30589475-Heat-Transfer-Appendix-tables.pdf

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Page 841

APPENDIX

PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (SI UNITS) Tabl ablee A–1

Molar mass, Molar mass, gas cons constan tant,t, and and idealideal-gas gas spec specific ific hea heats ts of som somee substances 842

Tab able le A– A–22

Boililing Bo ing an andd fre freez ezing ing po poin intt pro prope perti rties es 843


Prop Pr oper ertities es of so solilidd met metal alss 844–846

Tab able le A–4 A–4

Prop Pr oper ertities es ofof soli solidd non nonme meta tals ls 847


Prope Pro pertrties ies of bu build ildin ingg ma mate teria rials ls 848–849


Prope Pro pertrties ies of ins insul ulat ating ing ma mater teria ials ls 850


Prop Pr oper ertities es of co comm mmon on fo food odss 851–852


Prope Pro pertrties ies of mis misce cella llane neou ouss mat materi erial alss 853


Prop Pr oper ertities es ofof satu satura rate tedd wat water er 854

Tabl ablee A–10 A–10

Properti Prop erties es ofof satura saturated ted refr refriger igerant ant–13 –134a 4a 855


Prope Pro pertrties ies ofof satura saturate tedd ammon ammonia ia 856


Prope Pro pertrties ies ofof satura saturate tedd propa propane ne 857

Tab able le A– A–13 13

Prope Pro pertrties ies of liq liqui uids ds 858


Prope Pro pertrties ies of liq liqui uidd meta metals ls 859


Prope Pro pertrties ies ofof air at at 1 atm pres pressu sure re 860


Properti Prop erties es of gase gasess at at 1 atm pre pressu ssure re 861–862


Properti Prop erties es ofof the atm atmosp ospher heree at high high altit altitude ude 863

Tab able le A– A–18 18

Emis Em issiv sivitities ies of su surfa rface cess 864–865


Solar Sol ar radi radiativ ativee prope propertie rtiess of mat materia erials ls 866

1

Figure A–20 The Moody Moody chart for friction friction factor factor for fully fully developed developed flow in circular pipes 867

841

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842 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–1 Molar mass, gas constant, and ideal-gas specific heats of some substances Specific Heat Data at 25 C Substance Air Ammonia, NH3 Argon, Ar Bromine, Br2 Isobutane, C4H10 n -Butane, -Butane, C4H10 Carbon dioxide, CO2 Carbon monoxide, CO Chlorine, Cl2 Chlorodifluoromethane Chlorodifluo romethane (R-22), CHCIF2 Ethane, C2H6 Ethylene, C2H4 Fluorine, F2 Helium, He n -Heptane, -Heptane, C7H16 n -Hexane, -Hexane, C6H14 Hydrogen, H2 Krypton, Kr Methane, CH4 Neon, Ne Nitrogen, N2 Nitric oxide, NO Nitrogen dioxide, NO2 Oxygen, O2 n -Pentane, -Pentane, C5H12 Propane, C3H8 Propylene, C3H6 Steam, H2O Sulfur dioxide, SO2 Tetrachloromethane, CCI 4 Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), C2H2F4 Trifluoroethane (R-143a), C2H3F3 Xenon, Xe

Molarr Ma Mola Mass ss M , kg/kmol 28.97 17.03 39.95 159.81 58.12 58.12 44.01 28.01 70.905 86.47 30.070 28.054 38.00 4.003 100.20 86.18 2.016 83.80 16.04 20.183 28.01 30.006 46.006 32.00 72.15 44.097 42.08 18.015 64.06 153.82 102.03 84.04 131.30

Gas Co Gas Cons nsta tant nt R , kJ/kg · K* 0.2870 0.4882 0.2081 0.05202 0.1430 0.1430 0.1889 0.2968 0.1173 0.09615 0.2765 0.2964 0.2187 2.077 0.08297 0.09647 4.124 0.09921 0.5182 0.4119 0.2968 0.2771 0.1889 0.2598 0.1152 0.1885 0.1976 0.4615 0.1298 0.05405 0.08149 0.09893 0.06332

c p , kJ/kg · K

c , kJ/kg · K

1.005 2.093 0.5203 0.2253 1.663 1.694 0.8439 1.039 0.4781 0.6496 1.744 1.527 0.8237 5.193 1.649 1.654 14.30 0.2480 2.226 1.030 1.040 0.9992 0.8060 0.9180 1.664 1.669 1.531 1.865 0.6228 0.5415 0.8334 0.9291 0.1583

0.7180 1.605 0.3122 0 .1732 0. 1.520 1.551 0.6550 0.7417 0.3608 0. 0.5535 1.468 1.231 0.6050 3.116 1.566 1.558 10.18 0.1488 1.708 0.6180 0.7429 0.7221 0.6171 0.6582 1.549 1.480 1.333 1.403 0.4930 0.4875 0.7519 0.8302 0.09499

v

k  c p /c

v

1.400 1.304 1.667 1.300 1.094 1.092 1.288 1.400 1.325 1.174 1.188 1.241 1.362 1. 1.667 1.053 1.062 1.405 1.667 1.303 1.667 1.400 1. 1.384 1.306 1.395 1. 1.074 1.127 1.148 1.329 1.263 1.111 1.108 1.119 1.667 1.

*The unit kJ/kg · K is equivalent to kPa · m 3 /kg · K. The gas constant is calculated calculated from R  R U / M M, where R U  8.31447 kJ/kmol · K is the universal gas constant and M M is is the molar mass. Source : Specific heat values are obtained primarily from the property routines prepared by The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD.

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843 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–2 Boiling and freezing point properties Boiling Data at l atm

Freezing Data

Substance

Normal Latent Heat of Boiling Vaporization h fg , kJ/kg Point, C

Freezing Point, C

Ammonia

33.3

77.7

1357

Liquid Properties

Latent Heat of Fusion Temperature, Density r , kg/m3 h if , kJ/kg C 322.4

33.3 20

Argon Benzene Brine (20% sodium chloride by mass) n -Butane Carbon dioxide Ethanol Ethyl alcohol Ethylene glycol Glycerine Helium Hydrogen Isobutane Kerosene Mercury Methane Methanol Nitrogen Octane Oil (light) Oxygen Petroleum Propane

Refrigerant-134a

Water

185.9

80.2 103.9 0.5 78.4* 78.2 78.6 198.1 179.9 268.9 252.8 11.7 204–293 356.7 161.5 64.5

161.6 394 — 385.2 230.5 (at 0C) 838.3 855 800.1 974 22.8 445.7 367.1 251 294.7 510.4

195.8

1100 198.6

124.8

306.3

183

— 42.1

212.7 230–384 427.8

26.1

216.8

100

2257

189.3

5.5 17.4 138.5

28 126 — 80.3

56.6 114.2 156 10.8

18.9 — 259.2 160 24.9 38.9 182.2 97.7 210

109 108 181.1 200.6 — 59.5 105.7 — 11.4 58.4 99.2 25.3

57.5

180.7

218.8

13.7

187.7

80.0

96.6

0.0

—

333.7

0 25 185.6 20 20 0.5

0 25 20 20 20 268.9 252.8 11.7 20 25 161.5 100 25 195.8 160 20 25 183 20 42.1 0 50 50 26.1 0 25 0 25 50 75 100

Specific Heat c p , kJ/kg · K

682 665 639 602 1394 879

4.43 4.52 4.60 4.80 1.14 1.72

1150 601 298 783 789 1109 1261 146.2 70.7 593.8 820 13,560 423 301 787 809 596 703 910 1141 640 581 529 449 1443 1374 1295 1207 1000 997 988 975 958

3.11 2.31 0.59 2.46 2.84 2.84 2.32 22.8 10.0 2.28 2.00 0.139 3.49 5.79 2.55 2.06 2.97 2.10 1.80 1.71 2.0 2.25 2.53 3.13 1.23 1.27 1.34 1.43 4.22 4.18 4.18 4.19 4.22

* Sublimation temperature. (At pressures below the triple-point pressure of 518 kPa, carbon dioxide exists as a solid or gas. Also, the freezing-point temperature of carbon dioxide is the triple-point temperature of 56.5C.)

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TABLE A–3 Properties of solid metals Properties at Various Temperatures (K), k(W/m (J/kg · K) · K)/ cp

Properties at 300 K

Melting Point, K

kg/m

933

2702

903

237

97.1

Alloy 2024-T6 775 (4.5% Cu, 1.5% Mg, 0.6% Mn) Alloy 195, Cast (4.5% Cu) Beryllium 1550

2770

875

177

73.0

2790 1850

883 1825

Bismuth

545

9780

122

2573

2500

1107

27.0

594

8650

231

96.8

48.4

Chromium

2118

7160

449

93.7

29.1

Cobalt

1769

8862

421

99.2

26.6

Copper: Pure

1358

8933

385

401

117

1293

8800

420

52

14 17

Composition Aluminum: Pure

Boron Cadmium

r 3

a  106 c p k J/kg · K W/m · K m2 /s 100

168 200 7.86

68.2 59.2 6.59 9.76

200

400

600

800

302 482 65

237 798 163

240 949 186

231 1033 186

218 1146

473

787

925

1042

1000

174 185 990 301 161 126 106 90.8 203 1114 2191 2604 2823 3018 16.5 9.69 7.04 112 120 127 190 55.5 16.8 10.6 9.60 9.85 128 600 1463 1892 2160 2338 203 99.3 94.7 198 222 242 159 111 90.9 80.7 71.3 65.4 192 384 484 542 581 616 167 122 85.4 67.4 58.2 52.1 236 379 450 503 550 628 482 252

393 397 52 160 65 — 137 395

379 417 59 545 74 — 149 425

366 433

352 451

17 237 232 190 327 109 172 90

413 356 42 785 41 — 95 360 19 362 96.8 290 323 124 153 122

43.2 337 311 131 144 133

27.3 348 298 135 138 138

19.8 357 284 140 132 144

17.4 375 270 145 126 153

Commercial bronze (90% Cu, 10% Al) Phosphor gear bronze (89% Cu, 11% Sn) Cartridge brass (70% Cu, 30% Zn) Constantan (55% Cu, 45% Ni) Germanium

1104

8780

355

54

1188

8530

380

110

1493

8920

384

23

1211

5360

322

59.9

Gold

1336

19,300

129

317

Iridium

2720

22,500

130

147

Iron: Pure

1810

7870

447

80.2

23.1

134 216

94.0 384

69.5 490

54.7 574

43.3 32.8 680 975

7870

447

72.7

20.7

95.6 215

80.6 384

65.7 490

53.1 574

42.2 32.3 680 975

7854

434

60.5

17.7

7832

434

63.9

18.8

7817

446

51.9

14.9

56.7 487 58.7 559 49.8 501

48.0 39.2 30.0 559 685 1169 48.8 39.2 31.3 685 1168 44.0 37.4 29.3 582 699 971

Armco (99.75% pure) Carbon steels: Plain carbon (Mn Si  0.1%) AISI 1010



1%

33.9 6.71 34.7 127 50.3

75

487 Carbon–silicon (Mn  1% 0.1%  Si  0.6%)

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845 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–3 Properties of solid metals (Continued)

Composition

Melting Point, K

Carbon–manganese–silicon (1%  Mn  1.65% 0.1%  Si  0.6%) Chromium (low) steels: 1 Cr– 41 Mo–Si (0.18% C, 2 0.65% Cr, 0.23% Mo, 0.6% Si) 1 Cr– 12 Mo (0.16% C, 1% Cr, 0.54% Mo, 0.39% Si) 1 Cr–V (0.2% C, 1.02% Cr, 0.15% V) Stainless steels: AISI 302

Properties at Various Temperatures (K), k(W/m (J/kg · K) · K)/ cp

Properties at 300 K r

kg/m

3

a  106 c p k J/kg · K W/m · K m2 /s 100

600

800

1000

35.0 27.6 685 1090

434

41.0

11.6

42.2 487

39.7 559

7822

444

37.7

10.9

38.2

36.7

7858

442

42.3

12.2

492 42.0

575 39.1

688 969 34.5 27.4

7836

443

48.9

14.1

492 46.8

575 42.1

688 969 36.3 28.2

492

575

688

480

15.1

3.91

7900

477

14.9

3.95

AISI 316

8238

468

13.4

3.48

AISI 347

7978

480

14.2

3.71

35.3

1670

400

8131

8055

AISI 304

200

Lead

601

11,340

129

24.1

Magnesium

923

1740

1024

156

87.6

Molybdenum

2894

10,240

251

138

53.7

Nickel: Pure

1728

8900

444

90.7

Nichrome (80% Ni, 20% Cr) Inconel X-750 (73% Ni, 15% Cr, 6.7% Fe) Niobium

1672

8400

420

12

1665

8510

439

11.7

3.1

2741

8570

265

53.7

23.6

Palladium

1827

12,020

244

71.8

24.5

Platinum: Pure

2045

21,450

133

71.6

25.1

23.0 232 3.4

Alloy 60Pt–40Rh (60% Pt, 40% Rh) Rhenium

1800

16,630

162

47

17.4

3453

21,100

136

47.9

16.7

Rhodium

2236

12,450

243

150

49.6

9.2 272

12.6 402

39.7 118 169 649 179 141

36.7 125 159 934 143 224

164 383

107 485

17.3 512 16.6 515 15.2 504 15.8 513 34.0 132 153 1074 134 261

33.3

20.0 22.8 559 585 19.8 22.6 557 582 18.3 21.3 550 576 18.9 21.9 559 585 31.4 142 149 146 1170 1267 126 118 275 285 65.6 530 16 525 17.0

67.6 562 21 545 20.5

26.9

969 25.4 606 25.4 611 24.2 602 24.7 606

112 295

8.7

10.3

80.2 592 14 480 13.5

71.8

— 55.2 188 76.5 168

372 52.6 249 71.6 227

473 55.2 274 73.6 251

510 58.2 283 79.7 261

546 626 61.3 64.4 292 301 86.9 94.2 271 281

77.5 100

72.6 125

58.9 97 186 147

51.0 127 154 220

71.8 136 52 — 46.1 139 146 253

73.2 141 59 — 44.2 145 136 274

75.6 146 65 — 44.1 151 127 293

24.0

78.7 152 69 — 44.6 156 121 311

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846 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–3 Properties of solid metals (Concluded) Properties at Various Temperatures (K), k(W/m (J/kg · K) · K)/ cp

Properties at 300 K

Melting Point, K

kg/m

Silicon

1685

2330

712

148

Silver

1235

10,500

235

429

Tantalum

3269

16,600

140

57.5

24.7

Thorium

2023

11,700

118

54.0

39.1

505

7310

227

66.6

40.1

Titanium

1953

4500

522

21.9

Tungsten

3660

19,300

132

Uranium

1406

19,070

116

27.6

12.5

Vanadium

2192

6100

489

30.7

10.3

693

7140

389

2125

6570

278

Composition

Tin

Zinc Zirconium

r 3

a  106 c p k J/kg · K W/m · K m2 /s 100

174

116 22.7

89.2 174

9.32 68.3

41.8 12.4

884 259 444 187 59.2 110 59.8 99 85.2 188 30.5 300 208 87 21.7 94 35.8 258 117 297 33.2 205

200

400

600

800

1000

264 556 430 225 57.5 133 54.6 112 73.3 215 24.5 465 186 122 25.1 108 31.3 430 118 367 25.2 264

98.9 790 425 239 57.8 144 54.5 124 62.2 243 20.4 551 159 137 29.6 125 31.3 515 111 402 21.6 300

61.9 867 412 250 58.6 146 55.8 134

42.4 913 396 262 59.4 149 56.9 145

31.2 946 379 277 60.2 152 56.9 156

19.4 591 137 142 34.0 146 33.3 540 103 436 20.7 332

19.7 633 125 146 38.8 176 35.7 563

20.7 675 118 148 43.9 180 38.2 597

21.6 23.7 342 362

From Frank P. Incropera and David P. DeWitt, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 3rd ed., 1990. This material is used by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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847 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–4 Properties of solid nonmetals

Composition Aluminum oxide, sapphire Aluminum oxide, polycrystalline Beryllium oxide Boron

Melting Point, K

c p k a  106 kg/m J/kg · KW/m · K m2 /s r

3

2323

3970

765

46

15.1

2323

3970

765

36.0

11.9

2725

3000

1030

2573

2500

1105

Boron fiber epoxy 590 (30% vol.) composite k , || to fibers k ,  to fibers c p

2080

Carbon Amorphous Diamond, type lla insulator Graphite, pyrolytic k , || to layers k ,  to layers c p

272 27.6

9.99

1122 1950

—

3500

2273

2210

—

1.60

100

200

450 — 133 —

82 — 55 —

190 —

52.5 —

88.0

2.29 0.59

1500

—

509 2300

32.4 940 26.4 940 196 1350 18.7 1490

2.23 0.49 757

2.28 0.60 1431

0.67 —

1.18 —

1.89 —

4970 16.8 136

709

400

2.10 0.37 364

10,000 21

1950 5.70

Graphite fiber 450 epoxy (25% vol.) composite k , heat flow || to fibers k , heat flow  to fibers c p Pyroceram, 1623 Corning 9606 Silicon carbide 3100

4000 194

1540 853

3230 9.23 411

1390 4.09 992

600 18.9 1110 15.8 1110 111 1690 11.3 1880

21.9 —

892 2.68 1406

800

1000

13.0 1180 10.4 1180 70 1865 8.1 2135

10.5 1225 7.85 1225 47 1975 6.3 2350

2.37 —

2.53 —

667 534 2.01 1.60 1650 1793

1400

11.1

2600

0.87 935 808

3160

675

Silicon dioxide, 1883 crystalline (quartz) k , || to c -axis k , to c -axis c p

2650

Silicon dioxide, polycrystalline (fused silica) Silicon nitride

1883

2220

745 745

2173

2400

691

392

2070

708

Thorium dioxide

3573

9110

235

Titanium dioxide, polycrystalline

2133

4157

710

Sulfur

Properties at Various Temperatures (K), k (W/m · K)/ cp (J/kg · K)

Properties at 300 K

0.46 3.98

490

1.89

8.7 1.1 642 4.78 —

39 20.8 — 0.69

16.4 9.5 — 1.14

230

10.4 6.21 1.38

5.7 0.68 337 5.25 —

0.834

— — — — — 578 0.206 0.141 0.165 0.185 403 606 13 6.1

16.0

8.4

9.65

2.8

13.0 1216 3.64 908 — 880

3.28 3.08 2.96 1038 1122 1197 — — 87 1050 1135 1195

7.6 4.70 885 1.51

5.0 3.4 1075 1.75

4.2 3.1 1250 2.17

905 13.9 778

1040 11.3 937

1105 1155 9.88 8.76 1063 1155

10.2 255 7.01 805

6.6 274 5.02 880

4.7 285 8.94 910

2.87

3.68 295 3.46 930

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848 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–5 Properties of building materials (at a mean temperature of 24 C)

Material Building Boards Asbestos–cement board Gypsum of plaster board Plywood (Douglas fir)

Insulated board and sheating (regular density) Hardboard (high density, standard tempered) Particle board: Medium density Underlayment Wood subfloor Building Membrane Vapor-permeable felt Vapor-seal (2 layers of mopped 0.73 kg/m2 felt) Flooring Materials Carpet and fibrous pad Carpet and rubber pad Tile (asphalt, linoleum, vinyl)

Thickness, L mm 6 mm 10 mm 13 mm — 6 mm 10 mm 13 mm 20 mm 13 mm 20 mm

1922 800 800 545 545 545 545 545 288 288

— — — 0.12 — — — — — —

1.00 1.09 — 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.30 1.30

0.011 0.057 0.078 — 0.055 0.083 0.110 0.165 0.232 0.359

—

1010

0.14

1.34

—

— 16 mm 20 mm

800 640 —

0.14 — —

1.30 1.21 1.38

— 0.144 0.166

—

—

—

—

0.011

—

—

—

—

0.021

— — —

— — —

— — —

1.42 1.38 1.26

0.367 0.217 0.009

100 mm 200 mm 300 mm

1922 2082 2400 1920 1120 — — —

0.72 1.30 1.34 0.90 0.41 0.77 1.0 1.30

— — — 0.79 — — — —

— — — — — 0.13 0.20 0.23

1920 1600 1280 960 0.18 1920 1280 1857

1.1 0.79 0.54 0.33 — 1.40 0.65 0.72

— 0.84 0.84 — — — — —

— — — —

Masonry Materials Masonry units: Brick, common Brick, face Brick, fire clay

Concrete blocks (3 oval cores, sand and gravel aggregate) Concretes: Lightweight aggregates, (including expanded shale, clay, or slate; expanded slags; cinders; pumice; and scoria)

940 Cement/lime, mortar, and stucco Stucco

Thermal Density, r Conductivity, k kg/m3 W/m · K

R -value Specific (for listed Heat, c p thickness, L/k ), kJ/kg · K K · m2 /W

— — —

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849 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–5 Properties of building materials (Concluded) (at a mean temperature of 24C)

Material Roofing Asbestos-cement shingles Asphalt roll roofing Asphalt shingles Built-in roofing Slate Wood shingles (plain and plastic/film faced)

Thickness, L mm


R -value Specific (for listed Heat, c p thickness, L/k ), kJ/kg · K K · m2 /W

1900 1100 1100 1100 —

— — — — —

1.00 1.51 1.26 1.46 1.26

0.037 0.026 0.077 0.058 0.009

—

—

1.30

0.166

19 mm

1860

0.72

0.84

0.026

13 mm 13 mm —

720 1680 720

— 0.81 0.22

— 0.84 1.34

0.055 0.016 —

— 11 mm 25 mm 10 mm

1900 — — —

— — — —

— 1.17 1.30 1.21

0.037 0.12 0.139 0.111

10 mm 10 mm —

— — 2530

— — 1.0

1.22 1.34 0.84

0.11 0.32 0.018

Woods Hardwoods (maple, oak, etc.) Softwoods (fir, pine, etc.)

— —

721 513

0.159 0.115

1.26 1.38

— —

Metals Aluminum (1100) Steel, mild Steel, Stainless

— — —

2739 7833 7913

0.896 0.502 0.456

— — —

Plastering Materials Cement plaster, sand aggregate Gypsum plaster: Lightweight aggregate Sand aggregate Perlite aggregate Siding Material (on flat surfaces) Asbestos-cement shingles Hardboard siding Wood (drop) siding Wood (plywood) siding lapped Aluminum or steel siding (over sheeting): Hollow backed Insulating-board backed Architectural glass

10 mm 13 mm

222 45.3 15.6

Source: Table A–5 and A–6 are adapted from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and AirConditioning Engineers, 1993), Chap. 22, Table 4. Used with permission.

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TABLE A–6 Properties of insulating materials (at a mean temperature of 24C)

Material Blanket and Batt Mineral fiber (fibrous form processed from rock, slag, or glass)

Thickness, L mm 50 to 70 mm 75 to 90 mm 135 to 165 mm

Board and Slab Cellular glass Glass fiber (organic bonded) Expanded polystyrene (molded beads) Expanded polyurethane (R -11 expanded) Expanded perlite (organic bonded) Expanded rubber (rigid) Mineral fiber with resin binder Cork Sprayed or Formed in Place Polyurethane foam Glass fiber Urethane, two-part mixture (rigid foam) Mineral wool granules with asbestos/ inorganic binders (sprayed) Loose Fill Mineral fiber (rock, slag, or glass)

~75 to 125 mm ~165 to 222 mm ~191 to 254 mm ~185 mm

Silica aerogel Vermiculite (expanded) Perlite, expanded Sawdust or shavings Cellulosic insulation (milled paper or wood pulp) Roof Insulation Cellular glass Preformed, for use above deck

— 13 mm 25 mm 50 mm

Reflective Insulation Silica powder (evacuated) Aluminum foil separating fluffy glass mats; 10–12 layers (evacuated); for cryogenic applications (150 K) Aluminum foil and glass paper laminate; 75–150 layers (evacuated); for cryogenic applications (150 K)

R -value Thermal Specific (for listed Density, r Conductivity, k Heat, c p thickness, L/k ), kg/m3 W/m · K kJ/kg · K K · m2 /W

4.8–32 4.8–32 4.8–32

— — —

0.71–0.96 0.71–0.96 0.71–0.96

1.23 1.94 3.32

136 64–144 16 24 16 72 240 120

0.055 0.036 0.040 0.023 0.052 0.032 0.042 0.039

1.0 0.96 1.2 1.6 1.26 1.68 0.71 1.80

— — — — — — — —

24–40 56–72 70

0.023–0.026 0.038–0.039 0.026

— — 1.045

— — —

190

0.046

—

—

9.6–32 9.6–32 — — 122 122 32–66 128–240 37–51

— — — — 0.025 0.068 0.039–0.045 0.065 0.039–0.046

0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 — — 1.09 1.38 —

1.94 3.35 3.87 5.28 — — — — —

144 — — —

0.058 — — —

1.0 1.0 2.1 3.9

— 0.24 0.49 0.93

160

0.0017

—

—

40

0.00016

—

—

120

0.000017

—

—

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852 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–7 Properties of common foods (Concluded) (b ) Other properties

Food

Water Content, % (mass)

Temperature, T C


Thermal Diffusivity, a m2 /s

Fruits/Vegetables Apple juice Apples Apples, dried Apricots, dried Bananas, fresh Broccoli Cherries, fresh Figs Grape juice Peaches Plums Potatoes Raisins

87 85 41.6 43.6 76 — 92 40.4 89 89 — 78 32

20 8 23 23 27 6 0–30 23 20 2–32 16 0–70 23

1000 840 856 1320 980 560 1050 1241 1000 960 610 1055 1380

0.559 0.418 0.219 0.375 0.481 0.385 0.545 0.310 0.567 0.526 0.247 0.498 0.376

0.14  106 0.13  106 0.096  106 0.11  106 0.14  106 — 0.13  106 0.096  106 0.14  106 0.14  106 — 0.13  106 0.11  106

Meats Beef, ground Beef, lean Beef fat Beef liver Cat food Chicken breast Dog food Fish, cod Fish, salmon Ham Lamb Pork, lean Turkey breast Veal

67 74 0 72 39.7 75 30.6 81 67 71.8 72 72 74 75

6 3 35 35 23 0 23 3 3 20 20 4 3 20

950 1090 810 — 1140 1050 1240 1180 — 1030 1030 1030 1050 1060

0.406 0.471 0.190 0.448 0.326 0.476 0.319 0.534 0.531 0.480 0.456 0.456 0.496 0.470

0.13 0.13 — — 0.11 0.13 0.11 0.12 — 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13

16 31.9 16 91 88 0 0 100 100 32.3

4 23 5 20 28 32 4 0 30 23

— 340 1000 — — 910 920 1000 995 450

0.197 0.106 0.233 0.566 0.580 0.168 0.168 0.569 0.618 0.082

— 0.12 0.11 — — — — 0.14 0.15 0.10

Other Butter Chocolate cake Margarine Milk, skimmed Milk, whole Olive oil Peanut oil Water White cake

 

        

 

  

106 106

106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106

6

10 106

106 106 106

Specific Heat, c p kJ/kg · K 3.86 3.81 2.72 2.77 3.59 — 3.99 2.69 3.91 3.91 — 3.64 2.48 3.36 3.54 — 3.49 2.68 3.56 2.45 3.71 3.36 3.48 3.49 3.49 3.54 3.56 2.08 2.48 2.08 3.96 3.89 — — 4.217 4.178 2.49

Source: Data obtained primarily from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals , SI version (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AirConditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), Chap. 30, Tables 7 and 9. Used with permission. Most specific heats are calculated from c p  1.68  2.51  (Water content), which is a good approximation in the temperature range of 3 to 32 C. Most thermal diffusivities are calculated from a  k / rc p . Property values given here are valid for the specific water content.

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TABLE A–8 Properties of miscellaneous materials (Values are at 300 K unless indicated otherwise)

Material Asphalt Bakelite Brick, refractory Chrome brick 473 K 823 K 1173 K Fire clay, burnt 1600 K 773 K 1073 K 1373 K Fire clay, burnt 1725 K 773 K 1073 K 1373 K Fire clay brick 478 K 922 K 1478 K Magnesite 478 K 922 K 1478 K Chicken meat, white (74.4% water content) 198 K 233 K 253 K 273 K 293 K Clay, dry Clay, wet Coal, anthracite Concrete (stone mix) Cork Cotton Fat Glass Window Pyrex Crown Lead

Thermal Specific Density, r Conductivity, k Heat, c p kg/m 3 W/m · K J/kg · K 2115 1300

0.062 1.4

3010 — —

2.3 2.5 2.0

2050 — —

1.0 1.1 1.1

920 1465

835 — —

960 — —

2325 — —

1.3 1.4 1.4

960 — —

2645 — —

1.0 1.5 1.8

960 — —

— — —

3.8 2.8 1.9

1130 — —

— — — — — 1550 1495 1350

1.60 1.49 1.35 0.48 0.49 0.930 1.675 0.26

— — — — — — — 1260

2300 86 80 —

1.4 0.048 0.06 0.17

880 2030 1300 —

2800 2225 2500 3400

0.7 1–1.4 1.05 0.85

750 835 — —

Source: Compiled from various sources.

Material Ice 273 K 253 K 173 K Leather, sole Linoleum Mica Paper Plastics Plexiglass Teflon 300 K 400 K Lexan Nylon Polypropylene Polyester PVC, vinyl Porcelain Rubber, natural Rubber, vulcanized Soft Hard Sand Snow, fresh Snow, 273 K Soil, dry Soil, wet Sugar Tissue, human Skin Fat layer Muscle Vaseline Wood, cross-grain Balsa Fir Oak White pine Yellow pine Wood, radial Oak Fir Wool, ship

Thermal Specific Density, r Conductivity, k Heat, c p kg/m3 W/m · K J/kg · K 920 922 928 998 535 1180 2900 930

1.88 2.03 3.49 0.159 0.081 0.186 0.523 0.180

2040 1945 1460 — — — — 1340

1190

0.19

1465

2200 — 1200 1145 910 1395 1470 2300 1150

0.35 0.45 0.19 0.29 0.12 0.15 0.1 1.5 0.28

1050 — 1260 — 1925 1170 840 — —

1100 1190 1515 100 500 1500 1900 1600

0.13 0.16 0.2–1.0 0.60 2.2 1.0 2.0 0.58

2010 — 800 — — 1900 2200 —

0.37 0.2 0.41 0.17

— — — —

140 415 545 435 640

0.055 0.11 0.17 0.11 0.15

— 2720 2385 — 2805

545 420 145

0.19 0.14 0.05

2385 2720 —

— — — —

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TABLE A–9 Properties of saturated water

Temp. T , C 0.01 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 374.14

Saturation Pressure P sat, k Pa

0.6113 0.8721 1.2276 1.7051 2.339 3.169 4.246 5.628 7.384 9.593 12.35 15.76 19.94 25.03 31.19 38.58 47.39 57.83 70.14 84.55 101.33 143.27 198.53 270.1 361.3 475.8 617.8 791.7 1,002.1 1,254.4 1,553.8 2,318 3,344 4,688 6,412 8,581 11,274 14,586 18,651 22,090

Density r , kg/m3

L iqui d

Va por

999.8 0.0048 999.9 0.0068 999.7 0.0094 999.1 0.0128 998.0 0.0173 997.0 0.0231 996.0 0.0304 994.0 0.0397 992.1 0.0512 990.1 0.0655 988.1 0.0831 985.2 0.1045 983.3 0.1304 980.4 0.1614 977.5 0.1983 974.7 0.2421 971.8 0.2935 968.1 0.3536 965.3 0.4235 961.5 0.5045 957.9 0.5978 950.6 0.8263 943.4 1.121 934.6 1.496 921.7 1.965 916.6 2.546 907.4 3.256 897.7 4.119 887.3 5.153 876.4 6.388 864.3 7.852 840.3 11.60 813.7 16.73 783.7 23.69 750.8 33.15 713.8 46.15 667.1 64.57 610.5 92.62 528.3 144.0 317.0 317.0

Enthalpy of Vaporization h fg, kJ/kg

2501 2490 2478 2466 2454 2442 2431 2419 2407 2395 2383 2371 2359 2346 2334 2321 2309 2296 2283 2270 2257 2230 2203 2174 2145 2114 2083 2050 2015 1979 1941 1859 1767 1663 1544 1405 1239 1028 720 0

Specific Heat c p, J/kg · K Liquid 4217 4205 4194 4185 4182 4180 4178 4178 4179 4180 4181 4183 4185 4187 4190 4193 4197 4201 4206 4212 4217 4229 4244 4263 4286 4311 4340 4370 4410 4460 4500 4610 4760 4970 5280 5750 6540 8240 14,690 —

Vapor 1854 1857 1862 1863 1867 1870 1875 1880 1885 1892 1900 1908 1916 1926 1936 1948 1962 1977 1993 2010 2029 2071 2120 2177 2244 2314 2420 2490 2590 2710 2840 3110 3520 4070 4835 5980 7900 11,870 25,800 —

Thermal Conductivity k, W/m · k Liquid

Vapor

Prandtl Number Pr

Dynamic Viscosity m, kg/m · s Liquid

0.561 0 .0171 1.792 0.571 0.0173 1.519 0.580 0.0176 1.307 0.589 0.0179 1.138 0.598 0.0182 1.002 0.607 0.0186 0.891 0.615 0.0189 0.798 0.623 0.0192 0.720 0.631 0.0196 0.653 0.637 0.0200 0.596 0.644 0.0204 0.547 0.649 0.0208 0.504 0.654 0.0212 0.467 0.659 0.0216 0.433 0.663 0.0221 0.404 0.667 0.0225 0.378 0.670 0.0230 0.355 0.673 0.0235 0.333 0.675 0.0240 0.315 0.677 0.0246 0.297 0.679 0.0251 0.282 0.682 0.0262 0.255 0.683 0.0275 0.232 0.684 0.0288 0.213 0.683 0.0301 0.197 0.682 0.0316 0.183 0.680 0.0331 0.170 0.677 0.0347 0.160 0.673 0.0364 0.150 0.669 0.0382 0.142 0.663 0.0401 0.134 0.650 0.0442 0.122 0.632 0.0487 0.111 0.609 0.0540 0.102 0.581 0.0605 0.094 0.548 0.0695 0.086 0.509 0.0836 0.078 0.469 0.110 0.070 0.427 0.178 0.060 — — 0.043 

Vapor 3

10 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103

0.922  0.934  0.946  0.959  0.973  0.987  1.001  1.016  1.031  1.046  1.062  1.077  1.093  1.110  1.126  1.142  1.159  1.176  1.193  1.210  1.227  1.261  1.296  1.330  1.365  1.399  1.434  1.468  1.502  1.537  1.571  1.641  1.712  1.788  1.870  1.965  2.084  2.255  2.571  4.313 

Liquid 5

10 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105

13.5 11.2 9.45 8.09 7.01 6.14 5.42 4.83 4.32 3.91 3.55 3.25 2.99 2.75 2.55 2.38 2.22 2.08 1.96 1.85 1.75 1.58 1.44 1.33 1.24 1.16 1.09 1.03 0.983 0.947 0.910 0.865 0.836 0.832 0.854 0.902 1.00 1.23 2.06

Vapor 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.05 1.05 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.15 1.24 1.35 1.49 1.69 1.97 2.43 3.73

Volume Expansion Coefficient b, 1/K Liquid 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103

0.068 

0.015  0.733  0.138  0.195  0.247  0.294  0.337  0.377  0.415  0.451  0.484  0.517  0.548  0.578  0.607  0.653  0.670  0.702  0.716  0.750  0.798  0.858  0.913  0.970  1.025  1.145  1.178  1.210  1.280  1.350  1.520  1.720  2.000  2.380  2.950 

Note 1: Kinematic viscosity n and thermal diffusivity a can be calculated from their definitions, n  m / r and a  k / rc p  n /Pr. The temperatures 0.01C, 100C, and 374.14C are the triple-, boiling-, and critical-point temperatures of water, respectively. The properties listed above (except the vapor density) can be used at any pressure with negligible error except at temperatures near the critical-point value. Note 2: The unit kJ/kg · C for specific heat is equivalent to kJ/kg · K, and the unit W/m · C for thermal conductivity is equivalent to W/m · K. Source: Viscosity and thermal conductivity data ar e from J. V. Sengers and J. T. R. Watson, Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 15 (1986), pp. 1291–1322. Other data are obtained from various sources or calculated.

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TABLE A–10 Properties of saturated refrigerant-134a Specific Enthalpy Density Heat of Saturation r , kg/m3 Vaporization c p , J/kg · K Temp. Pressure Vapor h fg, kJ/kg Liquid Vapor T , C P , kPa Liquid 40 35 30 2 5 2 0 1 5 1 0 5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 1 00

51.2 66.2 84.4 1 06 .5 1 32 .8 1 64 .0 2 00 .7 2 43 .5 2 93 .0 3 49 .9 4 14 .9 4 88 .7 5 72 .1 6 65 .8 7 70 .6 8 87 .5 1 017 .1 1 160 .5 1 318 .6 1 492 .3 1 682 .8 1 891 .0 2 118 .2 2 365 .8 2 635 .2 2 928 .2 3 246 .9 3 594 .1 3 975 .1

1418 1403 1389 1 37 4 1 35 9 1 34 3 1 32 7 13 11 12 95 12 78 12 61 12 44 12 26 12 07 11 88 11 68 1 14 7 1 12 5 1 10 2 1 07 8 1 05 3 1 02 6 9 96. 2 9 64 9 28. 2 8 87. 1 8 37. 7 7 72. 5 6 51. 7

2.773 3.524 4.429 5. 50 9 6. 78 7 8. 28 8 1 0. 04 1 2. 07 1 4. 42 1 7. 12 2 0. 22 2 3. 75 2 7. 77 3 2. 34 3 7. 53 4 3. 41 5 0. 08 5 7. 66 6 6. 27 7 6. 11 8 7. 38 1 00. 4 1 15. 6 1 33. 6 1 55. 3 1 82. 3 2 17. 8 2 69. 3 3 76. 3

225.9 222.7 219.5 2 16 .3 2 13 .0 2 09 .5 2 06 .0 2 02 .4 1 98 .7 1 94 .8 1 90 .8 1 86 .6 1 82 .3 1 77 .8 1 73 .1 1 68 .2 1 63 .0 1 57 .6 1 51 .8 1 45 .7 1 39 .1 1 32 .1 1 24 .4 1 15 .9 1 06 .4 95 .4 82 .2 64 .9 33 .9

1254 1264 1273 1 28 3 1 29 4 1 30 6 1 31 8 1 33 0 1 34 4 1 35 8 1 37 4 1 39 0 1 40 8 1 42 7 1 44 8 1 47 1 1 49 8 1 52 9 1 56 6 1 60 8 1 65 9 1 72 2 1 80 1 1 90 7 2 05 6 2 28 7 2 70 1 3 67 5 7 95 9

748.6 764.1 780.2 79 7. 2 81 4. 9 83 3. 5 85 3. 1 87 3. 8 89 5. 6 91 8. 7 94 3. 2 96 9. 4 99 7. 6 1 02 8 1 06 1 1 09 8 1 13 8 1 18 4 1 23 7 1 29 8 1 37 2 1 46 2 1 57 7 1 73 1 1 94 8 2 28 1 2 86 5 4 14 4 8 78 5

Thermal Conductivity k , W/m · K Liquid 0.1101 0.1084 0.1066 0 .1 04 7 0 .1 02 8 0 .1 00 9 0 .0 98 9 0 .0 96 8 0 .0 94 7 0 .0 92 5 0 .0 90 3 0 .0 88 0 0 .0 85 6 0 .08 33 0 .08 08 0 .07 83 0 .0 75 7 0 .0 73 1 0 .0 70 4 0 .0 67 6 0 .0 64 7 0 .0 61 8 0 .0 58 7 0 .05 55 0 .0 52 1 0 .0 48 4 0 .0 44 4 0 .0 39 6 0 .0 32 2

Vapor 0.00811 0.00862 0.00913 0 .0 096 3 0 .0 101 3 0 .0 106 3 0 .0 111 2 0 .0 116 1 0 .0 121 0 0 .0 125 9 0 .0 130 8 0 .0 135 7 0 .0 140 6 0. 01 45 6 0. 01 50 7 0. 01 55 8 0. 01 61 0 0. 01 66 4 0. 01 72 0 0. 01 77 7 0. 01 83 8 0. 01 90 2 0. 01 97 2 0. 02 04 8 0. 02 13 3 0 .0 223 3 0 .0 235 7 0 .0 254 4 0 .0 298 9

Prandtl Number Pr

Dynamic Viscosity m, kg/m · s Liquid 4.878 4.509 4.178 3 .88 2 3 .61 4 3 .37 1 3 .15 0 2 .94 7 2 .76 1 2 .58 9 2 .43 0 2 .28 1 2 .14 2 2 .01 2 1 .88 8 1 .77 2 1 .66 0 1 .55 4 1 .45 3 1 .35 5 1 .26 0 1 .16 7 1 .07 7 9 .89 1 9 .01 1 8 .12 4 7 .20 3 6 .19 0 4 .76 5

Vapor 4

10 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 105 105 105 105 105 105

2.550  3.003  3.504  4.054  4.651  5.295  5.982  6.709  7.471  8.264  9.081  9.915  1.075  1.160  1.244  1.327  1.408  1.486  1.562  1.634  1.704  1.771  1.839  1.908  1.982  2.071  2.187  2.370  2.833 

Liquid 6

10 5.558 106 5.257 106 4.992 106 4.757 106 4.548 106 4.363 106 4.198 106 4.051 106 3.919 106 3.802 106 3.697 106 3.604 105 3.521 105 3.448 105 3.383 105 3.328 105 3.285 105 3.253 105 3.231 105 3.223 105 3.229 105 3.255 105 3.307 105 3.400 105 3.558 105 3.837 105 4.385 105 5.746 105 11.77

V apor 0.235 0.266 0.299 0.335 0.374 0.415 0.459 0.505 0.553 0.603 0.655 0.708 0.763 0.819 0.877 0.935 0.995 1.058 1.123 1.193 1.272 1.362 1.471 1.612 1.810 2.116 2.658 3.862 8.326

Volume Expansion Coefficient Surface b, l/K Tension, Liquid N/m 0.00205 0.00209 0.00215 0.00220 0.00227 0.00233 0.00241 0.00249 0.00258 0.00269 0.00280 0.00293 0.00307 0.00324 0.00342 0.00364 0.00390 0.00420 0.00455 0.00500 0.00554 0.00624 0.00716 0.00843 0.01031 0.01336 0.01911 0.03343 0.10047

0.01760 0.01682 0.01604 0.01527 0.01451 0.01376 0.01302 0.01229 0.01156 0.01084 0.01014 0.00944 0.00876 0.00808 0.00742 0.00677 0.00613 0.00550 0.00489 0.00429 0.00372 0.00315 0.00261 0.00209 0.00160 0.00114 0.00071 0.00033 0.00004

Note 1: Kinematic viscosity n and thermal diffusivity a can be calculated from their definitions, n  m / r and a  k / rc  n /Pr. The properties listed here (except p the vapor density) can be used at any pressures with negligible error except at temperatures near the critical-point value. Note 2 : The unit kJ/kg · C for specific heat is equivalent to kJ/kg · K, and the unit W/m · C for thermal conductivity is equivalent to W/m · K. Source : Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Original sources: R. Tillner-Roth and H. D. Baehr, “An International Standard Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) for Temperatures from 170 K to 455 K and Pressures up to 70 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem, Ref. Data , Vol. 23, No. 5, 1994; M.J. Assael, N. K. Dalaouti, A. A. Griva, and J. H. Dymond, “Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of Halogenated Methane and Ethane Refrigerants,” IJR , Vol. 22, pp. 525–535, 1999; NIST REFPROP 6 program (M. O. McLinden, S. A. Klein, E. W. Lemmon, and A. P. Peskin, Physical and Chemical Properties Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80303, 1995).

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TABLE A–11 Properties of saturated ammonia Specific Enthalpy Density H eat of Saturation r , kg/m3 Vaporization c p , J/kg · K Temp. Pressure T , C P , kPa Liquid Vapor h fg, kJ/kg Liquid Vapor

Liquid

40 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

— — 0.5968 0.5853 0.5737 0.5621 0.5505 0.5390 0 .5 27 4 0.5158 0.5042 0.4927 0.4811 0.4695 0.4579 0.4464 0 .4 34 8 0.4232 0.4116 0.4001 0.3885 0.3769 0.3653 0.3538 0.3422 0.3306 0.3190 0.3075

7 1.6 6 119.4 151.5 190.1 236.2 290.8 354.9 429.6 5 16 615.3 728.8 857.8 1003 1167 1351 1555 17 82 2033 2310 2614 2948 3312 3709 4141 4609 5116 5665 6257

6 90 .2 677.8 671.5 665.1 658.6 652.1 645.4 638.6 6 31 .7 624.6 617.5 610.2 602.8 595.2 587.4 579.4 5 71 .3 562.9 554.2 545.2 536.0 526.3 516.2 505.7 494.5 482.8 470.2 456.6

0 .6 43 5 1.037 1.296 1.603 1.966 2.391 2.886 3.458 4 .1 16 4.870 5.729 6.705 7.809 9.055 10.46 12.03 13 .8 15.78 18.00 20.48 23.26 26.39 29.90 33.87 38.36 43.48 49.35 56.15

13 89 1360 1345 1329 1313 1297 1280 1262 12 44 1226 1206 1186 1166 1144 1122 1099 10 75 1051 1025 997.4 968.9 939.0 907.5 874.1 838.6 800.6 759.8 715.5

4 414 4465 4489 4514 4538 4564 4589 4617 4 64 5 4676 4709 4745 4784 4828 4877 4932 4 99 3 5063 5143 5234 5340 5463 5608 5780 5988 6242 6561 6972

2 24 2 2322 2369 2420 2476 2536 2601 2672 2 74 9 2831 2920 3016 3120 3232 3354 3486 3 63 1 3790 3967 4163 4384 4634 4923 5260 5659 6142 6740 7503

Thermal Conductivity k , W/m · K

Prandtl Number Pr

Dynamic Viscosity m, kg/m · s

Vapor

Liquid

0 .01 79 2 0.01898 0.01957 0.02015 0.02075 0.02138 0.02203 0.02270 0 .02 34 1 0.02415 0.02492 0.02573 0.02658 0.02748 0.02843 0.02943 0 .03 04 9 0.03162 0.03283 0.03412 0.03550 0.03700 0.03862 0.04038 0.04232 0.04447 0.04687 0.04958

2 .9 26 2.630 2.492 2.361 2.236 2.117 2.003 1.896 1. 79 4 1.697 1.606 1.519 1.438 1.361 1.288 1.219 1. 15 5 1.094 1.037 9.846 9.347 8.879 8.440 8.030 7.646 7.284 6.946 6.628

Vapor 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105

7.957  8.311  8.490  8.669  8.851  9.034  9.218  9.405  9.593  9.784  9.978  1.017  1.037  1.057  1.078  1.099  1.121  1.143  1.166  1.189  1.213  1.238  1.264  1.292  1.322  1.354  1.389  1.429 

106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105

Liquid

Vapor

— — 1.875 1.821 1.769 1.718 1.670 1.624 1.580 1.539 1.500 1.463 1.430 1.399 1.372 1.347 1.327 1.310 1.297 1.288 1.285 1.287 1.296 1.312 1.338 1.375 1.429 1.503

0 .9 95 5 1.017 1.028 1.041 1.056 1.072 1.089 1.107 1.126 1.147 1.169 1.193 1.218 1.244 1.272 1.303 1.335 1.371 1.409 1.452 1.499 1.551 1.612 1.683 1.768 1.871 1.999 2.163

Volume Expansion Coefficient Surface Tension, b, l/K Liquid N/m 0 .0 01 76 0.00185 0.00190 0.00194 0.00199 0.00205 0.00210 0.00216 0.00223 0.00230 0.00237 0.00245 0.00254 0.00264 0.00275 0.00287 0.00301 0.00316 0.00334 0.00354 0.00377 0.00404 0.00436 0.00474 0.00521 0.00579 0.00652 0.00749

0 .0 356 5 0.03341 0.03229 0.03118 0.03007 0.02896 0.02786 0.02676 0.02566 0.02457 0.02348 0.02240 0.02132 0.02024 0.01917 0.01810 0.01704 0.01598 0.01493 0.01389 0.01285 0.01181 0.01079 0.00977 0.00876 0.00776 0.00677 0.00579

Note 1: Kinematic viscosity n and thermal diffusivity a can be calculated from their definitions, n  m / r and a  k/ rc  n /Pr. The properties listed here p (except the vapor density) can be used at any pressures with negligible error except at temperatures near the critical-point value. Note 2 : The unit kJ/kg · C for specific heat is equivalent to kJ/kg · K, and the unit W/m · C for thermal conductivity is equivalent to W/m · K. Source : Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Original sources: Tillner-Roth, Harms-Watzenberg, and Baehr, “Eine neue Fundamentalgleichung fur Ammoniak,” DKV-Tagungsbericht 20:167–181, 1993; Liley and Desai, “Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants,” ASHRAE , 1993, ISBN 1-1883413-10-9.

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TABLE A–12 Properties of saturated propane

Density Saturation r , kg/m3 Temp. Pressure T , C P , kPa Liquid Vapor 0.4053 120 1 .1 57 11 0 10 0 2 .8 81 6 .4 06 90 80 12 .9 7 70 24 .2 6 42.46 60 50 70.24 40 110.7 167.3 30 20 243.8 10 344.4 0 473.3 5 549.8 10 635.1 15 729.8 20 834.4 25 949.7 30 1076 35 1215 40 1366 45 1530 50 1708 60 2110 70 2580 80 3127 90 3769

664.7 6 54 .5 6 44 .2 6 33 .8 62 3. 2 61 2. 5 601.5 590.3 578.8 567.0 554.7 542.0 528.7 521.8 514.7 507.5 500.0 492.2 484.2 475.8 467.1 458.0 448.5 427.5 403.2 373.0 329.1

0.01408 0 .0 377 6 0 .0 887 2 0 .1 870 0 .3 602 0 .6 439 1.081 1.724 2.629 3.864 5.503 7.635 10.36 11.99 13.81 15.85 18.13 20.68 23.53 26.72 30.29 34.29 38.79 49.66 64.02 84.28 118.6

Specific Enthalpy Heat of c p , J/kg · K Vaporization h fg, kJ/kg Liquid Vapor 498.3 48 9. 3 48 0. 4 47 1. 5 46 2. 4 45 3. 1 443.5 433.6 423.1 412.1 400.3 387.8 374.2 367.0 359.5 351.7 343.4 334.8 325.8 316.2 306.1 295.3 283.9 258.4 228.0 189.7 133.2

2003 20 21 20 44 20 70 21 00 21 34 2173 2217 2258 2310 2368 2433 2507 2547 2590 2637 2688 2742 2802 2869 2943 3026 3122 3283 3595 4501 6977

1115 1 14 8 1 18 3 1 22 1 1 26 3 1 30 8 1358 1412 1471 1535 1605 1682 1768 1814 1864 1917 1974 2036 2104 2179 2264 2361 2473 2769 3241 4173 7239

Thermal Conductivity k , W/m · K Liquid 0.1802 0 .1 738 0 .1 672 0. 16 06 0. 15 39 0. 14 72 0.1407 0.1343 0.1281 0.1221 0.1163 0.1107 0.1054 0.1028 0.1002 0.0977 0.0952 0.0928 0.0904 0.0881 0.0857 0.0834 0.0811 0.0765 0.0717 0.0663 0.0595

Vapor 0.00589 0 .0 06 45 0 .0 07 05 0 .0 07 69 0 .0 08 36 0 .0 09 08 0.00985 0.01067 0.01155 0.01250 0.01351 0.01459 0 .01576 0 .01637 0 .01701 0 .01767 0 .01836 0 .01908 0 .01982 0 .02061 0 .02142 0 .02228 0 .02319 0 .02517 0 .02746 0 .03029 0 .03441

Prandtl Number Pr

Dynamic Viscosity m, kg/m · s Liquid 6.136 5 .05 4 4 .25 2 3 .63 5 3 .14 9 2 .75 5 2.430 2.158 1.926 1.726 1.551 1.397 1.259 1.195 1.135 1.077 1.022 9.702 9.197 8.710 8.240 7.785 7.343 6.487 5.649 4.790 3.807

Vapor 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105

4.372  4.625  4.881  5.143  5.409  5.680  5.956  6.239  6.529  6.827  7.136  7.457  7.794  7.970  8.151  8.339  8.534  8.738  8.952  9.178  9.417  9.674  9.950  1.058  1.138  1.249  1.448 

106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 105 105 105 105 105

Liquid 6.820 5.878 5.195 4.686 4.297 3.994 3.755 3.563 3.395 3.266 3.158 3.069 2.996 2.964 2.935 2.909 2.886 2.866 2.850 2.837 2.828 2.824 2.826 2.784 2.834 3.251 4.465

Vapor

Volume Expansion Coefficient Surface b, l/K Tension, Liquid N/m

0.827 0.822 0.819 0.817 0.817 0.818 0.821 0.825 0.831 0.839 0.848 0.860 0.875 0.883 0.893 0.905 0.918 0.933 0.950 0.971 0.995 1.025 1.061 1.164 1.343 1.722 3.047

0.00153 0.00157 0.00161 0.00166 0.00171 0.00177 0.00184 0.00192 0.00201 0.00213 0.00226 0.00242 0.00262 0.00273 0.00286 0.00301 0.00318 0.00337 0.00358 0.00384 0.00413 0.00448 0.00491 0.00609 0.00811 0.01248 0.02847

0.02630 0.02486 0.02344 0.02202 0.02062 0.01923 0.01785 0.01649 0.01515 0.01382 0.01251 0.01122 0.00996 0.00934 0.00872 0.00811 0.00751 0.00691 0.00633 0.00575 0.00518 0.00463 0.00408 0.00303 0.00204 0.00114 0.00037

Note 1: Kinematic viscosity n and thermal diffusivity a can be calculated from their definitions, n  m / r and a  k / mc p  n /Pr. The properties listed here (except the vapor density) can be used at any pressures with negligible error except at temperatures near the critical-point value. Note 2 : The unit kJ/kg · C for specific heat is equivalent to kJ/kg · K, and the unit W/m · C for thermal conductivity is equivalent to W/m · K. Source : Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Original sources: Reiner Tillner-Roth, “Fundamental Equations of State,” Shaker, Verlag, Aachan, 1998; B. A. Younglove and J. F. Ely, “Thermophysical Properties of Fluids. II Methane, Ethane, Propane, Isobutane, and Normal Butane,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , Vol. 16, No. 4, 1987; G.R. Somayajulu, “A Generalized Equation for Surface Tension from the Triple-Point to the CriticalPoint,” International Journal of Thermophysics , Vol. 9, No. 4, 1988.

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TABLE A–13 Properties of liquids

Temp. T , C

Density r , kg/m3

Specific Heat c p , J/kg · K


Thermal Diffusivity a, m2 /s


Prandtl Number Pr

Volume Expansion Coeff. b, 1/K

107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107

2.126 1.927 1.803 1.738 1.732 1.810 2.063 3.082

0.00352 0.00391 0.00444 0.00520 0.00637 0.00841 0.01282 0.02922

107 107 107 107 107 107

7.414 6.622 5.980 5.453 5.018 4.655

0.00118 0.00120 0.00123 0.00127 0.00132 0.00137



106 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107

12.65 8.167 6.079 4.963 4.304 3.880 3.582 3.363 3.256

0.00142 0.00150 0.00161 0.00177 0.00199 0.00232 0.00286 0.00385 0.00628

8.219  5.287  3.339  1.970  1.201  7.878  5.232  3.464  2.455 

103 103 103 103 103 104 104 104 104

84,101 54,327 34,561 20,570 12,671 8,392 5,631 3,767 2,697

4.242  9.429  2.485  8.565  3.794  2.046  1.241  8.029  6.595 

103 104 104 105 105 105 105 106 106

46,636 10,863 2,962 1,080 499.3 279.1 176.3 118.1 98.31

Kinematic Viscosity n, m2 /s

Methane [CH 4 ] 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90

420.2 405.0 388.8 371.1 351.4 328.8 301.0 261.7

3492 3580 3700 3875 4146 4611 5578 8902

0.1863 0.1703 0.1550 0.1402 0.1258 0.1115 0.0967 0.0797

1.270  1.174  1.077  9.749  8.634  7.356  5.761  3.423 

107 107 107 108 108 108 108 108

1.133 9.169 7.551 6.288 5.257 4.377 3.577 2.761

       

104 105 105 105 105 105 105 105

2.699 2.264 1.942 1.694 1.496 1.331 1.188 1.055



104 104 104 104 104 104

7.429 6.531 5.795 5.185 4.677 4.250



104 104 104 104 104 104 104 105 105

1.360 8.531 5.942 4.420 3.432 2.743 2.233 1.836 1.509



      

Methanol [CH 3 (OH)]

20 30 40 50 60 70

788.4 779.1 769.6 760.1 750.4 740.4

2515 2577 2644 2718 2798 2885

0.1987 0.1980 0.1972 0.1965 0.1957 0.1950

1.002  9.862  9.690  9.509  9.320  9.128 

107 108 108 108 108 108

5.857 5.088 4.460 3.942 3.510 3.146

     

    

Isobutane (R600a) 100 75 50 25

0 25 50 75 100

683.8 659.3 634.3 608.2 580.6 550.7 517.3 478.5 429.6

1881 1970 2069 2180 2306 2455 2640 2896 3361

0.1383 0.1357 0.1283 0.1181 0.1068 0.0956 0.0851 0.0757 0.0669

1.075  1.044  9.773  8.906  7.974  7.069  6.233  5.460  4.634 

107 107 108 108 108 108 108 108 108

9.773  9.732  9.662  9.576  9.484  9.388  9.291  9.195  9.101 

8

9.305 5.624 3.769 2.688 1.993 1.510 1.155 8.785 6.483

        

      

Glycerin

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

1276 1273 1270 1267 1264 1261 1258 1255 1252

2262 2288 2320 2354 2386 2416 2447 2478 2513

0.2820 0.2835 0.2846 0.2856 0.2860 0.2860 0.2860 0.2860 0.2863

10 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108

10.49 6.730 4.241 2.496 1.519 0.9934 0.6582 0.4347 0.3073

Engine Oil (unused)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 150

899.0 888.1 876.0 863.9 852.0 840.0 828.9 816.8 810.3

1797 1881 1964 2048 2132 2220 2308 2395 2441

0.1469 0.1450 0.1444 0.1404 0.1380 0.1367 0.1347 0.1330 0.1327

9.097  8.680  8.391  7.934  7.599  7.330  7.042  6.798  6.708 

108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108

3.814 0.8374 0.2177 0.07399 0.03232 0.01718 0.01029 0.006558 0.005344

Source : Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Originally based on various sources.

0.00070 0.00070 0.00070 0.00070 0.00070 0.00070 0.00070 0.00070 0.00070

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859 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–14 Properties of liquid metals

Temp. T , C

Density r , kg/m3



Thermal Diffusivity a, m2 /s


Mercury (Hg) Melting Point:

0 25 50 75 100 150 200 250 300

13595 13534 13473 13412 13351 13231 13112 12993 12873

140.4 139.4 138.6 137.8 137.1 136.1 135.5 135.3 135.3

8.18200 8.51533 8.83632 9.15632 9.46706 10.07780 10.65465 11.18150 11.68150

4.287  4.514  4.734  4.956  5.170  5.595  5.996  6.363  6.705 

6

10 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106

1.687 1.534 1.423 1.316 1.245 1.126 1.043 9.820 9.336

        


Volume Expansion Coeff. b, 1/K

Prandtl Number Pr

39 C

103 103 103 103 103 103 103 104 104

1.241 1.133 1.056 9.819 9.326 8.514 7.959 7.558 7.252



1.545 1.436 1.215 1.048 9.157



2.167 1.976 1.814 1.702 1.589 1.475 1.360



7.432 5.967 4.418 3.188 2.909 2.614



4.213 3.456 2.652 2.304 2.126



       

107 107 107 108 108 108 108 108 108

0.0289 0.0251 0.0223 0.0198 0.0180 0.0152 0.0133 0.0119 0.0108

107 107 107 107 108

0.01381 0.01310 0.01154 0.01022 0.00906

107 107 107 107 107 107 107

0.02252 0.02048 0.01879 0.01771 0.01661 0.01549 0.01434

107 107 107 107 107 107

0.01106 0.008987 0.006751 0.004953 0.004593 0.004202

107 107 107 107 107

0.006023 0.004906 0.00374 0.003309 0.003143

107 107 107 107 107 107

0.02102 0.01611 0.01161 0.00753 0.00665 0.00579

1.810  1.810  1.810  1.810  1.810  1.810  1.815  1.829  1.854 

Bismuth (Bi) Melting Point: 271 C

350 400 500 600 700

9969 9908 9785 9663 9540

146.0 148.2 152.8 157.3 161.8

16.28 16.10 15.74 15.60 15.60

1.118  1.096  1.052  1.026  1.010 

105 105 105 105 105

1.540 1.422 1.188 1.013 8.736

    

103 103 103 103 104

   

Lead (Pb) Melting Point: 327 C

400 450 500 550 600 650 700

10506 10449 10390 10329 10267 10206 10145

158 156 155 155 155 155 155

15.97 15.74 15.54 15.39 15.23 15.07 14.91

9.623  9.649  9.651  9.610  9.568  9.526  9.483 

106 106 106 106 106 106 106

2.277 2.065 1.884 1.758 1.632 1.505 1.379

      

103 103 103 103 103 103 103

     

Sodium (Na) Melting Point: 98 C

100 200 300 400 500 600

927.3 902.5 877.8 853.0 828.5 804.0

1378 1349 1320 1296 1284 1272

85.84 80.84 75.84 71.20 67.41 63.63

6.718  6.639  6.544  6.437  6.335  6.220 

105 105 105 105 105 105

6.892 5.385 3.878 2.720 2.411 2.101

     

104 104 104 104 104 104

    

Potassium (K) Melting Point: 64 C

200 300 400 500 600

795.2 771.6 748.0 723.9 699.6

790.8 772.8 754.8 750.0 750.0

43.99 42.01 40.03 37.81 35.50

6.995  7.045  7.090  6.964  6.765 

105 105 105 105 105

3.350 2.667 1.984 1.668 1.487

    

104 104 104 104 104

Sodium-Potassium (%22Na-%78K) Melting Point:

100 200 300 400 500 600

847.3 823.2 799.1 775.0 751.5 728.0

944.4 922.5 900.6 879.0 880.1 881.2

25.64 26.27 26.89 27.50 27.89 28.28

3.205  3.459  3.736  4.037  4.217  4.408 

5

10 105 105 105 105 105

5.707 4.587 3.467 2.357 2.108 1.859

     

4

10 104 104 104 104 104

   

11C

6.736 5.572 4.339 3.041 2.805 2.553

     

Source : Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Originally based on various sources.

104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104

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860 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–15 Properties of air at 1 atm pressure Temp. T , C

Density r , kg/m3



150

2.866 2.038 1.582 1.514 1.451 1.394 1.341 1.292 1.269 1.246 1.225 1.204 1.184 1.164 1.145 1.127 1.109 1.092 1.059 1.028 0.9994 0.9718 0.9458 0.8977 0.8542 0.8148 0.7788 0.7459 0.6746 0.6158 0.5664 0.5243 0.4880 0.4565 0.4042 0.3627 0.3289 0.3008 0.2772 0.1990 0.1553

983 966 999 1002 1004 1005 1006 1006 1006 1006 1007 1007 1007 1007 1007 1007 1007 1007 1007 1007 1008 1008 1009 1011 1013 1016 1019 1023 1033 1044 1056 1069 1081 1093 1115 1135 1153 1169 1184 1234 1264

0.01171 0.01582 0.01979 0.02057 0.02134 0.02211 0.02288 0.02364 0.02401 0.02439 0.02476 0.02514 0.02551 0.02588 0.02625 0.02662 0.02699 0.02735 0.02808 0.02881 0.02953 0.03024 0.03095 0.03235 0.03374 0.03511 0.03646 0.03779 0.04104 0.04418 0.04721 0.05015 0.05298 0.05572 0.06093 0.06581 0.07037 0.07465 0.07868 0.09599 0.11113

100 50 40 30 20 10

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1500 2000

Thermal Diffusivity a, m2 /s2 4.158  8.036  1.252  1.356  1.465  1.578  1.696  1.818  1.880  1.944  2.009  2.074  2.141  2.208  2.277  2.346  2.416  2.487  2.632  2.780  2.931  3.086  3.243  3.565  3.898  4.241  4.593  4.954  5.890  6.871  7.892  8.951  1.004  1.117  1.352  1.598  1.855  2.122  2.398  3.908  5.664 

106 106 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104

Dynamic Viscosity m, kg/m · s 8.636 1.189 1.474 1.527 1.579 1.630 1.680 1.729 1.754 1.778 1.802 1.825 1.849 1.872 1.895 1.918 1.941 1.963 2.008 2.052 2.096 2.139 2.181 2.264 2.345 2.420 2.504 2.577 2.760 2.934 3.101 3.261 3.415 3.563 3.846 4.111 4.362 4.600 4.826 5.817 6.630

                                        

106 106 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105

Kinematic Viscosity n, m2 /s 3.013 5.837 9.319 1.008 1.087 1.169 1.252 1.338 1.382 1.426 1.470 1.516 1.562 1.608 1.655 1.702 1.750 1.798 1.896 1.995 2.097 2.201 2.306 2.522 2.745 2.975 3.212 3.455 4.091 4.765 5.475 6.219 6.997 7.806 9.515 1.133 1.326 1.529 1.741 2.922 4.270

                                        

106 106 106 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 104 104 104 104 104 104

Prandtl Number Pr 0.7246 0.7263 0.7440 0.7436 0.7425 0.7408 0.7387 0.7362 0.7350 0.7336 0.7323 0.7309 0.7296 0.7282 0.7268 0.7255 0.7241 0.7228 0.7202 0.7177 0.7154 0.7132 0.7111 0.7073 0.7041 0.7014 0.6992 0.6974 0.6946 0.6935 0.6937 0.6948 0.6965 0.6986 0.7037 0.7092 0.7149 0.7206 0.7260 0.7478 0.7539

Note : For ideal gases, the properties c p , k , m, and Pr are independent of pressure. The properties r , n, and a at a pressure P (in atm) other than 1 atm are determined by multiplying the values of r at the given temperature by P and by dividing n and a by P . Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Original sources: Keenan, Chao, Keyes, Gas Tables, Wiley, 198; and Thermophysical Proper ties of Matter. Vol. 3: Thermal Conductivity, Y. S. Touloukian, P. E. Liley, S. C. Sa xena, Vol. 11: Viscosity, Y. S. Touloukian, S. C. Saxena, and P. Hestermans, IFI/Plenun, NY, 1970, ISBN 0-306067020-8.

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861 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–16 Properties of gases at 1 atm pressure Temp. T , C

Density r , kg/m3



Thermal Diffusivity a, m2 /s2



Prandtl Number Pr

Carbon Dioxide, CO 2 50

0 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 1000 1500 2000

2.4035 1.9635 1.6597 1.4373 1.2675 1.1336 0.9358 0.7968 0.6937 0.4213 0.3025 0.2359

746 811 866.6 914.8 957.4 995.2 1060 1112 1156 1292 1356 1387

0.01051 0.01456 0.01858 0.02257 0.02652 0.03044 0.03814 0.04565 0.05293 0.08491 0.10688 0.11522

5.860  9.141  1.291  1.716  2.186  2.698  3.847  5.151  6.600  1.560  2.606  3.521 

106 106 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 104 104 104

1.129 1.375 1.612 1.841 2.063 2.276 2.682 3.061 3.416 4.898 6.106 7.322



105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 104 104 104 104

1.378 1.629 1.863 2.080 2.283 2.472 2.812 3.111 3.379 4.557 6.321 9.826



105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 104 104 104 104

8.564 1.028 1.191 1.345 1.491 1.630 1.886 2.119 2.334 3.281 4.434 6.360



104 104 104 104 104 104

7.293 8.391 9.427 1.041 1.136 1.228



          

105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105

4.699 7.003 9.714 1.281 1.627 2.008 2.866 3.842 4.924 1.162 2.019 3.103



105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105

9.012 1.303 1.764 2.274 2.830 3.426 4.722 6.136 7.653 1.700 3.284 6.543



106 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105

9.774 1.436 1.969 2.567 3.227 3.944 5.529 7.297 9.228 2.136 4.022 7.395



106 106 106 105 105 105

6.624 9.329 1.240 1.582 1.957 2.365



          

106 106 106 105 105 105 105 105 105 104 104 104

0.8019 0.7661 0.7520 0.7464 0.7445 0.7442 0.7450 0.7458 0.7460 0.7455 0.7745 0.8815

106 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 104 104 104

0.7840 0.7499 0.7328 0.7239 0.7191 0.7164 0.7134 0.7111 0.7087 0.7080 0.7733 0.9302

106 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 104 104 104

0.8116 0.7494 0.7282 0.7247 0.7284 0.7344 0.7450 0.7501 0.7502 0.7331 0.7936 1.0386

105 105 104 104 104 104

0.6562 0.7071 0.7191 0.7196 0.7174 0.7155

Carbon Monoxide, CO 50

0 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 1000 1500 2000

1.5297 1.2497 1.0563 0.9148 0.8067 0.7214 0.5956 0.5071 0.4415 0.2681 0.1925 0.1502

1081 1048 1039 1041 1049 1060 1085 1111 1135 1226 1279 1309

0.01901 0.02278 0.02641 0.02992 0.03330 0.03656 0.04277 0.04860 0.05412 0.07894 0.10458 0.13833

1.149  1.739  2.407  3.142  3.936  4.782  6.619  8.628  1.079  2.401  4.246  7.034 

          

          

Methane, CH 4 50

0 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 1000 1500 2000

0.8761 0.7158 0.6050 0.5240 0.4620 0.4132 0.3411 0.2904 0.2529 0.1536 0.1103 0.0860

2243 2217 2302 2443 2611 2791 3158 3510 3836 5042 5701 6001

0.02367 0.03042 0.03766 0.04534 0.05344 0.06194 0.07996 0.09918 0.11933 0.22562 0.31857 0.36750

1.204  1.917  2.704  3.543  4.431  5.370  7.422  9.727  1.230  2.914  5.068  7.120 

          

          

Hydrogen, H 2 50

0 50 100 150 200

0.11010 0.08995 0.07603 0.06584 0.05806 0.05193

12635 13920 14349 14473 14492 14482

0.1404 0.1652 0.1881 0.2095 0.2296 0.2486

1.009  1.319  1.724  2.199  2.729  3.306 

    

    

(Continued)

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862 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–16 Properties of gases at 1 atm pressure (Continued) Temp. T , C

Density r , kg/m3

300 400 500 1000 1500 2000

0.04287 0.03650 0.03178 0.01930 0.01386 0.01081

Specific Heat c p , J/kg · K 14481 14540 14653 15577 16553 17400

Thermal Conductivity k , W/m · K 0.2843 0.3180 0.3509 0.5206 0.6581 0.5480

Thermal Diffusivity a, m2 /s2 4.580  5.992  7.535  1.732  2.869  2.914 


104 104 104 103 103 103

1.403 1.570 1.730 2.455 3.099 3.690



105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 104 104 104 104

1.390 1.640 1.874 2.094 2.300 2.494 2.849 3.166 3.451 4.594 5.562 6.426



105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 104 104 104 104

1.616 1.916 2.194 2.451 2.694 2.923 3.350 3.744 4.114 5.732 7.133 8.417



7.187 8.956 1.078 1.265 1.456 1.650 2.045 2.446 2.847 4.762 6.411 7.808



    


105 105 105 105 105 105

3.274 4.302 5.443 1.272 2.237 3.414



105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105

9.091 1.312 1.774 2.289 2.851 3.457 4.783 6.242 7.816 1.713 2.889 4.278



105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105

9.246 1.342 1.818 2.346 2.923 3.546 4.923 6.463 8.156 1.871 3.243 4.907



106 106 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105

7.305 1.114 1.587 2.150 2.806 3.556 5.340 7.498 1.002 2.761 5.177 8.084



    

Prandtl Number Pr

104 104 104 103 103 103

0.7149 0.7179 0.7224 0.7345 0.7795 1.1717

106 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 104 104 104

0.6655 0.7121 0.7114 0.7056 0.7025 0.7025 0.7078 0.7153 0.7215 0.7022 0.5969 0.4483

106 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 104 104 104

0.7694 0.7198 0.7053 0.7019 0.7019 0.7025 0.7030 0.7023 0.7010 0.6986 0.6985 0.6873

106 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 104 104 104 104

1.0047 1.0033 0.9944 0.9830 0.9712 0.9599 0.9401 0.9240 0.9108 0.8639 0.8233 0.7833

Nitrogen, N 2 50

0 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 1000 1500 2000

1.5299 1.2498 1.0564 0.9149 0.8068 0.7215 0.5956 0.5072 0.4416 0.2681 0.1925 0.1502

957.3 1035 1042 1041 1043 1050 1070 1095 1120 1213 1266 1297

0.02001 0.02384 0.02746 0.03090 0.03416 0.03727 0.04309 0.04848 0.05358 0.07938 0.11793 0.18590

1.366  1.843  2.494  3.244  4.058  4.921  6.758  8.727  1.083  2.440  4.839  9.543 

          

          

Oxygen, O 2 50

0 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 1000 1500 2000

1.7475 1.4277 1.2068 1.0451 0.9216 0.8242 0.6804 0.5793 0.5044 0.3063 0.2199 0.1716

984.4 928.7 921.7 931.8 947.6 964.7 997.1 1025 1048 1121 1165 1201

0.02067 0.02472 0.02867 0.03254 0.03637 0.04014 0.04751 0.05463 0.06148 0.09198 0.11901 0.14705

1.201  1.865  2.577  3.342  4.164  5.048  7.003  9.204  1.163  2.678  4.643  7.139 

          

          

Water Vapor, H 2 O 50

0 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 1000 1500 2000

0.9839 0.8038 0.6794 0.5884 0.5189 0.4640 0.3831 0.3262 0.2840 0.1725 0.1238 0.0966

1892 1874 1874 1887 1908 1935 1997 2066 2137 2471 2736 2928

0.01353 0.01673 0.02032 0.02429 0.02861 0.03326 0.04345 0.05467 0.06677 0.13623 0.21301 0.29183

7.271  1.110  1.596  2.187  2.890  3.705  5.680  8.114  1.100  3.196  6.288  1.032 

106 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 104 104 104 103

          

          

Note : For ideal gases, the properties c p , k , m, and Pr are independent of pressure. The properties r , n, and a at a pressure P (in atm) other than 1 atm are determined by multiplying the values of p at the given temperature by r and by dividing n and a by P . Source : Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Originally based on various sources.

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TABLE A–17 Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude Altitude, z , m

Temperature, T , C

Pressure, P , kPa

Gravity g , m/s2

Speed of Sound, c , m/s

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4600 4800 5000 5200 5400 5600 5800 6000 6200 6400 6600 6800 7000 8000 9000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000

15.00 13.70 12.40 11.10 9.80 8.50 7.20 5.90 4.60 3.30 2.00 0.70 0.59 1.89 3.19 4.49 5.79 7.09 8.39 9.69 10.98 12.3 13.6 14.9 16.2 17.5 18.8 20.1 21.4 22.7 24.0 25.3 26.6 27.9 29.2 30.5 36.9 43.4 49.9 56.5 56.5 56.5 56.5

101.33 98.95 96.61 94.32 92.08 89.88 87.72 85.60 83.53 81.49 79.50 77.55 75.63 73.76 71.92 70.12 68.36 66.63 64.94 63.28 61.66 60.07 58.52 57.00 55.51 54.05 52.62 51.23 49.86 48.52 47.22 45.94 44.69 43.47 42.27 41.11 35.65 30.80 26.50 19.40 14.17 10.53 7.57

9.807 9.806 9.805 9.805 9.804 9.804 9.803 9.802 9.802 9.801 9.800 9.800 9.799 9.799 9.798 9.797 9.797 9.796 9.796 9.795 9.794 9.794 9.793 9.793 9.792 9.791 9.791 9.790 9.789 9.785 9.788 9.788 9.787 9.786 9.785 9.785 9.782 9.779 9.776 9.770 9.764 9.758 9.751

340.3 339.5 338.8 338.0 337.2 336.4 335.7 334.9 334.1 333.3 332.5 331.7 331.0 330.2 329.4 328.6 327.8 327.0 326.2 325.4 324.6 323.8 323.0 322.2 321.4 320.5 319.7 318.9 318.1 317.3 316.5 315.6 314.8 314.0 313.1 312.3 308.1 303.8 299.5 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1

Density,

Viscosity

r , kg/m3

m, kg/m · s

1.225 1.202 1.179 1.156 1.134 1.112 1.090 1.069 1.048 1.027 1.007 0.987 0.967 0.947 0.928 0.909 0.891 0.872 0.854 0.837 0.819 0.802 0.785 0.769 0.752 0.736 0.721 0.705 0.690 0.675 0.660 0.646 0.631 0.617 0.604 0.590 0.526 0.467 0.414 0.312 0.228 0.166 0.122

1.789 1.783 1.777 1.771 1.764 1.758 1.752 1.745 1.739 1.732 1.726 1.720 1.713 1.707 1.700 1.694 1.687 1.681 1.674 1.668 1.661 1.655 1.648 1.642 1.635 1.628 1.622 1.615 1.608 1.602 1.595 1.588 1.582 1.575 1.568 1.561 1.527 1.493 1.458 1.422 1.422 1.422 1.422

                                          

105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105

Thermal Conductivity, k , W/m · K 0.0253 0.0252 0.0252 0.0251 0.0250 0.0249 0.0248 0.0247 0.0245 0.0244 0.0243 0.0242 0.0241 0.0240 0.0239 0.0238 0.0237 0.0236 0.0235 0.0234 0.0233 0.0232 0.0231 0.0230 0.0229 0.0228 0.0227 0.0226 0.0224 0.0223 0.0222 0.0221 0.0220 0.0219 0.0218 0.0217 0.0212 0.0206 0.0201 0.0195 0.0195 0.0195 0.0195

Source : U.S. Standard Atmosphere Supplements, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. Based on year-round mean conditions at 45  latitude and varies with the time of the year and the weather patterns. The conditions at sea level ( z  0) are taken to be P  101.325 kPa, T  15C, r  1.2250 kg/m3, g  9.80665 m2 /S.

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TABLE A–18 Emissivities of surfaces (a ) Metals Material Aluminum Polished Commercial sheet Heavily oxidized Anodized Bismuth, bright Brass Highly polished Polished Dull plate Oxidized Chromium, polished Copper Highly polished Polished Commercial sheet Oxidized Black oxidized Gold Highly polished Bright foil Iron Highly polished Case iron Wrought iron Rusted Oxidized Lead Polished Unoxidized, rough Oxidized

Temperature, K

Emissivity, e

300–900 400 400–800 300 350

0.04–0.06 0.09 0.20–0.33 0.8 0.34

500–650 350 300–600 450–800 300–1400

0.03–0.04 0.09 0.22 0.6 0.08–0.40

300 300–500 300 600–1000 300

0.02 0.04–0.05 0.15 0.5–0.8 0.78

300–1000 300

0.03–0.06 0.07

300–500 300 300–500 300 500–900

0.05–0.07 0.44 0.28 0.61 0.64–0.78

300–500 300 300

0.06–0.08 0.43 0.63

Material Magnesium, polished Mercury Molybdenum Polished Oxidized Nickel Polished Oxidized Platinum, polished Silver, polished Stainless steel Polished Lightly oxidized Highly oxidized Steel Polished sheet Commercial sheet Heavily oxidized Tin, polished Tungsten Polished Filament Zinc Polished Oxidized

Temperature, K

Emissivity,

300–500 300–400

0.07–0.13 0.09–0.12

300–2000 600–800

0.05–0.21 0.80–0.82

500–1200 450–1000 500–1500 300–1000

0.07–0.17 0.37–0.57 0.06–0.18 0.02–0.07

300–1000 600–1000 600–1000

0.17–0.30 0.30–0.40 0.70–0.80

300–500 500–1200 300 300

0.08–0.14 0.20–0.32 0.81 0.05

300–2500 3500

0.03–0.29 0.39

300–800 300

0.02–0.05 0.25

e

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865 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–18 Emissivities of surfaces (Concluded) (b ) Nonmetals Material Alumina Aluminum oxide Asbestos Asphalt pavement Brick Common Fireclay Carbon filament Cloth Concrete Glass Window Pyrex Pyroceram Ice Magnesium oxide Masonry Paints Aluminum Black, lacquer, shiny Oils, all colors Red primer White acrylic White enamel

Temperature, K

Emissivity,

800–1400 600–1500 300 300

0.65–0.45 0.69–0.41 0.96 0.85–0.93

300 1200 2000 300 300

0.93–0.96 0.75 0.53 0.75–0.90 0.88–0.94

300 300–1200 300–1500 273 400–800 300

0.90–0.95 0.82–0.62 0.85–0.57 0.95–0.99 0.69–0.55 0.80

300 300 300 300 300 300

0.40–0.50 0.88 0.92–0.96 0.93 0.90 0.90

e

Material Paper, white Plaster, white Porcelain, glazed Quartz, rough, fused Rubber Hard Soft Sand Silicon carbide Skin, human Snow Soil, earth Soot Teflon Water, deep Wood Beech Oak

Temperature, K

Emissivity,

300 300 300 300

0.90 0.93 0.92 0.93

300 300 300 600–1500 300 273 300 300–500 300–500 273–373

0.93 0.86 0.90 0.87–0.85 0.95 0.80–0.90 0.93–0.96 0.95 0.85–0.92 0.95–0.96

300 300

0.94 0.90

e

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866 APPENDIX 1

TABLE A–19 Solar radiative properties of materials Description/composition Aluminum Polished Anodized Quartz-overcoated Foil Brick, red (Purdue) Concrete Galvanized sheet metal Clean, new Oxidized, weathered Glass, 3.2-mm thickness Float or tempered Low iron oxide type Marble, slightly off-white (nonreflective) Metal, plated Black sulfide Black cobalt oxide Black nickel oxide Black chrome Mylar, 0.13-mm thickness Paints Black (Parsons) White, acrylic White, zinc oxide Paper, white Plexiglas, 3.2-mm thickness Porcelain tiles, white (reflective glazed surface) Roofing tiles, bright red Dry surface Wet surface Sand, dry Off-white Dull red Snow Fine particles, fresh Ice granules Steel Mirror-finish Heavily rusted Stone (light pink) Tedlar, 0.10-mm thickness Teflon, 0.13-mm thickness Wood

Solar Absorptivity, as

Emissivity, e, at 300 K

Ratio, as / e

0.09 0.14 0.11 0.15 0.63 0.60

0.03 0.84 0.37 0.05 0.93 0.88

3.0 0.17 0.30 3.0 0.68 0.68

0.65 0.80

0.13 0.28

5.0 2.9

Solar Transmissivity, ts

0.79 0.88 0.40

0.88

0.92 0.93 0.92 0.87

0.10 0.30 0.08 0.09

0.45 9.2 3.1 11 9.7 0.87

0.98 0.26 0.16 0.27

0.98 0.90 0.93 0.83

1.0 0.29 0.17 0.32

0.26

0.85

0.30

0.65 0.88

0.85 0.91

0.76 0.96

0.52 0.73

0.82 0.86

0.63 0.82

0.13 0.33

0.82 0.89

0.16 0.37

0.41 0.89 0.65

0.05 0.92 0.87

8.2 0.96 0.74

0.90

0.92 0.92 0.59

0.90

0.66

Source : V. C. Sharma and A. Sharma, “Solar Proper ties of Some Building Elements,” Energy 14 (1989), pp. 805–810, and other sources.

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