Health& Safety (HRM)

Occupational Health and Safety

In the name of Allah, Most Beneficent, Most Merciful

A PROJECT REPORT ON

Submitted to Mr. M. Shaukat Malik Submitted by Zahid Hussain Nishan-e-Zahra M. Zuhair Altaf Usman Aslam

MBC-08-09 MBC-08-12 MBC-08-36 MBC-08-46

Institute of Management Sciences (City Campus) 1


Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan

In the name of Allah Allah the most merciful, merciful, the most beneficial

2


Table of Contents

 Dedication  Acknowledgement  Preface  Abstract  Aim

of study  Literature Review  Introduction  Components of health and safety program  Health services  Occupational Safety  Review of research articles  Measures and Analysis  Defining scales  Measuring responses  Graphical Analysis  The Best Company  Conclusion  Special Thanks  Copy of Questionnaire

3


We dedicate this report to our Loving Parents And Beloved Teachers

4


Acknowledgement One is the first the Almighty ALLAH whose blessings are above each and every thing which make us able to present our tiny effort. All prays to HAZARAT MUHAMMAD (PBUH) who is the reason for creation of the universe and whose kindness came to my heart. On the successful completion of our report, we wish to express our gratitude and heart worthy acknowledgement to the gentlemen whose inspiration helped us in the completion of this report. 5


Preface Practical studies are important part of MBA program. Students are trained to cope up with the different problems faced in different fields. Therefore, students are assigned reports on the different topics. Human Resource management is one of the most important courses of MBA, in which there is explanation of all business strategies related to management of people in the organizations. organizations. We have have this this hono honorr that that we were were give given n a chan chance ce to upda update te our our theoretical as well as practical knowledge, which will be of great help in our future practical life. In this report we have visited Allahwasaya Textile Mills, Mahmood Textile Mills, and Colony Textile Mills. We made our best efforts to present facts about Occupational Health & Safety in an organized manner and to make analysis with the help of

6


best suitable information. However, However, any deficiency found in this report is due to nature of human being. Your criticism will be most beneficial to us for learning.

Abstract There are great concerns about occupational health and safety in Pakistan. According to Pakistan’s Factory Act, 1934, all companies are required to have an occupational health and safety safety management management system. system. This academic academic study investigated investigated the effects of implementing or improving occupational health and safety management on the work environment, health and safety beha behavi vior or and and heal health th of work worker ers s in smal smalll and and medi medium um size sized d companies. A prospective cohort study, using self-administered questionnaires, was performed among the managers and bluecollar workers workers in three textile textile Mills, Allahwasay Allahwasaya a textile textile Mills ltd, Mahmood textile Mills ltd and Colony textile Mills ltd. workers and managers were are asked to participate in this study. The effects are measured by workers’ own evaluation of their work environment and other activities. The workers in companies with impr improv oved ed heal health th and and sa safe fety ty mana manage geme ment nt from from base baseli line ne to follow follow-up -up report reported ed increa increased sed satisf satisfact action ion with with the health health and safety activities at work; improved support from management and col collea league gues; s; improv improved ed health health-re -relat lated ed suppor supportt and contro control; l; and increased participation in health and safety activities.

Aim of Study The aim or objective of this prospective and academic study is to investigate the effects of implementing or improving occupational health

7


and safety management in small and medium-sized medium-sized companies so for this we have visited the three following organizations: Allahwasaya Textile Mills ltd. 2. Mahmood Textile Mills ltd. 3. Colony Textile Mills ltd. 1.

Literature review

Introduction Emplo Employe yee e healt health h and and safet safety y are are of conc concern ern,, both both to the employe employerr and to the employee. employee. The benefit benefits s of employe employee e health health and safe safety ty prog progra rams ms in term terms s of time time,, mone money y, and and prod produc uctiv tivit ity y can can be extremely substantial.

Pakistan, at present, like many developing countries of the world, does not have comprehensive comprehensive occupational occupational health and safety laws. The incidence of injuries and illnesses is probably very high in Pakistan beca because use thous thousan ands ds of worke workers rs are routi routinel nely y expo exposed sed to hazar hazardo dous us chemicals and many more work in hazardous industries. However, there is no reliable data on occupational occupational safety and health injuries and illnesses beca becaus use e a majo majori rity ty of acci accide dent nts s are are not not repo report rted ed to the the regu regula lato tory ry agencies. The Regulatory agencies do not have an effective enforcement policy or strict requirements for reporting injuries an illness a workplaces.

An ove overvie rview w of curren rent laws aws/re /regul gulatio tions rela elated ted to occupational safety and health shows that there are several laws on the book, such as Factories Factories Act, 1934: Provincial Provincial Factories Rules; Hazardous Hazardous occupat occupations ions Rules, Rules, 1963; 1963; Mines Mines Act, 1923; 1923; West West Pakista Pakistan n Shops Shops and Establishments Establishments Ordinance, 1969; Provincial Provincial Employees Social Security Ordi Ordina nanc nce, e, 1965 1965;; Work Workme men’ n’s s Comp Compen ensa sati tion on Act, Act, 1923 1923 and and Cock Cock Laborers, 1934. 8


The current regulations are, however, fragmented and there is no single comprehensive piece of legislation dealing with occupational safety and health. There is no formal legislative process for setting up new standards, codes of practice and occupational exposure limits. Whatever exists on the book is frequently hampered with repeated martial laws. The current outdated Factories Act, 1934, requires only a very basic level of safe safety ty and and heal health th meas measur ure. e. Ther There e are are no guid guidel elin ines es for for mini minimu mum m qualific qualificatio ations ns or employm employment ent of health health and safety safety professi professional onals s in the industry.

Components of Health and safety program The contents of the Occupational Occupational health and safety program could be included under the elements discussed below. 1. Objec Objectiv tives es and and poli policie cies s 2. Top-mana op-managem gement ent support support 3. Orga Organi niza zati tion on.. 4. Establis Establishing hing resp responsi onsibility bility for safet safety y 5. Engi Engine neer erin ing g 6. Job Job safe safety ty ana analy lysi sis s 7. Analy Analysi sis s of of acc accid ident ents s 8. Educa Educatio tion n and and traini training ng 9. Enfo Enforc rcem emen entt 10.Healthfu 10. Healthfull work environment environment 11. Adequate Adequate medical treatment 12.Rehabilitation

1. Objectives and Policies When top management decides that it wants to take steps to obtain obtain a safe safe organiza organization tion,, it must determin determine e just how far it wants wants to go and what it wants wants to accomp accomplish. lish. Does it want want to have a company that ranks with the best in its industry in terms of low injury frequency and severity? Or does it simply want a safety effort that will reduce workers’ compensation costs to a tolerable level. Is it willing to invest sufficient money to achieve a really no hazardous plant?

2. Top Management Support 9


Top management sets the safety objectives and policies in the the firs firstt plac place; e; and and how how top top mana manage geme ment nt choo choose ses s to supp suppor ortt and and implement its own policies is crucial to the effectiveness of these policies. The The sing single le most most impo importa rtant nt elemen elementt in the the succe success ss or failu failure re of any comp compan anyw ywid ide e prog progra ram, m, whet whethe herr it is safe safety ty,, trai traini ning ng,, rese resear arch ch or maintenance, is the emphasis given to that program by top management.

3. Organization The The orga organi niza zati tion onal al arra arrang ngem emen ents ts that that are are crea create ted d are are conditioned by the size of the firm and the nature of its safety problems. In small firms, a full-time safety director is justified; the assignment may be given to the personnel personnel director, director, to the plant superintendent, superintendent, or to the head of indus industri trial al engin enginee eerin ring. g. In mediu medium m size sized d firms firms,, a comp company any usua usually lly empl employs oys a full full time time safet safety y spec special ialis ist. t. He is the the part part of the person personnel nel department. department. Large corporations, corporations, especially those in hazardous hazardous industries, industries, will will emplo employ y a whole whole staf stafff of safety safety engin enginee eers, rs, safet safety y inspe inspect ctors ors,, and and industrial hygienists.

4. Establishing Responsibility for Safety Some Some indus industri trial alist ists s think think that that with with the appo appoint intme ment nt of a safety director they can “wash their hands” of all responsibility for safety and get on with their main business of obtaining high production, low costs, and adequate quality. Nothing could be further form the truth. The only way to achieve and maintain a safe plant is to place responsibility of safety safety on equal equal status status with respons responsibil ibility ity for product production, ion, cost control control,, quality, and profit making . The basic responsibility for injury prevention rests with line management and safe director serves as an innovator, organizer, creator, advisor, teacher, analyzer, investigator, stimulator, and a prodder. He must organize the safety program throughout the plant, collect accident data, investig investigate ate acciden accidents, ts, help develop develop enginee engineering ring applica application tions, s, conduct conduct safety safety training training and informa information tion meeting meetings s for manageme management nt personn personnel, el, anal analyz yze e jobs jobs to deve develo lop p safe safe worki orking ng proc proced edur ures es,, and and prep prepar are e instructional instructional material for use by foremen in conducting meetings with their empl employe oyees es.. The The staff staff safety safety direc director tor rarely rarely has has line line auth authori ority ty to orde order r supervisors and workers to take a particular action in regard to safety.

5. Engineering 10


Proper engineering to remove work hazards is fundamental to any organized safety efforts. Today Today technology has advanced to the point where many hazardous conditions have simply been designed out of the equipm ipment ent and and processe sses and most of the remaini remaining ng ones ones have been been adequate adequately ly guarded guarded.. The first way of engineering for safety is simply to eliminate eliminate the hazard from the machine, process, or structure. If it is not feasible to carry out a basic redesign of the production process to eliminate the hazard, hazard, then the next stage is to design and install install a guard guard to prevent prevent workers from coming in contact with moving parts or point of operation elements. In the last, it is not possible to eliminate the hazard or to guard the equipment itself, itself, it may be possible to have the workers wear and use protective clothing and equipment.

6. Job-Safety Analysis Job-safety analysis is very useful for hazard elimination and for designing safe work methods. By such study the safety engineer may note that a change change in workpla workplace ce layout, layout, in the operating operating controls controls of the machine, or in work procedures may eliminate or reduce the possibility of injury to the operator.

7. Analysis of Accidents Every accident that results in a personal injury, or could have resulted in a serious injury, whether it is simply a first-aid case or a more serious serious disablin disabling g one, one, must must be investig investigated ated by the injured injured employe employee’s e’s supervisor to ascertain the cause and to determine what specific remedies are required to avoid a recurrence.

8. Education and Training Safe Safety ty educ educat atio ion n for for all all leve levels ls of mana manage geme ment nt and and for for employees is a vital ingredient for any successful safety program. Top and middle management require education in the fundamentals of safety and the need for an effective accidents, accidents, both human and dollar costs, must be brought to the attention of line management. Top management does not need to concern itself with the detailed mechanics of accident prevention, but it must acquire sufficient awareness of safety fundamentals.

11


The safety director and his staff must undertake to provide extensiv extensive e educati education on and training training for first first line supervis supervisors. ors. At employee employee leve levell ther there e are are two two prin princi cipa pall obje object ctiv ives es:: (1) (1) to devel evelop op safe safety ty consciousness and favorable attitudes toward safety and (2) to achieve safe work performance from each employee in the job. To achieve these goals, a number of things must be done.

9. Enforcement Primary responsibility responsibility for enforcement of standard operating procedures and safety rules lies with the first-line supervisor. When he or she she obse observ rves es empl employ oyee ees s who who are are not not perf perfor ormi ming ng thei theirr jobs jobs in the the approved manner he or she calls this to their attention and corrects them. With adequate indoctrination and training there should seldom be need for punitive punitive measure measures s for violatio violation n of safety safety regulat regulations ions.. Howeve Howeverr, when when indi indivi vidu dual als s deli delibe bera rate tely ly refu refuse se to coop cooper erat ate, e, then then they they need need to be disciplined as they would for other rule violations.

10. Healthful Work Work Environment The objective objective of environ environmen mentt control control is the prevention prevention of occu occupa pati tion onal al dise diseas ase. e. The The poss possib ible le caus causat ativ ive e agen agents ts in the the plan plantt environ environmen mentt (dusts, (dusts, fumes, fumes, toxic toxic chemica chemicals, ls, noise, noise, etc.) etc.) must must first first be iden identi tifi fied ed.. Then Then corr correc ecti tive ve acti action on must must be take taken. n. Ther There e are are many many corrective methods that may be used. The best, from a worker health stand standpo point int,, is usua usually lly to elimi elimina nate te or cont contain ain the the agen agentt at its sourc source. e. Equi Equipme pment nt and and proce process sses es can can be reeng reengine ineer ered ed to cut cut down down noise noise,, eliminate leaks, or reduce vibration.

11. Adequate Medical Treatment Ever Every y esta establ blis ishm hmen entt shou should ld have have adeq adequa uate te faci facili liti ties es and and trai traine ned d pers person onne nell for for rendering first aid to injured employees. The small company should have a clean, adequately equipped first-aid room. The larger establishments have need for the full-time services of an industrial nurse and a physician.

12. Rehabilitation If an employee has suffered a serious temporary disabling injury or a permanent disability, it behooves the employer and the workers’ compensation compensation insurance company to exercise exercise every effort to rehabilitate rehabilitate

12


that unfortunate individual. individual. This includes helping him learn how to care for daily needs of living, learn how to acquire useful job skills.

Health Services A comprehensive company health program will include the following features:

1. Ventila Ventilation tion Workplaces need to be adequately ventilated. Fresh, clean air should be drawn from a source outside the workplace, uncontaminated by disc discha harg rges es from from flue flues, s, chim chimne neys ys or othe other r process outlets, and be circulated thorough the workrooms. Ventilation should also remove and dilute warm, humid air and provide air movement which gives a sense of freshness without causing a draught. If the workplace contains process or heating equipment or other sources of dust, fumes or vapors, more fresh air will be needed to provide adequate ventilation. Windo Windows ws or other other openi opening ngs s may may provi ovide suffic ficient ventila tilati tio on but, where necessary, mechanical ventilation systems should be provided and regularly maintained.

2. Work Work in hot or cold environments The risk to the health of workers increases as conditions move further away from those generally accepted as comfortable. Risk of heat stress arises, for example, from working in high air temperatures, exposure to high thermal radiation or high levels of humidity, such as those found in foundries, glass works and laundries. Cold stress may arise, for example, from working in cold stores, food preparation areas and in the open air during winter. Action arising from assessment may include:

13


•

•

•

• •

• •

Introdu Introducing cing enginee engineering ring measure measures s to control control the thermal thermal effects in a workplace environment. Restriction of exposure by, for example, rearranging tasks to build in rest periods or other breaks from work. Medical pre-selection of employees to ensure that they are fit to work in these environments; Use of suitable personal protection clothing. Acclimatization of workers to the environment in which they work, particularly for hot environments; Training in the precautions to be taken; and Supervis Supervision, ion, to ensure ensure that precauti precautions ons identif identified ied by the assessment are taken.

3. Lighting Lighti Lighting ng shou should ld be suff suffic icien ientt to enab enable le people people to work and move move about about safely safely.. If necessa necessary ry,, local local light lighting ing shou should ld be provi provide ded d at indivi individua duall work work stations and at places of particular risk such as crossing points on traffic routes. Lighting and light fittings should not create any hazard. Automat Automatic ic emergen emergency cy lighting lighting,, powered powered by an independent source, should be provided where sudden loss of light would create a risk.

4. Cleanliness and waste materials Every Every workpla workplace ce and the furnitur furniture, e, furnishi furnishings ngs and fittings fittings should should be kept kept clean clean and it should should be possibl possible e to keep the surfaces surfaces of floors, walls and ceilings clean. Cleaning and the removal of waste should be carried out as necessary by an effective method. Waste should be stored in suitable receptacles.

5. Room dimensions and space Workrooms should have enough free space to allow people to move about with ease. The volume of the room when empty should be divided by the number of people normally working in it.

6. Workstations Workstations and seating

14


Workstations should be suitable for the people using them and for the work they do. People should should be able able to leave workstatio workstations ns swiftly in an emergency emergency.. If work can or must be done sitting, seats which are suitable for the people using them and for the work they do should be provi provided ded.. Seati Seating ng shou should ld give give adeq adequat uate e suppo support rt for the the lower lower back; back; footrests should be provided for workers who cannot place their feet flat on the floor.

7. Medical Treatment A profe profess ssion ional al staff staff of physi physicia cians ns and and nurses should be there for providing proper first-aid treatm treatment ent for for occu occupat pation ional al injur injuries ies and and dise disease ases. s. Seri Seriou ous s case cases s are are refe referr rred ed to priv privat ate e prac practi tice ce physicians and hospitals. Adequate facilities are also provided for emergency care of work injuries and for cond conduct ucting ing pre emplo employm yment ent and and perio periodic dic medic medical al examinations.

Occupational safety

Accidents An accident is an unexpected occurrence that interrupts the regular progress progress of an activity. In effect it is any unplanned or uncalled uncalled for break or deviation from the expected. It is a negative or unfortunate event.

Cost of accidents Accident Accidents s are very expensiv expensive e to the employe employerr. Acciden Accidents ts costs costs are classified classified into two catego categories. ries. First are the insured insured costs. costs. The insured insured cost is the money paid for doctor doctor and hospital hospital bills, for weekly weekly benefits while the injured employees are absent from the work, and for any schedu scheduled led payments payments due to death, death, accident accidental al dismem dismemberm berment, ent, or perman permanent ent disabili disability ty.. This cost is apparen apparentt and is net by the insurance insurance premium.

15


The second type of cost is uninsured costs. Some authorities call it indirect indirect costs of acciden accidents. ts. These costs are not apparent apparent to top management unless it assigns somebody to conduct a specific research project to isolate them. These include lost time of injured worker, worker, lost time of fellow employees who render aid to the injured person, time spent by supervisory personnel to assist the injured person and to investigate the caus cause e of acci accide dent nt,, lost lost prod produc ucti tion on,, poss possib ible le dama damage ged d mate materi rial al or equipment, equipment, and administrative expenses to process paperwork connected with the accident.

Causes of Accident Accident causes can be classified into two major categories; 1. Unsa Unsafe fe Cond Condit itio ions ns This include as follows. Inadequate mechanical guarding. Defec efecti tive ve cond condit itio ion n of equi equipm pmen entt or tool tools, s, for for example example,, worn worn electri electrical cal insulati insulation, on, cracked cracked ladder ladder,, split drive belt. Unsafe design or construction, for example, pressure vessel that is too weak. Hazar azardo dous us atm atmosph ospher ere, e, for for exam exampl ple, e, toxi toxic c substances in air, poor ventilation. Inadequate or improper personal protective equipment. • •

•

•

•

2. Unsafe ac acts This include as follows. Failure to follow established safe-working procedures. Taking an unsafe position, such as under a suspended load. Failure to use designated protective clothing. Removing safety devices or making them inoperative. • •

• •

Prevention of accidents In prac practi tice ce,, acci accide dent nt can can be prev preven ente ted d by two two basi basic c activities. •

Reducing unsafe conditions

16


•

Reducing unsafe acts

1. Redu Reducing cing unsaf unsafee condi conditions tions Reducing unsafe conditions is always an employer’s first line of defen defense. se. Safe Safety ty engin enginee eers rs shou should ld desig design n jobs jobs so as to remo remove ve or reduce physical hazards. In addition, supervisors and managers play a role in reducing unsafe conditions. Employe Employers rs increas increasingly ingly use compute computerize rized d tools tools to design design safer equipment. For example, Designsafe facilitates hazard analysis, risk assessment, and the identification of safety control options. Sometimes the solution for eliminating an unsafe condition is obvious, and sometimes it’s more subtle. For example, slips and falls at work are often the result of debris or slippery floor. Getting Getting employee employees s to wear wear persona personall protect protective ive equipme equipment nt can be a famously difficult chore. In addition to providing reliable barrier protection and durability, durability, protective clothing should fir properly; be easy to care for, maintain, and repair; be flexible and lightweight; provide comfort and reduce heat stress; have rugged construction; be relatively easy to put on and take off; and be easy to clean, dispose of and recycle.

2. Re Reduc ducing ing uns unsafe afe act actss Unsa Unsafe fe acts acts can can be redu reduce ced d thro throug ugh h diff differ eren entt type types s of measures.

(a) Reducing unsafe acts by emphasizing emphasizing safety: It is the the supe superv rvis isor or’’s resp respon onsi sibi bili lity ty to set set the the tone tone so subordi subordinat nates es want want to work work safely. safely. This involves involves more than than talking talking up safety, ensuring that workers wipe up spills, or enforcing safety rules. It’s also necessary to show by both word and deed that safety is crucial. For example, supervisors should: • •

•

• •

Praise employees when they choose safe behaviors Liste Listen n when when emplo employe yees es offer offer safet safety y sugg sugges estio tions ns,, concerns, or complaints Be a good example by following every safety rule an procedure; Visit plant areas regularly Maintain open safety communications

17


(b)Reducing unsafe acts through selection and placement Screenin Screening g is another another way to reduce reduce unsafe unsafe acts. Here, the manager’s manager’s aim is to isolate the trait that might predict accidents on the job in question, and then screen candidates for this trait. Also, ask a few safety-related safety-related questions during the selection interview, for example, “What would you do if you saw another employee working in an unsafe way?”

(c) Reducing unsafe unsafe acts through training training Safe Safety ty trai traini ning ng is anot anothe herr way way to redu reduce ce unsa unsafe fe acts acts,, especially especially for new employee. You You should instruct them in safe practices and procedures, warn them of potential hazards, and work in developing a safety- conscious attitude.

(d)Reducing unsafe acts through motivation motivation Posters: Empl Employ oye ers use use vari variou ous s tool tools s to moti motiva vate te workers to work more safely. Safe Safety ty post poster ers s are are one. one. In one study, their use appa appare rent ntly ly incr increa ease sed d safe safe behavior by more than 20%. Howe Howeve verr, post poster ers s are are no substitute for a comprehensive safety program. Incentive programs: Incentive prog progra rams ms have have also also been been successful at reducing workpla workplace ce injuries injuries.. It include includes s giving giving employee employees s recognition awards for attending safety meetings, for identifying hazards, or for demonstrating their safety at work. Positive reinforcement programs programs:: Positive Positive reinforc reinforcemen ementt program programs s are also also impro improved ved safet safety y at work. work. The The safe safety ty prog program ram includes includes positive positive reinforcement and training. The firm set and communicated a reasonable goal (in terms of observed incidents performed safely). A training phase is next where employees receive safety information.

18


(e) Reducing unsafe acts through behavior-b behavior-based ased safety Beha Behavi vior or-b -bas ased ed safe safety ty mean means s iden identi tify fyin ing g the the work worker er behaviors that contribute to accidents and then training workers to avoid these behaviors.

(f) Reducing unsafe unsafe acts through through employee employee participation There There are two solid solid reaso reasons ns for parti partici cipat pation ion of emplo employe yees es in desig designin ning g the safety safety program program.. First, First, those those actually actually doing the jobs jobs are often often mana managem gemen ent’ t’s s best best sourc source e of ideas ideas about about what what the poten potentia tiall prob problem lems s are and how to solve them. Second, it is generally easier to get employee to accept and enthusiastically follow the safety program when they’ve had a hand in designing it.

(g) Reducing unsafe acts through audits audits and inspections Progr Program ams s for reduc reducin ing g unsaf unsafe e acts acts are are no subs substit titut ute e for for eliminating eliminating hazards. Routinely inspect all premises premises for possible possible safety and healt health h proble problems ms.. Inves Investig tigate ate all all accid acciden ents ts and and near near misse misses. s. Have Have a system in place for letting employee notify managers about hazards.

Review of research articles

Research article # 1 As discussed by the Kieran “The safety movement has been driven in some countries by the instances of major health care failures. Thes These e failu failures res are defin defined ed as brea breakdo kdown wn in healt health h care care servi services ces or

19


provision that does substantial harm to people.” Natures of major failures are Longstanding problems Well-known but not handled Cause of immense harm Lack of management system Repeated incidences • • • • •

These failures are known and deliberately ignored. The harm caused these can be immense immense and may result in huge malpractice malpractice claims by individuals. Some problems occur again and again and can be brought to light. First, an egregious event may force organization to face up to the problem and to act. Second, a staff member may raise his or her concerns within and outside the organization. Such while-blowers may expose to victim victimiza izatio tion, n, disci discipli plina nary ry actio action n or even even dismi dismissa ssal. l. Third Third persi persiste stent nt complai complaint nt or the group group of complai complains ns suffici sufficiently ently motivate motivate to make make the system system or the authoritie authorities s take notice of their their concerns concerns.. Fourth, Fourth, media attention often contributes to the discovery of major failures.

Research article # 2 The research study shows that there is a positive correlation between between impleme implementin nting g and improvin improving g occupati occupational onal health health and safety safety (H&S (H&S)) manag anagem emen entt and and worke orker’ r’s s sati satisf sfac acti tion on.. The The gara garage ge leve levell mana manage geme ment nt may affe affect ct both both indiv individu idual al work workers ers’’ subje subjecti ctive ve work work environment and the workers of each garage’s shared work environment. Internal Internal control control implies implies informin informing g the workers workers about about hazards hazards and the improvements to which they are entitled. A change in internal control is posi positi tive vely ly corr correl elat ated ed with with a chan change ge in work worker ers’ s’ sati satisf sfac acti tion on with with psychosocial psychosocial factors, H&S-related H&S-related behaviour and musculoskeletal musculoskeletal pain. Inte Intern rnal al cont contro roll appl applie ies s best best in larg larger er comp compan anie ies s beca becaus use e smal smalle ler r comp compan anie ies s do no have have a comp compre rehe hens nsiv ive e inte intern rnal al cont contro roll as larg larger er companies. It may seem that the smallest companies are more reluctant to implement internal control, perhaps because of reduced competence and motivation. A company while implementing H&S management system shou should ld consi consider der the size size and and need needs s of the the comp company any.. The posit positiv ively ely changin changing g the occupa occupation tional al health health and safety safety managem management ent i.e. i.e. interna internall control in companies may positively change worker’s satisfaction with the health and safety activities, psychological work environment and healthrelated behaviour.

Research article # 3 20


Occupa Occu pati tion onal al heal health th and and safe safety ty mana manage geme ment nt syst system em (OSHMS) has improved working conditions. Similar concepts of OSHMS are applied in different countries and industries. As the discrepancies are obvio obvious us so differ differen entt nation national al strat strateg egie ies s OSHMS OSHMS are are take taken n in Asia Asian n coun countri tries es.. There There are four four differ differen entt kinds kinds of natio national nal approac approache hes. s. (a) (a) Mand Mandat ator ory y OSHM OSHMS S (b) (b) Nati Nation onal ally ly appl applie ied d OSHM OSHMS S stan standa dard rds s (c) (c) Promotion of National OSHMS Models (d) Encouragement of voluntary occupational occupational health and safety management. management. Any OSHMS should consist of elements for (a) occupational health and safety inputs (b) Systematic risk assessment and control (c) Continual improvement. The adoption of OSHMS procedures is more in large enterprises. This is helped by public atten attentio tion n to occup occupati ationa onall healt health h and and safet safety y and and by the new natio national nal policies encouraging voluntary OSHMS as a part of employer duties. The recent recent progress progress in risk analysis analysis and self–reg self–regulat ulatory ory measure measures s through through information and training services also contribute to the spreading adoption of OSHM OSHMS. S. In acti action on-o -ori rien ente ted d risk risk mana manage geme ment nt,, we need need to adap adaptt practical procedures for identifying the relevant workplace conditions and making improvements on step-by-step basis. Practical assessment tools must be developed that can facilitate the assessment assessment of existing risks. For future, we must know the means of enabling employer and employees to act locally, locally, conducting conducting baseline baseline performance performance evaluation, evaluation, setting locally policies and goals, and promoting promoting participation at all levels. We also need to know know incide incidents nts and and caus cause e inves investig tigati ation on,, prec precede eded d with with conti continua nuall improvement and succeed in management review.

Measures and Analysis

Defining Scales For measuring purposes, the Likert scale is used in which the respondents indicate their attitudes by checking how strongly they agree or disagree with the carefully constructed statements that range from very positive to very negative toward the attitudinal object. Maximum six degree is used for this and these weights to different options options are given below: For question no. 1, 4, 7, 16, 17, 19, 21 Yes (1)

No (0)

21


For question no. 2, 5, 8, 12, 13, 14, 18, 22 All All arrang arrangem emen ents ts

just just suff suffici icien entt

few arran arrange geme ments nts

No arran arrangem gement ent

Strongly practiced

Practiced but not strongly

weakly practiced

No practice at all

Very ery much much awar aware e

Enou Enough gh awar aware e

Less Less awar aware e

Not Not awar aware e at all all

Very much

Just enough

Less

No arrangement

Weekly

Monthly

Yearly

No review

Much consultation

Not much

Less consultation

No consultation

Once in a week

Once in a month

Once in a year

Never

All are guarded

Mostly are guarded

Few are guarded

(3)

(2)

(1)

No arrangement (0)

For question no.10, 20, 25 Strongly satisfied (4)

Satisfied

Neutral

(3)

Dissatisfied

(2)

(1)

Strongly dissatisfied (0)

For question no. 15 Never (6)

Rarely (5)

Yearly (4)

Monthly (3)

Weekly (2)

Daily (1)

Measuring Responses Understanding: (a)*b means that total b numbers of respondents of a particular organization responded a. For example: In question no. 10, its mentioned (4)*4+ (3)*2+ (2)*1=24. Its means that four persons are strongly satisfied, two are satisfied and only one remains the neutral. The number in the brackets shows response as mentioned in measuring scales. So by adding all we get the total desired result.

22


Question No.

Allahwasaya Te Textile Mi Mills

Mahmood Te Textile Mi Mills

Colony Textile Mi Mills

1

(0)*7=0

(0)*7=0

(0)*7=0

2

(3)*2+(2)*2+(1)*3=13 All of the employees should be health insured and they should be properly examined by the competent doctors.

(3)*3+(2)*3+(1)*1=16

(3)*3+(2)*2+(1)*2=15

Free treatment is given to all workers.

Maintain healthy environment for all the employees.

4

(0)*7=0

(0)*7=0

(0)*7=0

5

(3)*1+(2)*4+(1)*2=13

(3)*3+(2)*3+(1)*1=16

(3)*3+(2)*1+(1)*3=14

6

Skill training & protection

Skill training

Skill training

7

(1)*7=7

(0)*7=0

(0)*7=0

8

(3)*2+(2)*2+(1)*3=13 Different skilled workers (skilled, semi skilled, non skilled) are given different types of H& S trainings.

(3)*4+(2)*1+(1)*2=16

(3)*3+(2)*2+(1)*2=15

Workers undergo 3 to 6 months training and H & S is the part of that.

In training, Workers are told about the methods of Health and safety.

(4)*4+(3)*2+(2)*1=24 First aid, transport given, shifted to hospital

(4)*2+(3)*3+(2)*2=21 First aid for minor, shifted to hospital for major

(4)*1+(3)*3+(2)*3=19 First aid is given, and taken to hospital.

12

(3)*3+(2)*1+(1)*3=14

(3)*3+(2)*2+(1)*2=15

(3)*4+(2)*1+(1)*2=19

13

(2)*0+(1)*7=7

(2)*7+(1)*0=14

(2)*7+(1)*0=14

14

(3)*3+(2)*2+(1)*2=15 (6)*1+(5)*4+(4)*2+(3)*0=3 4

(3)*2+(2)*1+(1)*4=12

15

(3)*1+(2)*5+(1)*1=14 (6)*1+(5)*2+(4)*3+(3)*1=3 1

16

(1)*7=7

(1)*7=7

(1)*7=7

17

(1)*7=7

(1)*7=7

(1)*7=7

18

(3)*7=21

(3)*7=21

(3)*7=21

19

(1)*7=7

(1)*7=7

(1)*7=7

20

(4)*5+(3)*2+(2)*1=28

(4)*2+(3)*3+(2)*2=21

(4)*4+(3)*3+(2)*0=25

21

(1)*7=7

(1)*7=7

(1)*7=7

22

(3)*1+(2)*3+(1)*3=12

(3)*3+(2)*3+(1)*1=16

(3)*2+(2)*2+(1)*3=13

23

0.1Millsion Special & mechanical exhaust

0.1Millsion

0.1Millsion Special & mechanical exhaust

(4)*3+(3)*3+(2)*1=21

(4)*3+(3)*4+(2)*0=24

3

9 10 11

24 25 Total

246

Special exhaust

257

(6)*1+(5)*3+(4)*3+(3)*0=33

(4)*3+(3)*2+(2)*2=22 250

23


Graphical Analysis Q No. 2,8

13, 30%

15, 34%

Allahwasaya Textile Mills Mehmood Textile Mills Colony Textile Mills

16, 36%

Interpretation: Mahmood textile Mills is leading in questions 2 and 8 which are related to arrangements and extent to which respondents are aware about the Health and safety. Q No.5

13, 30%

14, 33%


16, 37%

Interpretation: Mahmood Textile Mills is leading in question 5 relating to the extent to health and safety policy is in practice. Q No.10

19, 30%

21, 33%

Allahwasaya Textile Textile Mills 24, 37%

Mehmood Textile Mills Colony Col ony Textile Textile Mills

Interpretation: Allahwasaya Textile Mills is leading in question which is related to satisfaction of health and safety training.

24


Q No.12

14, 29% 19, 40%

Allahwasaya Textile Mills Mehmood Textile Mills

15, 31%

Colony Textile Mills

Interpretation : Colony textile Mills is leading in the question related to the arrangement for reporting of accidents and ill-health. Q No.13

7, 20% 14, 40%


14, 40%


Interpretation: Mahmood Textile Mills and Colony textile Mills are both having same but greater score than Allahwasaya Textile Mills in question relating to the frequency of monitoring of health and safety measures.

Q No.14

12, 29%

14, 34%


15, 37%


Interpretation: Mahmood Mahmood Texti Textile le Mills Mills consult consults s more about about health health and safety issues from the employees.

25


Q No.15

31, 32%

33, 34%


34, 34%

Interpretation: From the figure, it’s clear that accidents take place less in the Mahmood Textile Mills. Q No.20 Allahwasaya Textile Mills

25, 34%

28, 38%

Mehmood Textile Mills Colony Textile Mills

21, 28%

Interpretation: This This graph graph shows shows that that the empl employe oyees es of Allah Allahwa wasay saya a Textile Mills are more satisfied than others. Q No.22

13, 32%

12, 29%


16, 39%


Interpretation: The question question was related related to the guarding guarding of dangero dangerous us parts of machines and Mahmood Textile Mills gains the most.

26


Q No.25

21, 31%

22, 33%


24, 36%

Interpretation: The The worke workers rs of Mahmo Mahmood od Textil extile e Mills Mills show showed ed more more satisfaction relating to the overall health and safety program. Q No.16,17,18, N o.16,17,18,19,21 19,21

33.3%

33.3%


33.3%

Interpretation: The questions were related to medical and first-aid facility, no smok smokin ing g sign signs, s, test testin ing g of fire fire alar alarm m sys system, tem, prop proper er stor storag age e of flammable liquids, handing employee complaints. The all companies gain the same score. Total score

250, 33.2%

246, 32.7%


257, 34%


Interpretation: Mahmo Mahmood od Textile extile Mills Mills is lead leading ing in the overa overallll or total total score. The employees or the workers of Mahmood Textile Mills are more satisfied and valued more. So by adding all responses Mahmood Textile Mills is leading.

27


The Best Company From the whole analysis from the graphics and statical data, it is obvious that Mahmood Textile Mills is the leading company. Mahmood Textile Mills total scored 257 while Colony textile Mills and Allahwasaya Textile extile Mills scored scored 250 and 247 respecti respectively vely.. Mahmood Mahmood Textile extile Mills Mills performed well in the areas arrangements about health and safety, the extent to health and safety policy is in practice, awareness about health and safety measure, consultation with employees, frequency of accidents, guarding of dangerous parts of machines and overall satisfaction of health and safety program.

Conclusion “There is a positive correlation between implementing and improvin improving g occupat occupationa ionall health health and safety safety manageme management nt and worker’s worker’s satisfaction” as narrated by S. Torp and B.E. Moen so we can conclude from the given figures, data and results that the company which performed well has been well in implementing health and safety management and as a result the workers of that organization showed more satisfaction. The good internal control also gives and edge to the company and increases the efficie efficiency ncy and satisfac satisfaction tion level of workers workers.. “A change change in internal internal control is positively correlated with a change in workers’ satisfaction” is also narrated by the S. Torp and B.E.

Special Thanks Sakhawatullah O300-7302375 061-4233624-626 Allahwasaya Textile Textile Mills M ills Muhammad Imran 0300-6355332 Colony textile mills

28


Asif Afridi 0301-7536239 Mahmood Textile Textile Mills

Copy of Questionnaire Occupational Health & Safety Questionnaire Name: _________________ Contact: _______________________ Working As: As : Manager or Officer

Worker

Years have been spent in company: Less than one year

1.

1-5 years

More than 15 years

Do you you have have any separate separate Health Health and and safety safety departmen department? t? Yes

2.

5-10 years

No

How much much arrangem arrangements ents are are made made for Healt Health h and Safety Safety at work? work? All arrangements

just sufficient

few arrangements

No arrangements

3. What is Healt Health h and and safety safety policy policy of your your Company Company?? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________ 4.

Is there there any any Health Health and Safety Safety policy policy statem statement ent display displayed? ed? Yes

5.

No

How much much Heal Health th and safe safety ty poli policy cy is in prac practic tice? e? Strongly practiced practice at all

6.

Practiced but not strongly

weakly practiced

No

Which Which Health Health and and safety safety prevent prevention ion measur measures es do you adopt adopt?? Education

Skill training

Protection

Regulation enforcement

29


7.

Do you you keep any record record of any any workpl workplace ace injury injury and illne illness? ss? Yes

8.

No

To what extent extent you you are aware aware of Healt Health h and Safety Safety measures measures?? Very much aware

Enough aware

Less aware

Not aware at all

9. Briefly Briefly explai explain n about types types of Healt Health h and Safety Safety traini training ng given to to workers? workers? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________

10. How much are you you satisfied with with safety training training given to the the employees at work? Strongly Satisfied

Satisfied

Neutral

Dissatisfied Dissatisfied

Strongly

dissatisfied 11. What measur measures es are taken taken in the case of an an accident? accident? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________ 12. How much effective effective arrangements arrangements are there for for identification, identification, investigation, notification and reporting of accident and ill-health of employees? Very much

Just enough

Less

No arrangement arrange ment

13. How much frequently frequently does your your organization organization periodically monitor monitor or review and audit the Health and Safety measures? Weekly

Monthly

Yearly

No review

14. How much consultation consultation is made with employees employees on issues about Health and Safety? Safety? Much consultation

Not much

Less consultation

No consultation

15. How frequently do the accidents and incidents take place due to Health Health and Safety lapses? Never

Rarely

Daily

Weekly

Monthly

Yearly

16. Do you have any medical medical and firstfirst-aid aid facility facility near near by? Yes

No

17. Are NO SMOKIN SMOKING G signs posted posted where where needed? needed? Yes

No

18. Is the fire fire alarm system system teste tested d regularly? regularly? Once in a week

Once in a month

Once in a year

Never

30

Occupational Health and Safety 19. Are all flammable liquids liquids that are kept in proper storage container? Yes

No

20. How much you you are satisfied with with arrangements arrangements made for grounding grounding the metallic metallic cables and conduit systems? Strongly satisfied dissatisfied

Satisfied

Neutral

Dissatisfied Dissatisfied

Strongly

21. Do you have a procedure procedure for handling handling employee complaints complaints regarding Health Health and safety? safety? Yes

No

22. How much are all all machines or operations that expose expose operators or other employees to rotating parts, pinch parts, flying chips, particles, or sparks adequately guarded? All are guarded arrangement

Mostly are guarded

Few are guarded

No

23. How much budget is allocated allocated on Health and safety program? program? (Please Specify) __________________

24. What are the the ventilatio ventilation n control measure measuress you adopt? adopt? Local Local exhau exhaust st

Speci Special al exhaus exhaustt

Mechani Mechanical cal or genera generall exhaus exhaustt

Others(specify)___________ 25. How much are you satisfied with with the overall overall Health and safety program? Stron Strongly gly satisf satisfied ied Satis Satisfie fied d

Neutra Neutrall

Dissat Dissatisf isfied ied

Strong Strongly ly dissat dissatisf isfied ied

31

Health& Safety (HRM)

Recommend Documents