SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Holy Angel University #1 Holy Angel Avenue, Sto. Rosario, Angeles City
INSTRUCTIONAL INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL MATERIAL Reading and Writing, First Mid-Quarter Period WHAT IS READING Reading is a complex Reading complex "cognitive process" of decoding symbols in order to construct or derive meaning (re (readin ding comp comprrehe ehensi nsion). It is a mean means s of langu angua age acqui cquisi siti tio on, comm commu unica nicati tio on, and of sharing information and ideas. ( De De Certeau, Michel. "Reading as Poaching ) "Reading" is the process of looking at a series of written symbols and getting meaning from them. It is making meaning from print. (http://www.readingrockets.org) SCANNING VS SKIMMING Scanning aims aims to cover a great deal of material in order to locate a specific fact or piece of information. Skimming is is a method of rapidly moving the eyes over the text with the purpose of getting only the main ideas and general overview of the content. READING STRATEGIES Previewing enables enables readers to get a sense of what the text is about and how it is organized before reading it closely. It reviews titles, section headings, and photo captions to get a sense of the structure and content of a reading selection Activating Prior knowledge knowledge is the association of the knowledge that the learner already has to the new info inform rmat atio ion n they they have have at hand hand.. Some Some call call it sche schema ma,, rele releva vant nt back backgr grou ound nd know knowle ledg dge, e, or just just plai plain n experience. Making predictions is predictions is a strategy in which readers use information from a text (including titles, headings, pictures, and diagrams) and their own personal experiences to anticipate what they are about to read (or what comes next). It usually asks "What do you think will happen next?"This is related to this are guessing and estimation. Visualizing is is the ability to create pictures in the heads based on text read or words heard. It is constructing a mental image or graphic organizer for the purpose of extracting meaning from the text. Summarizing requires requires students to determine what is important in what they are reading and to put it into their own words. words. Instructio Instruction n in summariz summarizing ing helps students:i students:ident dentify ify or generate generate main ideas; ideas; connect connect the main or central ideas; and, eliminate unnecessary information. Asking Question/ Q uestion/ QAR Strategy encourages encourages learners to understand what kind of information they got from the text they read. Questions can be effective because they: give students a purpose for reading; focus studen students' ts' atten attentio tion n on what what they they are to learn; learn; help help studen students ts to think think activ actively ely as they they read; read; encour encourag age e students to monitor their comprehension; and, help students to review content and relate what they have learned to what they already know. Comparing and Contrasting explores explores likenesses and differences between texts to understand them better. This maybe done with the elements included in the text. Say for stories, students can compare and contrast characters, events, settings, and details. But it is more important in expository and persuasive writings. Organizers Organizers illustrate concepts and relationships between concepts in a text or using diagrams or word. Graphic organizers are known by different names, such as maps, webs, graphs, charts, frames, or clusters. Semantic organizers can be outlines and the like. Page 1 of 9
TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING AND ORGANIZING INFORMATION Brainstorming - is the most popular tool in generating creative and rich ideas. It helps in: establishing patterns of ideas; developing new ways of thinking; activating background knowledge; and, overcoming mental block. Brainstorming Strategies 1. Cubing is a strategy that requires cubic (six sides) method of discussion asking the six different angles of the text. These are the following: 1) Describe the topic (what is it about?); 2) Compare it (what is it like?); 3) Associate it (what does it make you think of?); 4) Analyze it (what constituent parts is it made of?); 5) Apply it (how can it be used?); and 6) Argue for and/or against it (how can you support or oppose it?) 2. Freewriting is a strategy that asks the writer to jot down without restrictions not pausing in order to spell correctly, not going back to rewrite any composed items, and by turning off the inner editor's self. It can be considered done when one closes the eyes while writing or typing, or turn the computer monitor off. 3. Listing is the enumeration of words that are related to the given topic. This does not require outlining or connection between or among the terms listed. Nonfiction lists opinions, facts, and questions. Fiction lists people, places, and qualities. 4. Mapping (clustering, webbing) is a form of listing that involves jotting down ideas on a large writing surface and then making connections by associating similarly themed ideas. How you produce the map, exactly, is up to you, but as with any other brainstorming tool, wait until you’ve (temporarily) run out of ideas before you begin making connections — but don’t hesitate to continue recording new ideas as you marshal others. 5. Researching is a brainstorming that asks the writer to visit a particular resource/s to populate the idea at hand. The ideas will be listed down in a more structured illustration.
Graphic Organizers - are visual representation of concepts that helps structure information into a pattern. They present information and connect these info into a coherent framework. Types of Graphic Organizers Venn Diagram is used to compare and contrast. It uses two or more overlapping circles to show similarities and differences.
Network Tree is used to represent hierarchy, classification, and branching . It is useful in showing scientific categories, family tree, even lineage
Problem Solving Map is used to display the nature of the problem and how i can be solved. The map show the problem, its causes and effect, and the logical solution
Spider Map/ Semantic Map is used to investigate and enumerate aspects of the central idea through concepts, topic, or theme. The central idea is placed at the center, the main ideas are placed diagonal from the central idea, and the details are placed connected to the main ideas
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Persuasion Map is used to map out arguments and evidence and show these pieces of information to lead to a logical conclusion. This map is usually used when processing a persuasive text. Timeline is used to show how events occurred chronologically through a long ba labeled with dates and specific events. Timeline can be Linear or Comparative Linear shows how events happened in a time; Comparative shows two events tha happened at the same time
Plot Diagram is used to map events in the story. It is used to analyze major events to be placed in Exposition, Inciting Event, Rising Action, Climax, Falling Action, and Resolution or Denouement.
Chain of Events is used to describe stages or sequence of events and explain how one event leads to another to arrive at the final event
Cycle is used to describe a series of events interact to produce a set o results repeatedly. Some events that may need cycle are water cycle, metamorphosis, and poverty cycle.
Fishbone Map (use for Cause-Effect Map) is used to understand the causal relationship of a complex phenomenon. It shows the factors that caused a specific event as well as details of each of them
Outlining - is a tool used to organize ideas which can be presented through decimal or alphanumeric forms. Outlining can be Topi Outlining or Sentence Outlining The traditional alphanumeric outline follows a specific format o letters and numbers. First, number the main sections or topics with Roman numerals (I, II, III, and so on) Use capital Letters (A, B, C and so on) for the first level of subsection under the Roman numerals. I there is a further level of subsections after that, use Arabic numerals (1 2, 3 and so on). If there is still another level after that, use lowercase letters (a, b, c and so on). Principles of Outlining 1. Coordination - ideas of the same relevance are to be labeled the same way (I,II,III or A,B,C) 2. Subordination - minor details have to be placed under the majo details 3. Division - no cluster should contain only one item 4. Parallel Construction - all entries must use the same format o presentation Page 3 of 9
Topic Outline uses words and phrases as entries. It is used if the ideas being discussed can be arranged in a number of ways.
Sentence Outline uses complete sentences as entries. It is used if the topic involved is complicated that requires details.
PATTERNS OF COMMUNICATION Narration/ Narrative Writing A narrative is a writing form that tells a story. I is the story (fiction or non-fiction) told and the order in which it is told. Sometimes, there is a narrator, a character or series of characters, who tell the story. Sometimes, as with most non-fiction, the author himself/herself in the narrator. (Lexington High School, http://lps.lexingtonma.org/Page/2254)
Characteristics: Has a clear focus Presents events in order Has well developed plot Uses sensory details Uses narrative elements (Plot, Setting, Character, Theme, POV, Literary Devices, Atmosphere) Uses effective sentence structure Forms of Narrative Fiction Narrative Realistic Fiction Fantasy Stories Historical Fiction Mystery Stories Myths Legends Science Fiction Tall Tales
Non-Fiction Narrative Personal Narratives Biographical Narratives Diary Blogs Eyewitness accounts Memoirs Reflective Essays
Fiction Narrative - a narration/ story that comes from the imagination of the writer. Realistic Fiction portrays invented characters and events in everyday situations. It is a genre consisting of stories that could have actually occurred to people or animals in a believable setting. These stories resemble real life, and fictional characters within these stories react similarly to real people. Stories that are classified as realistic fiction have plots that highlight social or personal events or issues that mirror contemporary life, such as falling in love, marriage, finding a job, divorce, alcoholism, etc. They depict our world and our society. Characteristics of Realistic Fiction 1.Realistic fiction stories tend to take place in the present or recent past. 2.Characters are involved in events that could happen. 3.Characters live in places that could be or are real. 4.The characters seem like real people with real issues solved in a realistic way (so say goodbye to stories containing vampires, werewolves, sorcerers, dragons, zombies, etc.). 5.The events portrayed in realistic fiction conjure questions that a reader could face in everyday life. Page 4 of 9
Check these examples! - The Fault In Our Stars by John Green - From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler (Paperback) by E.L. Konigsburg - Loser (Mass Market Paperback) by Jerry Spinelli - The Thing About Jellyfish (Hardcover) by Ali Benjamin - High School Musical by Peter Barsocchini Check this link and watch the video discussion about Realistic Fiction: http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-realistic-fiction-definition-characteristics-examples.html
Fantasy Story is a fiction genre that uses magic or other supernatural elements as a main plot element, theme, or setting. Many works within the genre take place in imaginary worlds where magic and magical creatures are common. These are highly imaginative writing that contain elements not found in real life that involve characters, situations, worlds, and creatures. - In a fantasy story, events occur outside the ordinary laws that operate within the universe. - Magic is central to the fantasy genre. - Fantasy stories often involve journeys and quests. Portals between worlds as seen in fantasy movies./ texts Protagonists usually cross some kind of opening or “portal” between the two worlds - The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe: a wardrobe - The Voyage of the Dawn Treader: a painting - Haroun and the Sea of Stories: sleep - Harry Potter books: platform 9 and ¾ - Peter Pan: magical flight - Inkheart: a gifted storyteller reads aloud Historical Fiction is about imaginary people in real places and times of history. This may involve real persons as they interact with fictional (invented) characters. These movies and novels are stories which are made up but are set in the past that sometimes borrow true characteristics of the time period in which they are set. For example, a novel that makes up a story about a Civil War battle that really happened. Check these examples: - Einstein Prophesy by Robert Masello - Hollow City (Miss Peregrine’s Peculiar Children) by Ransom Riggs, on its World War II feats - Dracula vs Hitler by Patrick Sheane Duncan - Abraham Lincoln: The Vampire Hunter by Seth Grahame-Smith Mystery Stories present unexplained or strange events that characters try to solve. These stories are often packed and full of surprises. The mystery genre is a type of fiction in which a detective, or other professional, solves a crime or series of crimes. It can take the form of a novel or short story. This genre may also be called detective or crime novels. The purpose of a mystery novel is to solve a puzzle and to create a feeling of resolution with the audience. Check these examples - The Vanishing Girl by Chris Bedell - Ghajini (Movie, 2008) by A.R. Murugadoss - Truth or Dare by Rryan Thomas Check this link and watch the video discussion about Mystery Stories: http://study.com/academy/lesson/mystery-genre-definition-characteristics-elements.html
Myths are fictional tales that explain actions o f gods or heroes and/or the origins of nature. They were generally handed down by words o f mouth for generations. It is a story based on tradition (or legend) which has a deep symbolic meaning. A myth 'conveys a truth' to those who tell it and hear it , rather than necessarily recording a true event. Myths are often used to explain universal and local beginnings and involve supernatural beings. The great power of the meaning of these stories, to the culture in which they developed, is a major reason why they survive as long as they do - sometimes Page 5 of 9
for thousands of years. Mythology , however, refers to the collected local stories of the people which maybe about their culture, gods and goddesses, custom, and people. Check these examples of Myths: - Wrath of Titans (2012) - Percy Jackson and the Olympians, The Lightning Thief (2010) - The Legend of Hercules (2014) Legends are widely told stories about the past that may or may not have foundations in reality. These are traditional stories sometimes popularly regarded as historical but unauthenticated. Legend, for its active and passive participants, includes no happenings that are outside the realm of "possibility", but may include miracles. Legends may be transformed over time, in order to keep them fresh and vital, and realistic. Many legends operate within the realm of uncertainty, never being entirely believed by the participants, but also never being resolutely doubted. It is a semi-true story, which has been passed on from person-to-person and has important meaning or symbolism for the culture in which it originates. A legend usually includes an element of truth, or is based on historic facts, but with 'mythical qualities'. Legends usually involve heroic characters or fantastic places and often encompass the spiritual beliefs of the culture in which they originate. Check these examples: - Atlantis - El Dorado, The City of Gold - The Fountain of Youth - The Holy Grail - Robin Hood - Shangri La - Romulus and Remus Tall Tales are short stories with an unbelievable plot twist and line. Storytellers read tall tales as if they were true. Tall tales usually have exaggerations of actual events. In addition, many tall tales take place in an existing location, such as the American Old West, a European country, or at the beginning of a major historical event. They tell larger-than-life characters in real life settings. These characters can perform amazing acts of strength and bravery. Tall tales are usually very funny because the exaggerations in the story tend to be the main focus of the whole story. Checklist for a tall tale story: It should be unbelievable It has many exaggerations The main character has a problem to solve The character is bigger than life and has superhuman abilities The plot twists loom on its being funny and surprisingly impossibility In the end the character solves the problem and becomes happy Check these examples (American Tall Tales): - Pecos Bill – legendary cowboy who "tamed the wild west" - Paul Bunyan – huge lumberjack who eats 50 pancakes in one minute Examples from Philippine Tall tales: - Biag ni Lam Ang by Pedro Bukaneg (an Ilocano epic) - Bernardo Carpio (a Philippine Legend) Science Fiction is a writing that tells about science and technology. It is a fiction based on imagined future scientific or technological advances and major social or environmental changes, frequently portraying space or time travel and life on other planets. Check these examples: - The Matrix (1999) - The Martian (2015)
- District 9 (2009) - Jurasic World (2015)
- Avatar (2009) Page 6 of 9
Non-Fiction Narratives - a narration/ story and a genre of writing that uses literary styles and techniques to create factually accurate narratives. Personal Narratives/ Autobiography tell true events in a person's life. This is written by the person himself. Biographical Narratives are accounts of someone's life written by someone else. It can be short or book-long. Diary/ Journals are highly personal experiences, thoughts, and feelings. The audience however is private, unless intended to be shared. Blogs are online journals that may include autobiographical narratives, reflections, opinions, and other types of comments that target a particular audience. Eyewitness Accounts are writings that focus on historical or other important events. The writer is the narrator who shares thoughts about the event he/she just witnessed. Memoirs are accounts written by someone about meaningful scenes about his life and experiences. Reflective Essays present personal experiences that generally focus on sharing observations and insights the writer had. Description/ Descriptive Writing This type of writing expresses ideas about real or imagined people, events, and ideas primarily using the senses. It uses precise language and sensory expressions to create vivid images and figurative language. Its purpose is to allow its readers to experience the the environment it introduces. Characteristics: - has clear purpose and sense of purpose - uses details and precise words - presents details in logical order Sensory Images in Descriptive Visual/ Sight - can show outline, sizes, distance, perspective, motion, color, light, or surface Auditory/ Hearing - can distinguish volume (loud/soft), quality, pitch, and cause or source of sound Tactile/ Touch - can allow feeling of
texture, temperature, resistance (hard/soft), skin sensation, and moisture
Gustatory/ Taste - can describe taste of sweetness, saltiness, etc Olfactory/ Smell - can help determine scents and other odor Organic (with the help of internal organs) - can help feel pain, fever, shivering, weight, and pressure Definition Writing This is a process of writing by which through analysis and explication, the meaning of a term is made clearer. It is very useful in explaining unfamiliar terms making them more familiar. Definition writing is necessary for indicating the precise sense of the word used. It can be done using: Synonyms, Classifications, and Negation. Page 7 of 9
Synonym is done by explaining the term by using the words that mean the same thing. - Communication is a social contact between similar kind. - Skill is a competence that proved someone’s accomplishment. Class is done when you put your topic in a larger category to explain your term. - Business is an economic system where goods and services are exchanged. - Management is the act of organizing and coordinating business activities. Negation means that the the term will be defined based on what it is not. - Education is never driven by a single person. - Studying is not about allowances. Kinds of Definition Formal - follows concise logical pattern that permits maximum information in a minimum space - it is methodical and systematic - it involves three parts: Specie - the term being defined Genus - the family or class the specie belongs Differentia - specific characteristics of the specie Examples: Radio is an appliance STEM is a strand Language is a medium Examination is an assessment Accounting is a process
that is used for listening music and news that focuses on mathematics, sciences, technology. that sees no boundaries. that identifies how well a student learns. that is employed to keep someone’s financial account.
Informal - it is the substitution of familiar words or phrases for the unfamiliar terms - sometimes a phrase, clause, or even a sentence may be used here - it is generally partial, inacurate, and incomplete - it lacks emphasis and completeness Examples: Radios play am and fm frequencies ABM is my strand in Grade 11. Language is dynamic. Examination happens every end of the Quarter. Accounting is my favorite subject. Methods of Definition Physical Description focuses on defining shapes, sizes and other visual appearances. Facebook is a social media with light and easy interfaces that is seen from keys to color. Holy Angel University is an institution that has facilities from science laboratories to arts. Word Derivation/ Etymology gives insight into how a word came to be as it talks about its origin. It is how most definitions are defined Education is a process that means bringing up derived from Latin ‘educare’ Number is an arithmetic symbol that is taken from Latin ‘numerus’ which means proportion. Elimination is about telling what it is and identifying what it is not to retain the true sense of the term Martial Law is a state that is controlled by the highest military personnel in the land. Christmas is an annual Christian celebration that is about Christ’s birth. Page 8 of 9
Negative Statement is similar to Elimination as it emphasizes what is not, focusing on an obvious other aspect of the term being defined Piracy is an illegal act that does not have teeth to violators. Happiness is a state which is never about bullying and offending other persons. Concrete Examples & Instances aims to give the specifics of the term, it is considered the best of the methods Laptop is a communication device that has the same function with personal computers. Senior High School is a program that is similar to vocational and crash courses. Location tells where the term may be found A flashdrive is a computer accessory that is usually connected to the motherboard. Utopia is a paradise that is created and found in the mind of the makers.
Classification Writing ( Division, Exemplification, Partition) This is method that breaks large subject into categories for purpose of analysis. The result of putting large unmanageable items into a category will be an easier way of understanding the material. This is also a process of grouping together objects for a specified basis, focuses on relationships Principles: It places related items into groups It can only be used for plural subjects The categories should be parallel must not Categories overlap In a classification writing, we organize things into categories and give examples of things that fit into each category. Before writing, it is necessary to decide on the classification criteria. We should think according to what properties we are going to classify things. The criteria must be discriminating and the emerging classes should be non-overlapping. Check the example below: Comparison and Contrast Writing focuses on similarities and differences between topics It can be presented thru: 1. Block Method - written by comparing and contrasting the subjects involved in the text. It can be done by making discussion on one subject first, followed by the other subject. 2. Point by point - written by comparing and contrasting specific similarities and differences. 3. Comparisons followed by contrasts - written by discussing similarities first, followed by differences vis-a-vis. The comparison & contrast should make a point or serve a purpose and do at least one in these: Clarify something unknown or not well understood. Lead to a fresh insight or new way of viewing something. Bring one or both of the subjects into sharper focus. Show that one subject is better than the other.
LAUS DEO SEMPER! Page 9 of 9
