1. All of the following factors contributed to explosive economic growth during the Gilded Age EXCEPT: a) b) c) d) e)
availability of capital for investment. a growing supply of labor. abundant natural resources. low tariffs. federal land grants to railroads.
2.
By 1890, the majority of Americans:
a) b) c) d) e)
worked as farmers. worked as independent craftsmen. worked in the mining industry. were moving into the middle class. worked for wages.
3.
The second industrial revolution was marked by:
a) b) c) d) e)
a return to handmade goods. a more equalized distribution of wealth. the rapid expansion of industry across the South. the acceleration of factory production and increased activity in the mining and railroad industries. a decline in the growth of cities.
4.
The ____________ made possible the second industrial revolution in America.
a) b) c) d) e)
oil industry railroads iron industry textiles cotton gin
5.
In 1883, ____________ divided the nation into the four time zones still used today.
a) b) c) d) e)
the major railroad companies the federal government a coalition of mining and lumber companies an organization of Western states a group of businessmen from Chicago
6.
In the nineteenth century, pools, trusts, and mergers were:
a) b) c) d) e)
unheard of. used only rarely. against the law. seen as beneficial by consumers. ways that manufacturers sought to control the marketplace.
7. Between 1897 and 1904, a wave of financial mergers led to the creation of the following corporations, all of w hich dominated major parts of the economy EXCEPT: a) b) c) d) e)
U.S. Steel. J.P. Morgan. Standard Oil. International Harvester. Quaker Oats.
8.
One significant economic impact of the second industrial revolution was:
a) b) c) d) e)
a more stable economy. frequent and prolonged economic depressions. higher prices. a more equitable distribution of wealth. the introduction of socialism.
9. Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller: a) b) c) d) e)
faced no criticism for their business practices. led the way in social reform. advocated government regulation of business. built up giant corporations that dominated their respective markets. were both immigrants.
10. The American working class: a) b) c) d) e)
were paid less than their European counterparts. worked under safe conditions, and fatal factory accidents were uncommon. did not include women and children. was quickly making gains and moving into the middle class. lived in desperate conditions.
11. In How the Other Half Lives, Jacob Riis: a) b) c) d) e)
highlighted the benefits of the second industrial revolution. discussed the lives of wealthy Americans. focused on the wretched conditions of New York City slums. provided a fictional account of life in 1890. wrote about captains of industry.
12. Bonanza farms: a) b) c) d) e)
were small, self-sufficient farms. were the sharecropping farms found in the South. typically had 3,000 acres of land or more. were free homesteads in California. were settled along the railroad lines of the Union Pacific.
13. The economic development of the American West was based on: a) b) c) d) e)
farming solely. lumber, mining industries, tourism, and farming. the continued reliance on self-sufficient farming. transportation modes other than the railroad. the cooperation of the Plains Indians.
14. What did hunters shoot while riding the railroads across the West? a) b) c) d) e)
horses deer antelope Indians Buffalo
15. Which statement about Chief Joseph’s appeal to an audience in Washington, D.C., in 1879 is FALSE? a) b) c) d) e)
He did not wish to speak to the audience, but had been coerced to do so by President Hayes. He asked the white man for more than just talk, as he saw t alk as broken promises. He believed that the Indians and the white man could live in peace, without trouble between them. He asked the policymakers of Washington to extend the same laws to the Indians as to the white man. He attempted to convince his audience that its belief that Indians were like wild animals was false.
16. What was the aim of Carlisle, a boarding school for Indians? a) b) c) d) e)
to prepare them for reservation life to train them in the professional skills necessary to return to the reservations as doctors and teachers to convert them to Christianity so that they would become missionaries on the reservations to civilize the Indians, making them “American” as whites defined the term to prepare them to enlist in the U.S. military
17. The Civil Service Act of 1883: a) b) c) d) e)
created a merit system for government workers. favored candidates with political influence. was passed in response to the assassination of President Lincoln. applied only to women. applied only to elected officeholders.
18. The Interstate Commerce Commission was established in 1887 to: a) b) c) d) e)
distribute land allocations to railroad companies. standardize the transportation of animal feed between states. oversee state taxes. regulate railroad gauge size. ensure that railroads charged farmers and merchants reasonable and fair rates.
19. The Greenback-Labor Party: a) b) c) d) e)
wanted banks to control the money supply. wanted to increase the amount of money in circulation. wanted to decrease the money supply. was unable to elect any of its candidates, even on the local level. supported the use of force against striking workers.
20. The Grange was an organization that: a) b) c) d) e)
pushed for the eight-hour day. sought to raise railroad rates. opposed government regulation of shipping charges. pushed for railroads to acquire more land in the West. established cooperatives for storing and marketing farm output.
21. During the second industrial revolution, the courts: a) b) c) d) e)
supported the interests of workers. supported the interests of consumers. refused to hear any cases related to business interests. tended to favor the interests of industry over those of labor. tended to favor the interests of labor over those of industry.
22. One of the reasons that the Great Strike of 1877 was important is that: a) b) c) d) e)
not since the Civil War had so many people been killed. it underscored the tensions produced by the rapid industrialization of the time. the victory won by labor was the greatest for the labor movement in American history. it proved the theory of Social Darwinism. it demonstrated how effective the Knights of Labor could be in organizing workers.
23. The Knights of Labor: a) b) c) d) e)
was an inclusive organization that advocated for a vast array of reforms. organized only skilled, white, native-born workers. did not admit women. never had more than a few hundred members. cooperated with big business.
24. The Social Gospel: a) b) c) d) e)
was another term for Social Darwinism. was financed by corporate donations. was part of the Catholic Church. called for an equalization of wealth and power. did not support aid to the poor.
25. The Haymarket Affair: a) b) c) d) e)
began with the Great Strike of 1877. originated in New York City. involved American farmers on strike. brought about the end of Reconstruction. was provoked by the 1886 bombing at a Chicago labor rally.
26. Farmers believed that their plight derived from all of the following EXCEPT: a) b) c) d) e)
high freight rates charged by railroads. excessive interest rates for loans from bankers. the high tariff policies of the federal government. the fiscal policy that reduced the supply of money in the economy. the free and unlimited coinage of silver.
27. The Farmers’ Alliance: a) b) c) d) e)
successfully worked with banks. was subsidized by the railroad industry. sought to improve conditions through cooperatives. achieved its goals and disbanded shortly after its founding. was limited only to the Northeast.
28. The Populist platform: a) b) c) d) e)
called for the end of all government. supported the interests of big business. called for government control of business. appealed only to industrial workers. appealed only to farmers.
29. Which was NOT part of the Populist platform? a) b) c) d) e)
a graduated income tax direct election of U.S. senators government ownership of railroads higher tariffs workers’ right to form unions
30. The severe depression of 1893: a) b) c) d) e)
was quickly over, and the economy was soon booming. caused little if any hardship. affected only factory workers. was a period in which labor and capital worked together harmoniously. was marked by high and long- term unemployment, exemplified by Coxey’s Army.
31. How were federal troops used in the Pullman Strike of 1894? a) As moderators between the employees and employers b) To help suppress the strikers on behalf of the owners c) They were not used at all. d) As workers themselves, to replace the striking workers e) As spies, such as an early Federal Investigation Bureau 32. William Jennings Bryan: a) b) c) d) e)
wrote utopian novels. ran for president in 1896 on the free silver platform. argued in favor of the gold standard. ran as a Republican and a Populist in 1896. was especially popular in the Northeast.
33. Who migrated to Kansas during the Kansas Exodus? a) b) c) d) e)
Indians working-class families Chinese blacks white sharecroppers
34. Plessy v. Ferguson: a) b) c) d) e)
was a unanimous decision. sanctioned racial segregation. voided the Thirteenth Amendment. limited the hours that women could legally work. was fully supported by Booker T. Washington.
35. In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the Supreme Court: a) b) c) d) e)
ruled that “separate but equal” accommodations were constitutional. ruled that “separate but equal” accommodations were unconstitutional. supported the right of women to vote. supported the right of workers to join unions. supported the right of African-Americans to vote.
36. The new immigrants: a) b) c) d) e)
were seen as no different from the old immigrants. received a warm welcome in America. came from southern and eastern Europe. were few in number. came mostly from Great Britain.
37. The Immigration Restriction League: a) b) c) d) e)
called for increased immigration from Asia. was founded by new immigrants. wanted to bar immigrants under the age of eighteen. wanted to bar immigrants who were illiterate. wanted to end all immigration.
38. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882: a) b) c) d) e)
led to an increase in civil rights for Chinese people and Chinese-Americans living in the United States. only barred immigration of Chinese women. led to the deportation of the 105,000 Chinese people living in the United States in 1882. led to a decrease in discrimination and violence against the Chinese. was the first time race was used to exclude an entire group of people from entering the United States.
39. Founded in 1886, the American Federation of Labor: a) b) c) d) e)
was led by Terence Powderly. restricted membership to only skilled workers. was structured much like the Knights of Labor. restricted membership to only unskilled workers. successfully organized immigrant workers.
40. The American Federation of Labor’s founder Samuel Gompers used the idea of “freedom of contract” to: a) argue against interference by judges with workers’ ri ght to organize unions. b) argue for the right of workers to form political parties to shape government. c) argue for direct confrontation between unions and corporations. d) justify the exclusion of women and blacks from the American Federation of Labor. e) explain the American Federation of Labor’s policy of admitting unskilled workers to its union.
41. American territorial expansionism: a) b) c) d) e)
began in 1890. was a feature of American life since well before independence. began with the Spanish-American War. began with the war in the Philippines. began with the Monroe Doctrine.
42. Journalists who worked for newspapers like William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal, which sensationalized events to sell papers, were called: a) b) c) d) e)
yellow journalists. trustees. social reformers. muckrakers. freelancers.
43. Which statement about the Spanish-American War is true? a) b) c) d) e)
The war lasted only four months and resulted in less than 400 battle casualties. Congress indicated that it was going to war to annex Cuba. The war came as little surprise given the fact that William McKinley campaigned in 1896 on a platform favoring imperial expansion. Admiral Dewey secured Manila Bay by defeating the Spanish in a bloody three-day battle. The treaty that ended the war granted U.S. citizenship to the peoples of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam.
44. In 1899, President William McKinley explained in an interview wi th Methodist Church leaders that his decision to annex the Philippines: a) b) c) d) e)
was an easy foreign-policy decision. was dishonorable and undermined U.S. democracy. was in part based on his desire to educate and uplift the Filipinos. was bad for U.S. business interests. was part of his plan to grant Filipinos U.S. citizenship.
45. The Platt Amendment: a) b) c) d) e)
recognized Cuban autonomy. granted independence to Puerto Rico. limited the U.S. presence in the Philippines. authorized the United States to intervene militarily in Cuba. provided for the annexation of Hawaii.
46. The Philippine War: a) b) c) d) e)
resulted in Filipino independence. was far longer and bloodier than the Spanish-American War. was little debated at the time. was part of the American effort to liberate the Philippines. is well remembered today.
47. All of the following statements about Emilio Aguinaldo are true EXCEPT: a) b) c) d) e)
Aguinaldo Aguinaldo Aguinaldo Aguinaldo Aguinaldo
led the Filipino armed struggle for independence against Spain. led the Filipinos in the war against the United States. believed that Filipinos could only govern themselves with U.S. assistance. opposed American imperialism. argued that the United States was betraying its own values by annexing the Philippines.
48. The “white man’s burden”: a) b) c) d) e)
refers to the horrors of lynching. refers to the failure of Reconstruction. was a term coined by Mark Twain. comes from a poem by Rudyard Kipling. comes from a speech by Booker T. Washington.
49. During the “Age of Empire,” American racial attitudes: a) b) c) d) e)
had a global impact. inspired laws adopted in Canada that expanded the rights of Chinese people. inspired Australians to grant suffrage to native peoples. influenced South Africans’ decision to abandon apartheid. had a limited impact.
50. Supporters of the Anti-Imperialist League: a) b) c) d) e)
wanted to civilize “savage” peoples. argued in favor of “benevolent” imperialism. maintained that Filipinos were entitled to U.S. citizenship. argued that Puerto Ricans were entitled to U.S. citizenship. believed that American energies should be directed at home, not abroad.
51. The word “Progressivism” came into common use ar ound 1910: a) b) c) d) e)
as a way of describing a broad, loosely defined political movement of individuals and groups. as an anti-business term. denoting a group that appealed only to women. as another term for socialism. and represented those who advocated revolution.
52. The Progressive movement drew its strength from: a) b) c) d) e)
big business. farmers. middle-class reformers. military leaders. socialists.
53. During the Progressive era: a) b) c) d) e)
cities declined in importance. social reformers concentrated their efforts on rural areas. cities attracted only the wealthy. urban development highlighted social inequalities. cities competed with rural areas for government projects.
54. Newspaper and magazine writers, who exposed the ills of industrial and urban life, fueling the progressive movement, were known as: a) b) c) d) e)
yellow journalists. trustees. social reformers. muckrakers. freelancers.
55. The writer whose work encouraged the passage of the Meat Inspection Act was: a) b) c) d) e)
Henry George. Theodore Dreiser. Upton Sinclair. Ida Tarbell. Lincoln Steffens.
56. During the Progressive era: a) b) c) d) e)
new immigration from southern and eastern Europe reached its peak. overall immigration declined dramatically. the main point of entry for European immigrants was Boston. the vast majority of immigrants came from Ireland. all immigration was banned.
57. During the Progressive era: a) b) c) d) e)
growing numbers of native-born white women worked as domestics. most African-American women worked in factories. most eastern European immigrant women worked as telephone operators. growing numbers of native-born white women worked in offices. the number of married women working declined.
58. The term “Fordism”: a) b) c) d) e)
refers to Henry Ford’s invention of the automobile. was used by labor unions, who hailed Ford’s innovative approach. describes an economic system based on limited production of high-end goods. refers to Henry Ford’s effort to organize workers into a union. describes an economic system based on mass production and mass consumption.
59. Scientific management: a) b) c) d) e)
was a way to ensure industrial freedom. was pioneered by Frederick W. Taylor. was welcomed by skilled workers. was introduced by Samuel Gompers. put worker concerns ahead of profit.
60. In the early twentieth century, the Socialist Party advocated for all of th e following EXCEPT: a) b) c) d) e)
free college education. legislation to improve the condition of laborers. public ownership of railroads. national health insurance. public ownership of factories.
61. By 1912, the Socialist Party: a) b) c) d) e)
appealed only to immigrants. appealed only to industrial workers. had elected scores of local officials. was concentrated in New York City. had yet to elect a member to Congress.
62. Which statement about the American Federation of Labor in the early twentieth century is FALSE? a) the AFL represented skilled workers only. b) AFL membership tripled between 1900 and 1904. c) the AFL forged closer ties with corporate leaders to stabilize employee relations. d) the AFL established pension plans for long-term workers. e) the AFL proposed an overthrow of the capitalist system. 63. What Progressive-era issue became a crossroads where the paths of labor radicals, cultural modernists, and feminists intersected? a) b) c) d) e)
trust-busting the initiative and referendum women’s suffrage unionism birth control
64. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Progressive reformers? a) b) c) d) e)
Progressives were mainly urban and middle class. Progressives pursued radical alternatives to capitalism. Progressives implemented several of the reforms advocated earlier by Populists. Progressives were involved in a variety of reforms in the political, economic, and social realms. Progressives believed in the spirit of human progress.
65. Which of the following social groups was NOT heavily involved in the Progressive movement? a) b) c) d) e)
big-city-machine politicians the urban middle class women muckraker journalists white Protestants
66. All of the following statements about Urban Progressives are true EXCEPT: a) b) c) d) e)
They worked to reform the structure of government. They sought to establish public control of gas and water works. They raised taxes to increase spending on schools and parks. They sought to improve public transportation. They worked with political machines.
67. Progressive governor of Wisconsin, Robert La Follette, instituted all of the following reforms EXCEPT: a) b) c) d) e)
utilizing primary elections to select candidates. taxing corporate wealth. regulating railroads and utilities. drawing on nonpartisan university faculty. using political bosses to staff his administration.
68. Electoral reform during the Progressive era: a) b) c) d) e)
expanded the electorate significantly. had little impact, especially in the cities. enfranchised African-Americans. actually limited many Americans’ right to vote. did away with all residency requirements for voting.
69. All of the following measures expanded democracy during the Progressive era EXCEPT: a) b) c) d) e)
the Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution. the use of primary elections among party members to select candidates. the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution. the popular election of judges. literacy tests and residency requirements.
70. A cause not widely championed by Progressives was: a) b) c) d) e)
regulating industry. women’s suffrage. prohibiting alcohol. civil rights for blacks. reducing the poverty of the cities.
71. The Progressive presidents were: a) Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson. b) Grover Cleveland, William McKinley, and Theodore Roosevelt. c) Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and Rutherford B. Hayes. d) Benjamin Harrison, Grover Cleveland, and William McKinley. e) William Howard Taft, Woodrow Wilson, and Warren G. Harding. 72. Who used the Sherman Antitrust Act to dissolve J. P. Morgan’s Northern Securities Company? a) b) c) d) e)
Theodore Roosevelt Samuel Gompers William Howard Taft Louis Brandeis Woodrow Wilson
73. As a Progressive president, Theodore Roosevelt: a) b) c) d) e)
demanded less economic regulation. supported the interests of big business. supported the conservation movement. dismantled the Interstate Commerce Commission. established the Federal Reserve system.
74. In 1912, New Freedom: a) b) c) d) e)
was Theodore Roosevelt’s campaign pledge that government should have a greater regulatory role. was Eugene Debs’s campaign pledge that government should abolish all private property. was Woodrow Wilson’s campaign pledge that government should renew economic competition with less government int ervention. was the campaign slogan of th e women’s suffrage movement. was a term coined by Margaret Sanger for the birth-control movement.
75. As a Progressive president, Woodrow Wilson: a) b) c) d) e)
raised tariffs immediately. aggressively engaged in trust-busting. always advocated for the interests of labor. created no new government agencies. signed into law the Keating-Owen Act.
76. Between 1898 and 1934, the United States intervened militarily numerous times in Caribbean countries: a) b) c) d) e)
in order to gain territory for the United States. in order to spread liberty and freedom in the region. because the democratic leaders of the region asked the United States for aid in suppressing rebellions. in order to fight European powers who sought to establish colonies in the area. in order to protect the economic interests of American banks and investors.
77. Theodore Roosevelt’s taking of the Panama Canal Zone is an example of: a) b) c) d) e)
his ability to speak softly in diplomatic situations when he knew he was outgunned. international Progressivism —the United States was intervening with the sole purpose to uplift the peoples of Central America. liberal internationalism, since he worked closely with the French to work out a deal favorable to Panama. his belief that civilized nations had an obligation to establish order in an unruly world. one of the many wars in which Roosevelt involved the United States.
78. The Roosevelt Corollary: a) b) c) d) e)
claimed the right of the United States to act as a police power in the Western Hemisphere. claimed the right of the United States to act as a police powe r in Asia. claimed the right of the United States to act as a police power in Africa. was also known as Dollar Diplomacy. contradicted the Monroe Doctrine.
79. Dollar Diplomacy: a) b) c) d) e)
characterizes the foreign policy of Theodore Roosevelt. was put in place by Woodrow Wilson regarding Mexico. was used by William Howard Taft instead of military intervention. was seldom used and never successfully. was applied only in Asia.
80. Woodrow Wilson’s moral imperialism in Latin America produced: a) b) c) d) e)
eight years of unprecedented stability in the region. more military interventions than any other president before or since. economic growth and diversity for the region. very little to show for the policy, as his attention was mostly on Europe. strong allies for the United States in World War I, especially Mexico.
81. As president, Woodrow Wilson: a) b) c) d) e)
pledged to continue Dollar Diplomacy. emphasized the profit aspect of foreign trade. never resorted to military intervention abroad. pledged to stay out of Latin America and kept his word. believed that the export of U.S. manufactured goods went hand in hand with th e spread of democracy.
82. World War I: a) b) c) d) e)
was known as the Good War. resulted in limited casualties. pitted the British against France. began with the assassination of an American diplomat. was rooted in European contests over colonial possessions.
83. As war broke out in Europe, Americans: a) b) c) d) e)
were deeply divided. were rather ambivalent. mostly supported the British. mostly supported the Germans. supported U.S. involvement.
84. The policy of U.S. neutrality was: a) b) c) d) e)
honored by all the combatants. tested only by the British. tested only by the Germans. tested by both the British and Germans. vetoed by President Wilson.
85. Wilson’s Fourteen Points included all of the following principles EXCEPT: a) b) c) d) e)
an end to colonization. self-determination for all nations. freedom of the seas. open diplomacy. free trade.
86. The Fourteen Points attempted to: a) b) c) d) e)
consolidate political power at home. provide a peace agenda to create a new democratic world order. quiet growing criticism from the Republicans that Wilson was an inept leader. outline the Progressive Party’s campaign platform for the 1920 election. organize alliances after the war among fourteen prominent nations.
87. The Fourteen Points: a) b) c) d) e)
were proposed by Germany. were endorsed by all the Allies. established the right of imperial governments to rule. sought to establish the right of national self-determination. supported the Bolshevik Revolution.
88. During World War I, federal powers: a) b) c) d) e)
stayed the same. were delegated to the states. expanded greatly. were limited. changed little.
89. The Committee on Public Information: a) b) c) d) e)
was directed by William Jennings Bryan. protected civil liberties. was a government agency that sought to shape public opinion. was affiliated with the Socialist Party. was limited in its efforts.
90. The Nineteenth Amendment: a) b) c) d) e)
barred states from using race as a qualification for voting. barred states from using sex as a qualification for voting. was never ratified. prohibited states from denying Chinese immigrants the right to vote. prohibited states from denying any immigrants the right to vote.
91. The Eighteenth Amendment: a) b) c) d) e)
prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages. prohibited the manufacture and sale of any German products. was never ratified. barred states from passing laws prohibiting alcohol manufacture or sale. protected the beer industry.
92. The Espionage Act (1917) and the Sedition Act (1918): a) b) c) d) e)
expanded civil liberties during World War I. were aimed only at immigrants. were rarely enforced. restricted freedom of speech. were opposed by Woodrow Wilson.
93. The anti-German crusade included all of the following measures EXCEPT: a) b) c) d) e)
changing “hamburger” to “liberty sandwich.” changing “sauerkraut” to “liberty cabbage.” banning German music. the decline in teaching German language. barring German-Americans from serving in the military.
94. W. E. B. Du Bois: a) agreed with Booker T. Washington that blacks should accept segregation. b) chose scholarship over political action. c) founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). d) worked closely with Woodrow Wilson. e) agreed with Booker T. Washington that vocational education was best for African-Americans. 95. “The Great Migration” refers to: a) b) c) d) e)
whites settling the West. Indian removal. blacks moving from the South to the North. blacks moving from the North to the South. the massive influx of southern and eastern European immigrants.
96. Who led a black separatist movement? a) b) c) d) e)
W. E. B. Du Bois Booker T. Washington Frederick Douglass Langston Hughes Marcus Garvey
97. In response to the Russian Revolution that led to the creation of the communist Soviet Union, the United States: a) b) c) d) e)
diplomatically recognized the Soviet Union. aided supporters of communist rule in the Soviet Union during a civil war in 1918. invited the Soviet Union to the Versailles peace conference. pursued a policy of anticommunism that would remain at the center of American foreign policy during the twentieth century. invited Vladimir Lenin, the head of the Soviet Union, to the United States.
98. How did World War I and the rhetoric of freedom shape the labor movement and workers’ expectations? a) b) c) d) e)
World War I had a minimal impact on the labor movement. There were very few labor strikes after the war. Wartime propaganda did not shape the way workers viewed the postwar period. The wartime language of democracy and freedom inspired hopes among American workers that social and economic justice was at hand. Workers abandoned their push for the eight-hour day.
99. The Red Scare: a) b) c) d) e)
was caused by the fear of a Russian invasion. advanced the cause of labor. strengthened the Industrial Workers of the World. was an influenza epidemic. was an intense period of political intolerance inspired by labor strikes and fears of the Russian Revolution.
100.The Treaty of Versailles: a) b) c) d) e)
was a fair and reasonable document given the circumstances. allowed Germany equal participation in the negotiation process. required Germany to pay over $33 billion in reparations. rejected Wilson’s idea for a League of Nations. declared Ireland’s independence.
101.The Treaty of Versailles: a) b) c) d) e)
was never ratified by the United States Senate. was supported by Republicans. was written by Henry Cabot Lodge. ended American involvement in Mexico. created the United Nations.
102. Senators opposing America’s participation in the League of Nations: a) b) c) d) e)
believed that it was too complicated an organization to join. argued that it would threaten to deprive the coun try of its freedom of action. complained that they would only support it if the league was located in New York. were convinced that Great Britain was not going to join, thus making it a weak organization. were ultimately defeated, and the United States joined the league in 1921.
103.Railroads were to the late nineteenth century what ____________ were to the 1920s. a) b) c) d) e)
cars radios stock markets telephones airplanes
104.The backbone of economic growth during the 1920s was the increased consumption of: a) b) c) d) e)
televisions. railroad cars. automobiles. steel. textiles.
105.During the 1920s, consumer goods: a) b) c) d) e)
were marketed only to wealthy Americans. had little impact on American life. included vacuum cleaners and washing machines, which Americans paid for exclusively in cash. were frequently purchased on credit. increased the demand for domestic servants.
106.During the 1920s: a) b) c) d) e)
an estimated 40 percent of the population remained in poverty. real wages rose faster than corporate profits. wealth became more evenly distributed. small auto companies flourished. New England experienced an industrial revival.
107. Agriculture in the 1920s: a) b) c) d) e)
enjoyed its golden age. did not see an increase in mechanization or use of fertilizers and insecticides. did not significantly increase production. experienced declining incomes and increased bank foreclosures. experienced an increase in the number of farms and farmers.
108.The Equal Rights Amendment: a) b) c) d) e)
was proposed by the Women’s Trade Union L eague. proposed to eliminate all legal distinctions based on sex. protected mother’s pensions. had widespread support from all major female organizations. became law along with an amendment banning child labor.
109.For the feminist woman in the 1920s, freedom meant: a) b) c) d) e)
voting. owning her own property. the ERA. the right to choose her lifestyle. becoming a wife and mother.
110.The flapper: a) b) c) d) e)
epitomized the change in standards of sexual behavior. represented a new political movement. represented a new economic radicalism. disapproved of smoking. demanded a return to earlier standards of behavior.
111.During the 1920s: a) b) c) d) e)
the Federal Trade Commission aggressively regulated business. government polices reflected the pro-business ethos of the decade. Nebraska senator George W. Norris represented the interests of business. the Harding administration distanced itself from the business community. the courts became increasingly pro-labor.
112.President Harding’s call for a return to normalcy meant: a) b) c) d) e)
bringing back the Progressive spirit of reform. demobilizing from World War I. getting women back into the home from their wartime jobs. a call for the regular order of things, without excessive reform. an end to the radicalism of the Red Scare.
113.The McNary-Haugen Bill: a) b) c) d) e)
was supported by Calvin Coolidge. was designed to make U.S. Steel more competitive. proposed the government purchase of farm products so as to raise prices. proposed the government purchase of textiles so as to raise prices. outlawed lynching.
114. American foreign policy during the 1920s: a) b) c) d) e)
reflected the close working relationship between government and business. expanded on Woodrow Wilson’s goal of int ernationalism. included the lowering of tariffs. discouraged American business investment abroad. included a complete retreat from military intervention.
115.The Scopes trial illustrated a divide between: a) b) c) d) e)
modernism and fundamentalism. Progressives and Democrats. liberalism and conservativism. cultural diversity and nativism. feminism and machismo.
116.The Scopes trial of 1925: a) b) c) d) e)
involved a teacher who espoused Social Darwinism. pitted creationists against evolutionists. was a victory for religious fundamentalism. was a victory for birth-control advocates. ended once and for all the discussion of teaching the theory of evolution in public schools.
117. All of the following statements about the1924 Immigration Act are true EXCEPT: a)
the 1924 Immigration Act reflected the Progressive desire to improve the quality of democratic citizenship and to employ scientific methods to set public policy. b) the 1924 Immigration Act satisfied the demands of large farmers in California, who relied heavily on seasonal Mexican labor, by not setting limits on immigration from the Western Hemisphere. c) the 1924 Immigration Act barred immigration from Asia. d) the 1924 Immigration Act limited immigration from Europe. e) the 1924 Immigration Act sought to ensure that more immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe than from northern and western Europe. 118.The 1924 Immigration Act: a) b) c) d) e)
prohibited all Mexican immigration. set quotas based on the census of 1900. set quotas that favored immigration from northern and western Europe. set quotas that favored immigration from southern and eastern Europe. expanded Asian immigration.
119.The Harlem Renaissance: a) b) c) d) e)
included writers and poets such as Langston Hughes and Claude McKay. included singers such as Etta James and Dinah Washington. privileged an African heritage over that of the black experience in the South. downplayed racism in America. represented a rejection of capitalism.
120.In 1928, Herbert Hoover: a) b) c) d) e)
won the presidency, primarily because of his sterling reputation and the general, apparent prosperity of the nation. lost the presidency, primarily because he was a Catholic. called for repeal of Prohibition. ran for president as a Democrat. had little government experience.
121.The Great Depression was caused by all of the following factors EXCEPT: a) b) c) d) e)
a land speculation bubble in Florida. an unequal distribution of wealth. an agricultural recession throughout the decade. stagnated sales in the auto and consumer goods industries after 1926. increased government regulation of banking and the stock market.
122. A main cause of the Great Depression was: a) b) c) d) e)
Hoover’s ties with business. increased European demand for American goods. declining American purchasing power. excessive government regulation of business. the 1924 Immigration Act.
123. Hoover’s response to the Depression included all of the following measures EXCEPT: a) b) c) d) e)
a tax increase. higher tariffs. the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. the Federal Home Loan Bank System. a reduction in the size of the army.
124.President Hoover responded to the onset of the Depression by: a) b) c) d) e)
immediately increasing government aid to the unemployed. cutting taxes. decreasing tariffs. reassuring Americans that “the tide had turned.” resigning from office.
125.The Hawley-Smoot Tariff: a) b) c) d) e)
raised taxes on imported goods. increased international trade. was vetoed by Hoover. had no effect on the economy in 1930. improved the economy slightly in 1930.
126.The Reconstruction Finance Corporation: a) b) c) d) e)
offered aid to home owners facing foreclosure. made loans to failing businesses. offered direct relief to the unemployed. was vetoed by Hoover. ended the Great Depression.
127.During the Roosevelt administration, the Democratic Party emerged into a coalition that i ncluded all of the following EXCEPT: a) b) c) d) e)
farmers. the white supremacist South. the business elite. industrial workers. northern African-Americans.
128.Liberalism during the New Deal came to be understood as: a) b) c) d) e)
limited government and free market enterprise. active government to uplift less fortunate members of society. a trust in the government to regulate personal behavior. individual autonomy, limited government, and unregulated capitalism. workers’ ownership of the means of production.
129.The Great Depression and the economic crisis that ensued discredited supporters of: a) b) c) d) e)
Keynesian economics. liberalism. unregulated capitalism. fascism. communism.
130.In his 1932 campaign for the presidency, Franklin D. Roosevelt promised Americans a policy change he called the: a) b) c) d) e)
New Freedom. New Nationalism. New Deal. Fair Deal. Great Society.
131.The New Deal: a) b) c) d) e)
included a reliance on economic planning. was based on socialism. was based on fascism. was similar to Stalin’s economic policy. rejected the thinking of John Maynard Keynes.
132.The first thing that Roosevelt attended to as president was the: a) b) c) d) e)
housing crisis. farming crisis. banking crisis. unemployment crisis. tariff crisis.
133.The Glass-Steagall Act: a) b) c) d) e)
maintained the gold standard. had little impact on the banking system. made legal the buying and selling of stocks by banks. established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. is still in effect today.
134.The National Industrial Recovery Act: a) b) c) d) e)
was never passed. established codes that set standards for production, prices, and wages in several industries. established codes that continued the open-shop policies of the 1920s. encouraged “cutthroat” competition between businesses. was modeled on Stalin’s economic policies.
135.The Civilian Conservation Corps: a) b) c) d) e)
was created during the “Second New Deal.” was headed by Hugh S. Johnson. put young women to work in schools. put older workers back to work. put young men to work in national parks.
136.Which New Deal program put the federal government for the first time in the business of selling electricity in competition with private companies? a) b) c) d) e)
the Tennessee Valley Authority the Rural Electrification Administration the National Recovery Act the Reconstruction Finance Corporation the Works Project Administration
137.The Agricultural Adjustment Act: a) b) c) d) e)
raised farm prices by establishing quotas and paying farmers not to plant more. lowered farm prices by establishing quotas and paying farmers to grow more. was beneficial to sharecroppers and tenant farmers. established a government program of distributing food to the hungry. was limited to the West Coast.
138.The First New Deal: a) b) c) d) e)
was a series of experiments, some of which succeeded and some of which failed. led to the construction of few public facilities. ended unemployment. ended the Great Depression. provided relief to very few Americans.
139.Which two New Deal programs did the Supreme Court rule unconstitutional? a) Securities and Exchange Commission and Public Works Administration b) National Recovery Administration and Civilian Conservation Corps c) Glass-Steagall Act and Agricultural Adjustment Act d) Wagner Act and National Recovery Administration e) Agricultural Adjustment Act and National Recovery Administration 140.By 1935, the New Deal: a) b) c) d) e)
had ended the Depression. had the full support of the Supreme Court. was validated in the United States v. Butler decision. faced mounting pressures and criticism. was declared unconstitutional.
141.Which statement best describes Huey Long, Upton Sinclair, and Dr. Francis Townsend? a) b) c) d)
They all challenged Roosevelt to move further to the left o f center. They were all supported by the Republican Party. Each was a socialist radical. Despite representing interesting movements, none of them had much of a following.
e)
They all ended up in jail during World War II for having communist sympathies.
142.The Share Our Wealth movement was: a) b) c) d) e)
led by Dr. Francis Townsend and directed at Americans over the age of sixty. led by Henry Ford and directed at auto manufacturers. led by Father Charles E. Coughlin and directed at Catholics. led by Louisiana senator Huey Long and gained a national following. introduced by Franklin Roosevelt as part of the New Deal.
143.The Second New Deal: a) b) c) d) e)
focused on economic security. focused on economic relief. focused on business recovery. focused on civil liberties. included no new taxes.
144.The Social Security Act of 1935: a) b) c) d) e)
was vetoed by President Roosevelt. was the British version of the welfare state. designed a program of relief funded only by federal money. included old-age pensions, unemployment relief, and aid to families with dependent children. covered all workers, regardless of race or gender.
145.The New Deal concentrated power in the hands of: a) b) c) d) e)
the executive branch. the legislative branch. the judicial branch. local government. state government.
146.Why did FDR try to change the balance on the Supreme Court? a) b) c) d) e)
He feared the Supreme Court might invalidate the Wagner and Social Security acts. He was worried about being able to run for a third term a s president. He needed the Court’s support for upcoming war measures against Germany. He feared that the Supreme Court might invalidate the National Recovery Act or the Agricultural Adjustment Act. He feared that the Supreme Court might deem sit-down strikes unconstitutional.
147.Under New Deal reform, African-Americans: a) b) c) d) e)
worked in integrated CCC camps. benefited from the “southern veto.” were universally covered by the Fair Labor Standards Act. passed a federal antilynching law. were mostly excluded from Social Security benefits.
148.Federal housing policy: a) b) c) d) e)
undermined racism. expanded funding to integrated neighborhoods. weakened the power of local governments. reinforced residential segregation. was part of the Social Security Act.
149.In 1938, Congress established the House Un-American Activities Committee, which: a) b) c) d) e)
was part of the expanded notion of civil liberties under the New Deal. subscribed to an expanded definition of “un- American” that included liberal Democrats and labor organizers. was immediately vetoed by the president. focused on racism in the South. focused only on communists.
150.What ended the Great Depression? a) b) c) d) e)
New Deal programs the rebound of the stock market World War II spending laissez-faire government a bailout by J. P. Morgan
151.The New Deal failed to generate: a) hope. b) an economic recovery. c) jobs. d) social security. e) labor reform. 152.The Four Freedoms: a) b) c) d) e)
was a campaign slogan of the Republicans. were the war aims of Nazi Germany. were President Roosevelt’s statement of the Allied war aims. included the freedom to join the Communist Party. did not apply to J ehovah’s Witnesses.
153.During the 1930s, the Good Neighbor Policy: a) b) c) d) e)
included the renewal of the Platt Amendment. maintained the right of American military intervention in Latin America. was a foreign policy based on the recognition of the autonomy of Latin American countries, including those that were ruled by dictatorships. was a foreign policy that recognized the autonomy of Latin American countries but assisted in democratic revolutions. included a continued U.S. military presence in Haiti and Nicaragua.
154.Who is considered the founder of fascism? a) Benito Mussolini b) Adolf Hitler c) Francisco Franco d) Joseph Stalin e) Hideki Tojo 155. France and Britain’s policy toward Germany of giving concessions in hopes of avoiding war was called: a) b) c) d) e)
isolationism. détente. internationalism. appeasement. provocation.
156. As fascism rose in Europe and Asia during the 1930s, most Americans: a) b) c) d) e)
supported U.S. intervention. supported U.S. neutrality. wanted to move beyond isolationism. remained ambivalent. favored an end to international trade.
157. In 1940, the “cash and carry” plan: a) b) c) d) e)
allowed Great Britain to purchase U.S. arms on a restricted basis. allowed Germany to purchase U.S. arms on a restricted basis. allowed Japan to purchase U.S. arms on a restricted basis. allowed all belligerents to purchase U.S. arms on a restricted basis. was voted down by Congress.
158.Men like Henry Ford, Charles Lindbergh, and Father Coughlin were members of the a) America Now! committee, an interventionist group. b) Anti-Semitism Society, a group that blamed the Jews for the war. c) America First committee, an isolationist group. d) Lend-Lease League, a group that supported technology for the war. e) Free Paris Society, a group that advocated the liberation of Paris. 159.The Lend-Lease Act: a) b) c) d) e)
authorized military aid to Germany and Japan. authorized military aid to those fighting against Germany and Japan. excluded China. excluded the Soviet Union. maintained trade relations with Japan.
160. December 7, 1941, is known as a “date that will live in infamy,” referring to: a) b) c) d) e)
the German invasion of Poland. the Japanese assault on Indochina. the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. the German declaration of war against the United States. Jeannette Rankin’s vote against a declaration of war.
161. “D-Day” refers to the: a) Allied invasion of the Soviet Union. b) Allied invasion of Japan. c) Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. d) dropping of the atomic bombs on Japan. e) Allied invasion of Europe at Normandy. 162. What was the “final solution”? a) the Allied operation for D-Day b) Adolf Hitler’s plan to mass-exterminate “undesirable” peoples c) the United States’ plan for the atomic bombs to be dropped on Japan d) Japan’s plan to attack Pearl Harbor e) Joseph Stalin’s plan to spread communism throughout the world 163.In the United States during World War II: a) b) c) d) e)
unemployment declined, production soared, and income taxes increased. the economy grew only slightly. income taxes increased only for the wealthy. little was done to regulate the economy. the actual size of the federal government shrank as the New Deal ended.
164.The Office of War Information: a) b) c) d) e)
imprisoned isolationists. cast the War’s sole goal as retaliation against the Japanese. attempted to stir up nationalist hysteria. was a New Deal social program. used radio, film, and press to give the war an ideological meaning.
165.Women working in defense industries during the war: a) b) c) d) e)
were viewed as permanent workers after the war, so long as they did a good job. were told by advertisers that they were fighting for freedom. had little impact on the war effort. were small in number, as most women took clerical work or joined the military service as nurses. were all young, single women who left their jobs once they got married.
166.The GI Bill of Rights: a) b) c) d) e)
was very limited in scope. included scholarships for education and low-cost mortgage loans for veterans. extended benefits to very few veterans. did not include job training. had limited impact on postwar society.
167.The program that began in 1942 that allowed experienced Mexican agricultural workers to cross the border to work under government labor contracts was called the: a) bracero program. b) Chicano program. c) migrant-worker program. d) “zoot suit” program. e) pueblo program. 168.Under the bracero program: a) b) c) d) e) 0
Mexican immigrants were denied entry to the United States. Mexican immigrants were eligible for citizenship. Mexicans were encouraged to immigrate, but they were denied the right of citizenship. Indians were encouraged to leave their reservations. marriages between Mexicans and Americans were banned.
169.Executive Order 9066: a) b) c) d) e)
was overturned by the Supreme Court. authorized the internment of German-Americans. authorized the internment of Italian-Americans. authorized the internment of Japanese-Americans. exempted all those who were technically American citizens.
170.In Korematsu v. United States, the Supreme Court: a) b) c)
deemed Japanese internment unconstitutional. upheld the legality of Japanese internment. deemed loyalty oaths constitutional.
d) e)
barred Japanese-Americans from serving in the U.S. military. apologized for Japanese internment.
171.During World War II, African-Americans: a) b) c) d) e)
experienced full equality before the law. witnessed the end of Jim Crow laws. served in integrated units in the armed forces. received equal access to the GI Bill of Rights benefits. witnessed the birth of the modern civil rights movement.
172.Black internationalism during World War II: a) b) c) d) e)
was a new movement with no historical antecedents. was a complete rejection of Marcus Garvey’s political ideals. was rejected by W. E. B. Du Bois. rested on the idea that the plight of black Americans was connected to the plight of people of color worldwide. supported colonial rule.
173.The dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki: a) b) c) d) e)
had little impact on the course of the war. did little damage and caused few casualties. brought the war to an end but remains controversial. brought the war to an end and caused no controversy. was vetoed by President Truman.
174. At the Yalta conference in 1945: a) b) c) d) e)
wartime American-Soviet cooperation was at its peak. Stalin was denied permission to maintain control of the Baltic states. Churchill agreed to end British colonial control of India. Stalin agreed to enter the war against the Japanese immediately. no plans were made regarding Poland.
175.The Atlantic Charter: a) b) c) d) e)
was made between Stalin and Hitler. outlawed submarine warfare. endorsed the freedoms from want and fear. established the World Bank and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). established the United Nations.
176.World War II: a) b) c) d) e)
led to Japan emerging as a regional power. led to Germany emerging as a regional power. led to a strengthened and victorious France. produced a radical redistribution of world power. led to the Soviet Union emerging as the dominant world power.
