HUMAN TRAFFICKING
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CONTENTS 1: WHAT IS HUMAN TRAFFICKING?
2:ELEMENTS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING
3:CRIMINALIZATION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING
PAGES 3
3-4
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4:FORMS OF EXPLOITATION
4-7
5:STRUCTURAL FACTORS
7-8
POVERTY AND GLOBALIZAT GLOB ALIZATION ION POLITICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES SOCIAL NORMS COMMERCIAL DEMAND FOR SEX :CONSE!UENCES
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SHORT TERM PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT LONG TERM PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT 7:MEASURES TO PREVENT HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND ITS EFFORTS 8:HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN INDIA ":A HUMAN TRAFFICKING CASE RISES AND CONVICTION COMES DO&N
#$-#% #3-#4 #4
#$: US REPORT !UESTIONS INDIA'S RECORD IN TACKLING HUMAN TRAFFICKING
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##:MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS AFFAIRS MEASURES ON HUMAN TRAFFICKING
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#%:CONCLUSION
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%$:REFERENCES
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&()* +, H.)/ *0)11+2+/ 2
Human trafficking is a modern form of slavery. It involves controlling a erson t!roug! force" fraud" or coercion to e#loit t!e victim for forced la$or" se#ual e#loitation" or $ot!. Trafficked man %omen and c!ildren are under t!e control of anot!er and as a slaves" t!ey are treated t!eir roerty and are stried of t!eir rig!ts. Article &" aragra! 'a( of t!e Protocal to Prevent" Suress and Punis! Trafficking in Person defines Trafficking in Persons as t!e recruitment" transortation" transfer" !ar$ouring or receit of ersons" $y means of t!e t!reat or use of force or ot!er forms of coercion" of a$duction" of fraud" of decetion" of t!e a$use of o%er or of a osition of vulnera$ility or of t!e giving or receiving of ayments or $enefits to ac!ieve t!e consent of a erson !aving control over anot!er erson" for t!e urose of e#loitation. E#loitation s!all include" at a minimum" t!e e#loitation of t!e rostitution of ot!ers or ot!er forms of se#ual e#loitation" forced la$our or services" slavery or ractices similar to slavery" servitude or t!e removal of organs.
E6./*, O1 H.)/ T0)11+2+/
On t!e $asis of t!e definition given in t!e Trafficking in Persons Protocol" it is evident t!at trafficking in ersons !as t!ree constituent elements) T( A2* '*!at is done( +ecruitment" transortation" transfer" !ar$ouring or receit of ersons T( M)/, 'Ho% it is done( T!reat or use of force" coercion" a$duction" fraud" decetion" a$use of o%er or vulnera$ility" or giving ayments or $enefits to a erson in control of t!e victim T( P09, '*!y it is done(
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,or t!e urose of e#loitation" %!ic! includes e#loiting t!e rostitution of ot!ers" se#ual e#loitation" forced la$our" slavery or similar ractices and t!e removal of organs. To ascertain %!et!er a articular circumstance constitutes trafficking in ersons" consider t!e definition of trafficking in t!e Trafficking in Persons Protocol and t!e constituent elements of t!e offense" as defined $y relevant domestic legislation.
Criminalization Of Human Trafficking T!e definition contained in article & of t!e Trafficking in Persons Protocol is meant to rovide consistency and consensus around t!e %orld on t!e !enomenon of trafficking in ersons. Article - t!erefore reuires t!at t!e conduct set out in article & $e criminali/ed in domestic legislation. 0omestic legislation does not need to follo% t!e language of t!e Trafficking in Persons Protocol recisely" $ut s!ould $e adated in accordance %it! domestic legal systems to give effect to t!e concets contained in t!e Protocol. In addition to t!e criminali/ation of trafficking" t!e Trafficking in Persons Protocol reuires criminali/ation also of1 2 Attemts to commit a trafficking offence 2 Particiation as an accomlice in suc! an offence 2 Organi/ing or directing ot!ers to commit trafficking. National legislation s!ould adot t!e $road definition of trafficking rescri$ed in t!e Protocol. T!e legislative definition s!ould $e dynamic and fle#i$le so as to emo%er t!e legislative frame%ork to resond effectively to trafficking %!ic!1 2 Occurs $ot! across $orders and %it!in a country 'not 3ust cross4$order( 2 Is for a range of e#loitative uroses 'not 3ust se#ual e#loitation( 2 5ictimi/es c!ildren" %omen and men 'Not 3ust %omen" or adults" $ut also men and c!ildren( 2 Takes lace %it! or %it!out t!e involvement of organi/ed crime grous.
FORMS OF EXPLOITATION 4
E#loitation is t!e source of rofits in trafficking in ersons cases" and t!erefore" t!e key motivation for traffickers to carry out t!eir crime. Traffickers" %!o may $e more or less organi/ed" conduct t!e trafficking rocess in order to gain financially from t!e e#loitation of victims. T!e e#loitation may take on a range of forms" $ut t!e rincile t!at t!e more roductive effort traffickers can e#tract from t!eir victims" t!e larger t!e financial incentive to carry out t!e trafficking crime" remains. 5ictims may $e su$3ected to various tyes of e#loitation. T( *9 .9,* 10;/*6< =*2*= *<, )0 ,>)6 >69+*)*+9/ )/= 1902= 6)?90 . T!e forced la$our category is $ road and includes" for e#amle" manufacturing" cleaning" construction" te#tile roduction" catering and domestic servitude" to mention some of t!e forms t!at !ave $een reorted to 6NO0C. 5ictims may also $e trafficked for t!e urose of organ removal" or for various forms of e#loitations t!at are not forced la$our" se#ual e#loitation or organ removal. * !ile among t!e detected trafficking victims" se#ual e#loitation is t!e largest category" t!e s!are of forced la$our detections is increasing. T!e increasing detections of trafficking for forced la$our !as $een a significant trend in recent years Trafficking for se#ual e#loitation is t!e ma3or detected form of trafficking in ersons in Euroe and Central Asia. 7ore t!an 8- er cent of t!e victims detected in t!is region are trafficked for se#ual e#loitation. In t!e su$region of Eastern Euroe and Central Asia in articular" se#ual e#loitation is freuently detected" accounting for 9: er cent of t!e victims Information on t!e forms of e#loitation %as rovided $y ;; countries. It refers to a total of &<"-=> victims of trafficking in ersons detected $et%een ><:< and ><:> %!ose form of e#loitation %as reorted.
forms of exploitation among detected tracking victims 2011 SEXUAL EXPLO!A!O" #
%$&O'(E) LA*OU' +0%
O',A" SELL", O!.E'S /% 0-
%$Source: UNODC elaboration on national data *!ile among t!e detected trafficking victims" se#ual e#loitation is t!e largest category" t!e s!are of forced la$our detections is increasing. T!e increasing detections of trafficking for forced la$our !as $een a significant trend in recent years Trafficking for se#ual e#loitation is t!e ma3or detected form of trafficking in ersons in Euroe and Central Asia. 7ore t!an 8- er cent of t!e victims detected in t!is region are trafficked for se#ual e#loitation. In t!e su$region of Eastern Euroe and Central Asia in articular" se#ual e#loitation is freuently detected" accounting for 9: er cent of t!e victims
S> T0)11+2+/ 5
Se# trafficking affects ?.- million eole %orld%ide" 7ost victims find t!emselves in coercive or a$usive situations from %!ic! escae is $ot! difficult and dangerous. Trafficking for se#ual e#loitation %as formerly t!oug!t of as t!e organi/ed movement of eole" usually %omen" $et%een countries and %it!in countries for se# %ork %it! t!e use of !ysical coercion" decetion and $ondage t!roug! forced de$t. Ho%ever" *( T0)11+2+/ V+2*+., P09*2*+9/ A2* 91 %$$$ @US( does not reuire movement for t!e offence. T!e issue $ecomes contentious %!en t!e element of coercion is removed from t!e definition to incororate facilitation of consensual involvement in rostitution. ,or e#amle" in t!e 6nited @ingdom" *( S>)6 O11/2, A2* %$$3 incororated trafficking for se#ual e#loitation $ut did not reuire t!ose committing t!e offence to use coercion" decetion or force" so t!at it also includes any erson %!o enters t!e 6@ to carry out se# %ork %it! consent as !aving $een trafficked.In addition" any minor involved in a commercial se# act in t!e 6S %!ile under t!e age of :; ualifies as a trafficking victim" even if no force" fraud or coercion is involved" under t!e definition of Severe ,orms of Trafficking in Persons in t!e 6S Trafficking 5ictims Protection Act of ><<<
F902= M)00+) A forced marriage is a marriage %!ere one or $ot! articiants are married %it!out t!eir freely given consent. Servile marriage is defined as a marriage involving a erson $eing sold" transferred or in!erited into t!at marriage. C!ild trafficking for forced marriage is simly anot!er manifestation of trafficking and is not restricted to articular nationalities or countries. A forced marriage ualifies as a form of !uman trafficking in certain situations. If a %oman is sent a$road" forced into t!e marriage and t!en reeatedly comelled to engage in se#ual conduct %it! !er ne% !us$and" t!en !er e#erience is t!at of sex trafficking . If t!e $ride is treated as a domestic servant $y !er ne% !us$and andBor !is family" t!en t!is is a form of labor trafficking
F90 O0)/ T0)= Trafficking in organs is a form of !uman trafficking. It can take different forms. In some cases" t!e victim is comelled into giving u an organ. In ot!er cases" t!e victim agrees to sell an organ in e#c!ange of moneyBgoods" $ut is not aid 'or aid less(. ,inally" t!e victim may !ave t!e organ removed %it!out t!e victims kno%ledge 'usually %!en t!e victim is treated for anot!er medical ro$lemBillness 4 real or orc!estrated ro$lemBillness(. 7igrant %orkers" !omeless ersons" and illiterate ersons are articularly vulnera$le to t!is form of e#loitation. Trafficking of organs is an organi/ed crime" involving several offenders1 • • •
T!e recruiter T!e transorter T!e medical staff
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• •
T!e middlemanBcontracter T!e $uyer
Trafficking for organ trade often seeks kidneys. Trafficking in organs is a lucrative trade $ecause in many countries t!e %aiting lists for atients %!o need translants are very long.
S*02*0)6 F)2*90 P90*< )/= 69?)6+)*+9/ Poverty and lack of educational and economic oortunities in ones !ometo%n may lead %omen to voluntarily migrate and t!en $e involuntarily trafficked into se# %ork. As glo$ali/ation oened u national $orders to greater e#c!ange of goods and caital" la$or migration also increased. Dess %ealt!y countries !ave fe%er otions for liva$le %ages. T!e economic imact of glo$ali/ation us!es eole to make conscious decisions to migrate and $e vulnera$le to trafficking. Gender ineualities t!at !inder %omen from articiating in t!e formal sector also us! %omen into i nformal sectors
Political and institutional c!allenges Corrut and inadeuately trained olice officers can $e comlicit in se# trafficking andBor commit violence against se# %orkers" including se# trafficked victims. Anti4trafficking agendas from different grous can also $e in conflict. In t!e movement for se# %orkers rig!ts" se# %orkers esta$lis! unions and organi/ations" %!ic! seek to eliminate trafficking t!emselves. Ho%ever" la% enforcement also seek to eliminate trafficking and to rosecute trafficking" and t!eir %ork may infringe on se# %orkers rig!ts and agency. ,or e#amle" t!e se# %orkers union 07SC '0ur$ar 7a!ila Saman%aya Committee( in @olkata" India" !as self4regulatory $oards 'S+s( t!at atrol t!e red lig!t districts and assist girls %!o are u nderage or trafficked. T!e union ooses olice intervention and interferes %it! olice efforts to $ring minor girls out of $rot!els" on t!e grounds t!at olice action mig!t !ave an adverse imact o n non4trafficked se# %orkers" esecially $ecause olice officers in many laces are corrut and violent in t!eir oerations. Critics argue t!at since se# trafficking is an economic and violent crime" it calls for la% enforcement to intervene and revent violence against victims. 0ifficult olitical situations suc! as civil %ar and social conflict are us! factors for migration and trafficking. A study reorted t!at larger countries" t!e ric!est and t!e oorest countries" and countries %it! restricted ress freedom are likely to engage in more se# trafficking. Secifically" $eing in a transitional economy made a country nineteen times more likely to $e ranked in t!e !ig!est trafficking category" and gender ineualities in a countrys la$or market also correlated %it! !ig!er trafficking rates.
Social norms 7
*omen and girls are more rone to trafficking also $ecause of social norms t!at marginali/e t!eir value and status in society. ,emales face considera$le gender discrimination $ot! at !ome and in sc!ool. Stereotyes t!at %omen $elong at !ome in t!e rivate s!ere and t!at %omen are less valua$le $ecause t!ey do not and are not allo%ed to contri$ute to formal emloyment and monetary gains t!e same %ay men do furt!er marginali/e %omens status relative to men. Some religious $eliefs also lead eole to $elieve t!at t!e $irt! of girls are a result of $ad karma" furt!er cementing t!e $elief t!at girls are not as valua$le as $oys. 5arious social norms contri$ute to %omens inferior osition and lack of agency and kno%ledge" t!us making t!em vulnera$le to e#loitation suc! as se# trafficking
Commercial demand for se# A$olitionists %!o seek an end to se# trafficking e#lain t!e nature of se# trafficking as an economic suly and demand model. In t!is model" male demand for rostitutes leads to a market of se# %ork" %!ic!" in turn" fosters se# trafficking" t!e illegal trade and coercion of eole into se# %ork" and ims and traffickers $ecome distri$utors %!o suly eole to $e se#ually e#loited. T!e demand for se# trafficking can also $e facilitated $y some ims and traffickers desire for %omen %!om t!ey can e#loit as %orkers $ecause t!ey do not reuire %ages" safe %orking circumstances" and agency in c!oosing customers
C9/,;/2, Short-term psychological impact Peretrators e#ose t!e victim to !ig! amounts of syc!ological stress induced $y t!reats" fear" and !ysical and emotional violence. Tactics of coercion are reortedly used in t!ree !ases of trafficking1 recruitment" initiation" and indoctrination.F::& 0uring t!e initiation !ase" traffickers use foot4in4t!e4door tec!niues of ersuasion to lead t!eir victims into various trafficking industries. T!is maniulation creates an environment %!ere t!e victim $ecomes comlete deendent uon t!e aut!ority of t!e trafficker.Traffickers take advantage of family dysfunction" !omelessness" and !istory of c!ild!ood a$use to syc!ologically maniulate %omen and c!ildren into t!e trafficking industry. 7any %omen entering into t!e se# trafficking industry are minors %!om !ave already e#erienced rior se#ual a$use. Traffickers take advantage of young girls $y luring t!em into t!e $usiness t!roug! force and coercion" $ut more often t!roug! false romises of love" security" and rotection. T!is form of coercion %orks to recruit and initiate t!e victim into t!e life of a se# %orker" %!ile also reinforcing a trauma $ond" also kno%n as Stock!olm syndrome. Stock!olm syndrome is a syc!ological resonse %!ere t!e victim $ecomes attac!ed to !er eretrator. T!e goal of a trafficker is to turn a !uman $eing into a slave. To do t!is" eretrators emloy tactics t!at can lead to t!e syc!ological conseuence of learned !ellessness for t!e victims" %!ere t!ey sense t!at t!ey no longer !ave any autonomy or control over t!eir lives. Traffickers may !old t!eir victims cative" e#ose t!em to large amounts of alco!ol or use drugs" kee t!em in isolation" or %it!!old food or
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slee.0uring t!is time t!e victim often $egins to feel t!e onset of deression" guilt and self4$lame" anger and rage" and slee distur$ances" PTS0" num$ing" and e#treme stress. 6nder t!ese ressures" t!e victim can fall into t!e !oeless mental state of learned !ellessness Long-term psychological impact Human trafficking victims may e#erience comle# trauma as a result of reeated cases of intimate relations!i trauma over long eriods of time including" $ut not limited to" se#ual a$use" domestic violence" forced rostitution" or gang rae. Comle# trauma involves multifaceted conditions of deression" an#iety" self4!atred" dissociation" su$stance a$use" self4destructive $e!aviors" medical and somatic concerns" desair" and re victimi/ation. Psyc!ology researc!ers reort t!at" alt!oug! similar to Post4Traumatic Stress 0isorder 'PTS0(" Comle# trauma is more e#ansive in diagnosis $ecause of t!e effects of rolonged trauma Psyc!ological revie%s !ave s!o%n t!at t!e c!ronic stress e#erienced $y many victims of !uman trafficking can comromise t!e immune system. Several studies found t!at c!ronic stressors 'like trauma or loss( suressed cellular and !umoral immunity .5ictims may develo ST0s and HI5BAI0S. Peretrators freuently use su$stance a$use as a means to control t!eir victims" %!ic! leads to comromised !ealt!" self4destructive $e!avior" and long4term !ysical !arm. ,urt!ermore" victims !ave reorted treatment similar to torture" %!ere t!eir $odies are $roken and $eaten into su$mission
MEASURES TO PREVENT HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND ITS EFFORTS •
Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the nited !ations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime"
I G/0)6 09+,+9/, A0*+26 % Statement of urose T!e uroses of t!is Protocol are1 'a( To revent and com$at trafficking in ersons" aying articular attention to %omen and c!ildren) '$( To rotect and assist t!e victims of suc! trafficking" %it! full resect for t!eir !uman rig!ts) and 'c( To romote cooeration among States Parties in order to meet t!ose o$3ectives. A0*+26 3 6se of terms ,or t!e uroses of t!is Protocol1 'a( Trafficking in ersons s!all mean t!e recruitment" transortation" transfer" !ar$ouring or receit of ersons" $y means of t!e t!reat or use of force or ot!er forms of coercion" of a$duction" of fraud" of decetion" of t!e a$use of o%er or of a osition of vulnera$ility or of t!e giving or receiving of ayments or $enefits to ac!ieve t!e consent of a erson !aving control over anot!er erson" for t!e urose of e#loitation. E#loitation s!all include" at a minimum" t!e e#loitation of t!e rostitution of ot!ers or ot!er forms of se#ual e#loitation" forced la$our or services" slavery or ractices similar to slavery" servitude or t!e removal of organs) '$( T!e consent of a victim of trafficking in ersons to t!e intended e#loitation set fort! in su$aragra! 'a( of t!is article
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s!all $e irrelevant %!ere any of t!e means set fort! in su$aragra! 'a( !ave $een used) 'c( T!e recruitment" transortation" transfer" !ar$ouring or receit of a c!ild for t!e urose of e#loitation s!all $e considered trafficking in ersons even if t!is does not involve any of t!e means set fort! in su$aragra! 'a( of t!is article) 'd( C!ild s!all mean any erson under eig!teen years of age. II P09*2*+9/ 91 +2*+., 91 *0)11+2+/ +/ 0,9/, A0*+26 Assistance to and rotection of victims of trafficking in ersons :. In aroriate cases and to t!e e#tent ossi$le under its domestic la%" eac! State Party s!all rotect t!e rivacy and identity of victims of trafficking in ersons" including" inter alia" $y making legal roceedings relating to suc! trafficking confidential. >. Eac! State Party s!all ensure t!at its domestic legal or administrative system contains measures t!at rovide to victims of trafficking in ersons" in aroriate cases1 'a( Information on relevant court and a dministrative roceedings) '$( Assistance to ena$le t!eir vie%s and concerns to $e resented and considered at aroriate stages of criminal roceedings against offenders" in a manner not re3udicial to t!e rig!ts of t!e defence. &. Eac! State Party s!all consider imlementing measures to rovide for t!e !ysical" syc!ological and social recovery of victims of J ? J trafficking in ersons" including" in aroriate cases" in cooeration %it! non4governmental organi/ations" ot!er relevant organi/ations and ot!er elements of civil society" and" in articular" t!e rovision of1 'a( Aroriate !ousing) '$( Counselling and information" in articular as regards t!eir legal rig!ts" in a language t!at t!e victims of trafficking in ersons can understand) 'c( 7edical" syc!ological and material assistance) and 'd( Emloyment" educational and training oortunities. ?. Eac! State Party s!all take into account" in alying t!e rovisions of t!is article" t!e age" gender and secial needs of victims of trafficking in ersons" in articular t!e secial needs of c!ildren" including aroriate !ousing" education and care. -. Eac! State Party s!all endeavour to rovide for t!e !ysical safety of victims of trafficking in ersons %!ile t!ey are %it!in its territory. 8. Eac! State Party s!all ensure t!at its domestic legal system contains measures t!at offer victims of trafficking in ersons t!e ossi$ility of o$taining comensation for damage suffered. Article 9 Status of victims of trafficking in erson
A0*+26 7 Status of victims of trafficking in ersons in receiving States . A0*+26 8 +eatriation of victims of trafficking in ersons III P0/*+9/ 2990)*+9/ )/= 9*(0 .),0, A0*+26 " Prevention of trafficking in ersons :. States Parties s!all esta$lis! comre!ensive olicies" rogrammes and ot!er measures1 'a( To revent and com$at trafficking in ersons) and '$( To rotect victims of trafficking in ersons" e secially %omen and c!ildren" f rom revictimi/ation. >. States Parties s!all endeavour to undertake measures suc! as researc!" information and mass media camaigns and social and economic initiatives to revent and com$at trafficking in ersons. &. Policies" rogrammes and ot!er measures esta$lis!ed in accordance %it! t!is a rticle s!all" as aroriate" include cooeration %it! non4governmental organi/ations" ot!er relevant organi/ations and ot!er elements of civil society. ?. States Parties s!all take or strengt!en measures" including t!roug! $ilateral or multilateral cooeration" to alleviate t!e factors t!at make ersons" esecially %omen and c!ildren" vulnera$le to trafficking" suc! as overty" underdeveloment and lack of eual oortunity. J 8 J -. States Parties s!all adot or strengt!en legislative or ot!er measures" suc! as e ducational" social or cultural measures" including t!roug! $ilateral and multilateral cooeration" to discourage t!e demand t!at fosters a ll forms of e#loitation of ersons" esecially %omen and c!ildren" t!at leads to trafficking
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A0*+26 #$ Information e#c!ange and training :. Da% enforcement" immigration or ot!er relevant aut!orities of States Parties s!all" as aroriate" cooerate %it! one anot!er $ y e#c!anging information" in accordance %it! t!eir domestic la%" to ena$le t!em to d etermine1 'a( *!et!er individuals crossing or attemting to cross an international $order %it! travel documents $elonging to ot!er ersons or %it!out travel documents are eretrators or victims of trafficking in ersons) '$( T!e tyes of travel document t!at individuals !ave used or attemted to use to cross an international $order for t!e urose of trafficking in ersons) and 'c( T!e means and met!ods used $y organi/ed criminal grous for t!e urose of trafficking in ersons" including t!e recruitment and transortation of victims" routes and links $et%een and among individuals and grous engaged in suc! trafficking" and ossi$le measures for detecting t!em. >. States Parties s!all rovide or strengt!en training for la % enforcement" immigration and ot!er relevant officials in t!e revention of trafficking in ersons. T!e training s!ould focus on met!ods used in reventing suc! trafficking" rosecuting t!e traffickers and rotecting t!e rig!ts of t!e victims" including rotecting t!e victims from t!e traffickers. T!e training s!ould also take into account t!e need to consider !uman rig!ts and c!ild4 and gender4sensitive issues and it s!ould encourage cooeration %it! non4 governmental organi/ations" ot!er relevant organi/ations and ot!er elements of civil society. &. A State Party t!at receives information s!all comly %it! any reuest $y t!e State Party t!at transmitted t!e information t!at laces restrictions on its use A0*+26 ## order measures :. *it!out re3udice to international commitments in relation to t!e free movement of eole" States Parties s!all strengt!en" to t!e e#tent J 9 J ossi$le" suc! $order controls as may $e necessary to revent and detect trafficking in ersons. >. Eac! State Party s!all adot legislative or ot!er aroriate measures to revent" to t!e e#tent ossi$le" means of transort oerated $y commercial carriers from $eing used in t!e commission of offences esta$lis!ed in accordance %it! article - of t!is Protocol. &. * !ere aroriate" and %it!out re3udice to alica$le international conventions" suc! measures s!all include esta$lis!ing t!e o$ligation of commercial carriers" including any transortation comany or t!e o%ner or oerator of any means of transort" to ascertain t!at all assengers are in ossession of t!e travel documents reuired for entry into t!e receiving State. ?. Eac! State Party s!all take t!e necessary measures" in accordance %it! its domestic la%" to rovide for sanctions in cases of violation of t!e o$ligation set fort! in a ragra! & of t!is article. -. Eac! State Party s!all consider taking measures t!at ermit" in accordance %it! its domestic la%" t!e denial of entry or revocation of visas of ersons imlicated in t!e commission of offences esta$lis!ed in accordance %it! t!is Protocol. 8. *it!out re3udice to article >9 of t!e Convention" States Parties s!all consider strengt!ening cooeration among $order control agencies $y" inter alia" esta$lis!ing and maintaining direct c!annels of communication. A0*+26 #% Security and control of documents Eac! State Party s!all take suc! measures as may $e necessary" %it!in availa$le means1 'a( To ensure t!at travel or identity documents issued $y it are of suc! uality t!at t!ey cannot easily $e misused and cannot readily $e falsified or unla%fully altered" relicated or issued) and '$( To ensure t!e integrity and security of travel or identity documents issued $y or on $e!alf of t!e State Party and to revent t!eir unla%ful creation" issuance and use. A0*+26 #3 Degitimacy and validity of documents At t!e reuest of anot!er State Party" a State Party s!all" in accordance %it! its domestic la%" verify %it!in a reasona$le time t!e legitimacy and validity of travel or identity documents issued or urorted J ; J to !ave $een issued in its name and susected of $eing used for trafficking in ersons.
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HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN INDIA Human trafficking is t!e t!ird largest organi/ed crime after drugs and t!e arms trade across t!e glo$e. According to t!e definition of t!e 6nited Nations J trafficking is any activity leading to recruitment" transortation" !ar$ouring or receit of ersons" $y means of t!reat or use of force or a osition of vulnera$ility. Close to ;<:: a$out &-"<<< c!ildren %ere reorted missing and more t!an ::"<<< out of t!ese %ere from *est engal. ,urt!er" it is assumed t!at only &; suc! cases of !uman trafficking in ><:>. T!e num$er is really !ig! and more t!an any ot!er state e#cet for *est engal '-?=(. As er t!e data from Home 7inistry" :&9= cases of !uman trafficking %ere reorted from @arnataka in t!e eriod of four years" in Tamil Nadu t!e num$er is >">?? %!ereas And!ra Prades! !as >":-9 cases of !uman trafficking. +ecently &<< $onded la$ourers in angalore !ave $een rescued. According to an article in Firstpost, 0el!i is t!e !u$ of !uman trafficking trade in India and !alf of t!e %orldMs slaves live in India. 0el!i is t!e !otsot for illegal trade of young girls for domestic la$our" forced marriage and rostitution. 0el!i is also t!e transit o int for !uman trafficking.
kids esecially girl and young %omen" mostly from nort!east are taken from t!eir !omes and sold in fara%ay states of india for se#ual e#loitation and to %ork as $onded la$our $y t!e agents %!o lure t!eir arents %it! education" $etter life" and money for t!ese kids . agents do not send t!ese kids to sc!ool $ut sell t!em to %ork in $rick kilns" carentry units" as domestic servants" $eggars etc. %!ereas girls are trafficked for t!e urose of se#ual e#loitation. even t!ese g irls are forced to marry in certain regions %!ere female to male se# ratio is !ig!ly distur$ed. c!ildren from tri$al areas are at greater risk of !uman trafficking. recently t!ere %ere cases of !uman trafficking in %!ic! most of t!e c!ildren %ere from t!e kuki tri$e in maniurMs tamenglong district. reason for t!is %as t!e tri$al clas!es t!at let t!e !uman trafficking to roser. conflict $et%een t!e kukis and nagas tri$e in nort!east region $et%een :==> and :==9 left many kids !omeless. t!ese kids %ere taken $y agents to t!e ot!er arts of t!e country &(< H.)/ T0)11+2+/ +/20),+/ +/ I/=+)
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,undamental t!eory of demand and suly is alica$le to t!is situation as %ell. 7en for %ork generally migrate to ma3or commercial cities and from !ere t!e demand for commercial se# is created. To fulfill t!e suly all sorts of efforts are made $y t!e suliers like a$duction etc. oung girls and %omen $elonging to oor families are at !ig!er risk. T!en comes t!e economic in3ustice and overty. If you are $orn to a oor family in Nort!eastern state of India t!en you are at a !ig!er risk of $eing sold. If you are $orn to a oor family and a girl t!en t!ese c!ances furt!er increases. Sometimes arents are also deserate to sell t!eir daug!ters to earn money. Social ineuality" regional gender reference" im$alance and corrution are t!e ot!er leading causes of !uman trafficking in India. Parents in tri$al areas t!ink t!at sending t!eir kids means a $etter life in terms of education and safety. Parents also ay a$out +s 8<<<49<<< to t!ese agents for food and s!elter.
A (.)/ *0)11+2+/ 2),, 0+, 29/+2*+9/, 29. =9/ A fe% %eeks ago" t!e CI uneart!ed information a$out a !uman trafficking racket" and estimated t!at around ;<<< %omen %ere transorted to 0u$ai using 0el!i as a transit oint. T!ere %ere reorts a$out a man %!o trafficked -<<< tri$al kids from t!e remotest areas of L!ark!and.
Suc! cases !ig!lig!t t!e ever gro%ing ro$lem of !uman trafficking in India. As er data from National Crime +ecords ureau 'NC+(" t!e num$er of registered !uman trafficking cases !as increased $y &;.&K over five years from >";?; in ><<= to &"=?< in ><:&. T!e conviction rate for suc! cases !as declined ?-K" from :">9= in ><<= to 9<> in ><:&. T!e data furt!er reveals t!at in ><:&" ma#imum crimes '8-.-K( %ere registered under t!e Immoral Traffic Prevention Act :=-8 %!ereas Procuration of 7inor Girls 'Sec &884A( accounted for &:.:K of t!e crimes. Dooking at t!e crime trends over t!e ast five years resents an e#tremely %orrying icture. It discloses t!at t!e cases under Sec &884A !ave surged dramatically $y ?:8K over five years" from >&9 in ><<= to :>>? in ><:&" %!ic! means t!at minor girls are $ecoming increasingly vulnera$le. *est engal is t!e !u$ of !uman trafficking in India. It !ad t!e ma#imum !uman trafficking cases '88=( amongst all states in India in ><:&" follo%ed $y Tamil Nadu" And!ra Prades!" @arnataka and
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7a!aras!tra.
14
US 090* ;,*+9/, I/=+)', 0290= +/ *)26+/ (.)/-*0)11+2+/ A 6S state deartment India over its failure to c!eck !uman trafficking and forced la$our" saying several of IndiaMs anti4!uman trafficking units are not functioning %!ile official victim care services are una$le to coe %it! t!e scale of t!e ro$lem.
T!e 20! Trafficking in "ersons reort said t!at t!e Indian governmentMs la% enforcement rogress %as unkno%n as aut!orities did not rovide adeuate" disaggregated anti4trafficking data. T!e National Crimes +ecord ureau 'NC+( data released does not secify t!e num$er of investigations" rosecutions" or convictions carried out $y t!e government and otentially included t!e governmentMs enali/ation of victims in t!e statistics" as t!e Immoral Traffic 'Prevention( Act criminali/es soliciting clients for rostitution and screening for se#4trafficking victims is not consistently alied" t!e reort said. India does not make t!e grade as far as t!e 6SMs most comre!ensive anti4trafficking la% is concerned. T!e 6S classes countries t!at fully comly %it! its Trafficking 5ictims Protection ActMs 'T5PA( minimum standards as Tier4I nations. India is among Tier4II countries" %!ic! do not fully comly %it! t!e T5PAMs minimum standards $ut are making significant efforts to $ring t!emselves into comliance. T!e reort said =
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and +egulation( Act" t!e Luvenile Lustice Act" and ot!er rovisions of t!e IPC. ut t!e reort says" t!ese rovisions %ere unevenly enforced and t!eir rescri$ed enalties are not sufficiently stringent. 6nregulated %ork lacement agencies lure adults and c!ildren for se# trafficking or forced la$our" including domestic servitude" %it! false romises of emloyment. Traffickers also ose as matc!makers" arranging s!am marriages %it!in India or in Gulf states" and t!en su$3ect %omen and girls to se# trafficking. Nearly 9-K of Indian states !ave %!at government data define as a !ig! concentration of %omen engaged in se# trade. A reort on la$our trafficking $y Glo$al 7arc! Against C!ild Da$our" a glo$al movement against c!ild la$our and trafficking" finds t!at 8
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MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS MEASURES ON HUMAN TRAFFICKING
esides t!e a$ove administrative measures secific legislations !ave $een enacted relating to trafficking in %omen and c!ildren " e.g. Immoral Traffic 'Prevention( Act" :=-8" Pro!i$ition of C!ild 7arriage Act" ><<8" onded Da$our System 'A$olition( Act" :=98" C!ild Da$our 'Pro!i$ition and +egulation( Act" :=;8" Translantation of Human Organs Act" :==?" aart from secific Sections in t!e IPC" e.g. Sections &9> and &9& dealing %it! selling and $uying of girls for t!e uroses of rostitution. Criminal Da% 'Amendment( Act ><:& !as come into force %!erein Section &9< of t!e Indian Penal Code !as $een su$stituted %it! ne% Section &9< and &9< A of t!e IPC %!ic! rovide for comre!ensive measures to counter t!e menace of !uman trafficking including trafficking of c!ildren for e#loitation in any form including !ysical e#loitation or any form of se#ual e#loitation" slavery" servitude" or t!e forced removal of organs. Protection of C!ildren from Se#ual Offences 'POCSO( Act" ><:>" %!ic! !as come into effect from :?t! Novem$er" ><:> is a secial la% to rotect c!ildren from se#ual a$use and e#loitation. It rovides recise definitions for different forms of se#ual a$use" including enetrative and nonenetrative se#ual assault and se#ual !arassment. 7inistry of *omen and C!ild 0eveloment is imlementing 633a%ala J a Comre!ensive Sc!eme for Prevention of Trafficking and +escue" +e!a$ilitation" +e4 integration and +eatriation of 5ictims of Trafficking for Commercial Se#ual E#loitation. It rovides for s!elter" food" clot!ing" counseling" medical care" legal and ot!er suort" vocational training and income generation activities for victims. Trafficked victims are also given s!elter in S!ort Stay Homes and S%ad!ar Homes for %omen in difficult circumstances. T!e integrated C!ild Protection Sc!eme'ICPS( e#tend emergency outreac! services t!roug! C!ildline toll free num$er : <=;" oen s!elters for c!ildren in need in ur$an and semi ur$an areas" suort for family $ased non4institutional care t!roug! sonsors!i" foster care" adotion and after care and institutional care for c!ildren and 3uveniles. 7inistry of * omen and C!ild 0eveloment !as also formulated a rotocol for Pre4rescue" +escue and Post4rescue oerations of c!ild victims of trafficking for t!e urose of Commercial Se#ual E#loitation. !tt1BBm!a:.nic.inBar><:&Bar><:?4dfsBls4<-<;:?BDSK><&8--.df
L), :. T!e Se#ual !arassment of *omen at *orklace 'Prevention " Pro!i$ition and +edressal( Act" ><:& >. T!e Protection of C!ildren from Se#ual Offences Act" ><:> &. T!e Criminal Da% 'Amendment( Act" ><:&
17
?. T!e Immoral Traffic 'Prevention( Act" :=-8 -. T!e Luvenile Lustice 'Care and Protection of C!ildren( Act" ><<< 8. T!e Luvenile Lustice 'Care and Protection of C!ildren( Amendment Act" ><<8 9. T!e C!ild 7arriage +estriant Act" :=>= ;. T!e 0o%ry Pro!i$ition Act" :=8: =. T!e Commission of Sati 'Prevention( Act" :=;9 :<. T!e Indecent +eresentation of *omen 'Pro!i$ition( Act" :=;8 ::. T!e C!ild Da$our 'Pro!i$ition and +egualtion( Act" :=;8 and +ules :>. T!e 7inimum *ages Act" :=?; :&. T!e ,oreigners Act" :=?8 :?. 7a!aras!tra Control of Organised Crime Act" :=== '7COCA(
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CONCLUSION T( (.)/ *0)11+2+/ +,,, +, ) (.)/+*+, +,, (+2( ,)66< 9220, +/ ?)2)0= 29/*0+, (0 +* +/96, *( 990 >69+*= ?< *(9, (9 +/+*+)66< 09.+,= +/29. +1 *(< ?/ )22*= 190 90 6)2 )/= +/ )2290=)/2 +*( *( ,2*90 )/= (0 *(< 6+ and narro%ness needed. T!e oor usually !ave comle# financial ro$lems" and t!is makes *(. +66+/ *9 6)2 *(.,6, +/ )/<(0 +*(9* +/,*+)*+/ *( ?)209/= )/= ?),+2 +/190.)*+9/ *()* ()* +66 ? *(+0 9? F0*(0.90 *(< )0 )6,9 6)2 91 /96= ?2), +/90)/2 )?9* *(+0 0+(*, )/= *( +.90*)/2 91 /=0,*)/=+/ (9 *9 =1/= *(.,6, 109. =2+= 2), *(< )0 /)?6 *9 * 9* (/ (+* ?< *(+, 09?6. A* *( ,). *+. )6,9 *(< )0 6)2 91 >9,0 )/= *(< )0 .90 ),+6< 2()*= T(, .),0, *( ?,* ,96*+9/ +, 29.0(/,+ ,2+)66< *( +/96./* 91 90/./* +/ 190.6)*+/ )/= =0)1*+/ 6), *()* 2)/ 09*2* 96 109. 1)66+/ 0< *9 09?6., M9090 *( +/96./* 91 NGO,' +/ (6+/ *( 90/./* ,96 *(+, 09?6. +, )090+)* )/= *+.6< ?2), *( NGO', 2)/ 2)00< 9* *( =*+, *()* 2)/ /9* ? 2)00+= 9* ?< G90/./* T(+, +,, +66 9/6< ? =9/ +1 )66 *( .(),+, )/= =+02* ),,+,*)/2 (*(0 +/ *0., 91 .90)6 )/= 1+/)/2+)6 )/= ,,*+9/, +*( 29.?)*+/ *(+, 29..02+)6 20+., .
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REFERENCES :.
!tts1BBen.%ikiedia.orgB%ikiBHumantrafficking
2. tt!":##$$$.unodc.or%#docu&ent"#'lobal()e!ort(on(*+,.!d- 3. tt!":##$$$.unodc.or%#unodc#en#u&antra/cin%#$ati"u&an tra/cin%.t&l 4. !tts1BBtraffickingne%s.%ordress.comBageB:< 5. tt!:##$$$.lie&int.co&#,olitic"#8cS09c9"D6$82#USre!ort ue"tion"+ndia"recordintaclin%u&antra/c.t&l 6. tt!:##$$$.&a!"ondia.co&#&;india#"ociet;#u&antra/cin%inindia &u"tend 7. tt!:##indiane4 9. tt!:##$$$.;outia$aa.coߛ#01#u&antra/cin%inindia :<. !tt1BBsto!umantrafficking4m!a.nic.inBformsBSu$link:.as#QlidR>-8 ::. !tt1BBm!a:.nic.inBar><:&Bar><:?4dfsBls4<-<;:?BDSK><&8--.df
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