Heat and Mass Transfer Yunus a Cengel Appendix

APPENDIX

PROPERTY TABLES AND C HA RTS (S I U NI TS )

1

856 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–1 Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties Critical-Point Properties

Substance

Formula

Molar Mass, M kg/kmol kg/kmol

Gas Constant, R kJ/kg kJ/kg K*

Air Ammonia Argon Benzene Bromine n -Butane Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorine Chloroform Dichlo Dic hlorod rodifl ifluor uorome ometha thane ne (R(R-12) 12) Dich Di chlo loro rofl fluo uoro rome meth than ane e (R (R-2 -21) 1) Ethane Ethyl alcohol Ethylene Helium n -Hexane Hydrogen (normal) Krypton Methane Methyl alcohol Methyl chloride Neon Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Oxygen Propane Propylene

— NH3 Ar C6H6 Br2 C4H10 CO2 CO CCl4 Cl2 CHCl3 CCl2F2 CHCl CH Cl2F C2H6 C2H5OH C2H4 He C6H14 H2 Kr CH4 CH3OH CH3Cl Ne N2 N2O O2 C3H8 C3H6

28.97 17.03 39.948 78.115 159.808 58.124 44.01 28.011 153.82 70.906 119.38 1 20.91 12 102.92 30.070 46.07 28.054 4.003 86.179 2.016 83.80 16.043 32.042 50.488 20.183 28.013 44.013 31.999 44.097 42.081

0.2870 0.4882 0.2081 0.1064 0.0520 0.1430 0.1889 0.2968 0.05405 0.1173 0.06964 0.06876 0.08078 0.2765 0.1805 0.2964 2.0769 0.09647 4.1240 0.09921 0.5182 0.2595 0.1647 0.4119 0.2968 0.1889 0.2598 0.1885 0.1976

·

Temperature, K 132.5 405.5 151 562 584 425.2 304.2 133 556.4 417 536.6 384.7 451.7 305.5 516 282.4 5.3 507.9 33.3 209.4 191.1 513.2 416.3 44.5 126.2 309.7 154.8 370 365

Pressure, MPa

Volume, m3 /kmol

3.77 3. 11.28 4.86 4.92 10.34 3.80 7.39 3.50 4.56 7.71 5.47 4.01 5.17 4.48 6.38 5.12 0.23 3.03 1.30 5.50 4.64 7.95 6.68 2.73 3.39 7.27 5.08 4.26 4.62

0.0883 0.0724 0.0749 0.2603 0.1355 0.2547 0.0943 0.0930 0.2759 0.1242 0.2403 0.2179 0.1973 0.1480 0.1673 0.1242 0.0578 0.3677 0.0649 0.0924 0.0993 0.1180 0.1430 0.0417 0.0899 0.0961 0.0780 0.1998 0.1810

857 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–2 Boiling- and freezing-point properties Boiling Data at 1 atm

Substance

Normal Boiling Point, °C

Ammonia

33.3

Argon Benzene Brine (20% sodium chloride by mass) n -Butane Carbon dioxide Ethanol Ethyl alcohol Ethylene glycol Glycerine Helium Hydrogen Isobutane Kerosene Mercury Methane

185.9 80.2

Methanol Nitrogen Octane Oil (light) Oxygen Petroleum

103.9 0.5 78.4* 78.2 78.6 198.1 179.9 268.9 252.8 11.7 204–293 356.7 161.5

Latent Heat of Vaporization, h fg kJ/kg 1357

161.6 394

Freezing Data

Freezing Point, °C 77.7

189.3 5.5

Latent Heat of Fusion, h if kJ/kg 322.4

28 126

— 385.2 230.5 (at 0°C) 838.3 855 800.1 974 22.8 445.7 367.1 251 294.7 510.4

17.4 138.5 56.6 114.2 156 10.8 18.9 — 259.2 160 24.9 38.9 182.2

109 108 181.1 200.6 — 59.5 105.7 — 11.4 58.4

64.5 195.8

1100 198.6

97.7 210

99.2 25.3

124.8

306.3

57.5

180.7

218.8

13.7

183 —

212.7 230–384

— 80.3

Liquid Properties

Temp., °C

Density,  kg/m3

Specific Heat, C p kJ/kg °C

33.3 20 0 25 185.6 20

682 665 639 603 1394 879

4.43 4.51 4.62 4.78 1.14 1.72

20 0.5 0 25 20 20 20 268.9 252.8 11.7 20 25 161.5 100 25 195.8 160 20 25 183 20

1150 601 298 783 789 1109 1261 146.2 70.7 593.8 820 13560 423 301 787 809 596 703 910 1141 640

3.11 2.31 0.59 2.46 2.84 2.84 2.32 22.8 10.0 2.28 2.00 0.139 3.49 5.78 2.55 2.06 2.97 2.10 1.80 1.71 2.0

·

858 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–3 Properties of solid metals

Composition Aluminum: Pure Alloy 2024-T6 (4.5% Cu, 1.5% Mg, 0.6% Mn) Alloy 195, Cast (4.5% Cu) Beryllium

Melting Point, K

Properties at Various Temperatures (K), k(W/m · K) /C p (J/kg · K)

Properties at 300 K 

kg/m

3

  106 C p k J/kg K W/m K m2 /s ·

·

933

2702

903

237

97.1

775

2770

875

177

73.0

2790 1850

883 1825

545

9780

122

2573

2500

1107

27.0

594

8650

231

96.8

Chromium

2118

7160

449

93.7

Cobalt

1769

8862

421

99.2

Copper: Pure

1358

8933

385

401

117

1293

8800

420

52

14

1104

8780

355

54

17

1188

8530

380

110

Boron Cadmium

Commercial bronze (90% Cu, 10% Al) Phosphor gear bronze (89% Cu, 11% Sn) Cartridge brass (70% Cu, 30% Zn)

7.86

200

302 482 65

237 798 163

473

787

482 252

413 356 42 785 41 — 95 360

400 240 949 186

600 231 1033 186

800

1000

218 1146

925 1042 68.2 174 185 59.2 990 301 161 126 106 90.8 203 1114 2191 2604 2823 3018 6.59 16.5 9.69 7.04 112 120 127 9.76 190 55.5 16.8 10.6 9.60 9.85 128 600 1463 1892 2160 2338 48.4 203 99.3 94.7 198 222 242 29.1 159 111 90.9 80.7 71.3 65.4 192 384 484 542 581 616 26.6 167 122 85.4 67.4 58.2 52.1 236 379 450 503 550 628

1550

Bismuth

168 200

100

33.9

75

393 397 52 160 65 — 137 395

379 417 59 545 74 — 149 425

366 433

352 451

859 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–3 Properties of solid metals (Continued)

Composition

Melting Point, K

AlSl 1010 Carbon–silicon (Mn  1%, 0.1%  Si  0.6%) Carbon–manganese–silicon (1%  Mn  1.65% 0.1%  Si  0.6%) Chromium (low) steels: 1 Cr– 14 Mo–Si (0.18% C, 2 0.65% Cr, 0.23% Mo, 0.6% Si) 1Cr– 12 Mo (0.16% C, 1% Cr, 0.54% Mo, 0.39% Si) 1Cr–V (0.2% C, 1.02% Cr, 0.15% V) Stainless steels: AlSl 302



kg/m

3

C p k   106 J/kg K W/m K m2 /s ·

·

7832

434

63.9

18.8

7817

446

51.9

14.9

8131

434

41.0

11.6

7822

444

37.7

7858

442

42.3

7836

443

48.9

38.2

36.7

33.3

26.9

12.2

492 42.0

575 39.1

688 34.5

969 27.4

14.1

492 46.8

575 42.1

688 36.3

969 28.2

492

575

688

969

477

14.9

3.95

AlSl 316

8238

468

13.4

3.48

AlSl 347

7978

480

14.2

3.71

35.3

129

Magnesium

923

1740

1024

156

1000

10.9

7900

11,340

800

31.3 1168 29.3 971 27.6 1090

3.91

601

600

39.2 685 37.4 699 35.0 685

15.1

Lead

400

48.8 559 44.0 582 39.7 559

480

1670

200

58.7 487 49.8 501 42.2 487

8055

AlSl 304

100

24.1 87.6

9.2 272

12.6 402

39.7 118 169 649

36.7 125 159 934

17.3 512 16.6 515 15.2 504 15.8 513 34.0 132 153 1074

20.0 22.8 559 585 19.8 22.6 557 582 18.3 21.3 550 576 18.9 21.9 559 585 31.4 142 149 146 1170 1267

25.4 606 25.4 611 24.2 602 24.7 606

860 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–3 Properties of solid metals (Concluded)

Melting Point, K

kg/m

Rhenium

3453

21,100

136

Rhodium

2236

12,450

243

150

Silicon

1685

2330

712

148

Silver

1235

10,500

235

429

Tantalum

3269

16,600

140

57.5

Thorium

2023

11,700

118

54.0

505

7310

227

66.6

Titanium

1953

4500

522

21.9

Tungsten

3660

19,300

132

Uranium

1406

19,070

116

27.6

Vanadium

2192

6100

489

30.7

693

7140

389

2125

6570

278

Composition

Tin

Zinc Zirconium


Properties at 300 K  3

  106 C p k J/kg K W/m K m2 /s ·

·

47.9

174

116 22.7

16.7

100

58.9 97 49.6 186 147 89.2 884 259 174 444 187 24.7 59.2 110 39.1 59.8 99 40.1 85.2 188 9.32 30.5 300 68.3 208 87 12.5 21.7 94 10.3 35.8 258 41.8 117 297 12.4 33.2 205

200

400

51.0 127 154 220 264 556 430 225 57.5 133 54.6 112 73.3 215 24.5 465 186 122 25.1 108 31.3 430 118 367 25.2 264

46.1 139 146 253 98.9 790 425 239 57.8 144 54.5 124 62.2 243 20.4 551 159 137 29.6 125 31.3 515 111 402 21.6 300

600

800

1000

44.2 145 136 274 61.9 867 412 250 58.6 146 55.8 134

44.1 151 127 293 42.4 913 396 262 59.4 149 56.9 145

44.6 156 121 311 31.2 946 379 277 60.2 152 56.9 156

19.4 591 137 142 34.0 146 33.3 540 103 436 20.7 332

19.7 633 125 146 38.8 176 35.7 563

20.7 675 118 148 43.9 180 38.2 597

21.6 342

23.7 362

Source for Tables A-3 and A-4: Frank P. Incropera and David P. DeWitt, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer , 3rd ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons,

861 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–4 Properties of solid nonmetals

Composition Aluminum oxide, sapphire Aluminum oxide, polycrystalline Beryllium oxide Boron Boron fiber epoxy (30% vol.) composite k ,  to fibers k ,  to fibers C p Carbon Amorphous Diamond, type lla insulator Graphite, pyrolytic k ,  to layers k ,  to layers C p Graphite fiber epoxy (25% vol.) composite k , heat flow  to fibers k , heat flow  to fibers C p Pyroceram, Corning 9606

Melting Point, K



kg/m

3

C p k   106 J/kg K W/m K m2 /s ·

·

2323

3970

765

46

15.1

2323

3970

765

36.0

11.9

2725

3000

1030

2573

2500

1105

590

2080

272 27.6

9.99

—

3500

2273

2210

—

1.60

509 2300

1623

82 — 55 —

190 —

52.5 —

32.4 940 26.4 940 196 1350 18.7 1490

600 18.9 1110 15.8 1110 111 1690 11.3 1880

800 13.0 1180 10.4 1180 70 1865 8.1 2 135

1000 10.5 1225 7.85 1225 47 1975 6.3 2350

—

0.67 — 10,000 21

1.18 — 4000 194

1.89 —

21.9 —

2.37 —

2.53 —

1540 853

1950 5.70

4970 3230 1390 892 667 534 16.8 9.23 4.09 2.68 2.01 1.60 136 411 992 1406 1650 1793

11.1 0.87

5.7 8.7 13.0 0.46 0.68 1.1 337 642 1216 1.89 5.25 4.78 3.64 3.28 3.08 2.96 — — 908 1038 1122 1197

709 450

450 — 133 —

400

2.10 2.23 2.28 0.37 0.49 0.60 364 757 1431

1122 1950

200

88.0

2.29 0.59

1500

100

1400

2600

935 808

3.98

862 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–5 Properties of building materials (at a mean temperature of 24°C)

Material Building Boards Asbestos–cement board Gypsum of plaster board Plywood (Douglas fir)

Insulated board and sheating (regular density) Hardboard (high density, standard tempered) Particle board: Medium density Underlayment Wood subfloor Building Membrane Vapor-permeable felt Vapor-seal (2 layers of mopped 0.73 kg/m2 felt) Flooring Materials Carpet and fibrous pad Carpet and rubber pad Tile (asphalt linoleum vinyl)

Thickness, L mm 6 mm 10 mm 13 mm — 6 mm 10 mm 13 mm 20 mm 13 mm 20 mm — — 16 mm 20 mm

Thermal Specific Density,  Conductivity, k Heat, C p kg/m3 W/m °C kJ/kg °C ·

·

R -value (for listed thickness, L/k ), °C m2 /W ·

1922 800 800 545 545 545 545 545 288 288

— — — 0.12 — — — — — —

1.00 1.09 — 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.30 1.30

0.011 0.057 0.078 — 0.055 0.083 0.110 0.165 0.232 0.359

1010

0.14

1.34

—

800 640 —

0.14 — —

1.30 1.21 1.38

— 0.144 0.166

—

—

—

—

0.011

—

—

—

—

0.021

— —

— —

— —

1.42 1.38 1 26

0.367 0.217 0 009

863 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–5 Properties of building materials (Concluded) (at a mean temperature of 24°C)

Material

Thickness, L mm

Cement/lime, mortar, and stucco

Plastering Materials Cement plaster, sand aggregate Gypsum plaster: Lightweight aggregate Sand aggregate Perlite aggregate Siding Material (on flat surfaces) Asbestos-cement shingles Hardboard siding Wood (drop) siding Wood (plywood) siding, lapped Aluminum or steel siding (over sheeting):

·

·

1.40 0.65 0.72

1900 1100 1100 1100 —

— — — — —

1.00 1.51 1.26 1.46 1.26

0.037 0.026 0.077 0.058 0.009

—

—

1.30

0.166

19 mm

1860

0.72

0.84

0.026

13 mm 13 mm —

720 1680 720

— 0.81 0.22

— 0.84 1.34

0.055 0.016 —

— 11 mm 25 mm 10 mm

1900 — — —

— — — —

— 1.17 1.30 1.21

0.037 0.12 0.139 0.111

10 mm 13 mm

— — —

·

1920 1280 1857

Stucco Roofing Asbestos-cement shingles Asphalt roll roofing Asphalt shingles Built-in roofing Slate Wood shingles (plain and plastic/film faced)

Thermal Specific Density,  Conductivity, k Heat, C p kg/m3 W/m °C kJ/kg °C

R -value (for listed thickness, L/k ), °C m2 /W

— — —

864 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–6 Properties of insulating materials (at a mean temperature of 24°C)

Thickness, L mm

Material Blanket and Batt Mineral fiber (fibrous form processed from rock, slag, or glass)

50 to 70 mm 75 to 90 mm 135 to 165 mm

Board and Slab Cellular glass Glass fiber (organic bonded) Expanded polystyrene (molded beads) Expanded polyurethane (R -11 expanded) Expanded perlite (organic bonded) Expanded rubber (rigid) Mineral fiber with resin binder Cork Sprayed or Formed in Place Polyurethane foam Glass fiber Urethane, two-part mixture (rigid foam) Mineral wool granules with asbestos/inorganic binders (sprayed) Loose Fill Mineral fiber (rock, slag, or glass)

 75 to 125 mm 165 to 222 mm 191 to 254 mm 185 mm

Thermal Specific Density,  Conductivity, k Heat, C p kg/m3 W/m °C kJ/kg °C ·

4.8–32 4.8–32 4.8–32

— — —

136 64–144 16 24 16 72 240 120

0.055 0.036 0.040 0.023 0.052 0.032 0.042 0.039

24–40 56–72 70 190 9.6–32 9.6–32 — —

·

0.71–0.96 0.71–0.96 0.71–0.96

R -value (for listed thickness, L/k ), °C m2 /W ·

1.23 1.94 3.32

1.0 0.96 1.2 1.6 1.26 1.68 0.71 1.80

— — — — — — — —

— — 1.045

— — —

0.046

—

—

— — — —

0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71

0.023–0.026 0.038–0.039 0.026

1.94 3.35 3.87 5.28

866 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–7 Properties of common foods (Concluded) (b ) Other properties

Food

Water Content, % (mass)

Temperature, T °C

Density, kg/m3

Thermal Conductivity, k W/m · °C

Thermal Diffusivity,  m2 /s

Specific Heat, C p kJ/kg · °C

Fruits/Vegetables Apple juice Apples Apples, dried Apricots, dried Bananas, fresh Broccoli Cherries, fresh Figs Grape juice Peaches Plums Potatoes Raisins

87 85 41.6 43.6 76 — 92 40.4 89 89 — 78 32

20 8 23 23 27 6 0–30 23 20 2–32 16 0–70 23

1000 840 856 1320 980 560 1050 1241 1000 960 610 1055 1380

0.559 0.418 0.219 0.375 0.481 0.385 0.545 0.310 0.567 0.526 0.247 0.498 0.376

0.14  106 0.13  106 0.096  106 0.11  106 0.14  106 — 0.13  106 0.096  106 0.14  106 0.14  106 — 0.13  106 0.11  106

3.86 3.81 2.72 2.77 3.59 — 3.99 2.69 3.91 3.91 — 3.64 2.48

Meats Beef, ground Beef, lean Beef fat Beef liver Cat food Chicken breast Dog food Fish, cod Fish, salmon Ham Lamb Pork, lean Turkey breast

67 74 0 72 39.7 75 30.6 81 67 71.8 72 72 74

6 3 35 35 23 0 23 3 3 20 20 4 3

950 1090 810 — 1140 1050 1240 1180 — 1030 1030 1030 1050

0.406 0.471 0.190 0.448 0.326 0.476 0.319 0.534 0.531 0.480 0.456 0.456 0.496

0.13  106 0.13  106 — — 0.11  106 0.13  106 0.11  106 0.12  106 — 0.14  106 0.13  106 0.13  106 0.13  106

3.36 3.54 — 3.49 2.68 3.56 2.45 3.71 3.36 3.48 3.49 3.49 3.54

867 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–8 Properties of miscellaneous materials (Values are at 300 K unless indicated otherwise)

Material Asphalt Bakelite Brick, refractory Chrome brick 473 K 823 K 1173 K Fire clay, burnt 1600 K 773 K 1073 K 1373 K Fire clay, burnt 1725 K 773 K 1073 K 1373 K Fire clay brick 478 K 922 K 1478 K Magnesite 478 K 922 K 1478 K Chicken meat, white (74.4% water content) 198 K

Density,  kg/m3

Thermal Conductivity, k , W/m K ·

2115 1300

0.062 1.4

3010 — —

2.3 2.5 2.0

2050 — —

1.0 1.1 1.1

Specific Heat, C p J/kg K ·

920 1465

835 — —

960 — —

2325 — —

1.3 1.4 1.4

960 — —

2645 — —

1.0 1.5 1.8

960 — —

— — —

3.8 2.8 1.9

1130 — —

1 60

Material Ice 273 K 253 K 173 K Leather, sole Linoleum Mica Paper Plastics Plexiglass Teflon 300 K 400 K Lexan Nylon Polypropylene Polyester PVC, vinyl Porcelain Rubber, natural Rubber, vulcanized Soft Hard Sand Snow, fresh Snow, 273 K Soil, dry Soil wet

Density,  kg/m3

Thermal Conductivity, k , W/m K ·

Specific Heat, C p J/kg K ·

920 922 928 998 535 1180 2900 930

1.88 2.03 3.49 0.159 0.081 0.186 0.523 0.180

2040 1945 1460 — — — — 1340

1190

0.19

1465

2200 — 1200 1145 910 1395 1470 2300 1150

0.35 0.45 0.19 0.29 0.12 0.15 0.1 1.5 0.28

1050 — 1260 — 1925 1170 840 — —

1100 1190 1515 100 500 1500 1900

0.13 0.16 0.2–1.0 0.60 2.2 1.0 20

2010 — 800 — — 1900 2200

868 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–9 Properties of saturated water Volume

Enthalpy Specific

Thermal

Vapori-

Heat,

Conductivity,

Dynamic Viscosity,

Prandtl

Coefficient,

zation,

C p J/kg · °C

k W/m · °C

 kg/m · s

Number, Pr

 1/K

of Saturation Temp.,

Pressure,

T °C

P sat kPa

0.01 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190

0.6113 0.8721 1.2276 1.7051 2.339 3.169 4.246 5.628 7.384 9.593 12.35 15.76 19.94 25.03 31.19 38.58 47.39 57.83 70.14 84.55 101.33 143.27 198.53 270.1 361.3 475.8 617.8 791.7 1002.1 1254 4

Density,  kg/m3

Liquid

Vapor

999.8 999.9 999.7 999.1 9 98.0 9 97.0 9 96.0 9 94.0 9 92.1 9 90.1 988.1 985.2 983.3 980.4 977.5 974.7 971.8 968.1 965.3 961.5 957.9 950.6 943.4 934.6 921.7 916.6 907.4 897.7 887.3 876 4

0.0048 0.0068 0.0094 0.0128 0.0173 0.0231 0.0304 0.0397 0.0512 0.0655 0.0831 0.1045 0.1304 0.1614 0.1983 0.2421 0.2935 0.3536 0.4235 0.5045 0.5978 0.8263 1.121 1.496 1.965 2.546 3.256 4.119 5.153 6 388

h fg kJ/kg

2501 2490 2478 2466 2454 2442 2431 2419 2407 2395 2383 2371 2359 2346 2334 2321 2309 2296 2283 2270 2257 2230 2203 2174 2145 2114 2083 2050 2015 1979

Liquid 4217 4205 4194 4186 4182 4180 4178 4178 4179 4180 4181 4183 4185 4187 4190 4193 4197 4201 4206 4212 4217 4229 4244 4263 4286 4311 4340 4370 4410 4460

Vapor 1854 1857 1862 1863 1867 1870 1875 1880 1885 1892 1900 1908 1916 1926 1936 1948 1962 1977 1993 2010 2029 2071 2120 2177 2244 2314 2420 2490 2590 2710

Expansion

Liquid

Vapor

Liquid

0.561 0.571 0.580 0.589 0.598 0.607 0.615 0.623 0.631 0.637 0.644 0.649 0.654 0.659 0.663 0.667 0.670 0.673 0.675 0.677 0.679 0.682 0.683 0.684 0.683 0.682 0.680 0.677 0.673 0 669

0.0171 0.0173 0.0176 0.0179 0.0182 0.0186 0.0189 0.0192 0.0196 0.0200 0.0204 0.0208 0.0212 0.0216 0.0221 0.0225 0.0230 0.0235 0.0240 0.0246 0.0251 0.0262 0.0275 0.0288 0.0301 0.0316 0.0331 0.0347 0.0364 0 0382

1.792  103 1.519  103 1.307  103 1.138  103 1.002  103 0.891  103 0.798  103 0.720  103 0.653  103 0.596  103 0.547  103 0.504  103 0.467  103 0.433  103 0.404  103 0.378  103 0.355  103 0.333  103 0.315  103 0.297  103 0.282  103 0.255  103 0.232  103 0.213  103 0.197  103 0.183  103 0.170  103 0.160  103 0.150  103 0 142  103

Vapor

Liquid

0.922  105 13.5 0.934  105 11.2 0.946  105 9.45 0.959  105 8.09 0.973  105 7.01 0.987  105 6.14 1.001  105 5.42 1.016  105 4.83 1.031  105 4.32 1.046  105 3.91 1.062  105 3.55 1.077  105 3.25 1.093  105 2.99 1.110  105 2.75 1.126  105 2.55 1.142  105 2.38 1.159  105 2.22 1.176  105 2.08 1.193  105 1.96 1.210  105 1.85 1.227  105 1.75 1.261  105 1.58 1.296  105 1.44 1.330  105 1.33 1.365  105 1.24 1.399  105 1.16 1.434  105 1.09 1.468  105 1.03 1.502  105 0.983 1.537  105 0.947

Vapor

Liquid

1.00 0.068  103 1.00 0.015  103 1.00 0.733  103 1.00 0.138  103 1.00 0.195  103 1.00 0.247  103 1.00 0.294  103 1.00 0.337  103 1.00 0.377  103 1.00 0.415  103 1.00 0.451  103 1.00 0.484  103 1.00 0.517  103 1.00 0.548  103 1.00 0.578  103 1.00 0.607  103 1.00 0.653  103 1.00 0.670  103 1.00 0.702  103 1.00 0.716  103 1.00 0.750  103 1.00 0.798  103 1.00 0.858  103 1.01 0.913  103 1.02 0.970  103 1.02 1.025  103 1.05 1.145  103 1.05 1.178  103 1.07 1.210  103 1.09 1.280  103

869 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–10 Properties of saturated refrigerant-134a Enthalpy of Saturation Temp., Pressure, T , °C 40

P , kPa

51.2

Density, , kg/m3

Liquid 1418

Vapor 2.773

Vaporization,

Volume Specific

Expansion

Heat,

Conductivity,

Dynamic Viscosity,

C p , J/kg · °C

k, W/m · °C

, kg/m · s

h fg , kJ/kg Liquid Vapor

225.9

Thermal

Liquid

Vapor

Liquid

Prandtl Number, Pr

Vapor

Coefficient, Surface , 1/K,

Tension,

Liquid Vapor

Liquid

N/m

1254

748.6 0.1101 0.00811 4.878  104

2.550  106

5.558 0.235

0.00205

0.01760

4

6

35

66.2

1403

3.524

222.7

1264

764.1 0.1084 0.00862 4.509  10

3.003  10

5.257 0.266

0.00209

0.01682

30

84.4

1389

4.429

219.5

1273

780.2 0.1066 0.00913 4.178  104

3.504  106

4.992 0.299

0.00215

0.01604

4

6

25

106.5

1374

5.509

216.3

1283

797.2 0.1047 0.00963 3.882  10

4.054  10

4.757 0.335

0.00220

0.01527

20

132.8

1359

6.787

213.0

1294

814.9 0.1028 0.01013 3.614  104

4.651  106

4.548 0.374

0.00227

0.01451

209.5

1306

4

833.5 0.1009 0.01063 3.371  10

6

5.295  10

4.363 0.415

0.00233

0.01376

206.0

1318

853.1 0.0989 0.01112 3.150  104

5.982  106

4.198 0.459

0.00241

0.01302

4

6

0.01229

15

164.0

1343

10

200.7

1327

8.288 10.04

5

243.5

1311

12.07

202.4

1330

873.8 0.0968 0.01161 2.947  10

6.709  10

4.051 0.505

0.00249

0

293.0

1295

14.42

198.7

1344

895.6 0.0947 0.01210 2.761  104

7.471  106

3.919 0.553

0.00258

0.01156

4

6

0.01084

5

349.9

1278

17.12

194.8

1358

918.7 0.0925 0.01259 2.589  10

8.264  10

3.802 0.603

0.00269

10

414.9

1261

20.22

190.8

1374

943.2 0.0903 0.01308 2.430  104

9.081  106

3.697 0.655

0.00280

0.01014

1390

969.4 0.0880 0.01357 2.281  104

9.915  106

3.604 0.708

0.00293

0.00944

997.6 0.0856 0.01406 2.142  104

1.075  105

3.521 0.763

0.00307

0.00876

15

488.7

1244

23.75

186.6

20

572.1

1226

27.77

182.3

1408

25

665.8

1207

32.34

177.8

1427 1028

0.0833 0.01456 2.012  104

1.160  105

3.448 0.819

0.00324

0.00808

4

5

30

770.6

1188

37.53

173.1

1448 1061

0.0808 0.01507 1.888  10

1.244  10

3.383 0.877

0.00342

0.00742

35

887.5

1168

43.41

168.2

1471 1098

0.0783 0.01558 1.772  104

1.327  105

3.328 0.935

0.00364

0.00677

4

5

40

1017.1

1147

50.08

163.0

1498 1138

0.0757 0.01610 1.660  10

1.408  10

3.285 0.995

0.00390

0.00613

45

1160.5

1125

57.66

157.6

1529 1184

0.0731 0.01664 1.554  104

1.486  105

3.253 1.058

0.00420

0.00550

4

5

50

1318.6

1102

66.27

151.8

1566 1237

0.0704 0.01720 1.453  10

1.562  10

3.231 1.123

0.00456

0.00489

55

1492.3

1078

76.11

145.7

1608 1298

0.0676 0.01777 1.355  104

1.634  105

3.223 1.193

0.00500

0.00429

139.1

1659 1372

4

0.0647 0.01838 1.260  10

5

1.704  10

3.229 1.272

0.00554

0.00372

132.1

1722 1462

0.0618 0.01902 1.167  104

1.771  105

3.255 1.362

0.00624

0.00315

4

5

60

1682.8

1053

65

1891.0

1026

87.38 100.4

70

2118.2

996.2 115.6

124.4

1801 1577

0.0587 0.01972 1.077  10

1.839  10

3.307 1.471

0.00716

0.00261

75

2365.8

964

115.9

1907 1731

0.0555 0.02048 9.891  105

1.908  105

3.400 1.612

0.00843

0.00209

5

5

133.6

80

2635.2

928.2 155.3

106.4

2056 1948

0.0521 0.02133 9.011  10

1.982  10

3.558 1.810

0.01031

0.00160

85

2928.2

887.1 182.3

95.4

2287 2281

0.0484 0.02233 8.124  105

2.071  105

3.837 2.116

0.01336

0.00114

2701 2865

5

5

4.385 2.658

0.01911

0.00071

90

3246.9

837.7 217.8

82.2

0.0444 0.02357 7.203  10

2.187  10

870 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–11 Properties of saturated ammonia Enthalpy of Saturation Temp. Pressure,

Density, , kg/m3

T , °C

P , kPa

Liquid

Vapor

40

71.66

690.2

0.6435

Vaporization,

Volume Specific

Expansion

Heat,

Conductivity,

Dynamic Viscosity,

C p , J/kg · °C

k, W/m · °C

, kg/m · s


1389

Thermal

4414

2242

Liquid

Vapor

Liquid

Prandtl Number, Pr

Vapor

Liquid Vapor


Tension,

Liquid

N/m

—

0.01792 2.926  104

7.957  106

—

0.9955 0.00176

0.03565

—

4

6

—

1.017

0.00185

0.03341

8.490  106 1.875 1.028

0.00190

0.03229

30

119.4

677.8

1.037

1360

4465

2322

25

151.5

671.5

1.296

1345

4489

2369 0.5968 0.01957 2.492  104

0.01898 2.630  10

4

8.311  10

6

20

190.1

665.1

1.603

1329

4514

2420 0.5853 0.02015 2.361  10

8.669  10

1.821 1.041

0.00194

0.03118

15

236.2

658.6

1.966

1313

4538

2476 0.5737 0.02075 2.236  104

8.851  106 1.769 1.056

0.00199

0.03007

4

6

10

290.8

652.1

2.391

1297

4564

2536 0.5621 0.02138 2.117  10

9.034  10

1.718 1.072

0.00205

0.02896

5

354.9

645.4

2.886

1280

4589

2601 0.5505 0.02203 2.003  104

9.218  106 1.670 1.089

0.00210

0.02786

4

6

0

429.6

638.6

3.458

1262

4617

2672 0.5390 0.02270 1.896  10

9.405  10

1.624 1.107

0.00216

0.02676

5

516

631.7

4.116

1244

4645

2749 0.5274 0.02341 1.794  104

9.593  106 1.580 1.126

0.00223

0.02566

4

6

10

615.3

624.6

4.870

1226

4676

2831 0.5158 0.02415 1.697  10

9.784  10

1.539 1.147

0.00230

0.02457

15

728.8

617.5

5.729

1206

4709

2920 0.5042 0.02492 1.606  104

9.978  106 1.500 1.169

0.00237

0.02348

3016 0.4927 0.02573 1.519  104

1.017  105 1.463 1.193

20

610.2

6.705

1186

4745

0.00245

0.02240

25 1003

602.8

7.809

1166

4784

3120 0.4811 0.02658 1.438  104

1.037  105 1.430 1.218

0.00254

0.02132

30 1167

595.2

9.055

1144

4828

3232 0.4695 0.02748 1.361  104

1.057  105 1.399 1.244

0.00264

0.02024

4

857.8

5

35 1351

587.4

10.46

1122

4877

3354 0.4579 0.02843 1.288  10

1.078  10

1.372 1.272

0.00275

0.01917

40 1555

579.4

12.03

1099

4932

3486 0.4464 0.02943 1.219  104

1.099  105 1.347 1.303

0.00287

0.01810

4

5

45 1782

571.3

13.8

1075

4993

3631 0.4348 0.03049 1.155  10

1.121  10

1.327 1.335

0.00301

0.01704

50 2033

562.9

15.78

1051

5063

3790 0.4232 0.03162 1.094  104

1.143  105 1.310 1.371

0.00316

0.01598

5143

4

3967 0.4116 0.03283 1.037  10

1.166  10

1.297 1.409

0.00334

0.01493

5234

4163 0.4001 0.03412 9.846  105

1.189  105 1.288 1.452

0.00354

0.01389

5

55 2310

554.2

18.00

60 2614

545.2

20.48

1025 997.4

5

5

65 2948

536.0

23.26

968.9

5340

4384 0.3885 0.03550 9.347  10

1.213  10

1.285 1.499

0.00377

0.01285

70 3312

526.3

26.39

939.0

5463

4634 0.3769 0.03700 8.879  105

1.238  105 1.287 1.551

0.00404

0.01181

5

5

75 3709

516.2

29.90

907.5

5608

4923 0.3653 0.03862 8.440  10

1.264  10

1.296 1.612

0.00436

0.01079

80 4141

505.7

33.87

874.1

5780

5260 0.3538 0.04038 8.030  105

1.292  105 1.312 1.683

0.00474

0.00977

5

5

85 4609

494.5

38.36

838.6

5988

5659 0.3422 0.04232 7.645  10

1.322  10

1.338 1.768

0.00521

0.00876

90 5116

482.8

43.48

800.6

6242

6142 0.3306 0.04447 7.284  105

1.354  105 1.375 1.871

0.00579

0.00776

6561

5

0.00652

0.00677

95 5665

470.2

49.35

759.8

6740 0.3190 0.04687 6.946  10

5

1.389  10

1.429 1.999

871 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–12 Properties of saturated propane Enthalpy of Saturation Temp. Pressure, T , °C 120

P , kPa

Density, , kg/m3

Liquid

0.4053 664.7

Vapor

Vaporization,

Volume Specific

Thermal

Expansion

Heat,

Conductivity,

Dynamic Viscosity,

C p , J/kg · °C

k, W/m · °C

, kg/m · s


Liquid

Vapor

Liquid

Prandtl Number, Pr

Vapor

0.01408 498.3

2003 1115 0.1802 0.00589 6.136  104 4

Liquid Vapor

4.372  106 6.820 0.827 6


Tension,

Liquid

N/m

0.00153

0.02630

110

1.157

654.5

0.03776 489.3

2021 1148 0.1738 0.00645 5.054  10

4.625  10

5.878 0.822

0.00157

0.02486

100

2.881

644.2

0.08872 480.4

2044 1183 0.1672 0.00705 4.252  104

4.881  106 5.195 0.819

0.00161

0.02344

90 80

6.406 12.97

4

6

633.8

0.1870

471.5

2070 1221 0.1606 0.00769 3.635  10

5.143  10

4.686 0.817

0.00166

0.02202

623.2

0.3602

462.4

2100 1263 0.1539 0.00836 3.149  104

5.409  106 4.297 0.817

0.00171

0.02062

4

6

70

24.26

612.5

0.6439

453.1

2134 1308 0.1472 0.00908 2.755  10

5.680  10

3.994 0.818

0.00177

0.01923

60

42.46

601.5

1.081

443.5

2173 1358 0.1407 0.00985 2.430  104

5.956  106 3.755 0.821

0.00184

0.01785

4

50 40

70.24 110.7

6

590.3

1.724

433.6

2217 1412 0.1343 0.01067 2.158  10

6.239  10

3.563 0.825

0.00192

0.01649

578.8

2.629

423.1

2258 1471 0.1281 0.01155 1.926  104

6.529  106 3.395 0.831

0.00201

0.01515

4

6

30

167.3

567.0

3.864

412.1

2310 1535 0.1221 0.01250 1.726  10

6.827  10

3.266 0.839

0.00213

0.01382

20

243.8

554.7

5.503

400.3

2368 1605 0.1163 0.01351 1.551  104

7.136  106 3.158 0.848

0.00226

0.01251

7.457  106 3.069 0.860

10

344.4

542.0

387.8

2433 1682 0.1107 0.01459 1.397  104

0.00242

0.01122

0

473.3

528.7

10.36

374.2

2507 1768 0.1054 0.01576 1.259  104

7.794  106 2.996 0.875

0.00262

0.00996

5

549.8

521.8

11.99

367.0

2547 1814 0.1028 0.01637 1.195  104

7.970  106 2.964 0.883

0.00273

0.00934

4

7.635

6

10

635.1

514.7

13.81

359.5

2590 1864 0.1002 0.01701 1.135  10

8.151  10

2.935 0.893

0.00286

0.00872

15

729.8

507.5

15.85

351.7

2637 1917 0.0977 0.01767 1.077  104

8.339  106 2.909 0.905

0.00301

0.00811

4

6

20

834.4

500.0

18.13

343.4

2688 1974 0.0952 0.01836 1.022  10

8.534  10

2.886 0.918

0.00318

0.00751

25

949.7

492.2

20.68

334.8

2742 2036 0.0928 0.01908 9.702  105

8.738  106 2.866 0.933

0.00337

0.00691

5

6

30 1076

484.2

23.53

325.8

2802 2104 0.0904 0.01982 9.197  10

8.952  10

2.850 0.950

0.00358

0.00633

35 1215

475.8

26.72

316.2

2869 2179 0.0881 0.02061 8.710  105

9.178  106 2.837 0.971

0.00384

0.00575

5

6

40 1366

467.1

30.29

306.1

2943 2264 0.0857 0.02142 8.240  10

9.417  10

2.828 0.995

0.00413

0.00518

45 1530

458.0

34.29

295.3

3026 2361 0.0834 0.02228 7.785  105

9.674  106 2.824 1.025

0.00448

0.00463

5

6

50 1708

448.5

38.79

283.9

3122 2473 0.0811 0.02319 7.343  10

9.950  10

2.826 1.061

0.00491

0.00408

60 2110

427.5

49.66

258.4

3283 2769 0.0765 0.02517 6.487  105

1.058  105 2.784 1.164

0.00609

0.00303

5

5

70 2580

403.2

64.02

228.0

3595 3241 0.0717 0.02746 5.649  10

1.138  10

2.834 1.343

0.00811

0.00204

80 3127

373.0

84.28

189.7

4501 4173 0.0663 0.03029 4.790  105

1.249  105 3.251 1.722

0.01248

0.00114

133.2

5

0.02847

0.00037

90 3769

329.1 118.6

6977 7239 0.0595 0.03441 3.807  10

5

1.448  10

4.465 3.047

872 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–13 Properties of liquids

Temp., Density, T , °C , kg/m3

Specific Heat, C p , J/kg ⋅ °C

Thermal Conductivity, k , W/m ⋅ °C

Thermal Diffusivity, , m2 /s

Dynamic Viscosity, , kg/m ⋅ s

Kinematic Viscosity, , m2 /s

Prandtl Number, Pr

Volume Expan. Coeff. , 1/K

Methane (CH 4 ) 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90

420.2 405.0 388.8 371.1 351.4 328.8 301.0 261.7

3492 3580 3700 3875 4146 4611 5578 8902

0.1863 0.1703 0.1550 0.1402 0.1258 0.1115 0.0967 0.0797

1.270  107 1.133  104 7 1.174  10 9.169  105 7 1.077  10 7.551  105 9.749  108 6.288  105 8 8.634  10 5.257  105 8 7.356  10 4.377  105 8 5.761  10 3.577  105 8 3.423  10 2.761  105 Methanol [C 3 H 3 (OH)]

2.699  107 2.264  107 1.942  107 1.694  107 1.496  107 1.331  107 1.188  107 1.055  107

2.126 1.927 1.803 1.738 1.732 1.810 2.063 3.082

0.00352 0.00391 0.00444 0.00520 0.00637 0.00841 0.01282 0.02922

20 30 40 50 60 70

788.4 779.1 769.6 760.1 750.4 740.4

2515 2577 2644 2718 2798 2885

0.1987 0.1980 0.1972 0.1965 0.1957 0.1950

1.002  107 5.857  104 8 9.862  10 5.088  104 8 9.690  10 4.460  104 8 9.509  10 3.942  104 8 9.320  10 3.510  104 9.128  108 3.146  104 Isobutane (R600a)

7.429  107 6.531  107 5.795  107 5.185  107 4.677  107 4.250  107

7.414 6.622 5.980 5.453 5.018 4.655

0.00118 0.00120 0.00123 0.00127 0.00132 0.00137

100 75 50 25 0 25 50 75 100

683.8 659.3 634.3 608.2 580.6 550.7 517.3 478.5 429.6

1881 1970 2069 2180 2306 2455 2640 2896 3361

0.1383 0.1357 0.1283 0.1181 0.1068 0.0956 0.0851 0.0757 0.0669

1.075  107 9.305  104 7 1.044  10 5.624  104 8 9.773  10 3.769  104 8 8.906  10 2.688  104 7.974  108 1.993  104 8 7.069  10 1.510  104 8 6.233  10 1.155  104 8 5.460  10 8.785  105 4.634  108 6.483  105 Glycerin

1.360  106 8.531  107 5.942  107 4.420  107 3.432  107 2.743  107 2.233  107 1.836  107 1.509  107

12.65 8.167 6.079 4.963 4.304 3.880 3.582 3.363 3.256

0.00142 0.00150 0.00161 0.00177 0.00199 0.00232 0.00286 0.00385 0.00628

2262 2288

0.2820 0 2835

9.773  108 9 732  108

8.219  103 5 287  103

0 5

1276 1273

10.49 6 730

84101 54327

873 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–14 Properties of liquid metals

Temp., Density, T , °C , kg/m3

Specific Thermal Heat, C p , Conductivity, J/kg ⋅ °C k , W/m ⋅ °C


Dynamic Viscosity, , kg/m ⋅ s


Prandtl Number, Pr

Volume Expan. Coeff. , 1/K

Mercury (Hg) Melting Point: 39°C

0 25 50 75 100 150 200 250 300

13595 13534 13473 13412 13351 13231 13112 12993 12873

140.4 139.4 138.6 137.8 137.1 136.1 135.5 135.3 135.3

8.18200 8.51533 8.83632 9.15632 9.46706 10.07780 10.65465 11.18150 11.68150

350 400 500 600 700

9969 9908 9785 9663 9540

146.0 148.2 152.8 157.3 161.8

16.28 16.10 15.74 15.60 15.60

400 450 500 550 600 650 700

10506 10449 10390 10329 10267 10206 10145

158 156 155 155 155 155 155

15.97 15.74 15.54 15.39 15.23 15.07 14.91

1378 1349 1320

85.84 80.84 75.84

100 200 300

927.3 902.5 877.8

4.287  106 1.687  103 1.241  107 4.514  106 1.534  103 1.133  107 4.734  106 1.423  103 1.056  107 4.956  106 1.316  103 9.819  108 5.170  106 1.245  103 9.326  108 5.595  106 1.126  103 8.514  108 5.996  106 1.043  103 7.959  108 6.363  106 9.820  104 7.558  108 6.705  106 9.336  104 7.252  108 Bismuth (Bi) Melting point: 271°C 1.118  105 1.540  103 1.096  105 1.422  103 1.052  105 1.188  103 1.026  105 1.013  103 1.010  105 8.736  104 Lead (Pb) Melting point: 327°C

0.0289 0.0251 0.0223 0.0198 0.0180 0.0152 0.0133 0.0119 0.0108

1.545  107 1.436  107 1.215  107 1.048  107 9.157  108

0.01381 0.01310 0.01154 0.01022 0.00906

9.623  106 2.277  103 2.167  107 9.649  106 2.065  103 1.976  107 9.651  106 1.884  103 1.814  107 9.610  106 1.758  103 1.702  107 9.568  106 1.632  103 1.589  107 9.526  106 1.505  103 1.475  107 9.483  106 1.379  103 1.360  107 Sodium (Na) Melting point: 98°C

0.02252 0.02048 0.01879 0.01771 0.01661 0.01549 0.01434

6.718  105 6.639  105 6.544  105

6.892  104 5.385  104 3.878  104

7.432  107 0.01106 5.967  107 0.008987 4.418  107 0.006751

1.810  104 1.810  104 1.810  104 1.810  104 1.810  104 1.810  104 1.815  104 1.829  104 1.854  104

874 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–15 Properties of air at 1 atm pressure Temp., T , °C

Density, , kg/m3

Specific Heat, C p , J/kg · °C

Thermal Conductivity, k , W/m · °C


Dynamic Viscosity, , kg/m · s


Prandtl Number, Pr

150 100 50 40 30 20 10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 250 300

2.866 2.038 1.582 1.514 1.451 1.394 1.341 1.292 1.269 1.246 1.225 1.204 1.184 1.164 1.145 1.127 1.109 1.092 1.059 1.028 0.9994 0.9718 0.9458 0.8977 0.8542 0.8148 0.7788 0.7459 0.6746 0 6158

983 966 999 1002 1004 1005 1006 1006 1006 1006 1007 1007 1007 1007 1007 1007 1007 1007 1007 1007 1008 1008 1009 1011 1013 1016 1019 1023 1033 1044

0.01171 0.01582 0.01979 0.02057 0.02134 0.02211 0.02288 0.02364 0.02401 0.02439 0.02476 0.02514 0.02551 0.02588 0.02625 0.02662 0.02699 0.02735 0.02808 0.02881 0.02953 0.03024 0.03095 0.03235 0.03374 0.03511 0.03646 0.03779 0.04104 0 04418

4.158  106 8.036  106 1.252  105 1.356  105 1.465  105 1.578  105 1.696  105 1.818  105 1.880  105 1.944  105 2.009  105 2.074  105 2.141  105 2.208  105 2.277  105 2.346  105 2.416  105 2.487  105 2.632  105 2.780  105 2.931  105 3.086  105 3.243  105 3.565  105 3.898  105 4.241  105 4.593  105 4.954  105 5.890  105 6 871  105

8.636  106 1.189  106 1.474  105 1.527  105 1.579  105 1.630  105 1.680  105 1.729  105 1.754  105 1.778  105 1.802  105 1.825  105 1.849  105 1.872  105 1.895  105 1.918  105 1.941  105 1.963  105 2.008  105 2.052  105 2.096  105 2.139  105 2.181  105 2.264  105 2.345  105 2.420  105 2.504  105 2.577  105 2.760  105 2.934  105

3.013  106 5.837  106 9.319  106 1.008  105 1.087  105 1.169  105 1.252  105 1.338  105 1.382  105 1.426  105 1.470  105 1.516  105 1.562  105 1.608  105 1.655  105 1.702  105 1.750  105 1.798  105 1.896  105 1.995  105 2.097  105 2.201  105 2.306  105 2.522  105 2.745  105 2.975  105 3.212  105 3.455  105 4.091  105 4.765  105

0.7246 0.7263 0.7440 0.7436 0.7425 0.7408 0.7387 0.7362 0.7350 0.7336 0.7323 0.7309 0.7296 0.7282 0.7268 0.7255 0.7241 0.7228 0.7202 0.7177 0.7154 0.7132 0.7111 0.7073 0.7041 0.7014 0.6992 0.6974 0.6946 0.6935

875 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–16 Properties of Gases at 1 atm pressure Temp., T , °C

Density, , kg/m3






Prandtl Number, Pr

1.129  105 1.375  105 1.612  105 1.841  105 2.063  105 2.276  105 2.682  105 3.061  105 3.416  105 4.898  105 6.106  105 7.322  105

4.699  106 7.003  106 9.714  106 1.281  105 1.627  105 2.008  105 2.866  105 3.842  105 4.924  105 1.162  104 2.019  104 3.103  104

0.8019 0.7661 0.7520 0.7464 0.7445 0.7442 0.7450 0.7458 0.7460 0.7455 0.7745 0.8815

Carbon dioxide, CO 2 50 0 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 1000 1500 2000

2.4035 1.9635 1.6597 1.4373 1.2675 1.1336 0.9358 0.7968 0.6937 0.4213 0.3025 0.2359

746 811 866.6 914.8 957.4 995.2 1060 1112 1156 1292 1356 1387

0.01051 5.860  106 0.01456 9.141  106 0.01858 1.291  105 0.02257 1.716  105 0.02652 2.186  105 0.03044 2.698  105 0.03814 3.847  105 0.04565 5.151  105 0.05293 6.600  105 0.08491 1.560  104 0.10688 2.606  104 0.11522 3.521  104 Carbon Monoxide, CO

50 0 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 1000 1500 2000

1.5297 1.2497 1.0563 0.9148 0.8067 0.7214 0.5956 0.5071 0.4415 0.2681 0.1925 0.1502

1081 1048 1039 1041 1049 1060 1085 1111 1135 1226 1279 1309

0.01901 0.02278 0.02641 0.02992 0.03330 0.03656 0.04277 0.04860 0.05412 0.07894 0.10458 0.13833

1.149  105 1.739  105 2.407  105 3.142  105 3.936  105 4.782  105 6.619  105 8.628  105 1.079  104 2.401  104 4.246  104 7.034  104 Methane, CH 4

1.378  105 1.629  105 1.863  105 2.080  105 2.283  105 2.472  105 2.812  105 3.111  105 3.379  105 4.557  105 6.321  105 9.826  105

9.012  106 1.303  105 1.764  105 2.274  105 2.830  105 3.426  105 4.722  105 6.136  105 7.653  105 1.700  104 3.284  104 6.543  104

0.7840 0.7499 0.7328 0.7239 0.7191 0.7164 0.7134 0.7111 0.7087 0.7080 0.7733 0.9302

50 0 50 100 150

0.8761 0.7158 0.6050 0.5240 0 4620

2243 2217 2302 2443 2611

0.02367 0.03042 0.03766 0.04534 0 05344

1.204  105 1.917  105 2.704  105 3.543  105 4 431 10 5

8.564  106 1.028  105 1.191  105 1.345  105 1.491 10 5

9.774  106 1.436  105 1.969  105 2.567  105 3.227 10 5

0.8116 0.7494 0.7282 0.7247 0.7284

876 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–16 Properties of Gases at 1 atm pressure (Concluded) Temp., T , °C

Density, , kg/m3






Prandtl Number, Pr

Nitrogen, N 2 50 0 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 1000 1500 2000

1.5299 1.2498 1.0564 0.9149 0.8068 0.7215 0.5956 0.5072 0.4416 0.2681 0.1925 0.1502

957.3 1035 1042 1041 1043 1050 1070 1095 1120 1213 1266 1297

0.02001 0.02384 0.02746 0.03090 0.03416 0.03727 0.04309 0.04848 0.05358 0.07938 0.11793 0.18590

1.366  105 1.843  105 2.494  105 3.244  105 4.058  105 4.921  105 6.758  105 8.727  105 1.083  104 2.440  104 4.839  104 9.543  104 Oxygen, O 2

1.390  105 1.640  105 1.874  105 2.094  105 2.300  105 2.494  105 2.849  105 3.166  105 3.451  105 4.594  105 5.562  105 6.426  105

9.091  106 1.312  105 1.774  105 2.289  105 2.851  105 3.457  105 4.783  105 6.242  105 7.816  105 1.713  104 2.889  104 4.278  104

0.6655 0.7121 0.7114 0.7056 0.7025 0.7025 0.7078 0.7153 0.7215 0.7022 0.5969 0.4483

50 0 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 1000 1500 2000

1.7475 1.4277 1.2068 1.0451 0.9216 0.8242 0.6804 0.5793 0.5044 0.3063 0.2199 0.1716

984.4 928.7 921.7 931.8 947.6 964.7 997.1 1025 1048 1121 1165 1201

0.02067 0.02472 0.02867 0.03254 0.03637 0.04014 0.04751 0.05463 0.06148 0.09198 0.11901 0.14705

1.201  105 1.865  105 2.577  105 3.342  105 4.164  105 5.048  105 7.003  105 9.204  105 1.163  104 2.678  104 4.643  104 7.139  104 Water vapor, H 2 O

1.616  105 1.916  105 2.194  105 2.451  105 2.694  105 2.923  105 3.350  105 3.744  105 4.114  105 5.732  105 7.133  105 8.417  105

9.246  106 1.342  105 1.818  105 2.346  105 2.923  105 3.546  105 4.923  105 6.463  105 8.156  105 1.871  104 3.243  104 4.907  104

0.7694 0.7198 0.7053 0.7019 0.7019 0.7025 0.7030 0.7023 0.7010 0.6986 0.6985 0.6873

50 0 50 100 150

0.9839 0.8038 0.6794 0.5884 0 5189

1892 1874 1874 1887 1908

0.01353 0.01673 0.02032 0.02429 0 02861

7.271  106 1.110  105 1.596  105 2.187  105 2 890 10 5

7.187  106 8.956  106 1.078  105 1.265  105 1.456 10 5

7.305  106 1.114  105 1.587  105 2.150  105 2.806 10 5

1.0047 1.0033 0.9944 0.9830 0.9712

877 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–17 Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude Altitude, m

Temperature, °C

Pressure, kPa

Gravity, g m/s2

Speed of Sound, m/s

Density, kg/m3

Thermal Conductivity, W/m °C

Viscosity,  kg/m s ·

·

5

0 200 400 600 800

15.00 13.70 12.40 11.10 9.80

101.33 98.95 96.61 94.32 92.08

9.807 9.806 9.805 9.805 9.804

340.3 339.5 338.8 338.0 337.2

1.225 1.202 1.179 1.156 1.134

1.789 1.783 1.777 1.771 1.764

 10  105  105  105  105

0.0253 0.0252 0.0252 0.0251 0.0250

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

8.50 7.20 5.90 4.60 3.30

89.88 87.72 85.60 83.53 81.49

9.804 9.803 9.802 9.802 9.801

336.4 335.7 334.9 334.1 333.3

1.112 1.090 1.069 1.048 1.027

1.758 1.752 1.745 1.739 1.732

 105  105  105  105  105

0.0249 0.0248 0.0247 0.0245 0.0244

2000 2200 2400 2600 2800

2.00 0.70 0.59 1.89 3.19

79.50 77.55 75.63 73.76 71.92

9.800 9.800 9.799 9.799 9.798

332.5 331.7 331.0 330.2 329.4

1.007 0.987 0.967 0.947 0.928

1.726 1.720 1.713 1.707 1.700

 105  105  105  105  105

0.0243 0.0242 0.0241 0.0240 0.0239

3000 3200 3400 3600 3800

4.49 5.79 7.09 8.39 9.69

70.12 68.36 66.63 64.94 63.28

9.797 9.797 9.796 9.796 9.795

328.6 327.8 327.0 326.2 325.4

0.909 0.891 0.872 0.854 0.837

1.694 1.687 1.681 1.674 1.668

 105  105  105  105  105

0.0238 0.0237 0.0236 0.0235 0.0234

4000 4200 4400 4600 4800

10.98 12.3 13.6 14.9 16.2

61.66 60.07 58.52 57.00 55.51

9.794 9.794 9.793 9.793 9.792

324.6 323.8 323.0 322.2 321.4

0.819 0.802 0.785 0.769 0.752

1.661 1.655 1.648 1.642 1.635

 105  105  105  105  105

0.0233 0.0232 0.0231 0.0230 0.0229

5000 5200 5400 5600 5800

17.5 18.8 20.1 21.4 22.7

54.05 52.62 51.23 49.86 48.52

9.791 9.791 9.790 9.789 9.785

320.5 319.7 318.9 318.1 317.3

0.736 0.721 0.705 0.690 0.675

1.628 1.622 1.615 1.608 1.602

 105  105  105  105  105

0.0228 0.0227 0.0226 0.0224 0.0223

6000

24.0

47.22

9.788

316.5

0.660

1.595  105

0.0222

878 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–18 Emissivities of surfaces (a ) Metals Material Aluminum Polished Commercial sheet Heavily oxidized Anodized Bismuth, bright Brass Highly polished Polished Dull plate Oxidized Chromium, polished Copper Highly polished Polished Commercial sheet Oxidized Black oxidized Gold Highly polished Bright foil Iron Highly polished Case iron Wrought iron Rusted Oxidized

Temperature, K 300–900 400 400–800 300 350

Emissivity,  0.04–0.06 0.09 0.20–0.33 0.8 0.34

500–650 350 300–600 450–800 300–1400

0.03–0.04 0.09 0.22 0.6 0.08–0.40

300 300–500 300 600–1000 300

0.02 0.04–0.05 0.15 0.5–0.8 0.78

300–1000 300

0.03–0.06 0.07

300–500 300 300–500 300 500–900

0.05–0.07 0.44 0.28 0.61 0.64–0.78

Material Magnesium, polished Mercury Molybdenum Polished Oxidized Nickel Polished Oxidized Platinum, polished Silver, polished Stainless steel Polished Lightly oxidized Highly oxidized Steel Polished sheet Commercial sheet Heavily oxidized Tin, polished Tungsten Polished Filament Zinc Polished Oxidized

Temperature, K

Emissivity, 

300–500 300–400

0.07–0.13 0.09–0.12

300–2000 600–800

0.05–0.21 0.80–0.82

500–1200 450–1000 500–1500 300–1000

0.07–0.17 0.37–0.57 0.06–0.18 0.02–0.07

300–1000 600–1000 600–1000

0.17–0.30 0.30–0.40 0.70–0.80

300–500 500–1200 300 300

0.08–0.14 0.20–0.32 0.81 0.05

300–2500 3500

0.03–0.29 0.39

300–800 300

0.02–0.05 0.25

879 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–18 Emissivities of surfaces (Concluded) (b ) Nonmetals Material Alumina Aluminum oxide Asbestos Asphalt pavement Brick Common Fireclay Carbon filament Cloth Concrete Glass Window Pyrex Pyroceram Ice Magnesium oxide Masonry Paints Aluminum Black, lacquer, shiny Oils, all colors Red primer White acrylic White enamel

Temperature, K

Emissivity, 

800–1400 600–1500 300 300

0.65–0.45 0.69–0.41 0.96 0.85–0.93

300 1200 2000 300 300

0.93–0.96 0.75 0.53 0.75–0.90 0.88–0.94

300 300–1200 300–1500 273 400–800 300

0.90–0.95 0.82–0.62 0.85–0.57 0.95–0.99 0.69–0.55 0.80

300 300 300 300 300 300

0.40–0.50 0.88 0.92–0.96 0.93 0.90 0.90

Material Paper, white Plaster, white Porcelain, glazed Quartz, rough, fused Rubber Hard Soft Sand Silicon carbide Skin, human Snow Soil, earth Soot Teflon Water, deep Wood Beech Oak

Temperature, K

Emissivity, 

300 300 300 300

0.90 0.93 0.92 0.93

300 300 300 600–1500 300 273 300 300–500 300–500 273–373

0.93 0.86 0.90 0.87–0.85 0.95 0.80–0.90 0.93–0.96 0.95 0.85–0.92 0.95–0.96

300 300

0.94 0.90

880 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–19 Solar radiative properties of materials Description/composition Aluminum Polished Anodized Quartz-overcoated Foil Brick, red (Purdue) Concrete Galvanized sheet metal Clean, new Oxidized, weathered Glass, 3.2-mm thickness Float or tempered Low iron oxide type Marble, slightly off-white (nonreflective) Metal, plated Black sulfide Black cobalt oxide Black nickel oxide Black chrome Mylar, 0.13-mm thickness Paints Black (Parsons) White, acrylic White, zinc oxide Paper, white Plexiglas, 3.2-mm thickness Porcelain tiles, white (reflective glazed surface) Roofing tiles, bright red Dry surface Wet surface

Solar Absorptivity, s

Emissivity, , at 300 K

Ratio, s / 

0.09 0.14 0.11 0.15 0.63 0.60

0.03 0.84 0.37 0.05 0.93 0.88

3.0 0.17 0.30 3.0 0.68 0.68

0.65 0.80

0.13 0.28

5.0 2.9

Solar Transmissivity, s

0.79 0.88 0.40

0.88

0.92 0.93 0.92 0.87

0.10 0.30 0.08 0.09

0.45 9.2 3.1 11 9.7 0.87

0.98 0.26 0.16 0.27

0.98 0.90 0.93 0.83

1.0 0.29 0.17 0.32 0.90

0.26

0.85

0.30

0.65 0 88

0.85 0 91

0.76 0 96

0.1 0.09 0.08

Laminar Critical Transition flow zone zone Complete turbulence, rough pipes 0.05

0.07

0.04

0.06 0.03

0.05

L a m i n a r f l o w , = 6 4 / R e

0.04

f

0.02 0.015 0.01 0.008

f

0.03 0.025

0.006 0.004 0.002

0.02

0.001 0.0008 0.0006

Roughness, ε Material

0.015

0.01 0.009

Glass, plastic Concrete Wood stave Rubber, smoothed Copper or brass tubing Cast iron Galvanized iron Wrought iron Stainless steel Commercial steel

0.008 8 8 1

103

ft

mm

0 0.003–0.03 0.0016 0.000033 0.000005 0.00085 0.0005 0.00015 0.000007 0.00015

0 0.9–9 0.5 0.01 0.0015 0.26 0.15 0.046 0.002 0.045

2(103) 3 4 5 6 8 104

0.0004 0.0002

Smooth pipes

0.0001 0.00005

D = ε / D = ε /

2(104) 3 4 5 6 8 105

0.000001

2(105) 3 4 5 6 8 106 2(106) 3 4 5 6

Reynolds number Re FIGURE A–20 The Moody chart for the friction factor for fully developed flow in circular tubes.

0.000005 0.00001

8 107

2(107) 3 4 5 6 8 108

D / ε

s s e n h g u o r e v i t a l e R

Heat and Mass Transfer Yunus a Cengel Appendix

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