2 Reading for a purpose
Modes of Reading
Types of Reading
All academic study requires a lot of reading. Competent readers adapt their mode of reading to their reading purpose. Reading a novel for pleasure, for instance, is different from reading a philosophic treatise, and looking only for a specific bit of information in that treatise is different from trying to completely understand it. In general, there are four modes of reading that serve different aims in reading. These are: skimming, scanning, intensive reading, and extensive reading. 14
Depending on the purpose of their reading and the type of material they are reading readers choose between either of four modes of reading.
Skimming for Gist or Main Idea In the previous unit you learned how to preview a text. you learned to take a quick glance at , for example, the title of a book, table of contents, subheadings, chapter titles, pictures, first sentence of some paragraphs to get a general view of the content of the book. There, you were Learn how using the skimming technique to to be faster. preview. Skimming is rapidly reading or moving the eyes over a text with the purpose of getting only the main idea(s) and a general overview of the content. As an example, let us imagine that you need to buy a reference textbook on English Grammar. You go to a book store and see a rack full of books, with the same title, but different authors. You don't have time to read the pages before deciding on buying the book. Therefore, you quickly go through the table of contents, title page and the blurb. In a few moments you have decided to buy one of them, thanks to your skimming skills.
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How to Skim? When skimming, look for 'signposts': chapter headings, sub-headings, lists, figures, captions. Consider reading the first and last paragraphs of the text or the first and last sentences of a paragraph. If you are skimming a book, you should read the blurb, the preface and table of contents. The Chapter headings provide a reliable indication of the content of the book. You can focus your attention on subheadings, bold, italicized or underlined text, diagrams, graphs, charts and photographs, if any. If there are chapter summaries, you get the vital points quite easily. You can go to the text to find the details of points in the summary you found interesting.
Scanning for Specific Information An illustration can help us to appreciate easily what scanning implies. Suppose you go to a festival with a friend, but miss him in the crowd. Your eyes travel quickly over 16
the crowd to locate your friend's face, totally ignoring all other faces. Scanning is a similar process in the world of rapid reading. Scanning is rapidly reading to locate specific information in a text. Unlike skimming, Scanning is to go straight for the details, i.e. a date, a number, a name, etc. It is a technique you often use when looking up a number in the telephone book or a word in a dictionary. Scanning is a reading technique to be used when you want to find specific information quickly. In scanning you have a question in your mind and you read a passage only to find the answer, ignoring unrelated information.
How to Scan? When scanning, look for the author's use of organizers such as numbers, letters, steps, or the words, first, second, or next. Look for words that are bold faced, italics, or in a different font size, style, or colour. Sometimes the author will put key ideas in the margin.
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Skimming vs. Scanning They’re alike in that you don’t read all of the material. They’re different in the way you go about each. In scanning, you usually have a question, or something specific to look for. It might be a telephone number, a particular quotation in a book, or supporting facts to use in a discussion you’re having. When you scan, your goal is to find just the information you want. When you’ve found it, you’re finished reading. In skimming, your purpose is quite different. You may be interested in the “gist” of an article, or you may want to sample a book in the library before deciding to take it out. When you skim, you alternate read and glance, and your goal is to obtain an impression of the whole.
Intensive Reading Intensive reading is slow, careful, and accurate reading for complete understanding of a text. In this type of reading, it is important that you read line by line, understand each word, pay attention to every detail, and get a precise understanding of the text. Intensive reading is often used for reading important or difficult texts such as legal documents, contracts, application forms, etc. 18
Intensive reading needs close attention!
Intensive reading is often used in language learning classes during which the students answer comprehension questions, learn new vocabulary, study the grammar and expressions in the text, translate the passage, or do other tasks that involve them in looking intensively (inside) the text.
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Intensive reading is often used in language learning classes Extensive Reading As it was earlier mentioned, our way of reading is influenced by the purpose of our reading. Most of us have the habit of reading when we are free, or have a lot of leisure time. We might get hold of a novel, a comic strip, or a magazine. When we read for the pure pleasure of reading, it is known as "extensive" reading.
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Some students are allergic to any type of reading! 21
And once you get used to it you see that Reading is really fun! Ecises
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A. Identify the reading skills required in the following reading situations.
The TV guide for Friday evening _____________
An English grammar book _________________
An article in National Geographic magazine about the Roman Empire _______________
A good friend's homepage on the Internet ___________
The opinion page in your local newspaper ___________
The weather report in your local newspaper ___________
A novel _______________
A poem _________________
A bus timetable _____________
A fax at the office ______________
An advertising email - so called "spam" _____________
An email or letter from your best friend _____________
A recipe ______________
A short story by your favorite author _____________
B. Skim or scan each of the following texts
to answer the questions as quickly as you can. The questions come first. 23
1. Beauty with Botox 1. How do Botox injections in the armpits stop some celebrities from sweating at the Oscars? a. The Botox causes the armpit muscles to relax. b. The Botox develops into thin protective layers of gel. c. The Botox paralyses the sweat glands. d. The Botox tightens the skin in the armpits. 2. What is another phrase / word meaning 'thinning of the muscles'? a. Clostridium botulinum b. atrophy c. botulinum toxin d. Bollinger
3. Which of the following is NOT a possible side effect of using Botox? a. b. c. d.
headaches blurred vision droopy eyebrow mild bruising
4: Which medical body has warned people against mixing Botox with alcohol? a. b. c. d.
The American Medical Association The American Institute of Cosmetic Surgery The American and Canadian Joint Medical Council The American Academy of Dermatology
5. What is botulism? a. a severe form of food poisoning b. a severe form of blood poisoning 24
c. a severe form of liver damage d. a severe form of dermatitis
6: Which of the following is a condition NOT initially intended to be treated using Botox? a. lazy eye b. eye ticks c. puffy eyes d. uncontrolled blinking 7: According to the article, which of the following celebrities is rumored to have used Botox? a. b. c. d.
Jerry Hall Judy Finnigan Liz Hurley Barbara Windsor
8. Actors can have problems if they have used too much Botox because: a. b. c. d.
Botox can leave the face with a lack of expression. Botox can cause the mouth to droop. Botox can lead to a speech impediment. Botox can lead to a nervous tick.
9. For how long does the effect of using Botox last? a. b. c. d.
two to three months three or four months at least 6 months nearly a year
10. Which bacterium produces the poison, botulinum toxin? a. b. c. d.
Clostridium botulinum Clostride botulius Botulinum clostridius Botulinum clostridium 25
BeautyWith with Beauty Botox Botox
Botox injections are one of the most popular cosmetic treatments in the world. Celebrities like Madonna, Kylie Minogue and Liz Hurley are rumoured to be keeping the wrinkles at bay this way.
Sir Cliff Richard admitted to having had the treatment and now it is an increasingly popular choice for ordinary women looking for a quick way to look younger.
What is Botox? Botox is made from 'botulinum toxin', a poison produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. This bacterium causes botulism - a severe form of food poisoning. In small quantities, however, Botox merely interrupts nerve impulses to muscles in the face. Botox first began to be used in 1980 to treat many muscle disorders such as lazy eye, eye ticks and uncontrolled blinking. Cosmetic treatments were pioneered by dermatological surgeons in 1987. In small doses, Botox works by paralyzing the muscles of the face which are used in frowning and raising the eyebrows. 26
When these muscles relax, the fine lines and wrinkles smooth out. Unfortunately, when it is overdone, Botox treatment can leave the face with a lack of expression. This is reputed to have caused a problem for some actors.
Armpit attack Botox is reportedly a favorite with Oscar nominees who don't want to work up a sweat on the red carpet. Some stars have injections in their armpits to paralyses the sweat glands there. This way they can receive their awards knowing they don't have sweaty patches under their arms and hand back their couture outfits unstained.
How long does it last? Injections take effect about three to seven days after treatment and the effect lasts three or four months. A treatment costs roughly £200. With repeated treatments, atrophy or thinning of the muscles occurs, which produces longer lasting results. Botox may be unsuitable for use around the mouth as the muscles there are important for facial expressions and eating.
Side Effects
Botox and Bollinger
Soreness or mild bruising can occur around the injection site. In rare instances patients may experience a droopy eyebrow or eyelid. Headaches can also occur. Since it is still a relatively new treatment, any possible side effects of long-term use are still unknown. Botox should only be administered by experienced and welltrained doctors or nurses. A high dose could cause poisoning, or an exaggerated effect.
Botox parties are causing concern amongst practitioners. People are receiving treatments whilst sipping champagne. The American Academy of Dermatology has warned against this practice. Alcohol and Botox do not mix well. Not only can booze intensify bruising but it can also wash the toxin away from the target muscle.
2. TRENTON BUS COMPANY 1: At what time does the 08.42 bus from Murrayfield Drive arrive at Trenton Hospital on a Thursday? a. b. c. d.
08.59 09.02 09.22 11.02
2: At what time does the 10.49 bus from Trenton Parade arrive at Gately Road on a Monday? a. b. c. d.
11.10 12.10 12.15 11.55
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3: If you need to be in the town centre by 11am on a Saturday morning, which bus do you need to catch from Tilfield Park? a. 07.58 b. 10.04 c. 10.00 d. 11.59 4: If you need to be in the town centre by 10.30am on a Wednesday morning, which bus do you need to catch from Trenton Hospital? a. 11.02 b. 08.02 c. 08.10 d. 09.02 5: If you want to arrive at The Broadwalk by 15.30 on a Tuesday, which bus do you need to catch from St. Clement's Church? a. 14.55 b. 13.55 c. 13.59 d. 14.59 6: If you miss the 17.00 bus from Tilfield Park on a Friday, what time is the next bus? a. 17.03 b. 17.12 c. 18.03 d. 18.07 7: If you miss the 08.10 bus from Gately Road on a Monday, when does the next bus arrive? a. 08.15 b. 09.15 c. 11.10 d. 08.22
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8: If you need to arrive at Trenton Hospital by 17.15 on a Sunday, which bus do you need to catch from Murrayfield Drive? a. b. c. d.
13.41 15.43 16.43 16.01
9: How long does the 11.42 bus journey take from Murrayfield Drive to Trenton Hospital on a Saturday? a. b. c. d.
19 minutes 20 minutes 21 minutes 22 minutes
10: If you need to be at Tilfield Park by 09.00 on a Thursday, which bus do you need to catch from Trenton Parade? a. b. c. d.
07.48 08.42 08.49 08.55
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TRENTON BUS COMPANY MONDAY TO FRIDAY Murrayfield Drive Trenton Parade St. Clement’s Church
Tilfield Park Trenton Hospital Gately Road The Broadwalk Town Center
07.4 1 07.4 8 07.5 4 07.5 9 08.0 2 08.1 0 08.1 5 08.2 2
08.4 2 08.4 9 08.5 5 08.5 9 09.0 2
09.4 2 09.4 9 09.5 5 09.5 9
09.1 5 09.2 2
10.1 7
10.4 2 10.4 9 10.5 5 10.5 9 11.0 2 11.1 0 11.1 5 11.2 2
09.4 2 09.4 9 09.5 5 10.0 0 10.0 4 10.1 2 10.1 7 10.2 2
11.4 2 11.4 9 11.5 5 11.5 9 12.0 3 12.1 0 12.1 5 12.2 2
13.4 1 13.4 9 13.5 5 13.5 9 14.0 2 14.1 2 14.1 9 14.2 7
15.42 15.49
and ever y hour until
15.55 15.59 16.02 16.10 16.15 16.22
16.4 2 16.5 0 16.5 6 17.0 0 17.0 3 17.1 2 17.1 8 17.2 6
SATURDAY TO SUNDAY Murrayfield Drive Trenton Parade St. Clement’s Church
Tilfield Park Trenton Hospital
Gately Road The Broadwalk Town Center
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07.4 0 07.4 7 07.5 3 07.5 8 08.0 2 08.1 1 08.1 6 08.2 3
15.4 3 15.5 1 15.5 7 16.0 1 16.0 4 16.0 5 16.2 0 16.2 7
17.02 17.07 17.16 17.23 17.32
17.4 8 17.5 4 18:0 0 18.0 6 18.1 1 18.2 1 18.2 9 18.4 0
17.45 17.51 17.58 18.03 18.07 18.16 18.25 18.34
19.0 1 19.0 8 19.1 6 19.2 1 19.2 8 19.3 8 19.4 7 19.5 6
Karina 1. This suite is about: a. b. c. d.
50% polyester, 50% cotton. 49% polyester, 51% cotton. 54% polyester, 46% cotton. 46% polyester, 54% cotton.
2. Does the catalogue company offer a home delivery service? a. b. c. d.
Yes. It costs £100.00. Yes. Delivery is free. There is no delivery service offered. Yes, but the cost of the service is unknown.
3. How much does the 3 seater sofa cost? a. b. c. d.
£409.95 £359.95 £232.99 £479.95
4. For what type of use is the Karina range designed / made? a. b. c. d.
heavy domestic use general domestic use light domestic use commercial use
5. How high is most of the Karina range? a. b. c. d.
94cm 95cm 96cm 97cm
6. How much does the smallest piece of furniture cost? a. £59.95 b. £189.95 c. £79.99 31
d. £69.99
Karina A beautiful and generously proportioned suite. 54% polyester; 46% cotton. Foam filled seat cushions. Reversible cushions. Suitable for general domestic use. Home delivery available.
3 seater sofa. £409.95 Size (VV) 215, (D) 108, (H) 96em Order number 57/402/15
2 seater sofa. ~ 1 89.95 Size (VV) 168. (D) 108. (H) 96em Order number 57/404/26 Large 2 seater sofa. ~479.95 Size (VV) 188, (D) 108, (H) 96em Order number 57/404/98 Armchair. £232.99 Size (VV) 98, (D) 108. (H) 96cm. Order number 57/406/61
Large armchair. ~209.99 Size (VV) I 18. (D) 108, (H) 96cm Order number 57/406/02 Metal-action sofa-bed. ~379.95 Size (VV) 192, (D) 112, (H) 94cm. Order number 571409t22
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