Impact of Industrial Effluent on the Environment

IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT ON THE ENVIRONMENT (REVISED EDITION)

BY:

ADEODUN SIMILADE ADEOLU B.Sc. WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT M.Sc. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT

EXAMINED BY:

Prof. I. F. ADENIYI ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION MONITORING TECHNIQUES AND

Dr. (Mrs) A. A. OKOYA WATER TREATMENT AND WATERWORKS

INSTITUTE OF ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY, ILE-IFE

NOVEMBER, 2016

Impact of Waste / Effluent on the Environment Water and Environment Management

Adeodun Similade A. Institute of Ecology and Environmental Studies, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

TABLE OF CONTENT TABLE OF CONTENT ............................................................................................................. 2 WATER RESOURCES ............................................................................................................. 3 Sources and Distribution of Water Resources ....................................................................... 4 Hydrologic Cycle ................................................................................................................... 6 WATER POLLUTION .............................................................................................................. 8 Point Source Pollution ......................................................................................................... 10 Non-Point Source Pollution ................................................................................................. 10 INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT..................................................................................................... 11 IMPACTS OF EFFLUENT ON THE ENVIRONMENT ....................................................... 12 Impact of Industrial Effluent on Water Bodies (Hydrosphere) ........................................... 13 Impact of Industrial Effluent on the Soil (Lithosphere) ....................................................... 14 Impact of Industrial Effluent on the Air (Atmosphere) ....................................................... 15 Impact of Industrial Effluent on Human .............................................................................. 15 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 17

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WATER RESOURCES The earth is a water planet. From outer space, the oceans are visible as great swirls of blue covering about 70 percent of the earth surface. The blue-white of ice snow covers another 3.5 percent. Below the patches and linear clouds are lakes and rivers, ponds and streams; unseen beneath the surface are vast reservoirs of groundwater (Speidel, 1988). Speidel states further that the earth is the only water world we know, the only planet where the compound water (H2O) exists as liquid, vapour and solid. There appears to be only a very small set of conditions in any solar system where the three states of water can so exist. Earth’s size and location relative to those of the sun fit within that small set (Strahler, 2008). The change of water from one physical state to another in the hydrologic cycle is a major factor influencing the geological, chemical, physical and biological processes operating on the surface of the earth, including the development and maintenance of life. Sometimes it may feel like there is an infinite supply of fresh water. Yet, available fresh water amounts to less than one-half of one Percent of all the water on earth. Water is life. Water is very essential to life, for without it, no life can survive whether man, animal or plant. It is a well-known fact that while man can do without solid food for more than 40 days; it is most unlikely that he can survive without water for 7 days. Water is a natural resource of any country. With the fast growth in world population, the water resources of the world are becoming one of the most important assets. In the present age, the importance of water has further increased due to industrialization of the world as much potable water is needed for the production of many industrial goods, generation of hydropower and irrigation purposes etc. Water is also an important means of transportation in many parts of the world and a significant factor in recreation. With the advancement in civilization, men has increased the rate of pollution of the much needed resource, making it unfit for so many uses.

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Sources and Distribution of Water Resources The primary sources of water include: rainwater, surface water (stored in lakes, streams, and ponds), and groundwater. The distribution of water, however, is quite varied; many locations have plenty of it while others have very little. Water exists on earth in three forms solid (ice), liquid or gas (water vapour) (Shiklomanov, 1998). Oceans, rivers, clouds, and rain, all of which contain water, are in a frequent state of change (Huntington, 2006) (surface water evaporates, cloud water precipitates, rainfall infiltrates the ground, etc.). However, the total amount of the earth's water does not change; owing to glaciers, rivers and groundwater flow (Shiklomanov, 1998). Figure 1 shows the global water occurrence and distribution. Of the small amount that is actually freshwater, only a relatively small portion is available to sustain human, plant, and animal life. The bar chart shows how almost all of Earth's water is saline and is found in the oceans. In the first bar, only 2.5% of Earth's water is freshwater - the amount needed for life to survive. The middle bar shows the breakdown of freshwater. Almost all of it is locked up in ice and in the ground. Only a little more than 1.2% of all freshwater is surface water, which serves most of life's needs. The right bar shows the breakdown of surface freshwater. Most of this water is locked up in ice, and another 20.9% is found in lakes. Rivers make up 0.49% of surface freshwater. Although rivers account for only a small amount of freshwater, this is where humans get a large portion of their water from (Craig et al., 1996).

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Figure 1: global water occurrence and distribution

Around fifty years ago, the common perception was that water was an infinite resource. At that time, there was fewer than half the current number of people on the planet. People were not as wealthy as today, consumed fewer calories and ate less meat, so less water was needed to produce their food. They required a third of the volume of water we presently take from rivers (Falkenmark and Rockström, 2004). Today, the competition for water resources is much more intense. This is because there are now seven billion people on the planet, their consumption of water-thirsty meat and vegetables is

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rising, and there is increasing competition for water from industry, urbanization biofuel crops, and water reliant food items (Postel and Wolf, 2001). In the future, even more water will be needed to produce food because the Earth's population is forecast to rise to 9 billion by 2050 (Borkotoki et al., 2015; Cáceres, 2012; Lipae and Deligero, 2012). Hydrologic Cycle The movement of water on the earth's surface and through the atmosphere is known as the hydrologic cycle (De Marsily, 1986). Water is taken up by the atmosphere from the earth's surface in vapour form through evaporation. It may then be moved from place to place by the wind until it is condensed back to its liquid phase to form clouds. Water then returns to the surface of the earth in the form of either liquid (rain) or solid (snow, sleet, etc.) precipitation. Water transport can also take place on or below the earth's surface by flow (Pidwirny, 2006; Chahine, 1992; Thurow, 1991; Tuan, 1968). The hydrologic cycle (Figure 2) is used to model the storage and movement of water between the biosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere (Wood et al., 2011). Water is stored in the following reservoirs: atmosphere, oceans, lakes, rivers, glaciers, soils, snowfields, and groundwater. It moves from one reservoir to another by processes like: evaporation, condensation, precipitation, deposition, runoff, infiltration, sublimation, transpiration, and groundwater flow (Pidwirny, 2006).

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Figure 2: The Hydrologic Cycle: Delaware River Basin Commission (River, 2002)

Water is stored in the atmosphere in all three states of matter. Water vapour in the atmosphere is commonly referred to as humidity. If liquid and solid forms of water can overcome atmospheric updrafts they can fall to the Earth's surface as precipitation. The formation of ice crystals and water droplets occurs when the atmosphere is cooled to a temperature that causes condensation or deposition (Pidwirny, 2006). Four processes that can cause atmospheric cooling are: orographic uplift; convectional uplift; air mass convergence; and radiative energy loss. Precipitation can be defined as any aqueous deposit, in liquid or solid form, that develops in a saturated atmospheric environment and generally falls from clouds. A number of different precipitation types have been classified by meteorologists including rain, freezing rain, snow, ice pellets, snow pellets, and hail. Fog represents the saturation of air near the ground surface. 7



Classification of fog types is accomplished by the identification of the mechanism that caused the air to become saturated (Fletcher et al., 2011). The distribution of precipitation on the Earth's surface is generally controlled by the absence or presence of mechanisms that lift air masses to cause saturation. It is also controlled by the amount of water vapour held in the air, which is a function of air temperature (Fletcher et al., 2011).

WATER POLLUTION Water pollution is unarguably one of the most fundamental environmental issues globally and locally, as untreated or inadequately treated wastes is being discharged into streams, estuaries and seas (Novotny, 2003). Pollution of water bodies in Nigeria is further worsening with lack of adequate environmental monitoring schemes; weak enforcement of environmental regulations; and worst of all bribery and corruption (Nwabuzor, 2005; Winbourne, 2002). Numerous studies have been and are being conducted to help define this problem; to determine the amounts of pollutant substances released to the environment, their sources, their impacts, and possible means of control (Kim et al., 2013). Water is considered polluted if some substances or condition is present to such a degree that the water cannot be used for a specific purpose. Water pollution occurs when unwanted materials with potentials to threaten human and other natural systems find their ways into rivers, lakes, wells, streams, boreholes or even reserved fresh water in homes and industries (Rice et al., 2012). The pollutants are usually pathogens, silt and suspended solid particles such as soils, sewage materials, disposed foods, cosmetics, automobile emissions, construction debris and eroded banks from rivers and other waterways (Bakare and Akintan, 2016).

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Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in bodies of water. In almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations, but also to the natural biological communities (Simberloff and Von Holle, 1999). Pollution by organic and inorganic contaminant such as pesticide and heavy metals respectively is a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems because some of these contaminants are potentially toxic, even at very low concentrations. Additionally, heavy metals and pesticides are not biodegradable and tend to accumulate in living organisms, and they can cause severe problems to both human health and wildlife (Crini, 2005). Water Pollutants can be grouped into three broad categories according to their nature: I. II. III.

Organic pollutants Inorganic pollutants Biological pollutants

Water pollutants can also be grouped according to source: I. II.

Point source Non-point source

Water is in a continuous cycle (hydrological cycle), some pollutants from surface water especially inorganic are capable of migrating from surface water to ground water (Carpenter et al., 1998). Surface waters may have the following types of pollutions: 

Suspended Solids: The inorganic suspended solids blanket the stream bed effecting benthos (flora and fauna at bottom of water) organisms, while the organic solids create sludge banks and decompose causing odours and pathogens.



Floating Solids (Oils, Greases): Floating materials obstruct passage of light and aeration which are vital for flora and fauna and self-purification of water.



Organic Matter: Biological decomposition of waste organic matter in stream depletes dissolved oxygen content of water which may stifle the fish and aquatic life due to lack

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of oxygen. Unpleasant odour, flavour and taste, result due to lack of dissolved oxygen. Untreated sewage is the biggest pollutant and a cause of pathogens in water. 

Inorganic Dissolved Salts: High total dissolved solids (TDS) may interfere with the use of water in industries, municipal supplies and for irrigation purposes. Phosphorus and Nitrogen are plant nutrients which induce algae growth and sometimes create ‘Eutrophic’ condition when excessive plant and algal growth may kill fishes and water animals.



Toxic Chemicals and Heavy Metals: Acid, alkalis, toxic chemicals and heavy metals cause adverse effect on human and animal life and plants.



Radioactive Materials: Radioactive materials cause adverse effects on all biological beings.



Foam and Colour: Foam and colour are indicators of contaminations.



Microorganisms: Pathogenic bacteria, viruses, etc. are health hazards.



Thermal Pollution: Heat depletes dissolved oxygen in water adversely affecting fishes. Higher temperature of water also adversely affects its use as coolant in industries.

Point Source Pollution Point source pollution comes directly from a known source like an industrial or sewage outfall pipe. It can also be from factories, wastewater treatment facilities, septic systems, and other sources that are clearly discharging pollutants into water sources (Rehman et al., 2008). Point sources are typically associated with manufacturing processes. However, point sources also include discharges from water treatment plants and large animal feeding operations (Knight et al., 2000). Non-Point Source Pollution Non-point source pollution can be defined as pollution that comes from many miscellaneous or diffuse sources rather than from an identifiable, specific point (Harrington et al., 1985). Nonpoint source pollution can originate from urban environments such as yards in neighbourhoods or from agricultural production areas such as crop fields (Robbins et al., 2001).

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Chemicals, waste products and soil that are carried by rain into streams or rivers become a part of non-point source pollution (Alloway and Ayres, 1997). Common examples are fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, spilled motor oil and wastes from pets, wildlife and livestock. Other significant sources of non-point source pollution include: 1. Litters 2. Hazardous waste improperly stored or discarded 3. Erosion from construction sites, farms or home sites 4. Pollution from roadways and road salting activities 5. Discharge of sewage and garbage from ships and boats 6. Cleansers and other compounds used on ships in the urban or agriculture environment and boats to prevent barnacles and algae from accumulating 7. Disposal of wastes in catch basins 8. Improperly operating septic systems 9. Acid deposition including acid rain and fog 10. Leaking sewer lines 11. Improper use of fertilizers and pesticides 12. Animal feeding operations Non-point sources are more difficult to identify, because they cannot be traced back to a particular location (Sigel et al., 2010). Treatment of polluted water from non-point sources can also be very difficult. Best management measure to non-point source pollution is the Watershed Management system (Ritter and Shirmohammadi, 2000). Riparian community must act as stakeholder in watershed management (Bulkley, 2011).

INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT Effluent is a wastewater, treated or untreated that flows out of a treatment plant, sewers, or industrial outfall. It is liquid waste discharged from a sewage system, factory, nuclear power station, or other industrial plant. One of the most serious environmental problems is the existence of hazardous and toxic pollutants in industrial wastewaters: problem because most of these wastewaters end up being 11



discharged to the environment. The major hindrance is the simultaneous existence of many/different types of pollutants as i.

Dyes

ii.

Heavy metals

iii.

Phenols

iv.

Pesticides and

v.

Pharmaceuticals.

IMPACTS OF EFFLUENT ON THE ENVIRONMENT Pollution of the aquatic environment has been defined by UNESCO /WHO/UNEP as the introduction by man directly or indirectly of substances or energy into the marine environment which results in such deleterious effects as harm to the living resources (Schwarzenbach et al., 2010; Novotny, 2003; Harrington et al., 1985). A major source of pollution in developing countries is industrial activities and this has gradually increased the problem of waste disposal. Increased industrial activities have led to pollution stress on surface water both from industrial, agricultural and domestic sources. Untreated wastes from processing factories located in cities are discharged into inland water bodies resulting to stench, discoloration and a greasy oily nature of such water bodies (Akpomie et al., 2015; Olajumoke, 2010). Industrial activities and urbanization in developing countries including Nigeria has gradually led to increased problem of waste disposal. Increase in crude oil exploration, refining and activities of other industrial establishments in the Niger Delta has resulted in the wide-scale contamination of most of its creeks, swamps and rivers with hydrocarbon and dispersant products (Olajumoke, 2010). The major industrial categories in Nigeria are metals and mining, food, beverages and tobacco; breweries, distilleries, textile, leather products, wood processing and manufacture, furniture, pulp and paper industries and chemical and allied industries (Eluozo, 2013). Industrial effluents 12



contain toxic and hazardous materials from the wastes that settle in river water as bottom sediments and constitute health hazards to the urban population that depend on the water as source of supply for domestic uses (Akaninwor et al., 2007). Meanwhile, the impact of industrial effluent has on the environment is not limited to water bodies alone, rather cut across all portion of the environment. The various component of the environment interact with each other, hence sooner or later, the harm done to the water bodies would soon be felt by the land and the atmosphere (Sharma, 1994). According to Sharma 1994, the impact of industrial effluent would be discussed as it affects each components of the environment namely;

a) Impact on the water bodies (hydrosphere) b) Impact on the soil (lithosphere) c) Impact on the air i.e. atmosphere d) Impact on human and on the ecosystem and flow of energy (food web) Impact of Industrial Effluent on Water Bodies (Hydrosphere) Contamination of drinking water supplies from industrial waste is as a result of various types of industrial processes and disposal practices. Industries that use large amounts of water for processing have the potential to pollute waterways through the discharge of their waste into streams and rivers, or by run-off and seepage of stored wastes into nearby water sources (Mathubala et al., 2015). Other disposal practices which cause water contamination include deep well injection and improper disposal of waste in surface impoundments. Industrial waste consists of both organic and inorganic substances. Organic wastes include pesticide residues, solvents and cleaning fluids, dissolved residue from fruits and vegetables, and lignin from pulp and paper (Ipinmoroti et al., 2007). This impacts high organic pollutants on receiving waters consequently creating high competition for oxygen within the ecosystem (Osibanjo and Adie, 2007). Effluents can 13



also contain inorganic wastes such as brine salts and metals. A number of toxic substances human beings encounter regularly may pose serious health risks (Olajumoke, 2010). Pesticide residues on vegetable crops, mercury in fish and many industrially produced chemicals may cause cancer, birth defects genetic mutations or death. Discharge of metals and some nonmetals into water bodies have serious environmental effects (Förstner and Wittmann, 2012). Lead a prime environmental pollutant, is a multi-organ poison which in addition to well-known toxic effects depresses immune status, causes damage to the central nervous system, kidney and reproductive system (Nwosu et al., 2014). Thermal pollution is a major impact from industrial effluent as it alters the natural temperature of the receiving water body (Abel, 1996). The native aquatic organisms of the receiving water bodies would function normally under the condition they are used to. Deviation from the normal condition could result in low in productivity, migration from the region or even mass death of the fishes and other aquatic species (Langford, 1990). Impact of Industrial Effluent on the Soil (Lithosphere) Sometimes, effluent, especially sludge from the water or wastewater treatment facility are disposed of by using them as soil amendment, or just indiscriminately to dump sites. When these effluent or sludge (as the case may be) contains toxic materials and heavy metals, they immediately become part of the soil; when these toxic materials and heavy metals become ionised (i.e. in soluble form), they could be picked by the root of the plant and bioaccumulation in the tissues of the plant (Mura et al., 2013). This is highly undesirable. These toxic materials and heavy metals may also disrupt the natural activities of both the flora and fauna components of the soil. The activities of bacterial and other micro-organisms could be altered by the presence of these pollutants (Abel, 1996).

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Impact of Industrial Effluent on the Air (Atmosphere) Effluent especially when it contains high BOD and other organic pollutant tends to give off foul smell. This worsens when the waste is not properly dosed with the required oxygen to effectively digest the complex organic matter to simpler form. Disgusting gases like hydrogen sulphide (H2S), cyanide (CN) among others is very notorious in this regards (Ghosh, 2002). With uncontrolled release of effluent / wastewater, the undesirable foul smell could become a threat to the inhabitants of such locality. Impact of Industrial Effluent on Human In non-ferrous metal industries, and industries that produce batteries, pigments, stabilizers and plastics the primary heavy metals discharged are lead, zinc, and cadmium, also cement manufacture results in high emission of mercury as well as these heavy metals except zinc (Scoullos et al., 2012). Arsenic and Zinc gain access to the water environment through mining operations. Nickel and Cobalt are used in the electroplating industry. Effluents contain these heavy metals which are harmful to human health either through direct ingestion or from fish and other animals or plants. Heavy metals particularly arsenic, mercury and lead are environmental pollutants threatening the health of human population and natural ecosystem (Castro-González and Méndez-Armenta, 2008). The untreated effluent when released to the environment would interact with all components of the environment. The effect would not only be felt in the water bodies alone, but across all the components. The toxic component would definitely move round the food web / trophic level (Förstner and Wittmann, 2012; Gavrilescu, 2004). According to Figure 3 below, the heavy metals or other toxins could be picked up the root of the plants (the autotrophs), then be transferred to primary consumer, and finally to the top of the food web, humans. The scary part

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of this is that the toxins or heavy metals as it goes up the food web or trophic level tend to increase up, that is referred to bio-magnification.

Figure 3: Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in the Food Chain

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Impact of Industrial Effluent on the Environment

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