IMPACT OF WORK LIFE BALANCE ON WOMEN EMPLOYEES SUBMITTED BY MS. MEENAL VINAI BARAD (2nd YEAR MBA, GARDEN CITY COLLEGE) MRS. ELIZABETH CHACKO (SELECTION GRADE LECTURER, GARDEN CITY COLLEGE)
ABSTRACT Quality Quality of work life and Work life balance balance cannot cannot be seen as two differen differentt entitie entities. s. Both depend depend on each each other. other. If Quality Quality of work life accommodates accommodates the definiti definition on of satisfac satisfaction tion ained from the !ob" then Work #ife Balance must be satisfaction satisfaction in life. $owadays %anaerial %anaerial personnel personnel feel frustrated frustrated because of alienation alienation o&er their conditions conditions of employme employment. nt. The factors factors contrib contributi utin n to the problem problem are that the workers workers themsel& themsel&es es are chanin. chanin. They are more educated" more independent and they bean reachin for hiher order order needs" needs" which which is more than psycholoi psycholoical cal needs. Therefore" Therefore" employers employers now ha&e ha&e to redesin redesin !obs for a better better 'uality workin workin life i.e. work life balance. balance. As a result" result" work life balance balance is an increasinl increasinlyy hot topic in boardroo boardrooms ms and o&ernmen o&ernmentt halls halls today. today. We also e(amine the possibility that alternate work schedules affect percei&ed work)life imbalance* the +time bind., The results show that alternate alternate schedules schedules per se do not +unbind, +unbind, time. -owe&er" percei&ed control of work schedules schedules increases work)life balance net of family and work characteristics. characteristics. The most consistent family characteristic characteristic predictin predictin imbalance is bein a parent. The most consistent work characteristic predictin imbalance is hours worked. nce we control for hours worked" women and part)timers as well as youner and better educated persons are shown to percei&e percei&e more imbalance. imbalance. -owe&er" they also report hiher le&els of
schedule control and since schedule control impro&es work)life balance" it may be more important for unbindin time than schedule alternati&es. The purpose of this paper is therefore to 'uantify the effects of 'uality of work life on women employees" as well as work life balance issues. Recommendations to manaement can be presented for both o&ernment and pri&ate orani/ational consideration to accelerate the implementation of a &ery successful work life stratey within orani/ation. 0eywords1 Quality of work life" work life balance" physical needs" psycholoical needs" work schedules" control" women employment.
INTRODUCTION As th !"#$ %&'t&# %hns d#st*%''+ *n th #%nt +#s, th t#d*t*"n' %"n%t "- !"#$ t" -&'-*'' h&ns/ 0s*% nds *s 's" -%*n "&t. Th 0s*% nds # %"nt*n&d t" d*1#s*-+ nd %hn %%"#d*n t" th 1"'&t*"n "- th !"#$ s+st nd stnd#ds "- '*1*n "- !"#$-"#%. Th&s d-*n*t*"n 0+ S&tt' (344) "n th 5&'*t+ "- !"#$ '*- s th d# t" !h*%h !"#$ # 0' t" st*s-+ *"#tnt #s"n' 0s*% nds th#"&h th*# 6#*n% *n th "#n*7t*"n *s n" '"n# #'1nt. Th -%t"#s tht dt#*n th 5&'*t+ "- !"#$ '*- *s 8"#$ L*- B'n%. Th %"n%t "- !"#$ '*- 0'n% *s n"t n! 0&t !*th th %hn*n % "- '*- nd *n%#s *n st#ss '1's, nt*1'+ --%t*n th 5&'*t+ "- !"#$, hs d n+ "#n*7t*"ns th*n$ 0"&t th st#t*s -"# *nt*n*n !"#$ '*- 0'n%. A #"& "- !"#$-"#%s tht *s #t'+ --%td 0+ th 5&'*t+ "- !"#$ '*- s #s&'t "- d+n*% %hns *n !"#$ '*- 0'n% "- '"+s *s s%*-*%''+ !"n '"+s !"#$*n *n "#n*7d s%t"#. As th * "- 5&'*t+ "- !"#$ '*- *s t" *dnt*-+ nd *'nt 't#nt*1 #"#s t" *#"1 th 5&'*t+ "- #"-ss*"n' s !'' s #s"n' '*- "- n "#n*7t*"n/s '"+s, th !"#$ '*- 0'n% st#t+ "--#s 1#*t+ "- !+s t" #d&% st#ss '1's nd *n%#s 9"0 st*s-%t*"n "th '"+s. Th -&ndnt' #*n%*' "- ds*n*n %t*1*t*s #"&nd th t"*% "- !"#$ '*- 0'n% *s tht !"#$ sh"&'d 0 #t "- '*-. Th#-"# th dnd -"# !"#$:'*-:0'n% s"'&t*"ns 0+ '"+s nd n#s *s 6nd*n t n &n#%dntd #t. O1# th %"*n d%d *t
!*'' 0 "n "- th "st *"#tnt *ss&s tht 6%&t*1s nd h&n #s"&#% #"-ss*"n's !*'' 0 6%td t" n. Ind&st#*s h1 #'*7d th *"#tn% "- th 0"1. Ind*n "#n*7t*"ns # stt*n & "'*%*s -"# *nt*n*n !"#$ '*- 0'n% th+ # "*n *n -"# *nn"1t*1 th"ds t" $ th*# '"+s h+ nd st*s-*d, s *t $s "--*% 0tt# '% t" !"#$ nd 's" "s*t*1'+ *%t #"d&%t*1*t+. ;8hn '*- *s 0&s+, "# '' "&# n#+ *s -"%&sd "n s%*' #"9%t, *t
Th*s *s th #snt s%n#*" "- '' !"#$*n "' *n t"d+/s 0&s+ nd h%t*% '*- s%hd&'s !h*%h 'ds t" *0'n% "n th d*--#nt *"#tnt #ts "- '*-. E1#+"n *s s" 0&s+ *n th*# 9"0s tht th+ d"n/t h1 t* t" 1n h1 '""$ "n th d*--#nt s%ts "- th*# '*- *.. ?@#s"n' '*- nd *'+ '*-/ th #s&'t "- !h*%h *s *0'n% *n 8"#$ nd @#s"n' '*-. 8"#$:#s"n' '*- %"n-'*%t "%%&#s !hn th 0&#dn, "0'*t*"ns nd #s"ns*0*'*t*s "- !"#$ nd -*'+ #"'s 0%" *n%"t*0'. O0'*t*"n "- "n %n -"#% n *nd*1*d&' t" n'%t th "th#. I- #s"n *s n"t 0' t" %#t 0'n% *n h*s !"#$ nd #s"n' '*-, h *s n"t 0' t" -&'-*'' th #"-ss*"n' s !'' s th -*'+ #s"ns*0*'*t*s. Th#-"# th ;8"#$ nd L*- st&d+> "'"+s hs 0%" 1#+ %#&%*' nd *"#tnt #t "- n+ "#n*7t*"n. As th h&n sst *s th "st 1'&0' #s"&#% nd *- *t !*'' n"t #-"# !'', *t !*'' --%t th #-"#n% "- "th# #s"&#%s s !''. B'n% *n '*- %nn"t 0 %h*1d 0+ th --"#ts "- th %"n+ '"n th '"+s 's" h1 t" !"#$ *n th*s ##d 0+ stt*n th*# #*"#*t*s. 8"#$ nd L*- 0'n% --%ts th #-"#n% "- th '"+s !h*%h *s d*#%t'+ #'td t" th #-"#n% "- th "#n*7t*"n.
QUALITY OF WORK LIFE
Th t# &'*t+ "- 8"#$ L*- (8L) !s *n*t*''+ *nt#"d&%d *n th 't 3/s s !+ "-"%&s*n "n th --%ts "- '"+nt "n th !"#$# h'th nd n#' !'' 0*n, nd !+ t" nhn% th 5&'*t+ "- #s"n/s "n:th:9"0 6#*n%. 8L %n 0 d-*nd s =Th 5&'*t+ "#'t*"nsh* 0t!n '"+s nd th t"t' !"#$*n n1*#"nnt.> 8L *s #"%ss 0+ !h*%h n "#n*7t*"n #s"nds t" '"+ nds -"# d1'"*n %hn*ss t" ''"! th t" sh# -&''+ *n $*n th d%*s*"ns tht ds*n th*# '*1s t !"#$. N&#"&s !"#$s "n !"#$ '*- th#-t# #"1s tht !ht hnd *n th !"#$'% h1 s*n*-*%nt *%t "n *nd*1*d&'s nd th*# -*'*s (G#nh&s F B&t'', 3 K"ss$ F O7$*, 33 ).
QWL programs can b !a"#a$% on $& bas's o( (o""o)'ng po'n$s*
) Fa'r compnsa$'on an% +ob sc#r'$,* Th %"n"*% *nt#sts "- "' d#*1 th t" !"#$ t 9"0 nd '"+ st*s-%t*"n dnds t 'st #t*''+, "n th %"nst*"n "--#d. @+ sh"&'d 0 -*6d "n th 0s*s "- th !"#$ d"n, #s"ns*0*'*t*s &nd#t$n, *nd*1*d&' s$*''s, #-"#n% nd %%"'*shnts. "0 s%&#*t+ *s n"th# -%t"# tht *s "- %"n%#n t" '"+s. @#nnt '"+nt #"1*ds s%&#*t+ t" th '"+s nd *#"1s th*# 8L.
0) -a"$& 's )a"$&* O#n*7t*"ns sh"&'d #'*7 tht th*# t#& !'th '*s *n th*# '"+s nd s" #"1*d*n h'th+ !"#$ n1*#"nnt -"# '"+s sh"&'d 0 th*# #*#+ "09%t*1.
%) Pro!'% prsona" an% carr gro)$& oppor$#n'$'s J An "#n*7t*"n sh"&'d #"1*d '"+s !*th ""#t&n*t*s -"# #s"n'#"-ss*"n' d1'"nt nd #"!th nd t" ## th t" %%t #s"ns*0*'*t*s t h*h# '1's.
d) Par$'c'pa$'! managmn$ s$," an% rcogn'$'on* 't "#n*7t*"n' st#&%t&#s h' "#n*7t*"ns -%*'*tt '"+ #t*%*t*"n. A #t*%*t*1 nnt st+' *#"1s th 5&'*t+ "- !"#$ '*-. 8"#$#s -' tht th+ h1 %"nt#"' "1# th*# !"#$ #"%sss nd th+ 's"
"--# *nn"1t*1 *ds t" *#"1 th. R%"n*t*"n 's" h's t" "t*1t '"+s t" #-"# 0tt#. R%"n*t*"n %n 0 *n th -"# "- #!#d*n '"+s -"# 9"0s !'' d"n.
) Wor./"'( ba"anc* O#n*7t*"ns sh"&'d #"1*d #'6t*"n t* -"# th '"+s nd "--# t*s t" 0'n% th*# #s"n' nd #"-ss*"n' '*1s. Th+ sh"&'d n"t st#*n '"+s/ #s"n' nd s"%*' '*- 0+ -"#%*n "n th dnd*n !"#$*n h"&#s, "1#t* !"#$, 0&s*nss t#1', &nt*'+ t#ns-#s t%.
-) F#n a$ )or.p"ac* Th*s *s #"!*n t#nd d"td 0+ t"d+/s "#n*7t*"ns t" $ th*# "--*%s -&n '% t" !"#$.
Th * "- 8L *s t" *dnt*-+ nd *'nt 't#nt*1 #"#s t" *#"1 th 5&'*t+ " #"-ss*"n' s !'' s #s"n' '*- "- n "#n*7t*"n/s '"+s.
WORK LIFE BALANCE Th 6#ss*"n ;!"#$ '*- 0'n%> !s -*#st &sd *n th 't 34/s t" ds%#*0 th 0'n% 0t!n n *nd*1*d&'/s !"#$ nd #s"n' '*-. 8"#$ '*- 0'n% %n 0 d-*nd s ;th #-%t *nt#t*"n 0t!n !"#$ nd '*- 0"th n"t *nt#-#*n !*th %h "th#>. A%%"#d*n t" &'* M"#nst#n ;8"#$ '*- 0'n% *s n"t 0"&t th "&nt "- t* +"& snd !"#$*n 1s. n"t !"#$*n. It/s "# 0"&t h"! +"& snd +"&# t* !"#$*n nd #'6*n, #%"n*7*n tht !ht +"& d" *n "n -&'s/ +"&# n#+ -"# th "th#.> @""# !"#$ '*- 0'n% 'ds t" n+ d*sst#"&s th*ns '*$ t#d+, 0d #-"#n%, '%$ ""t*1t*"n, "# ##"#s, 0sn% -#" !"#$ nd s" "n. Th !"#st th*n *s tht ""# !"#$ '*- 0'n% #d&%s 5&'*t+ "- !"#$ '*- nd #"d&%t*1*t+ !*th"&t n+ d"&0t. 8hn n '"+ !"n/t 0 0' t" *1 t* t" h*s -*'+ t h", h !*'' -' st#ssd "&t t !"#$ !h#s s"&nd !"#$ '*- 0'n% !*'' d-*n*t'+ h1 "s*t*1 *%t "n th "#n*7t*"n. Th 5&'*t+ "- !"#$ '*- *#"1s s*n*-*%nt'+ s '"+s -' -#sh nd n"t st#ssd "&t t ''. Th+ $n"! !hn
th+ " h" th+ !*'' h1 n"&h t* t" snd !*th th*# -*'*s. Th&s, th*s #%t*% "st %#t*n'+ nhn%s #"d&%t*1*t+ nd #s&'ts *n 0&s*nss #"!th.
T& S'0 Componn$s o( Wor./L'( Ba"anc* 23 Self)%anaement
S&--*%*nt'+ n*n "n/s s'- %n 0 %h''n*n, #t*%&'#'+ *n tt*n #"# s', 6#%*s, nd n&t#*t*"n. S'-:nnt *s th #%"n*t*"n tht --%t*1'+ &s*n th s%s *n "&# '*1s *s 1*t', nd tht 1*'0' #s"&#%s, t*, nd '*- # -*n*t. It ns 0%"*n %t*n "- "&# "!n sh* n" "n *s %"*n t" st# -"# &s. 43 Time %anaement
E--%t*1 t* nnt *n1"'1s $*n "t*' &s "- +"&# d+ nd th s&"#t*n #s"&#%s tht %n 0 s&"nd +"& $ % !hn +"&# #s"&#%s t%h +"&# %h''ns. T* nnt *s nhn%d th#"&h #"#*t "'s nd d*s%#n*n !ht *s 0"th *"#tnt nd &#nt, 1#s&s *"#tnt "# &#nt. It nt*'s $n"!*n !ht +"& d" 0st nd !hn, nd ss0'*n th #"#*t t""'s t" %%"'*sh s%*-*% ts$s. 53 Stress %anaement
B+ nt&#, s"%*t*s tnd t" 0%" "# %"'6 "1# t*. In th -% "- *n%#s*n %"'6*t+, st#ss "n th *nd*1*d&' *s *n1*t0'. M"# "', d*st#%t*"ns, nd n"*s #5&*# %h "- &s t" 0%" dt t *nt*n*n t#n5&*'*t+ nd !"#$*n "&#s'1s "&t "- #ss&#: -*''d s*t&t*"ns. M"st -"#s "- &'t*:ts$*n &'t*t'+ *n%#s "&# st#ss, 1#s&s -"%&s*n "n "n th*n t t*. 63 Chane %anaement
In "&# -st:%d !"#'d, %hn *s 1*#t&''+ th "n'+ %"nstnt. C"nt*n&''+ d"t*n n! th"ds nd #:dt*n "th#s *s 1*t' t" s&%%ss-&' %## nd h+ h" '*-. E--%t*1 %hn nnt *n1"'1s $*n #*"d*% nd %"n%#td --"#ts t" ns&# tht th 1"'& nd #t "- %hn t !"#$ nd t h" d"s n"t "1#!h' "# d-t +"&.
73 Technoloy %anaement
E--%t*1'+ n*n t%hn"'"+ ns ns&#*n tht t%hn"'"+ s#1s +"&, #th# thn 0&ss +"&. T%hn"'"+ hs '!+s 0n !*th &s, s*n% th -*#st !'$*n st*%$, -'*nt, s#, nd !h'. N"!, th #t "- %hn *s %%'#t*n, 0#"&ht "n 0+ 1nd"#s s$*n 6nd*n #$t sh#. O-tn th# *s n" %h"*% 0&t t" $ & !*th th t%hn"'"*%' "nss, 0&t +"& &st #&' t%hn"'"+, n"t 1*% 1#s. 83 #eisure %anaement
Th "st "1#'""$d "- th !"#$:'*- 0'n% s&"#t*n d*s%*'*ns, '*s&# nnt %$n"!'ds th *"#tn% "- #st nd #'6t*"n: tht "n %n/t sh"#t:%hn '*s&#, nd tht ;t* "--> *s 1*t' %""nnt "- th h&n 6#*n%. C&#*"&s'+, t"" &%h "- th s '*s&# %t*1*t+, h"!1# n9"+0', %n 'd t" "n"t"n+. Th&s, --%t*1 '*s&# nnt #5&*#s 1#+*n "n/s %t*1*t*s.
D'((rnc b$)n Q#a"'$, o( )or. "'( an% )or. "'( ba"anc
&'*t+ "- !"#$ '*- %n 0 d-*nd s ;Th 5&'*t+ "- #'t*"nsh* 0t!n '"+s nd th t"t' !"#$*n n1*#"nnt> !h#s ;8"#$ '*- 0'n% *s n *nd*1*d&'/s 0*'*t+ t" -&'-*'' th*# !"#$ nd '*-st+' #s"ns*0*'*t*s !*th *n*& %"n-'*%t nd 6*& %"ntntnt.> &'*t+ "- !"#$ '*- #-#s t" h"! # th !"#$*n %"nd*t*"ns *.. *t %n 0 t., h&*d*t+, "# n+ "th# n1*#"nnt' -%t"# "# *t %n 0 !"#$ %&'t&#, n*t*s "# -%*'*t*s "# th -%t"#s tht d*#%t'+ --%t th !"#$. On th "th# hnd 8"#$ '*- 0'n% ns th !"#$ '*- --%t*n #s"n' '*-. B%&s "- !"#$*n '*-, *- '"+s d"n/t h1 n"&h t* t" snd !*th th*# -*'+ t" t n"#''+ "# th+ # n"t '*1*n th*# '*- &s&''+ 0%&s "- !"#$ '*-, *s !"#$ '*- 0'n%.
IMPACT OF QUALITY OF WORK LIFE ON WOMEN EMPLOYEES &'*t+ "- 8"#$*n L*- *s n"t &n*t#+ %"n%t, 0&t hs 0n sn s *n%"#"#t*n h*##%h+ "- #s%t*1s tht n"t "n'+ *n%'&d !"#$:0sd -%t"#s s&%h s 9"0 st*s-%t*"n, st*s-%t*"n !*th
+ nd #'t*"nsh*s !*th !"#$ %"''&s, 0&t 's" -%t"#s tht 0#"d'+ #-'%t '*- st*s-%t*"n nd n#' -'*ns "- !'':0*n (Dnn F G#*--*n, 333). M"# #%nt'+, !"#$:#'td st#ss nd th #'t*"nsh* 0t!n !"#$ nd n"n:!"#$ '*- d"*ns (L"s%"%%" F R"s%h'', 33) h1 's" 0n *dnt*-*d s -%t"#s tht sh"&'d %"n%t&''+ 0 *n%'&dd *n &'*t+ "- 8"#$*n L*-. Th 9"# dt#*nnts "- 8L *n%'&d D%*s*"n M$*n, A&th"#*t+, G#"!th nd D1'"nt, "0 S%&#*t+, O#n*7t*"n' @#st*, '*n "- !"#th!h*' %%""dt*"n, @+ nd A''"!n%, @#""t*"n' A1n&s, R%"n*t*"n nd A#%*t*"n. T#d*t*"n''+ -' #t*%*t*"n *n '0"# -"#% hs 0n #st#*%td 0+ s"%*', %&'t&#' nd #'**"&s n"#s, 0&t "# nd "# -'s # n"! 9"*n*n th "#n*7d s%t"#. It *s n#''+ 1*!d tht -' '"+s # s"!ht n'%td *n th*# !"#$ '%s, !h*%h *n t&#n %n 'd t" '"!# '1' "- 9"0 st*s-%t*"n nd '"+ #"d&%t*1*t+. Th -' '"+s # -"&nd *n 1&'n#0' "s*t*"ns t th !"#$ '%s nd nd# d*s%#**nt*"n *n t#s "- +, #""t*"n nd "th# -%*'*t*s *s 1*s*0' *n n+ #*1t *nd&st#*s. Th*s s%n#*" hs %#td n &# t" th "'*%+ $#s t" *dnt*-+ th &nd#'+*n s*t&t*"ns nd #s"ns nd 0#"&ht th *nt" %"ns*d#t*"n th 5&'*t+ "- !"#$ '*- *ss&. Th&s *t *s n%ss*t+ t" 1'&t th &'*t+ "- !"#$ '*- "- th '"+s *n th "#n*7d s%t"#. B%&s *- '"+s -' tht 5&'*t+ "- !"#$*n '*- *s n"t 0'n%d, th+ + '1 th 9"0 nd s$ 0tt# &'*t+ "- !"#$ '*-. V#*"&s #s#%hs h1 %"ns*stnt'+ sh"!n tht '"+s !*th 0tt# &'*t+ "- !"#$*n '*- # h*#, h1 'ss st#ss, # 'ss '*$'+ t" 0 0snt nd # "# nd t !"#$.
IMPACT OF WORK LIFE BALANCE ON WOMEN EMPLOYEES 8"#$ '*- 0'n% hs #t *%t "n !"n '"+s. T" 0*n !*th, !"n h1 nt#d th !"#$ '*- "# '"+nt # &%h 't# !hn %"#d t" n. Th#-"# th+ t""$ t* t" d9&st !*th !"#$ nd #s"n' '*-. Th *%t "- !"#$ '*- 0'n% "n !"n *s s&%h tht, 1n th %## "#*ntd !"n tnd t" '% th*# -*'+ -*#st nd !"&'d n"t *nd %"ns*d#*n %hn "- 9"0 *n "#d# t" t 1#+th*n st#*ht. 8"#$ '*- 0'n% hs 0%" s" *"#tnt *n %s "- !"n, s th+ !# '!+s '""$d & t" s h" $#s. And hn% th+ nd t" h1 0tt# !"#$ '*- 0'n%. Th #'t*"nsh* 0t!n th !"n '"+s nd !"#$ '*- 0'n%
*s s&%h tht *t hs #t *%t "n -*'+ '*- s !''. In s"%*t+ !h#*n, ' %n --"#d t" !"#$ 't n*hts nd "1#t*, *- !"n !"#$s t th s % th+ *ht 0 t#d s *##s"ns*0' t"!#ds th -*'+. It hs %hnd "1# th t*. H"!1#, th*s #"%h st*'' 6*sts *n th s"%*t+. Th#-"#, !"n # -"#%d t" 0 %h""s+ *n ##ds t" th*# 9"0 #"-*'. Th*s s*t&t*"n 's" *n%#ss !"n '"+ t&#n"1#s *n n+ %"n*s. I- th# *s #"# !"#$ '*- 0'n%, thn th !"n !"#$-"#% !"&'d st#t t" '+ th d#*1#
E((c$ o( Q#a"'$, o( Wor. L'( on Wor. L'( Ba"anc
It stnds t'' nd t#& tht 8L '+s #"*nnt #"' *n d%*d*n "# 9&d*n th 8"#$ L*- B'n%. Th 5&'*t+ "- !"#$ %'#'+ #-'%ts "n th #s"n' '*-. Th "# st*s-*d +"& # !*th +"&# !"#$ n1*#"nnt, th h*# th #s"n' '*- !"&'d 0. An '"+ snds t" h#s *n th "--*%, !h*%h *s th 9"# #t "- th %t*1 h"&#s "- d+. Hn% "n nds t" &nd#stnd th n%ss*t+ "- 8L. E1n !hn n '"+ !"#$s "1#t* nd *s st*s-*d !*th th !"#$ n1*#"nnt, *t !"&'d h1 h& *%t "n #s"n' '*-. B&t *- th !"#$ n1*#"nnt *s n"t %"-"#t0', *t !"&'d s"*' th !"#$ '*- 0'n%. Th -%t"#s '*$ 9"0 st*s-%t*"n, %'n'*nss, + s%' t%., !"&'d dt#*n th 8"#$ L*- B'n%. Th*s #'t*"nsh* "# --%t "- 8L "n 8"#$ L*- B'n% *s 1#+ %'# *n th d+ t" d+ %t*1*t*s "- th '"+s. A'' th %""nnts "- !"#$ '*- 0'n% # %'"s'+ #'td t" 8L. Th '"+ !"&'d 0 "# !*''*n t" !"#$ nd 's" !"&'d d" th*# 0st t" *nt*n 8LB. As # th st&d+ 0+ K"ss$, C"'5&*tt nd B'& (2), *t !s #"1d tht th %'*t "sh#*n t th !"#$ '% hs "s*t*1 *%t "n #s"n' '*1s nd *n t&#n, !"&'d *#"1 8LB 0+ #t 6tnt. 8*th 6#*n%, n '"+ !"#$*n *n h'th+ %"t*t*1 n1*#"nnt !"&'d '#n t" 0'n% h*s !"#$ '*- *n n --%t*1 !+. &'*t+ "- !"#$ '*- hs d*#%t *%t "n h&n "&t%"s nd *t s*n*-*%nt'+ #d&%s
0snt*s, *n"# %%*dnts, #*1n%s, nd 5&*ts (H1'"1*% 33). It *s -"&nd tht '"+ t&#n"1# %n 0 *n**7d !*th 0tt# 5&'*t+ "- !"#$ '*-. Th&s *t %n 0 s*d tht 5&'*t+ "!"#$ '*- %n d1'" 9"0s nd !"#$*n %"nd*t*"ns tht # 6%''nt -"# "' s !'' s -"# th %"n"*% h'th "- th "#n*7t*"n (Kn'$sh* nd D1* 2). Th d1nt "- 0*n 0' t" !"#$ n+!h# nd t n+t* hs 0'&##d th 0"&nd#*s "!"#$ nd '*s&# h"&#s. Th th#t "- *0'n% *n !"#$ nd n"n:!"#$ '*- hs *'*%t*"ns n"t "n'+ "n th '"+s 0&t 's" "n "#n*7t*"ns, "1#nnt nd s"%*t+ (G#7+!%7 nd M#$s, 2 S!ns"n, @"!# nd S*s"n, 33). Th*s #'t*"nsh* *s 0*:d*#%t*"n' 0%&s #1*"&s st&d*s h1 *nd*%td tht 'ss %"nd&%*1 n1*#"nnts *n th !"#$'% h1 #t# *%t "n h" '*- thn 1*% 1#s. An"th# *"#tnt -%t"# tht %#ts n *0'n% !"#$ %"nd*t*"n !s %"*tnt t" th !"#$ %t*1*t*s. In n "#n*7d !"#$ s%t"# !"#$ n1*#"nnt *s !*d'+ ss&d t" 0 h*h:%"*tnt !"#$'% tht -"#%s th "#n*7d s%t"# '"+s t" s%#*-*% th*# #s"n' '*s&# h"&#s t" t th*# !"#$ dnd. S&%h !"#$ ##nnt dnds th #"-ss*"n's t" 0 %"*ttd !*th !"#$ !hn1# "ss*0' nd h*9%$ th -#" 9"*n*n n"n !"#$ #'td %t*1*t*s. Th 0'n% *s *"#tnt #t*%&'#'+ "n th !"n '"+s *n "#d# t" n&#t&# nd d1'" th s&st*n0' h&n #s"&#% #%t*%s *n th "#n*7d !"#$ n1*#"nnt. Th#-"#, 0'n% 0t!n !"#$ nd n"n:!"#$ '*- *s s&std s "n "- th s&#s "- &'*t+ "- !"#$ '*-.
CONCLUSION L*- *s '*$ nd n *nd*1*d&' hs t" '+ !*th !"#$, -*'+, h'th, -#*nds nd s*#*t. Ind&st#*s h1 #'*7d th *"#tn% "- th 0"1. Ind*n O#n*7t*"ns # stt*n & "'*%*s -"# *nt*n*n !"#$ '*- 0'n% th+ # "*n *n -"# *nn"1t*1 th"ds t" $ th*# '"+s h+ nd st*s-*d, s *t $s "--*% 0tt# '% t" !"#$ nd 's" "s*t*1'+ *%t #"d&%t*1*t+. Ths #%"ndt*"ns *n%'&d th nd -"# '*s't*"n "n 6*& s !'' s *n*& !"#$*n h"&#s, ""d #"' "d's t th !"#$'%, -'6*0' !"#$*n h"&#s nd
##nnts. L*- *s 1#+ sh"#t nd 't &s $ *t s!t. St#*$*n th #*ht 0'n% "nst th #s"n' '*-, #"-ss*"n' '*- nd s"%*' '*- *s ssnt*'. Th %"n%'&s*"n ! %n d#! -#" th 5&st*"nn*# *s tht -"# &n##*d !"n *n !"#$ #"& 0t!n 2: +#s th !"#$ '*- 0'n% !"&'d 0 st*s-%t"#+ *- th+ !# t" 0 *1n -%*'*t+ "- 9"0 sh#*n nd th+ # 5&*t st*s-*d !*th th "#n*7t*"n/s "'*%*s "- !"#$ '*- 0'n%. M##*d !"n !*th*n th "- 2: +#s th+ -' d#ssd "-tn s th+ d" n"t t n"&h t* -"# ths'1s nd th+ "td -"# "# h"'*d+s nd th+ 's" -' tht th+ h1 *ssd "n 5&'*t+ t* !*th th*# -*'+. "# !"n 0t!n th #"& : +#s th+ d" n"t h1 dndnt %h*'d#n, hn% th+ # 0' t" %"n%nt#t "n dd*t*"n' %t*1*t*s '*$ t*n %h*'d/s t%h# t%., th+ 's" -' tht 9"0 sh#*n nd h"'*d+s '"n !*th -'6*0' !"#$*n h"&#s !"&'d h' th 0'n% th*# '*1s th&s *1*n th t* -"# th*# h'th s !''. And th+ -' tht th t*ns nd t#*n*ns h'd -t# "--*% h"&#s h*nd# th*# !"#$ '*- 0'n%. O1#'', '' th !"#$ #"&s # h+ 0"&t th*# 9"0 0&t h1 #"0' !*th &n#'*st*% dd'*ns. Th+ 's" !*sh t" h1 -'6*0' !"#$ h"&#s: s th+ !"&'d h1 -*'+ nd #s"n' h'th #s"ns*0*'*t*s t" 0 t$n %# "- t %#t*n t* "- th*# '*-. Th -'6*0' !"#$ h"&#s !"&'d h' th t" ttnd t" ths'1s nd s#1 th -*'+/s nds s !''. T" s& & *n th !"#ds "- Th"d"# R""s1't, ;8hn +"& '+, '+ h#d !hn +"& !"#$, d"n/t '+ t ''>. Th #s&'t "- th*s st&d+ s&"#ts th #""s*t*"n tht th d# "- st*s-%t*"n *n &'*t+ "- 8"#$ L*- *s #'td t" th d# t" !h*%h th '"+s 0'*1s h*s "# h# s&%%ss %#*t#* h1 0n t, s%*''+ *- th *nd*1*d&' '%s #t *"#tn% "n ths %#*t#* !h*%h *n%'&d +, #s%t, #s"n' #"!th nd -*'+ '*- 0'n%. It %n 's" 0 %"n%'&dd -#" th dt, tht th '"+/s -*'+ '*- %"##'ts s*n*-*%nt'+ !*th h*sh# '1' "- &'*t+ "- !"#$ '*-. Th*s -&#th# s&sts tht s&%%ss-&' -*'+ '*- %##*s "1# *nt" "n/s %## nd $s "n "# st*s-*d !*th #s"n' %h*1nts.
REFERENCES - http://www.pendientedemigracion.ucm.es
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