Hall 5e TB Ch14

Chapter 14—Construct, Deliver, and Maintain Systems Projects

TRU!"#$S

1. The detailed design phase phase of the Systems Development Development Life Cycle Cycle is a linear process with each of five steps occurring once and in its proper sequence. ANS ! ". #n a Computer Computer Aided Aided Software Software $ngineeri $ngineering ng %CAS$& %CAS$& environment environment'' the most important important use use of a data flow diagram is to present a graphic display of the system. ANS ! (. During maintenance maintenance of a system system developed using Computer Computer Aided Software $ngineering $ngineering %CAS$& %CAS$& tools' changes to the system are made directly through the data flow diagram. ANS T ). The Computer Computer Aided Aided Software Software $ngineering $ngineering %CAS$& coding model model transforms transforms the structure diagram into computer code. ANS T *. #f system development is conducted conducted properly' properly' most system system maintenance maintenance costs can +e eliminated. ANS ! ,. The conte-t level data flow diagram is a physical physical input to the lower CAS$ models that that automatically  produce program code. ANS ! . The design and programming programming of modern modern systems follows one one of two +asic approaches approaches the structured structured approach and the o+/ect0oriented approach. ANS T . The concept concept of reusa+ili reusa+ility ty is central central to the structured structured approach approach to systems systems design. design. ANS ! 2. #n the o+/ect0or o+/ect0orient iented ed approach approach to systems systems design' design' a vendor is an e-ample e-ample of an attri+ute. attri+ute. ANS ! 13. #n the o+/ect0oriented o+/ect0oriented approach to systems design' design' an instance instance is a logical grouping grouping of individual o+/ects which share the same attri+utes and operations. ANS !

11. #n the o+/ect0oriented o+/ect0oriented approach to systems design' design' when an operation is performed on an o+/ect' o+/ect' an attri+ute will always +e changed. ANS ! 1". #n the o+/ect0oriented approach to systems design' inheritance inheritance means that each o+/ect instance instance inherits inherits the attri+utes and operations of the class to which it +elongs. ANS T 1(. #n the o+/ect0oriented o+/ect0oriented approach to systems design' design' it is is possi+le possi+le for an o+/ect class class to inherit inherit attri+utes attri+utes and operations of another o+/ect class. ANS T 1). The entity entity relationsh relationship ip diagram diagram is used to represent represent o+/ect o+/ect0orien 0oriented ted designs. designs. ANS T 1*. 4ffice 4ffice automati automation on is more more complecomple- than than accountin accounting g pac5ages pac5ages.. ANS ! 1,. #n0house #n0house develope developed d systems systems are less less relia+le relia+le than commer commercial cial softwar software. e. ANS T 1. 4utput 4utput of the 6anagement 6anagement 7eporti 7eporting ng System may may vary considera+ considera+ly ly among companie companies. s. ANS T 1. 4utput 4utput reporting reporting includes includes +oth +oth paper paper and electro electronic nic reports. reports. ANS T 12. #nformatio #nformation n as to which data+ases data+ases are are required required for a new system can +e o+taine o+tained d from the entity entity relationship diagram. ANS T "3. A point0o point0of0sal f0salee terminal terminal is an e-ample of electroni electronicc data input from from source documen documents. ts. ANS ! "1. Correctly Correctly designed' designed' processin processing g modules are tightly tightly coupled coupled and have strong strong cohesion. cohesion. ANS ! "". A system system wal5th wal5throug rough h occurs occurs after the the system system is impleme implemented. nted. ANS !

"(. The detailed design report report is the the 8+lueprint9 8+lueprint9 which guides guides programmers programmers and data+ase data+ase administrators administrators in constructing the physical system. ANS T "). :hen a program program module is tested' +oth good and +ad data are included included with the test transactions. ANS T "*. #nstruction for for the filling filling out of paper input input forms should always always +e printed printed on a separate instruction sheet. ANS ! ",. ;rogram ;rogram modules modules with wea5 cohesion cohesion are are more complecomple- and difficul difficultt to maintain. maintain. ANS T ". #f individua individuall modules modules are thoroughly thoroughly tested tested'' it is not necessary necessary to test the whole whole system. system. ANS ! MU$T%P$ C&'%C

1. :hich :hich statem statement ent is not true< true< a. prototype prototypess do not include include intern internal al contro controll features features  +. a prototype is an ine-pensive' ine-pensive' simplified model of a system c. a throwaway throwaway prototy prototype pe is discarde discarded d after the the requireme requirements nts are esta+ esta+lish lished ed d. systems systems designers designers always always discard discard prototyp prototypes es and do not develop develop them into into finished finished systems ANS D ". :hich stateme statement nt is not true< Computer Computer Aided Aided Software Software $ngineerin $ngineering g %CAS$& technology technology a. is commer commercia cially lly availa availa+le +le softwa software re  +. reduces the productivity productivity +ut increases the the quality of the wor5 of systems systems professionals c. e-pedi e-pedites tes the the System System Deve Develop lopmen mentt Life Life Cycle Cycle d. consis consists ts of of upper upper and lower lower tool toolss ANS = (. The central central repository repository of the Computer Computer Aided Aided Software Software $ngineering $ngineering %CAS$& %CAS$& system system contains contains a. the the pro progr gram am code code  +. user prototype screens screens c. data data flow flow diag diagra rams ms d. all all of of th the a+o a+ove ve ANS D ). :hich :hich is not not a level level of of a data data flow flow diagra diagram< m< a. conc concep eptu tual al leve levell  +. conte-t level c. inte interm rmed edia iate te leve levell d. elem elemen enta tary ry leve levell

ANS A *. :hich level level of a data data flow diagram diagram is used used to produce produce program program code and and data+ase data+ase ta+les< ta+les< a. cont contee-tt leve evel  +. elementary level c. inte interm rmed edia iate te leve levell d. prot protot oty ype leve levell ANS = ,. #n a Computer Computer Aided Aided Software Software $ngineeri $ngineering ng %CAS$& %CAS$& environment environment'' a structure diagram diagram a. presents presents an an overview overview model model of of the primary primary transactio transactions ns processe processed d  +. graphically depicts the ice+erg effect effect c. presents presents a model model of the the program program code that that constitu constitutes tes the the physical physical system system d. is prep prepare ared d +y the system systemss analy analyst st ANS C . An advantage advantage of the Computer Computer Aided Aided Software $ngineering %CAS$& model model tool' which transforms transforms the structure diagram into machine language' is a. it facil facilita itates tes the the audi auditor torss review review of of the syste system m  +. it ensures that firm will will use a specific CAS$ tool and and vendor  c. it forces forces all all system system changes changes to +e made made through through the the data flow diagram diagramss d. it reduces reduces the the analysi analysiss required required in in designin designing g the system system ANS C . :hen maintaining maintaining a system that that was developed using Computer Computer Aided Aided Software Software $ngineering $ngineering %CAS$& tools' a. the programmer programmer must thorough thoroughly ly review review the program program code code  +. changes should +e made made directly to the structure structure diagram c. significa significantly ntly less less time is require required d compared compared to maintena maintenance nce activit activities ies for a system system developed without using Computer Aided Software $ngineering %CAS$& tools d. the need need for testing testing the the modified modified applica application tion is is eliminate eliminated d ANS C 2. :hich of the following following is an advantage advantage of the Computer Computer Aided Aided Software Software $ngineering $ngineering %CAS$& %CAS$& approach< a. the a+ility a+ility to to easily easily revise revise the model model during during the the developm development ent stage stage  +. the requirement that all program code and documentation documentation +e regenerated for each module module c. the cost cost of of softwa software re engin engineer eering ing prog program ramss d. user involv involvement ement is is restricte restricted d to final final stages stages of developm development ent ANS A 13. :hich of the following following is a disadvantage of the Computer Computer Aided Software $ngineering $ngineering %CAS$& approach< a. source source code produced produced +y CAS$ CAS$ tools tools is less effici efficient ent than than code written written +y a s5illed s5illed  programmer   +. alternative designs designs cannot +e reviewed prior prior to implementation c. system system users users are reluct reluctant ant to +ecome +ecome involved involved with with the the CAS$ CAS$ approach approach d. mainte maintenan nance ce cost costss are are incr increas eased ed ANS A

11. 11. :hich statem statement ent is not correct correct<< The structu structured red design design approach approach a. is a top top0d 0dow own n appr approa oach ch  +. is documented +y data data flow diagrams and structure structure diagrams c. assem+les assem+les reusa+l reusa+lee modules modules rather rather than creating creating systems systems from scratch scratch d. starts starts with an a+stract a+stract descripti description on of the system system and redefines redefines it to produce produce a more detailed detailed description of the system ANS C 1". The +enefits of the o+/ect0oriented o+/ect0oriented approach to systems design design include all of the the following following e-cept a. this approach approach does does not not require require input input from from account accountants ants and and auditors auditors  +. development time is reduced reduced c. a standard standard module module once once tested tested does does not have have to +e retest retested ed until until changes changes are made made d. system system mainte maintenanc nancee activi activities ties are simplifie simplified d ANS A 1(. #n the o+/ect0or o+/ect0orient iented ed systems systems design approach approach'' the employee employee pay rate is an e-ample e-ample of  a. an o+/ect  +. an attri+ute c. an operat ration d. a class ANS = 1). 6s. Andrews Andrews is a customer of the $dsell $dsell Company. Company. #n the the o+/ect0oriented o+/ect0oriented design approach a. 6s. Andrew Andrewss is an instan instance ce in the o+/ec o+/ectt class accoun accounts ts receiva+ receiva+le le  +. the amount 6s. Andrews Andrews owes the $dsell $dsell Company is an operation operation c. determ determini ining ng the the amount amount past past due due is an attr attri+u i+ute te d. the o+/ect o+/ect class account accountss receiva+le receiva+le inherits inherits all all the attri+utes attri+utes of 6s. 6s. Andrews Andrews ANS A 1*. #n the the o+/ect0o o+/ect0orient riented ed systems systems design design approach approach'' a. o+/ects o+/ects possess possess two charact characterist eristics>a ics>attri+ ttri+utes utes and instan instances ces  +. an instance is a logical logical grouping of individual individual o+/ects c. inheritan inheritance ce means that that each o+/ect o+/ect instance instance inherits inherits the attri+u attri+utes tes and operatio operations ns of the class to which it +elongs d. operations operations performed performed on o+/ects o+/ects always always change change attri+ attri+utes utes ANS C 1,. :hich statem statement ent is not correct correct<< #n the o+/ect0o o+/ect0orient riented ed design design approach approach a. a single single change to an attri+ attri+ute ute or operatio operation n in one o+/ect o+/ect class class is automatica automatically lly changed changed for all the o+/ect instances and su+classes that inherit the attri+ute  +. each module can inherit from other modules the attri+utes attri+utes and operations operations it requires c. the entity entity relation relationship ship diagram diagram is used used to create create a program which which can +e +e used in other other systems d. the contr control ol module module must +e recreat recreated ed for each program program ANS D 1. $valuators $valuators of of the detailed detailed feasi+i feasi+ility lity study study should should not not include include a. the the inte intern rnal al aud audit itor  or   +. the pro/ect manager 

c. a user user rep repre rese sent ntat ativ ivee d. the the syst system em des desig igne ner  r  ANS D 1. A commercial software software system that is completely completely finished' finished' tested' and ready for for implementation implementation is called a a. +ac5+ ac5+on onee sy system tem  +. vendor0supported vendor0supported system c. +ench enchm mar5 ar5 syst system em d. turn turn5 5ey syst system em ANS D 12. :hich of the the following following is not an advantag advantagee of commercial commercial software< software< Commercia Commerciall software software a. can +e +e instal installed led fast faster er than than a custo custom m system system  +. can +e easily modified to to the user?s e-act specifications specifications c. is signifi significantly cantly less e-pen e-pensive sive than than a system system develope developed d in0house in0house d. is less li5ely li5ely to have have errors errors than an equiva equivalent lent system system develop developed ed in0house in0house ANS = "3. :hich step step is least li5ely li5ely to occur when when choosing choosing a commercial commercial software software pac5age pac5age<< a. a detai detailed led review review of the the sour source ce code code  +. contact with user groups groups c. prepa preparat ration ion of a reques requestt for for propo proposal sal d. comparison comparison of the the result resultss of a +enchma +enchmar5 r5 pro+lem pro+lem ANS A "1. The output output of the detailed detailed design design phase phase of the Systems Systems Development Development Life Life Cycle %SDLC& %SDLC& is a a. fully fully docum document ented ed syste system m repo report rt  +. systems selection report report c. deta detail iled ed syst system em desi design gn repo report rt d. syst system emss analy analysi siss repo report rt ANS C "". The detaile detailed d design design report report contains contains all all of the follow following ing e-cept e-cept a. inpu inputt scre screen en form format atss  +. alternative conceptual conceptual designs c. repo report rt layou ayoutts d. proce rocess ss logic ogic ANS = "(. :hen each element of information supports supports the the user?s decision or tas5' the output is said to possess a. completeness  +. summari@ation c. conciseness d. relevance ANS D "). There is often often a conflict conflict +etwe +etween en the the attri+ut attri+utes es of  a. time timeli line ness ss and and conc concis isen enes esss

 +. accuracy and timeliness timeliness c. rele releva vanc ncee and sum summa mari ri@a @ati tion on d. comple completen teness ess and e-cep e-ceptio tions ns orient orientati ation on ANS = "*. A report of accounts accounts that are past due due has many information attri+utes. attri+utes. The most important attri+ute attri+ute is a. sum summari@ ari@at atio ion n  +. timeliness c. conciseness d. e-ce e-cept ptio ion n ori orien enta tati tion on ANS D ",. :hen hardco hardcopy py forms forms are used used as the source source for for electroni electronicc data input' input' a. a pape paperr audit audit trail trail is mainta maintaine ined d  +. economies of scale in data data collection are avoided c. inpu inputt erro errors rs are are red reduc uced ed d. a point point0of 0of0sa 0sale le termi terminal nal is is requi required red ANS A ". The most important design design element for a hardcopy hardcopy form that that is used used for electronic electronic data input is that a. the the form form is a sta stand ndar ard d ssi@ i@ee  +. the source document and the input screen are identical identical c. instru instructi ctions ons use active active voice voice d. suffi sufficie cient nt copie copiess of the form form are are prepar prepared ed ANS = ". :hich is not not true true of direct direct data data input input forms< forms< a. errors errors caus caused ed +y tran transcr script iption ion are are reduc reduced ed  +. calculations are automatically automatically performed on intelligent intelligent forms c. many data entry errors errors are detected detected and and correcte corrected d immediat immediately ely d. wor5ers wor5ers who use use direct direct data data input input forms must must +e highly highly train trained ed and s5illed s5illed ANS D "2. "2. :hich :hich statem statement ent is not true< true< a. loosely loosely couple coupled d modules modules are indepe independen ndentt of other modu modules les  +. cohesive modules perform perform a single' well0defined tas5  tas5  c. maintenan maintenance ce of of a module module with wea5 cohesion cohesion is is simple simple d. an error error made in a tightly tightly coupled coupled module module will will affect affect other other modules modules ANS C (3. Transla Translating ting the system system module moduless into into pseudo pseudocode code a. occurs occurs in the impleme implementat ntation ion phase phase of the the Systems Systems Developm Development ent Life Life Cycle  +. e-presses the detailed logic of the module in programming language c. discourage discouragess end users users from +ecomin +ecoming g actively actively involved involved in design designing ing the system system d. permits permits individua individuals ls with few technic technical al s5ills s5ills to understand understand the the logic of the module module ANS D (1. :hich statem statement ent is not true< true< A systems systems design design wal5throu wal5through gh a. is condu conducte cted d +y a quali quality ty assu assuran rance ce group group

 +. occurs /ust after system system implementation c. simulates simulates the the operatio operation n of the system system in order order to uncov uncover er errors errors and omissi omissions ons d. reduces reduces costs costs +y reducing reducing the amount amount of reprogram reprogramming ming ANS = (". System docum documentat entation ion is design designed ed for all of the the following following groups groups e-cept e-cept a. system systemss desig designer nerss and and prog programm rammers ers  +. end users c. accountants d. all of the the a+ove a+ove requir requiree systems systems documenta documentation tion ANS D ((. :hich type type of documentation documentation shows shows the detailed detailed relationship relationship of input files' files' programs' and output files< a. stru struct ctur uree dia diagr gram amss  +. overview diagram c. syst system em flow flowch char artt d. prog progra ram m flo flowc wcha hart rt ANS C (). Typical Typical conten contents ts of a run manual manual include include all of the the following following e-cept e-cept a. run schedule  +. logic flowchart c. file file requ requir irem emen ents ts d. e-plan e-planati ation on of error error messag messages es ANS = (*. Computer operators operators should should have access to all of the following following types types of documentation e-cept a. a list list of of users users who receiv receivee outpu outputt  +. a program code listing c. a list list of of all all master master file filess used used in in the the system system d. a list list of of requi required red hardwa hardware re devi devices ces ANS = (,. :hich tas5 is is not essent essential ial during during a data data conversio conversion n procedure procedure<< a. decom decompo posi sing ng the the syst system em  +. validating the data+ase data+ase c. recon reconcil ciliat iation ion of of new and old data+a data+ases ses d. +ac5in +ac5ing g up up the the origin original al files files ANS A (. :hen conver converting ting to a new system' system' which which cutover cutover method method is the the most conserva conservative< tive< a. cold cold tur5 tur5ey ey cuto cutove ver  r   +. phased cutover  c. para parall llel el oper operat atio ion n cuto cutove ver  r  d. data data coup coupli ling ng cuto cutove ver  r  ANS C (. (. :hat :hat is not not true true a+out a+out data data model modeling ing<<

a.  +. c. d.

7elations 7elationships hips are are the degree degree of assoc associati iation on +etween +etween two entities. entities. Attri+utes are data that that descri+e the characteristics characteristics or properties of entities. entities. $ntities $ntities are are resources' resources' events events'' or agents agents involved involved in the the +usiness +usiness.. 6odeling 6odeling is the tas5 tas5 of formali@i formali@ing ng the data data requiremen requirements ts of the +usiness +usiness proces processs as a  physical model.

ANS D S&'RT #(S)R 

1. sing Computer Computer Aided Aided Software Software $ngineering $ngineering %CAS$& tools' the the structure diagram can +e transformed transformed into machine code. Descri+e a disadvantage associated with this procedure. ANS Auditors need to review program code' and machine code is more difficult to review than source code. Also' this approach usually commits the company to a particular CAS$ tool and vendor while source code is accepted +y most CAS$ tools. ". sing Computer Computer Aided Aided Software Software $ngineering $ngineering %CAS$& tools' the the structure diagram can +e transformed transformed into machine code. Descri+e an advantage associated with this procedure. ANS ;rogrammers are forced to ma5e all changes through the data flow diagrams. The CAS$ tool will then modify the structure diagram and rewrite the machine code automatically. automatically. This ensures that the systems documentation always agrees with the computer code. (. :hat is is prototyp prototyping< ing< :hy :hy is it used used in systems systems develo development pment<< ANS ;rototyping is a technique for providing users with a preliminary wor5ing version of the new system that users can test. This leads to +etter understanding of user needs and system requirements. :hen used in the early stages of the SDLC' prototyping is an effective tool for esta+lishing user requirements. ). A +ottom +ottom0up 0up method method to design a new system system +y assem+li assem+ling ng reusa+le reusa+le modules modules is called  BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB  BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. B. ANS o+/ect0oriented design *. Contrast the the structured structured and o+/ect0oriented approaches to conceptual conceptual systems systems design. design. :hich is more common< ANS The structured approach develops each new system from scratch from the top down. 4+/ect0oriented design +uilds systems from the +ottom up through the assem+ly of reusa+le modules rather than creating each system from scratch. The structured approach dominates modern system design while the o+/ect0oriented approach is still an emerging concept. ,. :hat is meant meant +y 8o+/ect0orie 8o+/ect0oriented nted design< design<99 :hat does does it mean for systems systems design< design< ANS

4+/ect0oriented design refers to a 8+uilding +loc59 approach to system design which develops systems from reusa+le standard components' called o+/ects. This approach avoids starting from scratch for each new system. This saves time and e-pense for development' maintenance' and testing of s ystems. An e-ample of an o+/ect is inventory. inventory. $ach o+/ect possesses two characteristics attri+utes %part num+er' description' description' quantity on hand' . . .& and operations %reorder' replace' review quantity' quantity' . . . & . List three three advantag advantages es and one disadv disadvantag antagee of commercial commercial softwar software. e. ANS Advantages include very quic5 implementation time' relatively ine-pensive software' and relia+le' tested software. Disadvantages include not +eing a+le to customi@e the system and difficulty in modifying the software. . :hat is the the purpose purpose of the the 7equest 7equest for for ;roposal ;roposal %7!;&< ANS The purpose of the 7!; is to o+tain proposals on supplying commercial software pac5ages from various vendors. $ach prospective vendor is sent an 7!; e-plaining the nature of the pro+lem' the o+/ectives of the system' and the deadline for proposal su+mission. The 7!; includes a format for responses to facilitate a comparison of the proposals from different vendors. 2. $-plain $-plain how a +enchmar5 +enchmar5 pro+lem pro+lem is used used to measure the the performance performance of two differen differentt commercial commercial software pac5ages. ANS $ach prospective vendor is given the same data and tas5 to perform %usually important transactions or tas5s performed +y 5ey components of the proposed system&. The results of the +enchmar5 pro+lem are compared for speed' accuracy' and efficiency. efficiency. 13. Contrast the the structured structured and o+/ect0oriented approaches to conceptual conceptual systems systems design. design. :hich is more common< ANS The structured approach develops each new system from scratch from the top down. 4+/ect0oriented design +uilds systems from the +ottom up through the assem+ly of reusa+le modules rather than creating each system from scratch. The structured approach dominates modern system design while the o+/ect0oriented approach is still an emerging concept. 11. List three three characteristics characteristics that should +e considered considered when designing a hardcopy input form. form. ANS handling' storage' num+er of copies' form si@e 1". List two two techniques techniques of forms design design that encourage efficient efficient and effective effective data collection. ANS @ones and em+edded instructions 1(. 1(. :hat :hat is the the import importanc ancee of the the +ase +ase case< case< ANS

A +ase case is test data that documents how the system performed at a point in time' and it provides a reference point for analy@ing the effects of future s ystem changes. The +ase case also eases the +urden of recreating test data. 1). Descri+e Descri+e a ris5 associate associated d with the phased phased cutover cutover procedure procedure for for data conversion conversion.. ANS #ncompati+ilities #ncompati+ilities may e-ist +etween the new su+systems and the yet0to0+e replaced old su+systems. 1*. 1*. List List the attri attri+ut +utes es of outp output ut views views.. ANS relevance' summari@ation' e-ception orientation' timeliness' accuracy' completeness' conciseness 1,. :hat are are em+edded em+edded instructi instructions< ons< :hy do do they matter< matter< ANS $m+edded instructions are placed directly on the form in the @one to which they pertain. :hen contained in the form' they cannot +e lost when in the relevant @one there is less confusion. 1. :hat are are the two methods methods of electro electronic nic input< input< ow ow do they differ< differ< ANS The two +asic types of electronic input are input from source documents and direct input. The former involves the collection of data on paper that is then transcri+ed. The latter involves direct capture of data in electronic form. There is no physical record of the input. 1. Descri+e Descri+e the Cold Cold Tur5ey Tur5ey %or =ig =ig =ang& approach approach to to system cutove cutover. r. ANS nder the cold tur5ey cutover approach %also called the 8=ig =ang9 approach&' the firm switches to the new system and simultaneously terminates the old system. :hen implementing simple systems' this is often the easiest and least costly approach. :ith more comple- systems' it is the ris5iest. 12. Discuss Discuss the advantag advantagee of the parallel parallel operatio operation n cutover cutover approach. approach. ANS ;arallel operation cutover involves running the old system and the new system simultaneously for a  period of time. The advantage advantage of parallel cutover cutover is the reduction in ris5. ris5. =y running two systems' systems' the user can reconcile outputs to identify errors and de+ug errors +efore running the new system solo. "3. :hat is is the o+/ec o+/ective tive of of a post0imp post0implemen lementati tation on review< review< ANS The o+/ective post0implementation post0implementation review is to measure the success of the system and of the process after the dust has settled. SS#*

1. Descri+e at least four advantages and two disadvantages of the Computer Computer Aided Software $ngineering $ngineering %CAS$& approach. ANS

#dvanta+es of the CAS$ approach include reduced system comple-ity increased fle-i+ility in ma5ing revisions to the system model creation' comparison' and review of alternative system designs quic5er development process  prototyping promotes promotes user involvement involvement reusa+le program code and documentation reduced maintenance costs Disadvanta+es of the CAS$ approach include cost of the CAS$ tools time and cost involved with developing CAS$ e-pertise CAS$ products are incompati+le with one another  inefficient source code generated +y CAS$ tools encourages s5illed programmers to modify the code which results in discrepancies +etween the data flow diagram and the program code

". CAS$ tools develop systems systems without without the intermediate step of writing human reada+le reada+le source code. This can pose some concerns for accountants. :hat are they< ANS The a+sence of human reada+le source code has implications for accountants' auditors' auditors' and management. The first is one of control. Source code has traditionally +een part of system documentation. Auditors Auditors often design test procedures +ased on the source code. :ithout :ithout it' testing is hampered. #n addition' the a+sence of source code may tie the firm to the CAS$ tools and vendor' limiting management?s choice. (. Discuss Discuss the appropria appropriate te steps to ta5e ta5e when selecting selecting a commercial commercial softwar softwaree pac5age. pac5age. ANS :hen selecting a commercial software pac5age' the first step is to prepare a needs analysis' as detailed as the user?s technical +ac5ground permits. The second step is to send out a request for proposal' e-plaining to the vendor the nature of the pro+lem' the o+/ectives of the system' and the deadline for  proposal su+mission. su+mission. The third step step is to identify and capture capture facts a+out each vendor?s vendor?s system. These These facts come from vendor presentations %including a technical demonstration&' comparing the results of a  +enchmar5 pro+lem' o+taining o+taining information a+out a+out vendor support' support' and contacting user groups. groups. The final step is to evaluate the findings and ma5e a selection. A weighted weighted factor matri- is used to analy@e the qualitative varia+les' and the results are reported as a performanceEcost inde-. ). The Stude+a5e Stude+a5err Company is evaluatin evaluating g two proposals proposals for a commercial commercial software software pac5age. pac5age. Three relevant factors were identified and weighted. Then the evaluation team assigned raw scores from 1 to * to each factor for each vendor. ;roposal ;roposal 4ne will cost F3'333 and ;roposal Two will cost F,*'333.

:eight

;roposal 4ne

;roposal Two

Gendor support

(3

)

*

$ase of use

(3

*

)

7ange of capa+ilities

)3

*

(

Determine a composite score and a performanceEcost inde- for +oth proposals. :hich proposal proposal is the more economically feasi+le choice< ANS

The composite score is )3 for ;roposal 4ne and (23 for ;roposal Two. Two. The performanceEcost inde- is ,. for ;roposal 4ne and ,.3 for ;roposal Two. Two. =ased on this analysis' ;roposal 4ne is the more economically feasi+le proposal. *. Discuss the the advantages and disadvantages disadvantages of the the three methods methods of converting to a new system cold tur5ey cutover' phased cutover' and parallel operation cutover. ANS Cold tur5ey>This is the fastest' quic5est and least e-pensive cutover method. #t is also the most ris5y. #f the system does not function properly' there is no +ac5up system to rely on. ;hased cutover>The phased cutover avoids the ris5 of total system failure +ecause the conversion occurs one module at a time. The disadvantage of this method is the potential incompati+ilities  +etween new modules that have +een implemented implemented and old modules that have have not yet +een phased out. out. ;arallel operation cutover>This is the most time consuming and costly of the three methods' +ut it also  provides the greatest greatest security. security. The old system system is not terminated until until the new system is tested tested for accuracy. ,. :hat issues issues must must +e considered considered in in designing designing hardcopy hardcopy docum documents< ents< ANS The issues to +e considered in designing hardcopy documents relate to the physical operations of the  +usiness. andling andling designers must ta5e ta5e into account moisture' moisture' manipulation' temperature' temperature' etc. Storage where' why' environment' environment' time. Num+er of copies how many are needed' where will they +e stored' etc. !orms distri+ution sheets can help determine the num+er of copies needed. !orm si@e should +e standard unless special circumstances are involved. . :hat is the the role role of test test data< data< :hat is a +ase +ase case< case< ANS Test Test data is hypothetical data with 5nown results. The test data is run through the system to verify the  processing occurs correctly. correctly. Test Test data should test all aspects of the new system system including error capture. capture. :hen a thorough set of test data is developed' it is saved to document system performance at the time of testing. This is the +ase case. #t can therefore +e compared to results of test data after system modification. . Correctly Correctly designed designed module moduless possess possess two attri+u attri+utes. tes. Name Name and e-plain e-plain each. each. ANS Coupling measures the degree of interaction or e-change of data +etween modules. A loosely coupled module is independent of the others. 6odules with a great deal of interaction are tightly coupled. Cohesion refers to the num+er of tas5s a module performs. Strong cohesion means that each module  performs a single' well0defined well0defined tas5.