I - SouthEast Asian 86-91 Revised

South East Asian Countries 86 CHINESE TEMPLE

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Chinese Architeecture 87

CHINESE ARCHITECTURE 3rd CENTURY B.C. TO PRESENT

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES 1. Structures were built in timber 2. Chief Structure are “ pai – lou” or Chinese gateways & pagodas or temples 3. Color plays a vital part in their structure. 4. They use Pantiles or “s- tiles” for their roofings. 5. They use “tou- kong” instead of a capital from their column. 6. Chinese “ Feng Sui” belief in bldg. construction & layout w/ regards to their spirited god the “ Yin & Yang”, source of good luck & misfortune. 7. Pagoda’s height vary from 3 to 13 flr. Usually odd numbers. FAMOUS BLDG. STRUCTURES : a. b. c.

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GREAT WALLS OF CHINA by: SHI – HUANG – TI GREAT ROYAL PALACE by: SHI – HUANG – TI IMPERIAL PALACE “ forbidden city” TEMPLE OF THE SLEEPING BUDDHA

GATEWAYS IN CHINA

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ILLUSTRATIONS:

Japanese Architecture 88

JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE 6 TH CENTURY A.D. TO PRESENT ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT : 1. ARCHAIC PERIOD – Introduced the “ gussho type of construction” based on the principle of the rigidity of a triangle which formed the fundamental structural system considered resistant to earthquakes. 2. ASOKA – NARRA PERIOD a.) ASOKA PERIOD – predominant religion “ Buddhism”. e. g. Buddhist Temple b.) NARRA PERIOD – introduction of diff. Roof construction: 1. Kirizuma – gable roof 2. Hogio – pyramidal roof 3. Irimoya – hip roof 4. Yosemune – hip ridge roof 3. KONIN PERIOD – time of transition when Japan was engrossed in assilating imported culture thus little attempt to adopt new architectural forms. 4. FUJIWARA PERIOD – Japanese pd. w/c reached their full maturity. One Luxurious feature found in a Japanese mansion is the Buddhist Altar.

5. KOMAKURA – MURAMACHI PERIOD – decline of Buddhist religion and rise of military order. “ Tea house” was added to a Japanese mansion. 6. MAYAMA – YENKO PERIOD – center of architectural interest was transferred from religious to secular structures. EXAMPLES: a.) TEMPLES : Buddhist Temple of Horiuji by: Nara & Nikko. Shinto Shrine or Kamiji – yama in Ise Kuridini Temple, Kioto b.) TOMBS : Tombs of Leyasu, Nikko c.) PALACES : Imperial Palace, Nara Mikado’s Palace, Kioto Palaces of the Shoguns

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Japanese Architecture 89

INDIAN ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Indian Architecture is generally obscured and overwhelmed by a “rhythmical multiplication” of pilasters, comics, mouldings, roofs, finials & an exhuberant overgrowth of sculptural decorations. Torana – gateway entrance. STYLES OF DIFFERENT PERIODS: 1. BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE a. Stambha or lath – columns w/c were carved w/ inscriptions crowned by emblems such as elepant or lion, reminiscent of Persipolitan Architecture. b. Stupa or Tope –mounds containing sacred relic called “Dagoba”. c. Chaitya – used as assembly halls w/c were excavated out of a solid rock resulting in the presentation of one external façade. d. Vihara – a monastery designed w/ courts or shrines w/ a central square space surrounded by priest’s chambers. 2. JAIN ARCHITECTURE – temples were patterned from Buddhist temples. Temple bldgs. as a virtue ensures happy future state. 3. HINDU / BRAHMAN ARCHITECTURE – combination of the verdic Cult , Buddhism & Brahmanism.

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Indian Architecture 90

TORANAS - Gateways in Buddhist Countries

KOREAN ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES : KOREA was divided into 3 kingdoms ; 1. Koguryo 2. Paekche 3. Shilla Only a few stone bldgs. including two pagodas of Paekche & one of Shilla Construction ; also fr. the latter kingdom is the Ch’omsongdae , an astronomical observatory . e.g. Bulguksa Temple

BULGUKSA TEMPLE , KOREA 90

Cambodian Architecture 91

CAMBODIAN ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES: e. g. ANGKOR WAT – a temples complex erected by SURYAVARMAN II. The biggest religious structure in the World. Initially, it was conceived as a temple mountain, symbolizing “meru”.

Thailand Architecture 92

TEMPLE OF ANGKOR WAT “ Great Temple Complex” in CAMBODIA FEATURES : a.) A wide moat surrounding the enclosure. b.) Monumental causeway enclosed by balustrades formed by giants “nagas”, mythical serpents. c.) It is made up of stepped terraces. d.) The central sanctuary of the temple is on top of a stepped pyramid above the erraces.

THAILAND ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Architecture assimilated from Buddhist – Indian Architecture. ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLE: e.g. THRONE ROOM , ROYAL PALACE

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Indonesian Architecture 92

e.g. WAT PRA SRI SARAPET , AYUDHA , THAILAND

INDONESIAN ARCHITECTURE CHIEF STRUCTURE B0R0BUDUR TEMPLE – largest Budhhist temple in the World.

FEATURES a. A central Stupa at the top of nine terraces surrounded by many little stupas. b. Narrative carvings are found on the walls of the terraces.

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