Impact of Pakistan's energy crisis on the manufacturing industry

IMPACT OF PAKISTAN’S ENERGY CRISIS ON MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY SYED UMER NOMAN_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7457 SYEDA SAMI A ASI M_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8860

TOPIC: 07

SUBMITTED TO: SIR SOHAIL MAJEED

[IMPACT IMPACT OF PAKISTAN’S ENERGY CRISIS ON MANUFACTURING MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY ]

♣ Tostudytheimpactofenergycrisesontheindustriesinparticular manuf act uri ngi ndus t ryofPaki s t an,ﬁrs twemu mus ts eewh whatenergyi s andi t ssources,energycri sesi nPaki s t an,i ndust ri est hatare aﬀect edt hent hei mpactofenergycri s esoni ndus t ri esofPaki s t an

INTRODUCTION

Energ Energy y is the utiliz utilizati ation on of resou resour res es !"hysi !"hysial al an# he$i he$ial al%% to "ro#u "ro#ue e "o&er to "ro'i#e light an# heat( Energy "lays a 'ital role for the ountry)s eono$i gro&th( There are 'arious soures of energy* the $a+or soure of energy in ,a-istan are sun* &in#* ti#es an# &ater* natural gas* oal* fossil fuel* "etroleu$ an# oil(

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[IMPACT OF PAKISTAN’S ENERGY CRISIS ON MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY ]

/OAL0 1(2 OIL0 9(9

SOURCE

H3DROELE/TRI/0 45(2

6U/LEAR0 7 8AS0 45(7

Figure 1 

In or#er to "ro#ue "o&er follo&ing "erentages of energy soures &as utilize#: oal 1(2;* hy#roeletri 45;* nulear 7;* gas 91; an# oil is 9;( The su""ly of energy is <(7 $illion tons an# "er a"ita a'aila=ility is 1(4> $illion ton "er year &hile onsu$"tion is <>(9 $illion tons "er year(

These energy soures generate "o&er that "ro#ue eletriity an# gas for the use in setors suh as in#ustrial* o$$erial* trans"ortation* resi#ential* agriulture an# go'ern$ent( Energy is #iretly relate# to the li'ing stan#ar#s of itizens an# in#ustrial gro&th( Energy as eletriity an# gas are use# in e'ery setor for =oth li'ing an# &or-( It also has a $a+or i$"at on in#ustries for the "ro#ution of goo#s an# ser'ies thus =eing a signi?ant "art of $anufaturing in#ustry( In#ustrial gro&th is an i$"ortant as"et of eono$i gro&th an# "ro'i#es a large ontri=ution for a ountry)s gro&th or e@"ansion( or any ountry)s in#ustrial gro&th there is a #iret relationshi" =et&een energy an# "ro#ution(

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The i$"ortane of energy is &i#ely reognize# in e'ery setor of the eono$y* in relation to the fators of "ro#ution( ith the glo=alization an# transfor$ation of era)s fro$ han# $a#e things to $ahine $a#e "ro#uts ha'e $a#e "ro#ution "roesses seriously reliant on energy* an# sustaina=le eono$i gro&th annot =e ahie'e# &ithout suCient an# ontinuous su""ly of energy( Therefore* it is neessary for a gro&ing ountry to e@"liitly ae"t the i$"ortane of energy in or#er to ahie'e sustaina=le gro&th( In#ustrial setor of a ountry is a #o$inant fator to eono$i gro&th( A sustaine# an# ontinuous su""ly of energy is a #eter$inant of in#ustrial setor "erfor$ane* &hih further ontri=utes to i$"ro'e# gro&th of eono$i in#iators(

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ENERGY CRISES IN PAKISTAN Being #isusse# a=out the i$"ortane of energy an# its role in the in#ustrial setor* no& &e un#erstan# the utilization of energy for the "ur"ose of $a-ing "o&er( But so$eti$es it ha""ens that a ountry faes shortfall of su""ly of energy or there is a rise in the "rie of energy then it $eans the eono$y is ha'ing energy rises an# as energy is an i$"ortant ele$ent of "ro#uing "o&er so ulti$ately it &ill ha'e an i$"at on the ountry)s in#ustrial gro&th in "artiular hitting $anufaturing in#ustry( or the last se'eral years ,a-istan has =een faing un"ree#ente# energy rises &hih are =a#ly hitting the eono$y =y #a$aging al$ost e'ery setor of the ountry( It is the single largest #rain on ,a-istan)s eono$y( The energy risis ause# t&o $a+or issues gas shortage an# eletriity "ro#ution(

E#ECTRICITY AND GAS S$ORTFA## The eletriity rises atually starte# to get se'ere =y late 411 =ut its roots lies in the "o&er "oliy ta-en t&o #ea#es ago &hen the go'ern$ent #es"ite of utilizing its o&n natural resoures a$e u" &ith the "oliies to ui-ly $eet the "o&er #e$an# of the gro&ing eono$y =y ha'ing foreign in'est$ents on "o&er "ro+ets an# "artiularly transfor$ing the ountry)s "o&er generation on fuel =ase#( Before that $ore than 1; of "o&er &as generate# fro$ hy#ro"o&er =ut those "olies hange# this "o&er generation fro$ hy#ro"o&er to ther$al "o&er "lants of &hih $ost of the$ &ere fuel =ase#( The risis of eletriity has reahe# u" to 9441 $ega&att !M% &ith the urrent #e$an# for eletriity is 24>71 M* an# total "ro#ution of 591 M(

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Although =eing a ountry &ith full of gas resoures ,a-istan faes ruial gas risis #uring last 9 years &ith the shortfall rising u" to 2(> =illion u=i feet though it has the resoure "otential to "ro#ue 4>4 trillion u=i feet of gas* =ut it is "ro#uing (7 =illion u=i feet( ,a-istan in#ustrial setor an# "o&er setor is hea'ily #e"en#ent on the su""ly of gas* that is 92; an# 22; res"eti'ely(

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CONSUMPTION OF E#ECTRICITY IN SECTORS 'S$ARES! 201(

/OMMER/IAL0 >; STREET LI8HTS0 2; 8OFER6ME6T0 ; A8RI/ULTURE0 24; RESIDE6TIAL0 <; I6DUSTRIAL0 4>;

Figure 2 

The onsu$"tion of eletriity aor#ing to setors: resi#ential <; that is the highest "erentage of the onsu$"tion "art( The seon# largest setor that onsu$es eletriity is the in#ustrial setor &hih uses 4; of the total0 the rest is agriulture 24 ;* go'ern$ent ;* an# o$$erial ; an# street lights 2;(

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CONSUMPTION OF GAS IN SECTORS 'S$ARE! 201(

TRA6S,ORT ,OER0 22; RESIDE6TIAL 0 94; ERTILIGER0 42;

/EME6T0 1; /OMMER/IAL 0 7; I6DUSTR30 92;

Figure 

or the onsu$"tion of gas follo&ing are the "erentages utilize# =y the #ierent setors: resi#ential 94;* in#ustry 92;* o$$erial 7;* e$ent

1;*

fertilizer

42;*

trans"ort

"o&er

22;(

In#ustrial

onsu$"tion is the seon# largest setor to onsu$e natural gas( 'S)ur*e: +,-r)*.r/) -ee)34e5 i65i5u5e ) P.8i65. 9 e*))4i* 6ure, ) P.8i65.! 20121(

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INDUSTRIES T$AT ARE AFFECTED
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ENGINEERING GOODS INDUSTRY

AUTOMO
STEE# INDUSTR Y

MANUFA CTURING INDUSTR Y

TE?TI#E INDUSTR Y

FERTI#I>ER INDUSTRY CEMENT INDUST RY

#EAT$ER INDUSTRY

Figure "

TE?TI#E INDUSTRY Te@tile in#ustry is the =iggest in#ustry in ,a-istan0 it is the largest e@"ort in#ustry( Due to la- of resoure the gro&th of the te@tile in#ustry is slo&( This in#ustry is trying to $o'e fro$ ol# $ahineries an# han#$a#e one"ts to ne& tehnologies urrently "resent in the $ar-et* =ut unfortunately tehnology nee#s eletriity energy for their &or-ing* yet &e are stan#ing at the sa$e "osition( This auses slo& as &ell as lo& in uality of "ro#ution( It ontri=utes u" to >(7; fro$ its e@"orts( Other i$"ats li-e inrease in ost of "ro#ution* inrease# ta@es are #elining the rate of e@"ort( The $a+or in#ustries that are "lae# in aisala=a# are suering fro$ energy risis an#

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year =y year it is =eo$ing a threat that is unontrolla=le(

The "otential

gro&th of the in#ustry is no& =eing in #anger(

AUTOMO
Auto in#ustry #es"ite ha'ing $any "ro#ution an#

asse$=ly units are not a=le to utilize the tehnology an# to use the "ro#ution a"aity as its =est =eause of the energy rises( Many of the four &heeler asse$=lers ha'e sto""e# asse$=ling ati'ities as a result of energy rises( urther$ore* the hy=ri# ar in#ustry has also faile# in ,a-istan =eause of the energy rises(

CEMENT INDUSTRY /e$ent in#ustry also ha'e an i$"ortant "art to "lay in eono$y( here infrastruture is =ase# on steel an# alu$inu$ it is also =ase# on e$ent( The "lants that e@iste# at the ti$e of in#e"en#ene &ere < in nu$=ers* an# then total 45 in#ustries #e'elo"e# !s$all an# large% that ontri=utes to the eono$y yle( This in#ustry &i#ely "ro'i#es +o= o""ortunities to $ore than 211*111* hene re#uing une$"loy$ent( The in#ustry =ase# on $ehanial an# he$ial "roesses* thus it reuires gas an# eletriity for uality "ro#ution of e$ent( Energy risis ha'e also hit this in#ustry as gas shortage lea#s to s&ithing o of =urners* reators an# $ahines that ulti$ately "a- those e$ents to =e $o'e# in the $ar-et( The ount is re#ue# to 47 or less fro$ 45* an# it &ill e@ee# if the situation still re$ains the sa$e( The ost an# e@"orts ulti$ately is aete#* an# i$"ort of the

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general ra& $aterial for the "ro#ution is =eing fouse# =y the in#ustrialist for their "ro#utions(

SUGAR INDUSTRY ,a-istan =eing an agriultural ountry o$"rises of a sugar in#ustry &hih is the largest agro =ase# in#ustry other than te@tiles( There are >2 sugar $ills &hih o$e un#er the sugar in#ustry(

Beause of the energy rises the

in#ustry is faing the high ost of "ro#ution along &ith the eletriity shut#o&n &hih "uts the =ur#en on the $ill o&ners &ho transfer this =ur#en on the general "u=li =y inreasing the sugar "ries(

#EAT$ER INDUSTRY The leather in#ustry of ,a-istan is the seon# largest e@"ort in#ustry an# one of the $a+or foreign e@hange earning in#ustry of ,a-istan( The energy risis has =a#ly #a$age# this setor an# has $a#e it uno$"etiti'e in the in#ustrial $ar-et( Due to the una'aila=ility of gas an# e@ten#e# loa# she##ing hours $any tanning units are lose# an# thus the e@"orts are #eline# =y $ore than 2<; #uring last ?'e years( The leather in#ustry of ,a-istan is a=le to "ro#ue &orl# lass leather =ut #ue to freuent shut #o&ns the uality is also aete# as it nee#s a ontinuous "roessing an# =eause of the eletriity freuent shut#o&n the "roess gets interru"te# &hih in the en# results in =a# uality "ro#ut an# =a# i$age for the ountry(

A#UMINUM INDUSTRY Alu$inu$ in#ustry of ,a-istan is not a =ig in#ustry in ter$s of size as o$"are to te@tile an# leather in#ustry( ith the inrease in loa# she##ing

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an# gas shortage this in#ustry is also faing the onseuenes of energy rises( The alu$inu$ in#ustry utilizes gas in ter$s of o$=ustion o"eration =ut as &ith the gas shortage an# inrease# fuel an# eletriity "ries the ost of "ro#ution of this in#ustry is inreasing $a-ing it #iCult for the in#ustry to sur'i'e(

STEE# INDUSTRY ,a-istan steel in#ustry is one of the $a+or in#ustries of ,a-istan( /urrently there are $ore than 71 o$"anies &or-ing in the steel setor( or the last ten years ,a-istan steel in#ustry is faing $assi'e #eline =eause of the out"ut not "ro#uing aor#ing to the $a@i$u$ a"aity #es"ite ha'ing high loal #e$an#( The reason =ehin# it is the s$all sale "ro#ution &hih inreases the steel ost( ith the energy rises the situation is getting e'en $ore se'ere as &ith the gas shortage the "ro#ution has =een aete# an# &ith inrease# eletriity* fuel an# $aterial "ries the "ro#ution ost is inrease# resulting in #a$aging the in#ustry(

FERTI#I>ER INDUSTRY ,a-istan)s fertilizer in#ustry onsists of 21 fertilizer units* out of the$ si@ are "u=li an# four are in "ri'ate setor( Along &ith the other in#ustries fertilizer in#ustry has also =een aete# =eause of the energy rises( Many of the in#ustrial units are lose# #o&n =eause of the energy rises an# those &hih are urrently &or-ing are not a=le to "ro#ue to their $a@i$u$ a"aity &hih is <*45>*111 6 tons of fertilizer are $anufaturing 4*4<*111 6( tons =eause of the freuent "o&er =rea- #o&n resulting in #a$aging the in#ustry(

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ENGINEERING GOODS INDUSTRY In ,a-istan there are $ainly four "u=li setor engineering goo#s ?r$s &hih o$e

un#er

the

engineering

goo#s

$anufaturing

in#ustry(

As

$anufaturing of engineering goo#s reuires tehnology usage an# hea'y $ahinery for "ro#ution =ut #ue to energy rises the tehnology i$"liation is al$ost i$"ossi=le an# $ahines are una=le to "ro#ue on their full a"aity =eause of the freuent eletriity shut#o&n(

IMPACT ON MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES Energy is the =a-=one for in#ustrial gro&th of any ountry( Out of the total onsu$"tion of gas an# eletriity ,a-istan)s in#ustrial setor utilizes 92; of 8as an# 4; of eletriity for its "ro#ution usage* =ut #ue to the energy rises this in#ustrial setor is faing a#'erse eets( 8as re#ution an# eletriity shortage has =a#ly aete# the "erfor$ane of the in#ustries( The natural reser'es of gas an# resoures to "ro#ue eletriity in ,a-istan are #elining an# the $a+or fator that "re'ents ne& su""liers to &or- in the ?el# is the "rie( The shortage of the "o&er is #ue to the $isalloation of the resoures an# lo& gro&th in the su""ly of gas an# eletriity to the setors( This is =eause of "oor "lanning an# $anaging of natural gas an# its su""ly(

COST OF PRODUCTION In ,a-istan $anufaturing in#ustries utilizes at least 99; of "ro#ution ost in ter$s of energy "ries( ith the energy rises going on the su""ly of energy ha'e #eline# thus inreasing the ost of energy &hih ulti$ately

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aets the in#ustries) "ro#ution ost( In#ustries are stri'ing har# to o$e u" &ith the inrease# ost of "ro#ution an# #erease# "ro?t( If the in#ustries go for another soure of energy that &ill also inrease their ost as installation of any ne& soure is e@"ensi'e( E'entually this =ur#en of inrease# "ries is fae# =y the $anufaturing in#ustries thus their ost of "ro#ution inreases &hih results in #erease rate of out"ut( So in or#er to inrease their "ro?t they are inreasing the "rie of their "ro#uts(

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TEC$NO#OGY IMP#ICATIONS Tehnology "lay an i$"ortant role in the in#ustrial gro&th as =y using the a#'ane# tehnology an# ha'ing latest $ahinery &e an ahie'e eCieny in "ro#ution* re#ue the ost of "ro#ution* an re#ue the "ro#ution ti$e an# an ahie'e the eono$ies of sale =ut to auire the tehnology an# to use it in in#ustrial "ro#ution one $ust ha'e eletrial energy only then the tehnology an =e utilize#( In ,a-istan the tehnology i$"liations is i$"ossi=le #ue to energy rises an# =eause of those in#ustrial $ahineries are getting i#le( E'en if $anufaturing in#ustries go for the latest tehnology they an)t a""ly it =eause of eletriity rises(

#EAD TIME AND #IMITED @UANTITY Due to the energy rises &e ha'e gas an# eletriity shortage $a-ing it #iCult for the in#ustries to $eet the o"ti$u$ uantity of their "ro#ution( ith the loa# she##ing reahe# to 2K2 hours the in#ustries are una=le to run their $ahineries an# thus the "ro#ution "roess is aete#( The $anufaturing in#ustries are going for the $anual &or- for the "ro#ution as for the or#er they reei'e# for the su""ly of goo#s they are una=le to su""ly the$ on ti$e as their "ro#ution s"ee# has slo&e# &hih results in inrease# lea# ti$e(

@UA#ITY ith the in#ustrial "ro#ution of the ountry =a#ly aete# =y the energy rises* the uality has =een o$"ro$ise# in a &ay that #ue to eletriity shortage our $anufaturing in#ustries are una=le to the eCient "ro#ution so for that to $eet the #e$an# the loal in#ustries are going for the =ul"ro#ution anyho& &ith the $a@i$u$ usage of eletriity an# are not

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onsi#ering the uality* on the other han# for the $aterial to =e use# in "ro#ution the in#ustries ha'e to i$"ort the $aterial fro$ a=roa# an# thus annot #e$an# the e@at uality $aterial they &ant as it &ill =e e@"ensi'e for the$ as o$"are to the $aterials "ro#ue# loally so they are gi'ing u" on uality(

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OUTSOURCING Manufaturing in#ustries ha'e starte# outsouring their "art of the =usinesses #ue to 'arious reasons0 one of the$ is the energy risis( It is 'ery #iCult for a $anufaturing in#ustry to $aintain its e'ery #e"art$ent in suh a ountry &here there are energy risis an# shortage of resoures that it ha# =eo$e a hea#ahe for the in#ustries to $anage its $anufaturing area( In#ustries are outsouring its funtions #ue to $any reasons that are unounta=le =ut s"ei?ally if &e tal- a=out the $anufaturing si#e in#ustries outsoure #ue to the inrease in the $aterial osts of the ra& $aterial as &ell as the ?nishe# goo#s that ulti$ately inrease the "ries of the "ro#uts or its unit ost an# ser'ies as &ell( In#ustries &ill suer =a#ly either outsouring its funtions or $anaging it =y the$sel'es(

E?P#OITATION OF #A
G#OATION OF T$E
1; . , a g e


an# then e@"ort their "ro#uts to other ountries( 8lo=alization ha# $a-e it #iCult to sur'i'e in the $ar-et for other re$aining in#ustries in ,a-istan

DEC#INE INESTMENT Energy rises ha'e also aete# the o& of in'est$ent for the in#ustrial setor( The in'estors are not intereste# to in'est in ,a-istan as those &ho &ere #oing =usiness here an# &ere running their fatories are shutting it #o&n =eause they are una=le to "ro#ue thus =earing losses* so the in'est$ent rate is #eline# for the $anufaturing in#ustry(

T$REAT OF EMERGING MARKETS 'G#O
further

"ro#ution(

Shut#o&ns

ha#

alrea#y

$a#e

,a-istan)s

$anufaturing in#ustry setor s$all* an# no& ne& $ar-ets ha'e also o$e u" &ith the energy #e$an# $a-ing energy "ries so high that it =eo$es o$"letely i$"ossi=le for the ,a-istan)s in#ustries to =uy energy e@ternally for "ro#ution reasons( Rise in energy "ries auses higher "ro#ution osts an# $anufaturers are fore# to lo&er the la=or osts(

E?PORT AND IMPORT The $a+or aet of energy risis on $anufaturing in#ustries that #iretly hits the eono$y is e@"orting of the "ro#uts that ontri=ute in the eono$y( There is a onstant #eline in the gra"h of e@"orting "ro#uts =y the $anufaturing in#ustries* though #erease in the =alane of "ay$ents that

1= . , a g e


hel"s us to i$"ort those "ro#uts fro$ outsi#e the ountry that usually a ountry annot $anufature or "ro'i#e ser'ie of( I$"orting ratio is inreasing #ay =y #ay #ue to the shut#o&n of the in#ustries( The $anufaturing setor is aete# =y the inrease in #ollar 'alue that ulti$ately $a-es the ra& $aterial i$"orting ostly* hene $a-ing it #iCult for the $anufaturing ?r$s to arry out their =usinesses for long ti$e( It lea#s to $ore shut#o&ns or slo& gro&th in the in#ustrial setor(

S$UTDOBN During last ?'e years the shut#o&n ount has reahe# u" to 275 $anufaturing in#ustries #ue to energy risis an# high ost of running =usinesses* an# this ount is li-ely to inrease in u"o$ing years( Eletriity shortage an# gas shortfall lea#s in#ustries to shut#o&n their #e"art$ents* as ontinuous loss in their =usiness an# high "ries are unaor#a=le urrently( The nu$=ers of in#ustries that are lose# in the "ro'ines are ,un+a= 21 units* sin#h >11* hy=er "a-htun-h&a 11* an# Baluhistan <1( The gas shut#o&n hits the in#ustries li-e steel* e$ent* $e#iine an# $any other that =asially are #e"en#ent on the gas for its $anufaturing "ro#uts( Shut#o&n of $anufaturing in#ustries auses another "ro=le$ that is the seon# largest "ro=le$ of ,a-istan is une$"loy$ent(

UNEMP#OYEMENT Manufaturing in#ustries are the seon# largest setor that ontri=utes in the eono$y an# hene "ro'i#es e$"loy$ent to all lass ran-e# "eo"le( Une$"loy$ent in the in#ustries is ause# #ue to large nu$=er of shut#o&ns( The in#ustrial setor at the urrent era is &or-ing =a-&ar#ly* =eause of &hih less e$"loyees are hire# to &or-( Due to gas an#

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eletriity shortfall the e@isting in#ustries are &ea-ening that result in the urrent une$"loy$ent ratio( Less nu$=ers of in#ustries lea#s to less nu$=er of "ro#ution* follo&e# =y the inrease in "ries of the "ro#uts* auses #erease in the #e$an# of "ro#uts* reates la- of interest in "ro#ution of goo#s* that is reason &hy $anufaturing in#ustries ratio of une$"loy$ent is $uh higher than the ser'ies setor( or-ers are har#ly a=le to &or- half #ay in the ?r$s #ue to energy risis the in#ustries are faing &ho are &or-ing urrently in the $ar-et(

CONC#USION The in#ustrial setor "lays an i$"ortant "art in the eono$i gro&th of a ountry( ith the energy rises in ,a-istan e'ery setor has =een aete# "artiularly the a#'erse eets an =e seen on the in#ustrial setor( Al$ost e'ery in#ustry has =eo$e a 'iti$ of energy risis an# =eause of this0 shut#o&ns an# une$"loy$ent ha'e =eo$e the $a+or threat &ith &hih the eono$y has to #eal( The "ro=le$ is getting se'ere #ay =y #ay* an# if the situation re$ains the sa$e the ountry &oul# o$"letely =e #e"en#ent on other ountries for "ro#ution an# su""ly of goo#s an# =asi neessities of life( So in or#er to han#le this ur= ,a-istan has to fous on its energy utilization)s "lan to fae the urrent situation* =efore it)s too late to han#le(

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The u"o$ing i$"at &ill =e $ore #rasti as it lea#s to high "ries of "ro#uts* inrease# ta@es* no e@"ort* lo& stan#ar# of li'ings an# et( 

8o'ern$ent shoul# o$e u" &ith eeti'e "o&er "oliy( There are alternate resoures of energy to "ro#ue "o&er suh as solar energy* &in# energy* =iogas tehnology* =io$ass* geother$al "o&er an# "ro"er usage of oal* go'ern$ent shoul# utilize the$ in the $ost eeti'e &ay "ossi=le as the "ro=le$ is not the la- of resoures =ut



the utilization of the resoures( Other than that* as for the short ter$ solution in or#er to re#ue the i$"at of energy risis on in#ustrial setor* "ro"er $anage$ent is neessary( Loa# she##ing hours shoul# =e re#ue# &ith a "ro"er she#ule notie issue# to the in#ustries $entioning their ti$e slot so



that they an utilize that ti$e in other &ays( Ta@ rate shoul# =e re#ue# fro$ leather an# te@tile in#ustries &hih are the largest ontri=uting fator to 8D, fro$ their e@"orts until the energy rises issue gets resol'e#( 8as su""ly $ust =e realloate# an# shoul# =e "ro'i#e# to the "ro#ution setor rather than trans"ortation setor(

If these issues are not seriously ta-en in onern =y go'ern$ent* it &ill en# u" runhing the eono$y(

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Impact of Pakistan's energy crisis on the manufacturing industry

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