CHAPTER – 5 APP,ICATIONS OF HMI
he smart ob%ects of pervasive computing re!uire developers who design user interfaces that move beyond the formerly dominant monitor:"eyboard principle. Most ob%ects will have a variety of interfaces to their environment, but these will not include visuali$ation components. Moreover, there will be many implicit interactions in which the user will have little or no involvement in the computing process, to avoid flooding the user with information. 0ven so, the user must be given the option of controlling the activities of pervasive computing by means of an appropriate human*machine interface. he human*machine interface is not a self*contained field of technology. It is instead an interdisciplinary challenge that draws on such fields as computer science, ergonomics, the cognitive sciences and microelectronics. hese days, the human*machine interface serves nearly all of the human senses8. L Coice command plays an important role in innovative user interfaces. 3y now, computer* controlled voice output is largely mastered. #peech recognition is more interesting and challenging, and it will continue to re!uire further research. /onversion of speech to tet is currently precise enough for dictation machines, for eample. #imilarly, voice command of a system is possible in narrow application areas with delimitable vocabulary, and is already in use, especially in call centres. L Handwriting recognition functions well today, and it turns up in many 'ersonal igital Assistants, which dispense with "eyboards altogether. In the visual realm, a number of approaches offer new forms for the human*machine interface. hese are often supplementary visuali$ations in the user=s field of vision, such as pro%ecting a map onto a car=s windscreen, or displaying virtual elements in the person=s field of view with head* mounted display (augmented reality). In contrast to the * simulations of virtual reality, augmented reality always preserves the connection to the real world. L Movements in a room can be captured by motion sensors and processed as system inputs, so that virtual ob%ects in augmented reality can actually be handled, for eample.
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L Interesting developments in displays include fleible, large*area polymer displays, and smart paper a paper*li"e rewritable display in which microspheres can be rotated so that each shows its blac" or white side. L riven especially by development of handicapped*accessible systems, sensor systems have been developed (and to some etent already implemented) that depart even further from these audiovisual and tactile paradigms. Among them are computer systems that can be controlled by head and eye movements, a puff of breath, or the measurement of brain waves. It is even conceivable that control functions could be realised directly via implants in the body. he human*machine interface plays an important role among all ma"ers of consumer electronics and computer systems. /ompanies such as Microsoft and #iemens maintain their own usability labs in order to test their products. he auto industry and its suppliers e.g., oyota, 3M9 and Mitsubishi, or their suppliers Immerson and #iemens C5 are also wor"ing intensively on the interfaces of their driver assistance systems, which must meet especially high safety standards. A central challenge for the human*machine interface is to construct a semantic model of the real world, which would allow the meaning of a spo"en sentence to be understood, for eample. #uch models have been developed as individual applications for self*contained domains, such as medicine, but a general approach does not yet eist. hese developments are currently getting a strong boost from the #emantic 9eb Initiative of the Internet standards organisation, the 9orld 9ide 9eb /onsortium. #emantic 9eb comprises a collection of standards for classification systems such as 2+ and 594, which model the real world in networ"s of concepts. 9hether and how this approach might impact real applications is not yet foreseeable. According to the eperts= assessment, the human*machine interface plays a rather average role, compared to the other technology fields. hey do see speech technology as particularly relevant but also as a possible technological bottlenec". hey view the visionary approaches of gestures and implants as less relevant for the further development of pervasive computing.
1
+I. .18 2040CA/0 5+ H0 H-MA*MA/HI0 I02+A/0 +52 '02CA#IC0 /5M'-I
+I..78 ACAI4A3I4IN 5+ H0 H-MA*MA/HI0 I02+A/0 +52 '02CA#IC0 /5M'-I
1<
+I..8 '50IA4 35400/6# I H0 H-MA*MA/HI0 I02+A/0 +52 '02CA#IC0 /5M'-I. 5.1
BENEFITS OF AN HMI IN THE AUTOMATION CE,,:
1. a"es the place of 'hysical push buttons. 7. Allows the operator to start and stop cycles. . 0liminates ecessive wiring by interlin"ing directly into the '4/. <. 0asily reprogrammable to add almost any function that eists currently in the '4/ 9ithout etra wiring or design changes. ?. /lear customi$able HMI status screens for easier troubleshooting and to save on downtime. B. Almost unlimited functions. . Alarm control HMI . /ounter E. 'assword protection to loc" specific people out of performing certain functions 1D. isplay '4/ numeric data 11. -pload pictures for clarification and fast recognition 17. 0asy cell duplication 1. 0asy cell operation capability from a central location 1<. HMI can connect to multiple '4/;s within the cell for complete cell status 1?. /olor coding allows for easy identification (e. red for trouble green o")
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CHAPTER – 6 HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE SETUP 6.1
INTRODUCTION:
5perator is played an important part in the human*machine dialogue. hey must use the information they have to perform actions that ma"e the machines and installations run properly without endangering safety and availability. It is therefore crucial that the interfaces and dialogue functions are designed to ensure that operation can be performed reliably in all circumstances. I"fo$*aio" f!ow i" #e #0*a"2*ac#i"e i"e$face:
A human*machine interface (/ +ig.1) uses two information flows in two directions8 * Machine O Human * Human O Machine
+I*<.18 H-MA MA/HI0 I02+A/0
1B
hese flows are independent yet lin"ed. I"%epe"%e":
3ecause their content can be on different levels. he levels are defined by the designer of the automation system according to the re!uirements of the process and what the user wants, such as discrete signals from the operator to the machine, alphanumerical or animated diagram messages from the machine to the operator. ,i"'e%:
3ecause the automation system interprets an operator action on a control interface as a specifically defined action and, in return, emits information that depends on whether the action was properly performed or not. he operator can either act by his own decision (stop production, modify data, etc.) or in response to a message from the machine (alarm, end of cycle, etc.). Ro!e of #e ope$ao$:
he operating interface includes all the functions re!uired for controlling and supervising the operation of a machine or installation. epending on the re!uirements and compleity of the process, the operator may have to perform.
Re+0!a$ p$ocesses $0" as's:
* stop and start the process& both steps may include start and stop procedures that are automatic or manual or semi*automatic and controlled by the operator. * operate the controls and ma"e the ad%ustments re!uired for regular process run and monitor its progress. Tas's o %ea! wi# 0"e-pece% e)e"s:
* detect abnormal situations and underta"e corrective action before the situation disturbs the process further (e.g. for early warning of motor overload, restoring normal load conditions before the overload relay trips). * eal with system failure by stopping production or implementing downgraded operation using manual controls instead of automatic ones to "eep production running& * ensure safety of people and property by operating safety devices if necessary. he scope of these tas"s shows how important the operator=s role is. epending on the information he has, he may have to ta"e decisions and perform actions that fall outside the
1
framewor" of the regular procedures and directly influence the safety and availability of the installation. his means the dialogue system should not be confined to mere echange of information between human and machine but should be designed to facilitate the tas" of the operator and ensure that the safety of the system in all circumstances. 70a!iy of i"e$face %esi+":
he !uality of the operating interface design can be measured by the ease with which an operator can %eec a"% 0"%e$sa"% an event and how efficiently he can $espo"%. Deec:
Any change in a machine=s operating conditions is usually seen by a change in or display of information on an indicator, display unit or screen. he operator must, above all, be able to detect the event in any environmental conditions (ambient lighting, etc.). ifferent means can be employed to attract attention8 flashing information, colour change, sound signal, anti*reflection devices, etc. U"%e$sa"%:
o prevent any action that might endanger safety, the information the operator sees must be legible and accurate enough to be immediately understood and used. his is as much a matter of the ergonomics of the components as of the function design8 * +or a pilot light8 use of the standard colour, fast and slow flashing clearly differentiated, etc. *+or a display unit8 clear tets in the language of the user, ade!uate reading distance, etc. *+or a screen8 use of standard symbols, $oom giving a detailed view of the area the message involves, etc. Respo"%:
epending on what message the machine sends, the operator may have to act swiftly by pressing one or more buttons or "eys. his action is facilitated by8 */lear mar"ings to identify buttons and "eys easily, such as standard symbols on buttons.
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*/lever ergonomics with large buttons touch "eys, etc. 6.
HUMAN2MACHINE INTERFACES 8 DISCRETE CONTRO, AND
INDICATOR UNITS:
he human*machine interface has made outstanding progress over the last few years. he basic function of the push button has been enhanced by interfaces using electronics to improve and customi$e the dialogue and add new features, such as custom settings and diagnostics. he table (/ +ig.) shows the offer and functions of human*machine interfaces8*
A340 1* 5++02 A +-/I5# 5+ H-MA MA/HI0 I02+A/0#
1E
DISCRETE CONTRO, AND INDICATOR UNITS:2 P0s# 0o"s a"% pi!o !i+#s Sa"%a$% $a"+es:
hese interfaces are perfectly adapted to situations where the operator and the machine echange little information which is limited to discrete signals (run orders and status indications). hey are rugged and reliable electromechanical components that are easy to implement, ergonomic and not vulnerable to ambient conditions. hey can be fitted with a wide range of round or s!uare control heads. hey have a standard colour code which ma"es them easy to identify (see note). hey are intuitive or refle devices (e.g. for emergency stops). +or this reason, they are used for safety operations which re!uire controls that are as simple and direct as possible. Noe: the I0/ BD7D<*1 standard stipulates the colour codes that pilot lights and push
buttons must be8 * 2ed light8 emergency ha$ardous situation re!uiring immediate action (pressure not within safety limits, over*travel, bro"en coupling, etc.). * Nellow light8 abnormal an abnormal situation li"e ly to lead to a ha$ardous situation (pressure not within normal limits, tripping of protection device, etc.). * 9hite light8 neutral general information (supply voltage, etc.). * 2ed push button8 emergency * action to counter danger (emergency stop, etc.). * Nellow push button8 abnormal * action to counter abnormal conditions (intervention to restore an automatic cycle run, etc.). he push button interface is used for general stop and start control and safety circuit control (emergency stops). hey eist in diameters of 1B, 77 and Dmm (0MA standards) and different designs (/ +ig )8 * /hromium*plated metal be$el, for all heavy*duty applications in harsh industrial environments. * 'lastic for harsh environments8 chemical and food industries. L Ope$ai"+ #ea% here is a wide range of control heads8 * +lush, protruding recessed or booted&
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* Mushroom& * ouble*headed& * Mushroom with latching& * F0mergency stopG& * #witch with toggle, handle, "ey, 7 or set or pull*off positions& * Metal pin (multidirectional control)& * +lush, protruding or booted pilot lights.
+I.<.7*'-#H 3-5# A HA2M5N 0#I
he modular design of control and indicator units offers great fleibility of use. 'ilot lights and illuminated buttons are fitted with filament lamps or 40s. hey are mains powered and have a voltage reducer or built*in transformer. he control units can hold 1 to B 5 or / contacts compatible with 7
71
B0o"s a"% pi!o !i+#s fo$ p$i"e% ci$c0i co""ecio" 9C Fi+.
he 77mm diameter range eists in a version for Qprinted circuit connectionQ. hese products are designed for repeated dialogue media with an identical diagram. he control and indicator units are from the standard range. he electrical bloc"s specific to these versions have output contacts to weld them to printed circuits. ; S<0a$e2#ea%e% 'ey 0o"s a"% pi!o !i+#s
hese devices are mounted at intervals of 1E.D? mm (:
+I.<.* '-#H 3-5 A 'I45 4IH +52 '2I0 /I2/-I 35A2
; ,ED pi!o !i+#s ) / Fig *
40=s for D. and 17 mm mountings are especially recommended when space is limited or when there are a lot of indicating elements (low power dissipation). hey have many advantages8 * 0cellent resistance to shoc"s, vibrations and voltage surges, * 4ong lifetime (O1DD,DDD hrs.), * 4ow consumption ma"ing them directly compatible with '4/=s outputs.
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+I.<.<* 40=# 'I45 4IH# I!!0*i"ae% eaco"s a"% a"'s ) / Fig.'*
3eacons and ban"s are optical or sound indicators to view machine and alarm statuses over great distances and through BDR.
+I.<.?* I44-MIA0 30A/5# A 3A6# ; Beaco"s
hese have a single illuminated lens or flash unit, which is colourless, green, red, orange or blue. ; Ba"'s
hese have a variable composition made up of lens units, flash units or sound signals. hese elements are slotted together. 0lectrical connection is made automatically as they are stac"ed together. ; IEC =>>621 sa"%a
%$he I0/ BD7D<*1 standard stipulates the colour codes corresponding to displayed messages8
7
,i+# si+"a!!i"+
* 2ed8 urgent (immediate action re!uired) * Nellow : 5range8 anomaly (chec"ing and:or intervention re!uired) * reen8 normal condition (optional) * 3lue8 obligatory action (action re!uired from the operator) * 9hite8 monitoring (optional) F!as#i"+ !i+#s
* +or distinction or specific information8 * Attract more attention * /all for immediate action * Indicate discordance between the instruction and the actual status * Indicate a change in cycle (flashing during transition). F!as# a"% $oai"+ *i$$o$ eaco"s
* A more powerful signal for top priority information or longer distance signalling (conforming to I0/ BDD). B0??e$ a"% si$e"s
* 2ecommended in environments sub%ect to considerable light or sound interference or when the presence of the operator is of higher importance. @oysic's ) / Fig.*
Poystic"s usually use contactors to control movement through one or two aes, such as travel:direction or raising:lowering on small hoisting e!uipment. hey usually have 7 to directions, with 1 or 7 contacts per direction, with or without return to $ero. #ome %oystic"s have a Fdead manG contact at the end of the lever.
+I.<.B* 040M0/AIK-0 P5N#I/6#
7<
CHAPTER – ADANCED HUMAN2MACHINE INTERFACES
.1
INTRODUCTION:
'rogress in electronics and communication systems has led to the development of human machine interfaces with enhanced user*friendly functions. hese interfaces ma"e it possible to set product parameters, obtain information on actuators, such as current consumption, temperature, speed, etc. he operator can also choose the wor"ing language by setting it in advance. Specia! e*e%%e% co"$o! pa"e!:
#pecial dialogue tools built into products offer performance tailored to the needs of operating ad%ustment and efficient diagnostics. he panel ) / Fig.+* is from an A!i)a$ AT 1 elemecani!ue.
+I.?.1* AC1 0M300 /5254 'A04 Mai" fea0$es:
* raphic screen with custom display. * 'lain tet entry with B languages available (/hinese, 0nglish, +rench, erman, Italian and #panish) and others on option. * 3rowse button to navigate the menus easily. * F#imply #tartG menu for a !uic" start to get the most from Altivar 1 performance immediately. * S+unction= "eys for shortcuts, online help or to configure for applications. * 'ermanent display of motor operation settings.
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Mai" a%)a"a+es:
* C!ea$ display with tet on lines and graphic views. 4egibility up to ? m ) / Fig.* .
+I.?.7* 0TAM'40 5+ AC1 M0##A0# * F!e-ii!iy through remote operation8 on a cabinet door avec with I' ?< or I' B? protection for multipoint connection to several speed controllers. * So$a+e < configurations can be stored for transfer to other speed controllers.
2Ease o 0se with function "eys for shortcuts, direct access and online help, maimum and
minimum parameter display. * E$+o"o*ic browse button. avigate the dropdown menu !uic"ly and easily with %ust one finger. * C0so* parameters, viewing screens, monitor bar, user menu creation, etc. * P$oecio" of parameters, visibility control, password protection for safe and easy access to custom configurations. Many macro*configurations already integrated. hey are designed for a wide range of uses and applications8 handling, hoisting, general use, connection to field bus, 'I regulation, master, slave, etc. hey are easy to modify. A wealth of varied services is available through the graphic terminal to help tune and diagnose machines. Sc$ee"/'eyoa$% e$*i"a!s:
-nli"e embedded terminals, screens and "eyboards are generic products that adapt to any application. As we saw in the table above screen terminals are used in both commissioning and operation. epending on their type and software, they can play an important part in maintenance operations.
7B
erminals communicate with the process via the appropriate communication bus and are an integral part of the dialogue and data chain. o illustrate what screen:"eyboard terminals can do, we shall ta"e a loo" at the elemecani!ue Magelis offer. hese graphic terminals (with an 4/ touch screen of ?.G to 17.1G and "eyboard or touch screen of 1D.
* 2ugged and compact& * 2eliable ergonomic control by "eyboard or touch screen& * Highly contrasted screens for ecellent legibility. ; Mai"e"a"ce 8 %ia+"osics )ia #e we
* 2emote control via Internet 0plorer& * Access to operator console diagnostic information via HM4 pages& * 2emote diagnostics& * Automatic emailing. ; Co*pai!e a"% 0p+$a%ea!e
* A'I connection available (several manufacturers)& * 5'/ communication (several manufacturers (5'/ server)& * /':I' networ" integration& * 0mbedded C3 #cript. ; I""o)ai"+ HMI co"ceps
* decentralised control stations& * centralised access to local stations, small control rooms& * -sable throughout the world over as many languages are supported.
7
CHAPTER – = RESU,TS 8 CONC,USION =.1
FUTURE OUT,OO:
oday, HMI is still mostly a vision of technology, much li"e the 9orld 9ide 9eb 1D years ago. 0tensive development wor" will be necessary to realise nearly all of its characteristics, such as autar"ic power supply, machine*machine communication, the human*machine interface and security technologies. Apart from 2+I*based logistics and security systems, there are very few pervasive computing applications currently in eistence. Net the dissemination and use of the Internet and mobile telephones over the past decade suggests how !uic"ly I/ can develop, affecting and even transforming large segments of society in the process. 3ased on the in*depth interviews and online survey conducted for this study, two initial theses on the future of pervasive computing can be formulated8 In the short run, he development of HMI is typified by two characteristics that may appear contradictory at first glance. 5n the one hand, only a few HMI applications (narrowly defined) eist at present. 5n the other hand, international eperts epect such applications will be realised within the net one to five years. Most li"ely, these early smart ob%ects will mostly offer integration of different functions which will include, in particular, certain sensory capabilities and data echange via mobile broadband, enabling connection to the Internet. As a logical conse!uence, the first pervasive computing applications will probably draw heavily on what is already realised in the Internet in rudimentary form. Audiovisual and data communication will merge, eisting media ruptures will be overcome, and the possibility of digital communication will become ubi!uitous U3ott D
7
represent a materialisation of available online services. In the coming years, pervasive computing will be typified not by the refrigerator or range automatically connecting to recipes, but by ubi!uitous access to information and services available over the Internet.
CONC,USION Human*machine interface is probably the sector in automation which has made the greatest progress in the last few years. his progress is due to increasingly sophisticated and user* friendly electronics and signal processing. 9ith the right choice of interface and its configuration, users can control processes with ever greater eactness and underta"e diagnostics and preventive maintenance to increase productivity by reducing downtime. he greatest advantage of an HMI is the user*friendliness of the graphical interface. he graphical interface contains color coding that allows for easy identification (for eample8 red for trouble). 'ictures and icons allow for fast recognition, easing the problems of illiteracy. HMI can reduce the cost of product manufacturing, and potentially increase profit margins and lower production costs. HMI devices are now etremely innovative and capable of higher capacity and more interactive, elaborate functions than ever before. #ome technological advantages the HMI offers are8 converting hardware to software, eliminating the need for mouse and "eyboard, and allowing "inaesthetic computer:human interaction.
7E
