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1 Civil & Environmental Engineering Department
HYDROMETER ANALYSIS (ASTM D 422) Application
Hydrometer analysis is done to measure the proportion of particles smaller than 0.075 mm.
Equipment
ASTM 152H Hydrometer Mixer cup Two 1000 cc graduated cylinder Thermometer Constant Temperature Bath Sodium hexametaphosphate Spatula Beaker Balance Squeeze bottle Rubber Stopper
Procedure 1.
2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7.
8.
9.
Combine 50g (Md) of the soil passed through #40 sieve with 125 ml of sodium hexametaphosphate solution (4%) in a 250 ml glass beaker. Allow the mixture to soak for 16 hours (for demonstration today, 30 minutes will be enough). Transfer all of the mixtures to an ASTM D422-specified dispersion cup. Wash all the soil solids from inside of the beaker into the dispersion cup. Fill the cup with water (half of the cup). Stir the mixture with a mechanical stirrer at the rate of 10,000 rpm for one minute. Pour the slurry into a 1000 ml etched cylinder and fill with distilled water to just below the etch mark. Wash all the slurry from cup into the cylinder using squeeze bottle. Using a rubber stopper, mix the soil water mixture by turning it upside down and back at a rate of 1 turn per second for 1 minute. Set the cylinder on a water bath (or table) and start the timer immediately. Wash the remaining soil off the stopper and lip of the cylinder with the squeeze bottle and fill the cylinder to the etch mark with distilled water. Insert the hydrometer slowly and take the first hydrometer reading at 2 min, with subsequent readings at 5, 15, 30, 60, 240, and 1440 minutes. The hydrometer reading is taken at top of the meniscus. Remove the hydrometer after each reading, and place it in a 1000 ml cylinder filled with distilled water between readings. Spin the hydrometer in the watercylinder to take off the adhered soil particles. Record the temperature of the mixture.
K can be calculated for given Gs and temperature using Table 1. L (in cm) = 16.3 – 0.463 R 2. Percentage passing for the specific diameter is calculated as,
P' =
( R − b) a × 100% Md
Values of a and b can be calculated using Table 2. 3. Calculate overall % passing as,
P = P'× P− # 40 Table 1 Value of K for different Gs and Temperature
II. TEST DETAILS Hydrometer manufacturer/serial no.: Mixer manufacturer/serial no.: Scale type/serial no./precision: Duration of initial soaking period: Concentration of sodium hexametaphosphate solution: 4% Dry mass of soil used (Md): Specific gravity of soil solids: Temperature: K: a: Notes, observations, and deviations from ASTM D422 test standard:
b:
III. MEASUREMENTS AND CALCULATIONS Clock Time (hh:mm:ss)
t (min)
R
L (cm)
D (mm)
P’ (%)
P (%)
IV. EQUATION AND CALCULATION SPACE L = 16.3 – 0.163R ( R − b )a P' = x 100% Md
