ls suenrmàltbs. Onrbnvbr, ls l hnrobr tbljgbr, sgb lfsn dabw tglt tgbrb wls onrb tn fblraài tgla kust tbffài snobnab wglt tn mn. ]gb prnirlo glm tn eb elsbm na snuam pràj`pfbs nh gnw lmufts fblra lam mbvbfnp sd`ffs. Ls sgb rblm f`tbrlturb na ]Y@, lam ebila lttbamài ]Y@ wbeàlrs, Zuzlaab hbft bvba onrb jbrtlà tglt tgb prnirlo wnufm eb l innm ﬌t hnr Inrb. ‖@t ebjlob bv`mbat tglt Inrb‐s ua`qub jufturb wls l innm oltjg w`tg tgb ]Y@ pg`fnsnpgy,‟ sgb slys. @a lmm`t`na tn ebài òprbssbm w`tg tgb prnirlo‐s tòb-prnvba sujjbss rltb, wg`jg òobm`ltbfy ilvb `t jrbmè`f`ty, Zuzlaab slw olay plrlffbfs ebtwbba tgb ]Y@ obtgnms lam Inrb‐s jufturb. Hnr bxlopfb, tgb ]Y@ obtgnms hnjusbm strnaify na fblmbrsg`p mbvbfnpobat, lam tg`s pg`fnsnpgy lfìabm w`tg Inrb‐s hrbbmno pràj`pfb, mb﬌abm ls ‖ebài bopnwbrbm tn bajnurlib bljg ntgbr tn irnw à danwfbmib, sd`ff, sjnpb nh rbspnasè`f`ty, lam rlaib nh ljt`v`t`bs.‟ Ls Srbs`mbat lam JBN ]brr` Dbffy sl`m à Klaulry 53<3 lhtbr tgb jnoplay olmb Hnrtuab Olilzàb ‐s ‖<33 Ebst Jnopla`bs tn Ynrd Hnr‟ f`st, ‖Inrb rbolàs trub tn `ts jnrb vlfubs…. Yb rbjnia`zb tgb òpnrtlajb nh hnstbrài l wnrd bav`rnaobat wgbrb pbnpfb hbbf ont`vltbm, bailibm lam plss`naltb lenut tgb wnrd tgby mn.‟* Zuzlaab mbj`mbm tn tldb na tgb rnfb nh fblmài tgb Ol]rZ prnkbjt, lam lftgnuig sgb lfrblmy glm l dbba *

Y. F. Inrb & Lssnj`ltbs Jnatàubs @ts ]rlm`t`na ls Nab nh Alt`na‐s Ebst Ynrdpfljbs, Y. F. Inrb Ybes`tb; Abws lam Bvbats, gttp;//www.inrb.jno/ba^ xx/abws/HNU]RAB-53<3.gtof.

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5=:

5==

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sbasb tglt ]Y@ wnufm eb tgb tnnf sgb wlatbm tn usb, sgb pusgbm hnrwlrm w`tg tgb abbms lssbssobat lam spbat tgrbb onatgs iltgbrài mltl ljrnss tgb bat`rb obm`jlf m`v`s`na. ]gb rbsufts `mbat`﬌bm tgrbb òprnvbobat nppnrtua`t`bs rbfltbm tn trlàài; <. Nrila`zlt`nalf trlàài rnfbs lam bxpbjtlt`nas 5. ]rlàài jnas`stbajy :. Abw g`rb trlàài Zuzlaab hbft sgb glm innm tnnfs à pfljb tn obbt lff tgrbb nh tgbsb `mbat`﬌bm abbms gblm na. Zgb tgba rbv`s`tbm K@ ls l pntbat`lf trlàài obtgnmnfniy tn òprnvb trlàài jnas`stbajy. Zgb ebila plssài nut ennds lam gnstài wbeàlrs wgbrb pbnpfb wbrb àv`tbm tn jnob lam glvb l jup nh jnhhbb wg`fb fblraài lenut ]Y@. Zàjb Inrb‐s obm`jlf m`v`s`na glm lfrblmy tr`bm ]Y@ lt nab nh `ts pflats, `t glm snob onobatuo eu`ft up hnr tgb prnirlo. Eut sgb m`ma‐t wlat tn rusg à lam laanuajb, ‖]g`s `s wglt wb‐rb mnài.‟ Zgb hbft `t wls oujg solrtbr tn ‖eb àtbat`nalf, eut eb plt`bat‟ lam tn eu`fm `t up irlmulffy. Yglt `s onrb, Zuzlaab abbmbm tn bstlef`sg l prnkbjt jnrb tblo lam ‖ibt tgb rìgt pbnpfb à pfljb rìgt up hrnat.‟ H`rst, sgb rbjru`tbm l trlàài jnnrmàltnr tglt glm lfrblmy ebba usài K@ murài Inrb‐s à`t`lf àtrnmujt`na. Gb wls l alturlf sgnb-à tn gbfp nut lam wls vbry suppnrt`vb nh tgb bhhnrt. Lantgbr trlàài jnnrmàltnr knàbm tgb tblo ebjlusb sgb wls vbry plss`naltb lenut trlàài lam glm ebba fnndài hnr snobtgài f`db K@. ]gb ﬌alf trlàài jnnrmàltnr knàbm tgb jnrb tblo oujg fltbr, lhtbr sgb glm tldba tgb à`t`lf tba-gnur K@ trlàài lam lttbambm tgb ]Y@ Zuoo`t à Jàjàalt` à Oly 5330. Gbr


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5=2

bxj`tbobat lam batgus`lso wg`fb lttbamài tgbsb bvbats olmb gbr l pbrhbjt ﬌t tn knà tgb prnkbjt. @a tgb oblatòb, Zuzlaab glm jnatljtbm tgb ]Y@ @ast`tutb à Klaulry 5330 lam hnuam tgby jnufm i`vb gbr tgb suppnrt abbmbm tn sujjbsshuffy fblra gnw tn jnamujt tgb ]Y@ prnirlo lt Inrb. Elsbm na tgb oltbr`lf sgb rblm lenut ]Y@, gbr jnavbrslt`nas w`tg tgb lutgnrs, lam tgb obm`jlf m`v`s`na‐s pr`nr wnrd w`tg tgb ]Y@ prnirlo, sgb wls lefb tn jnastrujt la nrila`zlt`nalf trlàài rnfb strlw ola. Zgb usbm tg`s onmbf tn jnooua`jltb gbr suiibst`nas hnr olauhljturài trlàài rnfbs lam bxpbjtlt`nas tn tgb rbst nh tgb obm`jlf m`v`s`na (sbb Hìurb 7.<). ]rlàài Jnnrmàltnr

Slrtabrs w`tg prnmujt`na fblmbrs Jnoo`ttbm tn ouft`pfb prnmujt fàbs

Srnmujt Fàb ]rlàài Jglop`nas

Auoebr elsbm na prnjbss jnopfbx`ty, fbvbf nh lutnolt`na, auoebr nh lssnj`ltbs Slrtabrs w`tg lrbl (@a-rnno) fblmbrs Zpbams l pnrt`na nh tòb (]EM ey tgb eusàbss) à prnmujt`na

Srnjbss ]rlàbrs

S]

S]

Auoebr elsbm na prnjbss jnopfbx`ty, fbvbf nh lutnolt`na, auoebr nh lssnj`ltbs Zpbams olknr`ty nh tòb à prnmujt`na uat`f tlppbm tn trlà

Nffi-Fàb Lssboefy ]rlàài Jbatbr

Auoebr `s elsbm na prnjbss Jnufm eb usbm hnr U&M lam/nr prnmujt`na mbpbamài na eusàbss abbm

Hìurb 7.< Olauhljturài trlàbr nrila`zlt`nalf onmbf”Hberulry 59, 5330. (Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na nh Y.F. Inrb & Lssnj`ltbs, Abwlrd, MB.)

5=8

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Zgb prbsbatbm tgb strlw ola murài l dl`zba bvbat wgbrb l jrnss-huajt`nalf lam jrnss-m`v`s`nalf tblo wls iltgbrbm tn tljdfb tgb tlsd nh rb﬌aài tgb Inrb trlàài nrila`zlt`nalf onmbf. Najb tgb o`ss`na wls ljjnopf`sgbm, lam l strnai onmbf wls jrbltbm ey tgb dl`zba tblo, Zuzlaab hbft sbjurb tglt tgb prnirlo wls sbt up hnr sujjbss. ]g`s onmbf wnufm eb tgb hnuamlt`na hnr tgb sujjbsshuf òpfbobatlt`na nh K@ tgrnuignut tgb à`t`lf p`fnt lam rnffnut prnjbss, lilà basurài tglt tgb rìgt pbnpfb”lssnj`ltbs plss`naltb lenut trlàài”wnufm eb na enlrm tn suppnrt sujjbss.

]gb H`rst Eì Gurmfb; Glamfài K@ Erbldmnw as à tgb \ulf`ty Zystbo Najb tgb Olauhljturài ]rlàài Znfut`na Srnkbjt sbfbjtbm K@ ls tgb trlàài obtgnm nh jgn`jb, Inrb‐s qulf`ty lssurlajb (\L) tblo ebila tn ilà batgus`lso lrnuam tgb pntbat`lf hnr òprnvài trlàài jnas`stbajy. Lftgnuig tgb olauhljturài tblo lfrblmy glm l snf`m hnuamlt`na hnr prnjbss bxjbffbajb, tgby dabw tgby abbmbm l ebttbr wly tn jnooua`jltb dby àhnrolt`na w`tg lssnj`ltbs à trlàài. Ls tgb prnkbjt tblo ebila àtrnmujài tgb K@ obtgnm, tgb \L tblo òobm`ltbfy slw tgb vlfub à `t ls l tbljgài obtgnm, eut tgby abbmbm onrb àhnrolt`na lenut tgb usb nh tgb K@ erbldmnwa sgbbt tglt jlob lfnai w`tg tgb prnirlo. Lhtbr lff, tgby pnàtbm nut, tgb wnrd prnjbssbs wbrb lfrblmy mb﬌abm à tgb ZNS”wgy m`m tgby abbm tn àtrnmujb lantgbr mnjuobat> Zuzlaab rblf`zbm tglt tg`s jnajbra wls la òpnrtlat `ssub tglt wnufm abbm tn eb tgnuigthuffy jnas`mbrbm.


Zgb òobm`ltbfy sbt up onatgfy obbtàis w`tg \L lssnj`ltbs à nrmbr tn ibt tgbo àvnfvbm à gnw tgb trlàài obtgnm wnufm eb àtrnmujbm à l p`fnt tbst (sbb abxt sbjt`na). Gbr olà inlf wls tn ibt dby \L lssnj`ltbs lam \L fblmbrs àvnfvbm à tgb K@ p`fnt tn basurb tgb òpfbobatlt`na tblo wls obbtài lff qulf`ty systbo rbqu`rbobats. ]gbsb obbtàis npbabm up w`tg qubst`nas f`db, ‖Gnw mn ynu tgàd tgb p`fnt `s inài>‟ lam ‖Yglt glvb ynu sbba à tgb p`fnt tglt wnrds, lam wglt glvb ynu sbba tglt mnbsa‐t>‟ Jnavbrslt`na tgba onvbm qu`jdfy tn tgb rblf `ssub; Gnw jnufm K@ eb àtbirltbm àtn tgb obm`jlf m`v`s`na‐s jurrbat qulf`ty systbo, lam onrb spbj`﬌jlffy, gnw jnufm tgb K@ erbldmnwa sgbbts eb ernuigt àtn tgb bx`stài qulf`ty systbo tn jnopfbobat ZNSs>

]gb ZNS @s tgb ]bxtennd, tgb K@E @ s tgb Fbssna Sfla Ygba Sltr`jd m`m tgb à`t`lf tba-gnur sbss`nas nh K@ hnr tgb irnup à Hflistlhh lt tgb bam nh Oly 5330, gb bxpflàbm tglt tgb K@ erbldmnwa sgbbts wbrb f`db antbs hnr trlàbrs tn usb murài àstrujt`na. Sbr @ZN 033<;5337 stlamlrms, lff mnjuobats abbm tn eb ‖suekbjt tn tgb mnjuobat jnatrnf rbqu`rbobats nh jflusb =.5.:.‟* Lam ls \L pnàtbm nut, ynu jla‐t glvb ‖uajnatrnffbm antbs à tgb olauhljturài lrbls.‟ Jrbltài abw mnjuobats nuts`mb nh tgb jnatrnffbm ZNSs wnufm eb jnuatbr tn tgb hnuamlt`na nh tgb bstlef`sgbm qulf`ty systbo.

*

@atbralt`nalf Nrila`zlt`na hnr Ztlamlrm`zlt`na, gttp;//www.`sn.nri/`sn/ `sn^jltlfniub/ olaliboba t^stlamlrms/`sn^0333^`sn^<=333/`sn^033< ^5337/ iu`mlajb^na^tgb^mnjuo batlt`na^rbqu`rbobats^nh^`sn^033 <^5337.gto.

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5=9

5=7

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Zuzlaab ebila ey bxpflàài tglt tgby sgnufm fnnd lt tgb K@ prnjbss lt `ts onst els`j fbvbf”tbljgài la lssnj`ltb wgn gls abvbr mnab tgb kne ebhnrb. ]gb ZNS mnjuobats tgb prnjbss tn eb fblrabm lam rnutàbfy bxbjutbm4 trlàài `s tgb jnooua`jlt`na tglt jrbltbs l er`mib ebtwbba tgb tbjga`jlf prnjbss lam qulf`ty bxbjut`na nh tglt prnjbss. Lam, tgbrb `s lfwlys rnno hnr òprnvài trlàài, bspbj`lffy wgba ynur lum`bajb `s l pbrsna wgn gls an uambrstlamài nh tgb wnrd lam gnw `t `s tn eb mnab. ]gb trl` abr‐s kne `s tn basurb la lssnj`ltb‐s wnrd lfìas w`tg tgb mbtl`fs nh tgb ZNS. Inài eljd najb lilà tn gbr bxpbr`bajb ls l tbljgbr, Zuzlaab rboboebrbm gnw sgb wnufm jrbltb fbssna pflas lgblm nh tòb tglt wnufm iu`mb gbr tgrnuig gbr jflssbs, oldài surb sgb jnvbrbm tgb oltbr`lf à tgb rìgt lonuat lam tgb rìgt nrmbr w`tgnut o`ssài laytg` ai. ]glt, nh jnursb, wnufm ant tldb lwly tgb abbm hnr tbxtennds tglt gbr stumbats wnufm stumy na tgb`r nwa bvba ls sgb iu`mbm tgbo tgrnuig tgb oltbr`lf à l f`vb jflssrnno sbttài. Rsài tglt onmbf, sgb bxpflàbm gnw tgb ZNS wls lalfninus tn tgb tbxtennd; l mbtl`fbm mbsjr`pt`na, w`tg p`jturbs lam ntgbr `ffustrlt`nas, nh gnw l kne `s mnab tglt jla eb stum`bm hnr nvbrlff uambrstlamài lam tn ibt àhnrolt`na na oàutb mbtl`fs wgba abbmbm. ]gb K@ erbldmnwa sgbbt, na tgb ntgbr glam, `s oujg f`db tgb tbljgbr‐s fbssna pfla; la nutfàb nh wglt ynu lrb inài tn tbljg tglt `s nafy hnr tgb usb nh tgb trlàbr à nrmbr tn lffnw gò nr gbr tn tbljg tgb kne prnpbrfy, à tgb jnrrbjt nrmbr, lam w`tgnut o`ssài laytgài. @a tgb slob wly tglt stumbats abbm entg tgb tbxtennd lam tgb jflssrnno àstrujt`na à nrmbr tn olstbr l suekbjt, olauhljturài lssnj`ltbs abbm l trlàbr tn gbfp tgbo olstbr tgb kne bvba ls tgby stumy tgb ZNS hnr nvbrlff jnoprbgbas`na. Lam


ebjlusb wb lrb mblfài w`tg lmufts, tgb lmmbm mòbas`na nh ibttài tgb pbrsna tn jlrb lenut fblraài tgb kne àjrblsbs tgb abbm hnr strnai àstrujt`na sd`ff. Ey jglaiài tgb plrlmìo nh tgb K@ erbldmnwa sgbbt hrno ‖antbs‟ tn ‖fbssna pfla,‟ sgb wls lefb tn jnooua`jltb gnw tgb jnajbpt nh K@ wnrdbm tn bhhbjt`vbfy lam jnas`stbatfy tbljg knes tn olauhljturài lssnj`ltbs. Onrbnvbr, ey bopgls`zài tgb rbflt`nasg`p nh tg`s fbssna pfla tn tgb tbxtennd, sgb wls lefb tn rblssurb tgbo tglt, hlr hrno rbpfljài tgb ZNSs, tgb K@ erbldmnwa sgbbt wnufm rbfy na tgb ZNSs hnr tgb`r jnatbat lam suestlajb. Jflr`hyài tgb hljt tglt lssnj`ltbs wnufm st`ff eb rbqu`rbm tn usb tgb ZNSs hnr mbtl`fs lam iu`mlajb murài lam lhtbr tgb`r trlàài wls l v`tlf hljtnr à netlàài \L bamnrsbobat à tgb usb nh tgb K@ obtgnm ey trlàbrs w`tgà tgb olauhljturài lrbls. (Zbb Jglptbr = hnr l jnopfbtb m`sjuss`na na gnw K@ erbldmnwa sgbbts wnrd w`tg ZNSs.) Yglt rbolàbm, tgba, wls hnr tgb prnkbjt tblo tn ﬌iurb nut gnw tn jnatrnf tgbsb trlàài mnjuobats na tgb pflat ﬅnnr.

@atbirltài K@ Erbldmnwa Zgbbts àtn tgb \ulf`ty Zystbo @a tgb obbtàis w`tg tgb qulf`ty tblo nvbr sbvbrlf onatgs, Zuzlaab‐s tblo wnrdbm m`fìbatfy tn bxpfnrb m`hhbrbat oblas ey wg`jg tgby jnufm trljd lam jnatrnf tgb @K erbldmnwa sgbbts à l wly tglt wnufm slt`shy tgb qulf`ty systbo rbqu`rbobats. Nab jnajbrawls tglt nfmbr vbrs`nas oìgt eb fbht ebgàm, lam tgb trlàbrs wnufm usb tgbsb nutmltbm vbrs`nas, bvba lhtbr tgb jnrrbspnamài ZNSs glm ebba upmltbm nr jglaibm. Lam \L wlatbm lssurlajb

◱

5=0

523

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tglt trlàbrs wnufm jnas`stbatfy bailib tgb rìgt lpprnvbrs wgba jrbltài tgb K@ erbldmnwas, lam tg`s oìgt eb onrb m`h﬌juft `h tgb mnjuobats rbolàbm nuts`mb nh tgb bstlef`sgbm qulf`ty systbo. ]gb prnkbjt tblo jnas`mbrbm m`hhbrbat obtgnms hnr lpprnvài, auoebrài, stnrài, lam upmltài tgb K@ erbldmnwa sgbbts, eut jnatàulffy int guai up na tgb jnopfbx`t`bs nh lfìaài tgbsb mnjuobats w`tg tgb ZNSs tgby wbrb jnaabjtbm tn. Ls nhtbatòbs glppbas wgba fnndài hnr l jnopfbx snfut`na tn l sòpfb prnefbo, tgby hnuam tglt tgb laswbr wls hlr bls`br tn òpfbobat tgla bxpbjtbm. ‖Yb lfrblmy glvb l systbo Thnr jnatrnffài ZNSs_,‟ l qulf`ty fblmbr rboàmbm tgb tblo, ‖Tsn_ fbt‐s oldb tgb systbo wnrd hnr us.‟ Ygy jnob up w`tg l m`hhbrbat wly nh mnài tg`s> ]ldb tgb bx`stài systbo lam oldb jglaibs sn ls tn àtbirltb K@ rìgt àtn `t. Lam, ls `t turas nut, tgb jglaibs abbmbm tn oldb tg`s glppba wbrb oànr. L onrb hnrolf`zbm pltg tnwlrm sujjbsshuf àtbirlt`na nh K@ àtn tgb qulf`ty systbo ebila tn bobrib. Zuzlaab, lam l \L fblmbr jnoo`ttbm tn tgb sujjbsshuf àtbirlt`na nh K@, abxt obt w`tg la bxpbrt na tgb m`v`s`na‐s prnmujt f`hb jyjfb olalibobat (SFO) snhtwlrb tblo. Hrno tg`s obbtài l snfut`na wls snf`m`﬌bm tglt wnufm oldb usb nh tgb lfrblmy bstlef`sgbm e`ff nh oltbr`lfs (ENO)/mnjuobats strujturb à SFO tn bstlef`sg l m`rbjt bfbjtrna`j plrbattn-jg`fm rbflt`nasg`p ebtwbba tgb K@ erbldmnwa sgbbts lam tgb`r rbfltbm ZNS.* ]gba, wgba ynu jlffbm up la ZNS mnjuobat à tgb snhtwlrb, ynu jnufm v`bw `ts ENO tn sbb tgb lssnj`ltbm K@ erbldmnwa sgbbts4 ebjlusb lay nab ZNS jnvbrbm tgb wgnfb nh l plrt`juflr prnjbss, `t *

Ebjlusb nh jna﬌mbat`lf`ty lirbbobats w`tg Y. F. Inrb, wb lrb ualefb tn rbprnmujb tgnsb sjrbbas à tg`s ennd.


jnufm jnas`st nh sbvbrlf erbldmnwa sgbbts. Lmm`t`nalffy, tgb snhtwlrb gnusbm tgb qulf`ty jglaib jnatrnf prnjbss lam wls mbsìabm sn tglt `h lay jglaibs wbrb olmb à tgb ZNS, tgb lppf`jlefb kne erbldmnwa wls bls`fy v`bwlefb tn basurb pntbat`lf upmltbs wnufm eb jnas`mbrbm ey trlàbrs. Lff nrìàlf erbldmnwas put à tgb systbo wbrb tn eb hnrolffy rbv`bwbm lam lpprnvbm pbr tgb qulf`ty systbo rbqu`rbobats. Zàjb tgb K@ erbldmnwa sgbbts wnufm eb invbrabm ey tgb bstlef`sgbm qulf`ty systbo lfnai w`tg tgb ZNSs, tgbrb wls an abbm tn bstlef`sg l abw auoebrài systbo. ]gb K@ erbldmnwas wnufm rbjb`vb tgb`r nwa auoebr w`tgà tgb bstlef`sgbm qulf`ty systbo. ]gb K@ erbldmnwa sgbbt tgba glm `ts nwa auoebr lam `ts alob ebjlob KE #< hnr xyz, w`tg xyz ebài tgb auoebr nh tgb ZNS. @a tglt wly, tgb t`tfb nh tgb K@ erbldmnwa sgbbt rbhbrrbm m`rbjtfy tn `ts rbfltbm ZNS. ]gby àjfumbm tg`s àhnrolt`na à tgb`r erbldmnwa sgbbt hnrolt (sbb Hìurb 7.5), wgbrb tgb mnjuobat auoebr `s tgb auoebr lssìabm tn tgb K@ erbldmnwa sgbbt lam tgb KE auoebr sòpfy rbhbrbajbs gnw olay erbldmnwas in w`tg tglt ZNS. Hnr bxlopfb, tg`s mnjuobat `s KE auoebr : nh ﬌vb tntlf K@Es hnr tg`s plrt`juflr ZNS auoebr. Ant`jb lfsn tgb antb lt tgb tnp nh bljg erbldmnwa, wg`jg rboàms tgb usbr tglt `t `s nafy à suppnrt nh trlàài lam sgnufm ant eb usbm ls l tnnf tn ljtulffy eu`fm tgb prnmujt. ]g`s `s à fàb w`tg jnrrbjt K@ prljt`jb, wg`jg m`jtltbs tglt tgb erbldmnwa `s hnr tgb àstrujtnr‐s usb lam ‖ant tn eb sgnwa tn tgb fblrabr.‟ ]gby lfsn onm`﬌bm sfìgtfy tgb jnatbat nh tgb kne erbld mnwa tn àjfumb la ZNS rbhbrbajb jnfuoa tglt wnufm lffnw tgb trlàbr tn rbhbr lay nh tgb òpnrtlat stbps nh tgb erbldmnwa eljd tn tgb jnrrbjt stbp à tgb ZNS (sbb Hìurb 7.5).

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52<

525

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Mnjuobat auoebr; KE ###### ]`tfb; KE #< hnr ZNSWWWWWW Antb; ]g`s mnjuobat `s usbm tn suppnrt l trlàbr‐s kne àstrujt`na lam `s ant eb usbm tn olauhljturb prnmujt. KE#WnhW

Lvbrlibtòbtntrlà;

Zìa`﬌jlajb nh npbrlt`na;

Npbrlt`na;

]nnfs lam oltbr`lfs;

Hìurb 7.5

Y. F. Inrb kne erbldmnwa sgbbt hnrolt. (Ubpràtbm

w`tg pbro`ss`na nh Y.F. Inrb & Lssnj`ltbs, Abwlrd, MB.)

@h trlàbrs abbmbm jflr`﬌jlt`na nr onrb mbtl`f na lay nab nh tgb òpnrtlat stbps ebài trlàbm, tgby jnufm qu`jdfy rbhbrbajb tglt àhnrolt`na à tgb ZNS. @a tg`s wly, l fàd wls olmb ebtwbba tgb obtgnms ebài tluigt ey trlàbrs lam tgb stlamlrm wnrd mb﬌abm à tgb ZNS. ]g`s K@ erbldmnwa tbopfltb, lfnai w`tg la ZNS mb﬌aài tgb usb nh tgb Kne @astrujt`na trlàài obtgnm, ebjlob mnjuobats w`tgà tgb qulf`ty systbo. Y`tg l oblas anw tn basurb tglt jnrrbjt lam up-tn-mltb erbldmnwa sgbbts tglt jnopf`bm w`tg tgb obtgnms m`jtltbm ey tgb ZNSs wbrb lfwlys usbm wgba


@opnrtlat Ztbps

ZNS Ubhbrbajb

L fni`jlf sbiobat nh tgb npbrlt`na wgba snobtgài glppbas tn

ZNS Ztbp Ubhbrbajb

lmvlajb tgb wnrd

DbySnàts <. Oldb nr erbld tgb kne 5. @akurb tgb wnrdbr

Ublsnas Ublsnas hnr tgb dby pnàts

:. Oldb tgb wnrd bls`br tn mn

<. 5.

:.

=. 2.

8.

9. 7.

Hìurb 7.5 (jnatàubm).

trlàài knes, tgb pltg hnrwlrm tn usb tgb K@ obtgnm wls jnooua`jltbm tn \L lam olauhljturài fblmbrsg`p. Zuzlaab hbft tglt tgb blsb ey wg`jg tgby jnufm upmltb tgb SFO snhtwlrb w`tgà tgb bstlef`sgbm qulf`ty systbo tn ljjnoonmltb tgb K@ erbldmnwas ‖spndb tn tgb mbsìa nh tgb qulf`ty systbo‐s tnnfs.‟ @t lfsn sgnws gnw tgb K@ erbldmnwa sgbbt ﬌ts sblofbssfy àtn l snuam systbo nh qulf`ty jnatrnf. @a tgb bam, tgnuig, wglt wls onst òpnrtlat tn tgb sujjbss nh tgb Ol]rZ prnkbjt wls tglt sgb wls lefb tn jnooua`jltb tg`s jr`t`jlf p`bjb lam mbonastrltb

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52:

52=

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`t”tgby glm olmb l onjdup nh tgb systbo tn sgnw gnw `t wnufm wnrd”tgus ilàài tgb suppnrt nh tgb dby stldbgnfmbrs tn onvb hnrwlrm w`tg usài K@ erbldmnwas. Ebài lefb tn jnooua`jltb tg`s huajt`nalf`ty lam jnatrnf nh tgb K@ erbldmnwas w`tgà tgb qulf`ty systbo wls tgb dby tn òpfbobatài òprnvbm trlàài jnas`stbajy.

Unffnut nh tgb S`fnt Ygba Zuzlaab mbtbroàbm tglt ]Y@ wls tgb rìgt tnnf tn suppnrt tgb sbjnam Ol]rZ prnkbjt mbf`vbrlefb, sgb ebila pflaaài w`tg tgb ]Y@ @ast`tutb tn rua twn tbagnur sbss`nas nh K@ à fltb Oly 5330. Zgb rbjru`tbm twbaty fblrabrs lam snob ﬌htbba nesbrvbrs. Ls qulf`﬌jlt`nas tn plrt`j`pltb ls l fblrabr à tgb jflss, lssnj`ltbs glm tn; ◱

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Eb hrno l pflat w`tg nrila`zlt`nalf trlàài rnfbs lam bxpbjtlt`nas Eb jurrbatfy huf﬌ffài l jnoo`tobat ls trlàài jglop`na (t`tfb hnr kne trlàbrs) Glvb bxjbffbat wr`ttba, vbrelf, lam àtbrpbrsnalf jnooua`jlt`nas sd`ffs Glvb tgb le`f`ty tn nrila`zb, sjgbmufb, lam hlj`f`tltb obbtàis Glvb tgb le`f`ty tn `mbat`hy tgb hnffnwài lenut prnjbssbs à tgb`r lrbl; ∕ Onst jnopfbx ∕ Fnaibst trlàài tòb ∕ Sr`nr`ty nh prnmujt`na lam trlàài tlsds


Lhtbr tgb trlàài wls jnopfbtbm, tgbsb K@-jbrt`﬌bm trlàbrs tgba wbat eljd tn tgb`r rbspbjt`vb pflats, wgbrb tgby sbfbjtbm knes tn erbld mnwa lam trlà usài K@ à nrmbr tn oblsurb tgb bhhbjts nh tgb trlàài obtgnm. Zuzlaab‐s tblo wnrdbm w`tg bljg pflat tn bstlef`sg ua`qub jr`tbr`l hnr sbfbjtài à`t`lf knes tn p`fnt tgb obtgnm. Hnr bxlopfb, lt tgb pflat wgbrb tgby glm lfrblmy ebba usài ]Y@, tgby sbfbjtbm twn knes, bljg à twn m`hhbrbat lrbls, à nrmbr tn jnoplrb tgbo tn wglt tgby glm mnab prbv`nusfy w`tg K@. @a twn ntgbr pflats, l tntlf nh bìgt pbnpfb glm tldba tgb K@ jflss, wg`jg lffnwbm snob twbaty-﬌vb knes tn eb erndba mnwa elsbm na tgb hnffnwài jr`tbr`l; ◱ ◱ ◱

Jnopfbx`ty ]rlàài tòb rbqu`rbm Auoebr nh abw lssnj`ltbs

Bljg pflat prnjbbmbm w`tg tgb p`fnt lt l m`hhbrbat pljb eut jnatàubm tn onvb lgblm ebjlusb nh tblownrd lam tgb suppnrt lam jnljgài tgby ilvb tn bljg ntgbr ls eummài K@ trlàbrs. ]gb oboebrs nh tgb Ol]rZ tblo, wgn fbm tgb ljt`v`t`bs lt bljg pflat, ls wbff ls tgb trlàài jglop`nas fblmài tgb p`fnt trlàài, gbfpbm bljg ntgbr nut, entg pgys`jlffy lam bont`nalffy, bvba inài tn ntgbr oboebrs‐ obbtàis lam gbfpài tgbo w`tg trlàài mbonastrlt`nas. Ls Zuzlaab bxpflàbm lt tgb bam nh tgb prnkbjt, ‖Ebjlusb nur jnrb tblo glm tgb suppnrt nh bljg ntgbr, wb jnatàubm tn stly na trljd. Nab pbrsna jnufm gbfp lantgbr wgba gbfp wls abbmbm.‟ Bljg lssnj`ltb àvnfvbm dabw gb nr sgb wls stbppài àtn uajglrtbm tbrr`tnry ey usài trlàài tbjga`qubs abw tn tgb jnoplay. ]gby glm tn

◱

522

528

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ibt `t rìgt. Eut ebjlusb nh tg`s outulf tblo suppnrt, ls wbff ls strnai suppnrt hrno fblmbrsg`p, bljg àm`v`mulf jnufm glvb hl`tg tglt tgbrb wls snobnab tgbrb tn gbfp lam oldb surb gb nr sgb m`m ant hl`f.

@atrnmujài tgb Srnirlo Yg`fb Fblraài tn Oldb Kne Erbldmnwas @a tgb ebiàaài, lam tg`s `s trub hnr lay jnoplay stlrtài nut usài tgb K@ obtgnm, trlàbrs wnrd glrm oldài kne erbldmnwas. Yg`fb tgb usb nh tgb hnur-stbp obtgnm hnr trlàài `s prbtty wbff uambrstnnm lam olstbrbm à tgb à`t`lf tba-gnur trlàài sbss`nas, oujg onrb prljt`jb lam bxpbr`bajb `s abbmbm tn pbrhbjt tgb sd`ff nh oldài innm kne erbldmnwas. Ey wnrdài tnibtgbr lam tryài abw tgàis, oboebrs nh tgb Ol]rZ tblo jlob up w`tg l hnur-plrt mbvbfnpobat prnjbmurb, oujg f`db tgb K@ hnur-stbp obtgnm `tsbfh, à wg`jg tgby tnnd tgb`r abw kne erbldmnwas tgrnuig l rìnrnus prnjbss nh oldài surb tgby glm tgb òpnrtlat stbps lam dby pnàts bxljtfy ls tgby abbmbm tgbo. Nab trlàài jnnrmàltnr à plrt`juflr ebjlob l dby mr`vbr nh tgb mbvbfnpobat nh tg`s prnjbss w`tgà gbr pflats. ]g`s prnjbss mbf`vbrbm ouft`pfb ebab﬌ts tn tgb trlàbrs lam tn tgb jnoplay nvbrlff ebjlusb `t ant nafy gbfpbm tgbo lrr`vb lt innm kne erbldmnwas, eut `t ernuigt vlr`nus huajt`nalf irnups tnibtgbr tn m`sjuss jrblt`na nh tgb erbldmnwas bvba ls tgb trlàbrs ilàbm bssbat`lf prljt`jb à usài tgb K@ hnurstbp obtgnm tn tbljg tgb knes. @a tgb ﬌rst rnuam nh prljt`jb, rboboebrài wglt Sltr`jd glm tnfm tgbo à jflss lenut tryài nut lam ‖rnlm tbstài‟ l


abw erbldmnwa na tgb ﬅnnr, tgby tnnd l rnuig mrlht nhgb t erbldmnwa lam tluigt `t tn snobnab à gt b pflat. Ebjlusb tgby wbrb jnasj`nus nh ant sfnwài mnwa prnmujt`na à tgb à`t`lf tr`lf ruas, tgby mbj`mbm tn glvb lrbl nr prnmujt`na fblmbrs ljt ls trlàbbs lam fblra tgb kne. ]gbsb fblmbrs m`m ant glvb tn eb hrno tgb lrbl nr bvba danw lenut tg`s kne. @t wls l wly nh sbbài `h tgb erbldmnwa olmb sbasb tn l danwfbmiblefb lssnj`ltb, lam `t lffnwbm hnr l hrbsg sbt nh bybs tn fnnd lt tgb erbldmnwa tn sbb `h `t wnrdbm. Nvbr lam lenvb tglt, tgnuig, tgb obtgnm lfsnjrbltbm tgb lmmbm ebab﬌t nh àtrnmujài tgb K@ obtgnm tn tgbsb fblmbrs ls tgby plrt`j`pltbm à tgb fblraài prnjbss. ]g`s bhhnrt wbat l fnai wly à jrbltài àtbrbst lam onobatuo à tgb K@ prnirlo ls, irlmulffy, onrb lam onrb olauhljturài tblo oboebrs wbrb bxpnsbm tn tgb prnirlo lam ebjlob batgus`lst`j lenut `ts usb. Zuzlaab slw tg`s ljt`v`ty ls l irnuam-up prnjbss tglt ﬌t à wbff w`tg tgb Inrb jufturb. Y`tg snob hbbmeljd hrno tg`s à`t`lf tr`lf, tgb trlàbrs olmb lmkustobats tn tgb`r erbldmnwas lam tgba sbt nut tn rnlm tbst tgbo lilà, à tgb sbjnam rnuam, w`tg prnjbss baiàbbrs ljtài ls tgb fblrabrs. Zuzlaab rblf`zbm tgb ebab﬌t nh baiàbbr àvnfvbobat w`tg K@ rìgt up hrnat ebjlusb sgb dabw tglt baiàbbrs lrb dby prnjbss lam ZNS stldbgnfmbrs. Baiàbbrs, wgn nhtba wr`tb tgb ZNSs, typ`jlffy usb tbjga`jlf tbros tn mb﬌ab tgb prnjbss. Ls l rbsuft, abw fblrabrs tglt lrb trlàài tn tgb prnjbss oly abbm hurtgbr bxpflalt`na. ]g`s sbjnam rnuam lffnwbm olauhljturài trlàbrs lam prnjbss baiàbbrs tn plrtabr jfnsbfy tn m`sjuss K@ erbldmnwa jnatbat, lam lffnwbm trlàbrs tn vbr`hy tglt tgb`r erbldmnwas wbrb tbljgài tgb kne jnrrbjtfy ls m`rbjtbm ey tgb ZNS.

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Ey tg`s pnàt, tgb trlàbrs glm inttba tgb`r erbldmnwas tbjga`jlffy jnrrbjt, lam tgby wbrb rblmy tn àtrnmujb tgbo tn tgb iboel lam tn tgnsb wgn ljtulffy pbrhnrobm tgb wnrd tn eb trlàbm. @a tgb tg`rm rnuam tgby trlàbm tgb knes tn tgb fblmbrs nh tgb lrbl wgn wbrb m`rbjtfy à jglrib nh tgbsb knes. ]g`s lffnwbm tgbo tn ibt hbbmeljd na gnw tgb erbldmnwas wbrb wr`ttba, na tgàis tglt wbrb fbht nut nr o`ssài, nr na tgàis tglt wbrb m`h﬌juft tn uambrstlam. ]g`s lfsn lffnwbm tgb lrbl fblmbrs tn uambrstlam à onrb mbtl`f tgb trlàài tglt wnufm eb jnamujtbm w`tg tgb`r tblos. @a lff tgrbb nh tgbsb à`t`lf rnuams, wg`fb tgb olà nekbjt`vb wls tn ﬌ab-tuab lam pbrhbjt tgb erbldmnwa hnr tgb kne, bljg tòb tgb trlàbrs prljt`jbm usài tgb Kne @astrujt`na hnur-stbp obtgnm ls tgby tluigt tgb kne tn fblmbrs lam baiàbbrs. Oboebrs nh tgb Ol]rZ tblo sbrvbm ls jnljgbs lam lssbssnrs, i`vài trlàbrs hbbmeljd na tgb`r pbrhnrolajb lam gbfpài tgbo pbrhbjt tgb`r usb nh tgb obtgnm. Onrbnvbr, pbnpfb sbrvài ls fblrabrs nr nesbrvbrs jnufm w`tabss tgb K@ prnjbss à ljt`na lam ibt l innm hbbf hnr wglt tg`s abw trlàài prnirlo wls lff lenut. @a tgb ﬌alf, hnurtg rnuam nh tgb erbldmnwa mbvbfnpobat prnjbss, l olauhljturài lssnj`ltb wgn m`m ant danw tgb kne wnufm eb trlàbm. Gbrb tgb lssbssnr wnufm nesbrvb tgb àstrujt`na eut sly antgài lam mn l ﬌alf bvlfult`na nh tgb trlàbr‐s usb nh tgb K@ hnur-stbp obtgnm. ]gb trlàbrs wnrdbm glrm lt st`jdài bxljtfy tn tgb hnur stbps, danwài tgby wbrb ebài lssbssbm. @a bhhbjt, tg`s wls tgb ﬌alf tbst tn eb surb tgb erbldmnwa wls uambrstnnm lam wnrdài ls mbsìabm. Eut `t wls lfsn l ﬌alf jgbjd nh tgb trlàbr tn eb surb gb nr sgb glm olstbrbm


tgb K@ hnur-stbp obtgnm ebhnrb gb nr sgb wbat nut natn tgb ﬅnnr tn ebià tgb ibabrlf trlàài nh tgb kne. Najb tgb kne erbldmnwas wbrb jnopfbtbm lam rblmy hnr usb, tgb trlàbrs tnnd tgbo nut tn tgb ﬅnnr lam ebila trlàài pbnpfb, entg abw lam bxpbr`bajbm lssnj`ltbs, wgn ljtulffy pbrhnrobm tgbsb knes. ]gbsb trlàài sbss`nas, à bhhbjt, jnast`tutbm tgb ‖p`fnt‟ nh tgb K@ obtgnm, lam tgb tblo wls surb tn tldb antb nh lay obtr`js lssnj`ltbm w`tg bljg nh tgbsb knes hnr usb à tgb ﬌alf bvlfult`na. Ls tgb ljtulf trlà ài onvbm hnrwlrm, nab trlàài jnnrmàltnr antbm gnw tgb K@ hnur-stbp obtgnm lutnolt`jlffy tnnd àtn ljjnuat lff tgrbb nh tgb trlàài styfbs tgby glm ebba tluigt à tgb`r prbv`nus trlà-tgb-trlàbr prnirlo; lum`tnry, v`sulf, lam dàbstgbt`j. Ygbrbls prbv`nusfy trlàbrs wnufm try tn lmkust tn wg`jgbvbr styfb tgb fblrabr bxgè`tbm, w`tg K@ tgby wbrb jnvbrài lff tgrbb styfbs, rbilrmfbss nh wgn tgb trlàbrs wbrb, wgba tgby ‖tnfm, sgnwbm, lam `ffustrltbm‟ tgb mbtl`fs nh tgb kne à Ztbp 5, lam tgba ljtulffy glm tgb fblrabr pbrhnro tgb kne, tgb dàbstgbt`j * lpprnljg, à Ztbp :. @a suoolry, tgb hnur-stlib prnjbss nh oldài l K@ erbldmnwa wbat ls hnffnws; H`rst rnuam; ]luigt tn trlàài jglop`nas ant hlo`f`lr w`tg tgb prnjbss tn jgbjd ibabrlf uambrstlamài nh erbldmnwa jnatbat4 rbv`s`nas olmb tn erbldmnwa. Zbjnam rnuam; ]luigt tn baiàbbrs tn jna﬌ro tgb tbjga`jlf jnatbat nh erbldmnwa à rbflt`na tn tgb ZNS4 rbv`s`nas olmb tn erbldmnwa. *

Ybestbr‐s Nafàb M`jt`nalry (gttp;//www.obrr`lo-wbestbr.jno) mb﬌a`t`na; ‖Nh nr rbfltbm tn dàbstgbs`s; tgb le`f`ty tn hbbf onvbobats nh tgb fòes lam enmy.‟

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]g`rm rnuam; ]luigt tn prnmujt`na fblmbr à jglrib nh tgb kne ebài trlàbm à nrmbr tn jgbjd hnr o`ssài jnatbat nr m`h﬌jufty à uambrstlamài4 rbv`s`nas olmb tn erbldmnwa. Hnurtg rnuam; ]luigt tn olauhljturài lssnj`ltb uahlo`f`lr w`tg kne ls ﬌alf jgbjd nh erbldmnwa lam hnrolf lssbssobat nh K@ trlàbrs.

Ibttài Baiàbbrs @avnfvbm à tgb Srnjbss Nab vbry òpnrtlat ebab﬌t tgb prnkbjt tblo ant`jbm wg`fb jnamujtài tgb p`fnt wls àjrblsbm jnooua`jlt`nas ebtwbba baiàbbrs, fblmbrs, lam trlàbrs. Nab trlàài jnnrmàltnr nesbrvbm, ‖@t wls irblt tn sbb tgbsb irnups wnrd sn wbff tnibtgbr.‟ Yg`fb tgb baiàbbrs dabw lff lenut tgb bqu`pobat, spbj`﬌jlt`nas, lam tbjga`jlf mbtl`fs nh tgb kne, wnrdài na tgb K@ erbldmnwas lffnwbm onrb ebst prljt`jbs tn eb jlpturbm tn baglajb trlàài tn tgb kne. ]gb olauhljturài stbps oìgt batl`f l irblt mblf nh mbxtbr`ty à gnw tgb oltbr`lfs lam tnnfs lrb glamfbm lam tgbsb jnufm tgba eb `mbat`﬌bm ls dby pnàts à Kne @astrujt`na. Zbrvài ls fblrabrs à tgb prljt`jb àstrujt`nas, tgb baiàbbrs ernuigt up qubst`nas lenut tgb knes lam, ey fnndài lt tgb knes hrno tgb fblrabr‐s pbrspbjt`vb, tgby qu`jdfy ebila tn sbb tgàis tglt jnufm eb jglaibm nr òprnvbm. ]g`s lmmbm tn entg tgb qulf`ty nh tgb erbldmnwas lam tgb rbsufts ljg`bvbm lhtbr tgb trlàài wls jnopfbtbm. Baiàbbrs jnufm tgba rbhbr eljd tn tgb`r Kne @astrujt`na bxpbr`bajb ls tgby wnrdbm na ntgbr ZNSs lam abw prnkbjts. ]g`s wls enrab nut à nab pflat wgbrb l prnmujt`na fblmbr wgn glm tldba tgb K@ jflss rbturabm tn wnrd na


l abw prnmujt mbvbfnpobat bhhnrt. Ynrdài w`tg baiàbbrs tn mbsìa abw prnjbssbs, àjfumài wr`tài ZNSs, sgb àjnrpnrltbm tgb K@ tbjga`qub àtn tgb wnrd tgby wbrb mnài, lam `t ebila tn sgnw pns`t`vb òpljt lfonst òobm`ltbfy. Ey baglajài tgb mbvbfnpobat prnjbss tn àjfumb dby pnàts nh tgb wnrd, tgby wbrb lefb tn erài tgb baiàbbrài wnrd tglt oujg jfnsbr tn tgbiboel.

Ubsufts lam Jnajfus`na ]grnuignut tg`s p`fnt pbr`nm, Zuzlaab lam tgb prnkbjt tblo glm ebba obbtài rbiuflrfy w`tg \L, ls mbsjrèbm à tgb prbv`nus sbjt`na, tn wnrd tgrnuig gnw tgb K@ obtgnm, lam à plrt`juflr tgb K@ erbldmnwa sgbbts, jnufm eb àtbirltbm àtn tgb bx`stài qulf`ty systbo. Zuzlaab dabw tglt tgbsb m`sjuss`nas wbrb fbss lenut gnw tgb p`fnt wls ebài jnamujtbm lam onrb lenut ebài rblmy tn fluajg lam sustlà K@ lhtbr tgb p`fnt wls nvbr. ]gb nrìàlf inlf nh tgb prnkbjt wls tn mbf`vbr l trlàài obtgnm tn tgb m`v`s`na tglt jnufm obbt tgb prnkbjt inlfs, lam sgb glm jna﬌mbajb tglt tgb p`fnt wnufm prnvb K@ tn eb tgb bhhbjt`vb tnnf tgby abbmbm. Gbr wnrd w`tg tgb dby stldbgnfmbrs, tgba, bvba ls tgb p`fnt wls ebài jnamujtbm, ebila tn plvb l pltg hnr tglt obtgnm tn eb òpfbobatbm sblofbssfy najb tgb p`fnt wls jnopfbtb. Ls tgb bam nh 5330 lpprnljgbm, gbr tblo jnffbjtbm tgb rbsufts nh lff tgb obtr`js lam mltl hrno lff tgb knes ebài tluigt usài K@, ls wbff ls hbbmeljd hrno tgb dby pbnpfb àvnfvbm. ]gbsb mltl olmb up tgb p`fnt suoolry rbpnrt, wg`jg wls lmmbm tn tgb nrìàlf K@ p`fnt qulf`ty pfla lam àjfumbm tgb hnffnwài;

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Lay mbv`lt`nas hrno tgb nrìàlf pfla L f`st nh lssnj`ltbs wgn plrt`j`pltbm na bljg pflat‐s òpfbobatlt`na tblo Lssnj`ltbs wgn glm ebba `mbat`﬌bm tn pntbat`lffy ebjnob K@ olstbr trlàbrs ]bopfltbs tglt glm ebba mbvbfnpbm murài tgb p`fnt tn l`m à K@, sujg ls tgb trlàài tòbtlefb, kne erbldmnwa tbopfltb (sbb Hìurb 7.5), kne erbldmnwa tlsd f`st (usbm tn pr`nr`t`zb lam trljd KE jrblt`na), lam trlàbr/KE lssbssobat hnro (sbb Hìurb 7.:) L suoolry nh lff K@ ljt`v`t`bs à bljg pflat, àjfumài tgb ZNSs tglt wbrb erndba mnwa, tgb rlt`nalfb hnr àtrn mujài K@ à tglt lrbl, lam lay lssnj`ltbm ljt`v`t`bs \ulf`tlt`vb hbbmeljd jnffbjtbm ey survby hrno fblrabrs tglt wbat tgrnuig l trlàài sbss`na usài K@ Ubjnoobamlt`nas na àjnrpnrltài K@ àtn tgb qulf`ty systbo Ubjnoobamlt`nas na gnw tn lssbss K@ trlàbrs lam KEs L jnajfus`na stltbobat tglt àm`jltbm tgb rbqu`rbobats nh tgb qulf`ty pfla glm ebba obt lam tgb mbtbroàlt`na nh tgb p`fnt ls l sujjbss

]g`s rbv`s`na tn tgb qulf`ty pfla wls sueo`ttbm tn dby huajt`nalf fblmbrs hnr rbv`bw lam lpprnvlf. Najb tgb pfla wls lpprnvbm, tgb rbsufts wbrb sglrbm w`tg tgb Ol]rZ spnasnrsg`p tblo (slob ls l stbbrài jnoo`ttbb jnopr`sbm nh eusàbss fblmbrs). Y`tg tgb lmm`t`na nh tgb suoolry rbpnrt, tgb qulf`ty pfla à bssbajb ebjlob la òpfbobatlt`na prnpnslf nutfàài tgb rbjnoobamlt`nas na gnw K@ jnufm ebst eb òpfbobatbm tgrnuignut tgb nrila`zlt`na. ]g`s lffnwbm eusàbss fblmbrs tn tgba


Npbrlt`na;

f rl b a b I

OM/KEauoebr;

Ztlrttòb; Mltb;

Sflat;

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Bamtòb; Lrbl;

Fblrabr; ]rlàbr;

N Baiàbbr

N Abw lssnj`ltb N Fblmbr Lssbssnr;

Jnoobats;

p u t b Z

N ZNS

N Efubjlrm

N Kneerbldmnwa

N Ynrdebajg

Jnoobats; N

Suts pbrsna

N Ztltbs kne

N Hàms wglt `s danwa

N Ubv`bws tnnfs

N Ubv`bws plrts

N Suts fblrabr à pns`t`na

N Dby pnàts NNNNN

N Ublsnas wgy NNNNN

b tg b r l p b r S

lt blsb r b rd N Ublms ZNS n w

b tg t a b s rb S

a t`n l r b p n

t u -n ry]

N @opnrtlat stbps NNNNN b j a l N Jfblràstrujt`na ro n rh b p Jnoobats;

N

@atbrbst à kne

Jnoobats;

N @opnrtlat stbps NNNNN N Jfblràstrujt`na

N Oàòlfwnrms

N UbhbrbajbsZNS

Jnoobats;

N Dby pnàts NNNNN N Oàòlfwnrms

p -u w n ff n H

N @opnrtlat stbps NNNNN

a w n dm l b r e e n K

N Oàòlf wnrmài

N Oàòlf òpnrtlat stbps

N HnffnwsZNS

N Ublsnaslrbjfblr

N Jfblràstrujt`na

N Dby pnàts NNNNN N Oàòlfwnrms

N Ublsnas wgy NNNNN N UbhbrbajbsZNS

N Ublsnas wgy NNNNN N UbhbrbajbsZNS

Jnoobats;

N Oàòlf dby pnàts pbr stbp N Elflajbm

Jnoobats;

Hìurb 7.:

]rlàbr/Kne @astrujt`na Lssbssobat Hnro. (Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`s-

s`na nh Y.F. Inrb & Lssnj`ltbs, Abwlrd, MB.)

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oldb l danwfbmiblefb mbj`s`na na wgbtgbr K@ sgnufm eb rnffbm nut tgrnuignut tgb rbst nh tgb m`v`s`na. Lhtbr jlrbhuf rbv`bw, tgb spnasnrsg`p tblo lirbbm w`tg tgb rbjnoobamlt`nas lam suppnrtbm tgb m`v`s`nalf rnffnut nh K@. Yglt glppbabm abxt `s tglt tgb sujjbsshuf rbsufts nh tgb p`fnt wbrb suoolr`zbm lam jnooua`jltbm tn tgb rbst nh tgb eusàbss sn tgb eusàbss fblmbrs jnufm oldb tgb`r nwa mbj`s`nas na wgba lam gnw tn ebià òpfbobatlt`na. Bljg eusàbss nr pflat `s anw oldài pflas hnr fblmài `ts nwa K@ òpfbobatlt`na, lam tgb fbvbf nh batgus`lso `s gìg. ]gb rnfb nh Zuzlaab‐s tblo wls tn jrbltb l tbopfltb hnr gnw tn rnff nut K@ lam, glvài mnab tglt, sgb slys, ‖]gb rnlm `s anw plvbm, lam bljg tblo `s mr`vài mnwa `t.‟

Fblraàis lam Ubjnoobamlt`nas Inài tgrnuig l K@ p`fnt lffnwbm tgb tblo tn jrbltb la nppnrtua`ty hnr l vlr`bty nh fblraài bxpbr`bajbs tglt tgby wbrb tgba lefb tn put àtn tgb rbjnoobamlt`nas hnr K@ òpfbobatlt`na na l ernlmbr sjlfb. Y`tg tgb suppnrt lam pnwbr tglt tgb solff jnrb tblo prnv`mbm, à lmm`t`na tn tgb slhbty abt jlst ey bailibm eusàbss fblmbrsg`p, olay nppnrtua`t`bs lrnsb tn kuop à lam try nut m`hhbrbat wlys tn àtbirltb K@. ]g`s uftòltbfy fbm tn l sujjbsshuf jufturlf, eusàbss, lam qulf`ty systbo àtbirlt`na. Zuzlaab hbft tglt wglt tgby fblrabm lfnai tgb wly wnufm jbrtlàfy lfsn ebab﬌t laynab tryài tn òpfbobat K@ à l sò`flr s`tult`na wgbrb ynu glvb l flrib nrila`zlt`na tglt gls l strnaify mb﬌abm jufturb. Znob nh gbr àsìgts wbrb ls hnffnws;


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Ebià w`tg l strnai trlàbr nrila`zlt`nalf onmbf tglt ynu jla usb ls l hnuamlt`na hnr l sujjbsshuf òpfbobatlt`na. Jnas`mbr tg`s ls ynur hnuamlt`na, upna wg`jg ynu w`ff eu`fm ynur gnusb, nr ls Kò Jnffàs stltbs, ‖﬌rst wgn, tgba wglt.‟ H`rst ibt tgb rìgt pbnpfb na tgb eus, lam tgba mbj`mb wgbrb ynu lrb inài tn in. Ztlrt sfnw lam mna‐t rusg”eley stbps. Eu`fm onobatuo ey jnas`stbatfy sglrài rbfbvlat àhnrolt`na lam bhhbjt`vb jnooua`jlt`nas w`tg dby stldbgnfmbrs. Eb plt`bat lam fbt pbnpfb ibt àvnfvbm alturlffy à tgb prnjbss w`tgnut hnrjài tgbo. Srnv`mb glams-na bxpbr`bat`lf nppnrtua`t`bs w`tg ]Y@. Glvb l strnai jglop`na nh tgb ]Y@ prnirlo wgn jla bailib tgb lpprnpr`ltb stldbgnfmbrs w`tgà ynur nrila`zlt`na (f`db \L, olauhljturài, lam baiàbbrài). Mbpbamài na ynur nrila`zlt`na, `t `s onst f`dbfy ebttbr tn mbfly ynur òpfbobatlt`na lam wl`t hnr l plss`naltb jglop`na tn bobrib tgla tn stlrt blrfy w`tgnut l strnai fblmbr lam pntbat`lffy glvb ynur bhhnrts hl`f. ]g`s pbrsna oust eb wbff rbspbjtbm ey tgb eusàbss lam glvb innm hlj`f`tlt`na sd`ffs. @a ntgbr wnrms, gb nr sgb gls tn lpprbj`ltb tgb jnopfbx`t`bs nh wglt `s tryài tn eb ljjnopf`sgbm à olaliài l prnkbjt nh tg`s sjlfb, danw tgb abbms nh

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tgb eusàbss, lam eb plss`naltb lenut trlàài. Ibt lss`stlajb nr bxpbrt`sb à jnooua`jlt`nas. Mna‐t uambrbstòltb tgb ebglv`nr-jglaiài pnwbr nh innm jnooua`jlt`nas lam olrdbtài. Jnooua`jlt`nas blrfy à tgb prnjbss tn sgnw l v`s`na hnr gnw K@ jla àtbirltb àtn ynur jnrpnrltb bav`rnaobat `s l

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582

588

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jr`t`jlf p`bjb à ibttài tgb prnirlo nhh tgb irnuam lam onvài hnrwlrm. Zuzlaab hbbfs, ‖Pnu sòpfy glvb tn spbam tgb tòb up hrnat na tg`s tn ibt pbnpfb na enlrm.‟ ]gb `ssubs hljbm ey Zuzlaab lam gbr prnkbjt tblo tn àtbirltb ]Y@ àtn la lfrblmy wbff-bstlef`sgbm jnrpnrltb jufturb prnvbm jglffbaiài eut ant àsuronuatlefb. ]gb`r mbm`jlt`na lam tbalj`ty tn pursub l jlusb tgby ebf`bvbm à w`tg l tnnf tgby jnufm jnuat na wbrb tgb onst òpnrtlat hljtnrs tn tgb`r sujjbss. Glvài ljjnopf`sgbm tgb prnkbjt‐s inlf tn mbf`vbr l trlàài obtgnm, Zuzlaab‐s ﬌alf tlsd wls tn erài à tgb ]Y@ @ast`tutb tn trlà s`x nh tgb`r dby K@ trlàbrs tn tbljg tgb K@ tba-gnur jflss. Jgnsba hrno tgb trlàbrs tglt plrt`j`pltbm à tgb p`fnt, tg`s irnup nh trlàbrs jnufm tgba àtbralffy suppnrt tgb jnatàubm rnffnut nh K@ à tgb eusàbss lt l pljb eusàbss fblmbrs jnufm hbbf jnohnrtlefb w`tg. ]gb K@ olstbr trlàbrs irlmultbm à blrfy Klaulry 53<3 lam lrb anw jnamujtài K@ jflssbs hnffnwài tgb òpfbobatlt`na pflas nh bljg pflat ls tgby ebià tn oldb ]Y@ l plrt nh tgb wly tgby mn tgb`r eusàbss.

Jglptbr 0

] Y@ Ubturas tn Gblftgjlrb lt X`rià`l Olsna Obm`jlf Jbatbr * X`rià`l Olsna Obm`jlf Jbatbr (XOOJ) `s nab nh tgb tgrbb olknr gnsp`tlfs nh Zblttfb w`tg l stlhh nh hnur guamrbm bopfnybm pgys`j`las lam l tntlf nh ﬌vb tgnuslam bopfnybbs. ]gb gnsp`tlf, wg`jg àjfumbs l olà jlopus à tgb S`ff G`ff abìgenrgnnm nvbrfnndài Suibt Znuam lam sbvba rbi`nalf jbatbrs, gls ::8 ebms lam ibabrltbm $823 o`ff`na à abt rbvbaubs à 5337. Onst sìa`﬌jlatfy, XOOJ gls fnai ebba rbjnia`zbm ls tgb prbo`br usbr nh tgb ]nyntl Srnmujt`na Zystbo (]SZ) à tgb gblftgjlrb àmustry, lmv`sài sujg vbabrlefb prnv`mbrs ls tgb Olyn Jfà`j lam tgb Er`t`sg Alt`nalf Gblftg @asurlajb systbo na tgb lppf`jlt`na nh Fbla à gblftgjlrb. @a 5337, tgby hnrobm tgb X`rià`l Olsna @ast`tutb (XO@) tn prnv`mb bmujlt`na lam trlàài à tgb X`rià`l Olsna Srnmujt`na Zystbo (XOSZ), ls tgby jlff tgb`r vbrs`na nh ]SZ, tn ntgbr gblftgjlrb prnv`mbrs lam nrila`zlt`nas. *

Antb; @oprnvbobat obtr`js mbp`jtbm à tg`s jlsb stumy lrb l salpsgnt à tòb lam rbsufts tnmly oly m`hhbr.

589

587

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XOOJ tnnd `ts ﬌rst stbps tn ebjnoài l Fbla gnsp`tlf à Kuab 5335 wgba `t sbat `ts bat`rb tnp fbvbf nh olalibobat, nvbr tg`rty pbnpfb à tntlf, na l tg`rtbba-mly stumy tnur nh Fbla olauhljturbrs àjfumài ]nyntl à Klpla. Murài tgb stumy, tg`s irnup nh bxbjut`vbs ljtulffy bxpbr`bajbm glams-na wnrd à tgb lssboefy fàbs à nrmbr tn uambrstlam tgb jnajbpts lam lppf`jlt`na nh stlamlrm wnrd. Hnffnwài tgbsb à`t`lf stbps, tgb gnsp`tlf ebila òpfbobatài ]SZ pràj`pfbs lam tnnfs, àjfumài ]ldt tòb, 2Z, gb`kuadl, lam tgb dlaela systbo, lam à tgb ﬌rst hnur yblrs nh lppf`jlt`na slvbm $8 o`ff`na à pflaabm jlp`tlf àvbstobat, hrbbm up <:,333 squlrb hbbt nh spljb, rbmujbm àvbatnry jnsts ey $:83,333, jut wlfdài m`stlajbs, sgnrtbabm e`ff jnffbjt`na tòb, sflsgbm àhbjt`na rltbs, lam, onst òpnrtlatfy, òprnvbm plt`bat slt`shljt`na.* Ey tgb bam nh 5330, tgnsb rbsufts àjrblsbm tn $<< o`ff`na slvbm à pflaabm jlp`tlf àvbstobat, 52,333 squlrb hbbt nh spljb hrbbm up, $< o`ff`na slvbm à àvbatnry, lam stlhh wlfdài m`stlajbs rbmujbm ey 83 o`fbs pbr mly.† Yglt `s onrb, tgby wbrb lefb tn jut mnwa ey 72% tgb tòb `t tldbs tn ibt fle rbsufts rbpnrtbm eljd tn plt`bats wg`fb rbmujài flenr bxpbasbs (nvbrtòb lam tbopnrlry flenr) ey $233,333 à kust nab yblr.‡ @a 5339, ls plrt nh tgb`r nainài lam babribt`j bhhnrt tn rbpf`jltb tgb ]nyntl systbo, tgby rblm ]nyntl ]lfbat lam rblf`zbm hnr tgb ﬌rst tòb tglt tgbrb wls l obtgnm tgby jnufm fblra tglt wnufm gbfp tgbo prnontb tgb`r bhhnrts lt stlamlrm wnrd, l hnuamlt`na nh ]SZ. ]gby *

†

‡

]nyntl Lssboefy Fàb @asp`rbs @oprnvbobats lt Gnsp`tlf, ]gb Ylsgàitna Snst, Kuab :, 5332, p. L<. X`rià`l Olsna Obm`jlf Jbatbr, 5330 XOSZ Hljts, www.v`rià`lolsna.nri/ gnob/wnrd﬌fbs/pmhmnjs/prbss/vops^hlsthljts.pmh. @e`m.

]Y@ Ubturas tn Gblftgjlrb lt X`rià`l Olsna Obm`jlf Jbatbr

òobm`ltbfy ebila usài tgb jnajbpts tgby bf lrabm hrno ]nyntl ]lfbat, oldài erbldmnwas nh knes sujg ls ‖Glam Gyi`bab à Jnopf`lajb w`tg JMJ lam YGN Glam Gyi`bab Iu`mbfàbs‟ lam ‖]òb Nut Sr`nr tn Zuribry nr @avls`vb Srnjbmurbs,‟ lam tryài tn tbljg tgbsb knes usài tgb ]Y@ obtgnm. ]gby hnuam nut, tgnuig, tglt tgb`r erbldmnwas (sbb Hìurb 0.<) wbrb tnn mbtl`fbm lam fblrabrs wbrb jnahusbm ey tgb trlàài prnjbss”kust tgb nppns`tb nh wglt tgby bxpbjtbm tn ﬌am hrno tg`s tòbtbstbm obtgnm sn bhhbjt`vbfy usbm ey ]nyntl. ]gb gblm nh tgb Dl`zba Srnont`na Nh﬌jb lt XOOJ, Fàml Gbe`sg, lttbambm l ]Y@ wnrdsgnp i`vba ey us, tgb lutgnrs, lt la Lssnj`lt`na hnr Olauhljturài Bxjbffbajb jnahbrbajb à Zla M`bin à Kuab 5337. ]gbrb, sgb fblrabm tglt tgb ]Y@ prnirlos wbrb trlm`t`nalffy trlàbm hnffnwài l wbff-mb﬌abm rbj`pb tglt basurbm prnpbr fblraài lam usb nh tgb obtgnms. Onrbnvbr, sgb hnuam nut tgbsb trlàài jnursbs wbrb pljdlibm lam rblmy tn tbljg lamjnufm eb turabm na f`tbrlffy lt l onobat‐s ant`jb. Zgb ebjlob jnavàjbm tglt ]Y@ jnufm gbfp lmvlajb tgb nainài dl`zba bhhnrts lt XOOJ, eut abbmbm la batgus`lst`j prnontbr wgn jnufm fblm tg`s plrt nh tgb bhhnrt. Ygba sgb int eljd tn Zblttfb, sgb wnrdbm w`tg tgb bxbjut`vb fblmbrsg`p tblo lam tgba rbqubstbm hnr rblssìaobat jnas`mbrlt`na nab nh tgb`r aursbs hrno najnfniy, Olrtgl Surr`br, tn fblm tgb bhhnrt tn erài tgbsb trlàài prnirlos tn XOOJ.

]gb Uìgt Sbrsna hnr tgb Kne Ygba sgb int tgb jlff, Olrtgl Surr`br wls tgb m`rbjtnr nh tgb àplt`bat ua`t nh XOOJ‐s najnfniy mbplrtobat. Ls

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l jbrt`﬌bm najnfniy aursb, sgb wls lfsn l tbljgbr lam àstrujtnr lt vlr`nus aursài sjgnnfs à Zblttfb. Yg`fb sgb wls ant fnndài tn onvb nut nh najnfniy nr gbr rnfb ls l aursb, sgb wls bxj`tbm lenut tgb wnrd ebài mnab tn mltb w`tg ]SZ lam òobm`ltbfy slw tgb lppf`jlt`na nh innm trlàài wgba tnfm lenut tgb ]Y@ obtgnms. Olrtgl wls wbff danwa lt XOOJ ls babribt`j, ont`vltài, lam tbalj`nus lrnuam prnjbmurbs. @a gbr wnrd w`tg tgb X`rià`l Olsna Srnmujt`na Zystbo, Olrtgl glm lmo`rbm irbltfy tgb rnfb nh stlamlrm`zbm prnjbmurbs ls l hnuamlt`na hnr tgb òprnvbobat tgb nrila`zlt`na sn irbltfy mbs`rbm. Zgb hnuam gbrsbfh rbiuflrfy quntài ]l``jg` Ngan, hnuambr nh ]SZ, wgba gb sl`m, ‖Y`tgnut stlamlrms, tgbrb jla eb an òprnvbobat.‟ ]gba sgb hnuam gbrsbfh rbpbltài gbr nwa olatrl lrnuam stlamlrms lam dl`zba; ‖Ztlamlrms prnv`mb stle`f`ty. Ztle`f`ty prnv`mbs v`sè`f`ty. X`sè`f`ty prnv`mbs tlribts hnr dl`zba.‟ ]g`s wls gbr hlvnr`tb slyài lam tgb wnrms hnr wg`jg sgb wlatbm tn eb rboboebrbm ey. Y`tg tg`s strnai jnav`jt`na lrnuam stlamlrm wnrd, Olrtgl ljjbptbm tgb jglffbaib nh ebjnoài l m`rbjtnr à tgb Dl`zba Srnont`na Nh﬌jb (DSN) w`tg tgb o`ss`na nh òpfbobatài tgb ]Y@ prnirlo àtn tgb nrila`zlt`na. Zgb òobm`ltbfy ebila jnasuftài w`tg tgb ]Y@ @ast`tutb na innm strltbi`bs hnr ibttài tgb trub vlfub nut nh l ]Y@ àtrnmujt`na lam ebila ebajgolrdài w`tg ntgbr sujjbsshuf jnoplay rnffnuts. Zgb nrila`zbm tgb ﬌rst ]Y@ tba-gnur sbss`nas tn eb gbfm à Olrjg 5330 lam m`rbjtbm ey ]Y@ @ast`tutb olstbr trlàbr U`jglrm Lebrjrnoe`b. ]gby mbj`mbm tn sbfbjt la à`t`lf irnup nh tba wgn wnufm tldb entg tgb Kne @astrujt`na lam Kne Ubflt`nas onmufbs


à tgb slob wbbd. ]gbsb tba pbnpfb àjfumbm Olrtgl lam twn ntgbrs hrno tgb DSN, twn stlhh hrno jfà`jlf bmujlt`na, twn aursbs, lam tgrbb plt`bat jlrb tbjga`j`las (aursb‐s lss`stlats). XOOJ‐s ﬌rst strltbi`j onvb, tgba, wls tn ebià òpfbobatlt`na lt tgb plt`bat jlrb tbjga`j`la (SJ]) fbvbf w`tg lss`stlajb hrno tgb jfà`jlf bmujlt`na nh﬌jb, wgnsb olamltb wls tn eb surb lff gnsp`tlf pbrsnaabf wbrb wbff trlàbm à tgb`r knes. ]g`s onvb wnufm prnvb bxtrbobfy bhhbjt`vb ebjlusb, najb tgb ljtulf trlàài nh knes ebila, aursbs slw tgb pns`t`vb bhhbjts nh gnw tgb SJ]s wbrb ebài trlàbm lam jlob tn Olrtgl lsdài gnw tgby jnufm rbjb`vb tgb slob trlàài. Antlefy, tgb gblm nh aursài, Jglrfbba ]ljgèlal, slw tgb pnwbr nh tgb trlàài obtgnm lam qu`jdfy ebjlob l vnjlf lmvnjltb hnr `ts usb tgrnuignut.

@a`t`lf ]rlàài lam @asìgts @a prbplrlt`na hnr tgb`r ﬌rst ]Y@ trlàài, Olrtgl àstrujtbm tgb tba plrt`j`plats tn rblm ]nyntl ]lfbat lam rbv`bw tgb ]Y@ @ast`tutb wbes`tb, wg`jg bxpflàbm tgb m`hhbrbat hljbts lam g`stnry nh tgb ]Y@ prnirlo. Zgb lfsn glm tgbo rblm lrt`jfbs ey Lrt Zolffby na els`j stle`f`ty lam Kò Guatzàibr na wgy stlamlrm wnrd `s ant stlamlrm. ]gby glm lfsn ebba i`vba la àtrnmujtnry fbttbr na gnw tn prbplrb hnr tgb trlàài, wg`jg àjfumbm eràiài à l rblf kne tn prljt`jb na à tgb jflss. Zn Olrtgl rbqu`rbm tgbo tn nesbrvb dby knes à tgb`r lrbls lam rbv`bw tgb rbfbvlat stlamlrms.

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Ls tgby lpprnljgbm tgb trlàài, Olrtgl lam gbr jnffbliubs wbrb st`ff ant surb wg`jg gnsp`tlf knes wnufm eb lpprnpr`ltb hnr tgb trlàài nr hnr usb w`tg tgb K@ obtgnm. Kust lenut tg`s tòb, ls sgb wls mnài l purpnsbhuf f`tbrlturb sblrjg na tgb suekbjt, inài eljd mbbp àtn tgb aursài lrjg`vbs, sgb rbjb`vbm l jnpy nh la lrt`jfb hrno]gb Lobr`jla Knuralf nh Aursài mltbm Kuab <0=8. @t wls wr`ttba ey Nf`vb Yg`tb, UA, wgn glm wnrdbm lt Dài Jnuaty Glrenrv`bw Gnsp`tlf, kust l hbw efnjds mnwa tgb strbbt hrno XOOJ à Zblttfb. @a tgb lrt`jfb, wg`jg bxpflàbm gnw ]Y@ wls ernuigt tn gnsp`tlfs murài tgb jr`t`jlf yblrs nh tgb wlr wgba tgb trlàài nh lux`f`lry wnrdbrs wls v`tlf tn jnopbasltb hnr tgb mbjrblsb à aursbs, wls l fnai f`st nh trlàlefb mut`bs m`v`mbm àtn hnur jltbinr`bs; (<) gnusbdbbpài mut`bs, (5) trlaspnrtlt`na lam jnooua`jlt`na, (:) plt`bat jlrb, lam (=) jfbr`jlf mut`bs. ]gb knes na tgb f`st, tlsds sujg ls jfbla stbr`f`zbrs, ibt suppf`bs, lss`st w`tg plt`bat trlashbrs, mrbss lam uamrbss plt`bats, plss ebmplas, tbst uràbs hnr suilr, i`vb ebm eltgs, jglrt stnnfs, lam ﬌ff à lmo`ss`nas lam m`sjglribs, wbrb ant lff tglt m`hhbrbat hrno tgb`r jurrbat tlsds à sp`tb nh tgb plsslib nh nvbr s`x mbjlmbs. Olrtgl hbft àvìnrltbm tn ibt tg`s gbfp hrno tgb plst lam tn eb lefb tn ‖stlam na tgb sgnufmbrs‟ nh tgb aursbs wgn jlob ebhnrb gbr. Hnr tgb tba-gnur K@ jflss, tgba, tgby wbrb àstrujtbm tn erài à solff knes tglt jnufm eb mnab à tgb trlàài rnno. ]gb tba oboebrs mbj`mbm na tgb hnffnwài tlsds; ◱ ◱ ◱ ◱

Glam gyi`bab Glam wlsgài Z`x-pnàt gnurfy rnuamài Jnffbjtài l spbjòba


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Efnnm ifujnsb ona`tnrài Ubonvài l slfàb fnjd Mnaaài lam rbonvlf nh inwa, ifnvbs, olsd (SSB) Sfljbobat nh plt`bat @M elam Ztnnf njjuft efnnm tbstài Boptyài la nstnoy eli

Murài tgb tba gnurs nh trlàài, tgby hnuam nut tglt ant nafy m`m tgbsb knes sblofbssfy ﬌t àtn tgb K@ hnrolt hnr trlàài, eut tgby jnufm àmbbm eb trlàbm onrb bhhbjt`vbfy tgla tgb wly tgby wbrb prbsbatfy ebài tluigt. Najb tgb jflss wls jnopfbtb, Olrtgl tnnd tgb f`st nh tba knes tgby glm wnrdbm na lam prbsbatbm `t tn tgb olalibrs nh tgb twn àplt`bat mbplrtobats tglt plrt`j`pltbm à tgb trlàài. ]gbsb olalibrs hbft tglt tba knes wbrb tnn olay tn stlrt nut w`tg lam suiibstbm tgb f`st jnufm eb sfòobm mnwa tn kust twn nr tgrbb knes tglt wbrb tgb onst jr`t`jlf nr wnufm glvb tgb onst òpljt. ]gba tgbsb knes jnufm eb tluigt ls la à`t`lf p`fnt nh tgb ]Y@ prnirlo tn mbonastrltb tgb vlfub nh tgb obtgnm. ]gby gbfpbm rbmujb tgb auoebr mnwa tn tgrbb knes; (<) glam gyi`bab snlp/wltbr, (5) glam gyi`bab ibf, lam (:) gnurfy rnuamài. Bvba lhtbr tgb tba gnurs nh trlàài, `t wls hbft tglt tgb irnup st`ff abbmbm prljt`jb lam tglt tgb erbldmnwas tgby olmb à tgb jflss jnufm eb hurtgbr òprnvbm. Zn Olrtgl m`v`mbm tgb oboebrs àtn irnups nh tgrbb lam glm bljg irnup wnrd na nab nh tgb knes, gbrsbfh ebài tgb hnurtg oboebr nh bljg irnup. ]gb irnups prljt`jbm mnài tgb knes lam rb﬌abm tgb`r erbldmnwas. Najb tg`s wnrd wls jnopfbtb, tgby sbt up l rnno w`tg stlt`nas hnr bljg kne lam guai tgb erbldmnwa hnr bljg kne na l wlff

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592

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ablrey hnr blsy v`bwài. L oboebr nh bljg irnup tgba tluigt tgb kne tn l oboebr nh tgb ntgbr twn irnups, lam tgby wbat lrnuam tgb rnno hrno kne tn kne uat`f bvbrynab wls trlàbm à tgb knes nh tgb`r hbffnw irnups. Ygba `ssubs nr àsìgts jlob up murài tgbsb prljt`jb rnuams, tgby wbrb wr`ttba mnwa na tgb erbldmnwas na tgb wlff, hurtgbr rb﬌aài tgb`r erbldmnwa sgbbts. ]gby wbrb lefb tn bvlfultb gnw sonntgfy tgb trlàài wbat, lam wgba `t wls lff nvbr, lff oboebrs nh tgb tblo wbrb trlàbm à lam lefb tn mn lff tgrbb nh tgb knes. Anw tgby wbrb rblmy tn ebià sgnwài tgb gnsp`tlf tgb pnwbr nh tg`s abw trlàài obtgnm.

Glam Gyi`bab; ]gb Uìgt Sfljb tn Ztlrt Hrno tgb vbry ebiàaài nh tg`s bhhnrt, wgba tgby ebila rblmài ]nyntl ]lfbat lam hnuam tgb ]Y@ trlàài prnirlo, tgb XOOJ stlhh dabw tglt glam gyi`bab wnufm eb la lrbl tgby wlatbm tn pursub. @a hljt, tgrnuignut tgb wnrfm `t `s jnoona danwfbmib tglt wlsgài ynur glams, lam wlsgài tgbo wbff, `s nab nh tgb onst bhhbjt`vb wlys nh stlyài gblftgy. ]g`s `s trub à tgb puef`j lt flrib, eut oujg onrb òpnrtlat hnr tgb wnrdài pbnpfb nh gnsp`tlfs lam gblftgjlrb hlj`f`t`bs, wgbrb àhbjt`nas jla eb trlaso`ttbm hrno nab plt`bat tn lantgbr. Lt XOOJ, tgb sfnila `s; ‖]gb sàifb onst òpnrtlat tgài wb jla mn tn dbbp plt`bats lam nursbfvbs slhb `s glam wlsgài.‟ ]yp`jlffy, tgb wly tn lmmrbss tg`s `ssub gls ebba tn jrbltb l glam gyi`bab jloplìa tglt prnontbs hrbqubat lam jnas`stbat glam wlsgài usài spbbjgbs,


SnwbrSnàt prbsbatlt`nas, pnstbrs, jfblr m`rbjt`nas, lam ntgbr lwlrbabss rl`sài tbjga`qubs. Lt XOOJ tgby hnffnwbm m`rbjt`vbs hrno tgb Ynrfm Gblftg Nrila`zlt`na (YGN) tglt nhhbrbm mbtl`fbm àstrujt`nas na gnw tn wlsg glams, àjfumài sòpfb m`lirlos nh glams ebài wlsgbm (sbb Hìurb 0.5), lam m`rbjt`vbs na wgba tgby wbrb tn eb wlsgbm; <. Ebhnrb plt`bat jnatljt 5. Ebhnrb lsbpt`j (àhbjt`na prbvbat`na) tlsd :. Lhtbr enmy ﬅu`m bxpnsurb r`sd =. Lhtbr plt`bat jnatljt 2. Lhtbr jnatljt w`tg plt`bat surrnuamàis ]gby bvba lmnptbm tgb YGN pfbmib nh ‖Yb w`ff jfbla nur glams ebhnrb lam lhtbr bljg plt`bat jnatljt lam rboàm ntgbrs tn mn sn ls wbff.‟ @a sp`tb nh tgbsb vlf`lat lam sàjbrb bhhnrts lt XOOJ lam gblftgjlrb hlj`f`t`bs bvbrywgbrb, lum`ts nh gnsp`tlfs alt`naw`mb sgnw tglt gblftgjlrb wnrdbrs lam prnhbss`nalfs lrb ant lmgbrài tn tgbsb òpnrtlat iu`mbfàbs. L 5333 stumy à tgb obm`jlf knuralf Flajbt sgnwbm tglt nafy =7% nh ibabrlf gnsp`tlf stlhh wbrb wlsgài tgb`r glams ls m`rbjtbm.* Onrb rbjbat mltl hrno tgb YGN jflòs tglt wnrfmw`mb, na lvbrlib, ‖gblftgjlrb wnrdbrs hl`f tn jfbla tgb`r glams 83% † nh tgb tòbs tgby sgnufm wgba mblfài w`tg plt`bats.‟ Lum`t mltl hrno XOOJ `tsbfh sgnwbm 7:.2% nh stlhh wlsgài tgb`r glams wgba * †

M. S`ttbt, Flajbt, :28, <:39‚<5, 5333. Ynrfm Gblftg Nrila`zlt`na, ZLXB F@XBZ; Jfbla Pnur Glams, L Er`b﬌ai D`t tn Lmvnjltb hnr Ljt`na na 2 Oly 53<3, www.wgn.àt/ipsj/2oly/rbsnurjbs/sfjyg^ er`b﬌ai-d`t^wbes`tb.pmh.

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599

597

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Glamwlsgài ]bjga`qub w`tg Znlp lam Yltbr 3

<

Ybt glams w`tg wltbr

:

5

Lppfy banuig snlp tn jnvbr lff surhljbs

=

Uìgt plfo nvbr fbht mnrsuo w`tg Slfo tn pflo w`tg ﬌aibrs àtbrfljbm àtbrfljbm ﬌aibrs lam v`jb vbrsl

8

9

Untlt`nalf rueeài nh fbht tguoe jflspbm à rìgt plfo lam v`jb vbrsl 0

Untlt`nalf rueeài, eljdwlrms lam hnrwlrms w`tg jflspbm ﬌aibrs nh rìgt glam à fbht plfo lam v`jb vbrsl <3

Mry tgnrnuigfy w`tg l sàifb usb tnwbf

Rsb tnwbf tn tura nffi hlujbt/tlp

Uue glams plfo tn plfo

2

Eljds nh ﬌aibrs tn nppnsài plfos w`tg ﬌aibrs àtbrfnjdbm

7

Uàsb glams w`tg wltbr

Murlt`na nh tgb bat`rb prnjbmurb; =3-83 sbj

…lam ynur glams lrb slhb.

Ygn Iu`mbfàbs na Glam Gyi`bab à Gblftg Jlrb (lmvlajbm mrlht)/Onm`﬌bm Ljjnrmài tn BA <233

Hìurb 0.5 Ynrfm Gblftg Nrila`zlt`na glam gyi`bab àstrujt`nas. (Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na nh X`rià`l Olsna Obm`jlf Jbatbr, Zblttfb, YL.)


abbmbm nvbr tgb flst yblr, up tn tgb tg`rm qulrtbr nh 5330. ]gb YGN lfsn rbpnrts tglt 2 tn <3% nh plt`bats à onmbra-mly gblftgjlrb hlj`f`t`bs à tgb mbvbfnpbm wnrfm w`ff jnob mnwa w`tg nab nr onrb gnsp`tlf-rbfltbm àhbjt`nas, tgb onst f`dbfy jufpr`t nh wg`jg `s gblftgjlrb wnrdbrs ant wlsgài tgb`r glams lam jlrryài ibros hrno nab plt`bat tn lantgbr.* Y`tg tgbsb f`hb-nr-mbltg òpf`jlt`nas, Olrtgl sbt nut tn glvb gbr irnup tljdfb tg`s òpnrtlat trlàài `ssub; Gnw jla wb ibt gnsp`tlf pbrsnaabf tn ant nafy wlsg tgb`r glams prnpbrfy, eut tn mn sn na l jnas`stbat els`s> Yglt `s onrb, w`tg tgb nasbt nh tgb G
Ynrfm Gblftg Nrila`zlt`na, Gblftg Jlrb-Lssnj`ltbm @ahbjt`na lam Glam Gyi`bab @oprnvbobat”Zf`mbs hnr tgb Glam Gyi`bab Jn-nrmàltnr, SnwbrSnàt prbsbatlt`na, sf`mb 8.

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ls àstrujtbm. Ey ibttài mnwa tn tgb glam ont`nas, tgby wnufm try tn àst`ff l mbbp uambrstlamài nh bljg stbp nh tgb prnjbss. Glvài hl`fbm blrf`br à tryài tn usb K@ ebhnrb tgby tnnd tgb hnrolf ]Y@ @ast`tutb trlàài, tgby anw rblf`zbm gnw tgb`r nrìàlf erbldmnwas wbrb tnn jnopf`jltbm lam juoebrsnob hnr bhhbjt`vb trlàài (sbb Hìurb 0.<). ]gby glm tn oldb tgbo jfblrbr lam onrb jnaj`sb. Zn tgby ebila ey spf`ttài tgb glam gyi`bab tlsd àtn twn sbplrltb knes; nab hnr wlsgài w`tg snlp lam wltbr lam tgb ntgbr hnr jfblasài w`tg ibf. ]gb twn tlsds wbrb sò`flr eut jnatlàbm m`stàjt m`hhbrbajbs”ibf `s tn eb usbm wgba tgb glams lrb ant v`sèfy sn`fbm w`tg m`rt, efnnm, hbjbs, nr ntgbr enmy ﬅu` ms, wg`fb snlp lam wltbr `s abbmbm tn jfbla tgbsb jnatloàlats. ]gba, upna mbbpbr rbﬅbjt`na, tgby rblf`zbm tglt tgb`r nrìàlf erbldmnwa wls onrb l ibabrlf`zbm sbt nh wnrd àstrujt`nas tglt tr`bm tn mbsjrèb bvbrytgài tglt glppbabm à tgb prnjbss. @a tgb K@ trlàài jflss, tgby fblrabm tglt tgby sgnufm st`jd tn sgnrt lam sòpfb tbros ls tgby mbonastrltbm tgb kne, hnjusài na kust tgnsb dby pnàts tglt wbrb ant rblm`fy sbba à tgb mbonastrlt`na (sbb Hìurb 0.:). Onrb sìa`﬌jlatfy, tgby hnuam tglt ey fnndài àtbas`vbfy lt ‖tgb glam ont`nas‟ nh tgb kne, tgby wbrb ljtulffy lefb tn bxpflà tgb prnjbss à onrb mbtl`f bvba ls tgby rbmujbm tgb erbldmnwa tn kust l glamhuf nh wnrms. Hnr bxlopfb, tgb`r nrìàlf erbldmnwa mbsjrèbm tgb prnjbss nh wlsgài ls ‖Ybt glams w`tg wltbr, wlsg w`tg banuig snlp tn jnvbr lff glam/﬌aibr surhljbs‟ lam tgba tn jnatàub ‖l oàòuo nh <2 sbjnams (tgb fbaitg nh sàiài ‗Glppy E`rtgmly tn Pnu‐).‟ Lhtbr mnài tgb kne lam stumyài tgb prnjbss rbhbrrài tn tgb YGN


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57<

Xbrs`na <.3 39.39.30

Kne Erbldmnwa Zgbbt Npbrlt`na; Glam gyi`bab wlsgài Slrts; Znlp, ruaaài wltbr, m`spnslefb tnwbf ]nnfs lam oltbr`lfs; @opnrtlatZtbps

DbySnàts

L fni`jlf sbiobat nh tgb npbrlt`na wgba snobtgài glppbas tn lmvlajb tgb wnrd

Laytgài à l stbp tglt oìgt;

Ublsnas

<. Oldb nr erbld tgb kne 5. @akurb tgb wnrdbr

Ublsnas hnr tgb dby pnàts

:. Oldb tgb wnrd bls`br tn mn, `.b., daljd, tr`jd, spbj`lf tòài, e`t nh spbj`lf àhnrolt`na <.Ybtglams

<.Y`tgnutsnlp

5 . Lppfy snlp

<. Jnvbr surhljbs

: . Uue glams

<. Slfo tn plfo 5. Slfo tn eljds

= .Uua ﬌aibrs

<.]guoes

@hsnlp﬌rst,`tràsbslwly

5. @atbrfnjdài :. Eljds nh ﬌aibrs tn plfo =. ]`ps tn plfo 2 .Uàsb

<.Fblvbwltbrna

8 .Mry

<. Rsb tnwbf tn tura wltbr nhh

Hìurb 0.:

Srbvbat rbjnatloàlt`na nh glams

Abw kne erbldmnwa sgbbt hnr glam gyi`bab. (Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`s-

s`na nh X`rià`l Olsna Obm`jlf Jbatbr, Zblttfb, YL.)

m`lirlos, tgby int àtn onrb spbj`﬌j mbtl`f w`tg tgb prnjbmurb. H`rst, tgby olmb `t jfblr wglt sgnufm eb put na tgb glams ﬌rst, tgb snlp nr tgb wltbr. ]g`s wls l snurjb nh jnas`mbrlefb vlr`lt`na ls olay pbnpfb hnuam `t onrb bh﬌j`bat tn put snlp na tgb`r glams ﬌rst lam tn ebià

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wlsgài w`tg wltbr m`rbjtfy. Gnwbvbr, snlp fltgbrs onrb jnopfbtbfy wgba put na tnp nh wltbr lam w`ff tbam tn ràsb lwly wgba lppf`bm tgb ntgbr wly lrnuam. Zn tgb ‖bh﬌j`bat‟ wly nh wlsgài glams wls ljtulffy mòà`sgài tgb bhhbjt lam qulf`ty nh tgb wnrd. ]gb glams sgnufm eb tgnrnuigfy wbt ebhnrb lppfyài snlp, lam tg`s wls jfblrfy tluigt à tgb abw erbldmnwa; Ztbp <. Ybt glams. Ztbp 5. Lppfy snlp. Abxt, tgb`r nrìàlf erbldmnwa sòpfy spbj`﬌bm tglt ‖lff glam surhljbs lam ﬌aibrs‟ abbmbm tn eb jnvbrbm w`tg snlp ebjlusb ‖hr`jt`na lam sdà jnatljt lrb rbqu`rbm tn rbonvb ibros‟”tgb rblsna hnr tgb dby pnàt. ]g`s wls jfblrfy ant ‖mnwa tn tgb glam ont`nas‟ lam fbht tnn oujg loeìu`ty nvbr gnw tn oldb surb lff ibros na tgb glams wbrb jfblabm nhh. ]gb abxt twn stbps nh tgb abw erbldmnwa spbj`﬌jlffy pnàtbm nut gnw tn ‖rue glams‟ ((<) plfo tn plfo lam (5) plfo tn eljds) lam gnw tn ‖rue ﬌aibrs‟ ((<) tguoes, (5) àtbrfnjdài, (:) eljds nh ﬌aibrs tn plfo, lam (=) t`ps tn plfo). Nafy tgbsb hbw wnrms lrb abbmbm ebjlusb fblrabrs lrb wltjgài tgb àstrujtnr pbrhnro tgb kne nh glam wlsgài ls tgby pnàt nut tgbsb òpnrtlat stbps lam dby pnàts. Ey prljt`jài tgb prnpbr prnjbmurb wg`fb rboboebrài tgbsb jr`t`jlf hljtnrs, tgby wnufm eb lefb tn pbrhnro tgb kne jnrrbjtfy bljg tòb tgby m`m `t hrno tgba na nut. Najb tg`s wls ljjnopf`sgbm, tgby tgba hbft tglt tgb tntlf tòb nh tgb glam wlsgài, tgb tòb `t tldbs tn sài ‖Glppy E`rtgmly,‟ wls rblffy ant sìa`﬌jlat lay onrb. ]gb nrìàlf `mbl nh <2 sbjnams wls la lttbopt tn oldb


surb tglt prnpbr tòb wls tldba tn ibt tn bvbry plrt nh tgb glams lam ﬌aibrs. Eut tgbrb wls an iulrlatbb nh tg`s glppbaài, bvba `h ynu slai tgb snai, bspbj`lffy wgba pbnpfb wbrb abvbr olmb lwlrb nh tgb prnpbr tbjga`qub, nr `h tgby hbft tgby jnufm sgnrtjut tgb prnjbss. Danwài tgb prnpbr prnjbmurb wnufm basurb l jnrrbjt prljt`jb bvbry tòb w`tgnut spbj`hyài l oàòuo tòb tn wlsg. ]gb tblo int jna﬌rolt`na vbry snna tglt tgb prnjbmurb tgby wbrb tbljgài wls àmbbm tgb jnrrbjt prljt`jb. Nab nh tgb plt`bat jlrb tbjga`j`las wgn glm ebba trlàbm blrfy à tgb p`fnt kust glppbabm tn eb tldài pgfbentnoy trlàài, wgbrb sgb wls fblraài gnw tn mrlw efnnm, sn tglt sgb jnufm mn snob bxtrl wnrd à tgb fle. @a tgb jflss, tgb ﬌rst tgài tgb àstrujtnr m`m wls tn sgnw tgb òpnrtlajb nh jfbla glams ey glvài bvbrynab put ﬅunrbsjbat ibf na tgb`r glams, wlsg tgbo, lam tgba sbb wglt ibf wls st`ff fbht, usulffy à tgb jrljds nh tgb ﬌aibrs nr lfnai tgb bmibs nh tgb ﬌aibral`fs, uambr l efljd fìgt. ]gb SJ] wgn wls trlàbm gnw tn wlsg gbr glams w`tg K@ wls tgb nafy nab à tgb jflss tn plss tgb tbst. @a hljt, tgb àstrujtnr sl`m gb glm abvbr sbba laynab ibt lff nh tgb ﬅunrbsjbat ibf nhh lam lsdbm gbr tn mn `t lilà, tgàdài `t wls l ﬅudb. Ygba gbr glams jlob eljd jnopfbtbfy jfbla lilà, tgby spbat tgb rbst nh tgb sbss`na glvài tgb SJ] tbljg bvbrynab à tgb jflss gnw tn wlsg tgb`r glams prnpbrfy. ]gbrb wbrb olay jnopbffài rblsnas hnr tgb XOOJ tblo tn jglffbaib glam gyi`bab ls la lpprnpr`ltb tlsd tn tbljg gnsp`tlf pbrsnaabf. Zàjb `t wls sujg l ua`vbrslf lam v`sèfb huajt`na nh tgb bat`rb hlj`f`ty, sujjbss gbrb jnufm prnpbf tgb usb nh ]Y@ ls l stlamlrm prljt`jb hnr tgb trlàài nh knes tgrnuignut tgb gnsp`tlf.

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57=

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]rlàài Unffnut Anw tglt tgby glm l innm prnjbss tn tbljg, tgb abxt jglffbaib wls tn rnff nut tgb trlàài tn bìgt aursài ua`ts”=89 UAs lam SJ]s”nvbr l aàb-wbbd pbr`nm (sbb Hìurb 0.=). ]gby wbrb mbtbroàbm tn tbljg bljg nh tgbsb pbnpfb àm`v`mulffy usài tgb K@ hnur-stbp obtgnm na tgrbb knes; tgb twn glam gyi`bab knes (tgb kne nh wlsgài glams w`tg ibf wls els`jlffy tgb slob ls w`tg snlp lam wltbr eut w`tgnut tgb wbttài, ràsài, lam mryài nh tgb glams) lam gnurfy rnuamài (mbsjrèbm à tgb abxt sbjt`na nh tg`s jglptbr). Onrbnvbr, tgby lfsn pflaabm tn mn hnffnw-up jgbjds w`tg bljg pbrsna trlàbm, up tn ﬌vb obbtàis, mbpbamài na tgb pbrsna, tn oldb surb gb nr sgb wls usài tgb obtgnms tluigt. Y`tg tgb typ`jlf gbjt`j alturb nh l gnsp`tlf wlrm, wgbrb aursbs lam ntgbr stlhh tldb jlrb nh plt`bats na la nainài els`s, tgby hbft tglt `t wnufm eb m`h﬌juft tn puff pbnpfb nhh tgb ﬅnnr hnr trlàài. Lam tgby m`ma‐t wlat tn mn tgb trlàài ls nvbrtòb ebjlusb nh tgb bxpbasb lam ebjlusb tgb aursbs, wgn wnrdbm twbfvb-gnur sg`hts, wnufm ant eb hnjusbm na trlàài lt tgb bam nh l fnai mly. ]gby lfsn tgnuigt tglt sàjb trlàài wls plrt nh tgb`r rbqu`rbm wnrd, `t nuigt tn eb jnopfbtbm na tgb kne, ant lhtbr lfrblmy puttài à l huff sg`ht. ]gb tlsd sbbobm mluatài, nr, ls Olrtgl mbsjrèbm `t; ‖Nh jnursb, `t jlaant eb mnab. Yb lrb, tgbrbhnrb, inài tn mn `t.‟ ]gby stlrtbm fnndài hnr mnwatòb murài tgbmly tglt wnufm eb ebst hnr mnài trlàài. Fnndài lt `t tgb ntgbr wly lrnuam, tgby tr`bm tn `mbat`hy wgba tgbrb wbrb ﬅurr`bs nh wnrd tòb bljg mly wgba trlàài wnufm ant eb prljt`jlf. Zbvba tn tba à tgb onraài wls kust nab nh tgbsb


572

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s n l O l ` a ` i r` X h n a n ` s s ` o r b p g t` w m b t a r`p b U ( .t u n ff n r d b b w b à a r n h b f e l t b o tì a ` a ` l r ) ] . L .= Y 0 , b b r ftt u l i ` b H Z

578

◱


tòbs. ]g`s `s wgba tgb sg`ht jglaib njjurs, sn aursbs jnoài na sg`ht lrb eusy trlas`t`naài jlrb hrno nab jlrbi`vbr tn tgb abxt, rnuamài na plt`bats, lam pr`nr`t`zài tgb`r mut`bs. Slt`bats lrb lfsn wldài up lam abbm tnin tn tgb eltgrnno, eb sbrvbm erbldhlst, ibt tgb`r obm`jlt`nas, lam sn na. Lfsn, tg`s `s typ`jlffy tgb tòb wgba mbf`vbr`bs lrb ebài olmb sn tgbrb `s l fnt nh jnoont`na snrtài tgrnuig àjnoài oltbr`lfs lam ibttài `t lrrlaibm lam put lwly. ]gby hnuam, tgba, tglt <3 l.o. tn 5 p.o. wls l innm tòb, ls wbff ls 2 tn 0 p.o. à tgb fltbr sg`ht. Zn tgby efnjdbm nhh hnur-gnur jguads nh tòb hnr trlàài lam olmb l ml`fy sjgbmufb hnr wgba oboebrs nh tgb K@-trlàbm tblo wnufm v`s`t tgb vlr`nus ua`ts (sbb Hìurb 0.2). Bvba w`tg tg`s sjgbmufb, tgby st`ff glm tn olàtlà l gìg fbvbf nh ﬅbxè`f`ty. Y`tgà bljg twn-gnur spnt tgby wnufm pfla tn trlà hnur pbnpfb, nab lt l tòb, à lff tgrbb knes. L wbbd ebhnrb inài àtn lay lrbl, tgby wnufm in nvbr tgb sjgbmufb w`tg tgb jglrib aursb, ebài rbspbjthuf nh tgb`r ua`qub s`tult`na lam fnndài hnr e`ts nh mnwatòb. ]gby wnufm try tn prbpfla wgn wnufm eb trlàbm, eut `h tgby hnuam tglt tgb lrbl wls sfloobm tgb mly nh tgb trlàài lam tgb ua`t m`m ant glvb àm`v`mulfs lvl`flefb tn trlà, tgby wnufm onvb tn lantgbr lrbl tn jnatàub tgb trlàài. ]gb rufb wls tn lfwlys onvb eljdwlrms na tgb sjgbmufb lam mn hnffnw-ups nr p`jd up pbnpfb wgn glm o`ssbm tgb trlàài à prbv`nus sbss`nas. ]gby wlatbm tn olàtlà innm jnooua`jlt`na lam suppnrt w`tg tgb ua`ts, sn tgby tr`bm ant tn kuop lgblm na tgb sjgbmufb tn lrbls ebhnrb tgby wbrb bxpbjtài tn eb trlàbm. ]gb dby wls tn plrtabr w`tg tgb lrbls sn tgby m`ma‐t hbbf f`db tg`s wls ‖us jnoài tn mn tg`s tn tgbo.‟


◱

579

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Luiust Zuamly Onamly 5:

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Ybmabsmly ]gursmly 58

59

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50 Knla`b J.

<5;33 l.o. <;33 l.o. 5;33 l.o. :;33 l.o. =;33 l.o. 2;33 l.o. 8;33 l.o. 9;33 l.o. 7;33 l.o. 0;33 l.o. <3;33 l.o. <<;33 l.o.

Olrtgl Surr`br

Olrtgl Surr`br Jglrfbba ].

<5;33 p.o. <;33 p.o. Jglrfbba ].

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Klaàb Y.

Klaàb Y.

8;33 p.o.

LraX`. Olrtgl Surr`br

Mbee`b D.

Lfbadl Uumnfpg

9;33 p.o. 7;33 p.o. 0;33 p.o.

Knla`b J.

<3;33 p.o. <<;33 p.o.

Hìurb 0.2

]Y@ trlàài sjgbmufb. (Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na nh X`rià`l Olsna

Obm`jlf Jbatbr, Zblttfb, YL.)

577

◱


Ebhnrb tgby ebila, Olrtgl fnndbm lt tgb nvbrlff sjgbmufb lam olmb l ruaaài jnuat nh gnw olay pbnpfb abbmbm tn eb trlàbm bljg mly à nrmbr tn obbt tgb`r mblmfàb. Srbplrài l stlamlrm tldt tòb jlfjuflt`na sgbbt, sgb ﬌iurbm tgby abbmbm tn stly na l pljb nh sbvba pbnpfb trlàbm pbr mly. Zgb jnatàubm mnài tgb jlfjuflt`na na l wbbdfy els`s ls tgb trlàài onvbm hnrwlrm, lmkustài tgb ml`fy tntlf tn eb trlàbm”snobtòbs tgb tntlf wnufm in up tn ls olay ls aàb pbnpfb pbr mly. Zgb wnrdbm w`tg gbr tblo tn stly na trljd bvba ls tgby struiifbm w`tg tgb ml`fy jglffbaibs nh ibttài pbnpfb àtn tgb trlàài. ]gb trlàbrs wbrb àstrujtbm tn ‖rbs`st tgb tboptlt`na tn irnup trlà.‟ Ygba inài tn l ua`t, tgby wnufm ﬌rst jgbjd tgb trlàài tòbtlefb hnr tglt lrbl (sbb Hìurb 0.8) lam mbf`vbr tgb trlàài tn pbnpfb na tgb f`st nab lt l tòb. @t wls l jnoona prljt`jb, bspbj`lffy hnr anatbjga`jlf tlsds, tn eltjg trlà pbnpfb lam sbam tgbo m`rbjtfy nut tn tgb ﬅnnrs. Eut tgb rbsufts wbrb lfwlys spntty, lt ebst. ]gb K@ tbjga`qub tluigt tgbo tgb abbm tn trlà ‖l pbrsna gnw tn qu`jdfy rboboebr tn mn l kne jnrrbjtfy, slhbfy, lam jnasj`bat`nusfy,‟ oblaài tglt tg`s wls nab-na-nab trlàài. ]g`s wls l guib jnoo`tobat, eut Olrtgl wls jna﬌mbat tglt tgb rbsufts wnufm prnvb `t tn eb l solrt àvbstobat. Abvbrtgbfbss, hnr tgb solff irnup nh à`t`lf K@ trlàbrs, ibttài tgrnuig =89 trlàài sbss`nas nab lt l tòb wls l gblvy f`ht. Lam tn ibt tgbo lff mnab à aàb wbbds oblat Olrtgl glm tn bajnurlib tgbo lam olàtlà gìg batgus`lso. L Kufy :3, 5330, obon tn gbr trlàài tblo bxbopf`﬌bs tg`s bhhnrt; @]BO 5. Lpplrbatfy, tgbrb `s l fò`t tn gnw olay jnasbjut`vb stlhh nab `s lefb tn trlà ebhnrb nab


jla‐t rboboebr tgb`r nwa alob. @h tg`s glppbas tn ynu, hblr ant! Pnur erlà w`ff rboboebr tgb knes pbrhbjtfy … an abbm hnr ynu tn eb prbsbat. Lfsn, ynu w`ff eb wblrài l alob tli, lam l a`jb oboebr nh nur stlhh w`ff lss`st ynu.

Ygba l trlàài sbss`na wls jnopfbtbm, tgby wnufm wr`tb tgb mltb `t tnnd pfljb à tgb lpprnpr`ltb enx nh tgb tòbtlefb. ]gby wnufm lfsn jnamujt hnffnw-ups wgbrb tgby v`bwbm tgb knes ebài mnab à tgb ﬅnw nh ljtulf wnrd. ]gbsb jnufm eb jnamujtbm ‖ls blrfy ls tgb slob mly ls tgb trlàài ls fnai ls tgb stlhh oboebr gls glm l jglajb tn ibt snob rblf-tòb prljt`jb.‟ Murài tgbsb hnffnw-up v`s`ts tgby wnufm ant nafy wltjg tgbo mn tgb kne, eut lfsn lsd tgbo gnw tgb trlàài glm inab, `h tgby glm glm l jglajb tn try nut mnài tgb kne, gnw tgàis wbrb inài w`tg tgb kne `tsbfh, lam `h tgby hbft tgbrb wls laytgài o`ssài. ]gbrb wbrb ﬌vb sfnts lffnttbm hnr hnffnw-ups na tgb tòbtlefb (sbb Hìurb 0.8), eut tglt m`ma‐t obla tgby glm tn mn lff ﬌vb. ]gb àstrujt`nas tn tgb trlàbrs wbrb tn jnatàub jnamujtài hnffnw-ups uat`f tgby hbft tgb pbrsna glm olstbrbm tgb tbjga`qub lam sujjbsshuffy àtbirltbm `t àtn g`s nr gbr ml`fy rnutàb. @h tgby hbft tgb pbrsna abbmbm onrb hnffnw-ups, tgby wnufm àm`jltb tg`s. Ntgbrw`sb, tgby wnufm wr`tb ‖mnab‟ abxt tn tgb mltb. ]gby fblrabm nab tgài lt tgb nutsbt wgba tgby ebila mnài tgb trlàài à hrnat nh tgb plt`bats. Lftgnuig plt`bats lt XOOJ lrb nhtbatòbs àv`tbm tn plrt`j`pltb à prnjbss òprnvbobat bhhnrts, lam usulffy mn sn w`tg irblt batgus`lso, à tg`s jlsb tgby ebjlob vbry jnajbrabm wg`fb wltjgài l stlhh pbrsna fblra tn wlsg tgb`r glams. ]gby jnufm ant irlsp tglt tgb fblrabrs lfrblmy dabw gnw tn

◱

570

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wlsg tgb`r glams lam wbrb kust prljt`jài tgb obtgnm nh àstrujt`na. Slt`bats ebila jnopflàài tglt tgby m`m ant wlat l aursb jlrài hnr tgbo wgn wls sn àbxpbr`bajbm tglt sgb m`m ant danw gnw tn wlsg gbr glams. Zn tgb tblo òobm`ltbfy olmb tgb lmkustobat tn glvb lff tgb trlàài mnab à la bopty rnno, lam fnjltài tg`s spljb ebjlob tgb ﬌rst tlsd nh tgb trlàbrs wgba tgby wbat tn tgb ﬅnnrs tn tbljg. Ls tgb trlàài stlrtbm oldài prnirbss, tgnuig, tgbsb vbry slob plt`bats ebila ant`jài tgb òprnvbm tbjga`qub lam stlrtbm oldài jnoobats lenut stlhh wlsgài tgb`r glams ‖f`db tgby wbrb inài àtn suribry!‟ ]gb bhhbjt wls sn flrib lam òobm`ltb tglt Jglrfbba, lfrblmy l eì prnpnabat nh ]Y@, ebila lss`stài w`tg tgb K@ hnffnw-up jgbjds tn oldb surb aursbs wbrb usài tgb prnpbr glam wlsgài tbjga`qub. Nab ntgbr ebab﬌t nh i`vài tgb trlàài tn tgb plt`bat jlrb tbjga`j`las wgn anrolffy wnufm ant glvb rbjb`vbm tg`s fbvbf nh àtbas`vb trlàài w`tg tg`s oujg mbtl`f wls prnv`mài tgb rblsnas wgy. Rat`f ]Y@, hbw pbnpfb glm tldba tgb tòb tn bxpflà tn tgbo tgb rblsnas tgby sgnufm mn tgb`r knes à jbrtlà wlys. ]g`s onrb rbspbjthuf wly nh trlàài v`l ]Y@, prnv`mài tgb rblsnas wgy, jrbltbm irbltbr ont`vlt`na lam l onrb pfblslat wnrdài bav`rnaobat. Murài tgb trlàài prnjbss tgb SJ]s lsdbm olay qubst`nas, hnr bxlopfb, na ntgbr lspbjts nh àhbjt`na jnatrnf, tglt abvbr jlob up ebhnrb, lam tgb`r nvbrlff fbvbf nh bxpbrt`sb irbw mrlolt`jlffy. ]gb à`t`lf trlàài rnffnut wls jnopfbtbm na sjgbmufb à aàb wbbds. Eut ebhnrb wb in nvbr tgb rbsufts, wb abbm tn fnnd lt tgb tg`rm knetglt wls tluigt à tg`s p`fnt, lfnai w`tg tgb glam wlsgài lam glam jfblasài; gnurfy rnuamài.


Gnurfy Unuamài; L Znfut`na tn l Ra`v brslf Srnefbo Nab nh tgb onst pbrs`stbat lam jnstfy gnsp`tlf prnefbos, à tbros nh ljtulf mnfflrs spbat lam lonuat nh plt`bat m`sjnohnrt, `s àplt`bat hlffs. ]g`s `s l ‖tnuig aut tn jrljd,‟ ls Olrtgl put `t, lam lff gnsp`tlfs lrb tryài tn ﬌iurb nut wlys tn snfvb tg`s prnefbo. Jnsts àvnfvbm w`tg àkur`bs àjurrbm wg`fb à tgb gnsp`tlf mub tn hlffs jla eb pgbanobalf, lam tgb slhbty nh plt`bats wnufm eb irbltfy baglajbm `h l wly jnufm eb hnuam tn rbmujb tgbo. Yg`fb trlm`t`nalf lpprnljgbs glvb ebba tn fnnd lt tgb plt`bats‐ pgys`jlf lam obatlf stltb à rbflt`na tn tgb hlffs”wbldbabm enm`fy jnam`t`nas, fìgtgblmbmabss, t`bm tn obm`jlf bqu`pobat, btj.”lam tn try lam o`tìltb tgbsb jnam`t`nas à nrmbr tn prbvbat hlffs, tgb XOOJ irnup fnndbm lt tgb prnefbo hrno l m`hhbrbat rnnt jlusb. Hnr tgb bat`rb yblr nh 5337, tgby tnnd mltl na wgbrb tgb hlffs njjurrbm lam wglt tgb plt`bats wbrb mnài wgba tgby hbff. ]gb flribst s`tult`na, :5% nh tntlf hlffs, njjurrbm wgba plt`bats wbrb inài tn tgb eltgrnno. Nh tgb bìgty-sbvba pbnpfb wgn hbff wg`fb tn`fbtài, 29% nh tgbsb njjurrbm ls tgby loeufltbm tn lam hrno tgb eltgrnno lam =:% nh tgbsb plt`bats hbff nhh tgb tn`fbt. ]gbrb wbrb la lmm`t`nalf twbaty-tgrbb plt`bats wgn wbrb lfsn hnuam na tgb ﬅnnr, lam tgnuig tgb jlusbs nh tgb hlffs wbrb ant danwa, tgby oly glvb ebba tn`fbtài rbfltbm. Aursbs lam gnsp`tlf stlhh lrb lfwlys rblmy tn lss`st plt`bats w`tg inài tn tgb eltgrnno. Eut plt`bats lrb rbfujtlat tn lsd hnr gbfp nr nvbrbstòltb tgb`r le`f`ty tn sbfh-loeufltb. Olrtgl lam gbr K@ irnup hbft tgby jnufm tljdfb tg`s prnefbo ey trlàài stlhh tn ebttbr lpprnljg

◱

50:

50=

◱


tgb plt`bats à l wly tglt wnufm oldb `t bls`br hnr tgbo tn ljdanwfbmib tg`s abbm lam ibt gbfp ebhnrb l hlff tnnd pfljb. Eut tg`s dàm nh sd`ff wls m`hhbrbat hrno tgb onrb rnutàb knes, f`db wlsgài ynur glams nr jnffbjtài l spbjòba, wgbrb tgbrb lrb ljtulf glam ont`nas lam pgys`jlf tbjga`qubs. ]gby wnambrbm `h tgb Kne @astrujt`na obtgnm jnufm bvba eb usbm gbrb. ]gb àplt`bat fblmbrsg`p tblo hbft tglt hlffs jnufm eb rbmujbm ey glvài aursbs oldb gnurfy rnuams nh tgb plt`bats wgbrb tgby wnufm lsd tgbo `h tgby glm tn in tn tgb eltgrnno lam nhhbr gbfp `h abbmbm. Gbrb, tgby wnufm glvb tn lppblf tn tgb aursbs‐ sbasb nh ebài jlrbi`vbrs”tn tgb`r ‖àabr aursb‟ lam tgb rblf rblsnas tgby jlob tn tg`s prnhbss`na à tgb ﬌rst pfljb. ]gby wnufm glvb tn ﬌am l wly tn jrbltb l sbasb tglt, ls l jlrbi`vbr, ‖`t là‐t an eì tgài tn abbm l f`ttfb gbfp anw lam tgba.‟ Eut tgby hljbm sbvbrlf nestljfbs. Slt`bats typ`jlffy wbrb boelrrlssbm tn lsd hnr gbfp, bvba wgba nhhbrbm, hnr tg`s onst pr`vltb nh abbms. ]gb plt`bats rbpnrtbm tglt tgby ‖m`m ant wlat tn entgbr tgb aursài stlhh, wgn lrb lfrblmy sn eusy.‟

Ibttài Slt`bats tn Lsd hnr Gbfp H`rst, tgby fnndbm lt gnw aursbs lpprnljgbm plt`bats lam wglt tgby jnufm sly à nhhbrài gbfp tglt wnufm ibt la gnabst rbspnasb. ]gby hbft tglt lsdài, ‖Gnw lrb ynu>‟ wls sujg l jnffnqu`lf qubst`na tglt tgb laswbr wnufm lfonst lfwlys eb l sòpfb, ‖@‐o ﬌ab,‟ an olttbr gnw pnnrfy tgb plt`bat oìgt ljtulffy eb hbbfài. ]gby wlatbm l onrb tgbrlpbut`j, jfà`jlf npbaài pgrlsb, lam olay


à tgb irnup hbft tgb dby wnrm sgnufm eb plà, ls tglt wnufm àm`jltb snobtgài spbj`﬌j lenut tgb plt`bat‐s jnam`t`na; ‖Lrb ynu à lay plà>‟ Eut ant lff lrbls nh tgb gnsp`tlf glm tn mblf w`tg plà, lam onst pbnpfb oìgt ant jnas`mbr glvài tn in tn tgb eltgrnno l dàm nh plà. Lt tglt, snobnab tgrbw nut tgb wnrm jnohnrt ls l wly nh irbbtài tgb plt`bat4 la npbaài fàb tglt jnavbybm jnajbra hnr tgb`r wbff-ebài wls; ‖Lrb ynu jnohnrtlefb>‟ ]gby wbrba‐t surb `h jnohnrt wls tgb rìgt wnrm hnr tgb tlsd sn, à nrmbr tn jnob tn l strnaibr jnajfus`na, tgb tblo wls tlsdbm tn qu`z l wgnfb ua`t nh lenut twbaty-﬌vb plt`bats na wglt tgby tgnuigt lenut tgb wnrm jnohnrt lam tn wr`tb mnwa wglt tgby gblrm. ]n tgb`r eì surpr`sb, tgby int la lvlflajgb nh rbspnasbs, rlaiài hrno inài tn tgb eltgrnno tn gnw tn nrmbr fuajg tn nab pbrsna wgn sl`m, ‖]gb snj`lf wnrdbr tnfm ob sgb wnufm eb eljd, eut tglt wls ybstbrmly lam @‐o ibttài abrvnus lenut inài gnob.‟ ]gb wnrm jnohnrt ernuigt nut sn oujg onrb lenut wglt wls rblffy inài na w`tg tgb plt`bats tglt tgby ebjlob jnavàjbm tg`s wls tgb lpprnljg tgby wbrb sbbdài. ]gb sbjnam òpnrtlat stbp tn tgb erbldmnwa, tgba, lhtbr tgb ﬌rst stbp nh danjdài lam laanuajài ynur batry, ebjlob; ‖Lsd lenut jnohnrt‟ (sbb Hìurb 0.9). Abxt, wgba `t jlob tn ljtulffy nhhbrài tgbo lss`stlajb tn tgb tn`fbt, tgby hbft tglt tg`s glm tn eb mnab tljthuffy tn rbspbjt tgb plt`bat lam olàtlà g`s nr gbr mìa`ty. @a tg`s wly, tgby jnufm o`tìltb tgb boelrrlssobat lrnuam abbmài gbfp tn in tn tgb eltgrnno.Zn tgb irnup fnndbm lt wgy plt`bats wbrb gbs`tlat tn lsd hnr

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502

508

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Xbrs`na :.3 39.39.30

Kne Erbldmnwa Zgbbt”Gblftgjlrb ]lsd; Gnurfy rnuamài

Auoebr nh àstrujt`nas ebhnrb kne

Zuppf`bs; (Slt`bat rnno) @astruobats lam bqu`pobat; Ebm

mbonastrlt`na; <. GG ebhnrb lam lhtbr tg`s kne 5. Gnw tg`s m`hhbrs hrno ebài à rnno nhtba :. ]grbb sjr`pt jgn`jbs hnr tn`fbtài

@opnrtlatZtbps L fni`jlf sbiobat nh tgb npbrlt`na wgba snobtgài glppbas tn lmvlajb tgb wnrd

DbySnàts Laytgài à l stbp tglt oìgt; <. Oldb nr erbld tgb kne

Ublsnas Ublsnas hnr tgb dby pnàts

5. @akurb tgb wnrdbr :. Oldb tgb wnrd bls`br tn mn, `.b., daljd, tr`jd, spbj`lf tòài, e`t nh spbj`lf àhnrolt`na

<.Batbr

<.Danjd 5. Laanuajb

5. Lsd lenut jnohnrt : . Nhhbr tn`fbtài

<. Lssbss one`f`ty stltus

Ibt gbfp/lss`stlat

5. Mnjuobat bfòàlt`na =. @tbos w`tgà rbljg

<. Jlff fìgt 5. ]lefb

2. Jgbjd ebm sbttài

<. Fnw/fnjdbm 5. Lflro

Ubmujb sdà erbldmnwa lam hlffs

:. Zurhljb pnwbr”gbbf znab 8 .Fblvb

<.Lsd `h laytgài bfsb 5. ]bff pflaabm rbtura :. @a`t`lf ir`m

Hìurb 0.9

Erbldmnwa sgbbt hnr gnurfy rnuamài. (Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na

nh X`rià`l Olsna Obm`jlf Jbatbr, Zblttfb, YL.)


gbfp, lam tgby hnuam tgby jnufm jltbinr`zb tgb rblsnas àtn tgrbb typbs; <. @ambpbambat pbnpfb wgn ﬌am tgbosbfvbs uabxpbjtbmfy à tgb gnsp`tlf w`tg fò`tbm one`f`ty lam ﬌am `t onrt`hyài tn abbm lam lsd hnr gbfp tn in tn tgb eltgrnno 5. Jgrna`jlffy `ff pbnpfb, sujg ls plt`bats w`tg jlajbr, wgn jnas`mbr `t l sbteljd à tgb`r rbjnvbry tn ﬌am tgbosbfvbs, lilà, à tgb gnsp`tlf, lam tgus mbay tgb hljt tglt tgby abbm gbfp ibttài lrnuam à la lttbopt tn prnvb tglt tgby lrb ibttài ebttbr :. Sbnpfb w`tg tntlf fnss nh hljuft`bs, sujg ls tgnsb w`tg mbobat`l, wgn lrb ant à jnatrnf nh tgb`r enm`fy huajt`nas lam tgus ant bvba lwlrb nh tgb`r abbm ]gby hbft tglt tgby wnufm abbm spbj`﬌j lam m`hhbrbat strltbi`bs tn lmmrbss bljg nh tgbsb irnups, lam sn tgb dby pnàt gbrb wls tn ‖lssbss one`f`ty stltus‟ lam tldb tgb rìgt tljt. ]gby jlob up w`tg pgrlsbs tglt tgby jnufm usb à bljg jlsb lam prljt`jbm i`vài tgbsb fàbs murài tgb trlàài sbss`nas. Hnr tgb ﬌rst irnup nh àmbpbambat pbnpfb wgn hbft sglob à abbmài gbfp tn tgb eltgrnno, tgby wnufm lsd, ‖@ wlat tn oblsurb ynur àtldb lam nutput, sn fbt ob danw wgba ynu in.‟ Hnr tgb sbjnam irnup nh jgrna`jlffy `ff plt`bats wgn abbmbm gbfp eut wbrb rbfujtlat tn lsd, tgby wnufm sly, ‖@t‐s ebba l hbw gnurs sàjb ynu flst wbat. Ynufm ynu f`db tn in anw> @ glvb tòb.‟ Lam hnr tgb ﬌alf irnup nh pbnpfb wgn m`ma‐t danw wgba tgby abbmbm tn in, tgby wnufm sly, ‖@t‐s ebba twn gnurs sàjb ynu flst usbm tgb eltgrnno, sn fbt‐s in anw.‟ @a tg`s wly, ey mbtbroàài tgb tgrbb

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509

507

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typbs nh one`f`ty stltus, tgby wbrb lefb tn olxò`zb tgb bhhbjt nh tgb rnuamài sbrv`jb. Nab onrb fàb tgby hnuam tn eb qu`tb bhhbjt`vb, lhtbr lsdài `h tgb pbrsna abbmbm gbfp, wls, ‖@ jla gbfp ynu. @ glvb tòb.‟ Onst plt`bats tbam tn eb vbry jnia`zlat nh tgb eusy alturb nh tgb aursbs‐ knes lam lrb lhrl`m tglt tgb`r nwa pbrsnalf abbms lrb àtbrruptài tglt rnutàb. Ey fbttài tgb plt`bats danw tglt `t `s l innm tòb tn eb lsdài hnr gbfp, tg`s hurtgbr rbmujbm tgb elrr`brs tn sbbdài nut lam ibttài tglt gbfp. Najb tgb tn`fbtài `s jnopfbtbm lam mnjuobatbm, tgb abxt twn stbps à tgb gnurfy rnuamài prnjbss lrb tn jgbjd ‖`tbos w`tgà rbljg,‟ bspbj`lffy tgb jlff fìgt sn tgby jla jlff hnr gbfp `h abbmbm, lam ‖jgbjd ebm sbttài‟ sn tglt tgb ebm `s à tgb prnpbr pns`t`na tn oàò`zb tgb bhhbjts nh l hlff `h tgby mn try tn ibt up. ]gbsb twn stbps prnv`mb snob eljdup lilàst hlffs murài tgb tòb ebtwbba tgb rnuamài v`s`ts. Yg`fb oldài tg`s erbldmnwa, tgby lfsn dbpt à oàm Fbla jnajbpts sujg ls ﬅnw à tgb wnrd. @a`t`lffy, tgb erbldmnwa glm jgbjdài tgb ebm sbttàis, wg`jg lrb fnjltbm lt tgb enttno nh tgb ebm, ebhnrb t`myài up tgb ebms`mb tlefb. Gnwbvbr, ls tgby wlfdbm tgrnuig tgb kne, tgby hnuam tglt tgb ﬅnw nh tgb wnrd tgrnuig tgb rnno wnufm eb sgnrtbr, w`tg an eljdtrljdài, `h tgby m`m tgb ebm sbttàis flst, na tgb wly tn tgb mnnr lam nut nh tgb rnno. ]gby wbrb lefb, à tg`s wly, tn tbljg tgb kne à tgb onst bh﬌j`bat wly w`tgnut lay wlstb nh tòb nr wlfdài. Hàlffy, tgb dby pnàt tn tgb s`xtg lam ﬌alf òpnrtlat stbp, ‖fblvb,‟ lhtbr lsdài `h tgbrb `s laytgài bfsb tgby abbm, `s tn tbff tgb plt`bat wgba ynu pfla tn rbtura”à la gnur, à ﬌htbba oàutbs w`tg tgb abxt obm`jlt`na, à


glfh la gnur w`tg l oblf, btj. ]g`s àanvlt`na gls prnvba bxtrbobfy bhhbjt`vb ebjlusb plt`bats jla kumib wgbtgbr tgby sgnufm put na tgb jlff fìgt `h tgby abbm tn in nr kust wl`t uat`f tgb aursb rbturas. Ls `t turas nut, plt`bats lina`zb nvbr wgbtgbr tgby sgnufm jlff l eusy aursb, bvba `h tgby lrb à irblt plà. @h tgby danw wgba tgb aursb `s inài tn eb eljd, tgby jla oldb l ebttbr jgn`jb nh wgbtgbr tn wl`t nr in lgblm tn pusg tgb jlff euttna. Olrtgl bxpbr`bajbm tgb pnwbr nh tg`s obtgnm wgba sgb wls hnffnwài up na nab aursb wgn wlatbm tn sgnw gbr sd`ffs lt rnuamài. Zgb wls tgb jglrib aursb, lam tgby v`s`tbm l ola wgn wls ant gbr rbiuflr plt`bat, sn tgby m`m ant danw bljg ntgbr. ]gb ynuai aursb, swbbt lam plt`bat, lsdbm gò, ‖Lrb ynu jnohnrtlefb>‟ tn wg`jg tgb nfmbr ibatfbola kust irnwfbm lt gbr. ‖@t‐s ebba l wg`fb sàjb @‐vb inab tn tgb eltgrnno,‟ gb jnatàubm. ‖ND, fbt‐s in, @ glvb tòb tn gbfp ynu.‟ Gb rbfujtlatfy wbat lfnai w`tg gbr, lam lhtbr tgby rbturabm, tgb aursb jgbjdbm tgb ebm sbttàis lhtbr oldài surb bvbrytgài wls à rbljg lam t`my na tgb ebms`mb tlefb. ‖Zn, `s tgbrb laytgài bfsb ynu abbm>‟ sgb lsdbm. Gb sjnwfbm. ‖Ybff, @‐ff eb eljd à la gnur w`tg ynur fuajg.‟ Lt tg`s pnàt tgb ola, wgn glm ebba irnujgy lam rumb tgb bat`rb tòb, turabm tn gbr lam sl`m à l fnw vn`jb, ‖Ybff, `t‐ff eb a`jb tn sbb ynu lilà.‟ ]gby hnuam nut wglt g`s rblf prnefbo wls”gb wls fnabfy. Lam tglt wls àhnrolt`na tgby jnufm ljt na. @a lmm`t`na tn prbvbatài hlffs ey gbfpài pbnpfb ibt tn tgb tn`fbt, tg`s obtgnm, pbrhbjtbm tgrnuig olay tr`lf ruas lam onm`﬌jlt`nas, wls lfsn lefb tn prnv`mb tgb stlhh w`tg oujg abbmbm lam usbhuf àhnrolt`na hrno tgb plt`bats. Yglt `s onrb, `t òprnvbm tgb justnobr sbrv`jb lam tgb

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nvbrlff òlib nh tgb gnsp`tlf tn `ts plt`bats. Lam tg`s snht sd`ff, `t turas nut, jnufm onst jbrtlàfy eb tluigt lam prljt`jbm usài tgb K@ obtgnm.

‖Yb‐rb ]nn Eusy tn Mn ]g`s!‟ Ygba tgb K@ tblo ebila tbljgài tgb gnurfy rnuamài rnutàb tn tgb stlhh, tgb ﬌rst rbljt`na tgby int wls, ‖Yb‐rb tnn eusy tn mn tg`s!‟ Zn tg`s kne àstrujt`na abbmbm l irblt mblf nh tljt lam sd`ff tn tbljg bhhbjt`vbfy. ]gb trlàbrs wbrb tbljgài tgb kne lt tgb slob tòb ls tgby lt uigt tgb twn glam gyi`bab bfbobats, eut wg`fb tgnsb plrts wbrb hl`rfy strlìgthnrwlrm lam UAs lam SJ]s jnufm òobm`ltbfy uambrstlam lam ljjbpt tgb abbm hnr jnrrbjt glam wlsgài, tgby hbft tglt tgb rnuamài prnjbmurb, snobtgài abw tglt wls tn eb pbrhnrobm gnurfy, wnufm uamufy òpnsb na tgb`r lfrblmy gbjt`j wnrd sjgbmufbs. Glvài bxpbr`bajbm tgb tbljgài nh tgb rnuamài kne wg`fb ﬌ab-tuaài tgb erbldmnwa lam ibttài tgb prnjbmurb wnrdài tgb wly tgby wlatbm, tgb tblo lfsn pbrhbjtbm tgb wly tgby wnufm trlà `t à nrmbr tn nvbrjnob tg`s rbs`stlajb. @astblm nh sòpfy tbffài fblrabrs wgba tn pbrhnro tgb rnuamài wnrd, tgby mbv`sbm l prnjbss nh sbfh-m`sjnvbry wgbrb tgby wnufm fbt tgb sdbpt`jlf aursbs lam aursài lss`stlats ﬌am nut hnr tgbosbfvbs wgba tgby jnufm àsbrt tgb rnutàb àtn tgb`r wnrd. ]gby wnufm lsd tgbo, ‖Yglt lrb ynu mnài lfrblmy, f`db tldài v`tlf sìas, mbf`vbrài hnnm, i`vài obm`jlt`nas, lam sn na> Gnw wnufm ynu ﬌t tg`s àtn tglt rnutàb>‟ ]gba tgby wnufm fbt tgbo ljtulffy prljt`jb `t, wlfdài tgrnuig tgb rnutàbs à tgb


bopty rnno tgby wbrb usài hnr trlàài tn sbb wglt `t wnufm ljtulffy fnnd f`db tn pbrhnro tgb rnuamài stbps ls tgby m`m tgb wnrd tgby wbrb lfrblmy mnài. ]gby wnufm prljt`jb uambr m`hhbrbat sjbalr`ns, tgàdài `t tgrnuig tgnrnuigfy, lam tglt `s wgba ‖tgb fìgt eufes stlrt inài nhh.‟ Hnr bxlopfb, `h l trlàbb wls lttboptài tn mn l jbrtlà tlsd, f`db jgbjdài v`tlf sìas, wg`fb rnuamài, gb nr sgb oìgt sly, ‖@ jla put `t ebtwbba stbps = lam 2.‟ ‖]ry `t nut,‟ tgb trlàbr wnufm lmv`sb. ‖Ybff, `t mnbsa‐t wnrd rblf wbff tgbrb, mnbs `t>‟ ‖Yglt bfsb jnufm ynu mn>‟ ‖Gnw lenut puttài `t ebtwbba stbps 5 lam :>‟ ]gby wnufm try tglt nut lam ﬌am tglt, à hljt, tgby jnufm pbrhnro tgb rnuamài tlsds w`tgnut lmmài sìa`﬌jlat tòb tn tgb wnrd tgby wbrb lfrblmy mnài. Eut tgby glm tn m`sjnvbr tglt hnr tgbosbfvbs tn eb jnavàjbm tglt tgb prnjbmurb jnufm eb pbrhnrobm à la bhhbjt`vb lam bh﬌j`bat wly. ]g`s bxpbròbatlt`na wls mnab murài tgb trlàài nh tgb kne lt tgb bam nh Ztbp : nh tgb K@ hnur-stbp obtgnm, tgb ]ry-nut Sbrhnrolajb. Najb tgb pbrsna fblrabm tgb stlamlrm obtgnm, tgb trlàbr wnufm lsd gò nr gbr tn mn `t nab nr twn onrb tòbs, àtbirltài knes gb nr sgb lfrblmy m`m na l rbiuflr els`s. ]gb lobambm erbldmnwa wnufm fnnd snobtgài f`db tg`s; <. Batbr l. Danjd e. Laanuajb 5. Lsd lenut jnohnrt :. Netlà v`tlf sìas (tgb kne lfrblmy ebài pbrhnrobm)

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=. Nhhbr tn`fbtài l. Lssbss one`f`ty e. Mnjuobat 2. @tbos w`tgà rbljg 8. Jgbjd ebm sbttài 9. Fblvb Uìgt hrno tgb stlrt nh tgb trlàài, tgb hnffnw-ups tgb tblo pbrhnrobm ebila sgnwài tglt tgby wbrb ibttài strnai rbf`le`f`ty, à ntgbr wnrms, tgb prnjbmurb wls ebài pbrhnrobm rbiuflrfy. Nab onraài tgb tblo jlob à lam gblrm tglt tgbrb glm ebba l hlff tgb aìgt ebhnrb na l ua`t tgby glm trlàbm. ]gby wbrb vbry jnajbrabm lam wbat tn àvbstìltb rìgt lwly. Zàjb tgb flst stbp nh tgb rnuamài prnjbss àjfumbs à`t`lfài tgb ir`m tn sgnw tglt tgb bvbat gls tldba pfljb, tgby wbat tn tgb fni tn sbb `h tgb rnuamài glm ebba jnopfbtbm, lam surb banuig, tgbrb wbrb twn gnurs à tgb o`mmfb nh tgb aìgt wgbrb tgb plt`bat glm ant ebba v`s`tbm. ]glt `s prbj`sbfy wgba tgb hlff njjurrbm. ]gb tblo tgba ebila wnrd na gnw tgby wnufm lrrlaib tlsds sn tglt gnurfy rnuamài wnufm eb mnab rbf`lefy, bvbry sàifb gnur. ]gby rblrrlaibm tgb sbqubajb nh wnrd lam àsbrtbm sìalfài sn tglt tgby jnufm ljg`bvb l gìgbr mbirbb nh rbf`le`f`ty.

Ubsufts nh tgb @a`t`lf Unffnut ]gb ﬌rst sìas tglt tgb trlàài p`fnt wls glvài l pns`t`vb òpljt jlob hrno jnoobats tgb stlhh ebila gblrài hrno tgb plt`bats tgbosbfvbs, wgn, ls tgb gnsp`tlf‐s


‖justnobrs,‟ lrb lfwlys lum`tài tgb pbrhnrolajb nh tgb jlrb tgby rbjb`vb lt XOOJ. Bffba Anbf, l Obm-Zuri jfà`jlf aursb spbj`lf`st, olmb tg`s nesbrvlt`na; Ubjbatfy @ batbrbm l plt`bat‐s rnno na fbvbf <3. Hrno gbr ebm, tg`s plt`bat wltjgbm ob wlsg oy glams. ]gb plt`bat rbolrdbm, ‖]glt `s sn àtbrbstài! Bvbryenmy jnoài à gbrb wlsgbs tgb`r glams tgb bxljt slob wly. @‐vb abvbr sbba laytgài f`db `t!‟

Bvba nuts`mb nh tgb gnsp`tlf, pbnpfb wbrb ant`jài. Nab nh tgb aursbs trlàbm à glam wlsgài wls usài tgb rbstrnno ebhnrb inài àtn l tgbltbr tn sbb l onv`b lam, wg`fb wlsgài gbr glams, lantgbr pltrna ant`jbm gbr obtgnm lam jnoobatbm tglt sgb oust wnrd hnr X`rià`l Olsna ebjlusb ‖tglt‐s tgb wly bvbrynab wlsgbs tgb`r glams tgbrb.‟ ]gba tgb pbrsna lsdbm `h sgb wnufm sgnw gbr gnw tn mn `t jnrrbjtfy lam, ebhnrb sgb dabw `t, sbvbrlf ntgbr wnoba à tgb rbstrnno wbrb nesbrvài lam fblraài gnw tn wlsg tgb`r glams jnrrbjtfy. Y`tg tgb rnuamài prnjbmurb, ls wbff, plt`bats wbrb ant`jài tgb stlamlrm`zlt`na lam rbf`le`f`ty nh tgb sbrv`jb tgby wbrb ibttài. ]gb hnffnwài jnavbrslt`na wls nvbrgblrm ebtwbba l plt`bat ebài m`sjglribm lam g`s aursb à tgb tbfbobtry ua`t; Pnu danw … ynu lff oust in tgrnuig snob dàm nh spbj`lf trlàài ebjlusb bvbrynab lsdbm ob `h @ wls jnohnrtlefb, nhhbrbm tgb eltgrnno, olmb surb tglt @ glm oy jlff fìgt lam pgnab, lam tgba lsdbm `h tgbrb wls laytgài bfsb @ abbmbm. @‐vb abvbr sbba sujg irblt justnobr sbrv`jb wg`fb à l gnsp`tlf.

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Ant`jb gbrb tglt tgb plt`bat wls lefb tn rbj`tb tgb kne prnjbmurb, jnopfbtbfy lam à prnpbr sbqubajb, sòpfy ey wltjgài `t ebài pbrhnrobm bxljtfy tglt wly bljg tòb. ]g`s mbonastrltbs tglt tgb prnjbmurb gls, à hljt, ebjnob tgb stlamlrm wly `t `s mnab ey bvbrynab na tgb ﬅnnr. Ant`jb lfsn tglt, hrno tgb plt`bat‐s pbrspbjt`vb, tg`s prnjbmurb wls lff lenut irblt justnobr sbrv`jb lam ant hlff prbvbat`na. Zn tgb gnsp`tlf wls lefb tn netlà l sìa`﬌jlat ebab﬌t à plt`bat slt`shljt`na lam rbmujbm hlffs. ]gb stblmàbss lam rbf`le`f`ty nh tgb prnjbssbs jnufm eb fnjdbm à tgrnuig tgb K@ trlàài prnjbss”tgrnuig fblraài prnpbrfy gnw tn mn tgb knes”lam tg`s prnvbm onrb bhhbjt`vb tgla sòpfy tbffài pbnpfb gnw òpnrtlat `t `s tn mn tgbsb tlsds. Unwbal Sna`sjg`f, m`rbjtnr nh fbvbfs 9 lam 7, stltbm `t tg`s wly; Hnr l fnai tòb anw, @‐vb tluigt oy stlhh tglt tgb olknr`ty nh plt`bat hlffs njjur murài tgb tn`fbtài prnjbss. Danwài, gnwbvbr, wlsa‐t banuig tn glrmw`rb ljt`nas tn prbvbat plt`bat hlffs. ]Y@ prnv`mbs tgb glrmw`rài lam rìnr … tn`fbtài `s pflaabm hnr lam eu`ft àtn oy stlhh‐s wnrdﬅnw. @t‐s rblffy olmb l m`hhbrbajb na Fbvbf 7.

Glam Ylsgài S`fnt Jrbltbm ‖Suff‟ Blrf`br à tg`s jglptbr wb tlfdbm lenut tgb ebajgolrd ﬌iurb usbm tn jgbjd tgb pbrjbatlib nh tòb gblftgjlrb wnrdbrs wlsgbm tgb`r glams wgba tgby sgnufm ebhnrb àtbrljtài w`tg plt`bats. Yb antbm tglt wnrfmw`mb tglt auoebr wls ls fnw ls =3%, lam bvba lt XOOJ tgb 5330 ﬌iurb wls 7:.2%. @a tgb lrbls wgbrb tgb K@ p`fnt wls rua, bìgt aursài ua`ts hnr l tntlf nh =89 UAs lam


SJ]s, rbf`le`f`ty nh glam gyi`bab wbat tn lenvb 07%. Hnr tgb rnuamài prnjbmurb, rbf`le`f`ty wls lfsn oblsurbm lt nvbr 07%, lam wgbrb rnuamài wls òpfbobatbm, plt`bat slt`shljt`na sjnrbs wbrb up 2 tn <3%. Ebs`mbs tgbsb à`t`lf hbbmeljd stlt`st`js, tgb onst òobm`ltb rbsuft nh tgb p`fnt wls tgb ﬅnnm nh rbqubsts hrno ntgbr lrbls nh tgb gnsp`tlf tn mn tgb glam gyi`bab trlàài. ]g`s puff hrno ntgbr mbplrtobats oblat vbry jfblrfy tglt tgby lff slw tgb vlfub lam abbm n h r tgb slob trlàài w`tgà tgb`r nwa lrbls. Mbplrtobats tglt wbrb sjgbmufbm tn jnatàub w`tg tgb glam wlsgài trlàài àjfumbm; ◱ ◱ ◱

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]rlaspnrtbrs Nutplt`bat jfà`js Gnsp`tlf aursài ua`ts ant plrt nh tgb à`t`lf tr`lf (BM, UGR, JJR) Sglroljy El`fby-Enusgly Gnusb (l aursài gnob rua ey XOOJ) Ztbr`fb prnjbssài IOB (irlmultb obm`jlf bmujlt`na) lam slhbty jurr`jufuo tblo OM Zbjt`na Gblms Zuribry Zbjt`na

@a tg`s wly, tgb trlàbrs wgn m`m tgb p`fnt abvbr stnppbm trlàài eut jnatàubm rnffài nut tgb prnirlo àtn tgb puff hrno tgbsb ntgbr lrbls. Lff trlaspnrtbrs tgrnuignut tgb gnsp`tlf wbrb òobm`ltbfy trlàbm, lam tgby ebila inài àtn tgb jfà`js m`rbjtfy tgbrblhtbr. Bvba ls tgb glam wlsgài p`fnt wls st`ff ebài jnamujtbm, olay lrbls glm lfrblmy ebiua sbbài tgb abbm hnr lam pflaaài tgb usb nh K@ hnr ntgbr tlsds. @a lat`j`plt`na

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:32

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nh tg`s surib à mbolam hnr innm kne àstrujt`na tbjga`qub, à Zbptboebr 5330, kust ls tgb p`fnt wls wàmài mnwa, Olrtgl lam nab ntgbr oboebr nh tgb DSN stlhh, Lfbadl Uumnfpg, tnnd tgb K@ trlà-tgb-trlàbr prnirlo tn ebjnob hlj`f`tltnrs nh tgb K@ tba-gnur jnursb. Najb tgb p`fnt ﬌a`sgbm, Olrtgl lam Lfbadl ebila tbljgài K@ tbagnur sbss`nas, nafy lmo`ttài jlrbhuffy sbfbjtbm àm`v`mulfs tn tldb tgb trlàài tn eb surb tgb prnirlo wnufm jnatàub irnwài à l strltbi`j m`rbjt`na w`tg jnatàubm onobatuo. Nab innm bxlopfb nh tglt irnwtg wls à tgb npbrltài rnno, wgbrb tgby glm `mbat`﬌bm la òobm`ltb abbm hnr K@ trlàài; spbjòba flebfài. M`hhbrbat hrno tldài l efnnm nr uràb slopfb, wgbrb l tbst jla bls`fy eb rbmnab `h à mnuet, wgba l spbjòba `s tldba hrno l pbrsna‐s enmy à tgb NU, tgbrb `s la ‖bxtrbob jglà nh jnoolam‟ wgbrb tgb stlhh oboebr rbspnasèfb hnr tgb spbjòba oust ant fnsb sìgt nh `t uat`f `t `s prnpbrfy flebfbm. @a ntgbr wnrms, `t sgnufm abvbr fblvb tgb`r glams. @a sp`tb nh tgb prntnjnf à pfljb, tgnuig, tgby glm bxpbr`bajbm snob ablr o`ssbs wgbrb spbjòbas wbrb o`sflebfbm lam tgby wlatbm tn bfòàltb tgb s`tult`na. ]gnuig tgbsb typbs nh àj`mbats wbrb jnrrbjtbm w`tgnut glvài tn in eljd àtn tgb NU tn bxtrljt lantgbr spbjòba, tgb ablr o`ssbs pnàtbm nut tgb abbm hnr l ebttbr prnjbss. Oboebrs nh tgb NU tblo wbat àtn tgb K@ jflss spbj`﬌jlffy w`tg tgb àtbat`na nh rbmbsìaài tg`s prnjbss. Yg`fb mnài l erbldmnwa hnr tgb kne, à prbplrlt`na hnr l prljt`jb mbonastrlt`na nh tgb K@ obtgnm usài la ljtulf kne hrno tgb trlàbb‐s wnrds`tb tglt bljg pbrsna lttbamài tgb jflss oust pbrhnro, tgby lsdbm tgb qubst`na, ‖Ygy `s `t sbvbatbba stbps>‟ Rsài tgb K@ jnajbpt nh òpnrtlat stbps


lam dby pnàts, tgby wbrb lefb tn jfblr nut tgb jfuttbr lam jnahus`na à tgb`r jurrbat prnjbmurb lam jrbltb l jfblr lam bhhbjt`vb tbljgài prnjbss tglt wnufm basurb spbjòbas wbrb glamfbm jnrrbjtfy bljg lam bvbry tòb tgby wbrb flebfbm. Ls Olrtgl pnàtbm nut tn tgbo, ‖Ygba ynu mbsìa l prnjbss wbff, ynu mn ﬌am tgb ebst wly, kust f`db tgb pltg tglt wltbr tldbs wgba `t ﬅnws mnwag`ff.‟ Eut tgby ﬌rst abbmbm tgb K@ onmbf tn sgnw tgbo tglt pltg. Lantgbr bxlopfb nh gnw tgby slw tgb usb nh tgb K@ obtgnm hnr prnefbos tgby wbrb tryài tn lmmrbss wls à tgb ﬌rb slhbty prnjbmurbs lt El`fby-Enusgly Gnusb, l aursài gnob hlj`f`ty rua ey XOOJ. @a hljt, ﬌rbs à aursài gnobs nvbrlff lrb l eì prnefbo, lam El`fbyEnusgly glm glm tgrbb ﬌rbs à tgrbb yblrs, la ualjjbptlefb auoebr, olàfy mub tn l gìg pnpuflt`na nh sondbrs wgn m`m ant lfwlys hnffnw tgb rufbs lrnuam tgb`r gle`t. El`fby-Enusgly hnffnwbm alt`nalf ﬌rb slhbty iu`mbfàbs ey tbljgài stlhh gnw tn rbljt tn l ﬌rb usài tgb ljrnayo ULJB; rbonvb tgb plt`bat hrno tgb lrbl nh r`sd, ljt`vltb ﬌rb lflro, jlff hnr gbfp, lam bvljultb `h m`rbjtbm tn mn sn. Bvba tgnuig pbnpfb jnufm rboboebr tgb ljrnayo, tgby m`ma‐t lfwlys rboboebr wglt tgby wbrb suppnsbm tn mn. ]gb bxbjut`vb m`rbjtnr nh El`fby-Enusgly, Er`la Danwfbs, wbat tn tgb K@ jflss lam usbm tg`s ﬌rb prnjbmurb ls g`s mbonastrlt`na kne à tgb trlàài. Gb rbhrlobm tgb prnjbmurb àtn òpnrtlat stbps lam dby pnàts, tgb slob stbps ls nutfàbm ey ULJB, eut w`tgnut tgb ljrnayo. Lhtbr prljt`jài tbljgài tgb prnjbmurb à tgb K@ jflss, gb wbat eljd tn tgb aursài gnob lam ebila trlàài `t tn g`s stlhh. @a suesbqubat ﬌rb mr`ffs, El`fby-Enusgly stlhh ant nafy rboboebrbm gnw tn mn

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:39

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tgb prnjbmurb, eut wbrb ljtulffy lefb tn pbrhnro tgb ljt`nas prbsjrèbm prn﬌j`batfy lam à l tòbfy olaabr. Olrtgl dabw tglt lff nh tgbsb pr`nr`ty knes wbrb prnefbos tglt bljg lrbl glm lfrblmy rbjnia`zbm, lam tgb`r stlhh dabw wglt tgb rìgt rbspnasb abbmbm tn eb à nrmbr tn snfvb tgbo. @a ntgbr wnrms, ]Y@ m`ma‐t tbff tgbo wglt tgby glm tn mn. Gnwbvbr, à sp`tb nh tg`s uambrstlamài nh tgb abbm hnr innm prnjbmurbs lam trlàài, tgby m`ma‐t danw gnw tn hrlob tgb snfut`na nr gnw tn ‖bm`t `t jnrrbjtfy,‟ ls Olrtgl puts `t. ]Y@ ilvb tgbo l snf`m obtgnmnfniy tgby jnufm hnffnw à nrmbr tn ﬌a`sg tgb kne nh mbvbfnpài trub stlamlrm wnrd tglt snfvbm tgbsb prbssài prnefbos. ‖Kust danwài ynu glvb tn mn `t mnbsa‐t ibt ob tn mn `t,‟ Olrtgl bxpflàs, ‖eut `h @ danw gnw tn mn `t, lam wgy, tgba @‐ff hnffnw tgb jnrrbjt prnjbmurb bvbry tòb.‟

Slt`bat Hlffs Ybrb Ubmujbm Znobtòb ebhnrb ]Y@ wls àtrnmujbm tn XOOJ, tgb bhhnrt tn rbmujb hlffs usài XOSZ tnnfs wls put àtn prljt`jb lam innm rbsufts wbrb netlàbm. ]g`s ebjlobla nrila`zlt`naw`mb à`t`lt`vb à 5339. ]gb lvbrlib auoebr nh plt`bat hlffs pbr <,333 plt`bat-mlys wls :.:: à 5338, lam tgby wbrb lefb tn rbmujb tg`s tntlf tn :.3= lam :.<3 à 5339 lam 5337, rbspbjt`vbfy. Onrb sìa`﬌jlat tgla tgb tntlf auoebr nh hlffs, gnwbvbr, `s tgb auoebr nh hlffs w`tg àkury”tgb nabs tglt rblffy jnuat. ]g`s ﬌iurb, ls wbff, wls rbmujbm hrno <.3= à 5338 tn 3.99 à 5339 lam 3.00 à 5337. Ls wb glvb mbsjrèbm à tg`s jglptbr, tgb à`t`lf ]Y@ trlàài nh tba K@ trlàbrs wls mnab à Oly 5330, eut tgb p`fnt trlàài nh tgb gnurfy rnuamài kne wls ant put àtn huff prnmujt`na uat`f Kufy 5330, wgba =89 UAs lam


:30

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Hìurb 0.7 Hlffs lam hlffs w`tg àkur`bs/<,333 plt`bat mlys nvbrlff. (]gb lenvb obtr`js lrb l salpsgnt nh tglt tòb lt XOOJ. Ubsufts oly m`hhbr lt lantgbr tòb nr uambr m`hhbrbat jnam`t`nas.) (Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na nh X`rià`l Olsna Obm`jlf Jbatbr, Zblttfb, YL.)

SJ]s wbrb trlàbm nvbr l aàb-wbbd pbr`nm bamài à tgb o`mmfb nh Zbptboebr. Fnndài lt Hìurb 0.7, wb jla sbb tgb auoebr nh plt`bat hlffs na l onatg-ey-onatg els`s mrnp nhh mrlolt`jlffy ebiàaài à Kufy lam gnfms stblmy, `h ant jnatàub tn hlff bvba fnwbr . Bvba w`tg kust glfh l yblr nh trlàài rbsufts, tgb lvbrlib hnr tgb bat`rb yblr nh 5330 wbat mnwa tn 5.=0 plt`bat hlffs pbr <,333 plt`bat-mlys lam 3.9: plt`bat hlffs w`tgàkur`bs. Hnr kust tgb s`x-onatg pbr`nm sàjb Kufy, tgb tntlfs wnufm eb <.70 lam .28, rbspbjt`vbfy. Slt`bat hlffs glm lfwlys ebba jnas`mbrbm àbv`tlefb lt tgb gnsp`tlf, nab nh tgnsb tgàis tglt, à sp`tb nh tgb`r ebst bhhnrts lt prbvbat`na, wnufm lfwlys eb nab nh tgb ‖jnsts nh mnài eusàbss.‟ Gnwbvbr, àsp`rbm ey tgbsb

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mrlolt`j rbsufts hrno tgb`r p`fnt trlàài usài ]Y@ Kne @astrujt`na, tgb pbnpfb lt XOOJ anw hbbf jna﬌mbat à tgb`r le`f`ty tn ibt tg`s ﬌iurb mnwa tn zbrn. ]gby w`ff jnatàub tgb`r bhhnrts w`tg l inlf nh zbrn mbhbjts.

Abxt Ztbps ]glads tn tgb jlrbhuf lam babribt`j wly tgb tblo rnffbm nut tg`s à`t`lf usb nh tgb ]Y@ Kne @astrujt`na obtgnm, tgb bat`rb gnsp`tlf wls lefb tn w`tabss tgb pnwbr nh tgb obtgnm hnr pns`t`vbfy lhhbjtài v`tlf abbms nh tgb gnsp`tlf. ]gb bat`rb wnrdhnrjb, hrno tnp bxbjut`vbs lam olalibrs tn tgb mnjtnrs, aursbs, lam stlhh, jnufm uambrstlam tgb obtgnm lam lmvnjltb `ts usb. Nab lrbl à wg`jg tgby hbbf tgby w`ff ibt bxjbpt`nalf vlfub nut nh l K@ òpfbobatlt`na `s à tbfbobtry, tglt lrbl ebtwbba jr`t`jlf lam rbiuflr plt`bat jlrb wgbrb stlhh abbm tn fblra tgb usb nh l vlr`bty nh ona`tnrài bqu`pobat ls tgby jlrb hnr plt`bats à l gìg stltb nh abbm. ]g`s `s l enttfbabjd à tgb XOOJ nrila`zlt`na ebjlusb nh tgb ua`qub bxpbrt`sb abbmbm tn jlrb hnr vbry `ff plt`bats. ]gbrb `s lfsn gìg stlhh turanvbr, ant ebjlusb pbnpfb lrb uaglppy, eut ebjlusb tgby ebjnob vbry olrdbtlefb najb tgby lrb lefb tn rblm tgb ona`tnrs lam trblt jr`t`jlf jlrb plt`bats. Aursbs jnoài nut nh tbfbobtry typ`jlffy onvb up qu`jdfy tn gìgbr pns`t`nas à jfà`jlf jlrb, @JR, suribry, nr bvba, à snob jlsbs, tn ebjnoài l ﬅìgt aursb. Zn tgb abbm hnr innm trlàài gbrb `s jnastlat, lam tgb mbplrtobat gls ebjnob l ‖hbbmbr fàb‟ hnr tgb bat`rb gnsp`tlf. ]gb tbfbobtry ua`t gls boerljbm tgb hljt tglt tgby lrb inài tn eb l trlàài pnàt hnr aursbs lam stlhh onvài


up tgb`r jlrbbr pltgs, lam tgby glvb anw boerljbm ]Y@ ls l stblmy oblas nh prnv`mài tg`s sbrv`jb tn tgb nrila`zlt`na. ]gby rla w`tg tgb à`t`lf glam gyi`bab p`fnt lam, ebjlusb nh gìg onrlfb à tgb mbplrtobat, int fnts nh qubst`nas, sujg ls na tgb prnpbr usb nh pbrsnalf prntbjt`vb bqu`pobat (SSB), wgba mnài tgb trlàài lam tgbsb qubst`nas wbrb plssbm up tgb nrila`zlt`nalf jglà. Olalibobat tgnuigt tglt bvbrynab dabw tgbsb tgàis lam wbrb surpr`sbm tgby m`ma‐t. @a rbspnasb, tgby glvb anw tldba àhbjt`na jnatrnf prnjbmurbs tn abw gbìgts lam lrb fnndài hnrwlrm tn usài ]Y@ tn ljtulf`zb tgbsb abw stlamlrms, bvba ls tgby jnatàub trlàài tgb abw aursbs wgn onvb àtn tgb mbplrtobat. @a lmm`t`na, XOOJ tnnd l fnnd lt `ts irlmultb obm`jlf bmujlt`na (IOB) prnirlo, wg`jg trlàs obm`jlf mnjtnrs stlrtài nut à tgb`r jfà`jlf prljt`jb bmujlt`na, lam tgb jfà`jlf slhbty jurr`jufuo wgbrb rbf`le`f`ty lrnuam gìg-r`sd prnjbmurbs `s jr`t`jlf. ]gb gnsp`tlf `s wnrdài w`tg tgb @ast`tutb hnr Gblftg Jlrb @oprnvbobat, wg`jg `s jnas`mbrài wglt jr`t`jlf bfbobats lrnuam slhbty abbm tn eb l plrt nh bvbrynab‐s obm`jlf trlàài, àjfumài glam wlsgài, wg`jg `s anw ebài àjfumbm ls plrt nh trlàài lt tgb alt`nalf fbvbf. ]gby lfwlys dabw tglt glam gyi`bab wls l jr`t`jlf tnp`j tn àjfumb, eut tglads tn tgb wnrd nh tgb K@ p`fnt, tgby anw glm l innm wly tn tbljg `t. ]gby hbbf tglt ]Y@ oust eb àjfumbm à tg`s plrt nh tgb jurr`jufuo, à plrt`juflr à tgb sòuflt`na fles tgby glvb sbt up ls plrt nh tgb prnirlo. ]gbrb lrb l vlr`bty nh tnp`js tglt lrb jnvbrbm à tgbsb sòuflt`na fles, eut l innm :3% nh tg`s trlàài `s anw inài tn eb strlìgt-nut ]Y@ àstrujt`na.

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:<5

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]gb gnsp`tlf lfsn hbbfs tglt `t gls l flrib rbspnasè`f`ty à trlàài tgb abxt ibabrlt`na nh aursbs lam XOOJ stlhh gbfp tbljg lt tgb olay aursài sjgnnfs à tgb Zblttfb lrbl. Y`tg tgb sujjbss nh tgb ]Y@ p`fnt, tgby pfla tn sgnw tgb K@ tbjga`qub lt tgbsb aursài sjgnnfs lam rbqu`rb aursbs tn fblra `t `h tgby wlat tn mn tgb`r jfà`jlf trlàài lt XOOJ. Kust ls ]nyntl gbfps `ts upstrblo suppf`brs ey tbljgài tgbo tbjga`qubs tglt mbvbfnp tgb`r nwa qulf`ty mbf`vbry, XOOJ hbbfs `t jla gbfp aursài sjgnnfs ebttbr prbplrb huturb aursbs wgn w`ff bvbatulffy wnrd hnr XOOJ nr ntgbr gnsp`tlfs. Mnaal Zo`tg, tgb obm`jlf m`rbjtnr nh tgb gnsp`tlf wgn `s st`ff l prljt`jài jfà`jlf pgys`j`la à pbm`ltr`js, plrt`j`pltbm à nab nh tgb ﬌rst tba-gnur K@ sbss`nas put na ey Olrtgl lam Lfbadl. Yg`fb tgb pfla wls tn glvb plrt`j`plats à tgb jflssbs eb prljt`t`nabrs wgn wnufm ljtulffy trlà knes, à nrmbr tn ibt uambrstlamài lam suppnrt hrno tgb tnp erlss, tgby glm sbfbjt lmoà`strltnrs plrt`j`pltb”eut abvbr onrb tgla tgrbb à tgb tbapbrsna jflssbs. Ls gbr prljt`jb kne hnr tgb jflss Mr. Zo`tg netlàbm l tgrnlt jufturb wgbrb ynu rbljg àtn tgb eljd nh tgb tgrnlt w`tg l swle lam, ls l dby pnàt, ‖mna‐t tnujg t`p uat`f ynu rbljg tnas`fs,‟ sn tglt tgb plt`bat, à plrt`juflr l jg`fm, mnbsa‐t ili na tgb swle. ]gb erbldmnwa lam àstrujt`na prljt`jb wbat bxtrbobfy wbff, lam tgb obm`jlf m`rbjtnr hbft tglt, w`tg tg`s trlàài, ynu jnufm ibt l aursb‐s lss`stlat tn eb lefb tn mn tg`s kne àstblm nh l mnjtnr nr l aursb. ‖]gbrb `s an rblsna hnr ob tn mn `t,‟ sgb prnjflòbm, ‖lam an rblsna hnr l aursb tn mn `t b`tgbr.‟ Elsbm na bp`pgla`bs sujg ls tg`s, tgby hbbf anw tglt tgb K@ obtgnm jla eb usbm tn trlà aursb‐s lss`stlats tn


tldb na snob nh tgb tlsds jnoonafy mnab ey tgb aursbs tgbosbfvbs. Y`tg tgb jgrna`j sgnrtlib nh aursbs à bvbry lspbjt nh gblftgjlrb, tg`s prnspbjt `s nab nh tgb onst lppblfài rbsufts nh tgb ]Y@ àtrnmujt`na. Nh jnursb, bljg stltb gls `ts nwa flws surrnuamài wglt knes oust eb mnab ey f`jbasbm obm`jlf prnhbss`nalfs, lam tgb sjnpb nh prljt`jb hnr lss`stlat pbrsnaabf oly eb fò`tbm. Gnwbvbr, onst rbiuflt`nas lffnw hnr knes tn eb mnab ey lss`stlats `h tgby lrb (<) uambr tgb supbrv`s`na nh l aursb lam (5) `h tgby glvb rbjb`vbm prnpbr trlàài à tgb tlsd. Znob nh tgb knes tglt oìgt hlff àtn tg`s jltbinry lrb; ◱ ◱ ◱ ◱ ◱

Jnaabjtài la BDI (gnndài up tgb bfbjtrnmbs) ]ldài v`tlf sìas M`sjnatàuài la @X gbpfnjd ]ldài nut la @X Ubonvài l Hnfby jltgbtbr

]gbsb lrb knes tglt lrb ant jurrbatfy plrt nh tgb trlàài jurr`jufuo hnr aursb‐s lss`stlats eut nabs tglt jla eb trlàbm lam olalibm ey tgb aursbs. Lantgbr v`tlf lrbl wgbrb tgby hbbf K@ jla jrbltb flrib ilàs `s à prbsuribry prnjbmurbs lam prbplrlt`na . Gnsp`tlfs glvb fnai prljt`jbm tgàis f`db tgb prnjbmurlf plusb, wgbrb tgby tldb l onobat kust ebhnrb suribry tn oldb surb, nhtbatòbs w`tgtgb plt`bat‐s plrt`j`plt`na ebhnrb tgby in uambr labstgbs`l, tglt tgby glvb tgb rìgt plt`bat hnr tgb rìgt prnjbmurb w`tg tgb rìgt bqu`pobat lam bxpbrt`sb à tgb rnno. ]gbsb prnjbmurbs wnufm nafy eb baglajbm ey glvài bvbrynab trlàbm prnpbrfy usài K@. @a lmm`t`na, XOOJ fblmbrsg`p hbbfs tglt l guib nppnrtua`ty bx`sts à tgb prbsuribry lrbl nh stbr`fb prnjbssài,

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wgbrb lff àstruobats lam bqu`pobat à tgb npbrltài rnno oust eb jfblabm, stbr`f`zbm, lam rbd`ttbm hnr abxt usb. ]g`s `s tgb nab lrbl nh tgb gnsp`tlf tglt ljtulffy npbrltbs sò`flr tn l prnmujt`na fàb à l hljtnry w`tg, qu`tb f`tbrlffy, l onvài fàb, pbld pbr`nms nh nutput, lam npbrltnrs w`tg wbff-mb﬌abm tlsds. ]gb stlhh lam bopfnybbs gbrb glvb tr`bm vlf`latfy tn òprnvb tgbsb prnjbss, lttboptài tn stlamlrm`zb wnrd lam ebttbr sbqubajb tgb ﬅnw nh tgb prnjbssbs. ]gby glvb lpprnljgbm òprnvbobat w`tg irblt mbm`jlt`na, eut tgby struiifb w`tg stle`f`ty, lam tgbrbhnrb tgbrb `s an v`sè`f`ty tn ﬌am tgb v`tlf lrbls tglt abbm lttbat`na. Y`tg K@, fblmbrsg`p hbbfs, tgby jla rbljg tglt abbmbm stle`f`ty lam ebttbr rblp tgb ebab﬌ts nh tgb XOSZ tnnfs tgby lrb lppfyài. Lantgbr lrbl nh irblt pntbat`lf `s à tgb pglroljy, wgbrb tgb jnopnuamài nh obm`jlt`nas `s l jr`t`jlf huajt`na. @a ntgbr wnrms, wg`fb olay obm`jlt`nas lrb prbpljdlibm lam prbplrbm hnr mbf`vbry, gnsp`tlf pglroljy stlhh st`ff o`x àirbm`bats tn prbplrb obm`jlt`nas à spbj`﬌j mnslibs hnr àm`v`mulf plt`bats. Abbmfbss tn sly, tg`s oust eb mnab jlrbhuffy lam w`tg an o`stldbs. Hnr bxlopfb, à jgbontgbrlpy, mruis lrb jnopnuambm elsbm na enmy gbìgt lam wbìgt, lam `t `s blsy tn trlaspnsb mnslibs wgba o`xài tgb hnroufl. @h tgb jnrrbjt mnslib hnr l plt`bat wls, sly, 83 oi/o5 nh Lmr`loyjà 5

lam 833 oi/o nh Jytnxla hnr l plrt`juflr plt`bat, la brrnr nh o`xài 833 oi/o5 nh Lmr`loyjà lam 83 oi/o5 nh Jytnxla wnufm jrbltb jltlstrnpg`j rbsufts. ]n iulrm lilàst tgbsb dàms nh brrnrs, l systbo nh jgbjds lam elflajbs gls ebba sbt up tn jlpturb o`stldbs, lam gbrbà f`bs l irblt mblf nh wlstb lam rbmuamlajy. Eut tgb slhbty lspbjt rbqu`rbs tg`s rbmuamlajy.


@a hljt, lt XOOJ tgby wbrb ﬌amài jnrrbjt`nas 83% nh tgb tòb. Y`tg onrb jnas`stbajy à tgb wnrd, nab wnambrs, jnufm wb jrbltb onrb stle`f`ty à tg`s jr`t`jlf lrbl lam tgrnttfb eljd na snob nh tgb rbmuamlajy à tgbsb jgbjds>

Jnajfus`na ]gb pnssè`f`t`bs hnr suestlat`lf òprnvbobat à gblftgjlrb usài ]Y@ Kne @astrujt`na sbbo lfonst bamfbss. Ls tgby onvb hnrwlrm, tgb stlhh lt X`rià`l Olsna Obm`jlf Jbatbr w`ff jnatàub tn rblp tgbsb ebab﬌ts nh innm kne àstrujt`na ls tgby jnatàub tn lppfy tgb trlàài purpnsbhuffy lam strltbi`jlffy. Yglt `s onrb, tgb`r olay yblrs nh jnatàuài bhhnrt òpfbobatài Fbla uambr tgb`r XOSZ systbo w`ff ilrabr bvba ebttbr rbsufts ebjlusb nh tgb strnai hnuamlt`na nh innm fblmbrsg`p lam wnrd d s `ffs tgby lrb pflatài w`tg ]Y@.

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@X ]Y@ @OSFBOBA]L]@NA

Jglptbr <3

Lppfy` ai ] Y@ tn Pnur Nrila`zlt`na ]gb <3-gnur sbss`nas nh K@, KO lam KU lrb sn els`j tglt tgb`r òpnrtlajb `s ant suekbjt tn mbeltb. Jnopfbt`na nh tgbsb sbss`nas, gnwbvbr, `s nafy tgb ebiàaài. ]gb jnatàubm usb nh tgbsb sd`ffs nvbr tgb wbbds, onatgs lam yblrs `s tgb nafy wly tn ibt rbsufts.* ”J. U. Mnnfby, Kufy <0==

Ygba tgb ]Y@ Zbrv`jb wls ﬌rst jrbltbm ey tgb Jnuaj`f hnr Alt`nalf Mbhbasb à <0=3, `t glm twbaty-twn m`str`jt nh﬌jbs lrnuam tgb jnuatry. ]gbsb nh﬌jbs prnv`mbm jnasuftài na à-pflat prnefbos w`tg l stlhh nh bxpbr`bajbm àmustry pbnpfb lam vnjlt`nalf bmujlt`na àstrujtnrs na fnla hrno tgb`r nrila`zlt`nas hnr tgb murlt`na nh tgb wlr.† ]gb ﬌rst jglffbaib prbsbatbm tn tg`s irnup wls tn lmmrbss l jr`t`jlf sgnrtlib nh fbas iràmbrs abbmbm tn prnmujb prbj`s`na fbasbs hnr wlrtòb usb à tgb enoe sìgts enoelrm`brs usbm tn g`t tgb`r tlribts. Ztumyài tgb *

†

J. U. Mnnfby, Gnw tn Ibt Jnatàuài Ubsufts à l Sflat hrno ]rlàài Y`tgà @amustry Srnirlo, ]rlàài Y`tgà @amustry Zbrv`jb Ztltbobat Snf`jy, Kufy <0==. Lfla I. Uneàsna lam Mbla O. Zjgrnbmbr, ]rlàài, Jnatàunus @oprnvbobat, lam Guola Ubflt`nas; ]gb R.Z.]Y@ Srnirlos lam tgb Klplabsb Olalibobat Ztyfb, Jlf`hnra`l Olalibobat Ubv`bw, Xnf. :2, :9, <00:.

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s`tult`na, tgb ]Y@ spbj`lf`sts hnuam tglt tgb kne nh fbas iràmài lppblrbm tn rbqu`rb tgb olstbry nh twbaty knes, ant lff nh wg`jg wbrb sd`ffbm. ]gb sgnrtlib nh fbas iràmbrs tn obbt tgb wlrtòb prnmujt`na kust`﬌bm tgb trlàài nh rbflt`vbfy uasd`ffbm wnrdbrs wgn glm an rbsbrvlt`nas lenut mnài tgb sòpfbr tlsds. ]Y@ stlhh lfsn òprnvbm tgb trlàài hnr abw fbas iràmbrs, rbmujài tglt tòb hrno ﬌vb yblrs tn twn onatgs. ]gb ]Y@ Zbrv`jb usbm tg`s fbas iràmài sujjbss stnry tn sgnwjlsb tgb pnwbr nh prnpbr trlàài, lam tg`s fbm tgb sbrv`jb tn jnajbatrltb snfbfy na trlàài rltgbr tgla jnasuftài, wg`jg wls tgb`r à`t`lf tgrust, tn òprnvb qulf`ty lam prnmujt`v`ty alt`naw`mb. ]gby tgba wbat òobm`ltbfy tn wnrd na jrbltài tgb K prnirlos, ebiàaài w`tg Kne @astrujt`na tglt, lhtbr auobrnus tbst ruas, wls put àtn npbrlt`na ls l alt`nalf prnirlo à Njtnebr <0=<. Zujjbss w`tg tgb fbas iràmài prnkbjt fbm tn tgb àsp`rbm pràj`pfb tglt jnatàubs tn tg`s mly tn eb tgb dby tn l sujjbsshuf rnffnut nh tgb ]rlàài Y`tgà @amustry prnirlos; tgb ouft`pf`br bhhbjt. Ls Ylftbr M`btz, nab nh tgb ]Y@ hnuambrs, bxpflàbm à g`s <093 ennd, Fblraài ey Mnài, tgb hnuamlt`na hnr tgb ouft`pf`br bhhbjt `s tn ‖mbvbfnp l stlamlrm obtgnm lam tgba trlà pbnpfb wgn w`ff trlà ntgbr pbnpfb wgn w`ff trlà irnups nh pbnpfb tn usb tgb obtgnm.‟ Hnr tgb ouft`pf`br bhhbjt tn wnrd, tgb K jnursbs glm tn eb mbsìabm ls l stlamlrm`zbm obtgnm tglt jnufm eb sujjbsshuffy tluigt à lff s`tult`nas à l vlr`bty nh àmustr`bs. Najb tluigt, stràibat qulf`ty jnatrnf wnufm eb abbmbm tn sustlà tgb ouft`pf`br bhhbjt nh tgb trlàài. ]g`s jnoeàlt`na nh stlamlrm`zbm trlàài

Lppfyài ]Y@ tn Pnur Nrila`zlt`na

lam hnffnw-tgrnuig wls bstlef`sgbm w`tg K@ lam tgba sujjbsshuffy rbpbltbm hnr KO lam KU.* ]n `ffustrltb gnw tgb ouft`pf`br bhhbjt wnrdbm, <,:32,293 supbrv`snrs glm ebba jbrt`﬌bm tn tbljg tgb K@ tba-gnur sbss`nas. ]gbsb pbnpfb, à tura, trlàbm nvbr <3 o`ff`na wnrdbrs, nab-s`xtg nh tgb bat`rb wnrdhnrjb nh 8= o`ff`na wgba ]Y@ jblsbm npbrlt`nas à <0=2.† Gnwbvbr, tg`s ouft`pf`br bhhbjt wls trìibrbm nafy wgba tgb trlàài nh tgb K prnirlos wls prnpbrfy mbf`vbrbm ey l qulf`﬌bm àstrujtnr wgn glm ebba trlàbm tn mbf`vbr tgb prnirlos hnffnwài tgb trlàbr olaulfs tglt glm ebba mbvbfnpbm ey tgb ]Y@ Zbrv`jb.‡ ]g`s str`jt lmgbrbajb tn stlamlrm mbf`vbry fnjdbm à tgb qulf`ty nh tgb jnatbat tglt sprblm rlp`mfy tgrnuig tgb wnrdhnrjb ey tgnsb tbljgài `t.

L Sfla hnr Jnatàuài Ubsufts Ls bljg prnirlo wls àtrnmujbm, tgb flrib vnfuob nh pbnpfb à abbm nh tgb trlàài prnv`mbm tgb ]Y@ Zbrv`jb w`tg hbbmeljd hrno trlàbrs lam hrno jnopla`bs tgrnuignut tgb Ra`tbm Ztltbs. ]glt fbm J. U. Mnnfby, gblm nh tgb sbrv`jb, tn `ssub l alt`nalf pnf`jy na gnw tn ibt jnatàuài rbsufts à l pflat hrno ]rlàài Y`tgà @amustry à Kuab <0==, ablr tgb bam nh tgb wlr, tn lff ]rlàài Y`tgà @amustry stlhh oboebrs. ‖]g`s pfla hnr ibttài ‗jnatàuài usb‐ nh ]Y@ prnirlos,‟ gb wrntb, ‖`s * † ‡

@e`m., p. =3. @e`m, p. :7. Sltr`jd Irlupp lam Unebrt K. Yrnal, ]gb ]Y@ Ynrdennd, Srnmujt`v`ty Srbss, Abw Pnrd, 5335.

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tgb nut-irnwtg nh twn yblrs nh prljt`jlf bxpbròbatlt`na lam bxpbr`bajb. Pnu w`ff rbjnia`zb olay hblturbs nh tgb pfla ls ynur nwa. @t `s lantgbr spfbam`m bxlopfb nh tgb jnoeàbm bhhnrts nh olay ]Y@ pbnpfb.‟ Mnnfby‐s stltbobat nh pnf`jy sbplrltbm tgb òpfbobatlt`na nh ]Y@ àtn twn pglsbs;* Sglsb <; Els`j trlàài. ]gb à`t`lf àtrnmujt`na lam hnffnw-tgrnuig bhhnrts w`tg K@, KO, lam KU. Lfelay @atbralt`nalf, Y. F. Inrb, X`rià`l Olsna Obm`jlf Jbatbr, lam Jurr`br Sflst`js lrb bxlopfbs nh nrila`zlt`nas à m`hhbrbat stlibs nh pglsb <”i`vài pbnpfb tgb sd`ffs tn òprnvb à tgb tba-gnur sbss`nas nh K@, KO, lam KU. Sglsb 5; Jnatàuài usb. Lff nh tgb tgàis jnopla`bs mn tn sbb tglt supbrv`snrs oldb jnatàubm lppf`jlt`na nh tgb pràj`pfbs i`vba tgbo à tgb K@, KO, lam KU tba-gnur sbss`nas. ]gb usb nh KO tn mr`vb tgb Mnaabffy Justno Olauhljturài `mbl prnirlo `s l innm bxlopfb nh gnw nab jnoplay gls mbv`sbm l wly tn dbbp `ts fàb nrila`zlt`na hnjusbm na usài ]Y@ tn jnatàulffy òprnvb. Lppfyài wglt `s fblrabm à tgb tba-gnur sbss`nas oly m`hhbr ebtwbba jnopla`bs nr bvba ebtwbba pflats w`tgà tgb slob jnoplay. Gnwbvbr, tgb slob pns`t`vb rbsufts w`ff eb ibabrltbm wgba bljg pflat jnahnros tn l huamlobatlf pfla”snobtgài tglt wls fljdài lt A`xna Iblr lhtbr `ts à`t`lf ]Y@ trlàài. ]gb pflaaài prnjbss *

Mnnfby, Gnw tn I bt Jnatàuài Ubsufts à l Sflat hrno ]rlàài Y`tgà @amustry Srnirlo.


mbvbfnpbm à <0== hnr àtrnmujài ]Y@ lam hnr ibttài jnatàuài usb nh K@, KO, lam KU `s l innm pfljb tn stlrt nur rbv`bw nh gnw la bhhbjt`vb ]Y@ rnffnut jla eb prnpbrfy olalibm; Sglsb <; L pfla nh ljt`na tn su`t bljg pflat. Jnoo`tobat hrno tnp olalibobat tn; <. Zpnasnr tgb prnirlo 5. Lssuob tgb huajt`na nh l jnnrmàltnr nr tn mbsìaltb snobnab à tglt rnfb :. Lpprnvb l mbtl`fbm pfla hnr els`j trlàài lam jnatàuài usb =. Jgbjd rbsufts Sglsb 5; Sfla hnr ibttài jnatàunus rbsufts hrno K@, KO, lam KU; <. Lssìa rbspnasè`f`ty hnr ibttài jnatàuài rbsufts. l. Bljg bxbjut`vb lam supbrv`snr oust; `. Rsb tgb pfla gòsbfh nr gbrsbfh ``. Srnv`mb lss`stlajb tn tgnsb wgn rbpnrt tn gò nr gbr ```. Ubqu`rb rbsufts nh tgnsb wgn rbpnrt tn gò nr gbr 5. Ibt lmbqultb jnvbrlib. l. ]gb tba-gnur jnursb `s ant kust hnr ﬌rst-fàb supbrv`snrs. ]g`rm-fàb lam hnurtg-fàb olalibobat, lfnai w`tg pbnpfb lt lff fbvbfs, sgnufm ibt tgb trlàài tn danw wglt tgb prnirlo `s lenut. :. Srnv`mb hnr jnljgài nh supbrv`snrs ey b`tgbr; l. ]gb`r nwa enss e. ]gb pbrsna ebst lefb tn àﬅubajb tgbo

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=. Ubpnrt rbsufts tn olalibobat. l. ]gb lpprnpr`ltb bxbjut`vbs sgnufm eb rbiuflrfy àhnrobm ls tn rbsufts à nrmbr tn glvb snob jnatàuài jnaabjt`na w`tg tgb prnirlo lam snob àjbat`vb hnr jnatàuài àtbrbst. e. ]gb purpnsb nh tgb rbpnrt `s tn sgnw tgb rbflt`vb òprnvbobat ljjnopf`sgbm ey tgb usb nh K@, KO, nr KU. 2. I`vb jrbm`t hnr rbsufts. l. Srnopt lam prnpbr rbjnia`t`na ey tgb lpprnpr`ltb bxbjut`vb `s abjbsslry tn netlà jnatàuài àtbrbst, lam gbajb jnatàuài usb. 8. Srnv`mb hnr jfblrlajb nh Kne Obtgnms prnpnslfs. l. L wbff-sbt-up prnjbmurb hnr glamfài prnpnslfs `s l oust. Ygba tg`s pfla wls put nut lt tgb bam nh tgb ]Y@ Zbrv`jb‐s f`hb, tgb tòài tn eflzb abw trl`fs jnufm ant glvb ebba wnrsb. Olauhljturbrs à <0== wbrb lfrblmy sguttài mnwa tgb prnmujt`na nh wlr oltbr`bf wg`fb rlopài up tgb prnmujt`na nh jnasuobr innms anw tglt la Lff`bm v`jtnry wls an fnaibr à mnuet. Olalibobat glm jnob tn v`bw ]Y@ ls l wlrtòb prnirlo, sn tldài tgb ]Y@ trlàài tn lantgbr fbvbf tn ibt jnatàuài rbsufts hrno K@, KO, lam KU wls ant na tgb`r f`st nh pr`nr`t`bs. ]Y@ glm lfsn prnv`mbm irlssrnnts lttbat`na tn gnw pbnpfb wbrb trbltbm à tgb wnrdpfljb, lam tg`s olmb olalibobat uajnohnrtlefb lt tg`s tòb à g`stnry. Lhtbr tgb wlr ﬌alffy m`m bam, ]Y@ snna trlvbfbm tn Klpla, lfnai w`tg Kurla lam Mboài, lt wg`jg tòb tgb Klplabsb Flenr Oà`stry sbt up l solff ]Y@ wnrdài


irnup. ]g`s irnup sbat nab oboebr lernlm tn l K@] @ast`tutb* m` rbjtbm ey tgb @atbralt`nalf Flenr Nrila`zlt`na tglt glm netlàbm jnp`bs nh tgb ]Y@ olaulfs. ]g`s pbrsna rbturabm tn Klpla wgbrb gb trlàbm tba nh `ts oboebrs ls ]Y@ àst`tutb jnamujtnrs (olstbr trlàbrs), wgn trlàbm lpprnxòltbfy ﬌vb guamrbm pbnpfb à K@ lam sbvbaty pbnpfb à KO. Gnwbvbr, tg`s bhhnrt m`m ant trìibr tgb ouft`pf`br bhhbjt ls wls mnab à tgb Ra`tbm Ztltbs murài Ynrfm Ylr @@.† Ubjnia`zài tglt tgb trlàài glm hl`fbm, tgb Klplabsb Flenr Oà`stry tgba jnatrljtbm w`tg ]Y@, @aj. à <02< hnr tgrbb olstbr trlàbr àst`tutbs, nab bljg hnr K@, KO, lam KU. L spbj`lf`st hnr bljg K prnirlo wls sbfbjtbm tn trlvbf w`tg tgbo tn Klpla hrno tgb Ra`tbm Ztltbs tn mbf`vbr tgb ]Y@ prnirlos. L hnurtg spbj`lf`st, la bxpbrt à pflat àstlfflt`na nh tgb ]Y@ prnirlos, ljjnopla`bm tgb trlàbrs. ]g`s pbrsna wls jglribm w`tg sbffài tgb vlfub nh tgb ]Y@ prnirlos tn tnp olalibobat. Ljjnrmài tn tgb abwfy lrr`vbm ]Y@, @aj. spbj`lf`sts, tgb hl`fbm bhhnrts tglt prbjbmbm tgbo glm fljdbm tgb rì`m qulf`ty jnatrnf lam lttbat`na tn mbtl`f à tgb mbf`vbry nh tgb tba-gnur prnirlos tn trìibr tgb ouft`pf`br bhhbjt.‡ ]gbsb spbj`lf`sts àtrnmujbm ]Y@ à Klpla à tgb slob olaabr tgby glm fblrabm wnrdbm ebst wg`fb trlàài ]Y@ tgrnuignut tgb wlr à tgb Ra`tbm Ztltbs;§ *

†

‡ §

]gb Lobr`jlas nrìàlffy flebfbm tgb prnirlos K@] hnr Kne @astrujt`na ]rlàài, KO] hnr Kne Obtgnms ]rlàài, lam KU] hnr Kne Ubflt`nas ]rlàài. ]gb Klplabsb fltbr tnnd nut tgb jnoona trlàài flebf, lam wb usb tglt jnavbat`na tnmly tn àm`jltb tgb obtgnmnfni`bs tgbosbfvbs lam ant kust tgb trlàài lspbjt tn tgb prnirlos. Uneàsna lam Zjgrnbmbr, ]rlàài, Jnatàunus @oprnvbobat, lam Guola Ubflt`nas, pp. =3, =9. @e`m. @e`m.

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]gby puef`j`zbm tgb`r lrr`vlf lam tgb K prnirlos tgby wbrb tn àstlff tgrnuig tgb prbss, lam invbraobat lam o`f`tlry lutgnr`t`bs. ]gby gbfpbm tn sbfbjt trlàbbs hrno l w`mb vlr`bty nh àmustry irnups. Ra`nas wbrb àv`tbm tn plrt`j`pltb tn fblra tglt ]Y@ wls tn trlà pbnpfb tn ebjnob ebttbr supbrv`snrs, ant tn oldb flenrbrs wnrd glrmbr. ]gb ]Y@ pflat àstlfflt`na spbj`lf`st wnrdbm w`tg Klplabsb plrtabrs tn sbff tgb vlfub nh ]Y@ prnirlos tn tnp olalibobat. K@, KO, lam KU trlàbrs mbf`vbrbm tgb stlamlrm`zbm ]Y@ trlàài tn irnups nh tba pbnpfb. ]Y@, @aj. sbfbjtbm lam prbplrbm hnffnw-tgrnuig trlàbrs, qulf`ty jnatrnf spbj`lf`sts, àstlfflt`na spbj`lf`sts, lam l jnrb nh àst`tutb jnamujtnrs (]Y@ olstbr trlàbrs) tn trlà àstrujtnrs.

‖Ygba tgb ]Y@, @aj. spbj`lf`sts mbplrtbm hrno Klpla, tgby fbht ebgàm tgbo :2 jbrt`﬌bm @ast`tutb Jnamujtnrs (Olstbr ]rlàbrs), tgb ebiàaài nh l flrib ouft`pf`br bhhbjt wg`jg wnufm bxtbam tn nvbr nab o`ff`na Klplabsb olalibrs lam supbrv`snrs ey <088, lam tn olay o`ff`nas onrb ey <005.‟*

Fbssnas hrno tgb Slst ]gb rnffnut nh tgb ]Y@ prnirlo à tgb Ra`tbm Ztltbs lam à Klpla lrb tgb nafy bxlopfbs nh sujjbsshuf alt`nalf rnffnuts nh ]Y@ hrno tgb plst. ]gb prnirlos lam wglt wls fblrabm ey tgb lppf`jlt`na nh tgbsb prnirlos murài *

@e`m., pp. =9 lam =7.


YY@@ `s bxtrbobfy wbff mnjuobatbm, lam tgbrb `s an m`sputài tgb rbsufts. Yb lfsn fblrabm tglt tgb à`t`lf Klplabsb bhhnrt tn òpfbobat ]Y@ hl`fbm wgba tgb tba pbnpfb trlàbm ey tgb @atbralt`nalf Flenr Nrila`zlt`na, usài olaulfs lam oltbr`lfs netlàbm hrno tgb @FN tn trlà ﬌vb guamrbm K@ ‖trlàbrs,‟ wbrb ant lefb tn trìibr tgb ouft`pf`br bhhbjt à Klpla. Lfelay @atbralt`nalf Onan﬌flobat Sflat (Jglptbr 8) à`t`lffy olmb tgb slob o`stldb nh usài oltbr`lfs netlàbm hrno tgb lrjg`vbs à jnakuajt`na w`tg bxbrj`sbs tldba hrno]gb ]Y@ Ynrdennd w`tgnut danwài gnw tn lppfy K@, KO, lam KU à tgb wnrdpfljb. Entg nh tgbsb lttbopts hl`fbm ebjlusb tgb pbnpfb o`ssbm nut na iu`mlajb hrno l jbrt`﬌bm trlàbr wgn `s sd`ffbm à jnljgài pbnpfb na gnw tn lppfy wglt wls tluigt à tgb tba-gnur trlàài jflssbs.

]nyntl ]Y@ ]nyntl wls nab nh tgb ﬌rst jnopla`bs à Klpla tn boerljb ]Y@ hnr tgb vbry rblsna tgb prnirlo wls jrbltbm”tn snfvb spbj`﬌j prnmujt`na prnefbos àvnfvài pbnpfb. Ljjnrmài tn @sln Dltn; @a <023, murài tgb ablr eladruptjy pbr`nm, olalibobat lam tgb ua`na olmb l sbr`bsnh lirbbobats. Nab lirbbobat wls hnr ]nyntl‐s olalibobat tn rbspnam tn tgb mbvbfnpobat ua`na‐s rbqubst tn trlàài. jrbltb snob nh supbrv`snr lam ]gbhnro GU mbplrtobat nh ]nyntl àvbstìltbm bx`stài prnirlos lam wls àtrnmujbm tn ]Y@. Zàjb `t wls la bx`stài prnirlo lam wls rbjb`vài hlvnrlefb rbv`bws, `t wls * bvlfultbm lam tgba lmnptbm ey ]nyntl. *

]Y@ @aﬅubajb na ]SZ & Dl`zba, suoolry antbs hrno Lrt Zolffby àtbrv`bw w`tg Or. @sln Dltn, Hberulry 7, 5338, www.lrtnﬅbla.jno.

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]l``jg` Ngan, tgb hnuambr nh ]SZ wgn wnufm gòsbfh ebjnob l ]Y@-jbrt`﬌bm trlàbr, wls vbry lwlrb nh tgb ]Y@ prnirlos hrno tgb stlrt. @sln ‖@db‟ Dltn, wgn wnr dbm bxtbas`vbfy mbvbfnpài trlàài oltbr`lf hnr ]SZ uambr tgb m`rbjt`na nh Or. Ngan lam ntgbr bxbjut`vbs, ebjlob `ts tnp bxbjut`vb jnnrmàltnr. @t wls àtbrbstài tn fblra hrno Lrt Zolffby‐s 5338 tbfbpgnab àtbrv`bw tglt Or. Dltn `s danwa ls tgb ‖hltgbr nh stlamlrm`zbm wnrd lam dl`zba jnursbs,‟ lam tglt gb `s lfsn l olstbr àstrujtnr nh tgb ]Y@ oltbr`lf. Or. Dltn jlut`nas us à tg`s àtbrv`bw tglt ‖ynu jlaant sbplrltb pbnpfb mbvbfnpobat hrno prnmujt`na systbo mbvbfnpobat `h ynu wlat tn sujjbbm à tgb fnai rua.‟ ]Y@ glm sìa`﬌jlat àﬅubajb na tgb mbvbfnpobat nh nur tgàdài lam tgb wly wb strujturbm supbrv`snr trlàài…. @t m`m i`vb us l vbg`jfb tn baglajb supbrv`snr sd`ff sbts lam àﬅubajbm tgb mbvbfnpobat nh dl`zba trlàài jnursbs, tglt `s jbrtlà. @t gbfps eu`fm jlple`f`ty àtn tgb nrila`zlt`na lt tgb supbrv`snr fbvbf, wg`jg `s vbry jr`t`jlf hnr ]SZ tn sujjbbm. ]SZ w`ff ant ﬅnur`sg `h kust stlhh lam baiàbbrs lrb mr`vài `t hrno tgb s`mb…. @h pbnpfb wlat tn sujjbbm w`tg Fbla nr ]SZ, tgby glvb tn bopgls`zb pbnpfb mbvbfnpobat lam oldài fblmbrs jlplefb nh mbf`vbrài òprnvbobats. ]Y@ `s l irblt stlrtài pnàt bvba tnmly lam `s l g`mmba strbaitg nh ]nyntl‐s prnmujt`na systbo.*

Ibttài Ztlrtbm na tgb Uìgt Hnnt @h ynu glvb hnffnwbm nur ]Y@ m`sjuss`nas tg`s hlr, ynu glvb rblf`zbm, sbvbrlf tòbs nvbr hnr surb, tglt wb fbla *

@e`m.


lfonst bxjfus`vbfy na tgb w`smno nh tgb ]Y@ hnuambrs tn sgnw us gnw tn mn ]Y@ tnmly. ]gb hljt nh tgb olttbr `s tglt wglt tgby tluigt us rblffy wnrds. Yglt wb lrb fnndài lt à tg`s jglptbr, tgba, `s gnw tn rnff nut tgb ]Y@ prnirlos sn tgby ebjnob plrt nh tgb bvbrymly jufturb nh la nrila`zlt`na. ]g`s wls sujjbsshuffy mnab murài YY@@ à tgb Ra`tbm Ztltbs lam lhtbr tgb wlr à Klpla, ls wb glvb mbsjrèbm lenvb. Yglt `s fbht hnr us tn jnas`mbr `s gnw wb jla mn `t lilà tnmly. ]gb jlsb stum`bs à tg`s ennd mbonastrltb gnw jnopla`bs glvb tldba up tg`s jglffbaib lam wrbstfbm w`tg `t tn l sujjbsshuf jnajfus`na. Gbrb, fbt‐s suo up wglt wb glvb fblrabm hrno tgbsb bamblvnrs, lfwlys oàmhuf nh tgb g`stnry nh ]Y@ tglt gls iu`mbm us tn tg`s pnàt.

Hnro l ]Y@ Ynrdài Irnup Ubspnasèfb tn Fblm tgb Yly @atbrbst à ]Y@ `s typ`jlffy à`t`ltbm ey nab nr twn pbnpfb wgn, nab wly nr lantgbr, rbjnia`zb ]Y@ ls tgb laswbr tn prbssài prnefbos w`tgà tgb`r nrila`zlt`na. Hnr tgb jnoplay fblmbrs tn tgba sbfbjt tgb rìgt pbrsna tn fblm tgb òpfbobatlt`na `s l jr`t`jlf stbp tn basurài sujjbss. ]gb à`t`lf v`s`na Lfla Irnss nh Jurr`br Sflst`js (sbb Jglptbr <<) glm hnr ]Y@ `s anw sglrbm ey Mustà Mrbbsb lam Kbaa`hbr M`bttbr, wgn lrb wnrdài m`fìbatfy w`tg tgb Jurr`br pbnpfb, puttài K@, KO, lam KU tn usb à tgb wnrdpfljb. Fàml Gbe`sg nh X`rià`l Olsna Obm`jlf Jbatbr m`sjnvbrbm ]Y@ lt l ]Y@ @ast`tutb wnrdsgnp jnamujtbm lt la Lssnj`lt`na hnr Olauhljturài Bxjbffbajb jnahbrbajb, eut `t tnnd pbnpfb f`db Olrtgl Surr`br lam Lfbadl Uumnfpg tn mr`vb tgb à`t`lf p`fnt prnkbjts lam tgba tn fblm

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tgb bxplambm usb nh ]Y@ ls jbrt`﬌bm trlàbrs. ]gb turalrnuam lt Lfelay @atbralt`nalf à`t`ltbm ey Zjntt Jurt`s wnufm ant glvb njjurrbm glm `t ant ebba hnr Zjntt Fluamry, Klo`b Zo`tg, lam Kbaa`hbr S`jdbrt, wgn gbfpbm tn rlffy tgb wnrdhnrjb na g`s ebglfh. ]gb slob `s trub lt Mnaabffy Justno Olauhljturài wgbrb Una D`rsjgt, Erlm Lamr`st, lam Mlv`m Floe plrtabrbm w`tg Zlo Yliabr wgn àtrnmujbm tgbo tn ]Y@. Olrd Ebjgtbfbr nh A`xna Iblr lam Zuzlaab Zo`tg nh Y. F. Inrb, najb tgby sìabm na hnr fblmài tgb ]Y@ jglrib, f`tbrlffy ‖wlfdbm tgrnuig tgb ﬌rb‟ à nrmbr tn nvbrjnob nestljfbs tglt tgrbltbabm tn tr`p up tgb`r v`s`na hnr ]Y@ à tgb`r nrila`zlt`nas. ]gbsb pbnpfb lrb plss`naltb lenut ]Y@ ebjlusb tgby sbb gnw tgb trlàài jglaibs tgb wly pbnpfb tgàd lenut tgbosbfvbs, lenut ntgbrs, lam lenut tgb`r wnrd. ]g`s plss`na rues nhh na ntgbr bopfnybbs ls tgby tnn ebià tn sbb tgb vlfub nh ]Y@. Hnr bxlopfb, wb lrrlaibm hnr rbprbsbatlt`vbs hrno l vbry flrib jnoplay w`tg auobrnus pflats lam npbrlt`nas lrnuam tgb ifneb tn v`s`t Lfelay @atbralt`nalf, wgbrb Klo`b Zo`tg lam Kbaa`hbr S`jdbrt jnamujtbm l tnur. ]gb jnoplay‐s Anrtg Lobr`jla XS nh olauhljturài tnfm us lhtbrwlrms tglt gb wls ant à`t`lffy tglt àtbrbstbm à ]Y@ eut, lhtbr v`s`tài L@OS, ‖@ wlat oy pbnpfb tn tlfd lenut tgb`r knes w`tg tgb slob bxj`tbobat tglt Klo`b lam Kbaa`hbr glvb hnr tgb`r knes lam tgb ]Y@ trlàài.‟ Gnwbvbr, `t tldbs onrb tgla twn pbnpfb tn ibabrltb tgb òpljt ]Y@ `s glvài lt tgb Lfelay @atbralt`nalf Gnobr pflat. @t tldbs l jrnss-huajt`nalf wnrdài irnup ls fbm ey Zjntt Fluamry lam l suppnrt`vb fblmbr f`db Zjntt Jurt`s tn onvb ]Y@ hrno tlfd tn ljt`na. Srljt`jài tgb ]Y@ sd`ffs `s la ljt`v`ty tglt oust tldb pfljb ljrnss


tgb bat`rb nrila`zlt`na4 an nab pbrsna lfnab jla ljg`bvb tg`s eì l trlashnrolt`na. ]gb à`t`lf ]Y@ fblmbrs oust put tnibtgbr l tblo nh pbnpfb, l ]Y@ wnrd irnup tglt w`ff wnrd tnibtgbr hnr ]Y@ tn tldb l ﬌ro gnfm. @atbrbstàify, `t `s ant uausulf hnr pbnpfb tn jnob hnrwlrm lam, w`tgnut snf`j`tlt`na, vnfuatbbr tn eb na tgb ]Y@ tblo lhtbr plrt`j`pltài à tgb trlàài ebjlusb tgby wlat tn eb plrt nh tgb trlashnrolt`na. Najb hnrobm, tg`s ]Y@ wnrd irnup oust ﬌rst lttlà l huamlobatlf uambrstlamài nh tgb ]Y@ prnirlo ebhnrb tgby try tn sbff `t tn tgb nrila`zlt`na. Hnrtualtbfy, tgbrb `s l wblftg nh àhnrolt`na lenut ]Y@ na tgb @atbrabt, à lrt`jfbs, lam à ennds tglt lrb lvl`flefb tn ibt l tblo stlrtbm à tgb rìgt m`rbjt`na. <. Hnr tgnsb àtbrbstbm à tgb g`stnry nh tgb prnirlo, v`s`t tgb Irbba Onuatlà Jglptbr nh tgb Znj`bty nh Olauhljturài Baiàbbrs (ZOB) lt gttp;//jglptbrs. sob.nri/53= wgbrb ynu w`ff ﬌am g`stnr`jlf àhnrolt`na rbfltbm tn ]rlàài Y`tgà @amustry. 5. Auobrnus ennds lam lrt`jfbs glvb ebba puef`sgbm lenut ]Y@ lam `ts jnaabjt`na w`tg Fbla lam tgb ]nyntl Srnmujt`na Zystbo. X`s`t www.tw`-àst`tutb. nri hnr l f`st nh rbjnoobambm ennds lam lrt`jfbs tn stlrt mnwa tglt pltg. :. Jnatljt tgb ]Y@ @ast`tutb tn fblra lenut jnopla`bs à ynur àmustry tglt lrb usài ]Y@ tglt ynu jla v`s`t nr jnatljt. =. Lttbam wbeàlrs lam wnrdsgnps tglt bmujltb pbnpfb lenut tgb ]Y@ prnirlos. 2. Lttbam tgb laaulf ]Y@ Zuoo`t Jnahbrbajb (www. tw`suoo`t.jno).

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Zbfbjt l S`fnt Srnkbjt”]n Zgnw tgb Abbm hnr Ztlamlrm Ynrd Y`tgnut stlamlrms, tgbrb jla eb an òprnvbobat. ]l``jg` Ngan

Glvài stlamlrm wnrd eut ant ebài lefb tn trlà pbnpfb na gnw tn pbrhnro knes à jnahnrolajb w`tg tgb stlamlrm `s tgb slob ls ant glvài stlamlrm wnrd lt lff. ]gbrb `s an ebttbr pfljb tn ebià àtrnmujài ]Y@ tgla wgbrb tgbrb `s l jnopbffài abbm hnr stlamlrm wnrd. @h tgb à`t`lf prnkbjt `s sbfbjtbm wbff, tgb ]Y@ bhhnrt w`ff sgnw òobm`ltb rbsufts. Ey stle`f`zài la uastlefb prnjbss, vlr`lt`na w`ff eb rbonvbm lam prnefbos w`ff in lwly nr r`sb up tn tgb surhljb, wgbrb tgby jla eb spnttbm lam qu`jdfy tldba jlrb nh. Y`tg qu`jd rbsufts, tgb ]Y@ òpfbobatlt`na w`ff ebià tn ilà onobatuo ls pbnpfb tgrnuignut tgb nrila`zlt`na sbb wglt innm sd`ffs trlàài jla mn entg hnr tgb npbrltnrs lam hnr tgb jnoplay. Zbfbjt l solff prnkbjt tn sgnwjlsb K@ lam tgba tn irnw tgb òpfbobatlt`na. ]g`s mnbs ant abjbsslr`fy obla tglt tgb lonuat nh trlàài w`ff eb solff, eut tgb tlribt nh tgb trlàài `tsbfh sgnufm eb fò`tbm à sjnpb. Hnr bxlopfb, ynu oly wlat tn sbfbjt nab fàb, nr nab spbj`﬌j npbrlt`na nr sbt nh npbrlt`nas, nr nab lrbl tglt `s jlusài prnefbos. ]gb tlribt sgnufm eb wbff danwa ls ebài l trnuefb spnt sn tglt, wgba jnrrbjtbm, pbnpfb w`ff ant`jb tgb m`hhbrbajb. Bvba tgba, tldb innm mltl ebhnrb lam lhtbr tgb trlàài sn tglt tgb rbsufts jla eb ernlmjlst tn sgnw gnw ]Y@ jnatrèutbm tn tgb òprnvbobat. Hnffnw tgb ]Y@ ljt`v`t`bs jfnsbfy tn basurb tgby lrb ebài jlrr`bm


nut hl`tghuffy lam babribt`jlffy ey tgnsb wgn glvb ebba prnpbrfy trlàbm à tgb tba-gnur jflssbs. @h ynu p`jdbm tgb jnrrbjt lrbl tn rua tgb p`fnt lam `h ynu sgbpgbrmbm tgb prnjbss obt`jufnusfy tn basurb tglt tgb ]Y@ obtgnms wbrb prnpbrfy àstlffbm ls mbsjrèbm à tgb abxt sbjt`na, tgba ebhnrb fnai bvbrynab w`ff sbb pns`t`vb jglaib jnoài nut nh tgb bhhnrt. Zujjbss w`ff jrbltb ‖puff‟ hrno tgb bat`rb nrila`zlt`na hnr K@ trlàài ls bxbjut`vbs ls wbff ls supbrv`snrs ebià lsdài hnr tgb trlàài tn eb i`vba à ntgbr lrbls nuts`mb nh tgb p`fnt s`tb. Ls Sltr`jd lfwlys tbffs g`s abw trlàbrs, ‖Pnu w`ff danw ynur bhhnrts lrb sujjbbmài wgba supbrv`snrs jnob up tn ynu lam lsd tn eb put àtn l tba-gnur trlàài jflss.‟ ]g`s w`ff lfsn eb trub hnr KU `h `t `s i`vba sòuftlabnusfy ls rbjnoobambm hnr supbrv`snrs àvnfvbm à tgb p`fnt. Ls wb m`sjussbm à Jglptbr :, wgba KU `s i`vba tnibtgbr lfnai w`tg K@, tgbrb `s l oujg ebttbr jglajb nh glvài innm rbsufts. ]gb hnffnwài sujjbss stnr`bs prbsbatbm à tg`s ennd ebila w`tg innm p`fnt prnkbjts tglt sgnwjlsbm ]Y@ ls m`sjussbm lenvb; ◱

A`xna Iblr (Jglptbr 5); @atrnmujbm K@ lhtbr l dl`zba bvbat tn stlamlrm`zb wnrd à tgb prbj`s`na jnoprbssnr iblr jbff, wg`jg wls tgb onst prnmujt`vb jbff à tgb pflat lt tgb tòb. ]gb òprnvbobat tblo jrbltbm Kne @astrujt`na erbldmnwas lam tgba rbtrlàbm npbrltnrs na tgb abw stlamlrm. ]gb jbff rblf`zbm l <9% àjrblsb à tgrnuigput w`tg fbss pgys`jlf strbss na tgb jbff npbrltnr. Ey òprnvài wglt wls v`bwbm ls ‖tgb ebst prnjbss‟ bopfnybbs‐ bybs wbrb

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npbabm ls tn wglt jnufm eb mnab tn òprnvb ntgbr npbrlt`nas w`tgà tgb pflat. Lfelay @atbralt`nalf Onan﬌flobat Sflat (Jglptbr 8); Ztlamlrm`zbm wnrd hnr tgb abwfy jrbltbm sbt-up npbrltnr pns`t`na ls tgb dby tn òprnvài tgrnuigput. Jrbltbm l sbt nh K@ erbldmnwas na jr`t`jlf tlsds tn `mbat`hy lam tgba tbljg ebst prljt`jbs, wg`jg rbsuftbm à l 93% rbmujt`na à guola brrnr. X`rià`l Olsna Obm`jlf Jbatbr (Jglptbr 0); Ztlamlrm`zbm tgb obtgnm hnr glam gyi`bab, l jflss`j bxlopfb nh tlribtài l vbry v`sèfb prnefbo tn sgnwjlsb tgb vlfub nh K@. ]gb abw obtgnm òprnvbm rbf`le`f`ty à glam gyi`bab hrno 7:.2% tn lenvb 07% lam jrbltbm ‖puff‟ hnr trlàài à tgb abw glam gyi`bab obtgnm hrno tgb bat`rb nrila`zlt`na. Jurr`br Sflst`js (Jglptbr <<); Ynrd stlamlrms mbvbfnpbm, ebiàaài w`tg tgb ]nttfb àspbjt`na prnkbjt, lhtbr hrnat-fàb supbrv`snrs à tgb Efnw Onfmài Mbplrtobat wbrb trlàbm à K@ lam tgba trlàbm tgb`r pbnpfb usài ]Y@. Ls l rbsuft, tgb jnst nh qulf`ty wls rbmujbm hrno =% tn 5% ebtwbba 5339 lam 5337, àjrblsài nvbrlff bh﬌j`bajy ey :%. ]Y@ wls tgba àtrnmujbm tn @akbjt`na Onfmài wgbrb K@ `s ebài put tn usb tn rbmujb qulf`ty `ssubs lam tn òprnvb prnmujt`v`ty à tglt mbplrtobat.

@a`t`lf Mbf`vbry nh ]Y@ ]rlàài Ey olàtlàài l fò`tbm sjnpb tn p`fnt tgb à`t`lf ]Y@ bhhnrt, ynu w`ff eb lefb tn lvn`m tgb eì o`stldb snob jnopla`bs oldb nh hnjusài na àstrujtài lff tgb knes


à l mbplrtobat nr pflat lt najb. Ls tboptài ls tg`s oly snuam, sujg la bhhnrt `s mnnobm tn hl`furb ebjlusb tgb trlàài ljt`v`ty `s sn m`spbrsbm. Yg`fb snob innm rbsufts oly glppba, tgb trlàài jlaant eb ona`tnrbm lam jnatrnffbm lam w`ff snna ibt wltbrbm mnwa nr fnsb onobatuo. Ztlrt solff tn eu`fm onobatuo hnr sustlàbm jglaib nvbr tgb fnai rua. An twn jnopla`bs lrb lf`db, lam an twn pflats bvba w`tgà tgb slob nrila`zlt`na glvb tgb slob jufturb. ]gbrbhnrb, tgbrb `s an sbt pfla tn ebià ]Y@ trlàài lam `t `s ebst tn stlrt nut sfnw tn spbbm up tgb prnjbss ls ynu rnff ]Y@ nut lam fblra ey mnài. Eut snob jnas`mbrlt`nas hnr tgb à`t`lf trlàài jflssbs jla eb ls hnffnws; ◱

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]gb ﬌rst jflss nh trlàbrs sgnufm eb l sbfbjt irnup nh pbnpfb wgn w`ff eb rbspnasèfb hnr òpfbobatài ]Y@ à tgb p`fnt lrbl. ]gb o`x nh pbnpfb sgnufm àjfumb tgb trlàbr jlam`mltbs (tgnsb bxpbjtbm tn ebjnob tba-gnur jflss trlàbrs), supbrv`snrs, tblo fblmbrs, àhnrolf ﬅnnr fblmbrs, npbrltnrs, suppnrt stlhh, lam ua`na rbprbsbatlt`vbs. ]gb K@ lam KU prnirlos sgnufm eb mbf`vbrbm à rnuigfy tgb slob tòb pbr`nm tn l jflss nh tba plrt`j`plats. (Zbb Jglptbr : hnr tg`s tòbfàb lam wgy `t `s rbjnoobambm tglt l jnoplay sgnufm stlrt w`tg K@ lam KU.) ]rlàài tòbs sgnufm eb ﬅbxèfb tn lffnw plrt`j`plt`na nh pbnpfb wgn wnrd na m`hhbrbat sg`hts. @h tgby lrb ant ljtulf plrt`j`plats à tgb jflss, dby pbnpfb, sujg ls olalibobat lam stlhh, oly lam sgnufm nesbrvb tgb trlàài tn uambrstlam tgb

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jnatbat. Nafy tgba w`ff tgby eb lefb tn suppnrt tgb pbnpfb ebài trlàbm wgba tgby onvb na tn òpfbobatài tgb ]Y@ sd`ffs. Zujg nesbrvbrs lrb ant tn àtbrrupt nr tldb plrt à tgb jflss ljt`v`t`bs. ]Y@ trlàbrs sgnufm prnv`mb iu`mlajb hnr plrt`j`plats tn sbfbjt l prljt`jb mbonastrlt`na hnr bljg jflss. ]n l fò`tbm mbirbb, ]Y@ trlàbrs lfsn i`vb lmm`t`nalf àstrujt`na lam iu`mlajb w`tg oldài K@ erbldmnwas hnr tgb`r prljt`jb mbonastrlt`nas à tgb wnrdpfljb. Eut tgby sgnufm abvbr tbff tgbo gnw tn mn `t. ]glt wnufm tldb lwly hrno tgb fblraài bxpbr`bajb. Yg`fb lff nh tgb prljt`jb mbonastrlt`nas tldb pfljb à l jflssrnno sbttài wgbrb pbnpfb jla gblr w`tg hbw m`strljt`nas, wb glvb hnuam `t vbry bhhbjt`vb, `h tòb pbro`ts, tn mn nab flst lppf`jlt`na prljt`jb na tgb pflat ﬅnnr usài l rblf npbrltnr wgn gls ant tldba tgb K@ jflss tn ljt ls l fblrabr. ]g`s lffnws tgb jflss tn ibt l tlstb nh wglt K@ `s f`db à ljtulf prljt`jb, anw tglt tgby glvb fblrabm gnw tn mn `t à tgb jflssrnno.

]gb pbnpfb wgn tldb tgbsb à`t`lf jflssbs sgnufm tgba ebià lppfyài tgb`r abw ]Y@ sd`ffs tn tgb knes à tgb mbsìaltbm p`fnt lrbl. ]gb ]Y@ wnrdài irnup fblmài tgb prnkbjt sgnufm eb jnopfbtbfy bailibm à tg`s prnjbss sn tglt qubst`nas lrb laswbrbm lam stuoefài efnjds nvbrjnob. Hnr bxlopfb, ls wb slw à sbvbrlf nh tgb jlsb stum`bs, tgbrb w`ff àbv`tlefy eb oujg m`h﬌jufty oldài tgb à`t`lf K@ erbldmnwas hnr trlàài, ls tg`s sd`ff tldbs l fnt nh prljt`jb lam pbrsbvbrlajb tn olstbr. @a tgb Y. F. Inrb lam X`rià`l Olsna Obm`jlf Jbatbr bxlopfbs, tgb


tblos nh trlàbrs spbat l fnt nh tòb lam bhhnrt up hrnat mbvbfnpài tgb erbldmnwas lam oldài surb tgby wbrb ‖kust rìgt‟ w`tg tr`lf mbf`vbr`bs ebhnrb tldài tgbo nut tn tgb ﬅnnr tn trlà. ]g`s àvbstobat w`ff ply irblt m`v`mbams wgba `t jnobs tn sujjbsshuffy trlàài tgb knes, lam tg`s w`ff à tura fblm tn innm rbsufts. Glvài olmb surb tglt tgb ]Y@ obtgnms wbrb ljt`vbfy lppf`bm tn tgb p`fnt lrbl, pns`t`vb rbsufts sgnufm hnffnw ls tgb tlribtbm knes ebià tn stle`f`zb. Ebjlusb wb glvb p`jdbm l p`fnt lrbl tglt `s wbff danwa hnr trnuefbs, bvbrynab à tgb nrila`zlt`na w`ff sbb tgb òprnvbobats olmb tgrnuig tgb ]Y@ àtbrvbat`na nr, `h tgby mna‐t sbb tgbo, ynu sgnufm ernlmjlst tgbsb rbsufts usài tgb ebhnrb lam lhtbr mltl ynu obt`jufnusfy jnffbjtbm murài tgb p`fnt pbr`nm. @t wna‐t eb fnai, `h `t glsa‐t glppbabm lfrblmy, ebhnrb ntgbr lrbls ebià lsdài hnr tgb ]Y@ trlàài tn eb i`vba tn tgbo sn tglt tgby, tnn, jla ebab﬌t hrno tgb obtgnm lam ibt tgb slob dàm nh innm rbsufts. Elsbm na tg`s hbbmeljd hrno tgb nrila`zlt`na lam ynur strltbiy hnr w`mbr òpfbobatlt`na, ynu jla ebià tn pfla tgb abxt lrbls tn lppfy ]Y@. Dbbp à oàm, ls ynu onvb hnrwlrm hrno tgb p`fnt, tglt `t w`ff st`ff eb w`sb tn ‖in sfnw tn in hlst.‟ Ubs`st tgb tboptlt`na tn lppfy tgb obtgnm bvbrywgbrb eut, tldài `t nab stbp lt l tòb, jnatàub tn eu`fm na tgb puff ynu glvb jrbltbm hrno tgb nvbrlff nrila`zlt`na. ]gb onrlf nh Lbsnp‐s tlfb nh ‖]gb ]nrtn`sb lam tgb Glrb‟ lppf`bs bspbj`lffy wbff gbrb” sfnw eut stblmy lfwlys wàs. (Ls Sltr`jd‐s npbrlt`nas prnhbssnr tnfm g`s jflss olay yblrs lin, ‖Lbsnp wnufm glvb olmb l gbff nh l prnmujt`na olalibr!‟)

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Mbvbfnp Jbrt`h`bm @a-Gnusb ]rlàbrs lam Zprblm tgb ]rlàài”]gb ]Y@ @ast`tutb Jbrt`h`bm ]rlàbr Srnirlos Najb tgb p`fnt gls glm tòb tn sgnw rbsufts lam ablrs jnopfbt`na, `t `s tòb tn tgàd lenut tgbà`t`lf abxt stbp, `s tn glvb onrb pbnpfb nuts`mb nh tgb p`fnt wg`jg irnup tldb tgb tba-gnur trlàài lam ebià prljt`jài tgb ]Y@ sd`ffs. Pnu jnufm glvb jbrt`﬌bm ]Y@ trlàbrs jnob eljd lam mbf`vbr onrb sbss`nas, eut tgb ebst wly nhprnjbbmài `s tn mbvbfnp à-gnusb trlàbrs wgn tldb l trlàbr mbvbfnpobat prnirlo, snobtòbs jlffbm l trlà-tgb-trlàbr jflss, à wg`jg tgby fblra tn mbf`vbr tgb tba-gnur sbss`nas hnffnwài tgb ]Y@ trlàbr mbf`vbry olaulf hnr bljg onmufb. ]gbsb prnirlos wbrb mbsìabm tn sprblm tgb trlàài lam bailib wglt `s jlffbm tgb ‖ouft`pf`br bhhbjt.‟ ‖Ygba l prnirlo `s ebài npbrltbm alt`nalffy, qulf`ty jnatrnf `s abjbsslry sn tglt tgbrb jla eb l iulrlatbbm qulf`ty stlamlrm, alt`naw`mb.‟* ]gb hnuambrs nh ]Y@ rbjnia`zbm tglt, à nrmbr tn obbt tgb`r wlrtòb prnmujt`na inlfs, tgby glm tn jrbltb l prnirlo tglt wls ua`vbrslffy lppf`jlefb lam prnvba tn prnv`mb sujjbss bljg tòb `t wls mbf`vbrbm. @a Klpla, lhtbr tgb wlr lam uat`f tg`s mly, tgb Klpla @amustr`lf ]rlàài Lssnj`lt`na (K@]L) gls jnatàubm tn prnontb ]Y@ kust ls tgby wbrb tluigt ey tgb`r Lobr`jla prbmbjbssnrs. Elsbm na Sltr`jd‐s bxpbr`bajb mbvbfnpài ]Y@ trlàbrs lt ZLAPN, wgbrb tgby hnffnwbm tgb K@]L plttbra lam fblmbrsg`p, tgb ]Y@ @ast`tutb gls onmbfbm `ts ]Y@ trlàbr mbvbfnpobat prnirlos hnffnwài tgb vbry slob hnrolt tglt wls usbm ey tgb ]Y@ hnuambrs lam trlashbrrbm tn tgb Klplabsb. @a hljt, Sltr`jd‐s *

]Y@ Ubpnrt, <0=2, plib <97.


]Y@ obatnr, Dlzug`dn Zgèuyl, fblrabm tn mbf`vbr tgbsb prnirlos ls l ynuai trlàài stlhh oboebr lt ZLAPN wgbrb tgby rla ]Y@ trlàbr sbss`nas fbm ey Dbak` Nilwl, nab nh tgb nrìàlf Olstbr ]rlàbrs tluigt m`rbjtfy ey tgb Lobr`jla ]Y@ trlàbrs à tgb <023s. Glvài trlàbm onrb tgla =33 trlàbrs sàjb 5335, tgb ]Y@ @ast`tutb gls mbonastrltbm tglt tgb sujjbss nh tg`s prnirlo `s prbm`jltbm upna str`jt lmgbrbajb tn prnvba ]Y@ trlàài obtgnms lam usb nh prnvba ]Y@ trlàài oltbr`lfs. @a nrmbr tn mn tg`s, trlàbr jlam`mltbs ﬌rst tldb l ]Y@ tba-gnur jflss lam ebjnob prn﬌j`bat à tgb ]Y@ sd`ff tgby glvb fblrabm. ]gba tgby spbam l huff wbbd w`tg l Olstbr ]rlàbr prljt`jài tgb mbf`vbry nh tgb jnursb hnffnwài tgb àstrujtnr olaulf wg`jg nutfàbs bvbry lspbjt nh tgb tba-gnur jflss àjfumài lff oltbr`lf prbsbatbm, mbonastrlt`nas, m`sjuss`nas, enlrm wnrd, lam sn na. ]gb olaulf f`tbrlffy prnv`mbs l ‖sjr`pt‟ hnr tgb trlàbr tn hnffnw sn tglt tgb jnatbat `s prbsbatbm jnas`stbatfy bljg tòb `t `s mbf`vbrbm. Hnr tgb onst plrt, tg`s `s tgb slob ‖sjr`pt‟ tglt wls hnroufltbm ey tgb ]Y@ hnuambrs wgba tgby jrbltbm tgb prnirlo à tgb <0=3s. ]gb vlfub nh ebài l ‖Jbrt`﬌bm ]Y@ @ast`tutb ]rlàbr‟ f`bs à basurài tglt tgb mbf`vbry nh tgb prnirlo `s jnas`stbat w`tg tgb sujjbsshuf prbsbatlt`na nh tgb oltbr`lf nvbr s`x-pfus mbjlmbs. Ls à lay kne, kust ebjlusb tgb prnjbmurb `s wr`ttba mnwa à l ‖olaulf,‟ mnbsa‐t obla tglt tgb wnrd jla eb mnab sòpfy ey rblmài tglt olaulf. ]gbrb `s l irblt mblf nh aulajb lam tbjga`qub tglt jla nafy eb ljqu`rbm tgrnuig prljt`jb uambr tgb m`rbjt`na nh l pbrsna wgn gls mbbp bxpbr`bajb à entg tbljgài tgb jflss lam mbvbfnpài ntgbr trlàbrs tn tbljg `t. Rambr tg`s obtgnmnfniy, bvba àbxpbr`bajbm pbnpfb jla

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ebjnob bxjbffbat ]Y@ trlàbrs ey fblraài lam olstbrài tgb mbf`vbry hnffnwài tgb trlàài olaulf. ]gbrb lrb olay rblsnas wgy tg`s `s tgb ebst lpprnljg, eut pbrglps tgb onst òpnrtlat nab `s tglt à-gnusb trlàbrs jla ljt ls tgb ]Y@ bxpbrts hnr tgb jnoplay à tgb onmufbs tgby lrb tbljgài. Ls wb gblrm Olrd Ebjgtbfbr bxpflà à Jglptbr 5, tldài tgb trlàbr mbvbfnpobat jnursbs gbfpbm gò tn ibt oujg mbbpbr àtn tgb oltbr`lf lam tn uambrstlam tgb aulajbs nh bljg obtgnm ls gb prbplrbm tn tbljg ntgbrs gnw tn usb tgbo. Najb g t by ebià trlàài ntgbrs lam gbfp tgbo ebià prljt`jài tgb sd`ffs hnr tgbosbfvbs, tgb trlàbrs‐ olstbry nh tgb obtgnm irnws. Ls tgb slyài inbs, tgb pbrsna wgn fblras tgb onst à tgb jflss `s tgb tbljgbr. ]gb ]Y@ trlàbr wgn wnrds às`mb tgb jnoplay lam danws tgb olay mbtl`fs nh tgb wnrd nh tgb jnoplay `s à la bxjbffbat pns`t`na tn iu`mb tgb bhhnrt ls `t irnws hrno sbjt`na tn sbjt`na lam hrno mbplrtobat tn mbplrtobat. La nuts`mb trlàbr w`ff ant eb ls hlo`f`lr w`tg tglt wnrd lam w`ff ant eb ls lvl`flefb na l jnastlat lam jnas`stbat els`s. ]gb abxt qubst`na tglt jnobs up `s; ‖Ygn `s ebst qulf`﬌bm tn tbljg ]Y@>‟ ]gb ]Y@ trlàbr mbf`vbry olaulfs wbrb mbsìabm lam wr`ttba sn tglt bvba l pbrsna wgn glm f`ttfb nr an bxpbr`bajb tbljgài jflssbs jnufm fblra gnw tn put na tgb jnursbs. ]gby f`tbrlffy tbff tgb trlàbr wglt tn sly lam mn bvbry stbp nh tgb wly. Eut `t `s l eì o`stldb tn tgàd tglt nab jla sòpfy p`jd up tgb olaulf, stumy `t, lam tgba ebià tbljgài jflssbs sujjbsshuffy. Yb slw gnw tgb Klplabsb Flenr Oà`stry, à `ts ﬌rst lttbopt tn ibt ]Y@ stlrtbm à Klpla, hl`fbm tn trìibr tgb ouft`pf`br bhhbjt ebjlusb `t tgnuigt tglt l sàifb pbrsna jnufm in fblra `t lam erài `t eljd. Hnrtualtbfy hnr


bvbrynab, tgb Klplabsb wnuam up stlrtài nvbr ey g`rài qulf`﬌bm àstrujtnrs wgn wbrb lefb tn trlà trlàbrs prnpbrfy elsbm na tgb`r vlst bxpbr`bajb mbvbfnpài lam prnontài ]Y@ murài tgb wlr. ]gbrb `s la àjrbmèfb lonuat nh w`smno lam tbjga`qub boebmmbm à tgb ]Y@ olaulfs, lam `t tldbs la bxpbr`bajbm ]Y@ prnhbss`nalf tn iu`mb l abw trlàbr tn ﬌amài nut gnw tn mbf`vbr tgb jnursbs jnrrbjtfy usài tg`s àvlfulefb rbsnurjb. Sbnpfb w`tg an trlàài eljdirnuam, wgba put àtn l trlàbr mbvbfnpobat prnirlo m`rbjtbm ey l qulf`﬌bm olstbr trlàbr, jla fblra tn tbljg tgb ]Y@ jflssbs bhhbjt`vbfy, ibttài tgb slob irblt rbsufts f`tbrlffy o`ff`nas nh trlàbrs glvb ebba ibttài hnr nvbr s`x mbjlmbs. @a hljt, nur bxpbr`bajb gls ebba tglt tgb ebst trlàbrs lrb tgnsb wgn glvb f`ttfb nr an trlàài bxpbr`bajb eut l mbbp eljdirnuam à tgb àmustry lam knes tgby lrb wnrdài à. ]g`s `s ant l jnàj`mbajb. Na tgb nab glam, jnasuftlats lam prnhbss`nalf trlàbrs tbam tn wlat tn put tgb`r nwa ﬅlvnr nr spà na tgb trlàài tgby i`vb ey àkbjtài tgb`r ua`qub pbrsnalf`t`bs lam pbrspbjt`vbs. ]g`s inbs m`rbjtfy lilàst tgb stlamlrm mbf`vbry lpprnljg nh tgb ]Y@ hnroufl, lam tgbsb pbnpfb glvb l m`h﬌juft tòb wgba tgby lrb tnfm tn hnffnw tgb olaulf. Na tgb ntgbr glam, ebjlusb tgb eufd nh tgb ]Y@ tba-gnur jflssbs lrb spbat na ljtulf knes lam prnefbos ernuigt à hrno tgb wnrd s`tb, tgb trlàbr oust eb hlo`f`lr w`tg tgb wnrd ebài mnab à tgb jnoplay tn bhhbjt`vbfy fblm tgb irnup à lppfyài tgb ]Y@ obtgnms à tg`s fblra-ey-mnài lpprnljg. Rambrstlamài tgb knes, tgba, `s l onrb òpnrtlat qulf`﬌jlt`na tgla bxpbr`bajb ls la àstrujtnr. Y`tg à-gnusb trlàbrs na enlrm, tgb jnoplay jla put na ]Y@ sbss`nas lt w`ff lam wgbrb abbmbm, mbvbfnpài

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:=<

:=5

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tgbsb bssbat`lf sd`ffs tgrnuignut tgb wnrdhnrjb. ]gbsb trlàbrs w`ff lfsn eb lefb tn sbrvb ls jnljgbs lam jnasuftlats hnr tgb nainài ]Y@ òpfbobatlt`na ls `t sprblms tgrnuignut tgb nrila`zlt`na.

]gb Unffnut Sfla Yb stlrtbm nut tg`s jglptbr sgnwài gnw J. U. Mnnfby nh tgb ]Y@ Zbrv`jb àstrujtbm jnopla`bs na gnw tn ibt jnatàuài rbsufts à l pflat hrno ]rlàài Y`tgà @amustry à Kuab <0==. Ls gb sl`m sn bfnqubatfy, ‖@t `s lantgbr spfbam`m bxlopfb nh tgb jnoeàbm bhhnrts nh olay ]Y@ pbnpfb.‟ Yg`fb tgbrb `s an jnnd`b juttbr lpprnljg tn rnffài nut ]Y@, wb hbbf tglt tgb ebst pfla tglt prnv`mbs tgb hnuamlt`na hnr jnopla`bs tn eu`fm l fnai-tbro sujjbsshuf ]Y@ prnirlo `s kust tgb Sglsb < lam Sglsb 5 lpprnljg Mnnfby ilvb us, ls nutfàbm lt tgb ebiàaài nh tg`s jglptbr. @t `s nafy wgba jnopla`bs mbv`ltb hrno tg`s stlamlrm tglt tgby hl`f, ls wls bxpbr`bajbm ey A`xna Iblr, wgba tgby nrìàlffy m`m ant hnffnw up w`tg tgb trlàài, lam ey Lfelay @atbralt`nalf, wgbrb pbnpfb m`m ant fblra gnw tn prnpbrfy erbld mnwa knes usài tgb K@ obtgnm. @a lmm`t`na tn tgbsb vlfulefb iu`mbfàbs, ]gb ]nyntl Yly H`bfmennd lfsn sbrvbs ls l vlfulefb iu`mb tn tgb sbqubajb nh bvbats ]nyntl trlvbfbm tn tbljg tgb`r pbnpfb tn usb tgb ]Y@ tnnfs à tgb ]nyntl Srnmujt`na Zystbo. Oldài rbspbjt hnr pbnpfb (Kne Ubflt`nas) lam stlamlrm wnrd (Kne @astrujt`na) plrt nh l jnatàunus òprnvbobat (Kne Obtgnms) prnirlo `s mb﬌a`tbfy l eì stbp à tgb rìgt m`rbjt`na. Onrb tgla kust l pg`fnsnpg`jlf lpprnljg, ]nyntl puts `ts `mbls àtn ljtulf prljt`jb, ls


jla eb sbba à gnw `t mbpfnys `ts pbnpfb tn òpfbobat tgbsb `mblfs; ]nyntl gls l systbo nh irnup fblmbrs lam tblo fblmbrs. ]gb tblo fblmbrs lrb gnurfy lam lrb rbspnasèfb hnr suppnrtài lenut ﬌vb tn sbvba lssnj`ltbs. ]gby lum`t tgb wnrd prnjbmurbs nh bopfnybbs tn mbtbjt mbv`lt`nas hrno stlamlrm wnrd … lam prnv`mb tgb abjbsslry strujturb tn ﬌ff à hnr lesbajbs. ]gby lrb nhtba àvnfvbm à mbvbfnpài stlamlrm wnrd hnr abw onmbfs. ]gby lrb l dby tn turaài stlamlrm wnrd hrno innm fnndài wlff glaiàis tn trub tnnfs hnr jnatàunus òprnvbobat. @atbrbstàify, tgb tblo fblmbr rnfb `s bxljtfy wglt `s o`ssài à onst jnopla`bs.*

]lefb <3.< suos up tgbsb òpfbobatlt`nas stbps. Ey ibttài plss`naltb pbnpfb à pfljb tn fblm l ]Y@ òpfbobatlt`na, ey jrbltài l innm pfla tn stlrt trlàài, ey ebài surb olalibobat‐s strnai suppnrt nh tgb ]Y@ sd`ffs `s ﬌rofy à pfljb, ey jrbltài à-gnusb trlàbrs wgn w`ff jnatàub tn sprblm tgb prnirlo lam hnffnw up m`rbjtfy w`tg òpfbobatlt`na, lam ey suppnrtài trlàài lam ]Y@ ljt`v`t`bs na tgb ﬅnnr, ynu jla eb surb tn glvb ]Y@ huf﬌ff `ts prno`sb nh jrbltài l strnai hnuamlt`na hnr Fbla.

Gnw tn Ibt Jnatàuài Ubsufts hrno K@, KU, lam KO < @a tgb jnursb nh òpfbobatài Fbla olauhljturài ljrnss tgb jnuatry, wb glvb ant`jbm tglt olay jnopla`bs glvb *

Kbhhrby D. F`dbr lam Mlv`m Ob`br, ]gb ]nyntl Yly H`bfmennd, OjIrlw-G`ff, Abw Pnrd, 5338, p. <<9.

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:=:

:==

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]lefb <3.<

]Y@ @opfbobatlt`na Ztbps

Hnro ]Y@ wnrdài irnup

Zbfbjt strnai fblmbr Hnro jrnss-huajt`nalf tblo Ztumy ]Y@ huamlobatlfs

Jrbltb p`fnt prnkbjt

Fò`tbm à sjnpb Fàb/npbrlt`na/lrbl à abbm nh stlamlrm wnrd Netlà jurrbat obtr`js

@a`t`lf ]Y@ trlàài

]ba-gnur jflssbs nh K@ lam KU L sbfbjt irnup wgn w`ff wnrd à p`fnt lrbl @ajfumb ]Y@ trlàbr jlam`mltbs

Jlrry nut p`fnt prnkbjt

Erbld mnwa lam trlà p`fnt lrbl knes Jfnsb iu`mlajb lam suppnrt hrno ]Y@ wnrdài irnup Netlà lhtbr-trlàài obtr`js

Suef`j`zb p`fnt lam pfla abxt stbps

Jrbltb puff hrno ntgbr plrts nh nrila`zlt`na

Mbvbfnp à-gnusb trlàbrs

Dby oboebrs fblra tn tbljg K@/KU tba-gnur jflss ]rlàài hnr supbrv`snrs nuts`mb nh p`fnt lrbl

Unff nut ]Y@ tn bat`rb nrila`zlt`na

Zfnw eut stblmy”ant bvbrywgbrb lt najb

Sfla hnr abxt lrbls tn pusg nut trlàài

Basurb tnp olalibobat jnoo`tobat Srnv`mb lmbqultb jnvbrlib Jnatàubm jnljgài hnr supbrv`snrs Ubpnrts tn olalibobat I`vb jrbm`t hnr rbsufts

@atrnmujb KO

Ygba rblmy, àtrnmujb lam prnontb KO Jrbltb systbo hnr glamfài òprnvbobat prnpnslfs

m`h﬌juft`bs sustlàài rbsufts hrno tgb`r Fbla bhhnrt mub tn tgb fljd nh l innm uambrstlamài lrnuam gnw tn olalib tgb ml`fy wnrd rnutàb. Bhhnrts tn jrbltb fblmbr stlamlrm wnrd glvb inab l fnai wly tn lmmrbss tg`s prnefbo, lam tg`s `s l stbp à tgb rìgt m`rbjt`na. Eut supbrv`snrs st`ff abbm tn uambrstlam tgb`r rnfb ls tgb


pnàt pbrsna à l sonntgfy rua nrila`zlt`na, lam gnw tg`s rnfb mbtbroàbs wglt tgby sgnufm mn bvbry mly. Ibabrlffy spbldài, onst supbrv`snrs rbilrm tgb olalibobat nh ml`fy rnutàb ls la ljt`v`ty tglt jlrr`bs tgbo hrno nab prnefbo tn tgb abxt. ]gb mly inbs snobtgài f`db tg`s; @ lrr`vb lt wnrd lam try tn ibt l hbbf hnr wgbrb tgàis stlam. @ jgbjd tgb àjnoài qubub nh knes tn sbb wglt‐s st`ff tgbrb hrno ybstbrmly, wglt‐s abw, `h tgbrb lay gnt knes, `h tgbrb `s laytgài tglt fnnds f`db `t gls prnefbos, btj. ]gba @ jgbjd na oy pbnpfb. Glvb tgby lff jnob tn wnrd> Lrb tgby wnrdài nr snj`lf`zài> Lrb tgby wgbrb tgby sgnufm eb> Ey tg`s tòb @ usulffy glvb inttba l pgnab jlff nr la b-ol`f, lam @‐vb ebba lsdbm qubst`nas na stltus, nr @‐vb ebba tnfm snobtgài @ glvb tn mn, nr la bopfnybb gls pnàtbm nut tgbrb `s snobtgài wrnai w`tg tgb kne gb nr sgb gls tn mn. @t mnbsa‐t tldb oujg tòb tn glvb sbvbrlf prnefbos lppblr hnr ob tn stlrt wnrdài na. @t prbtty oujg jnatàubs tglt wly hnr tgb wgnfb mly, lam tgba @ in gnob. Olyeb @ wls lefb tn mn l f`ttfb pflaaài lam tgàdài lenut wglt gls tn glppba tnonrrnw nr abxt wbbd, nr @ oìgt glvb stlrtbm wnrdài na oy wbbdfy prnmujt`na rbpnrt”eut tglt‐s `h @‐o fujdy. Onst nh tgb tòb @‐o kust na tgb in, mblfài w`tg tgàis ls tgby jnob up wg`fb tgàis tglt @ jnas`mbr òpnrtlat mna‐t ibt mnab ebjlusb @ kust mna‐t glvb tgb tòb.

@t mnbsa‐t glvb tn eb tg`s wly. Fbla olauhljturài tbljgbs us tglt tgbrb lrb spbj`﬌j bfbobats nh l wnrfmjflss olalibobat systbo. Eut `t tnn nhtba tldbs jnopla`bs olay yblrs nh bxpbr`bajài tgb m`h﬌juft`bs nh òpfbobatài Fbla tn sbb tglt tgby, à hljt, mna‐t huffy uambrstlam gnw tgbsb jnopnabats wnrd tnibtgbr tn

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:=2

:=8

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m`jtltb l jufturb nh ml`fy ljt`v`t`bs tglt iu`mb hrnat-fàb supbrv`snrs tnwlrm ljg`bvài tgb`r inlfs. Fbt‐s tldb l fnnd lt tgb eljdirnuam lam tgba mbvbfnp gnw ]Y@ ﬌ts àtn tg`s systbo tn prnv`mb tgb sd`ffs abbmbm tn prnpbrfy lam bhhbjt`vbfy jlrry nut tgbsb ml`fy ljt`v`t`bs.

L Ynrfm-Jflss Olalibobat Zystbo Yb glvb glm l hbw mbjlmbs anw nh stumyài lam fblraài wglt `t tldbs tn oldb l olalibobat systbo tglt jla jnopbtb w`tg tgb ebst jnopbt`tnrs à tgb wnrfm. Yg`fb tgbrb `s an sgnrtlib nh `mbls lam npà`nas à tnmly‐s Fbla olauhljturài wnrfm, wb jla en`f tgb dby bfbobats nh tglt systbo mnwa tn l hl`rfy sòpfb onmbf. L wnrfmjflss olalibobat systbo gls tgrbb àtbrrbfltbm jnopnabats (sbb Hìurb <3.<); <. Snf`jy mbpfnyobat; Lfìas tgb bat`rb nrila`zlt`na w`tg fnai-tbro lam laaulf nekbjt`vbs. 5. Ml`fy olalibobat; Jrbltbs tgb strujturb hnr puttài stlamlrms à pfljb lam jnatàunusfy òprnvài. :. Jrnss-huajt`nalf olalibobat; Olalibs òprnvbobat nh tgb bat`rb systbo hnr àanvlt`na lam erbldtgrnuig. Snf`jy mbpfnyobat rbhbrs tn tgb vlr`nus obtgnms usbm

tn eb surb tglt bvbrynab à tgb nrila`zlt`na `s wnrdài bhhbjt`vbfy tnwlrm tgb slob bams. Yg`fb snob stltbobats nh pnf`jy lrb lmoà`strlt`vb lam oblat tn iu`mb rnutàb mbj`s`na oldài, pnf`jy mbpfnyobat àjfumbs tgb jrblt`na nh pnf`j`bs usbm tn olalib lam iu`mb òprnvbobat nh tgb jnoplay s`tult`na. @a ntgbr wnrms, `t `s ant kust tgb ljtulf wr`ttba pnf`j`bs, eut tgb prnjbss ey wg`jg tgnsb


Olalibobat ey Snf`jy (OES)

Ml`fy Olalibobat (MO)

JrnssHuajt`nalf Olalibobat (JHO)

Hìurb <3.< L wnrfm-jflss olalibobat systbo.

pnf`j`bs lrb jrbltbm lam put àtn pfljb. @a tg`s wly, tgb nrila`zlt`na `s lfwlys l irnwài lam bvnfvài bat`ty tglt `s ant t`bm mnwa tn l stlialat lam ﬌xbm sbt nh rufbs. Mbpfnyobat rbhbrs tn tgb olaabr à wg`jg tgb pnf`j`bs lrb jnooua`jltbm. ]n eb bhhbjt`vb, pnf`j`bs oust eb jnooua`jltbm w`tgnut loeìu`ty. ]gby oust eb wnrdlefb lam uambrstlamlefb ey tgnsb wgn lrb nt jlrry tgbo nut. Ygba oboebrs nh tgb nrila`zlt`na lrb uasurb nr tbatlt`vb lenut tgb`r rnfbs à oldài tgbsb pnf`j`bs wnrd, tgba tgb jglajbs nh tgnsb pnf`j`bs sujjbbmài lrb put àtn qubst`na. ]n basurb tglt pnf`j`bs glvb ebba bhhbjt`vbfy mbpfnybm, tgba, tgb jnooua`jlt`na nh tgbsb pnf`j`bs oust eb tbstbm hnr jnoprbgbas`na. ]n basurb jnoprbgbas`na, twn jnam`t`nas oust eb obt; <. Pnu mn ant danw gnw snobnab bfsb gls uambrstnnm wglt ynu glvb tnfm gò nr gbr uat`f ynu sbb gnw gb nr sgb àtbrprbts ynur stltbobats tn snobnab bfsb. 5. ]gb spndba wnrm `s àlmbqultb hnr pnf`jy mbpfnyobat. Snf`j`bs oust eb wr`ttba.

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]gb tbst nh tgbsb jnam`t`nas jnas`sts nh laswbrài tgb qubst`na; Mnbs tgb pnf`jy stltbobat oldb sbasb tn tgnsb wgn lrb tn ljt upna `t, lam lrb tgby lefb lam w`ffài tn jlrry `t nut> @a ntgbr wnrms, m`m tgby jlrry `t nut sujjbsshuffy, lam wbrb tgby ont`vltbm tn mn `t> @t `s òpnrtlat, tgba, tglt fblmbrs uambrstlam tgb prnefbos nh tgb pbnpfb tgby fblm lam tglt tgby lrb rblmy tn gbfp tgbo rbonvb tgb elrr`brs tn sujjbss. Yg`fb pnf`jy mbpfnyobat mbvbfnps l vbrt`jlf nrila`zlt`nalf lfìaobat, jrnss-huajt`nalf olalibobat rbhbrs tn l gnr`znatlf lfìaobat tglt jrnssbs tgb huajt`nalf enuamlr`bs nh la nrila`zlt`na lam prbvbatssuenptò`zlt`na. Hnr bxlopfb, wglt fnnds f`db l innm òprnvbobat hnr nab mbplrtobat oly ljtulffy ant eb innm hnr tgb jnoplay ls l wgnfb. @a lmm`t`na, jrnss-huajt`nalf olalibobat hnstbrs tgb abjbsslry jnfflenrlt`na tn nvbrjnob huajt`nalf elrr`brs wgba tgbrb `s l abbm tn àanvltb à suppnrt nh fnai-tbro lam laaulf òprnvbobat inlfs. Ml`fy olalibobat rbhbrs tn tgb olalibobat nh tgb wnrd rnutàbs”tgb knes”pbrhnrobm à tgb jnoplay à sujg l wly ls tn ljg`bvb lam sustlà els`j stle`f`ty tgrnuig stlamlrm`zlt`na. ]g`s lfsn àjfumbs onm`hyài tgb stlamlrms tn lmmrbss leanrolf`t`bs wgba tgby lr`sb lam tn òprnvb na tgnsb stlamlrms à nrmbr tn ljg`bvb inlfs sbt ey tgb nrila`zlt`na. @h tgb wnrd nh tgb jnoplay `s ant pbrhnrobm à l jnas`stbat wly, lfwlys olàtlàài qulf`ty lam obbtài ntgbr stlamlrms nh jnopfbt`na tòb, slhbty, jnst, btj., tgba tgbrb `s an iulrlatbb tglt tgb jnoplay w`ff obbt `ts eìibr inlfs nh prn﬌t lam irnwtg. ]gb rnfb nh tgb supbrv`snr, tgba, `s tn olalib tg`s wnrd na l ml`fy, jnatàunus els`s.


]gb SMJL Jyjfb Boebmmbm tgrnuignut tg`s olalibobat systbo `s l obtgnm tn netlà rbsufts. @a ntgbr wnrms, tgb àtbrrbfltbm plrts nh tgb olalibobat systbo ey tgbosbfvbs w`ff ant basurb tglt inlfs lrb ljg`bvbm. ]gby abbm tn eb ljtulf`zbm ey spbj`﬌j stbps tn basurb tgby huajt`na ls mbsìabm. ]gb obtgnm nh olalibobat `s tgb pfla-mn-jgbjd-ljt`na (SMJL) jyjfb, lam `t eblrs slyài tglt lff hnur stbps nh SMJL lrb bqulffy òpnrtlat. Sbrhnroài kust nab nr snob nh tgb stbps rbambrs tgb obtgnm qu`tb usbfbss. @t `s bssbat`lf tn jyjfb tgrnuig SMJL tn basurb jnatàu`ty à tgb olalibobat prnjbss ey rbpbltài tgb jyjfb nvbr lam nvbr lilà. ◱

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Sfla `s tgb els`s hnr bxbjut`na lam jgbjdài. @t jnas`sts nh sbttài inlfs lam tlribts, mb﬌aài oblsurbobats tglt w`ff qulat`hy prnirbss, sbttài tgb tòb fò`t hnr ljg`bvài tgb inlfs lam tlribts, lam jrbltài l mb﬌a`t`na nh gnw tn lrr`vb tgbrb”tgb oblas. Mn `s tn jlrry nut wglt gls ebba pflaabm. ]rlàài pbnpfb à wglt tgby oust danw, uambrstlam, lam eb lefb tn mn `s lfwlys plrt nh tgbmn stbp. Bvba tgb ebst pfla w`ff hl`f `h pbnpfb fljd tgb abjbsslry sd`ffs lam jnopbtbaj`bs tn jlrry `t nut. Jgbjd `s tn stumy tgb nutjnobs nh wglt gls ebba mnab lam tn jnoplrb tgbsb rbsufts w`tg tgbstltbm inlfs. Ljt `s tgb rbspnasb tn wglt gls ebba fblrabm à tgb jgbjd prnjbss. @h tgb rbsufts netlàbm wbrb tgnsb tglt wbrb pflaabm, tgba tgb ljt `s tn stlamlrm`zb. @h tgb pflaabm rbsufts wbrb ant netlàbm, tgba tgbljt

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`s tn rb﬌ab tgb pfla lam rbpblt tgb jyjfb uat`f tgb nutjnobs tura nut ls àtbambm. ]gb tgrbb bfbobats nh tgb olalibobat systbo”pnf`jy mbpfnyobat, jrnss-huajt`nalf olalibobat, lam ml`fy olalibobat”àtbirltb w`tg tgb olalibobat obtgnm nh SMJL lam oldb up tgb wgnfb prnjbss tn rblf`zb tgb jnajbpt nh jnatàunus òprnvbobat. @a nrmbr tn ljg`bvb tgb stlamlrm inlfs (prnmujt`na nutput, qulf`ty, jnst, slhbty, lam onrlfb), olalibobat oust ﬌rst bstlef`sg wnrd stlamlrms, ljt`vbfy trlà pbnpfb à tgnsb stlamlrms, ona`tnr lam basurb tglt tgb stlamlrms lrb jnas`stbatfy lppf`bm, jgbjd na tgb rbsufts prnmujbm, lam onm`hy tgb stlamlrms wgba abjbsslry tn jnatàub tn obbt stlamlrm inlfs. ]g`s `s snobtòbs jlffbm stlamlrm`zb, mn, jgbjd, ljt lam `s trufy tgb jrux nh bhhbjt`vb olalibobat. ]gba, najb wnrd stlamlrms lrb ﬌rofy bstlef`sgbm, wb jnatàunusfy òprnvb na tgnsb stlamlrms, usài tgb SMJL jyjfb, tgrnuig àjrbobatlf òprnvbobats tglt bfòàltb wlstb lam ana-vlfub-lmmbm bfbobats lam prnjbssbs. Hàlffy, tgrnuig jrnss-huajt`nalf jnfflenrlt`na, wb àanvltb lam ‖rl`sb tgb elr‟ à tbros nh jnopbt`t`vb pbrhnrolajb. Lftgnuig tgb ml`fy olalibobat systbo `s fàdbm tn pnf`jy mbpfnyobat tgrnuig l hnjus na entg tgb rnutàb lam òprnvbobat, tgbrb `s st`ff l ilp. ]gbnrbt`jlffy, bvbrytgài à tgbsb Fbla onmbfs oldbs sbasb, lam jnopla`bs òpfbobatài Fbla olauhljturài ﬌am tgbo blsy tn uambrstlam. Eut bvba tgnuig tgby uambrstlam tgbo lam wlat tn lppfy tgb onmbf, tgby abvbr sbbo tn tldb rnnt à tgb ‖﬌rb﬌igtài‟ jufturb wb ﬌am à lfonst bvbry àmustry lam bvbry jnoplay. Zn tgby


kust rbolà tgbnrbt`jlf jnajbpts tglt bvbrynab lirbbs w`tg eut jla‐t mn. ]gb SMJL jyjfb ebiàs tn trufy tura wgba wb fblra lam òpfbobat ]Y@. ]gb ilp, nh jnursb, `s tglt w`tgnut òpnrtlat jnopbtbaj`bs huffy à pfljb, pbnpfb kust mna‐t glvb tgb le`f`ty tn hnffnw tgrnuig bhhbjt`vbfy na tgb`r rnfbs à tgb olalibobat systbo, lam tgbrbhnrb jlaant sustlà tgb jglaibs tgby oldb. @opfbobatài ]Y@, kust ls wb glvb ebba mbsjrèài tgrnuignut tg`s ennd, lam ibttài bxpbr`bajb usài `t, oldbs `t jfblr tglt tgb ml`fy olalibobat jnopnabat `s suppnrtbm lam olmb bhhbjt`vb wgba supbrv`snrs lam olalibrs glvb mbvbfnpbm tgb sd`ffs tn; <. @astrujt bhhbjt`vbfy à wglt tgb npbrlt`nalf stlamlrms lrb lam gnw tn hnffnw tgbo ( Kne @astrujt`na) 5. Danw gnw tn stumy lam lalfyzb npbrlt`nas tn b`tgbr; l. Bstlef`sg stlamlrms wgbrb tgbrb lrb anab nr òprnvb tgb nabs à pfljb wgba tgbrb lrb leanrolf`t`bs ( Kne Obtgnms) e. Ljt`vbfy ﬌am ebttbr wlys tn obbt stlamlrm inlfs w`tg fbss wlstb (Kne Obtgnms) :. Fblm pbnpfb bhhbjt`vbfy sn tgby jla jnatrèutb huffy tn jglaibs ebài olmb lam rbolà ont`vltbm tn hnffnw lam sustlà abw stlamlrms nh npbrlt`na (Kne Ubflt`nas)

Oldài ]Y@ Slrt nh tgb Ml`fy Olalibobat Zystbo Jrbltài l sd`ffs-elsbm jufturb oblas lelamnaài tgb rbljt`vb prljt`jbs nh tgb ﬌rb﬌igtài obatlf`ty tglt rnes

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nur nrila`zlt`nas nh tgb rblf lttbat`na lam bhhnrt wb sgnufm eb m`rbjtài tnwlrm oldài tgb olalibobat systbo wnrd. @h wb lrb tn ljg`bvb tgb inlfs tglt w`ff prnpbf us àtn tgb huturb, wb oust jrbltb tgb m`sj`pfàb tn hnffnw tòb-tbstbm prljt`jbs, f`db SMJL, tglt jrbltb stle`f`ty lam jnatàunus òprnvbobat. ]n mn tglt, wb abbm els`j sd`ffs tglt wb jla mbpfny na l ml`fy els`s tn olàtlà tgnsb innm prljt`jbs. Ey fblaài na tgbsb sd`ffs ls wglt supbrv`snrs mn bvbry mly, wb jla ebttbr basurb tglt tgb huamlobatlfs nh stle`f`ty tgrnuig stlamlrm wnrd, ont`vlt`na nh tgb wnrdhnrjb, lam jnatàunus òprnvbobat ebjnob tgb jufturb nh nur wnrdài bav`rnaobat lam gnw nur pbnpfb ebglvb na l rbiuflr els`s. ]gb tgrbb-fbiibm stnnf lalfniy tglt rbprbsbats tgb ]Y@ prnirlo lam `ts tgrbb onmufbs”Kne @astrujt`na, Kne Obtgnms, lam Kne Ubflt`nas”jla eb usbm lilà gbrb (sbb Hìurb <3.5). ]gb tgrbb fbis nh ]Y@ ﬌rofy suppnrt

Ml`fy Olalibobat Zystbo

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Els`j Ztle`f`ty à Ml`fy Unutàb

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Ubsufts ]rnuig Sbnpfb

Jnatàunus @oprnvbobat

Hìurb <3.5 Ml`fy olalibobat lam tgb tgrbb-fbiibm stnnf.


lam gnfm up tgb ml`fy olalibobat systbo. @h wb lfsn jnas`mbr l hnurtg bfbobat, Kne Zlhbty, wg`jg wls mbvbfnpbm à Klpla à tgb <023s, ls la àtbirlf plrt nh lff tgrbb ]Y@ sd`ffs, wb jla sbb tgb jnopfbtb onmbf nh tgb sd`ffs sbt supbrv`snrs abbm tn usb bvbry mly tn jrbltb lam olàtlà tgb jufturb nh jnopbtbajb wb glvb ebba mbsjrèài à tg`s ennd. Ls tgb olay jlsb stum`bs wb glvb fnndbm lt sgnw us, wgba jnopla`bs trlà tgb`r hrnat-fàb olalibobat à tgbsb fblmbrsg`p sd`ffs, tgby ebià tn ilà jnatrnf nh tgb`r wnrd, àstblm nh tgb ntgbr wly lrnuam, wgbrb tgby lrb jglsbm ey tgb`r wnrd na l ml`fy els`s. ]g`s jnatrnf `s wglt tgb olalibobat systbo sbbds tn fbvbrlib à nrmbr tn lttlà tgb nrila`zlt`na‐s inlfs.

Bamantbs <. Gnw tn Ibt Jnatàuài Ubsufts hrno K@, KU, lam KO lam L Ynrfm Jflss Olalibobat Zystbo wls jnatrèutbm ey U`jglrm Lebrjrnoe`b, prbs`mbat nh Fbla Srnont`na. U`jglrm gls nvbr twbaty yblrs nh bxpbr`bajb à olauhljturài, onst nh wg`jg wls netlàbm wg`fb bopfnybm ey tgb Enbài Jnoplay à Ylsgàitna Ztltb. ]gbrb, U`jglrm ebjlob àvnfvbm à Enbài‐s Fbla olauhljturài à`t`lt`vb ls l oboebr nh tgb Enbài Zuppf`br Zuppnrt Jbatbr, wg`jg lss`stbm dby Enbài suppf`brs, entg mnobst`j lam àtbralt`nalf, w`tg ebiàaài l jnatàunus òprnvbobat prnirlo elsbm na tgb ]nyntl Srnmujt`na Zystbo (]SZ). ]n huf﬌ff tg`s rnfb, U`jglrm rbjb`vbm bxtbas`vb trlàài à ]SZ hrno tgb Zgài`kutsu Jnoplay entg à Klpla lam lt Enbài hlj`f`t`bs à tgb Ra`tbm Ztltbs. U`jglrm gls sìa`﬌jlat bxpbr`bajb mbf`vbrài tgbsb ]Y@ prnirlos lrnuam tgb wnrfm ls la àtbirlf plrt nh g`s ]SZjnasuftài hnr jf`bats à tgb olauhljturài, lbrnspljb, stbbf, hnnm prnjbssài, eladài, jnastrujt`na, lam gblftgjlrb àmustr`bs. U`jglrm wls tgb ﬌rst olstbr trlàbr trlàbm ey Sltr`jd Irlupp tn trlà abw trlàbrs à bljg nh tgb hnrty-gnur trlà-tgb-trlàbr

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prnirlo onmufbs nh K@, KU, KO, lam KZ, ls Sltr`jd wls trlàbm tn mn à Klpla. G`s strnai eljdirnuam à ]SZ jnasuftài `s put tn innm usb wgba U`jglrm jnfflenrltbs w`tg tgb àst`tutb tn mbf`vbr hnffnw-up jnljgài hnr jnopla`bs tn qu`jdfy fblra gnw tn òpfbobat ]Y@ ls la àtbirlf plrt nh tgb`r Fbla strltbiy.

Jglptbr <<

L Srbbopt`vb ]uralrnuam lt Jurr`br Sflst`js, @aj. Jurr`br Sflst`js, @aj. wls bstlef`sgbm à <075 ey Ulyonam K. Jurr`br ls l justno àkbjt`na onfmbr nh tgbronpflst`j rbsàs sbrv`jài l ernlm NBO justnobr elsb. Uly‐s v`s`na tn nhhbr supbr`nr baiàbbrài jnoprbgbas`vbwls justnobr sbrv`jb ls tgb hnuamlt`nalam tn fnai-tbro justnobr rbflt`nasg`ps. Gb ebila w`tg twn àkbjt`na onfmài oljgàbs, hnur bopfnybbs, lam l glamhuf nh fnjlf justnobrs à =,333 squlrb hbbt nh jnavbrtbm wlrbgnusb spljb fnjltbm à Lueura, Abw Pnrd. Rambr Uly‐s fblmbrsg`p, Jurr`br Sflst`js, @aj. (Jurr`br) irbw tn ebjnob rbjnia`zbm ls l prbhbrrbm suppf`br nh prbj`s`na àkbjt`na onfmbm jnopnabats hnr jnopla`bs à tgb lutnont`vb, obm`jlf, tbfbjnooua`jlt`nas, lam jnasuobr prnmujts àmustr`bs. Uly rbt`rbm à <079, jna﬌mbat tglt g`s snas Kò lam Knga wnufm jnatàub tn irnw tgb jnoplay à ljjnrmlajb w`tg tgb`r sglrbm v`s`na. Zàjb tgba, tgb nrìàlf hlj`f`ty gls ebba bxplambm sbvbrlf tòbs lmmài eu`fmàis, bqu`pobat, lam pbrsnaabf. Bxtrus`na efnw onfmài wls lmmbm tn tgb jnoplay‐s jnrb

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jnopbtbajy à <008, lffnwài `t tn fbvbrlib `ts bx`stài danwfbmib nh plrt mbsìa lam pflst`js prnjbssài àtn l onrb tlribtbm olrdbt sbiobat tglt purjglsbs entg àkbjt`na onfmbm lam efnw onfmbm prnmujts. @a 5335, Jurr`br lmmbm l prnmujt mbsìa huajt`na tn bstlef`sg l olrdbt hnjus na pljdliài prnmujts, l ua`qub jnoeàlt`na nh onfmài prnjbssbs tglt vbry hbw onfmbrs à tgb Ra`tbm Ztltbs nhhbr. @a tgb fltb <003s lam onvài àtn tgb abw jbatury, Jurr`br bxpbr`bajbm mnuefb-mì`t slfbs irnwtg hnr sbvba strlìgt yblrs, eut sujg myalo`j irnwtg jlob w`tg l pr`jb. ]gb jnoplay bxpbr`bajbm l gìg turanvbr rltb hnr tbjga`j`las, npbrltnrs, lam tbopnrlry bopfnybbs tglt jnatrèutbm tn l gìg oltbr`lf sjrlp rltb, gìg jnst nh qulf`ty, bxjbss`vb oljgàb mnwatòb, lam fnw bh﬌j`baj`bs tglt jnufm eb trljbm à plrt tn nesnfbtb wnrd àstrujt`nas hnr onst knes. ]gb jnoplay wls ant dbbpài up w`tg tgb irnwtg nh `ts eusàbss. ]grbb nh tgb hnur jurrbat nwabrs tglt wnrd huff tòb hnr tgb jnoplay bxpbr`bajbm tgbsb mly-tn-mly jglffbaibs àvnfvbm w`tg irnwài tgb eusàbss, lam à 5332 mbj`mbm tglt Jurr`br abbmbm tn mn tgàis m`hhbrbatfy tn sujjbbm ls l flribr jnoplay. Sntbat`lf vbamnrs wbrb àv`tbm tn jnob lam tlfd w`tg tgbo lenut strltbi`j pflaaài. Nab nh tgbsb vbamnrs, ]gnols Ylfsg, SgM, w`tg tgb Irbabff Jnasuftài Irnup, glm tg`s tn sly lenut g`s à`t`lf obbtài; Oy ﬌rst obbtài wls w`tg tgb Jurr`br Sflst`js nwabrs, enlrm nh m`rbjtnrs, lam olalibrs”irnup tgàd wls prbvlfbat…. Yg`fb tg`s `s ant uajnoona à solff jnopla`bs lam prnhbss`nalf sbrv`jbs ﬌ros, `t

L Srbbopt`vb ]uralrnuam lt Jurr`br Sflst`js, @aj.

usulffy prbsbats prnefbos nh nrila`zlt`nalf jflr`ty lam prnhbss`nalf enuamlr`bs lam oldbs `t glrm hnr l JBN tn rblffy fblm.*

Lftgnuig Jurr`br glm mnab strltbi`j pflaaài à tgb plst, tglt pfla wls fbht s`ttài na l sgbfh lam wls abvbr usbm tn mr`vb tgb eusàbss. @t glm lfwlys ebba l jnoplay tglt rnffbm up `ts sfbbvbs rltgbr tgla sglrpbabm `ts pbaj`fs wgba `t jlob tn ibttài tgb kne mnab. Ultgbr tgla kuopài à lam jrbltài l abw pfla, tgba, JBN Knga Jurr`br mbj`mbm tn ﬌rst mn l fblmbrsg`p lum`t, ls rbjnoobambm ey Mr. Ylfsg, tn mbtbroàb tgb strbaitgs lam wbldabssbs nh tgb olalibobat tblo à nrmbr hnr tgb jnoplay tn ‖ibt tgb rìgt pbnpfb na tgb eus, lam à tgb rìgt sblts, ebhnrb tgb eus fbht tgb tbroàlf.‟ Knga m`m ant wlat tn boelrd na ybt lantgbr mblm-bam knuraby. Inài tgrnuig tg`s prnjbss fbm Knga tn rblf`zb tglt gb abbmbm tn g`rb l qulf`﬌bm pbrsna hnr eusàbss mbvbfnpobat sn tglt gb jnufm spbam onrb tòb hnjusài na ebài tgb JBN. ]gb bat`rb fblmbrsg`p tblo lfsn wbat tgrnuig l fblmbrsg`p àvbatnry tglt rbsuftbm à l auoebr nh jglaibs. Znob pbnpfb wnuam up fblvài tgb jnoplay, wg`fb tgb rnfbs nh ntgbrs wbrb jglaibm tn ibt hrbsg `mbls lam pbrspbjt`vbs. @a blrfy 5338, gb pns`t`nabm Olx Fbnab tn ebjnob X`jb Srbs`mbat nh Eusàbss Mbvbfnpobat, lam lfnai w`tg Lfla Irnss, tgb abw X`jb Srbs`mbat nh Npbrlt`nas, tgb jnoplay‐s rbhure`sgbm bxbjut`vb tblo ebila tn pursub prn﬌tlefb irnwtg lam l jufturb nh jnatàunus òprnvbobat. *

]gnols Ylfsg, ‖@t Ztlrts Y`tg ]gb ]blo; L Srbbopt`vb ]uralrnuam lt Jurr`br Sflst`js,‟ Irbabff Jnasuftài Irnup, JAP Eusàbss Knuralf , Anvboebr <:, 5330.

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]gby òobm`ltbfy mbvbfnpbm l strltbi`j pfla hnr Jurr`br tglt hnjusbm na l tlribt olrdbt nh jnopla`bs tglt rbqu`rbm tgb àtbirlt`na nh mbsìa bxpbrt`sb; àkbjt`na onfmài lam efnw onfmài (sbb Hìurbs <<.< lam <<.5). Z`xty pbrjbat nh Jurr`br‐s jurrbat justnobrs purjglsb entg àkbjt`na lam efnw onfmbm prnmujts, lffnwài tgb jnoplay tn sàifb snurjb tgb`r rbqu`rbobats lam àsurb mbsìa àtbirlt`na hnr olauhljturle`f`ty. @avbstobat à tbjganfniy à entg mbsìa lam olauhljturài `s l dby lspbjt tn tgb jnatàult`na nh tg`s pfla. @a lmm`t`na tn justnobr-nr`batbm inlfs, tgb strltbi`j pfla snuigt tn òprnvb tgb qulf`ty nh wnrd f`hb hnr tgb jnoplay‐s bopfnybbs, w`tg tgb inlf nh oldài Jurr`br Sflst`js tgb ebst pfljb tn wnrd à tgb eusàbss. ]g`s jglptbr `s lenut gnw tgb jnoplay ljg`bvbm tgb inlfs nh `ts strltbi`j pfla usài ]Y@ ls l jr`t`jlf plrt nh tglt <= Oljgàbs Jnatlàbr s`zb 3.2 nz tn < ilffna Oltbr`lfs GMSB FMSB SS SXJ SB]I SB] @atbirltbm lutnolt`na & fbld tbstài na bqu`pobat ZSJ àspbjt`na stlt`na Jfòltb jnatrnffbm

Hìurb <<.< Efnw onfmài npbrlt`na. (Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na nh Jurr`br Sflst`js, @aj., Lueura, AP.)


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5= Oljgàbs 53 tn 233 RZ tnas Slrt s`zb 3.2 i tn :3 nz Baiàbbrbm tgbronpflst`js (nvbr 23 ljt`vb rbsàs) @atbirltbm lutnolt`na na bqu`pobat : \ulf`ty tbst stlt`nas Jfòltb jnatrnffbm

Hìurb <<.5 @akbjt`na onfmài npbrlt`nas. (Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na nh Jurr`br Sflst`js, @aj., Lueura, AP.)

mbvbfnpobatlf prnjbss. ]nmly, Jurr`br Sflst`js‐ ua`qub vlfub prnpns`t`na nh ‖prnv`mài justno pljdliài snfut`nas tglt fbvbrlib jnrb jnopbtbaj`bs à mbsìa, àkbjt`na lam efnw onfmài‟ `s l jnopbt`t`vb a`jgb à tgb àmustry. ]gb jnoplay‐s dby olrdbt sbiobats à tgb pljdliài àmustry àjfumb pbrsnalf/gblftgjlrb, ebluty lam jnsobt`js, gnusbgnfm jgbo`jlfs, lam loba`t`bs. Jurr`br `s ebst danwa hnr wbt-w`pb jla`stbrs/f`ms, lam loba`ty prnmujts hnr gìg-bam gntbfs lam rbsnrts. Ntgbr dby olrdbts àjfumb jnasuobr, obm`jlf, lam bfbjtrna`js prnmujts. ]gb jnoplay anw bopfnys nvbr nab guamrbm pbnpfb à l 82,333 sq. ht. stltb-nh-tgb-lrt onfmài hlj`f`ty, à `ts nrìàlf fnjlt`na à Lueura, Abw Pnrd, wgbrb lff bopfnybbs tldb pr`mb à tgb jnoplay glvài ebba lwlrmbm tgb Lssnj`lt`na hnr Olauhljturài Bxjbffbajb‐s 5330 O`m-Ltflat`j Ubi`nalf Olauhljturài Bxjbffbajb Lwlrm à Njtnebr 5330.

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L Srbbopt`vb ]uralrnuam” 5338‚5330 * Lfla Irnss glm irlmultbm suool juo flumb w`tg l EZ à àmustr`lf baiàbbrài hrno tgb Ra`vbrs`ty nh Euhhlfn, lam jnatàubm g`s bmujlt`na tldài irlmultb jnursbs tgrnuignut g`s sbvbatbba-yblr jlrbbr w`tg Dnmld à Unjgbstbr, Abw Pnrd. Gb lfsn tluigt à tgb gìgfy rbilrmbm Olstbrs nh Fblmbrsg`p prnirlo lt tgb Unjgbstbr @ast`tutb nh ]bjganfniy. Lfla fbht Dnmld lam wbat na tn fblm tgb trlashnrolt`na nh l o`ms`zbm pflst`j àkbjt`na onfmài jnoplay àtn l ouft`-lwlrm-wàaài nrila`zlt`na w`tg uaprbjbmbatbm prn﬌tle`f`ty à tgb pflst`js àmustry. ]gb jnoplay wls snna purjglsbm ey l flribr nrila`zlt`na tglt mbbopgls`zbm pflst`j onfmài. Ant wlatàitn uprnnt g`s hlo`fy, Lfla àtbrv`bwbm w`tg Jurr`br Sflst`js hnr tgb abw pns`t`na nh X`jb Srbs`mbat nh Npbrlt`nas, wgbrb gb hnuam l abw gnob wnrdài w`tg nwabrs wgn wbrb jnoo`ttbm tn stlyài à eusàbss lam tn prnv`mài innm knes hnr tgb jnooua`ty à wg`jg tgby f`vbm. Y`tg tgb bxbjut`vb fbvbf pflybrs anw à pfljb, tgb abxt stbp wls tn jrbltb l strltbi`j hrlobwnrd ebiàaài w`tg tgb o`ss`na, v`s`na, lam jnrb vlfubs nh tgb jnoplay à nrmbr tn bstlef`sg jnoplay-w`mb lfìaobat na ljg`bvài dby nekbjt`vbs. ]gbsb bfbobats wbrb bstlef`sgbm ls hnffnws; O`ss`na; Jurr`br Sflst`js str`vbs tn eb tgb ebst à tgb wnrfm lt prnv`mài àtbirltbm pflst`js snfut`nas hrno *

]gb eufd nh tgb àhnrolt`na jnatlàbm gbrb `s tldba hrno tgb Jurr`br Sflst`js Lppf`jlt`na hnr ]gb Lssnj`lt`na hnr Olauhljturài Bxjbffbajb 5330 O`m-Ltflat`j Ubi`nalf Lwlrm sueo`ttbm Oly :<, 5330.


mbsìa tn ﬌alf prnmujt, jrbltài uabqulfbm vlfub hnr nur justnobrs lam fò`tfbss nppnrtua`ty tn nur jnwnrdbrs. Xlfub Srnpns`t`na; @atbirlt`na nh tgb jnrb jnopbtbaj`bs nh mbsìa, àkbjt`na onfmài, lam efnw onfmài. Jnrb Xlfubs; Jurr`br Sflst`js str`vbs tn jrbltb l jufturb nh àtbir`ty lam outulf rbspbjt hnr nur jnwnrdbrs, nur justnobrs, lam nur jnooua`ty. Yb bx`st tn prnv`mb vlfub lam nutstlamài sbrv`jb tn nur justnobrs. Yb pursub bvbr-gìgbr inlfs ey boerljài jglaib lam hnstbrài la bav`rnaobat tglt vlfubs plss`na, jrblt`v`ty, lam àm`v`mulf mrblos.

Mbvbfnpài l Ztrltbi`j Hrlobwnrd hnr @oprnvbobat ]gb Jurr`br Ztrltbi`j Hrlobwnrd `mbat`﬌bm tgrbb Dby Ubsufts Lrbls tglt wnufm bstlef`sg tgb hrlobwnrd hnr tgb`r bhhnrts onvài hnrwlrm; ]lfbat Olalibobat, Xbfnj`tyÙ Xlfub ? X5© (àjrblsài rltbs nh òprnvbobat à qulf`ty, jyjfb tòb, lam jnst), lam @aanvlt`vb Irnwtg (sbb Hìurb <<.:). ]gbsb tgrbb lrbls rbprbsbatbm justnobrmr`vba hljtnrs tgb`r strltbi`j pflaaài prnjbss tnfm tgbo wnufm eb jr`t`jlf tn sujjbss. ]gb pfla lfsn `mbat`﬌bm dby oblsurbs tglt wnufm trljd rbsufts à bljg nh tgbsb lrbls, lfnai w`tg tgb strltbi`bs hnr òprnvbobat tglt `mbat`﬌bm olknr à`t`lt`vbs tnwlrm ljg`bvài tgbsb rbsufts. Hàlffy, spbj`﬌j @oprnvbobat Srnkbjts wbrb nutfàbm hnr bljg à`t`lt`vb lam tgb`r nekbjt`vbs hurtgbr rb﬌abm à nabplib pflas tglt wbrb fàdbm hrno tgb Jnrpnrltb tn tgb Mbplrtobat fbvbfs (sbb Hìurb <<.=).

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:82

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). P A , ra u e u L ,. j @a , s j `t s l f S r b `r r u J h n a `n s `s o r b p g t` w m b t a `r p b U ( . 5 d r n w b o l rh `j i b t l tr Z = . < < b r u i ` H

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]lfbat Olalibobat J rbltbs l Hfbxèfb lam Bailibm Ynrdhnrjb

]lfbat olalibobat, tgb ﬌rst Dby Ubsufts Lrbl, `s la bxtbas`na nh tgb jnoplay‐s ‖rìgt pbnpfb à tgb rìgt pfljbs‟ nekbjt`vb. Yglt wls ljg`bvbm ﬌rst lt tgb bxbjut`vb fbvbf wls tgba lppf`bm tn lff suesbqubat fbvbfs nh tgb jnoplay. ]lfbat lssbssobats wbrb lppf`bm usài la L/E/J lalfys`s sò`flr tn tgb prljt`jb IB lppf`bm murài tgb Kljd Ybfsg brl. ]gba, l alt`naw`mb sblrjg wls jnamujtbm usài l vlr`bty nh rbjru`tài lvbaubs. ]blo àtbrv`bws wbrb mnab à l ‖iltbs lam pglsbs‟ wly, l`mbm ey l prnpr`btlry pbrsnalf`ty prn﬌fb oltjg tn tgb pns`t`na ebài jnas`mbrbm. ]gnsb mbtbroàbm tn eb lt la L fbvbf, nr w`tg tgb pntbat`lf tn rbljg tglt fbvbf, wbrb ljt`vbfy rbjru`tbm, obatnrbm, lam jnljgbm. Ls hnr trlàài lam mbvbfnpài pbnpfb lfrblmy à tgb jnoplay, l jlrbbr mbvbfnpobat spbj`lf`st wls put à pfljb, lam auobrnus irlats wbrb netlàbm tn mbvbfnp tgb jlple`f`t`bs nh bvbrynab à tgb jnoplay. M`hhbrbat trlàài lpprnljgbs wbrb usbm lt m`hhbrbat fbvbfs nh tgb jnoplay. Hnr bxlopfb, sd`ffbm pns`t`nas hnffnwbm l prnontb/mbvbfnp/jnljg hrno w`tgà pg`fnsnpgy. Rsài l tbop-tn-g`rb strltbiy (abw g`rbs lrb g`rbm ls tbops hnr bvlfult`na ebhnrb ebài g`rbm ls huff-tòb bopfnybbs) mbvbfnpbm murài l Dl`zba Bvbat, Jurr`br jbrt`﬌bm prbhbrrbm tbopnrlry bopfnyobat libaj`bs lam bqu`ppbm tgbo tn bhhbjt`vbfy nr`bat lam trlà tgb`r pbnpfb hnr wnrd à Jurr`br‐s plrt`juflr wnrd bav`rnaobat. La bxpbr`bajbm pflst`js baiàbbr wls g`rbm tn mbvbfnp ‖str`pbm ua`jnras,‟ tgb Jurr`br tbro hnr tgb vbry rlrb prnjbss tbjga`j`las sd`ffbm à Jnatàunus Bxtrus`na Zguttfb


Efnw Onfmài”tgb`r spbj`lfty. La òprnvbm pbrhnrolajb lpprl`slf prnjbss wls mbvbfnpbm, lam trlàài wls prnv`mbm hnr lff supbrv`snrs lam olalibobat. ]g`s abw lpprl`slf hnro wls mbr`vbm m`rbjtfy hrno upmltbm lam jnoprbgbas`vb kne mbsjr`pt`nas hnr lff knes à tgb jnoplay. Obr`t ply lam enausbs wbrb pl`m elsbm upna l o`x nh àm`v`mulf jnatrèut`nas, mbplrtobatlf rbsufts, lam jnoplay-w`mb pbrhnrolajb. ]gb jnoplay ebila lppfyài ]Y@ à olauhljturài lam hnroufltbm `t tn eb l abvbr-bamài prnjbss tn mbvbfnp lam sustlà huffy àtbrjglaiblefb, sbfholaliài wnrd tblos. ]gb`r lpprnljg `s jglffbaiài sàjb bvbry bopfnybb na tgb sgnp ﬅnnr `s anw l tlribt nh tgb ]Y@ trlàài lam hnffnw-up. Gnw tgby huffy àtbirltb ]Y@ w`tg tgb`r fbla strltbiy w`ff eb prbsbatbm à onrb mbtl`f fltbr à tg`s jglptbr. Ls jla eb sbba hrno tgb rbsufts à tgb hnffnwài prnmujt`v`ty suoolry (Hìurb <<.2), Jurr`br wls lefb tn ebttbr Obtr`j

Ra`ts

Zlfbs

Anrolf`zbm

Laaulfprn﬌t

Anrolf`zbm

Jnst nh qulf`ty

Sbrjbat nh slfbs

5338 <33 <33

5330 <<< 950

8.:%

<.9%

Jglaib <<.3% 850.3% ∕9:.3%

Bhh`j`bajy

Sbrjbat pnssèfb

98.2%

03.5%

<9.0%

Na-tòb mbf`vbry

Ljdanwfbmibm

77.7%

00.2%

<5.3%

]ntlf àvbatnry

Mlys nh suppfy

<2.2%

<<.2%

∕52.7%

8Zlum`ts

Sbrjbatpnssèfb

::%

7<%

<=2.2%

\ulf`ty nh wnrdf`hb

Zurvby rbsufts

9<%

7=%

<7.:%

Hìurb <<.2

Dby rbsufts suoolry. (Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na

nh Jurr`br Sflst`j s, @aj., Lueura, AP.)

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bstlef`sg l jnatàunus òprnvbobat jufturb ey mbvbfnpài l huffy ﬅbxèfb wnrdhnrjb, bljg bopfnybb ‖spnatlabnusfy mr`vài òprnvbobat à tgb jnoplay w`tgnut enuamlr`bs.‟ @a lmm`t`na, bvbrynab lt Jurr`br anw hbbfs onrb huffy bailibm lam vlfubm w`tgà tgb nrila`zlt`na, tgnuig tgb jglffbaib anw `s tn olàtlà tgb onobatuo nh tg`s prnirbss. Lppfyài Xbfnj`ty Ù Xlfub ? X 5© ljrnss tgb Jnoplay tn Bxjbbm Ynrfm-Jflss Ztlamlrms

X5 oblas mnài bvbrytgài à l qulf`ty wly, hlstbr tgla ntgbrs tn jrbltb l jnopbt`t`vb lmvlatlib wgbrb vlfub `s mb﬌abm hrno tgb justnobr‐s pnàt nh v`bw. Hnr Jurr`br, vlfub tldbs tgb hnro nh ua`qub lam àanvlt`vb mbsìas hnr pljdlibs tglt hbw ntgbrs jla bhhbjt`vbfy jnpy. @a hljt, l flrib plrt nh tgb`r vlfub-lmmbm jnatrèut`na `s hrno baiàbbrài mbsìa hnr olauhljturle`f`ty lam lssboefy. @a lmm`t`na, X5 `s tgb`r tbro hnr npbrlt`nalf bxjbffbajb, wg`jg `s ljg`bvbm ey bfòàltài wlstb à ljjnrmlajb tn tgb prnjbss ﬅnw m`lirlo sgnwa à Hìurb <<.8. ]g`s prnjbss `s anw l ml`fy plss`na lt Jurr`br Sflst`js, eut tglt m`m ant njjur nvbraìgt. @aanvlt`vb Irnwtg tn Zbjurb tgb Huturb

]gb tg`rm lam ﬌alf Dby Ubsufts Lrbl `s @aanvlt`vb Irnwtg. ]gb dby hljtnrs àjfumb; ◱

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Ybff mb﬌abm jr`tbr`l usbm tn bvlfultb tgb justnobr na l kne-ey-kne els`s. L Abw Srnmujt Mbvbfnpobat tblo tglt gls l v`sulf jnatrnf jbatbr (wlr rnno) wgbrb abw prnmujt


Xlfub Ztrblo Nri.

2 + < Zs

Ztlamlrm`zbm Ynrd

Xlfub Ztrblo Olppài

]lribtbm Dl`zba & 8 Zìol Srnkbjts

Jlple`f`ty Mbvbfnpobat

Fbla Ljjnuatài

Ztrltbi`j Sflaaài

Hìurb <<.8 Fbla batbrpr`sb X5 prnjbss olp.

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o`fbstnabs, mbsìa prnkbjts, lam tlribtbm abw prnspbjts lrb rbv`bwbm tw`jb wbbdfy. L jnoprbgbas`vb mltlelsb usbm tn lssbss strbaitgs lam wbldabss, jnoplrbm tn tgb jnopbt`t`na lam hrno tgb justnobr‐s pbrspbjt`vb. L systbo tn `mbat`hy tgb fltbst tbjganfniy lam mbvbfnp l jlp`tlf pfla tn purjglsb, onmbra`zb, nr upirlmb bx`stài tbjganfniy.

Bstlef`sgài Dby Nekbjt`vbs ]gb ﬌rst nvbrlrjgài nekbjt`vb wls tn rbbstlef`sg prn﬌tle`f`ty. @a tgb plst, oljgàb ut`f`zlt`na wls jfnsb tn 73%, sn gìg `t wls uaprbjbmbatbm à tgb àmustry, ybt tgb jnoplay struiifbm tn erbld bvba. Fblm tòb wls nvbr

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hnur wbbds hnr la nrmbr sàjb ir`mfnjd wls tgb anro lam lff nrmbrs/justnobrs wbrb bvlfultbm na l ﬌rst jnob, ﬌rst sbrvbm els`s. ]nmly, hnffnwài òpfbobatlt`na nh tgb strltbi`j pfla, tgbrb `s l jfblr sbasb nh justnobr abbms lam pr`nr`t`bs lam tgb`r ﬌alaj`lf erbldbvba ut`f`zlt`na `s uambr 23%”vbry innm hnr l onfmài jnoplay, bspbj`lffy nab à tgb uftrl-jnopbt`t`vb pljdliài àmustry. ]gb abxt nekbjt`vb wls tn pns`t`na tgb jnoplay tn irnw prn﬌tlefy lam jnas`stbatfy nvbr tgb abxt tgrbb tn ﬌vb yblrs. Gbrb, tnn, tgb strltbi`j pfla sujjbbmbm ls, tnmly, Jurr`br Sflst`js `s à tgb bav`lefb pns`t`na nh glvài gìg prn﬌fb, tlribtbm abw wnrd w`tg tlribtbm justnobrs tglt jnufm mnuefb tgb jnoplay‐s s`zb `h bvba glfh tgbsb jnob tn hru`t`na. Bljg nh tgb plst tgrbb yblrs gls sbba àjrblsài prn﬌tle`f`ty wg`jg `s òprbss`vb banuig, eut bvba onrb sn jnas`mbrài tgb m`h﬌juft bjnano`j jnam`t`nas tgb bat`rb jnuatry gls hljbm à tg`s tòb pbr`nm. ]gb`r ﬌alf nekbjt`vb wls tn ebjnob tgb bopfnybr nh jgn`jb hnr lff jurrbat lam huturb prnspbjt`vb bopfnybbs. \ulf`ty nh Ynrdf`hb (\YF) survbys lrb i`vba tn lff bopfnybbs laaulffy ls tgb pròlry wly nh bvlfultài tgb sujjbss nh tgb jnoplay na tg`s nekbjt`vb lam tgbsb glvb trljdbm tgb prnirbss nh tgb strltbi`j pfla. Ljjnrmài tn JBN Knga Jurr`br, ‖Yb‐vb sbba l <3% àjrblsb à sjnrbs na tglt survby w`tg hlvnrlefb trbams elsbm na qulrtbrfy bvlfult`nas. Labjmntlf bv`mbajb `s bqulffy strnai”l huff <3% nh tgb jurrbat bopfnyobat elsb àjfumbs tgnsb tglt fbht hnr irbbabr plsturbs ybt rbturabm ant fnai lhtbrwlrms. ]gbsb glvb turabm nut tn eb snob nh nur onst fnylf lam àvnfvbm bopfnybbs.‟


@opfbobatài tgb Jurr`br Fbla Ztrltbiy Lfla fblrabm hrno nvbr twbaty-﬌vb yblrs nh bxpbr`bajb òpfbobatài jglaib ebhnrb knàài Jurr`br tglt tgb jnoplay wnufm abbm l suppnrt`vb nuts`mb plrtabr tn ljjbfbrltb ljg`bvbobat nh `ts nekbjt`vbs. Y`tg tgb Jurr`br Ztrltbi`j Sfla à glam, gb lrrlaibm hnr l obbtài w`tg Jàmy Nbgoìba, Zba`nr Srnjbss @oprnvbobat Zpbj`lf`st hnr tgb Jbatrlf Abw Pnrd ]bjganfniy Mbvbfnpobat Nrila`zlt`na (JAP]MN). Ynrdài w`tg Jàmy ls tgb`r JAP]MN Srnkbjt Olalibr, l s`xtbbaonatg Fbla @opfbobatlt`na Sfla wls lirbbm upna tglt ebila w`tg l hnur-gnur nvbrv`bw nh Fbla Jnajbpts hnr lff Jurr`br pbrsnaabf. L jnrb irnup wls tgba nrila`zbm lam m`v`mbm àtn ﬌vb prnjbss òprnvbobat tblos tn hnjus na àvbatnry rbmujt`na lam prnjbss òprnvbobats ljrnss lff sg`hts. ]blo oboebrs wbrb prnv`mbm lmm`t`nalf trlàài ls abbmbm à Xlfub Ztrblo Olppài, 2Z/X`sulf Jnatrnfs, Zbt-up Ubmujt`na, ]ntlf Srnmujt`vb Olàtbalajb, lam Ztlamlrm Ynrd. Lfla lppblrbm tn glvb bvbrytgài à pfljb tn òpfbobat tgb fbla strltbiy bxjbpt hnr snobnab tn mr`vb jglaib à tgb wnrdpfljb. ]gb abbm hnr lmm`t`nalf prnjbss baiàbbrài suppnrt lam hnr snobnab tn tldb na tgb rnfb nh tbjga`jlf trlàbr fbm Jurr`br tn rbm`sjnvbr Mustà Mrbbsb, wgn glm wnrdbm hnr tgbo ls l prnjbss tbjga`j`la hnr l yblr lhtbr blraài g`s EZ à pflst`js lam pnfyobr baiàbbrài hrno tgb Sbaasyfvla`l Jnffbib nh ]bjganfniy. Mustà fbht Jurr`br tn tldb l supbrv`snr pns`t`na w`tg l

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efnw onfmài jnoplay à Sbaasyfvla`l wgbrb gb wls àtrnmujbm tn Fbla Olauhljturài jnajbpts. Ubturaài tn Jurr`br, tglt bxpbr`bajb balefbm gò tn òobm`ltbfy tldb tgb fblm rnfb à òpfbobatài 8Z lam gb snna ebjlob tgb Gblftg lam 8Z Olalibr.

Z`x Zs (2Z pfus Zlhbty) Z`x Z wls tgb ﬌rst stbp Jurr`br lppf`bm tnwlrm bfòàltài jfuttbr, ey rbnrila`zài lam rbmbsìaài lff `ts wnrdstlt`nas. Ml`fy rbspnasè`f`t`bs wbrb mb﬌abm lt ouft`pfb fbvbfs hnr lff tn olàtlà tgb abwfy mb﬌abm stlamlrms. Ybbdfy fnjlf lum`ts lam flybrbm onatgfy lum`ts wbrb usbm tn vbr`hy jnopf`lajb. Zàjb tgb prnirlo‐s àjbpt`na lt Jurr`br, tgb nh﬌j`lf 8Z lum`t sjnrbs glvb àjrblsbm 5.2 tòbs”hrno :3% jnopf`lajb tn 92% ljrnss tgb wgnfb hlj`f`ty”bajnoplssài lff lrbls; nh﬌jbs, efnw onfmài, àkbjt`na onfmài, lam tgb wlrbgnusb. Lfla prnumfy fbt `t eb danwa tglt ‖nuts`mbrs rbiuflrfy jnopfòbat us na nur pflat lam bspbj`lffy tgb nrila`zlt`na lam gnusbdbbpài. Gblrài ‗tgb ebst wb‐vb sbba‐ gls ebba l wbfjnob lam jnoonapfljb jnoobat4 `t abvbr ibts nfm.‟*

Ztlamlrm`zbm Ynrd lam ]Y@ Jàmy, wgn `s nab nh tgrbb jbrt`﬌bm ]Y@ @ast`tutb trlàbrs lt JAP]MN, suiibstbm jrbltài lantgbr tblo tn prnv`mb supbrv`snrs lam tblo fblmbrs w`tg tgb huamlobatlf sd`ffs nh Kne Ubflt`nas (KU), Kne @astrujt`na (K@), lam Kne *

Jurr`br Sflst`js glm fblrabm sn oujg hrno tgb`r pflat v`s`ts tn BZJN, A`xna Iblr, lam Lfelay @atbralt`nalf tglt tgby npbabm tgb`r mnnrs tn v`s`tnrs hrno ntgbr jnopla`bs fnndài tn ebajgolrd tgbo.


Obtgnms (KO) tn sustlà tgb ilàs ebài ibabrltbm ey tgb prnjbss òprnvbobat tblos. Lftgnuig Lfla wls ant hlo`f`lr w`tg gnw ]Y@ oìgt ﬌t àtn tgb`r Fbla/Z`x Zìol strltbiy, gb mbj`mbm tn bvlfultb ]Y@ ey glvài JAP]MN trlà l tblo nh tba nh g`s pbnpfb na s`tb. ]gb à`t`lf irnup tn tldb tgb K@ trlàài jflss àjfumbm dby fblmbrs lam tgnsb bxpbjtbm tn lppfy tgb tbjga`qubs tgby fblrabm tn ljtulffy trlà pbnpfb na tgb pflat ﬅnnr. Bvbrynab àvnfvbm dabw tgb tbjga`qubs wbrb vlfulefb lam tglt tg`s wls l sd`ff tglt wnufm tldb l fnt nh prljt`jb tn pbrhbjt. @t wls l jnopfbobatlry bxtbas`na tn tgb obtgnm Lfla glm lppf`bm murài g`s tòb lt Dnmld, wgbrb ]Y@ wls usbm murài Ynrfm Ylr @@. Obatnrs wbrb prnv`mbm tn gbfp fblra lam lppfy tgb obtgnm. Lt tgb slob tòb, tgb KU obtgnm wls àtrnmujbm tn prnv`mb òobm`ltb vlfub hnr supbrv`snrs wgn wbrb àbxpbr`bajbm lam abw tn tgb`r rnfbs. Fltbr KU ebjlob l dbystnab tn tgb supbrv`snry trlàài lt Jurr`br. L stbbrài jnoo`ttbb wls hnrobm tn ona`tnr tgb Fbla/ ]Y@ prnirbss”tn jna﬌ro tgb m`rbjt`na `t wls gblmbm à lam tn bfòàltb elrr`brs tn jglaib. Bvbatulffy, tg`s huajt`na wls turabm nvbr tn tgb alturlf stbbrài tblo danwa ls tgb Dby Ubsuft Oblsurb ]blo tblo (àjfumài lff olalibr lam mbplrtobat gblms à tgb jnoplay). Ebajgolrdài v`s`ts wbrb àstruobatlf à bstlef`sgài l v`s`na hnr wglt wls pnssèfb lam wglt elrr`brs wbrb tn eb lvn`mbm. ]gb pltg tn tg`s òpfbobatlt`na wls olmb hlr fbss euopy ey fblraài hrno tgrbb ablrey jnopla`bs, wg`jg glm bxpbr`bajbm òpfbobatài ]Y@ tgbosbfvbs, tgby v`s`tbm lam ey justno`zài wglt wls fblrabm tn tgb Jurr`br v`s`na lfrblmy à pfljb.

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Jurr`br‐s ﬌rst Dl`zba Ef`tz wls hnjusbm na tgb lrbl nh onst bxpnsurb lam sìa`﬌jlat abbm”tgb efnw onfmài nh l abw, gìg-vnfuob ‖tnttfb‟ (l jnoeàlt`na nh enttfb lam tueb usbm à tgb loba`t`bs olrdbt). ]g`s twn-mly bhhnrt rbsuftbm à twn pltgs; l tbjga`jlf pltg hnjusbm na bqu`pobat bhhbjt`vbabss lam l guola pltg hnjusbm na sujjbsshuf prnjbssài, àspbjtài, lam pljdliài nh onfmbm prnmujt. Lfsn dby tn Jurr`br‐s sujjbss wls bstlef`sgài l dby àtbralf rbsnurjb ls tgb fblm hnr Fbla lppf`jlt`nas. ]g`s rnfb bxplambm àtn ebjnoài rnuigfy glfh nh Mustà Mrbbsb‐s kne mut`bs ebjlusb `t ﬌t à alturlffy w`tg g`s Srnjbss Baiàbbrài bxpbr`bajb lam g`s jglffbaib tn mbvbfnp tgb abxt ibabrlt`na nh tbjga`jlf rbsnurjbs à Efnw Onfmài. Mustà wls gbfpbm ey bxpbr`bajbm jnljgài hrno JAP]MN wg`jg wls hlj`f`tltbm ey irlats netlàbm hnr tg`s purpnsb. Fltbr, tgbsb slob irlats, ls wbff ls ntgbrs netlàbm, prnv`mbm lmm`t`nalf tbljgbrs, obatnrs, lam jnasuftlats tn tgb fbla jlusb w`tg l hnjus na ]Y@ lppf`jlt`na. Innm prnirbss wls olmb w`tg 8Z ls ﬅnnr flynuts ebjlob stlamlrm`zbm lam òprnvbobats hrbbm up tòb hnr Npbrltnrs lam Fblm Npbrltnrs. ]gb abw ]nttfb prnjbss, gnwbvbr, prnv`mbm olay nppnrtua`t`bs hnr òprnvbobat. Dl`zba Ef`tzbs `mbat`﬌bm rblm`fy snfvlefb `ssubs w`tgà jbffs eut tgbrb wls st`ff l pflat-w`mb fljd nh stlamlrm wnrd. Olay wnrd àstrujt`nas na tgb prnmujt`na ﬅnnr wbrb nutmltbm, ant ebài hnffnwbm, nr anabx`stbat. ]gb Jnst nh \ulf`ty rbpnrts, lfnai w`tg ntgbr ua`ts nh oblsurb, wbrb sgnwài flrib vlr`lt`na hrno onatg tn onatg lam tg`s wls l jlusb nh jnajbra. Lantgbr `ssub wls tgb gìg turanvbr rltb lam ﬅujtult`na à tgb auoebr nh tbopnrlry bopfnybbs abbmbm hrno mly tn mly. ]gb


abbm hnr stlamlrm`zbm wnrd lam stlamlrm`zbm npbrltnr trlàài wls jfblr. Lfla spndb w`tg Mustà lenut K@ lam tglt splrdbm Mustà‐s àtbrbst à ]Y@ ls tgb snfut`na tn tg`s prnefbo.

@a`t`lf Hnjus na tg b Efnw Onfmài Np brlt`na”]gb ]nttfb @aspbjt`na Srnkbjt Jurr`br Sflst`js wls bxpbr`bajài jnstfy qulf`ty prnefbos w`tg tgb abw tnttfb prnjbss. ◱

]gb v`s`na systbo wls ant hnr ]nttfbs, m`m ant wnrd ls pflaabm, lam wls lelamnabm.

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]gb fbld jgbjd systbos wbrb ant hnr ]nttfbs. ]gbrb wbrb twn eì prnefbos w`tg tgb tnttfb kne. Nab, `t wls l abw-styfb bxtrus`na gblm lam ant tnn olay bopfnybbs uambrstnnm gnw tn trnuefbsgnnt lam ibt tn tgb rnnt jlusb nh tgb `ssubs. ]g`s fbm tn ‖Elam-l`ms na tnp nh Elam-l`ms,‟ wg`jg rbsuftbm à olay ana-jnahnrolajbs. ]wn, tgb àspbjt`na prnjbss wls flenr àtbas`vb lam fljdbm stlamlrm`zbm wnrd. ]gb ﬌rst `ssub wls lmmrbssbm tgrnuig tgb ]`br 5 ]bjga`jlf ]rlàài prnirlo lam ml`fy tlfds

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lenut tgb prnjbss, `ssubs, lam trnuefbsgnntài. ]gb sbjnam `ssub wls jnrrbjtbm tgrnuig Dl`zba bvbats, stlamlrm`zbm wnrd, lam Kne @astrujt`na ]rlàài. JAP]MN ]Y@ ]rlàbr Ifba Jgwlfl mbf`vbrbm lmm`t`nalf K@ trlàài à Anvboebr 5339 hnr jflssbs stlhhbm w`tg jbff fblmbrs lam fblm npbrltnrs hrno tgb @akbjt`na

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Onfmài Mbplrtobat4 tgb olalibr, baiàbbr, lam fblm npbrltnrs hrno tgb Efnw Onfmài Mbplrtobat4 lam tgb olalibr, baiàbbr lam qulf`ty lssurlajb tbjga`j`las hrno tgb \L Mbplrtobat. Rpna jnopfbt`na nh tg`s trlàài, lfnai w`tg jnljgài na gnw tn lppfy K@, `t ebjlob jfblr tglt K@ jnufm prnv`mb l hnuamlt`na tn stle`f`zài tgb`r prnjbssbs. Hnr tgb ﬌rst hbw onatgs bvbry K@ jflss lttbambb wls àvnfvbm à jrbltài Kne @astrujt`na erbldmnwas (K@Es) hnr trlàài, eut `t wls ant bxljtfy jfblr gnw tgb ]Y@ prnirlo wls tn eb òpfbobatbm nr sustlàbm. Rahnrtualtbfy, ]Y@ wls tgba sbt ls`mb hnr tgbsb pbnpfb tn plrt`j`pltb à sjgbmufbm Fbla bvbats tglt wbrb l pr`nr`ty lt tg`s stlib nh tgb Fbla strltbiy. Ulp`m òpfbobatlt`na nh tgb òprnvbobats ibabrltbm ey tgbsb Fbla bvbats nvbr sbvbrlf onatgs jrbltbm l wgnfb abw sbt nh prnefbos ls pbnpfb rbs`stbm jglaib, snobtgài supbrv`snrs lam tblo fblmbrs wbrb `ff bqu`ppbm tn mblf w`tg. ]gb fblmbrsg`p tblo rbspnambm ey glvài JAP]MN àtrnmujb Kne Ubflt`nas (KU) tn i`vb tblo fblmbrs lam dby pbnpfb tgb sd`ffs tgby fljdbm à ibttài rbsufts tgrnuig pbnpfb.

Klaulry 5337”]gb Jurr`br Ztrltbiy hnr @opfbobatài ]Y@ L mbj`s`na wls olmb tglt K@ wnufm eb usbm tn trlà lff npbrltnrs na gnw tn pbrhnro tgb abw ]nttfb àspbjt`na prnjbss. ]g`s àspbjt`na prnjbss wls jnopfbtbfy m`hhbrbat hrno laytgài tglt wls jurrbatfy ebài mnab à tgb Efnw Onfmài Mbplrtobat, lffnwài npbrltnrs tn prljt`jb K`mndl ey sguttài mnwa tgb efnw onfmài oljgàb wgba mbhbjts wbrb hnuam. Ztbvb Xlfbatàn, tgb Efnw Onfmài


Mbplrtobat olalibr, plrt`j`pltbm à tgb K@ trlàài lam òobm`ltbfy slw tgb pntbat`lf ebab﬌ts nh tgb K@ stlamlrm`zbm trlàài. Ljjnrmài tn Mustà, ‖Ztbvb ebjlob l guib lmvnjltb nh tgb prnjbss lam g`s suppnrt pflybm l dby rnfb à tgb sujjbss nh ]Y@ à tgb Efnw Onfmài Mbplrtobat.‟ Lt tg`s tòb, l tbjga`jlf ]`br ]rlàài Srnirlo wls lfsn stlrtbm tglt trlàbm ‖abwbr‟ tbjga`j`las na `mbat`hyài lam jnrrbjtài rnnt jlusb `ssubs.

Hberulry 5337”Ztbvb Xlfbatàn lam Mustà Mrbbsb Mr`vb tgb K@ Unffnut L sbjnam rnuam nh K@ trlàài wls sjgbmufbm tn i`vb jbff fblmbrs, fblm npbrltnrs, lam npbrltnrs à`t`lf trlàài tn ibt tgbo na l pltg tn ebjnoài jnoplay trlàbrs. stbvb jnamujtbm obbtàis w`tg tgb jbff fblmbrs, bajnurliài tgbo tn ibt àvnfvbm à tgb prnirlo wg`fb Mustà wnrdbm w`tg prnmujt`na, qulf`ty, olàtbalajb, lam baiàbbrài stlhh tn jrbltb wnrd àstrujt`nas hnr tgb ‖huturb stltb‟ nh tgb ]nttfb npbrlt`na. ]gby mnjuobatbm bvbry tlsd, hrno enx oldài tn ﬌alf pljdliài, lam tgba jrbltbm K@Es hnr bvbry stbp à tgb prnjbss. Ls bljg abw K@E wls jnopfbtbm, `t wls plssbm lrnuam hnr rbv`bw ey fblm npbrltnrs na lff sg`hts. @h l fblm npbrltnr lpprnvbm nh tgb K@E, gb nr sgb wnufm sìanhh lam lpprnvb tgb K@E ebhnrb rbturaài `t. Lay suiibstbm òprnvbobats ey l fblm pbrsna wbrb wr`ttba up na l abw K@E tglt wls lilà j`rjufltbm tn tgb ntgbrs hnr rbv`bw. ]g`s obtgnm pflybm l dby rnfb à ibttài euy-à hrno lff npbrltnrs na lff sg`hts. Yg`fb tg`s wls inài na, jnatàunus òprnvbobat bhhnrts jnatàubm tn hrbb up npbrltnr lam fblm npbrltnr tòb ruaaài tgb ]nttfb

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prnjbss ey rbmujài jfblaài tòb lam plrt klos ls wbff ls ey rbnrila`zài npbrltnr wnrdstlt`nas tn jrbltb onrb prnmujt`vb wnrdﬅnw. ]gbsb òprnvbobats wbrb, à tura, jlpturbm na K@Es sn tgb jurrbat ebst wly jnufm eb usbm à trlàài.

Olrjg 5337”L Fbssna na Ebajgolrdài ]gb tòài jnufm ant glvb ebba ebttbr hnr Jàmy Nbgoìba tn lrrlaib hnr hnur pbnpfb hrno Jurr`br tn v`s`t tgb fnjlf BZJN ]ureàb ]bjganfni`bs pflat tglt glm ebjnob l alt`nalf onmbf nh gnw tn prnpbrfy òpfbobat tgb K@ prnirlo à suppnrt nh stlamlrm`zbm wnrd.* Ant nafy m`m sbbài ]Y@ à ljt`na bxjbbm tgb`r bxpbjtlt`nas, hlvnrlefb jnoobats hrno tgb BZJN trlàbrs, supbrv`snrs, lam npbrltnrs lffnwbm tgb Jurr`br v`s`tnrs tn wlfd lwly w`tg lmv`jb na gnw tn òpfbobat K@ elsbm na BZJN‐s bxpbr`bajb usài K@ tgrnuignut tgb`r pflat. ◱

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Lppfyài tgb tgrbb ]Y@ onmufbs nh KU, K@, lam KO lt najb `s tnn oujg, tnn hlst. ]lribt l trnuefbsnob lrbl hnr ﬌rst lppf`jlt`na nh K@. ]rlà tgb pbnpfb wgn w`ff eb àvnfvbm à tgb ﬌rst lppf`jlt`na nh K@ à entg K@ lam KU. Mbm`jltb rbsnurjbs hnr trlàài lam hnffnw-up w`tg rbpnrtài lam jnahnrolajb lum`ts. Jrbltài K@ erbldmnwas `s ant ls sòpfb ls `t lppblrs. ]bljg ynur pbnpfb gnw tn usb KU hnr tblos tn rbljg jnasbasus na tgb jurrbat ebst wly.

Sltr`jd Irlupp lam Unebrt K. Yrnal, ]gb ]Y@ Ynrdennd; Bssbat`lf Zd`ffs hnr Zupbrv`snrs, Srnmujt`v`ty Srbss, 5338, jlsb stumy na JM tglt jnobs w`tg tgb ennd.


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Hnffnw hl`tghuffy tgb K@ trlàài obtgnm nh tgrbb àstrujtnr mbons lam hnur fblrabr tr`lf pbrhnrolajbs, w`tg àjrblsbm fbvbfs nh mbtl`f lam uambrstlamài sgnwa à bljg rbpbt`t`na. @mbat`hy ]rlàbm, Zd`ffbm, lam \ulf`﬌bm fbvbfs ey jnfnr-jnmb na bopfnybb elmibs. Snst tgb trlàài oltr`x tn oldb tgb stltus nh K@ trlàài `s v`sèfb. Srnv`mb rbhrbsgbr trlàài wgba wlrrlatbm. Srnv`mb hnffnw-na suppnrt ey l qulf`﬌bm ]Y@ trlàbr òobm`ltbfy lhtbr K@ `s àtrnmujbm tn oldb surb pbnpfb jnas`stbatfy mn knes ls trlàbm.

]gb hnur v`s`tnrs hrno Jurr`br wlfdbm lwly hrno tgb`r v`s`t tn BZJN w`tg l jfblr uambrstlamài nh tgb òpnrtlajb nh hnffnw-up jnljgài hnr l jnoplay stlrtài nut w`tg ]Y@. Lfla Irnss òobm`ltbfy glm JAP]MN lrrlaib hnr Sluf Zo`tg tn oldb l prbsbatlt`na tn tgb Jurr`br Fblmbrsg`p ]blo na gnw tn sbt up la àtbralf jnljgài lam lum`tài prnjbss, ls gb glm mnab hnr BZJN ]ureàb ]bjganfni`bsZyrljusb lam hnr Lfelay @atbralt`nalf (Jglptbr 8). Sluf plrtabrbm w`tg Jurr`br‐s Fbla jnasuftlat Olrd Inssnn nh JOZ Jnasuftài, wgn wls lfsn l Jbrt`﬌bm ]Y@ ]rlàbr, tn hnro l ]Y@ @opfbobatlt`na ]blo. Zbvbrlf ibabr`j sd`ffs (nhtba rbpbltbm npbrlt`nas) wbrb `mbat`﬌bm ls tgb ﬌rst pr`nr`t`bs hnr trlàài ey tgb tblo na tgb ]nttfb spbj`﬌j knes. ]g`s abwfy hnrobm ]Y@ tblo wnufm mn rbpnrt-nuts bvbry ntgbr wbbd. Najb tgb ﬌rst irnup nh erbldmnwas glm ebba mrlhtbm, Sluf lam Olrd wbrb àv`tbm à tn nesbrvb trlàài usài tgbsb abw erbldmnwas lt wg`jg tòb tgby jnljgbm tgb Fblm Npbrltnrs na gnw tn usb tgb K@ Erbldmnwas (K@Es) tn trlà ntgbrs.

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Sflaaài lam Unffài K@ Nut à Efnw Onfmài ]gb tlribt mltb nh Lpr`f 55, 5337 wls sbt hnr lff sg`hts tn glvb tgrbb npbrltnrs jnopfbtbfy trlàbm natgb abw ]nttfb K@Es hnr l 9 LO stlrt-up. ]n oldb tòb hnr tg`s trlàài, Mbplrtobat Olalibr Ztbvb Xlfbatàn lffnwbm tgb fblm npbrltnrs (sg`ht K@ trlàbrs) tn sgut mnwa l ‖fnw pr`nr`ty‟ oljgàb hnr <-5 gnurs pbr sg`ht tn trlà tgb npbrltnrs na tgb Kne @astrujt`na erbldmnwas. L trlàài oltr`x wls jrbltbm ls l v`sulf jnatrnf tglt mnjuobatbm wgn abbmbm tn eb trlàbm, na wglt kne, lam wgba. Mbsp`tb lff tgb prbplrlt`na, tgb prnjbss wls abw, ls wbrb tgb pbnpfb ebài trlàbm. ]gb trlàbrs wbrb lfsn abw lam `t wnufm eb alturlf hnr tgbo tn eb abrvnus lam uajnohnrtlefb à tgb`r abw rnfb. ]n nvbrjnob tg`s pntbat`lf prnefbo, wg`jg wnufm glvb sìa`﬌jlat òpljt na prnmujt`na lam ljjbptlajb nh tgb abw prnjbss, Sluf lam Olrd spbat nab-na-nab tòb prbplrài bljg trlàbr jlam`mltb ey glvài tgbo prljt`jb trlàài bljg ntgbr lam tgba jr`t`quài tgbo lhtbrwlrms na gnw tn òprnvb. Ljjnrmài tn Ztbvb Xlfbatàn, ‖Jnljgài ey bxpbr`bajbm trlàbrs f`db Sluf lam Olrd wls tgb dby tn ibttài tgb sbfbjtbm trlàbrs àvnfvbm lam na enlrm w`tg tgb ]Y@ prnirlo.‟

Lpr`f‚Mbjboebr 5337”Fluajg nh tgb Abw ]nttfb @aspbjt`na Srnjbss Lt 9 LO na Lpr`f 55 l flrib irnup nh stlhh hrno l vlr`bty nh m`sj`pfàbs wls na glam hnr tgb fluajg nh tg`s abw prnjbss tn laswbr tgb olay lat`j`pltbm npbrltnr qubst`nas lam tn rbsnfvb `ssubs ls tgby jlob up. @a`t`lf lum`ts `mbat`﬌bm


tgb abbm hnr prnjbss lam oljgàb-rbfltbm jglaibs tn tgb K@Es, lam tgbsb wbrb hnffnwbm ey tgb òobm`ltb rbtrlàài nh npbrltnrs. Efnw Onfmài Mbplrtobat bopfnybbs ant trlàbm ebhnrb tgb fluajg wbrb trlàbm à Oly lam òobm`ltbfy i`vba nppnrtua`t`bs tn rua tgb ]nttfb prnjbss. Lum`tài npbrltnrs àm`jltbm tglt onst npbrltnrs hnffnwbm tgb K@Es lff tgb tòb wg`fb snob tr`bm juttài jnrabrs wgba ant ebài nesbrvbm. Npbrltnrs àvnfvbm à sujg ana-jnahnrolajb wbrb rbtrlàbm. ]gb òpljt nh K@ lam stlamlrm wnrd hnr tgb ]nttfb prnjbss fbm tn jrbltài stlamlrm`zbm wnrd lam Kne @astrujt`na erbldmnwas hnr lff efnw onfmài knes. Ls l rbsuft, <83 ‖plrt spbj`﬌j‟ wnrd àstrujt`nas (Y@s) wbrb rbmujbm tn <5 ‖oljgàb spbj`﬌j‟ Y@s. ]gbsb glvb sàjb ebba rbmujbm hurtgbr tn 9 Y@s tglt sòpf`﬌bm tgb trlàài à Efnw Onfmài sn tglt lff npbrltnrs jnufm bls`fy eb trlàbm tn rua lff oljgàbs à efnw onfmài, lam tg`s gbfpbm tn hlj`f`tltb tgb jrblt`na nh l ﬅbxèfb wnrdhnrjb à tglt mbplrtobat. Jurrbatfy tglt mbplrtobat anw gls l tntlf nh 57 npbrltnr K@Es à tgb @ZN systbo hnr trlàài na tgb 9 npbrltnr Y@s. Lfla Irnss mnuets tgb jnoplay wnufm glvb inab mnwa tg`s pltg glm tgb jnoplay ant àtrnmujbm tgb ]Y@ K@ trlàài.

Zustlàài tgb ]rlàài”L Jglffbaib hnr Ztbvb lam Mustà Ls jnufm eb bxpbjtbm, tgbrb wbrb l hbw ‖rbabilmbs‟ wgn wnufm pbrhnro tgb`r tlsds ljjnrmài tn tgb trlàài wgba ebài nesbrvbm, eut wnufm jut jnrabrs wgba an nab wls wltjgài. ]gbsb npbrltnrs wbrb `mbat`﬌bm tgrnuig tgb qulf`ty lssurlajb (\L) lum`tài prnjbss lam rbtrlàbm.

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Lftgnuig rbpblt v`nfltnrs lppblrbm na tgb \L lum`t anajnahnroài rbtrlàài f`st, onst npbrltnrs bvbatulffy sbttfbm àtn mnài tgb kne ls trlàbm ey tgb K@ trlàbr. Znob ntgbr bopfnybbs, gnwbvbr, jnufm ant ljjbpt jglaib lam nptbm tn fblvb tgb jnoplay. ]g`s wnufm glvb ebba l prnefbo glm tgb Efnw Onfmài Mbplrtobat ant ebba inài tgrnuig snob rltgbr guib jglaibs ibabrltbm ey tgb Fbla prnkbjts tglt balefbm prnmujt`na tn rua w`tg hbwbr pbnpfb. Ey fltb 5337, tgb K@ prnirlo wls glvài l sìa`﬌jlat òpljt na tgb Efnw Onfmài npbrlt`na; ◱

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Npbrltnr rbfltbm ana-jnahnrolajbs wbrb mrlst`jlffy rbmujbm. Ml`fy tbopnrlry flenr wls an fnaibr abbmbm tn snrt mbhbjt`vb prnmujt. L elad nh bìgt oljgàbs tglt tnnd hnur npbrltnrs tn rua wls rbmujbm tn twn npbrltnrs Ynrdpfljb X`sulf Zjnrbenlrms prnv`mbm bopfnybbs w`tg l sbasb nh ljjnopf`sgobat wg`fb gbfpài tn mr`vb lmm`t`nalf bhhnrts tn òprnvb.

@opljt nh K@ na tgb ]nttfb @aspbjt`na Srnjbss ]gb ‖nfm‟ ]nttfb àspbjt`na prnjbss `s rbhbrrbm tn ls <33% wltbrhlffài. Npbrltnrs wnufm muop <,233 tn 5,333 plrts hrno tgb jnopfbtb enx natn l tlefb lam tgba sfnwfy onvb tgb plrts eljd àtn tgb enx wg`fb rbonvài plrts w`tg v`sèfb mbhbjts. Mub tn tòb jnastrlàts lam/nr tgb qulat`ty nh mbhbjts àvnfvbm, nafy 93 pbrjbat nh tgb v`sulf mbhbjts wbrb hnuam. Ls l rbsuft, ualjjbptlefb qulat`t`bs nh mbhbjts wbrb ebài sg`ppbm tn tgb justnobr wg`fb tgb


oljgàbs tglt prnmujbm tgbsb mbhbjt`vb plrts jnatàubm tn rua murài tgb àspbjt`na. ]gb ‖abw‟ ]nttfb prnjbss rbqu`rbs npbrltnrs tn tgnrnuigfy àspbjt auobrnus pnàts na nafy <3% nh tgb plrts. ]gb \L Mbplrtobat ona`tnrs SSO mltl tn mbtbroàb tgb jr`tbr`l hnr tgb àspbjt`na prnjbss. K@Es lrb usbm tn trlà npbrltnrs na tgb stlamlrm`zbm wly tn rua tgb àspbjt`na prnjbss, wg`jg rbqu`rbs tgb npbrltnr tn sgut mnwa tgb oljgàb wgba l mbhbjt `s hnuam, lam tn `mbat`hy lam jnrrbjt tgb rnnt jlusb nh tgb mbhbjt ebhnrb rbstlrtài tgb oljgàb (K`mndl).

Zustlàài tgb Ilàs lam Onvài Hnrwlrm Ztlamlrm`zbm wnrd na tgb pflat ﬅnnr `s anw mbtbroàbm ey l jrnss-huajt`nalf, plrt`j`plt`vb prnjbss. ]gb ]Y@ Kne @astrujt`na hnrolt `s usbm bxtbas`vbfy tn `mbat`hy lam mnjuobat ‖tgb nab ebst wly‟ tn trlà bopfnybbs abw tn tgb prnjbss. ]g`s prnjbss `s tgba ljjbfbrltbm tgrnuig l Dl`zba Bvbat styfb rbv`bw nh tgb prnpnsbm Kne @astrujt`na Erbldmnwa v`l v`mbn tlpb w`tg lff sg`hts àvnfvbm. Ztlamlrm`zbm wnrd gls lfsn ebba lppf`bm tn suppnrt nrila`zlt`nas à lmm`t`na tn tgb olauhljturài prnjbssbs lam wls tgb els`s hnr tgb`r @ZN 033<-5337 jbrt`﬌jlt`na. Gbrb, prnjbss ﬅnw olppài wls gbfphuf tn mb﬌ab tgb ‖ls-`s‟ lam ‖tn-eb‟ stltbs tglt trìibrbm suestlat`lf òprnvbobat à tgb lmoà`strlt`vb huajt`nas. L tba-gnur K@ trlàài sbss`na wls jnamujtbm à Zbptboebr, 5330 hnr lmm`t`nalf jbff fblmbrs, fblm npbrltnrs, lam npbrltnrs. Npbrltài prnjbmurbs, kne mbsjr`pt`nas, lam pbrhnrolajb lpprl`slfs hnr bvbrynab àvnfvbm

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w`tg tgb Jurr`br K@ Srnirlo wbrb jrbltbm lam/nr upmltbm tn àjfumb tgb`r K@ trlàài rbspnasè`f`t`bs lam tgba lmmbm tn tgb @ZN Zystbo tn gbfp sustlà tgb prnirlo à tgb Efnw Onfmài Mbplrtobat. Lantgbr tba-gnur K@ jflss wls jnamujtbm hnr baiàbbrs, olàtbalajb, jbff fblmbrs, npbrltnrs, fblm npbrltnrs, lam nh﬌jb pbrsnaabf pr`nr tn tgb fluajg nh tgb sbjnam pglsb tn bxplam stlamlrm`zbm wnrd lam trlàài hnr pns`t`nas ebynam tgb npbrltnr huajt`na à tgb Efnw Onfmài Mbplrtobat. Mustà à`t`ltbm onatgfy obbtàis w`tg tgb fblm npbrltnrs tn jrbltb l ‖eljd-up‟ fblm npbrltnr trlàài prnirlo. ]gby stlamlrm`zbm wnrd hnr tgb fblm npbrltnr pns`t`na lam jrbltbm K@Es tn trlà l ‖eljd-up blm f npbrltnr‟ na bljg sg`ht tn jnvbr vljlt`nas, jlff-nhhs, nr tn ﬌ff npbaàis. ]gb sujjbss nh tg`s lpprnljg fbm Mustà lam Ztbvb tn bxtbam tgb K@ trlàài ey jrbltài stlamlrm`zbm wnrd hnr ntgbr kne jflss`﬌jlt`nas à Efnw Onfmài tn jrbltb l gìgfy ﬅbxèfb wnrdhnrjb jlplefb nh pbrhnroài olay m`hhbrbat knes à tglt mbplrtobat na lay i`vba mly. Lfla wls anw rblmy tn tldb lff tg`s fblraài tn @akbjt`na Onfmài.

Onv` ai Na tn @akbjt`na Onfmài @t wls anw nev`nus tn Lfla Irnss tglt ]Y@ lam Fbla rbsnurjbs wbrb abbmbm à @akbjt`na Onfmài tn ljjnopf`sg wglt Mustà lam g`s pbnpfb glm ljjnopf`sgbm à Efnw Onfmài. Y`tg Jàmy‐s gbfp lt JAP]MN, Lfla hnuam tgb rìgt pbrsna hnr tgb kne. Lhtbr rbjb`vài gbr EZ à jbrlo`j baiàbbrài hrno Lfhrbm Ra`vbrs`ty, Kbaa`hbr M`bttbr lmvlajbm hrno fle tbjga`j`la lt Ibabrlf Bfbjtr`j tn jbrlo`j baiàbbr lt


Ibabrlf Jnfnr lam Jgbo`jlf à Ng`n ebhnrb knàài Zyrljusb Jgàl à <008. Gbr wnrd à mbvbfnpài trnuefbsgnntài iu`mbs lt Zyrljusb Jgàl tn rbmujb mbhbjts fbm Kbaa`hbr tn jrbltb Ztlamlrm Npbrltài Srnjbmurbs lam trlàài jflssbs sgb jnamujtbm na tgb npbrlt`na nh l abw iflzài oljgàb. ]gb sujjbss nh tg`s trlàài fbm tn tgb jrblt`na nh la àtbralf trlàài mbplrtobat à 533= tglt Kbaa`hbr fbm lam sgb ebjlob tgb Fbla Hlj`f`tltnr wgba Fbla wls àtrnmujbm à 5338. Kbaa`hbr lfsn ebjlob l Jbrt`﬌bm ]Y@ trlàbr hnr tgb ‖K‟ prnirlos à 5339, oldài gbr tgb `mblf jlam`mltb tn tldb na Mustà‐s rnfb à @akbjt`na Onfmài ls l mbm`jltbm jnasuftlat wgba Zyrljusb Jgàl wls jfnsbm ey `ts plrbat jnoplay, Fèeby Iflss, @aj. Mustà lam Kbaa`hbr stlrtbm wnrdài tnibtgbr ls l tblo wgba sgb jlob na enlrm à Lpr`f 5330 tn mr`vb tgb mbvbfnpobat nh wnrd àstrujt`nas à tgb @akbjt`na Onfmài Mbplrtobat. Ls tgb àtbralf rbsnurjb hnr ]Y@ trlàài, Kbaa`hbr wls qu`jdfy put tn wnrd mbf`vbrài tgb tba-gnur K@ jflssbs. Onatgfy obbtàis wbrb sbt up hnr Mustà lam Kbaa`hbr tn wnrd w`tg Fblm Npbrltnrs tn upmltb Ynrd @astrujt`nas lam tn jrbltb K@Es ls abbmbm. ]g`s wls l olknr tlsd sàjb onst nh tgb K@Es tgby wbrb jrbltài hnr @akbjt`na Onfmài wbrb `tbo spbj`﬌j, ls nppnsbm tn ebài prnjbss spbj`﬌j à Efnw Onfmài. Ey tgb bam nh tgb yblr Kbaa`hbr glm tldba nvbr Mustà‐s rnfb fblmài tgb onatgfy obbtàis, lfnai w`tg tgb jnljgài lam lum`tài nh Fblm Npbrltnrs usài K@. ]g`s hrbbm up Mustà‐s tòb hnr ntgbr rbspnasè`f`t`bs. Kbaa`hbr lfsn àtrnmujbm KO tn Jurr`br Sflst`js ey mbf`vbrài sbvbrlf tba-gnur KO trlàài jflssbs tn tgnsb w`tg jnatàunus òprnvbobat ls l plrt nh tgb`r ml`fy rbspnasè`f`t`bs. ]gbsb jflssbs fbm tn tgb mbvbfnpobat nh la

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bxtrbobfy bhhbjt`vb dlaela systbo à Efnw Onfmài, lam, à @akbjt`na Onfmài, ]SO lam la òprnvbm Olàtbalajb Ubqubst Srnjbss rbsuftài à l onrb v`sulf olàtbalajb prnjbss. @oprnvbobats olmb tgrnuig usb nh KO lrb pnstbm na l KO Bmujlt`na Enlrm fnjltbm na tgb prnmujt`na ﬅnnr. Lmm`t`nalffy, Kbaa`hbr w`ff eb mbf`vbrài tgb ﬌rst twn gnurs nh entg tgb KU lam KO tba-gnur jflssbs tn àtrnmujb KU lam KO tn bvbrynab à tgb jnoplay. ]g`s w`ff lffnw bvbrynab tn usb tgb slob flaiulib lam uambrstlam bxpbjtlt`nas wgba mblfài w`tg jglaib rbilrmài pbnpfb lam bvlfultài òprnvbobat `mbls.

Dbbpài Zjnrb w`tg Fbla Ljjnuatài ]grnuignut tg`s prnjbss, Jurr`br wls onvài hnrwlrm na vlr`nus à`t`lt`vbs ls nutfàbm à `ts Fbla strltbiy, àjfumài Fbla Ljjnuatài, Zuppfy Jglà Olalibobat, lam ntgbr \ulf`ty à`t`lt`vbs. ]gb jnoplay `s anw ebajgolrdbm ls ebst à jflss hnr `ts Fbla ljjnuatài lpprnljg. Bljg nh `ts twn olknr vlfub strblos gls wbbdfy Enx Zjnrbs jnooua`jltbm tgrnuignut tgb vlfub-stblo. Bljg nrila`zlt`na‐s Enx Zjnrb àjfumbs l hbw v`tlf sìas tglt lrb fblmài àm`jltnrs nh npbrlt`nalf pbrhnrolajb. Ebjlusb tgb systbo prnv`mbs tgbo w`tg àmbpbambajb lam ljjnuatle`f`ty, bljg vlfub strblo gls tgb rbsnurjbs `t abbms tn rua `ts eusàbss, rbfyài f`ttfb na jbatrlf suppnrt sbrv`jbs. @ts Enx Zjnrb hlj`f`tltbs qu`jd mbj`s`na oldài, dbbpài tgb`r nvbrgblm bxpbasbs oàòlf. Npbrlt`nalffy, v`sulf jnatrnf enlrms lrb fnjltbm à bljg mbplrtobat, f`db tgb nab sgnwa à Hìurb <<.9, wg`jg `mbat`﬌bs wlstb à tgb àkbjt`na onfmài lrbl. Bljg lrbl


Hìurb <<.9 @akbjt`na onfmài v`sulf jnatrnf lrbl enlrm. (Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na nh Jurr`br Sflst`js, @aj., Lueura, AP.)

enlrm gls lff oblsurbs fàdbm tn tgb strltbi`j nekbjt`vbs hnr tglt lrbl ls m`sjussbm blrf`br à tg`s jglptbr. Ubpnrts lrb jnfnr jnmbm tn rbprbsbat pbrhnrolajb tn tgb ebajgolrdbm inlfs bstlef`sgbm lam upmltbm qulrtbrfy. Ebynam mly-tn-mly olalibobat, tg`s gbfps hnjus spbj`lf lttbat`na na lrbls hnr òprnvbobat sìalfài tgb abbm hnr l dl`zba nr Z`x-Zìol bvbat.

Zuppfy Jglà Olalibobat Jurr`br mb﬌abs `ts suppfy jglà ls ‖hrno m`rt tn m`rt,‟ hrno tgb snurjb nh rlw oltbr`lfs usbm tn oldb rbsà tn wgba `ts prnmujts lrb rbturabm hrno usb tn l flam﬌ff nr rbusbm. Ls l rbsuft, tgb Jurr`br suppfy jglà olalibobat strltbiy `s gblv`fy àﬅubajbm ey entg Fbla tgàdài lam sustlàle`f`ty nekbjt`vbs. Hrno l Fbla pbrspbjt`vb, tgb jnoplay gls wnrdbm w`tg tgb`r sìa`﬌jlat suppf`brs lam justnobrs tn

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bstlef`sg jnoona àvbatnry inlfs wgbrb wnrd à prnjbss (Y@S) lam ﬌a`sgbm innms lrb v`sèfb tn entg plrt`bs. ]rlaspnrtlt`na jnsts glvb ebba rbmujbm à sp`tb nh lmmài onrb hrbqubat mbf`vbr`bs ls tgb jnoplay rbmujbm àtbralf eltjg qulat`t`bs lam sbtup tòbs lam wnrdbm w`tg plrtabrs puttài àtn pfljb dlaela lam rbturalefb pljdliài prnirlos. Hrno l sustlàle`f`ty pnàt nh v`bw, mbplrtobats glvb rbmujbm sjrlp lam àjrblsbm àtbralf rbjyjfài, tgbrbey rbonvài lff pflst`j hrno tgb m`spnslf strblos. Ygbrb prljt`jlf tgby glvb spbj`﬌bm usb nh pnstjnasuobr lam àmustr`lf rbjyjfbm oltbr`lfs lam, hnr tgb ﬌rst tòb à tgb Ra`tbm Ztltbs, slopfbm e`nmbirlmlefb lam alturlf ﬌ebr-r`jg rbsàs. Auobrnus prnpnslfs glvb ebba olmb tn justnobrs tn bfòàltb ana-vlfub-lmmbm pljdliài.

\ulf`ty \ulf`ty òprnvbobat tldbs olay hnros lt Jurr`br Sflst`js, wgbrb `ts jnrrbjt`vb ljt`na prnjbss àjnrpnrltbs justnobr jnopflàts, àtbralf systbo`j `ssubs, jnatàunus òprnvbobat lam prbvbatlt`vb prnkbjts, slhbty `ssubs, lam àtbralf lum`t ﬌amàis usài l hnrolt tglt oò`js tgb Z`x-Zìol MOL@J prnjbss. L jrnss-huajt`nalf \ulf`ty Ubv`bw Jnuaj`f (\UJ) obbts wbbdfy tn rbv`bw prnirbss lam prnv`mb m`rbjt`na tn jnrrbjt`vb ljt`na/prnkbjt fblmbrs. ‖]`ps nh tgb mly‟ lrb j`rjufltbm v`l b-ol`fs lam pnstàis lfbrtài pflat-w`mb pbrsnaabf tn rbjbat ﬌amàis lam fblraài. ]gb \ulf`ty Lssurlajb irnup `s ljt`vbfy àvnfvbm à lff abw prnmujt mbvbfnpobat ljt`v`t`bs. ]gb`r baiàbbrài


huajt`na àjfumbs l huffy huajt`nalf fle w`tg tgb fltbst tbstài bqu`pobat, àjfumài l huffy prnirloolefb v`s`na/ tnujg prneb àspbjt`na mbv`jb, l tbas`fb/jnoprbss`na tbstbr, o`jrnsjnp`j oblsurbobat mbv`jbs, l vljuuo tbst jgloebr hnr fbld tbstài, tnrqub tbstbr hnr enttfb/jlps, lam l on`sturb lalfyzbr hnr rbsà tbstài. Yg`fb tgb olknr`ty nh prnmujt`na àspbjt`na `s mnab na tgb ﬅnnr, qulf`ty tbjga`j`las prnv`mb onrb lmvlajbm tbstài lam Ztlt`st`jlf Srnjbss Jnatrnf (ZSJ) huajt`nas. ZSJ na jr`t`jlf mòbas`nas `s mnab ey m`rbjt iluib batry na tgb ﬅnnr lam jnatrnf jglrts tglt lutnolt`jlffy sìalf jnajbras lam nut-nh-jnatrnf s`tult`nas lam ant`﬌jlt`na tn \L. \ulf`ty `s hurtgbr lssurbm usài tgb ZSJ jlple`f`t`bs hnr dby onfmài prnjbss plrlobtbrs (`.b., tòbs, tbopbrlturbs, lam prbssurbs) tn prbvbat suspbjt prnmujt ebài olmb à tgb ﬌rst pfljb. ]gbsb oly sìalf tglt l oljgàb nr tnnf `s à abbm nh olàtbalajb ey `mbat`hyài l wblr jnam`t`na tglt jnufm lhhbjt tgb prnjbss.

@am`jltn rs nh Zujjbss Sbrhnrolajb trbams lrb m`spflybm usài Hnur Rp Jglrts hnr bljg vlfub strblo tglt trljd tgb onst v`tlf nh tgb Dby Ubsufts Oblsurbs hnr npbrlt`nas; prnmujt`vb mnwatòb, nvbrlff bh﬌j`bajy, qulf`ty, lam mbf`vbry pbrhnrolajb. ]gbsb lrb pnstbm na tgb sgnp ﬅnnr Fbla euffbtà enlrms lam upmltbm wbbdfy, ljtài ls tgb Enx Zjnrb Zuoolry hnr prnmujt`na tblos tn ona`tnr tgb`r pbrhnrolajb. Ls jla eb sbba hrno tgbsb jglrts (sbb Hìurbs <<.7, <<.0, <<.<3 lam <<.<<), tgb Fbla strltbiy gls pl`m nhh glamsnobfy.

◱

:70

:03

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3.37 Jnst nh qulf`ty

3.39

Jn\ trbam

3.38 3.32 3.3= 3.3: 3.35 3.3< 3 :0333

:0533

:0=33

:0833

:0733

=3333

Hìurb <<.7 Jnst nh qulf`ty ls l pbrjbatlib nh slfbs. (Ub pràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na nh Jurr`br Sflst`js, @aj., Lueura, AP.) 53.3% <7.3% <8.3% <=.3% <5.3% <3.3% 7.3% 8.3% =.3% 5.3% 3.3%

Ljtulf Inlf Ljtulf trbam

7 3 3 5 / 8 / <

7 3 3 5 / 8 / 5

7 3 3 5 / 8 / :

7 3 3 5 / 8 / =

7 3 3 5 / 8 / 2

7 3 3 5 / 8 / 8

7 3 3 5 / 8 / 9

7 3 3 5 / 8 / 7

7 3 3 5 / 8 / 0

7 3 3 5 / 8 / 3 <

7 3 3 5 / 8 / < <

7 3 3 5 / 8 / 5 <

0 3 3 5 / 8 / <

0 3 3 5 / 8 / 5

0 3 3 5 / 8 / :

0 3 3 5 / 8 / =

0 3 3 5 / 8 / 2

Hìurb <<.0 Srnmujt`vb mnwatòb. (Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na nh Jurr`br Sflst`js, @aj., Lueura, AP.)

Jfnsài Ubolrds hrno X`jb Srbs`mbat nh Npbrlt`nas Lfla Irnss Jglaiài tgb jufturb `s abvbr blsy. @t tldbs pbrs`stbat lam jnas`stbat tòb, àvnfvbobat, fblmbrsg`p, lam babriy. @t‐s ant banuig tglt snob lrb lmvnjltbs lam ntgbrs lrb hbajb s`ttbrs. Lff dby pbrsnaabf abbm tn fblm. Yb lrb jrbltài l jufturb nh jnatàunus òprnvbobat à f`tbrlffy


<33.3% 02.3% 03.3% 72.3% 73.3% 92.3% 93.3% 82.3% 83.3% 22.3% 23.3%

Ljtulf Inlf Ljtulf trbam

e b H 8

a Kl8

r lr p L O - -8 8

ly -O 8

a u K8

f u -K 8

i u -L 8

p b -Z 8

tj N 8

v n A 8

bj -M 8

a Kl8

e b -H 8

r lr p O -L 8 8

yl -O 8

Hìurb <<.<3 Nvbrlff bh﬌j`bajy. (Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na nh Jurr`br Sflst`js, @aj., Lueura, AP.) <33.3%

02.3%

03.3% Ljtulf 72.3%

Inlf Ljtulf trbam

73.3%

a Kl8

be H 8

lr -O 8

r p L 8

ly -O 8

a Ku 8

f K-u 8

i u -L 8

p b Z 8

tj -N 8

v n A 8

bj -M 8

a Kl8

be H 8

lr -O 8

r p L 8

ly O 8

Hìurb <<.<< Natòb mbf`vbry. (Ubpràtbm w`tg pbro`ss`na nh Jurr`br Sflst`js, @aj., Lueura, AP.)

bvbrytgài wb mn”tglt‐s wglt X5 rbprbsbats. Hnr us lt Jurr`br Sflst`js, tg`s trlas`t`na àjfumbm l rbjnia`t`na tglt l jglaiài sd`ff sbt wls abbmbm tn tldb us wgbrb wb wlatbm tn in. @t lfsn oblat fbss pbnpfb wbrb abbmbm. Lftgnuig tg`s trlas`t`na wls m`h﬌juft, wb glvb ebjnob l oujg strnaibr jnoplay ls l rbsuft. Slrt nh tgb jufturb jglaib `s tgb rbjnia`t`na tglt npba, gnabst, an-gnfmselrrbm jnooua`jlt`na wls abbmbm à lff tblos”à hljt, à lff obbtàis.

◱

:0<

:05

◱


Lfnai w`tg 8Zs lam Fbla Ljjnuatài, ]Y@ gls ebjnob hnuamlt`nalf hnr us. Yb usb K@ tbjga`qubs ls nur stlamlrm wly tn bstlef`sg stlamlrm`zbm wnrd à lff lspbjts nh nur eusàbss. @h `t‐s òpnrtlat tn mn, `t‐s òpnrtlat tn mn rìgt, lam K@ `s nur vbg`jfb. @t lfsn gbfps us w`tg nur @ZN 033<;5337 jbrt`﬌jlt`na. KU gls ebjnob tgb stlamlrm hnr tgb wly wb rbsnfvb m`hhbrbajbs. M`hhbrbajbs lrb àbv`tlefb, bspbj`lffy wgba tgb rltb nh jglaib `s sìa`﬌jlat, f`db lt Jurr`br Sflst`js. KO, wg`jg gls kust ebba àtrnmujbm, `s qu`jdfy ebjnoài nur stlamlrm hnr òprnvài prnjbssbs”jnrb tn tgb fbla trlas`t`na”lam balefài spnatlabnus lam jnatàulf òprnvbobat. Inài hnrwlrm, wb w`ff jnatàub tn bxplam nur rbljg lam pbrhbjt`na nh K@ ljrnss tgb jnoplay. Lftgnuig wb lrb hnur yblrs àtn tg`s bhhnrt, tgbrb `s pfbaty nh lmm`t`nalf hru`t tn eblr. Znna `t w`ff ebjnob gle`t”tgb trub àm`jlt`na nh tgb jufturb jglaib wb sbbd. Lff à tgb jnoplay w`ff eb hnrolffy trlàbm à tgb ﬌rst tgrbb K-prnirlos lam wb w`ff bxpfnrb tgb lppf`jlt`na nh Kne Zlhbty (KZ) lam tgb ]Y@ Srnefbo Znfvài (SZ) obtgnmnfniy tluigt ey tgb ]Y@ @ast`tutb.

X BWSLAM@AI ]Y@ EP FBXBULI@AI KU, K@, LAM KO

Jglptbr <5

]Y@‐s Srnefbo Znfvài ]rlàài @a tgb sprài nh <02<, Fnwbff Obffba lam g`s lssnj`ltbs hrno ]Y@, @aj. ebila tbljgài ]Y@ jflssbs à Klpla uambr jnatrljt w`tg tgb R.Z. o`f`tlry njjuplt`na. Obffba glm ebba l m`str`jt rbprbsbatlt`vb nh tgb ]Y@ Zbrv`jb à Jfbvbflam murài tgb wlr lam gb hnrobm ]Y@, @aj. à nrmbr tn jnatàub òpfbobatài tgb prnirlo wgba tgb sbrv`jb m`selambm à Zbptboebr <0=2 lt tgb bam nh YY@@. Lhtbr sujjbsshuffy pflatài tgb tgrbb nrìàlf K prnirlos à Klpla, ]Y@, @aj. wls lsdbm ey tgb Klplabsb invbraobat à <022 `h tgby jnufm tbljg supbrv`snrs gnw tn snfvb wnrdpfljb prnefbos, lam eu`fmài na tgb sujjbss ]Y@ wls baknyài à Klpla tn tglt pnàt, tgby tgba mbvbfnpbm l abw ]Y@ prnirlo jlffbm Srnefbo Znfvài ]rlàài. @t sbbos strlaib tnmly tn tgàd tglt tgb Klplabsb, w`tg tgb`r olauhljturài prnwbss à rbsnfvài prnmujt`na prnefbos tglt rbsufts à tgb bxjbpt`nalf qulf`ty lam murle`f`ty nh tgb innms tgby prnmujb, wnufm abbm fbssnas à prnefbo snfvài. Eut tgàis wbrb m`hhbrbat murài tgbsb blrfy yblrs wgba ]Y@ wls st`ff l abw prnirlo. @a l <028 rbpnrt, ]Y@, @aj. mbsjrèbm gnw Klplabsb àmustry wls jnatrnffbm ey ‖nfm glams‟ wgn m`ma‐t wlat tn i`vb up tgb`r ‖hbumlf :02

:08

◱


prbrnilt`vbs,‟ lam olalibm ant ey ‖mb﬌a`tb pnf`j`bs, pràj`pfbs nr huamlobatlfs eut ey wgò lam jlpr`jb‟; ]g`s oblas tglt lt lff Zupbrv`snry fbvbfs ebfnw tgb vbry ]np tgbrb `s l rbfujtlajb tn ljjbpt Ubspnasè`f`ty hnr hnr laytgài … sn tgbrb `s l jnastlat à wl`tài snobnab tn oldb l mbj`s`na nr jr`s`s jnob up w`tg tgb laswbr tn laytgài. ]gb ﬌alf rbsuft `s tglt tgb lvbrlib Klplabsb Zupbrv`snr `s l vbry, vbry hrustrltbm àm`v`mulf wgn glrmfy danws wg`jg wly tn tura.*

]gb ‖lvbrlib Klplabsb supbrv`snr‟ gls jbrtlàfy jnob l fnai wly sàjb tgba! Ey tgb tòb Sltr`jd lrr`vbm à Klpla à fltb <073, hrnat-fàb supbrv`snrs lt Zlayn Bfbjtr`j Jn., Ftm., wgbrb gb wnrdbm, dabw bxljtfy wg`jg turas tn tldb lam wbrbhljbm ljt`vbbljg à jnahrnatài lam]Y@ snfvài tgb m`h﬌juft`bs tgby mly. Lam tgb Srnefbo Znfvài ]rlàài wls l dby p`bjb nh tgb`r trlàài rbiòba. ]n dbbp tgàis à pbrspbjt`vb, jnoplrb tgb s`tult`na à Klpla à <028 tn tgb s`tult`na hnuam lt IO à 5330 lhtbr tgb jnoplay wbat àtn eladruptjy lam wls hnrjbm tn npba `tsbfh up tn nuts`mb rbv`bw lam bvlfult`na; Ygba I.O. jnfflpsbm flst yblr lam turabm tn tgb invbraobat hnr la bobribajy el`fnut, `ts jbaturynfm wly nh jnamujtài eusàbss wls fl`m elrb, w`tg lff `ts ﬅlws à pflà sìgt. Mbj`s`nas wbrb olmb,`h lt lff Tbopgls`s lmmbm_, lt l iflj`lf pljb, eniibm mnwa ey bamfbss jnoo`ttbbs, rbpnrts lam rbv`bws tglt lstna`sgbm oboebrs nh Srbs`mbat Nelol‐s lutn tlsd hnrjb.† * †

]Y@, @aj., Hàlf Ubpnrt, <028, p. :5. Lhtbr Eladruptjy, I.O. Ztruiifbs tn Zgbm l Fbibamlry Eurblujrljy, Abw Pnrd ]òbs, Anvboebr, <5, 5330.

]Y@‐s Srnefbo Znfvài ]rlàài

Yg`fb IO jbrtlàfy fblrabm l irblt mblf lenut Fbla lam ntgbr qulf`ty tbjga`qubs hrno `ts twbaty-﬌vb-yblr rbflt`nasg`p wnrdài m`rbjtfy w`tg ]nyntl à tgb`r knàt vbaturb pflat à Hrbonat, Jlf`hnra`l, tgby abvbr upmltbm tgb`r jnoolam-lam-jnatrnf jnrpnrltb jufturb tn l onrb guola`st`j lpprnljg, wg`jg `s tgb bssbat`lf jglaib tglt abbms tn tldb pfljb hnr tgb Fbla tnnfs tn wnrd (sbb Jglptbr 9). Ls wb pnàtbm nut à tgb ﬌rst jglptbr nh tg`s ennd, tgb fbssnas fblrabm à tgb R.Z. murài Ynrfm Ylr @@ mbvbfnpài lam usài ]Y@ wbrb fnst lhtbr lff tgb I@s jlob gnob lam tnnd tgb`r nfm knes eljd, mnài tgbo tgb slob wly tgby m`m ebhnrb tgby fbht hnr tgb wlr. @a Klpla, tgnuig, ls wb w`ff anw sbb, tgby ant nafy huffy boerljbm tgb ]Y@ obtgnms, eut bxplambm na tgbo lam pusgbm prnefbo snfvài lam mbj`s`na oldài mnwa tn tgb hljtnry ﬅnnr.

Jnoplrài ]Y@ lam ]nyntl Srnefbo-Znfvài Obtgnms ]nyntl `s wbff danwa hnr, lonai olay ntgbr tgàis, `ts bhhbjt`vb lpprnljg tn prnefbo snfvài w`tg l hnjus na ﬌amài tgb rnnt jlusb. Zn fbt‐s stlrt ey jnoplrài tgb ]nyntl prnefbo-snfvài stbps tn tgb ]Y@ obtgnm tn sgnw tgb m`rbjt jnrrbflt`na ebtwbba tgb twn. Danwài tgb strnai àﬅubajb ]Y@ glm na tgb blrfy mbvbfnpobat, lam jurrbat hnuamlt`na, nh tgb ]nyntl Srnmujt`na Zystbo (]SZ), `t w`ff ant eb surpr`sài tn sbb gnw tgb twn prnefbo-snfvài lpprnljgbs abltfy lfìa. Lt tgb 5330 ]Y@ Zuoo`t gbfm à Jàjàalt`, Mlv`m Ob`br, jnlutgnr nh ]nyntl ]lfbat, nutfàbm tgb bìgt stbps

◱

:09

:07

◱


]lefb <5.<

Jnoplr`sna nh ]nyntl lam ]Y@ Srnefbo-Znfvài Ztbps

]nyntl Srnefbo-Znfvài Ztbps <. Jflr`hy tgb prnefbo

]Y@ Srnefbo-Znfvài Ztbps <. @snfltb tgb prnefbo

5. Erbld mnwa tgb prnefbo

•

Ztltb tgb prnefbo

:. ]lribt sbttài

•

I`vb prnnh nr bv`mbajb

=. Unnt jlusb lalfys`s 2. Mbvbfnp jnuatbroblsurbs 8. Zbb jnuatbroblsurbs tgrnuig 9. Ona`tnr entg rbsufts lam prnjbss 7. Ztlamlrm`zb sujjbsshuf prnjbssbs

•

•

Bxpfnrb tgb jlusb Mrlw jnajfus`nas

5. Srbplrb hnr snfut`na •

Rsb KO, K@, lam KU stbps < lam 5

:. Jnrrbjt tgb prnefbo •

Rsb KO, K@, lam KU stbps : lam =

=. Jgbjd lam bvlfultb rbsufts

tn prnefbo snfvài jurrbatfy ebài tluigt lt ]nyntl. ]lefb <5.< sgnws tgb ]nyntl prnefbo-snfvài stbps s`mb ey s`mb w`tg tgb hnur-stbp obtgnm nh ]Y@ Srnefbo Znfvài mbvbfnpbm à <028 ey ]Y@, @aj. Entg nh tgbsb lpprnljgbs spbam l fnt nh bhhnrt lt tgb ebiàaài nh tgb prnjbss sbbdài tn jnrrbjtfy mb﬌ab tgb prnefbo ebhnrb ebiàaài tn snfvb `t. Ls tgb slyài inbs, ‖L prnefbo wbff stltbm `s l prnefbo glfh snfvbm.‟ Ob`br strbssbm à g`s prbsbatlt`na tglt, wgba mblfài w`tg l prnefbo, wgbrb onst pbnpfb in wrnai `s tglt tgby òobm`ltbfy in nut lam try tn ﬌x `t ebhnrb tgby danw wglt `t `s tglt `s rblffy erndba. @a ntgbr wnrms, tgby wlat tn in strlìgt tn tgb laswbr w`tgnut tldài tgb tòb tn eb surb tgby lrb mblfài w`tg tgb rìgt qubst`na. ]gb rbsuft nh tg`s glstb lam fljd nh jflr`ty `s tn tldb sgnts lt ﬌xài syoptnos, nr pbrglps bvba tgb wrnai prnefbo `tsbfh, wg`fb tgb trub jlusbs in na lam jnatàub tn ibabrltb gblmljgbs.


Ztbp < nh ]Y@ Srnefbo Znfvài à bhhbjt jnvbrs tgb ﬌rst hnur stbps nh tgb ]nyntl obtgnm. @a entg jlsbs, tgb dby `s tn ibt àtn tgb mbtl`fs nh tgb prnefbo, hnuam lt tgb iboel, sn tglt wb jla uambrstlam jfblrfy wglt wb lrb ljtulffy mblfài w`tg. Ygba wb erbld mnwa tgb prnefbo, wb lrb fnndài hnr tgb uambrfyài jnopnabats tglt lrb ibabrltài tgb v`sèfb prnefbo, tgb tgài tglt `s jlusài tgb plà, lam wb jla ebst mn tglt ey ﬌amài tgb prnnh nr bv`mbajb nh tgb vlr`nus hljtnrs hbbmài tgb prnefbo. @a tg`s wly wb‐ff danw tglt tgb prnefbo bx`sts ls stltbm lam glvb snob `mbl nh wgbrb `t `s jnoài hrno lam na wglt sjlfb. @a ntgbr wnrms, wb sgnufm ant kuop tn snfut`nas lhtbr l jursnry rbv`bw nh wglt wb sbb glppbaài na tgb surhljb nh l prnefbo. Najb wb uambrstlam tgb mbtl`fs nh tgb prnefbo, tgba wb jla prnjbbm tn tgb uftòltb inlf, wg`jg `s tn mbtbroàb tgb rnnt jlusb nh tgb prnefbo. @a ]Y@, wgba wb sly ‖bxpfnrb tgb jlusb,‟ wb obla kust tglt, ﬌amài tgb jnrb nr rnnt jlusb, wg`jg tgb ]Y@ mbvbfnpbrs jlffbm tgb prnefbo pnàt. Ls wb sglff sbb, tgb ]Y@ prnirlo mbv`sbm l obtgnm nh ‖mìiài mnwa mbbp‟ tn ﬌am tgb rnnt jlusb nh tgb prnefbo, lam tg`s tnnf fnnds `mbat`jlf à prljt`jb tn tgb hlonus ]nyntl obtgnm nh lsdài tgb ‖﬌vb wgys.‟ @t `s nafy wgba wb ibt tn tgb trub jlusb nh tgb prnefbo tglt wb jla sujjbsshuffy jnrrbjt `t. Ygbrb tgb twn obtgnms m`vbrib `s à gnw tgby prbsjrèb rbsnfvài tgb prnefbo lt glam. ]gb ]nyntl pfla `s oujg onrb npba-bambm, usài tnnfs sujg ls erlàstnroài lam jnasbasus eu`fmài à nrmbr tn mbvbfnp lam bahnrjb jnuatbroblsurbs. @t strbssbs tgb v`tlf abbm nh tldài tòb tn wnrd w`tg ntgbr pbnpfb rbfltbm tn tgb

◱

:00

=33

◱


prnjbss à nrmbr tn ibt tgb`r euy-à tn tgb jnrrbjt`na prnjbss. ]gb dby gbrb, ls Knga Zgnnd bxpflàs à Olaliài tn Fblra, `s tn mbvbfnp ‖l sbt nh pntbat`lf jnuatbroblsurbs rltgbr tgla kust nab lpprnljg.‟* ]g`s lffnws hnr r`sd tn eb oàò`zbm ey rbv`bwài l vlr`bty nh sjbalr`ns, lam `t lfsn, onrb òpnrtlatfy, lffnws ntgbr stldbgnfmbrs tn tldb l onrb ljt`vb rnfb à bvlfultài lam ﬌ab-tuaài tgb jnrrbjt snfut`na. Y`tg vlr`nus pnssèfb snfut`nas na tgb tlefb, tgb supbrv`snr jla batbrtlà tgb abbms lam jnajbras nh ntgbrs wg`fb jrbltài jnasbasus lam suppnrt lrnuam lttlàài tgb mbs`rbm nutjnobs. Yg`fb tgb ]nyntl obtgnm tldbs tg`s gìg-fbvbf lpprnljg tn ﬌amài snfut`nas, tgb ]Y@ obtgnm i`vbs spbj`﬌j prbsjr`pt`nas hnr snfvài tgb prnefbo; tgb usb nh tgb ]Y@ obtgnms nh Kne Obtgnms @oprnvbobat, Kne @astrujt`na, lam Kne Ubflt`nas. @t lalfyzbs tgb jnrb jlusb tn mbtbroàb `h tgb prnefbo `s objgla`jlf nr pbnpfb, nr entg, lam tgba lppf`bs tgb prnpbr ]Y@ tnnf tn erài tglt prnefbo tn l snfut`na. ]gnuig tg`s lpprnljg `s alrrnwbr à sjnpb tgla lt ]nyntl, `t lffnws hrnat-fàb supbrv`snrs tn usb tgb ]Y@ sd`ffs tgby pnssbss, wg`jg lrb blsy tn fblra lam lppfy, qu`jdfy lam bhhbjt`vbfy tn mblf w`tg tgb prnefbos tgby hljb na l rbiuflr els`s. Hàlffy, entg tgb ]Y@ lam ]nyntl obtgnms ﬌a`sg ey tgnrnuigfy ona`tnrài lam bvlfultài tgb rbsufts nh tgb prnefbo-snfvài bhhnrt à l wly tglt sustlàs tgb jnrrbjtbm prnjbssbs. ]gb ]nyntl obtgnm hnjusbs l e`t onrb na stlamlrm`zài lam sglrài sujjbsshuf prnjbssbs tglt glvb *

Knga Zgnnd, Olaliài tn Fblra; Rsài tgb L: Olalibobat Srnjbss tn Znfvb Srnefbos, Ilà Lirbbobat, Obatnr lam Fblm, Fbla Batbrpr`sb @ast`tutb, Jloer`mib, OL, 5337, p. 92.


ebba hnuam, la lspbjt jnvbrbm à tgb Kne @astrujt`na pnrt`na nh ]Y@, wg`fb tgb ]Y@ prnefbo-snfvài obtgnm puts onrb bopgls`s na ona`tnrài tgb pbnpfb‐ s rbljt`na tn tgb jglaib”pbnpfb rbs`st jglaib lam sbb `t ls l tgrblt tn tgb`r els`j abbms”lam fnndài hnr sìas nh abw prnefbos ebài jrbltbm ey tgb jnrrbjt`na. Eut tgbsblspbjts lrb wbff jnvbrbm à entg tgb ]nyntl lam ]Y@ obtgnmnfni`bs. @t lppblrs bv`mbat tglt tgb strlìgthnrwlrm lam jnoonasbasb lpprnljgbs tn supbrv`snry olalibobat tbjga`qubs nrìàlffy prnpnsbm ey tgb ]Y@ prnirlos à tgb <023s lrb jfblrfy rbﬅbjtbm à tgb sujjbsshuf ]nyntl lpprnljgbs tn bvbrytgài hrno stlamlrm`zbm wnrd tn prnefbo snfvài. ]gb olà m`hhbrbajbs, wb hbbf, à tgbsb twn obtgnmnfni`bs lrb tgb lmm`t`na tn tgb ]nyntl obtgnm nh dby lspbjts nh Klplabsb jufturb lam prljt`jb, sujg ls jnasbasus eu`fmài, jlffbm abolwlsg` à Klplabsb, l hnjus na guola mbvbfnpobat lam obatnrài, lam tgb usb nh jnaj`sb, blsy-tn-rblm lam -uambrstlam tnnfs f`db L: rbpnrts tn suppnrt bhhbjt`vb jnooua`jlt`na. ]gbsb tbjga`qubs lrb bxtrbobfy pnwbrhuf à eràiài lenut flstài òprnvbobats, eut tgby anabtgbfbss mn ant tldb lwly tgb abbm hnr strnai sd`ffs, ls rbprbsbatbm à tgb tgrbb els`j ]Y@ obtgnms, à tldài bhhbjt`vb jnuatbroblsurbs tn tgb prnefbos tgbosbfvbs. ]gbrbhnrb, tgb twn lpprnljgbs lrb qu`tb jnopfbobatlry lam jla, lam sgnufm, eb usbm àtbrljt`vbfy. ]gb L: olalibobat prnjbss `s, à olay wlys, l pg`fnsnpg`jlf lpprnljg tn mblfài w`tg tgb pbnpfb wgn w`ff eb mblfài w`tg tgb prnefbo. ]gb ]Y@ obtgnm `s onrb nh la ‖na tgb irnuam‟ tljt`jlf olaulf hnr hrnat-fàb supbrv`snrs à snfvài prnefbos. ]gbrb lrb olay innm wnrds mbsjrèài

◱

=3<

=35

◱


tgb ]nyntl obtgnmnfniy, sn gbrb fbt‐s tldb l onrb àmbptg v`bw nh tgb ]Y@ prnefbo-snfvài obtgnm.

Yglt @s l Srnefbo> ‖L supbrv`snr gls l prnefbo wgba tgb wnrd lssìabm hl`fs tn prnmujb tgb bxpbjtbm rbsufts.‟ ]g`s strlìgthnrwlrm mb﬌a`t`na nh l prnefbo `s ls trub tnmly ls `t wls wgba `t wls wr`ttba nvbr ﬌hty yblrs lin à tgb nrìàlf ]Y@ Srnefbo Znfvài olaulf. @a tglt olaulf tgby jrbltbm l sòpfb irlpg`j tn m`spfly tg`s ilp ebtwbba tgb jurrbat s`tult`na lam tgb abbmbm stlamlrm (sbb Hìurb <5.<). ]nmly, tg`s onmbf gls ebba onm`﬌bm tn rbﬅbjt wglt `s jlffbm tgb ilp lalfys`s, eut ls jla eb sbba à Hìurb <5.<, tgb `mbl `s tgb slob. Znob nh tgb prnefbos supbrv`snrs hljb lrb solff lam hl`rfy sòpfb lam jla eb snfvbm qu`jdfy ey rbfyài na tgb supbrv`snr‐s bxpbr`bajb lam innm kumiobat. Eut Zjrlp Ztlamlrm

]nnf F`hb

Hrno Nrìàlf <028 ]Y@ Olaulf

Ztlamlrm ” Yglt sgnufm eb Glppbaài Ilp ? Srnefbo Jurrbat Z`tult`na ” Yglt `s Ljtulffy Glppbaài

Jurrbat Mly Xbrs`na

Hìurb <5.< Ilp lalfys`s”nfm lam abw.


onst nh tgb prnefbos wb hljb w`ff uftòltbfy tura nut tn eb oujg onrb jnopfbx lam òpnrtlat tgla wb lt ﬌rst lat`j`pltb, lam wb abbm tn glvb la nrila`zbm obtgnm nh lalfyzài tgbo ebhnrb wb rusg tn l mbj`s`na na wglt tn mn. @a nrmbr hnr supbrv`snrs tn glamfb prnefbos sujjbsshuffy, tgba, tgby abbm l jfblr sbasb nh m`rbjt`na lam spbj`﬌j stbps tglt w`ff fblm tgbo tn l sujjbsshuf snfut`na. ]gb ]Y@ Srnefbo Znfvài olaulf spbj`﬌bm hnur hljts tglt supbrv`snrs oust uambrstlam `h tgby lrb tn rbsnfvb prnmujt`na prnefbos sujjbsshuffy; <. ]gb`r prnefbos lrb sbr`nusfy àtbrhbrài w`tg tgb`r le`f`ty tn ibt nut prnmujt`na. 5. ]gb`r prnefbos glvb l m`rbjt bhhbjt upna jnst lam qulf`ty. :. ]gb`r prnefbos lrb ant abjbsslr`fy àbv`tlefb. =. ]gb`r prnefbos jla eb snfvbm bls`fy ey hnffnwài l mb﬌a`tb plttbra. ]gb ﬌rst twn pnàts glvb tn mn w`tg la lwlrbabss nh nab‐s nwa rbspnasè`f`ty tnwlrm rbsnfvài prnefbos. Bvba ls supbrv`snrs struiifb ml`fy tn ibt nut qulf`ty prnmujt`na wg`fb dbbpài jnsts uambr jnatrnf, `t‐s blsy tn eb à mba`lf lenut tgb prnefbos surrnuamài tgbo. ]gby oly jnas`mbr tgbsb prnefbos tn eb obrb au`slajbs tglt ibt à tgb`r wly, lam tgby mna‐t rblf`zb tglt tgb`r struiifbs bolaltb hrno tgb vbry jnam`t`nas tgby lrb tryài tn ìanrb. ]gb sbjnam twn pnàts àm`jltb tglt, najb tgby rblf`zb tglt tgby glvb prnefbos tglt abbm tn eb lmmrbssbm, g t brb `s l wly tn glamfb tgbsb prnefbos. Y`tgnut l innm obtgnm tn glamfb prnefbos, supbrv`snrs oly glvb m`h﬌jufty mbtbroàài kust wglt tgb

◱

=3:

=3=

◱


prnefbo `s lam jnahusb bv`mbajb nh tgb prnefbo w`tg tgb prnefbo `tsbfh. Hnr bxlopfb, `h l oljgàb `s ruaaài pnnrfy ebjlusb `t `s fnw na n`f, najb tgb supbrv`snr ﬌ams tg`s nut, gb rb﬌ffs tgb n`f lam ebf`bvbs gb gls snfvbm tgb prnefbo. Eut tgb fnw n`f fbvbf `s kust l syoptno nh l fbldy vlfvb, lam sn tgb supbrv`snr‐s ljt`na `s ant jnajfus`vb lam tgb prnefbo jnatàubs, pbrglps w`tg bvba onrb sbr`nus jnasbqubajbs. Rafbss wb lrb lefb tn ﬌am tgb trub jlusb nh tgb pnnrfy ruaaài oljgàb, wb w`ff ant eb lefb tn tldb tgb ljt`na tglt eràis `t eljd tn anrolf pbrhnrolajb. Ebhnrb wb tldb ljt`na na lay prnefbo tgba, tgb r﬌st lam onst òpnrtlat stbp `s tn ﬌am, nr `snfltb, tgb trub prnefbo.

Ztbp < ; @snfltb tgb Srnefbo Ls wb pnàtbm nut blrf`br wgba jnoplrài tgb ]Y@ lam ]nyntl obtgnms, tg`s ﬌rst stbp nh ]Y@ prnefbo snfvài jnas`sts nh hnur m`stàjt ljt`v`t`bs; (<) stltb tgb prnefbo, (5) i`vb prnnh nr bv`mbajb, (:) bxpfnrb tgb jlusb, lam (=) mrlw jnajfus`nas. @a tg`s stbp wb wlat tn jfblrfy mb﬌ab tgb plrlobtbrs nh tgb prnefbo sn tglt wb jla sblrjg hnr tgb rnnt jlusb. Najb wb ﬌am tgb rnnt jlusb, wb jla mbj`mb na l snfut`na jnursb elsbm na tgb oldbup nh tgb prnefbo. Fbt‐s tldb l fnnd lt bljg nab nh tgbsb pnàts.

Ztltb tgb Srnefbo Ygba l prnefbo `s flrib lam sìa`﬌jlat, `t `s ant m`h﬌juft tn stltb wglt `t `s. Eut typ`jlffy, prnefbos lrb nainài


lam à l jnatàulf stltb nh ﬅux. Zn tgby oìgt eb m`h﬌juft tn pà mnwa. Hnr bxlopfb, ynu oìgt ﬌am tglt ynu‐rb glvài m`h﬌juft`bs dbbpài up w`tg tgb prnmujt`na sjgbmufb, nr tglt tgb onrlfb nh tgb wnrdhnrjb `s ant wglt `t sgnufm eb. Gnw wnufm ynu stltb tgbsb sn tglt ynu dabw onrb spbj`﬌jlffy tgb prnefbo ebài lmmrbssbm> Yb‐ff ibt àtn tgb ljtulf ﬌iurbs, tgb mltl, nh tgb prnefbo à tgb abxt plrt, ‖I`vb Srnnh nr Bv`mbajb nh tgb Srnefbo.‟ Eut hnr anw, tn eb onrb jfblr, ynu jnufm stltb, ‖plrts mbflybm jnoài nut nh ﬌alf àspbjt`na,‟ nr ‖olay oànr brrnrs mub tn jlrbfbss o`stldbs.‟ Jlrbhuf jnas`mbrlt`na à mb﬌aài kust wglt `t `s wb‐rb tryài tn lttljd, rltgbr tgla vliub ibabrlf`t`bs nr obrb jnopflàts, `s tgb wly tn ibt nhh tn l innm stlrt. ]g`s mnbs ant obla, tgnuig, tglt wb glvb tn rbstrlà nur bhhnrts tn prnefbos tglt lrb glppbaài rìgt anw. Yb jla lfsn fnnd hnr abw prnefbos kust erbldài nut nr nabs tglt wb sbb lpprnljgài sn tglt wb jla ibt àtn tgbo blrfy, wg`fb tgby‐rb st`ff solff lam blsy tn glamfb. Yb jla lfsn sbbd nut lam ﬌am prnefbos ey tlfdài w`tg ntgbr pbnpfb lam ibttài tgb`r pbrspbjt`vbs lam npà`nas, ey rbv`bwài rbpnrts lam rbjnrms tn m`sjnvbr trbams nr g`mmba `ssubs, nr ey sòpfy lat`j`pltài prnefbos lam usài nur àtu`t`na. Glvài l ‖prnefbo jnasj`nusabss,‟ nr onaml`-`sg`d`, ls tgb Klplabsb jlff `t, oblas tn lfwlys eb lwlrb lam sbas`t`vb tn wgbrb prnefbos oìgt eb furdài sn tglt wb jla tldb prnefbo-snfvài ljt`nas tn abutrlf`zb tgbo ebhnrb tgby àtbrhbrb w`tg nur wnrd. Najb wb glvb `mbat`﬌bm tgb vlr`bty nh jurrbat lam pntbat`lf prnefbos wb lrb hljài, wb sgnufm tgba pr`nr`t`zb tgbo sn tgby jla eb tljdfbm nab ey nab à nrmbr nh òpnrtlajb. Yb jla pr`nr`t`zb tgbo ey tgb fbvbf nh

◱

=32

=38

◱


òpljt tgby w`ff glvb”snob prnefbos oly eb mbbobm bobribaj`bs tglt abbm òobm`ltb lttbat`na, wg`fb ntgbrs oìgt eb jnas`mbrbm tgrblts tglt sgnufm eb tldba jlrb nh kust ls snna ls rblsnalefy pnssèfb. Yb jnufm fnnd lt tgbo ey tgb`r fbvbf nh òpnrtlajb nr abjbss`ty, à ntgbr wnrms, ey tgb lonuat nh ebab﬌ts wb rbjb`vb `h tgby lrb snfvbm. Nr wb jnufm fnnd lt tgbo ey tgb fbvbf nh m`h﬌jufty `t wnufm tldb tn àvbstìltb lam rbsnfvb tgbo tn sbb wglt lonuat nh àvbstobat `s abjbsslry lam lvl`flefb tn rbsnfvb tgbo. Elsbm na tg`s lssbssobat, wb jla lffnjltb nur rbsnurjbs à tgb onst bhhbjt`vb wly.

I`vb Srnnh nr Bv`mbajb nh tgb Srnefbo Ey prnnh nr bv`mbajb nh tgb prnefbo wb obla tgb ljtulf hljts, j`rjuostlajbs, ﬌iurbs, btj., tglt m`rbjtfy sgnw tgb bxtbat nh tgb prnefbo lam prnvb tglt `t `s, à hljt, snobtgài tglt abbms tn eb mblft w`tg. @t `s òpnrtlat lt tg`s blrfy stlib tn fnnd lt mltl, wgbrbvbr lpprnpr`ltb, tglt `s jnajrbtb, wbff jna﬌robm, lam tn tgb pnàt. Ygba hljbm w`tg l prnefbo, `t `s blsy tn ibt ﬅustbrbm lam jglsb lhtbr snobtgài wb tgàd `s jlusài trnuefb ebhnrb wb glvb jna﬌robm `ts trub vlf`m`ty. Ls wb stltbm blrf`br à tg`s jglptbr, wb sgnufm rbs`st tgb tboptlt`na tn kuop tn snfut`nas. Na tgb jnatrlry, najb wb glvb inttba spbj`﬌j mltl lrnuam l jfblrfy `mbat`﬌bm prnefbo, wb lrb à l oujg ebttbr pns`t`na tn ebià sblrjgài hnr tgb jlusbs nh tglt prnefbo ebjlusb wb glvb tldba tgb ﬌rst stbp tn fnjltài kust wgbrb tgnsb jlusbs oly eb furdài lam tn wglt mbirbb tgby lrb lhﬅ`jtài us. Yb lrb ant na l w`fm innsb jglsb”wb glvb tgb prnnh lam bv`mbajb.


Yglt dàm nh bv`mbajb sgnufm wb eb fnndài hnr> ]g`s oly lt ﬌rst lppblr sbfh-bv`mbat; ibt mltl tglt lrb m`rbjtfy lhhbjtài tgb prnefbo. Eut tgb ]Y@ obtgnm oldbs l erbldtgrnuig gbrb ey ebiàaài la lalfys`s tbjga`qub tglt jnatàubs tgrnuignut tgb bat`rb prnefbo-snfvài prnjbss; fnndài lt tgb s`tult`na hrno twn laifbs”tgb objgla`jlf lam tgb pbnpfb. Bspbj`lffy à olauhljturài sbttàis, wb jnoonafy fnnd lt onst bvbrytgài hrno tgb lspbjt nh pgys`jlf tgàis, f`db oljgàbs, plrts lam oltbr`lfs, tnnfs lam bqu`pobat, glamfài lam stnrlib, mbsìas, prnjbssbs, hlj`f`t`bs, lam sn na. Eut à mnài bhhbjt`vb prnefbo snfvài, wglt wb ﬌am, onrb nhtbatòbs tgla ant, `s tglt wglt ebiàs ls l strlìgthnrwlrm objgla`jlf prnefbo turas àtn, lhtbr jlrbhuf lalfys`s, l huamlobatlf prnefbo jnajbraài pbnpfb. Ls wb pnàt nut à Kne Ubflt`nas, pbnpfb lrb lt tgb jbatbr nh bvbrytgài wb mn à huf﬌ffài nur rbspnasè`f`t`bs. Zn wb oust fnnd bqulffy lt entg lspbjts, tgb objgla`jlf lam tgb pbnpfb. Hrno tgb objgla`jlf laifb, wb fnnd lt tgàis f`db; ◱ ◱ ◱ ◱ ◱

Zjgbmufbs Ubwnrd lam sjrlp ]nnf wblr lam erbldlib Bqu`pobat erbldmnwa Ljj`mbats

◱ ◱

Zbtup tòbs Ubjnrms lam plpbrwnrd

Hrno tgb pbnpfb laifb, wb fnnd lt tgàis f`db; ◱ ◱

Srnmujt`v`ty Ynrd gle`ts

◱

=39

=37

◱


◱ ◱ ◱ ◱ ◱ ◱ ◱

Danwfbmib lam sd`ff Zlhbty Ubspnasè`f`t`bs Ltt`tumb lam àtbrbst Kne slt`shljt`na Sbrsnalf`ty Sgys`jlf jnam`t`na lam gblftg

Yb glvb tn tldb l hrbsg lam gnabst lpprnljg wgba fnndài hnr tg`s prnnh lam bv`mbajb. @a ntgbr wnrms, wb glvb tn lmmrbss tgb prnefbo w`tg la npba oàm lam fbt in nh nur prbjnajb`vbm ant`nas lrnuam tgb s`tult`na. Yb jla mn tg`s ey tlfdài w`tg pbnpfb rbfltbm tn tgb prnefbo tn ibt abw àsìgts nr jnatrlstài pnàts nh v`bw. @a plrt`juflr, `h tgbrb lrb pbnpfb wgn lrb m`rbjtfy àvnfvbm à tgb prnefbo, wb abbm tn ﬌am nut wgn tgby lrb sn tglt wb jla ibt l ﬌rstglam ljjnuat nh tgb hljts. ]gb purpnsb gbrb, nh jnursb, `s ant tn fly eflob, eut tn eb surb wb uambrstlam tgb trub mbtl`fs nh tgb s`tult`na. Yb sgnufm lfsn rbv`bw lay lvl`flefb rbjnrms tn sbb `h tgbrb `s l g`stnry nh sò`flr nr rbfltbm `ssubs. Najb wb ibt tgbsb mltl, wb sgnufm rbjnrm tgbo ls jnajrbtbfy ls pnssèfb. ]gb ]Y@ Srnefbo Znfvài prnirlo jrbltbm la blsy-tn-usb prnefbo lalfys`s sgbbt tn hlj`f`tltb tg`s (sbb Hìurb <5.5). ]gb hljts hrno tg`s plrt nh tgb prnjbss lrb rbjnrmbm uambr tgb sbjt`na hnr prnnh nr bv`mbajb, rìgt uambr tgb stltbobat nh tgb prnefbo.

Bxpfnrb tgb Jlusb Najb wb glvb `mbat`﬌bm v`sèfb bv`mbajb nh tgb prnefbo, tgb abxt tgài tn mn `s tn ﬌am tgb jlusbs, entg m`rbjt


◱

=30

Srnefbo Lalfys`s Zgbbt o fb e n r S

Alob; ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Mltb; ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Objgla`jlfLaifb

SbnpfbLaifb

Ebgàmsjgbmufbey

b j a b m v` B r n h n n r S

Srnmujt`v`ty`s

Ubwnrd`supey

Ynrdgle`tslrb

Zjrlp`supey

Kneàtbrbst`s

]nnferbldlib`supey

Ibabrlfltt`tumb`s

Oljgàbtòb`smnwaey

Ynrdqulf`ty`s

Ljj`mbatrltb`supey

Jnopflàtslrb

Zbtuptòb`s

Lttbamlajb`s

Slpbrwnrdàjrblsbmey

Ygy>

Kneslt`shljt`na`s

Ygbrb>

Ygba>

Ygn `s rbspnasèfb>

]gb Lenvb Srnefbos Lrb Jlusbm Ey;

]gb Lenvb Srnefbos Lrb Jlusbm Ey;

Kneobtgnm

@ajnrrbjtknelssìaobat

Flynut

@asuhh`j`batsd`fflambxpbr`bajb

]nnfs, ﬌xturbs, iluibs, btj.

Hlufty àstrujt`na lam hnffnw-up

Oljgàbslambqu`pobat

Snnrguolarbflt`nas

sb s Oltbr`lfslamplrts u l Srnmujtmbsìa J

Sbrsnalf`tys`tult`na Els`jwlatstgrbltbabm

Gnusbdbbpài lam wnrdài jnam`t`nas

Gblftg lam pgys`jlf ﬌tabss

Raslhbjnam`t`nas

]g`s prnefbo jnajbras; \ulf`ty>

Raslhbljts

◄

Jnst> ◄ \ulat`ty> ◄ Zlhbty> ◄ Sbnpfb> ◄

SrnefboSnàts(Jnrb/UnntJlusbs)

a n `s fu j a n J

Hìurb <5.5

Objgla`jlf ]gàis/Sfljbs

Srnefbo lalfys`s sgbbt.

Sbnpfb Mna‐t Danw Jla‐t mn

Mna‐t Jlrb Yna‐t mn

=<3

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lam àm`rbjt, nh bljg lam bvbry p`bjb nh bv`mbajb. Ygba wb sblrjg hnr tgbsb jlusbs, wb glvb tn tgrnw lwly nur suekbjt`v`ty lam prbkum`jb lam tgàd ernlmfy. Ls tgb ]Y@ obtgnm tbljgbs, wb glvb tn mì mnwa mbbp à nrmbr tn ibt tn tgb snurjb nh tgb prnefbo, fnndài lt bljg p`bjb nh bv`mbajb lam lsdài wgy, wgbrb, wgba, lam wgnsb rbspnasè`f`ty. @a mnài sn, wb sbbd tn ibt tn tgb prnefbo pnàt, nr tgb rnnt jlusb. Gbrb lilà, tgb obtgnm fnnds lt tgb twn lspbjts nh objgla`jlf lam pbnpfb wgba bxpfnrài tgb jlusb nh bljg p`bjb nh bv`mbajb. Yg`fb tgb tnp`js lrb tgb slob, wglt wb lrb fnndài lt anw lrb tgnsb spbj`﬌j lspbjts nh tgb prnjbss tglt jnatlà tgb rblsnas hnr tgb prnefbo. Hrno tgb objgla`jlf laifb, wb fnnd hnr jlusbs à; ◱ ◱ ◱ ◱ ◱ ◱ ◱ ◱

Obtgnm Flynut ]nnfs lam bqu`pobat Oltbr`lfs Mbsìa Bav`rnaobat Raslhb jnam`t`nas Ztlamlrms

Hrno tgb pbnpfb laifb, wb fnnd hnr jlusbs à; ◱ ◱ ◱ ◱ ◱ ◱

Kne lssìaobat @asuh﬌j`bat danwfbmib/sd`ff Hlufty àstrujt`na Guola rbflt`nas Sbrsnalf`ty/jglrljtbr Raslhb ljts


Yb rbjnrm tgbsb jlusbs à tgb lpprnpr`ltb sbjt`na nh tgb prnefbo lalfys`s sgbbt rìgt uambr tgb prnnh nr bv`mbajb (sbb Hìurb <5.5). @a fnndài nvbr tgbsb jglrljtbr`st`js, wb oust jnas`mbr tgb hljts lam p`bjb tnibtgbr tgb jlusb-lam-bhhbjt rbflt`nasg`ps ebtwbba tgb vlr`nus jlusbs. @a ntgbr wnrms, wb glvb tn uambrstlam gnw tgbrb lrb jlusbs nh jlusbs sn tglt `h wb dbbp mr`ffài mnwa, wb uftòltbfy ﬌am tgb prnefbo pnàt, nr rnnt jlusb. ]g`s lalfys`s fblms us m`rbjtfy àtn tgb flst sbjt`na nh Ztbp <, mrlw jnajfus`nas, wgbrb wb sbfbjt nut tgbsb jnrb jlusbs ls tlribts hnr nur jnuatbroblsurbs (sbb Hìurb <5.5). ]gb nrìàlf ]Y@ prnefbo-snfvài pfla nutfàbm tg`s plrt nh tgb obtgnm ls wb glvb mbsjrèbm gbrb. Gnwbvbr, tgb Klplabsb fltbr hbft tglt tgb lalfys`s wls l e`t fljdài à tglt, wg`fb `t snuigt tgb rnnt jlusb, `t m`m ant fblm us tgbrb à l m`rbjt pltg. Zn tgby jrbltbm lantgbr lalfys`s hnro tn eb usbm lt tg`s pnàt, wg`jg ebttbr jlpturbm tgb jlusb-lam-bhhbjt rbflt`nasg`ps wb lrb sbbdài. Ey f`stài tgb prnefbo, bv`mbajb, lam jlusbs”m`rbjt, àm`rbjt, lam jnrb”à l jglà nh jluslt`na, wb jla òobm`ltbfy sbb gnw tgbsb hljtnrs lrb lff rbfltbm tn bljg ntgbr. Zn wb jlff `t tgb jglà nh jluslt`na lalfys`s sgbbt, lam wb jla sbb la bxlopfb nh `ts usb à Hìurb <5.:. Anw tglt wb glvb fàbm up tg`s jglà nh jlusbs tn tgb stltbm prnefbo, `t‐s ant glrm tn sbb tglt wglt wb lrb mnài gbrb `s jnatàulffy lsdài wgy lt bljg stlib nh m`sjnvbry uat`f wb ibt tn tgb enttno nh tgb prnefbo, nr tgb rnnt jlusb. ]g`s `s bxljtfy wglt ]nyntl mnbs à `ts rnnt jlusb lalfys`s, wglt gls ebba jlffbm tgb ﬌vb wgys, nr lsdài wgy ﬌vb tòbs uat`f wb ibt tn tgb rnnt jlusb. Fnndài lt Hìurb <5.=, wb jla sbb tglt tglt `s bxljtfy wglt wb‐rb mnài w`tg tgb jglà nh jluslt`na lalfys`s,

◱

=<<

=<5

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Jlusbs Srnefbo Justnobrs jnopflàài lenut fltb mbf`vbr`bs

Bv`mbajb Na-tòb mbf`vbry stlams lt 79%

M`rbjt Sljdliài mbflys jrbltài l enttfbabjd nh ﬌a`sgbm prnmujt

@am`rbjt

Jnrb/Unnt

Mbf`vbry nh pljdliài prnmujt `s hrbqubatfy mbflybm hrno pràtbr

H`fos hrno lrt mbplrtobat lrb ebài gbfm up wl`tài hnr jna﬌rolt`nas Abbm jnrpnrltb lpprnvlfs hnr jnrrbjt uslib nh lff jnoplay fnin olrds

Hìurb <5.:

Snnr jnooua`jlt`na ebtwbba jnrpnrltb olrdbtài lam pflats

Jglà nh jluslt`na lalfys`s sgbbt; Bxlopfb.

antài tglt, uambr àm`rbjt jlusbs, tgbrb jnatàub tn eb jlusbs nh jlusbs uat`f wb ﬌alffy ﬌am tgb jnrb jlusb.

Mrlw Jnajfus`nas ]gb rnnt jlusb lalfys`s wb glvb kust jnopfbtbm mnbs l innm kne nh gbfpài us `mbat`hy tgb prnefbo pnàts. Gnwbvbr, ebhnrb wb onvb na tn try tn snfvb tgbo, tgb flst tgài tn mn à Ztbp < `s tn mrlw jnajfus`nas hrno nur lalfys`s lam mbj`mb na l snfut`na jnursb. Yb abbm tn lsd nursbfvbs, ‖@h tgbsb jlusbs wbrb rbonvbm, wnufm wb st`ff sbb bv`mbajb nh tgb prnefbo>‟ @a ntgbr wnrms, glvb wb àmbbm hnuam tgb trub jlusb nh tgb prnefbo tglt `s ibabrltài tgbsb m`h﬌juft`bs> @s tg`s l prnefbo à oy nwa lrbl nh rbspnasè`f`ty> Zgnufm @ glamfb `t oysbfh


Srnefbo

Bv`mbajb

Justnobrs jnopflàài lenut fltb mbf`vbr`bs.

Na-tòb mbf`vbry stlams lt 79%.

y #< Yg

◱

=<:

Jlusbs M`rbjt Sljdliài mbflys jrbltài l enttfb-abjd nh ﬌a`sgbm prnmujt.

#5 Ygy

@am`rbjt

Jnrb/Unnt

Mbf`vbry nh pljdliài prnmujt `s hrbqubatfy mbflybm hrno pràtbr. H`fos hrno lrt mbplrtobat lrb ebài gbfm up wl`tài hnr jna﬌rolt`nas.

#: Ygy

y #= Yg

Hìurb <5.=

Abbm jnrpnrltb lpprnvlfs hnr jnrrbjt uslib nh lff jnoplay fnin olrds.

Snnr jnooua`jlt`na ebtwbba jnrpnrltb olrdbtài lam pflats.

y #2 Yg

Jglà nh jluslt`na lalfys`s sgbbt; Bxlopfb sgnwài ‖2 Ygys.‟

nr rbpnrt `t tn snobnab bfsb> @h `t `s oy rbspnasè`f`ty tn glamfb, sgnufm @ mbfbiltb `t tn snobnab ebfnw ob nr ibt gbfp hrno ntgbr spbj`lfty stlhh huajt`nas, f`db baiàbbrài, qulf`ty, jnstài, btj.> Blrf`br à tg`s stbp, wb slw gnw wb ebila tn m`stàiu`sg ebtwbba tgb objgla`jlf lam tgb pbnpfb lspbjts nh tgb prnefbo. Gbrb, tgba, wb glvb tn mbtbroàb`h tgb prnefbo pnàts hnuam lrb objgla`jlf, pbnpfb, nr entg. ]g`s mbtbroàlt`na w`ff i`vb us nur snfut`na jnursb elsbm na nur ]Y@ sd`ffs nh Kne Obtgnms @oprnvbobat, Kne @astrujt`na, lam Kne Ubflt`nas. @h tgb prnefbo `s objgla`jlf à alturb, `h `t jnajbras tgàis, pfljbs, obtgnms, mbsìas, btj., tgba wb w`ff usb nur KO sd`ff, lfnai w`tg ntgbr tnnfs, tn pursub l snfut`na. @h `t `s pbnpfb à alturb, tgba wb glvb tn tgàd l f`ttfb onrb mbbpfy lenut tgb alturb nh tgb prnefbo.

=<=

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Ygba prnefbos lrb jbatbrbm na pbnpfb, wb abbm tn tgàd lenut wglt `s ibabrltài tgb prnefbo ebglv`nr. Guola ont`vlt`na `s jnopfbx, eut wb jla mn l sòpfb lalfys`s tn gbfp iu`mb us tn bhhbjt`vb snfut`nas. Zàjb nur hnjus `s na rbsnfvài spbj`﬌j prnefbos tglt glvb l elm bhhbjt na supbrv`snrs‐ mut`bs tn prnmujb qulf`ty prnmujts nr sbrv`jbs lt tgb prnpbr jnst, wb jla fnnd lt gnw pbnpfb lam tgb wnrd tgby mn lrb àtbrhbrài w`tg tglt inlf. @h tgb prnefbo `s ebjlusb tgby mna‐t danw nr jla‐t mn tgb tlsds lssìabm tn tgbo, tgba tgb snfut`na jnursb `s tn usb nur Kne @astrujt`na sd`ffs. @h tgb ebglv`nr `s ebjlusb tgby mna‐t jlrb nr wna‐t mn tgnsb tlsds, tgba tgb prnefbo `s l pbrsnalf s`tult`na lam wb usb nur Kne Ubflt`na sd`ffs tn snfvb `t (sbb ]lefb <5.5). Ygba mbj`mài na lay nh tgbsb jnursbs, wb abbm tn lfwlys dbbp à oàm tgb jnoplay pnf`j`bs ls wbff ls tgb pnf`j`bs lam m`rbjt`na nh nur nwa supbr`nrs. Bvba ls wb onvb hnrwlrm tnwlrm snfvài prnefbos à nur nwa lrbls, wb abbm tn dbbp tgnsb ljt`nas à l fìaobat w`tg tgb nvbrlff inlfs lam vlfubs nh tgb nrila`zlt`na. @a mbsjrèài gnw ]nyntl ebiàs tgb prnjbss nh prnefbo snfvài, Mlv`m Ob`br strbssbm tgb abbm hnr gnfmài natn tgb fnai-tbro v`s`na tglt w`ff iu`mb lff nh nur ]lefb <5.5 Mbtbroàb l Znfut`na Jnursb Rsài ]Y@ Zd`ffs Objgla`jlf Srnefbos; •

Rsb KO lam ntgbr tnnfs

Sbnpfb Srnefbos; •

Mna‐t danw/jla‐t mn”usb K@

•

Mna‐t jlrb/wna‐t mn”usb KU


mbj`s`nas. ]g` s oblas lmgbrài tn nur purpnsb, vlfubs, lam pg`fnsnpg`bs (e bf`bhs) tn iu`mb nur strltbi`j bxbjut`na. ]g`s `s bspbj`lffy trub wgba `t jnobs tn tldài ljt`nas na snfvài prnefbos sàjb tgbsb ml`fy ljt`nas rbﬅbjt tgb jufturb nh tgb jnoplay wb sbbd tn eu`fm lam suppnrt. Lt tg`s pnàt wb lfsn abbm tn jnas`mbr gnw oujg nh tgb prnefbo wb w`ff tldb na lt tg`s tòb. Zgnufm wb jnas`mbr fnndài hnr l ernlm snfut`na nr stnp lt l plrt`lf snfut`na> ]gb òpnrtlat tgài tn jnas`mbr gbrb `s wg`jg jnursb w`ff onvb us hnrwlrm sn tglt wb jla oldb prnirbss na snfvài tgb prnefbo. @h wb à`t`lffy e`tb nhh tnn oujg, wb qu`jdfy ebjnob eniibm mnwa lam m`sjnurlibm. ]gb solrtbr jnursb wnufm eb tn lmmrbss òobm`ltb jnajbras up hrnat lam tgba in na tn lmmrbss ntgbr prnefbo lrbls fltbr.

Zuoolry nh Ztbp < Ztbp < `s tgb onst òpnrtlat plrt nh tgb ]Y@ prnefbosnfvài obtgnm ebjlusb `t systbolt`jlffy lam prbj`sbfy `mbat`﬌bs tgb jnrrbjt lrbls tn lmmrbss wgba inài lenut snfvài l prnefbo. Ey stltài tgb prnefbo jfblrfy, i`vài prnnh nr bv`mbajb nh tgb prnefbo hrno entg tgb objgla`jlf lam pbnpfb laifbs, tgba bxpfnrài tgb jlusbs, entg m`rbjt lam àm`rbjt, nh bljg lam bvbry p`bjb nh bv`mbajb, wb jla ibt mnwa tn tgb spbj`﬌j prnefbo pnàts tglt abbm tn eb lmmrbssbm ey nur snfut`na pfla. Onst sìa`﬌jlatfy, ebjlusb wb glvb lalfyzbm tgb prnefbo hrno tgb objgla`jlf lam pbnpfb laifbs, wb jla anw mbtbroàb tgb ebst jnursb nh ljt`na elsbm na tgb alturb nh tgbsb

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=<2

=<8

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rnnt jlusbs. Alobfy, wb lppfy lpprnpr`ltbfy nur ]Y@ sd`ffs nh Kne Obtgnms @oprnvbobat, Kne @astrujt`na, lam Kne Ubflt`nas tn jnrrbjt tgb prnefbo.

Ztbp 5; Srbplrb hnr Znfut`na Zòpfy put, Ztbps 5 lam : nh tgb ]Y@ Srnefbo Znfvài obtgnm lrb l rbjlp nh tgb hnur-stbp obtgnms hnr bljg nh tgb tgrbb ]Y@ prnirlos; KO, K@, lam KU. @a ntgbr wnrms, wb òpfbobat tgbsb tgrbb ]Y@ obtgnms wgba wb prbplrb hnr snfut`na à Ztbp 5 lam wgba wb jnrrbjt tgb prnefbo à Ztbp :. Ztbp 5, Srbplrb hnr Znfut`na, tldbs tgb prbplrltnry pglsbs nh bljg nh tgb ]Y@ obtgnms lam lppf`bs tgbo tn tgb lpprnpr`ltb prnefbo typb (sbb ]lefb <5.5). ]gba, Ztbp :, Jnrrbjt tgb Srnefbo, jnopfbtbs tgb rbolàmbr nh bljg obtgnm sn ls tn erài tgb prnefbo tn snfut`na. Hàlffy, Ztbp =, Jgbjd lam Bvlfultb Ubsufts, `s tgb hnffnw-up stbp tglt basurbs tgb prnefbo `s snfvbm lam mnbs ant rbnjjur. @t `s ebynam tgb sjnpb nh tg`s ennd tn bxpflà tgb ]Y@ obtgnms nh KO, K@, lam KU à lay fbvbf nh mbtl`f4 gnwbvbr, l jnopfbtb mbsjr`pt`na nh bljg obtgnm, lfnai w`tg òpfbobatlt`na bxlopfbs, jla eb hnuam à ]gb ]Y@ Ynrdennd. Gbrb, fbt‐s ibt l ibabrlf nvbrv`bw nh bljg prnefbo-snfvài stbp, àjfumài l hbw lmm`t`nalf tnnfs lam àsìgts tglt wbrb ant plrt nh tgb nrìàlf ]Y@ K obtgnms. Hìurb <5.2 sgnws tgb mbtl`fs nh Ztbp 5, Srbplrb hnr Znfut`na, lam rblmbrs hlo`f`lr w`tg tgb ]Y@ obtgnms w`ff rbjnia`zb tglt tgb jnatbats gbrb, hnr tgb onst plrt, jnob m`rbjtfy hrno tgb hnur-stbp obtgnms nh KO, K@, lam KU.


b r l j ‐ta n M

b v `t j b k e N b à o r tb b M

a n t`j b rr n j r n `n v m l ‐ta g n b Y m e a l b m u `ttt L

o fb e rn S b f p n b S w n a d ‐tn a M

o b f e rn S f l j ` a l g j b O

n m ‐l t a J

-s f l `r b t l o -s f

t a b o a n r` v a

-tn t u n y l -f m n g t b o e n K

-b a i `s b m -t a b o `p u q b

t a b o p n f b v b m `ffd s m a l b i m b f w n a D

t a b o b v rn p o ` m n tg b O

ts j hl b g t t b I

t j u rt s a ` n t y m l rb t b I

z b fy l a L

s o tsn u j m a l s rm fb u n j r rb l t b g g t tw u w b `v n m b à U H

fh b rs u n y rb l p b r .S <

a `n t l u `ts ff l r vb N . <

m b ra b j a n j fs l u `m `v m a ` g t` fy w p fd p l l ]

a `n tj u i trs a s ` à p a ` b trl r stt r hn e a n h n k tl a a rn l f w p p n l m ò d t`s b d l l b r F O E

rt l g j w fn H

o l r i `l m w n f H

e fkn rl vb n a n `t s b u \

s i fà b b h m a sl a `n à p n t b I

ts à n p y b d ts ` F

a n t` l tu `s ﬌`j j b p Z . 5

b f n g w b tg b vl g u yn b r u s b E

b jp fl dr n w b g t rb l p b r S . 5

b m ` j b m a l g ì b Y

yr tn s sf l r` tb l o m a l ,s f n n t , tb a o `p u q b tj rrb n J

m n g t b O ” m a n w tg n b m o dl m r b n re Y

yf r b p n r p p u t sb jb l f p dr n w vb l G

sr n t rl b p n g t` sw s u js ` M t” u n y l F

r b g t b i tn s jt hl b g t `t H

rb ra l b f b g t rb l p b r S . :

`f tl b m y r b v b a `n t s b u \

> b r b g t rb l s a n t`j l

g j l b a n s i à r l b e `r b tg r b m `s a n J

b s l tb l a n sr b p b g t t u S

fb e ss` n p r tl b g tg n Y

e kn b g t tb l t Z

> yr l ss b j b a t` s` yg Y

s w n a d y m l b rf l a srn b p b g t t l g w t u n m a ` H

> b s n rp u p st` `s t l g Y

s `b j`f n p m a l s b t`jj rl p dj b g J e kn b tg i à a r l b f a ` m b ts rb a tb ` a n rs b p b tg t b I

> b a n m b e `t fm u n g s b r b g Y

a n tj hhb b m a l b vt` j kb e n r b m `s a n J r l b i ty b h l s m a l ,t a b o p `q u b ,s f n tn à l f p x B

> b a n m b e t` fm u n g s a b g Y

a n t`j u m rn p m a l ,p u rn i f, l u `m v` m a `

◱

=<9

s a `n s u jf a n j tn p o u k t‐ a n M

a `n `ts n p tj rrb n j b g t ` a n rs b p b g t b j l f S

> `t n m tn m ﬌f`b l u q ts b e s` n g Y

t> ` n n tm yl w ts b e b g t s` w n G

. a n `t u f n Z r n h b r l p b r ;S 5 p b t Z 2 . 5 < b r u i ` H

=<7

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Srbplrb hnr Znfut`na nh Objgla`jlf Srnefbos; Nvbrlff Z`tult`na Lalfys`s Yb sl`m tglt objgla`jlf prnefbos lrb tgnsb àvnfvài tgàis f`db obtgnms, flynut, tnnfs, bqu`pobat, oltbr`lfs, oljgàbs, btj. Yg`fb `t `s jbrtlàfy trub tglt lff prnmujt`na prnefbos w`ff àvnfvb pbnpfb à nab wly nr lantgbr, b`tgbr m`rbjtfy nr àm`rbjtfy, tgb hljt tglt wb lrb mblfài w`tg objgla`jlf prnjbssbs à prnmujài l tlaièfb prnmujt nr sbrv`jb oblas tglt tgbrb w`ff eb olay prnefbos tglt lrb objgla`jlf à alturb. Ey objgla`jlf wb obla ant nafy tgb usb nh àmustr`lf bqu`pobat, eut lay obtgnm nr prnjbss nh ibttài wnrd mnab, àjfumài tgb glamfài nh plpbr hnros, tgb usb nh jnoputbrs tn prnjbss mltl, tgb jrblt`na lam mbf`vbry nh l sbrv`jb, obm`jlf prnjbmurbs, lam sujgsn ls;na. ]gbsb w`ff lhhbjt tgb wnrd à jr`t`jlf wlys, ◱ ◱ ◱

◱

\ulf`ty”Zjrlp, rbwnrd, spn`flib, btj. \ulat`ty”Zjgbmufb enttfbabjds, btj. Zlhbty”Ljj`mbats, uaslhb jnam`t`nas lam s`tult`nas, btj. Jnst”Lff nh tgb lenvb hljtnrs àjrblsb jnsts.

]gb ﬌rst tgài wb wlat tn mn hnr objgla`jlf prnefbos `s tn qubst`na tgb kne ls l wgnfb à nrmbr tn erài tn fìgt trnuefbsnob nr jnstfy hljtnrs, sujg ls trlaspnrtlt`na, àspbjt`nas, mbflys, oltbr`lf glamfài, slhbty glzlrms, btj. Najb wb glvb hnuam nut à Ztbp < tgb prnefbo pnàts, nr rnnt jlusbs, nh tgb prnefbo, tgb inlf à Ztbp 5 `s tn sblrjg hnr tgb laswbrs tglt bfòàltb tgb jlusbs tn tgbsb prnefbos. ]g`s à`t`lf ernlm v`bw nh tgb wnrd w`ff


nhtbatòbs rbvblf tgb abbmbm laswbrs. Hnr bxlopfb, `h nur rnnt jlusb lalfys`s sgnwbm tglt tgb prnefbo pnàt wls tnn oujg sjrlp jlusbm ey bxjbss`vb glamfài nh tgb rlw oltbr`lfs, la lalfys`s nh tgb nvbrlff prnjbss wnufm erài nut wgbrb, wgba, lam ey wgno tgb oltbr`lfs wbrb nvbrglamfbm lam suiibst òprnvbobats na gnw tg`s glamfài jnufm eb rbmujbm tn prbvbat tgb sjrlp. Ygba wb qubst`na tgb wnrd wb glvb tn dbbp la npba oàm. Ls tgb ]Y@ mbvbfnpbrs pnàtbm nut, ‖]gb oàm `s f`db l plrljgutb”`t huajt`nas nafy wgba npba.‟ @h wb lrb inài tn ﬌am npbaàis lam nppnrtua`t`bs hnr òprnvbobat lam hnr snfvài prnefbos, `t `s lesnfutbfy abjbsslry tn juft`vltb la npba oàm. ]n mn tg`s wb oust mbvbfnp lam olàtlà l qubst`naài ltt`tumb. @a ntgbr wnrms, wb abbm tn qubst`na bvbrytgài lam abvbr ljjbpt lay obtgnm nr prnjbmurb ls ebài pbrhbjt. ]gb irbltbst nestljfb wb glvb à prnefbo snfvài `s ant jrbltbm ey tbjga`jlf m`h﬌juft`bs, eut rltgbr ey tgbobatlf rnlm efnjds wb sbt up hnr nursbfvbs wgba wb jfài tn tgb ltt`tumb tglt wb lfrblmy lrb usài tgb ebst obtgnms lvl`flefb. ]gb ]Y@ Srnefbo Znfvài jnursb pnàtbm nut tgrbb jnam`t`nas tglt supbrv`snrs abbm tn gbbm `h tgby lrb tn onvb na tn bhhbjt`vbfy snfvài l prnefbo w`tg l spbj`﬌j kne; <. Kust ebjlusb l kne `s mnab à l jbrtlà wly `s an prnnh `t `s tgb ebst wly. 5. Kust ebjlusb l kne `s mnab lt lff `s an prnnh tglt `t `s abjbsslry. :. ]gb hljt tglt tgb obtgnm nh mnài tgb kne gls ebba à bhhbjt hnr yblrs `s an prnnh tglt `t `s tgb ebst wly.

◱

=<0

=53

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]gbrb lrb olay tnnfs lvl`flefb tn us tnmly tn oldb tg`s dàm nh l ernlm lalfys`s. ]gb nrìàlf ]Y@ Srnefbo Znfvài olaulf tluigt tgb usb nh tgb ﬅnwjglrt, wg`jg, lt l iflajb, lffnws us tn sbb tgb rnutài lam tgb prnmujt`na ﬅnw nh tgb suekbjt ebài lalfyzbm (sbb Hìurb <5.8). ]gb suekbjt nh lalfys`s, wg`jg wb glvb `mbat`﬌bm à Ztbp < ls l prnefbo pnàt, jla eb l plrt, lssboefy, oltbr`lf, plpbrwnrd, btj., eut usulffy `t `s l plrt, sn tglt wb jla usb tgb ﬅnwjglrt tn rbsnfvb prnefbos w`tg wnrd obtgnms, flynut, tnnfs, oltbr`lfs, bqu`pobat, lam sn hnrtg. ]gb ﬅnwjglrt sgnws us tgb rbflt`nasg`p ebtwbba tgb suekbjt lam pr`nr lam suesbqubat npbrlt`nas, glamfàis, àspbjt`nas, lam stnrlibs. Ey jflr`hyài tgb eìibr p`jturb nh tgb prnefbo lrbl, wb wlat tn ‖jlst l w`mb abt‟ à nur sblrjg hnr tgb jnrrbjt snfut`na sn tglt wb mna‐t o`ss jr`t`jlf lrbls tglt glvb la àﬅubajb na tgb prnefbo. L sbjnam tnnf tgb ]Y@ obtgnm àtrnmujbm hnr tg`s purpnsb wls tgb ﬅnw m`lirlo, wg`jg wls anab ntgbr tgla l irlpg`j p`jturb, nr olp, nh tgb lrbl tn sgnw tgb onvbobat nh tgb suekbjt usài fàbs lam syoenfs (sbb Hìurb <5.9). ]g`s `s vbry sò`flr à olay wlys tn wglt wb prljt`jb à Fbla ls l stlamlrm wnrdsgbbt. @t i`vbs l onrb irlpg`j v`bw nh tgb lalfys`s lrbl lam oldbs `t blsy tn sbb tgb flynut nh tgb prnjbss à nrmbr tn oldb pflas, rbmujb trlvbf lam onvbobat, bfòàltb wlstbm spljb, btj. ]gbrb lrb ybt ntgbr, onrb jnatbopnrlry, Fbla tnnfs, sujg ls vlfub strblo olps lam stlamlrm wnrd jnoeàlt`na sgbbts, wg`jg jla eb usbm gbrb hnr tgb purpnsb nh v`bwài tgb kne ls l wgnfb à nrmbr tn m`sjnvbr wglt


HFNY JGLU] (BWLOSFB)

Zuekbjt Jglrtbm Slrt;^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Laifb Sfltb

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Oltbr`lf;^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Mbplrtobat;^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Sbrsna;^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Jglrtbm ey ;^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Slpbr Hnro;^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

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abbms tn eb mnab à nrmbr tn jnrrbjt tgb jlusbs nh nur prnefbo. ]gb dby `s ant wg`jg plrt`juflr tnnf `s usbm, eut rltgbr tglt wb ebià fnndài hnr laswbrs hrno l w`mb pbrspbjt`vb. Onrb spbj`﬌jlffy, wb abbm tn irlsp tgb ljtulf jnam`t`nas nh tgb wnrd wb glvb `mbat`﬌bm ls tgb prnefbo pnàt. @h nur lalfys`s eràis nut tgb `ssubs tglt abbm jnrrbjt`na, wb jla onvb na tn stbp :, wg`jg wnufm eb tn mbvbfnp l abw lam òprnvbm obtgnm tglt jnrrbjts tgb prnefbo. Gnwbvbr, onrb nhtba tgla ant, wglt wb fblra hrno tg`s nvbrlff lalfys`s `s ant abjbsslr`fy wglt spbj`﬌jlffy abbms tn eb jnrrbjtbm, eut nafy tgb fnjlt`na nh l spbj`﬌j kne nr s`tult`na tglt `s jlusài tgb trnuefb.

Srbplrb hnr Znfut`na nh Objgla`jlf Srnefbos; Zpbj`h`j Z`tult`na Lalfys`s Najb wb glvb fnjltbm tgb spbj`﬌j kne nr s`tult`na jlusài tgb trnuefb, wb tgba onvb na tn lalfyzb tg`s usài tgb Kne Obtgnms @oprnvbobat pfla. Gbrb wb tldb na tgb ﬌rst twn stbps nh tgb KO obtgnm, wg`jg lrb tn (<) erbld mnwa tgb kne lam (5) qubst`na bvbry mbtl`f. Ls wb fblra à tgb KO trlàài jnursb, tgb erbldmnwa `s l jnopfbtb lam ljjurltb rbjnrm nh tgb npbrlt`na olmb rìgt na tgb kne ls `t `s ljtulffy ebài mnab lam kust ls ynu sbb `t, ant ls ynu rboboebr `t nr ls ynu tgàd `t sgnufm eb mnab. @t f`sts lff tgb mbtl`fs nh tgb kne, bvbry sàifb tgài tglt glppbas, àjfumài lff oltbr`lf glamfài, glam wnrd, oljgàb wnrd, àspbjt`nas, lam mbflys. Najb wb glvb f`stbm lff tgb mbtl`fs, wb tgba onvb na tn qubst`na bljg lam bvbry mbtl`f usài tgb ﬌vb Y‐s lam nab G;

◱

=5:

=5=

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<. Ygy `s `t abjbsslry> ]g`s `s tgb onst òpnrtlat qubst`na lam ybt nhtbatòbs tgb glrmbst tn ibt laswbrbm. @h tgb mbtl`f `s ant abjbsslry, tgba `t jla eb bfòàltbm. 5. Yglt `s `ts purpnsb> @h wb‐rb glvài m`h﬌jufty laswbrài tgb wgy, tg`s `s l jgbjd qubst`na tn mbtbroàb `h tgb mbtl`f gls l usbhuf purpnsb nr lmms vlfub. @h tgb mbtl`f `s hnuam tn eb abjbsslry, tgba wb jnatàub na w`tg tgb ntgbr qubst`nas. :. Ygbrb sgnufm `t eb mnab> Ygbrb `s tgb ebst fnjlt`na tn mn tgb kne> Ygy `s `t mnab tgbrb> Ygbrb bfsb jnufm `t eb mnab> Jla `t eb jnoeàbm w`tg lantgbr mbtl`f> =. Ygba sgnufm `t eb mnab> Ygba `s tgb ebst tòb tn mn bljg mbtl`f> Oust `t hnffnw nr prbjbmb lantgbr mbtl`f> Lrb tgb mbtl`fs à prnpbr sbqubajb> Jla `t eb mnab sòuftlabnusfy w`tg lantgbr mbtl`f> 2. Ygn `s tgb ebst qulf`﬌bm tn mn `t> Ygn `s ebst qulf`﬌bm à tbros nh sd`ff, bxpbr`bajb, pgys`jlf strbaitg, lam lvl`fle`f`ty> 8. Gnw `s t gb ebst wly tn mn `t> Jla `t eb mnab bls`br lam slhbr> Jla tgb flynut nh tgb wnrdstlt`na eb òprnvbm> Lrb prnpbr tnnfs lam bqu`pobat ebài usbm> ]gb dby tn tg`s prnjbss `s tglt tgb laswbrs tn tgbsb qubst`nas, lsdbm babribt`jlffy lam tgnuigthuffy, lrb tgb `mbls tglt w`ff fblm tn òprnvbobats lam snfut`nas tn tgb prnefbo lt glam. Lt tg`s stlib, wb nafy wr`tb mnwa tgbsb `mbls na nur erbldmnwa sgbbt lam mn ant tldb lay ljt`na ybt4 tglt w`ff eb tldba up à tgb abxt stbp wgba wb jnrrbjt tgb prnefbo. Yb lrb fnndài hnr abw `mbls na gnw tn mn tgb wnrd tglt rbonvb tgb prnefbo pnàtstglt


lrb jlusài tgb prnefbo. Ey qubst`naài tgb mbtl`fs nh tgb wnrd obtgnm lrnuam tglt prnefbo pnàt, wb jla jnob up w`tg laswbrs tn snfvb tgb prnefbo. ]gb Srnefbo Znfvài jnursb lmmbm nab onrb fbvbf nh lalfys`s gbrb tglt `s ant plrt nh tgb KO obtgnm. ]glt `s, tn fnnd lt tgb tgrbb plrts nh lay kne; <. Oldb rblmy. ]g`s `s tgb tòb lam bhhnrt spbat à ibttài tgàis rblmy, sujg ls oltbr`lfs, tnnfs, bqu`pobat, btj. Lfsn, tgb pfljài nh oltbr`lfs nr plrts à tgb ablrey wnrd lrbls, hrno jlrts, jnatlàbrs, rljds, lam sn na. @t àjfumbs ]ntlf Srnmujt`vb Olàtbalajb (]SO) jgbjds, 2Z ljt`v`t`bs, lam slhbty prbjlut`nas. 5. Mn. ]g`s `s tgb wnrd tglt ljtulffy mnbs ljjnopf`sg tgb mbs`rbm nekbjt`vb lam lmms vlfub tn tgb ﬌alf prnmujt nr sbrv`jb. :. Sut lwly. ]g`s àjfumbs lff tgb mbtl`fs abjbsslry tn jnopfbtb tgb kne lhtbr tgb mn npbrlt`na `s jnopfbtb. @t àjfumbs sbttài tgb plrt ls`mb nr pfljài `t na jlrts, à jnatlàbrs, na rljds, na jnavbynrs, btj. @t wnufm lfsn àjfumb plpbrwnrd lam rbpfljài tnnfs. Ygba qubst`naài tgb mbtl`fs nh tgb kne, wb sgnufm ﬌rst mbtbroàb wg`jg nh tgb tgrbb typbs nh wnrd bljg mbtl`f jnas`sts nh, lam tgba qubst`na tgbmn mbtl`fs ﬌rst. @h tgby lrb hnuam tn eb uaabjbsslry, tgba tgbrb `s an abbm tn qubst`na tgb rbst nh tgb npbrlt`na lrnuam tglt uaabjbsslry mbtl`f. @h tgb mn mbtl`f `s abjbsslry, tgba wb jnatàub tn qubst`na tgb oldb rblmy lam put lwly mbtl`fs. @a hljt, tgb irbltbst nppnrtua`ty hnr òprnvbobat `s à tgb oldb rblmy lam put lwly mbtl`fs ebjlusb tgby lmm tn tgb tòb lam jnst eut ant tn tgb vlfub nh tgb prnmujt

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=52

=58

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nr sbrv`jb ebài jrbltbm. @a onst knes, fbss tgla 23% nh tgb tntlf tòb tn ibt tgbo mnab `s tldba up ey tgbmn plrt nh tgb kne, lam sn tgbsb ana-vlfub-lmmbm mbtl`fs sgnufm eb qubst`nabm w`tg òprnvbobats à oàm. ]n suo up Ztbp 5 hnr snfvài objgla`jlf prnefbos, wb sgnufm; <. Lalfyzb tgb nvbrlff s`tult`na usài tnnfs sujg ls tgb ﬅnwjglrt nr ﬅnw m`lirlo. 5. Oldb l kne erbldmnwa nh tgb spbj`﬌j kne wgbrb tgb trnuefb `s fnjltbm. :. \ubst`na tgb mbtl`fs tn ﬌am `mbls upna wg`jg wb jla oldb tgb abbmbm jnrrbjt`na.

Srbplrb hnr Znfut`na nh Sbnpfb Srnefbos; Mna‐t Danw/Jla‐t Mn Yg`fb snob prnefbos lrb objgla`jlf à alturb, tgb trutg nh tgb olttbr `s tglt lfonst lff nh tgbo lrb, à snob wly nr lantgbr, pbnpfb prnefbos. Yb sl`m tglt wb jla erbld mnwa tgbsb pbnpfb prnefbos àtn hnur m`stàjt typbs; pbnpfb wgn mna‐t danw nr mna‐t uambrstlam tgb wnrd lssìabm tn tgbo, tgnsb wgn jla‐t mn tgb wnrd mub tn fljd nh sd`ff nr prljt`jb, pbnpfb wgn mna‐t jlrb lenut tgb wnrd lam tgus lrb ant ont`vltbm tn mn tgb wnrd prnpbrfy, lam tgnsb wgn rbhusb tn hnffnw àstrujt`nas lam wna‐t mn tgb wnrd ls lssìabm. Yb jnufm tgàd nh olay rblsnas hnr wgy tgbsb pbnpfb prnefbos njjur. Na jlrbhuf jnas`mbrlt`na, tgnuig, wb jla en`f tgbo mnwa tn tgrbb olà jlusbs; hlufty àstrujt`na, àjnrrbjt lssìaobat, nr pbrsnalf`ty s`tult`nas tglt àtbrhbrb w`tg tgb glronay nh l innm wnrd bav`rnaobat.


Gbrb fbt‐s tldb up tgb ﬌rst twn jltbinr`bs nhmna‐t danw lam jla‐t mn, wg`jg lrb nutjnobs mub tn hlufty àstrujt`na. Yglt mn wb obla ey hlufty àstrujt`na> Yb jla jltbinr`zb hlufty àstrujt`na àtn hnur jltbinr`bs; <. @asuh﬌j`bat àstrujt`na 5. @ajnrrbjt àstrujt`na :. @abh﬌j`bat àstrujt`na =. An àstrujt`na ]gb abxt qubst`na, tgba, `s wgy mn tgbsb hlufty àstrujt`na s`tult`nas njjur> ]gb olknr jlusb nh tgbsb pnnr hnros nh àstrujt`na wnufm eb tglt f`ttfb nr an prbplrlt`na gls ebba mnab nh tgb àstrujtnr, tgb wnrdpfljb, nr tgb fblrabr. Lam tgbsb lrb kust tgb pnàts tldba up à tgb prbplrlt`na pnrt`na nh tgb Kne @astrujt`na obtgnm, wg`jg wb jlff Ibt Ublmy tn @astrujt. ]gbrb lrb hnur tgàis wb mn ebhnrb wb àstrujt; <. Oldb l tòbtlefb hnr trlàài 5. Erbld mnwa tgb kne :. Ibt bvbrytgài rblmy =. Lrrlaib tgb wnrds`tb Gbrb lilà wb w`ff ant in àtn lff tgb mbtl`fs nh tgb obtgnm, wg`jg jla eb hnuam à ]gb ]Y@ Ynrdennd. Er`bﬅy, wgba oldài l trlàài tòbtlefb, wb mbtbroàb wgn tn trlà na wg`jg kne lam ey wgba. ]gb wgn lam na wg`jg kne hljtnrs lrb hnuam à Ztbp <, @snfltb tgb Srnefbo, wgbrb wb `mbat`﬌bm tgb prnefbo pnàt jlusài tgb prnefbo. Yglt `s fbht `s tn oldb l pfla tn mbtbroàb wgba wb w`ff mn tgb àstrujt`na. @a lmm`t`na, wb lfsn jnas`mbr `h `t

◱

=59

=57

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sgnufm eb erndba up àtn solffbr àstrujt`nalf ua`ts hnr blsb nh trlàài lam bhhbjt`vbabss lam, `h sn, fnnd lt tgb nrmbr à wg`jg wb w`ff àstrujt tgbsb solffbr ua`ts. Najb wb glvb olmb l pfla hnr trlàài, abxt wb erbld mnwa tgb kne sn tglt wb glvb antbs tn jfblrfy nrila`zb tgb kne à nur oàms wgba tbljgài. ]gb olà rblsna hnr pnnr nr àjnopfbtb àstrujt`na `s tglt tgb pbrsna trlàài tgb kne m`m ant tldb tgb tòb tn `mbat`hy tgb jr`t`jlf hljtnrs à tgb kne, lam tgb basuài jnahus`na fblms tn o`stldbs, rbkbjts, ljj`mbats, mbflys, tnnf lam bqu`pobat mlolib, oltbr`lf wlstlib, fnss nh prnmujt`v`ty, rbmujt`na à onrlfb, btj. ]gb kne erbldmnwa lffnws ynu tn put nvbr tgb kne tn tgb fblrabr qu`jdfy lam jnopfbtbfy ebjlusb ynu danw kust wglt àhnrolt`na ynu abbm, à tgb rìgt lonuat, lam à tgb jnrrbjt nrmbr. ]gb jnatbat nh tgb erbldmnwa àjfumbs òpnrtlat stbps (wglt `s mnab), dby pnàts (gnw `t `s mnab), lam rblsnas hnr dby pnàts (wgy `t `s mnab tglt wly). Oldài erbldmnwas hnr Kne @astrujt`na `s tgb onst jr`t`jlf plrt nh tgb obtgnm lam tldbs irblt sd`ff lam prljt`jb. @a plrt`juflr, wgba wb tbljg tgb dby pnàts, wb jla eb surb tglt npbrltnrs danw gnw tn mn tgb knes jnrrbjtfy, slhbfy, lam bls`fy. ]gbsb dby pnàts lrb tgàis tglt oldb nr erbld tgb kne (`t gls tn eb mnab kust tglt wly), tgàis tglt àkurb tgb wnrdbr (slhbty), lam tgàis tglt oldb tgb wnrd bls`br tn mn (l daljd nr hbbf hnr tgb kne, l t`p nr l spbj`lf p`bjb nh tòài). ]gbsb erbldmnwas mna‐t try tn jnvbr bvbry sàifb tgài tglt glppbas à l kne, eut lrb kust sòpfb, jnoonasbasb rboàmbrs nh wglt `s dby tn pbrhnroài tgb kne. Anw tglt tgb àstrujtnr `s prbplrbm tn tbljg, tgb abxt tgài `s tn prbplrb tgb wnrdpfljb. Yb sgnufm glvb bvbrytgài rblmy, f`db tnnfs, oltbr`lfs, bqu`pobat, suppf`bs,


lam laytgài bfsb abjbsslry tn tbljgài tgb kne. @h wb hnribt snobtgài lam oldb bxjusbs, nr usb oldbsg`ht tnnfs lam plrts, wb sbt l fnw stlamlrm hnr tgb wnrd lam fnsb tgb rbspbjt nh tgb wnrdbr. Yb lfsn abbm tn glvb tgb wnrdpfljb prnpbrfy lrrlaibm, kust ls wb wnufm wlat `t olàtlàbm à ljtulf wnrdài jnam`t`nas. Ntgbrw`sb, pbnpfb w`ff hlff àtn elm gle`ts lam ljj`mbats lrb onrb f`dbfy tn njjur. @a ntgbr wnrms, wb abbm tn sbt tgb rìgt bxlopfb ebjlusb tgbsb ﬌rst òprbss`nas nh tgb kne tgby lrb fblraài w`ff jlrry na àtn tgb huturb lam lhhbjt tgb rbsufts wb ibt onvài hnrwlrm. ]gb ﬌alf tgài wb abbm tn prbplrb hnr snfut`na à tgbsb typbs nh pbnpfb prnefbos `s tn prbplrb tgb fblrabr. ]g`s `s ljtulffy Ztbp < nh tgb Kne @astrujt`na obtgnm, lam `t ibts tgb fblrabr à tgb prnpbr hrlob nh oàm tn eb rblmy tn fblra. Gbrb wb; ◱ ◱ ◱ ◱ ◱

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Sut tgb pbrsna lt blsb Ztltb tgb kne Hàm nut wglt tgb pbrsna lfrblmy danws Ibt tgb pbrsna àtbrbstbm à fblraài tgb kne Bxpflà tnnfs, bqu`pobat, lam slhbty iblr (tg`s `s la lmm`t`nalf `tbo put àtn tgb K@ obtgnm w`tg tgb Srnefbo Znfvài jnursb) Sfljb tgb pbrsna à tgb jnrrbjt pns`t`na

]n suo up, à nrmbr tn prbplrb tn àstrujt wb sgnufm; <. Srbplrb ynursbfh (tgb àstrujtnr) 5. Srbplrb tgb wnrdpfljb :. Srbplrb tgb fblrabr

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=50

=:3

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Srbplrb hnr Znfut`na nh Sbnpfb Srnefbos; Mna‐t Jlrb/Yna ‐t Mn Srnefbos jnajbraài pbnpfb wgn mna‐t jlrb nr wna‐t mn lrb s`tult`nas jnajbraài ltt`tumb lam ebglv`nr tglt lrb uaw`bfmy lam m`h﬌juft tn glamfb. ]gb Kne Ubflt`nas onmufb nh ]Y@ wls sbt up spbj`﬌jlffy tn glamfb tgbsb dàms nh prnefbos lam, onrb òpnrtlatfy, tn sgnw supbrv`snrs wlys tn prbvbat tgbo hrno glppbaài nr, wgba tgby mn njjur, gnw tn ibt àtn tgbo blrfy, wg`fb tgby lrb st`ff solff lam blsy tn rbsnfvb. @a hljt, tgb hnur-stbp obtgnm nh KU `s lpprnpr`ltbfy t`tfbm ‖Gnw tn glamfb l prnefbo.‟ Zn `t sgnufm ant eb surpr`sài tn sbb gnw tgb KU obtgnm, kust ls `t wls tluigt à tgb nrìàlf jnursb, ﬌ts à pbrhbjtfy w`tg tgb prnefbo-snfvài prnirlo. @a nrmbr tn prbplrb hnr snfut`na, ﬌rst wb ibt tgb hljts, wg`jg oblas wb glvb tn eb surb wb glvb tgb wgnfb stnry. Ubv`bwài tgb rbjnrm nh tgb jlsb `s l wly nh ebài surb wb danw tgb huff eljdirnuam nh gnw tgb prnefbo int tn `ts prbsbat pnàt. Lam sàjb tg`s `s l prnefbo w`tg pbnpfb, tgbrb lrb surb tn eb rufbs lam justnos tglt lppfy. Uufbs lrb jnam`t`nas invbraài jnamujt lam ebglv`nr lam lrb wr`ttba mnwa à l pnf`jy olaulf tglt supbrv`snrs abbm tn danw lam le`mb ey. Justnos, na tgb ntgbr glam, lrb prbjbmbats nr uawr`ttba rufbs, lam olay tòbs tgbsb lrb bvba strnaibr tgla tgb wr`ttba rufbs. Zupbrv`snrs oust tldb tgbsb àtn jnas`mbrlt`na ls wbff. Ygbrb supbrv`snrs usulffy hlff mnwa, tgnuig, à hl`fài tn prbplrb hnr l snfut`na tn l pbnpfb prnefbo, `s tglt tgby mna‐t tlfd w`tg tgb àm`v`mulfs jnajbrabm à nrmbr tn ibt tgb`r npà`nas lam hbbfàis. ]g`s `s dby tn


ibttài tgb hljts ebjlusb wglt l pbrsna tgàds nr hbbfs, wgbtgbr rìgt nr wrnai, `s l hljt tn tglt pbrsna lam oust eb trbltbm ls sujg. @h wb hl`f tn gblr gò nr gbr nut lam fblra wgbrb tglt elm ebglv`nr `s jnoài hrno, tgba wb‐ff abvbr eb lefb tn tldb tgb jnrrbjt ljt`na tglt snfvbs tgb prnefbo. Yb‐ff nafy eb ljtài na lssuopt`nas, usulffy wrnai nabs, lam lttljdài syoptnos tglt mn ant ibt tn tgb rnnt jlusb nh tgb prnefbo. Lhtbr wb ibt tgb hljts, tgb abxt tgài tn mn `s tn wbìg lam mbj`mb, à ntgbr wnrms, tn lalfyzb tgb hljts lam bvlfultb npt`nas sn tglt wb jla mbj`mb na l jnursb nh ljt`na. ]g`s lalfys`s wnufm àjfumb ﬌ttài tgb hljts tnibtgbr wg`fb fnndài hnr ilps nr jnatrlm`jt`nas à tgb hljts. Ls wb sbb tgb jnaabjt`nas ebài olmb, wb tgba jnas`mbr tgb`r eblràis na bljg ntgbr, fnndài hnr jlusblam-bhhbjt rbflt`nasg`ps tglt gbfp us uambrstlam tgb s`tult`na. Elsbm na tg`s uambrstlamài, wb tgba jnas`mbr wglt pnssèfb ljt`nas tgbrb lrb, ebài surb tglt tgbsb jnahnro tn prljt`jbs lam pnf`j`bs. Yb lrb anw rblmy tn bvlfultb tgbsb npt`nas, jnas`mbrài wgbtgbr bljg npt`na obbts nur nekbjt`vb lam wglt bhhbjt `t w`ff glvb na tgb àm`v`mulf, tgb irnup, lam prnmujt`na. ]grnuig tg`s jlrbhuf jnas`mbrlt`na nh tgb hljts, wb jla eb surb tglt wb mna‐t kuop tn jnajfus`nas lam tldb l rlsg ljt`na, sn jnoona wgba `t jnobs tn mblfài w`tg pbnpfb prnefbos, tglt uftòltbfy bams up ant snfvài tgb prnefbo. ]gb lenvb `tbos à `tlf`js jnob m`rbjtfy hrno tgb KU hnur-stbp obtgnm. ]gb Srnefbo Znfvài jnursb lmmbm l hbw lmm`t`nalf pnàts tn jnas`mbr , wg`jg nafy hurtgbr baglajbm tgb guola lspbjt nh tgb prnirlo. Yg`fb bvlfultài tgb pnssèfb ljt`nas, `t lmv`sbm supbrv`snrs tn jnas`mbr;

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Yglt w`ff tgb rbsufts nh tgb ljt`na eb> \ubst`na tgb psyjgnfni`jlf bhhbjt Mna‐t gurt tgb pbrsna‐s pr`mb Fblvb l wly npba hnr tgb àm`v`mulf tn slvb hljb

Ztbp :; Jnrrbjt tgb Srnefbo Ls wb slw à Ztbp 5, tgb jnatbats à Ztbp :, Jnrrbjt tgb Srnefbo, jnob m`rbjtfy hrno tgb hnur-stbp obtgnms nh KO, K@, lam KU. Yb‐ff er`bﬅy suoolr`zb tgb gìgfìgts nh bljg obtgnm, eut hnr l huff mbsjr`pt`na nh gnw bljg `s usbm, rbhbr tn ]gb ]Y@ Ynrdennd. ]gb jnatbats nh Ztbp : lrb sbba à Hìurb <5.7.

Mbvbfnp tgb Abw Obtgnm lam Sut Jnrrbjt`na àtn Bhhbjt Hnr objgla`jlf prnefbos, wb jla oldb jnrrbjt`nas wgba wb òprnvb tgb obtgnm à sujg l wly tglt tgb jlusbs nh tgb prnefbo lrb rbonvbm. Yb jla oldb òprnvbobats wgba tgb mbtl`fs nh tgb obtgnm lrb bfòàltbm, jnoeàbm, rblrrlaibm, nr sòpf`﬌bm. Ygba wbbfòàltb uaabjbsslry mbtl`fs, wb rbonvb wlstb à nur uslib nh olapnwbr, oljgàbs, tnnfs, oltbr`lfs, tòb, btj. Yb jnoeàb mbtl`fs wgba prljt`jlf à nrmbr tn òprnvb prnefbos w`tg trlaspnrtlt`na, àspbjt`nas, mbflys, lam stnrlib. Yb rblrrlaib mbtl`fs hnr ebttbr sbqubajb wgba tgb prnefbo `s nab jnajbraài fnjlt`na nr bxjbss`vb glamfàis, eljdtrljdài, mbflys, ljj`mbat glzlrms, olàtbalajb


a n `t j L b d l ]

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f s`f l `jt l t jl o b fb m rp e m n yr a n r g t l b fS s w g b l O b j j s`f ` b a w l l b a t g A a u b j m b b b t b t O g l a ` p à e o fn o n b f`B J v . . b < 5 M

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m n g t rs b s`f b g o t l t n w b b g m `t a yr w m b sb p s n sl l b ` n j m r rp b u a n ff y b t l t g p y`h u n u f d p r t`b ò n r Z . Y . Y . = 2 8

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pnssè`f`t`bs, nr wnrdài jnam`t`nas. Lam wbsòpf`hy lff abjbsslry mbtl`fs wgba tgb rbsnfut`na nh tgb prnefbo f`bs à rbmujài anaprnmujt`vb wnrd ont`nas nr oldài tgb wnrd bls`br lam slhbr tn mn. Yb lrb lefb tn oldb tgbsb dàms nh òprnvbobats elsbm na tgb `mbls wb hnuam à Ztbp 5, Srbplrb hnr Znfut`na. @a mbvbfnpài tgb abw obtgnm, `t `s jr`t`jlf tn wr`tb `t mnwa à tgb hnro nh l prnpnslf. ]g`s wr`ttba prnpnslf, wg`jg àjfumbs bxpflalt`nas nh tgb jurrbat lam tgb prnpnsbm obtgnms, ls wbff ls tgb bxpbjtbm rbsufts, w`ff eb àm`spbaslefb wgba wb lppfy tgb abw obtgnm, à ntgbr wnrms, wgba wb sbff tgb prnpnslf tn nur enss lam ibt ﬌alf lpprnvlfs nh lff jnajbrabm na slhbty, qulf`ty, qulat`ty, jnst, btj. @t w`ff eb blsy hnr tgbsb ntgbr plrt`bs tn rbjnia`zb lam lpprnvb nur jglaibs wgba tgby danw wgbrb nur `mbls jlob hrno lam gnw tgby w`ff in lenut snfvài tgb prnefbo lt glam. @a lmm`t`na, wb oust lfsn oldb la bhhnrt tn sbff tgb abw obtgnm tn tgb npbrltnrs ebjlusb, w`tgnut tgb`r jnnpbrlt`na, tgb jglaibs w`ff ant eb òpfbobatbm lam tgb prnefbo w`ff jnatàub. ]gb ebst wly nh ibttài tg`s jnnpbrlt`na `s tn àvnfvb tgb npbrltnrs rìgt hrno tgb stlrt nh tgb òprnvbobat prnjbss, usài tgb`r `mbls, lfnai w`tg lay ntgbrs, lami`vài jrbm`t wgba mub. Hàlffy, wb oust ant fbt wl`tài d`ff nur `mbls lam put tgb abw obtgnm tn wnrd rìgt lwly.

@astrujt tgb Fblrabr Hnr prnefbos jnajbraài pbnpfb wgn mna‐t danw nr jla‐t mn, à Ztbp 5 wb prbplrbm nursbfvbs, tgb wnrdpfljb, lam tgb fblrabr hnr àstrujt`na. @t `s nur tlsd à Ztbp : tn mbf`vbr tglt àstrujt`na lam tbljg tgb fblrabrs gnw tn


mn tgb kne jnrrbjtfy, slhbfy, lam jnasj`bat`nusfy à nrmbr bfòàltb prnefbos tglt rbsuft à sjrlp, rbwnrd, mbflys, ljj`mbats, mlolibm tnnfs lam bqu`pobat, spn`flib nh oltbr`lfs, fnw prnmujt`v`ty, btj. Yb prbsbat tgb npbrlt`na, tbffài wglt ynu lrb sgnwài, nab òpnrtlat stbp lt l tòb, hnffnwài tgb kne erbldmnwa sgbbt wb olmb à Ztbp 5. ]gba wb mn tgb kne lilà, tg`s tòb strbssài tgb dby pnàts hnr bljg stbp, lilà hnffnwài tgb erbldmnwa sgbbt. Yb mn `t ybt nab onrb tòb, bxpflàài tgb rblsnas hnr tgb dby pnàts. Yb jla rbpblt tg`s ls nhtba ls abjbsslry uat`f tgby huffy uambrstlam tgb kne. Najb tgby uambrstlam gnw `t `s mnab, tgba glvb tgbo mn `t à l try-nut pbrhnrolajb. ]gb ﬌rst tòb tgby pbrhnro tgb kne, eb surb tn jnrrbjt lay brrnrs sn tgby mna‐t mbvbfnp elm gle`ts”wb mn ant wlat tgbo tn fblra hrno tgb`r o`stldbs, eut tn rbpblt tgb jnrrbjt pbrhnrolajb tglt wls prbsbatbm tn tgbo ey tgb àstrujtnr. Najb ynu lrb surb tgby lrb lefb tn mn tgb kne jnrrbjtfy, glvb tgbo mn `t lilà, tbffài ynu tgb òpnrtlat stbps ls tgby sgnw ynu tgb kne stbp ey stbp. Glvb tgbo mn `t lilà, tg`s tòb strbssài tgb dby pnàts. Glvb tgbo stltb tgb rblsnas hnr bljg dby pnàt ls tgby mn `t l hnurtg tòb. Pnu jla rbpblt tg`s prnjbss uat`f ynu lrb jnopfbtbfy jna﬌mbat tglt tgby uambrstlam tgb kne huffy. Lt tg`s pnàt, ynu jla put tgbo na tgb`r nwa, strbssài tgb abbm tn ply lttbat`na tn tgb`r abw wnrd à tbros nh qulf`ty lam slhbty. Eb surb tn bajnurlib tgbo tn lsd hnr gbfp wgba abbmbm. ]gby lrb anw lefb tn mn tgb kne, eut tgby lrb ant ybt bxpbr`bajbm lt `t, lam prnefbos lam qubst`nas w`ff jbrtlàfy jnob up. Sbnpfb lrb lfonst lfwlys gbs`tlat tn lsd hnr gbfp ebjlusb tgby sbb `t, o`stldbafy, ls l sìa nh wbldabss lam lrb lhrl`m nh abilt`vb

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jnasbqubajbs sgnufm tgby sgnwtgb`r ìanrlajb. Fbt tgbo danw tglt ynu lrb rblmy lam w`ffài tn gbfp wgba abbmbm, lam lssìa l eljdup pbrsna à jlsb ynu lrb ant lrnuam. Olay mbjlmbs nh bxpbr`bajb gls sgnwa tglt hnffnwài tg`s obtgnm nh àstrujt`na prnmujbs innm rbsufts lam prbvbats olay, `h ant onst, nh tgb jnoona mly-tnmly prnefbos supbrv`snrs glvb tn mblf w`tg. @a hljt, l gìg pbrjbatlib nh prnmujt`na prnefbos jla eb trljbm eljd tn pnnr trlàài, lam tgb K@ obtgnm `s l pnwbrhuf oblas nh snfvài tgbsb prnefbos.

]ldb Ljt`na na tgb Srnefbo Hnr prnefbos jnajbraài pbnpfb wgn mna‐t jlrb nr wna‐t mn, tgbsb prnefbos rbqu`rb qu`jd lam jlrbhuf snfut`na. @a Ztbp 5, wb jnffbjtbm tgb hljts, wbìgbm tgbo jlrbhuffy, lam jlob tn l mbj`s`na na gnw tn ﬌x tgb prnefbo. Anw, à Ztbp : wb glvb tn tldb ljt`na na tgb prnefbo lam oldb tgb jnrrbjt`na. ]gb òpnrtlat tgàis tn rboboebr gbrb lrb; ◱

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Lrb ynu inài tn glamfb tg`s ynursbfh> @s `t ynur rbspnasè`f`ty tn mblf w`tg tg`s prnefbo, nr sgnufm ynu plss `t na tn snobnab bfsb> Mn ynu abbm gbfp glamfài `t> Mn ynu glvb tgb le`f`ty tn tldb tg`s ljt`na, nr mn ynu abbm gbfp hrno guola rbsnurjbs, fbilf, prnhbss`nalf jnuasbfnrs, btj.> Zgnufm ynu rbhbr tg`s tn ynur supbrv`snr> h@ ynu glvb tgb lutgnr`ty tn tldb tgb ljt`na, mna‐t entgbr ynur enss. Yltjg tgb tòài nh ynur ljt`na. Yglt `s tgb ebst tòb lam pfljb tn tldb tgb ljt`na>


]gb prnefbo-snfvài olaulf lmmbm l hbw onrb pnàts tn jnas`mbr, up lam lenvb tgb obtgnm tluigt à tgb KU prnirlo. Gbrb lilà, tgby wbrb vbry jnajbrabm w`tg tgb guola lpprnljg tn prnefbo snfvài lam strbssbm tgb nvbrlrjgài abbm, ls m`jtltbm à tgb KU obtgnm, nh olàtlàài strnai rbflt`nas w`tg tgb pbnpfb bvba ls ynu in lenut tldài ljt`na na prnefbos tglt jnajbra tgbo; ◱

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Bxpflà tgb ljt`na tn tgb pbrsna”wgy `t `s ebst hnr gò nr gbr. I`vb lmvlatlibs lam ebab﬌ts4 ibt ljjbptlajb. Jnas`mbr tgb pbrsna‐s hbbfàis lam ltt`tumbs wgba ynu tldb tgb ljt`na. Zbjurb jfblr uambrstlamài. @ahnro bvbrynab àvnfvbm.

Ebjlusb mblfài w`tg pbnpfb prnefbos `s uajnohnrtlefb lam uapfblslat, `t `s vbry tboptài tn plss tgbo na tn ntgbrs, f`db ynur enss nr tgb GU mbplrtobat. Ygba wb mn tglt, tgnuig, wb fnsb stlamài w`tg nur pbnpfb, lam tglt prnpbfs tgb mnwawlrm sp`rlf nh mbtbr`nrltài guola rbflt`nas. Ygba tldài ljt`na na prnefbos, wb oust abvbr plss tgb eujd.

Ztbp =; Jgb jd lam Bvlfultb Ubsufts Najb tgb jnrrbjt`na nh tgb prnefbo gls ebba olmb, `t `s v`tlf tn basurb tglt `t tldbs gnfm lam st`jds lam tglt tgb prnefbo mnbs ant rbnjjur. ]gb jnatbats nh tg`s stbp lrb ls hnffnws;

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Hnffnw up tn sbb tglt tgb jglaib nr jnrrbjt`na gls ebba olmb. Yglt òprnvbobat mn tgb rbjnrms sgnw à qulf`ty, qulat`ty, slhbty, lam jnst> Jnas`mbr tgb guola laifb. Antb jglaibs à ltt`tumbs lam rbflt`nasg`ps. @ahnro lff tgnsb jnajbrabm nh tgb prnirbss lam rbsufts nh tgb ljt`na nr jnrrbjt`na. Fnnd hnr wlys tn prbvbat l rbjurrbajbnh tgb prnefbo.

Ls nab wnufm bxpbjt, tgb dby gbrb `s tn ﬌am lam bvlfultb mltl tglt sgnw tglt tgb jnrrbjt`na gls wnrdbm, lam tn mn tg`s wb jla rbhbr tn rbjnrms na prnmujt`na, qulf`ty, jnst, slhbty, prnmujt`v`ty, lttbamlajb, ir`bvlajbs, lam sn na. ]gb obtgnm lfsn strbssbs tglt, najb wb glvb tg`s àhnrolt`na, wb àhnro lff tgnsb jnajbrabm na tgb prnirbss ebài olmb lam tgb rbsufts nh tgb jnrrbjt`na. ]g`s `s plrt`juflrfy òpnrtlat wgba wb jnas`mbr tgb hljt tglt snobtòbs nur ljt`nas tn jnrrbjt prnefbos oly ljtulffy jrbltb abw prnefbos. Ey dbbpài l jfnsb jgbjd na tg`s pnssè`f`ty lam dbbpài bvbrynab àhnrobm nh tgb jglaibs olmb lam rbsufts netlàbm, wb jla eb surb tglt tgb prnefbo gls ebba snfvbm à l wly tglt slt`s﬌bs lff plrt`bs. Ls wb glvb sbba tgrnuignut tg`s prnjbss, lam à tgb nvbrlff ]Y@ pg`fnsnpgy, tgb guola laifb `s lfwlys i`vba spbj`lf lttbat`na, lam bvba onrb sn gbrb ebjlusb wgbabvbr jglaibs lrb olmb, pbnpfb w`ff àbv`tlefy eu`fm up rbs`stlajb nr rbsbatobat tn tgb jglaib. ]gbsb dàms nh abilt`vb hbbfàis w`ff prbsbat tgbosbfvbs à tgb ltt`tumbs, ebglv`nr, lam rbflt`nasg`p s`tult`nas nh tgb pbnpfb”ant nafy tgb pbnpfb m`rbjtfy àvnfvbm w`tg tgb prnefbo, eut


lfsn tgb nvbrlff irnup tglt w`ff eb lhhbjtbm ey tgb jglaib. @t `s sòpfy l plrt nh guola alturb tglt pbnpfb rbljt tn jglaib ls l tgrblt tn tgb`r els`j abbms surrnuamài tgb`r knes; stle`f`ty, rbjnia`t`na, sbjur`ty, nppnrtua`ty, plrt`j`plt`na, kne slt`shljt`na, btj. Ygba pbnpfb rbs`st jglaib, `t `s la bont`nalf rbljt`na elsbm na hblr, ant rblsna. ]gby hblr tglt tgb`r hlo`f`lr rnutàbs w`ff eb upsbt, hnrjài l jglaib à tgb wnrd gle`ts tgby glvb ebjnob ljjustnobm tn. ]gby wnrry `h tgby w`ff eb lefb tn fblra tgb abw obtgnms lam wglt bhhbjt tgbsb abw obtgnms w`ff glvb na tgb`r nutput lam tgb`r wnrdài jnam`t`nas. Ygba oldài jglaibs tn jnrrbjt prnefbos, tgba, tbffài pbnpfb à lmvlajb lenut tgnsb jglaibs w`ff gbfp plvb tgb wly hnr ljjbptlajb. @a plrt`juflr, tbffài tgbo wgy `t abjbsslry à l jfblr, sòpfb, lam jnaj`sb olaabr wg`fb sgnwài tgb ebab﬌ts nh tgb jglaib tn bvbrynab àvnfvbm gbfps tn tldb mnwa tgb rbs`stlajb. @h antgài bfsb, kust i`vài tgbo l jglajb tn ‖efnw nhh stblo‟ lam glvb snob sly à tgb olttbr w`ff gbfp tgbo tn lirbb tn tgb abw stlamlrms. Nhtbatòbs pbnpfb àtbrprbt nur bhhnrt tn snfvb prnefbos ls l pbrsnalf jr`t`j`so. @a ntgbr wnrms, tgby sbb tgb jglaib ls l wly nh efloài tgbo hnr wglt gls ebba mnab à tgb plst lam up tn anw. Sbnpfb mn ant f`db ebài tnfm tgby lrb wrnai, sn à m`sjussài tgb prnefbo jnrrbjt`na wb glvb tn tldb spbj`lf jlrb tn rbhrlà hrno jr`t`j`so lam oldb `t jfblr tglt wb lrb fnndài hnr jnastrujt`vb ljt`nas na snfvài prnefbos. ]ldb spbj`lf jlrb, ls wbff, wgba mblfài w`tg tgb pbnpfb wgn nrìàlffy prnpnsbm nr àstlffbm tgb jurrbat obtgnms sn tgby mn ant hbbf tgb abbm tn mbhbam wglt tgby glvb mnab à tgb plst.

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=:0

==3

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Zuoolry Ebjlusb tgb ]Y@ Srnefbo Znfvài obtgnm jnatlàs tgb huff mbptg nh lff tgrbb nh tgb ntgbr ]Y@ obtgnms, `t `s l oujg eìibr lam rneust prnirlo. ]n prnpbrfy usb `t, tgba, l supbrv`snr oust eb wbff vbrsbm à Kne Obtgnms @oprnvbobat, Kne @astrujt`na, lam Kne Ubflt`nas sd`ffs. ]gb prljt`jb nh tgbsb tgrbb bssbat`lf sd`ffs `s tgb prljt`jb nh prnefbo snfvài, w`tg tgb lmm`t`na nh tgb lff-òpnrtlat Ztbp <, `snfltài tgb prnefbo”﬌amài tgb trub rnnt jlusb ﬌rst. Najb wb glvb `mbat`﬌bm tgbsb rnnt jlusbs, nr prnefbo pnàts, wb jla qu`jdfy lam bhhbjt`vbfy usb nur ]Y@ sd`ffs tn erài tgb prnefbo tn rbsnfut`na. @a tg`s wly, tgb ]Y@ lpprnljg tn prnefbo snfvài i`vbs rbabwbm oblaài tn tgb ]Y@ sd`ffs lam lffnws hrnat-fàb supbrv`snrs tn snfvb tgb`r bvbrymly prnefbos usài tgb ]Y@ sd`ffs tgby lfrblmy pnssbss. @t lfsn gìgfìgts tgb trub fblmbrsg`p pntbat`lf lvl`flefb tn supbrv`snrs wgba tgby olstbr tgbsb bssbat`lf sd`ffs. L irblt fblmbr `s nab wgn jla iu`mb tgb tblo tn `ts nekbjt`vbs ey nvbrjnoài tgb olay nestljfbs tglt ibt à tgb wly. ]gbsb nestljfbs lrb prnefbos, lam prnefbo snfvbrs lrb tgb pbnpfb wb w`ff hnffnw ebjlusb tgby glvb tgb sd`ffs tn fblm us tn nur inlfs.

Jnajfus`na

L Abw Ebiàaài hnr ]Y@ Yb wbrb bxj`tbm lenut tgb nppnrtua`ty i`vba tn us ey Srnmujt`v`ty Srbss tn put tnibtgbr l olausjr`pt tglt ebjlob]gb ]Y@ Ynrdennd; Bssbat`lf Zd`ffs hnr Zupbrv`snrs à 5338. Sltr`jd glm fnai mrblobm nh jlpturài g`s danwfbmib nh ]Y@, oujg nh wg`jg wls plssbm na tn gò nvbr yblrs nh obatnrài ey g`s sbasb` Dlzug`dn Zgèuyl. Ene, sbbài tgb ennd ls l wly tn bstlef`sg ]Y@ ls els`j trlàài hnr supbrv`snrs à l fbla bav`rnaobat, wls jbrtlà nrila`zlt`nas wnufm ebab﬌t ey fblraài gnw tn prnpbrfy ut`f`zb bljg ]Y@ sd`ff tn prnmujb abbmbm rbsufts ls wls mnab murài YY @@. ]glads à eì plrt tn tgb puef`jlt`na nh ]gb ]Y@ Ynrdennd, lfnai w`tg tgb ntgbr ennds mbsjrèài ]gb ]nyntl Yly tglt wb glvb j`tbm tgrnuignut tg`s wnrd, uslib nh ]Y@ gls àjrblsbm lam wb hbbf vbry pr`v`fbibm tn glvb glm tgb nppnrtua`ty nh wnrdài w`tg sn olay jnopla`bs tglt glvb ebab﬌ttbm ls l rbsuft. ]gb jlsb stum`bs prbsbatbm à tg`s ennd lrb nafylppfyài l hbw nh tgbsb tgb àjrblsài nrila`zlt`nas lrb babribt`jlffy tòbfbss auoebr obtgnmsnhlam netlàài tglt irblt rbsufts. ]gb f`st nh tgbsb nrila`zlt`nas jnatàubs tn irnw mly ey mly. @a wr`tài ]gb ]Y@ Ynrdennd tglt bxpflàbm tgb =-Ztbp Obtgnm hnr bljg nh tgb ]Y@ sd`ffs nh K@, KO lam KU, wb obtgnm`jlffy wbat tgrnuig l stbp ey stbp prnjbss tn prbsbat tgb àstrujt`nas lam bxbrj`sbs tglt, `h ==<

==5

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Jnajfus`na

hnffnwbm, l pbrsna jnufm fblra tn pbrhnro tgb sd`ffs w`tg snob mbirbb nh prn﬌j`bajy. Gnwbvbr, ls wb slw à tg`s wnrd na@opfbobatài ]Y@, tgb obtgnms, tgnuig sbboàify sòpf`st`j na tgb surhljb, lrb huff nh mbbp w`smno tglt jla nafy eb fblrabm tgrnuig jnljgài, prljt`jb, lam bxpbr`bajb. ]g`s w`smno, uahnrtualtbfy, jlaant eb en`fbm mnwa tn l f`st nh euffbt pnàts nr l ﬅnw jglrt. @t gls tn eb àtbralf`zbm lam ‖f`vbm‟”à ntgbr wnrms, `t gls tn ﬌am `ts wly àtn tgb jufturb nh la nrila`zlt`na sn tglt pbnpfb f`tbrlffy ‖f`vb lam erbltgb‟ `t bvbry mly. Ls wb slw à lff tgb jlsb stum`bs à tg`s ennd, tglt prnjbss `s ant l ‖prnjbmurb‟ eut l ‖wly nh f`hb.‟ @a tgbsb jglptbrs, tgba, wb glvb bamblvnrbm tn mbsjrèb, à nur bxpflalt`nas lam tgrnuig tgb jlsbs stumy bxlopfbs, tgb pg`fnsnpgy nh ]Y@ ls oujg ls tgb prljt`jb. Hnr `h ynu jlaant jlpturb tgb sp`r`t nh gnw tgbsb prnirlos f`ht pbnpfb up lam jlrry tgbo tn abw gbìgts, ynu w`ff glvb o`ssbm tgb trub vlfub nh wglt gls olmb tg`s trlàài sn bhhbjt`vb nvbr olay ibabrlt`nas nh fblmbrsg`p. Jnopla`bs tglt boerljbm ]Y@ blrfy na m`m ant ibt huff ebab﬌t wgba trbltài ]Y@ onmufbs ls kust lantgbr tnnf nh Fbla. ]g`s wls ebhnrb tgb trub jnaabjt`na ebtwbba ]Y@ lam tgb ]nyntl Srnmujt`na Zystbo wls olmb danwa. Yb nursbfvbs fblrabm oujg hrno tgbsb jnopla`bs lam hrno ntgbr ennds àjrblsài nur ]Y@ òpfbobatlt`na fblraài jurvb wnrdài w`tg jnopla`bs tglt struiifbm tn oldb ]Y@ l plrt nh tgb`r jufturb. ]glt `s wgba wb stlrtbm iltgbrài mltl hrno tgbsb olay nrila`zlt`nas tglt jlob tn ]Y@ ls l snfut`na tn prnmujt`na prnefbos tgby jnufm trljb eljd tn l fljd nh stlamlrm`zbm wnrd. ]gb`r fblmbrs glm lfrblmy prnirbssbm w`tg Fbla-Z`x Zìol tn l pnàt wgbrb, à sblrjg nh l snfut`na tn stlamlrm`zbm wnrd, tgby ebila àvbstìltbm K@ na tgb`r nwa najb tgby slw tgb jnaabjt`na. @t tnnd l hbw yblrs hnr tgbsb jnopla`bs tn prnirbss tn tgb pnàt wgbrb wb jnufm jnop`fb tgb jlsb stum`bs à tg`s ennd ls bxlopfbs hnr ntgbrs tn hnffnw, lam wb lrb mbbpfy àmbetbm tn tgbo hnr sglrài tgb`r stnr`bs.

Jnajfus`na

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==:

Yb gnpb tglt ynu glvb ebab﬌tbm hrno rblmài tg`s ennd lam sglrb wglt ynu fblra w`tg ntgbrs wgn lrb, an mnuet, bxpbr`bajài tgb slob ‖tr`lfs lam trèuflt`nas‟ ynu glvb inab tgrnuig à ynur jnatàulf sblrjg hnr ‖l ebttbr wly.‟ Hnr tgnsb nh ynu tglt b`tgbr lrb nr w`ff snna eb jglffbaibm tn rbpfljb bxpbr`bajbm bopfnybbs ls tgby rbt`rb, tgb sblrjg hnr l ebttbr wly ebiàs anw ey jlpturài tgb danwfbmib tgbsb pbnpfb ljqu`rbm na tgb kne ebhnrb tgby bx`t tgb wnrdhnrjb. Ygba trbltbm w`tg rbspbjt pbnpfb lrb onrb tgla w`ffài tn sglrb wglt tgby glvb fblrabm na tgb`r nwa; l ‖daljd‟, l ‖tr`jd‟, nr l ebttbr wly nh mnài l kne sn tglt ntgbrs mn ant glvb tn rbf`vb plst o`stldbs wgba fblraài tn mn tgb`r knes. @a g`s ennd Olalibobat, Sbtbr Mrujdbr suoobm up nur fblaài bxpbr`bajb w`tg ]Y@ nvbr tgb plst hbw yblrs ls hnffnws. ‖]gb ﬌rst stbp tnwlrm oldài tgb wnrdbr ljg`bvài `s tn oldb wnrd prnmujt`vb. ]gb onrb wb uambrstlam wglt tgb wnrd `tsbfh mbolams, tgb onrb jla wb tgba àtbirltb tgb wnrd àtn tgb guola ljt`v`ty wb jlff wnrdài. ]gb onrb wb uambrstlam wnrd `tsbfh, tgb onrb hrbbmno wb jla i`vb tgb wnrdbr. ]gbrb `s an jnatrlm`jt`na ebtwbba sj`bat`﬌j olalibobat, tglt `s, tgb * rlt`nalf lam òpbrsnalf lpprnljg tn wnrd, lam tgb ljg`bvài wnrdbr.‟ Ls tgb jlsb stum`bs à tg`s ennd oldb jfblr, wb tgàd Or. Mrujdbr wnufm lirbb w`tg nur jnajfus`na tglt ]Y@ er`mibs tgb ilp ebtwbba tgb òpbrsnalf lpprnljg tn wnrd lam tgb ljg`bvài wnrdbr tn tgb ebab﬌t nh tgb bat`rb nrila`zlt`na.

*

Sbtbr Mrujdbr, Olalibobat; ]lsds, Ubspnasè`f`t`bs, Srljt`jbs, Glrpbr & Unw, Suef`sgbrs, Abw Pnrd , <09:, p. <00

Lenut tgb Lutgnrs Sltr`jd Irlupp ebila g`s trlàài jlrbbr lt tgb ZLAPN Bfbjtr`j Jnrpnrltb ]rlàài Jbatbr à Klpla lhtbr irlmultài w`tg gìgbst gnanrs hrno Mrbxbf Ra`vbrs`ty à <073. ]gbrb gb fblrabm tn mbf`vbr ]Y@ lam ntgbr trlàài prnirlos tn prbplrb bopfnybbs hnr lssìaobat nuts`mb nh Klpla. Gb à tura wls lfsn trlashbrrbm tn l jnopljt m`sj hler`jl-

t`na pflat à @am`lal, wgbrb gb netlàbm olauhljturài bxpbr`bajb ebhnrb rbturaài tn Klpla tn fblm Zlayn‐s ifnelf trlàài bhhnrt. Sltr`jd blrabm la OEL hrno Enstna Ra`vbrs`ty murài tg`s tòb, lam gb wls fltbr prnontbm tn tgb gblm nh guola rbsnurjbs hnr ZLAPN Anrtg Lobr`jl Jnrp. à Zla M`bin, wgbrb gb sbttfbm. Ynrdài w`tg Ene Yrnal, Sltr`jd tnnd vljlt`na tòb à 533< tn mbf`vbr l p`fnt prnkbjt hnr JAP]MN, tgb prbmbjbssnr lam plrbat jnoplay nh tgb ]Y@ @ast`tutb, tn rbàtrnmujb ]Y@ àtn tgb Ra`tbm Ztltbs. ]gb rbsufts bajnurlibm Sltr`jd tn fblvb ZLAPN à 5335 tn mbf`vbr lam sprblm tgb ]Y@ prnirlo ls gbYnrdennd; wls tluigt à Klpla lamhnrwg`jg gb mbsjrèbm à g`s ennd ]gb ]Y@ Bssbat`lf Zd`ffs Zupbrv`snrs , l Zgàin Ubsblrjg lam Srnhbss`nalf Suef`jlt`na Sr`zb Ubj`p`bat hnr 5339. Zàjb tgba gb gls mbvbfnpbm guamrbms nh trlàbrs wgn lrb anw mbf`vbrài ]Y@ jflssbs ljrnss tgb jnuatry lam lrnuam tgb wnrfm.

Lenut tgb Lutgnrs

Unebrt K. Yrnal ebila g`s olauhljturài jlrbbr lt Jgbvrnfbt à Euhhlfn, Abw Pnrd, wgbrb gb wls prnontbm tn supbrv`snr lhtbr blraài g`s EZ hrno Jla`sùs Jnffbib. Gb onvbm na tn Dnmld à Unjgbstbr, Abw Pnrd,

wgbrb gb ebjlob àtbrbstbm à nrila`zlt`nalf mbvbfnpobat wg`fb blraài g`s OEL hrno Unjgbstbr @ast`tutb nh ]bjganfniy. Ene knàbm l gìg-vnfuob rbtl`f mruistnrb jglà à Zyrljusb, Abw Pnrd, wgba `t wls l twbfvb-stnrb npbrlt`na. Gb stlamlrm`zbm stnrb npbrltài systbos lam prnjbmurbs, mbvbfnpbm àtbralf trlàài, lam rbnrila`zbm jbatrlf m`strèut`na ls tgb jnoplay prn﬌tlefy irbw àtn l rbi`nalf jglà nh <=3 stnrbs à bfbvba yblrs. Ant jnatbat w`tg ebjnoài la lmoà`strltnr, Ene rbturabm tn olauhljturài ls la àmbpbambat ]\O jnasuftlat hnr solff olauhljturbrs tn bailib tgb`r pbnpfb tn òprnvb pbrhnrolajb. H`htbba yblrs nh glams-na òpfbobatlt`na olmb `t jfblr tglt supbrv`snrs fljdbm tgb sd`ffs tn fblm à tgb abw wnrfm nh Fbla olauhljturài. Gb m`sjnvbrbm ]Y@ wgba stumyài dl`zba lam trljdbm mnwa ]Y@ olstbr trlàbr Sltr`jd Irlupp à <007. ]gb nppnrtua`ty hnr tgbo tn rbàtrnmujb ]Y@ à tgb Ra`tbm Ztltbs jlob à 533<, wgba Ene ebjlob l Fbla jnasuftlat hnr JAP]MN, @aj., wg`jg prnv`mbm suppnrt hnr rbàtrnmujài ]Y@ à Zyrljusb, Abw Pnrd, ls mbtl`fbm à g`s 5339 Zgàin Sr`zb-wàaài ennd ]gb ]Y@ Ynrdennd; Bssbat`lf Zd`ffs hnr Zupbrv`snrs.

Implementing Training Within Industry - TWI 2nd Ed

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