One of photogra the most famou s phs ever, this port was cap tured du ra ri manned ng the fi it rst in 1969. landing on the Moon Pictured is U Buzz Ald rin, with S astronaut walker – fellow M and pho oon tog Armstro ng and th rapher – Neil e Ea lander re flected in gle lunar his Read ou r intervie visor. w w Buzz on pp.10–11 ith .
CONTENTS This year’s edition is divided into 13 chapters, covering a vast spectrum of topics from the exploration of our universe to the latest sporting achievements. In between, [QWŨNNƒPFUWDLGEVUCUFKXGTUGCU&RTKPVKPITQDQVUFKPQUCWTUMKNNGTRNCPVU LEGO®ǡ/KPKƒIWTGUCPFOC\GU9GGZRNQTGVJGJKUVQT[QHRKQPGGTKPILQWTPG[UHTQO VJGVJǡEGPVWT[TKIJVWRVQVJGRTGUGPVFC[CPFEGNGDTCVGUQOGQH&KUPG[ŨU TGOCTMCDNGCPKOCVKQPU'NUGYJGTG[QWŨNNƒPFCEJCRVGTFGFKECVGFVQTGEQTFU that you could try for yourself at home – and another chapter EQXGTKPITGEQTFUVJCV[QWFGƒPKVGN[shouldn’t attempt! Stunning photographs: Our picture team has been travelling the world to snap the most visually striking record holders. Every edition of GWR features more than 1,000 photos – many unique to us and seen for the first time.
EDITOR’S LETTER GWR DAY FOREWORD: DR BUZZ ALDRIN INTERVIEW: CHRIS HADFIELD
4 8 10 12
SPACE
14
FACTOGRAPHIC: THE MOON EXTRASOLAR PLANETS PLUTO SPACEWALKS VOYAGER BLACK HOLES
16 18 20 22 24 26
EARTH FACTOGRAPHIC: EARTH WILD WEATHER CLOUDS BIZARRE GEOLOGY REEFS RAINFORESTS KILLER PLANTS
ANIMALS FACTOGRAPHIC: ANIMALS ANTS OCTOPUSES BIG CATS CROCODILES OWLS
2 Contents
28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42
44 46 48 50 52 54 56
Gallery: This photo-led feature offers a change of pace and gives you the chance to explore record-breaking in picture form.
MONKEYS SPIDERS DINOSAURS CATS & DOGS FANTASTIC BEASTS
HUMANS
Dateline: Running through the book, at the foot of the page, you’ll find a chronological history of the universe… in 200 records!
58 60 62 64 66
68
FACTOGRAPHIC: BODY PARTS 70 BODY MODIFIERS 72 MEDICAL MIRACLES 74 OLDEST... 76 FAMILY VALUES 78 BODY EXTREMES 80
RECORDOLOGY
82
FACTOGRAPHIC: PICTURE THIS! 84 FOOD 86 GARDEN GIANTS 88 CHOCOLATE 90 COLLECTIONS 92 MASS PARTICIPATION 94 COSPLAY 96 BIG STUFF 98 SMALLTOWN BIG STUFF 100 BALL SKILLS 102
Fun and informative: Our records are a unique mix of quirky facts and extraordinary stats that you won’t find anywhere else.
JOURNEYS
104
FACTOGRAPHIC: EVEREST EXPLORATION 1500–1970 EXPLORATION 1971–1995 EXPLORATION 1996–2005 EXPLORATION 2006–2009 EXPLORATION 2010–2015
106 108 110 112 114 116
DO TRY THIS AT HOME…
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IN YOUR KITCHEN IN YOUR BACKYARD IN YOUR BEDROOM IN YOUR GYM
DON’T TRY THIS AT HOME… VEHICLES FIRE WATER PERFORMERS
120 122 124 126
128 130 132 134 136
Annotated images: We’ve added notes to some of the more complex imagery in the book, so that you can grasp the details of what you’re seeing.
TOYS & GAMES FACTOGRAPHIC: LEGO-OLOGY TOYS & BOARD GAMES CHESS CHAIN REACTIONS ACTION FIGURES & DOLLS PUZZLES CONSTRUCTION TOYS VIDEOGAMES
ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTURE FACTOGRAPHIC: ENGINEERING DOMES WALLS MAZES WATER PARKS EPIC ENGINEERING
ARTS & MEDIA FACTOGRAPHIC: MOVIE MONEY ART SALES SHAKESPEARE
138 140 142 144 146 148 150 152 154
156
158 160 162 164 166 168
170 172 174 176
FAST FACTS The GWR book was the result of a question: “Which is the fastest game bird in Europe?” (The answer: the red-breasted merganser and the eider) • The first edition went on sale in 1955 • It’s the world’s biggest-selling annual book
Factographics: Each chapter kicks off with a special new feature that explores a topic visually. Facts and figures are given context with the help of spectacular photography and helpful infographics.
Fast Facts: Bite-sized info that relates to the pages you’re on at the time.
Tape measure: Wherever you see this icon, you’re looking at a record holder shown at its actual size or scaled up.
100%
MUSIC MOVIES DISNEY TV VIDEO
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY FACTOGRAPHIC: SCI-FI VS SCIENCE 3D PRINTING CONSUMER TECH ROBOTS SMALL STUFF LASERS CUTTING-EDGE SCIENCE
SPORTS FACTOGRAPHIC: SPORT’S BIG HITTERS AMERICAN FOOTBALL / BASEBALL BASKETBALL / ICE HOCKEY BOXING / MARTIAL ARTS CRICKET / GOLF EXTREME SPORTS / STREET SPORTS
178 182 184 186 188
190
192 194 196 198 200 202 204
206 208 210 212 214 216 218
Do Try This At Home: Don’t just read about records, break them! This interactive chapter offers up dozens of record ideas you can try from the comfort of your bedroom, kitchen, garden or gym. Go on, have a go!
AUTO SPORTS / CYCLING RUGBY / TENNIS CLUB SOCCER / INTERNATIONAL SOCCER TRACK / FIELD SWIMMING / WATER SPORTS SPORTS ROUND-UP ATHLETICS: TRACK / ULTRA ATHLETICS / CYCLING DIVING / ICE SKATING SWIMMING WEIGHTLIFTING / SPORTS MARATHONS / WATERSKIING
220 222 224 226 228 230 232 234 236 238 240
X GAMES 125TH ANNIVERSARY OF BASKETBALL INDEX ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, PICTURE CREDITS & COUNTRY CODES CONTRIBUTORS STOP PRESS
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EDITOR’S LETTER C
ompiling the world’s best-selling annual book is made all the more challenging by having to decide what to leave out. Once again, over the past year we’ve seen about 1,000 people a week make claims…and although only a small percentage of these applicants make it through to becoming QHƒEKCN)WKPPGUU9QTNF4GEQTFUVKVNGJQNFGTUVJGTGCTGUVKNNVQQOCP[PGYTGEQTFUVQNKUVKPVJGDQQMБ This year, the decision of what to include was made a little easier by focusing on one particular aspect of record-breaking. In Guinness World Records 2017, you’ll ͤQGDVSHFLDOHPSKDVLV on space exploration and astronaut pioneers. The news has lately been awash with remarkable stories about space and physics, so it seemed an obvious choice of theme. :H̵YHVHHQFRQͤUPDWLRQ of gravitational waves (see p.204), extraordinary images from the New Horizons ͥ\E\RI3OXWR SS̰
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DQGSS̰ DQGHYHQ the ̨UVWHVSUHVVREUHZHG RQWKHInternational Space Station (ISS SS̰ This year, there were a UHFRUGDSSOLFDWLRQV for NASA’s astronaut programme. Clearly, there is a fascination with space travel not seen since the V6SDFH6KXWWOHHUD To help us with our out-of-this-world theme, we sought out some UHPDUNDEOHDVWURQDXWV̰ people who really know about pushing the limits of what’s possible. I’ve had the pleasure of interviewing astronauts before, but nothing could compare to meeting with Moon pioneer and Mars enthusiast
Buzz Aldrin. I’m honoured that Buzz has provided this \HDU̵VIRUHZRUG SS̰ It was also a thrill to meet with Commander &KULV+DGͤHOG̰EHVWNQRZQ for his “Space Oddity” YLGHRͤOPHGRQWKHISS. Chris is one of the most LQVSLUDWLRQDOͤJXUHVDQGKLV 4 $ SS̰ LVDPXVW read for anyone wanting to become a record holder. Charlie Bolden, another former astronaut and now the NASA Administrator, also provided words of wisdom on the importance of record-breaking for pushing the boundaries (opposite). And we spoke WR6DPDQWKD&ULVWRIRUHWWL̰ creator of that ISS espresso ̰DERXWKHUUHFRUGIRUWKH ORQJHVWWLPHLQVSDFHE\ DZRPDQ$QGͥRDWRYHU WRS IRUDFKDWDERXW UHGXFHGJUDYLW\WUDYHO̰ZLWK OK Go’s Damian Kulash. His band made a one-take video RQD̸YRPLWFRPHW̹
Most game shows produced #UQHǡ/CT*CTT[(TKGFOCP 75# JCFRTQFWEGF ǡICOGUJQYGRKUQFGUUVCTVKPIYKVJThe Hollywood SquaresKP*KUYQTMQPOQTGVJCPǡGRKUQFGU of Jeopardy!CPFWheel of FortuneJCUCNUQIKXGPJKOVJG most Emmy award wins by a game show producer
The joy of Guinness World Records, though, is that we monitor superlative achievements across all activities. In addition to 6SDFH S ZHKDYH FKDSWHUVRQ3ODQHW(DUWK
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BLINDFOLDED SPORTS STARS
DATELINE
On 5 Nov 2015 in Phoenix, Arizona, Thunder Law (USA, left) of the Harlem Globetrotters celebrated GWR Day by achieving the longest basketball shot blindfolded: 69 ft 6 in (21.18 m). At the same event, “Big Easy” Lofton (USA) performed the farthest basketball hook shot blindfolded: 50 ft 3.5 in (15.32 m). Both records were later broken by, respectively, Cody Jones and Garrett Hilbert of Dude Perfect (USA) – see p.7. On 5 Feb 2016, Indianapolis Colts punter and part-time comedian Pat McAfee (below), with Nate Boyer (both USA) holding the ball, scored the farthest American football field goal blindfolded: 40 yd (36.5 m). This record was coordinated by NFL Network on the Friday before Super Bowl 50. GWR’s Alex Angert presented Pat with his certificate on camera, declaring him “Officially Amazing!”
13,700 MYA 4 Editor’s Letter
Largest explosion ever The Big Bang occurs. It is the source of all matter and energy in the universe, and of time itself. One second after this event, the temperature is around 1032 kelvin – the highest temperature ever.
FAST FACTS The first ever record listed in The Guinness Book of Records (1955) was the remotest known bodies: extra-galactic nebulae 1 billion light years away • The current record is now 13 times farther away, at 13.4 billion light years
EXPLORING SPACE
1. GWR Editor-in-Chief Craig Glenday poses for selfies with Moon pioneer Buzz Aldrin…
Space travel is a relatively new venture for us homo sapiens – it was only in 1961 that Yuri Gagarin became the first human in space – and records are being broken all the time. Indeed, setting ambitious, almost-impossible targets is an inherent part of being a space pioneer, so any hopeful record holder would do well to hear what these iconic figures have to say. Throughout this year’s book, you’ll find words of wisdom from some superlative astronauts, among them Buzz Aldrin, Chris Hadfield and Al Worden (all pictured right). We were also honoured to hear from NASA Administrator – and former astronaut – Charlie Bolden:
“At NASA, we’ve been leading the world in historic firsts, from the first nation to successfully land on the Red Planet, to the first humans to land and walk on the Moon, to the first reusable spacecraft, nearly 16 years of continuous habitation aboard the International Space Station, and recordshattering science missions with incredible space observatories that peer into other galaxies and spacecraft that travel to the farthest reaches of the Solar System. Now we’re on a human journey to Mars and astronauts continue to break their own records for time spent in space, and we’re developing cutting-edge new technologies as we learn to live and work in orbit and travel farther, not just to visit but to stay.”
2. ...and Chris Hadfield 3. GWR science consultant David Hawksett presents two certificates to Apollo 15’s Al Worden.
1
2
3
Charles Bolden, NASA Administrator
Justin Bieber
6
JUMPING AND DUNKING 1Pǡ5GRƒXGI[OPCUVUHTQO 6GCO6WTDQ&WPM 75# CEJKGXGF VJGmost basketball slam dunks by a team using a trampoline in one minute
HIGH JUMP 1P5GR/KEJCGN/GPC 75# XGVGTCPQHGZVTGOGRQIQGZRNQKVU DGCVJKUQYPTGEQTFHQTVJG highest forward flip pogo stick jump ǡHVǡKP ǡO
%QKPEKFGPVCNN[QPǡ5GRFWTKPIū$TGCM+V 61&#;ŬYGGM%CPCFKCPRQRUWRGTUVCT,WUVKP $KGDGTTGVWTPGFVQTODAYŤUKZ[GCTUCHVGTJKU OQTPKPIVGNGXKUKQPFGDWVQPVJGUJQYŤCU VJGƒPCNKPUVCNOGPVQHVJGKT5WOOGT%QPEGTV 5GTKGU+PVJGUCOGYGGMVJGUKPIGTJCF CEJKGXGFVJGTGEQTFHQTVJGyoungest male solo artist to debut at No.1 on the Billboard Hot 100 ǡ[GCTUǡFC[U YKVJJKUū9JCV &Q;QW/GCP!ŬUKPING5QVJGTGEQTFDTGCMKPI YGGMYCUECRRGFQHHYKVJCUWTRTKUG)94 RTGUGPVCVKQPVQVJGUVCTQPVJGUJQY
DANCIN’ IN THE STREET 0GY;QTM%KV[ŨU2/6&CPEGǡ5VWFKQ URGPVƒXGFC[UEJQTGQITCRJKPI CPKPETGFKDNGǡRGQRNGHQTVJG largest streetdance performance KPVJG4QEMGHGNNGT2NC\CQPǡ5GR
WATERSLIDING (GCVWTGFQPVJGTODAYUJQYQP ǡ,WNVJGlongest inflatable water slideEQOOKUUKQPGFD[VJG EJCTKV[.KXG/QTG#YGUQOG 0< OGCUWTGFǡHV ǡO
Oldest known galaxy Galaxy GN-z11 has formed. It will be discovered in Mar 2016 by astronomers using the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. Its redshift – which is used to measure the distance to galaxies – is 11.09.
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DATELINE
QNCWPEJGuinness World Records 2016YGRCTVPGTGFYKVJ0$%ŨU TODAYHQTCYGGMQHTGEQTFDTGCMKPI $GIKPPKPIQPǡ5GRū$TGCM+V 61&#;ŬUCYFCKN[NKXGCEVKQPHTQO 4QEMGHGNNGT2NC\CKP0GY;QTM%KV[*QUVU0CVCNKG/QTCNGUCPF 9KNNKG)GKUVUJQYGFVTWGTGEQTFDTGCMKPIURKTKVKPCVVGORVKPI VJGmost water balloons caught and held in one minuteŤYKVJ GPVGTVCKPKPITGUWNVUБ5GGVJTGGQHVJGTGEQTFUDTQMGPDGNQY .CVGTKPVJG[GCT)94CPFTODAYVGCOGFWRHQTCPGXGPVFWDDGF 4QMGTVJQP1PG[GCTCHVGTIKXKPIVJGlongest uninterrupted live weather report ǡJT TODAYYGCVJGTOCP#N4QMGTCEJKGXGFC PGYTGEQTF DGNQY CTTKXKPIJQOGKPVTKWORJVQ0GY;QTM%KV[
EDITOR’S LETTER ? U KNOwW DID YOea ) was (see belo
id Rebecca’s in space. her interest by ed ir sp with in ed at in sc fa s “I was alway planet f ar dw a use it is ght it Pluto beca ou th I e p.21]. So e [or is it? Se uto. I chos Pl to go to ol me up would be co co to ve lo I e a rap becaus anted es, and I w with rhym .” to be unique
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Marc Anthony
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1Pǡ(GDKP0GY;QTM%KV[)94ŨU#OCPFC/QEJCP RTGUGPVGF/CTE#PVJQP[ 75# YKVJCEGTVKƒECVGHQTCEJKGXKPI VJGOQUV[GCTGPFDGUVUGNNKPICNDWOUQPVJG756TQRKECN Albums chart by a solo artist ŤHQTDesde un Principio: (TQOǡVJG$GIKPPKPI Libre CPF3.0 WHAT’S NEW? New chapters this year include Do Try This at +RPH S HDV\WR attempt record ideas using KRXVHKROGLWHPV̰DQG
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Look out, too, for the chapter we’re calling 5HFRUGRORJ\ S ZKLFK focuses on the classic GWR pastimes of, among other things, eating, collecting, growing giant vegetables and building big things. And there’s a special history of -RXUQH\V S ZKLFK takes a chronological look at the story of humanity’s need to explore the planet DQGEH\RQGIURP(DUWK̵V deepest point to our nearest Solar System neighbours. Another new feature is Dateline, which runs along the foot of most pages. This is effectively a history
Largest game of catch (baseball/softball)
DATELINE
/CLQT.GCIWG$CUGDCNN /.$ CPFVJG%KPEKPPCVK4GFURNC[GFCICOGQHECVEJEQPUKUVKPIQHǡRCKTUCVVJG2)%KPEKPPCVK /.$ǡ7TDCP;QWVJ#ECFGO[KP%KPEKPPCVK1JKQQPǡ,WN/.$NGIGPF&CXG2CTMGTYJQEQWPVGFFQYPVJGCVVGORVTGEGKXGF VJG)94EGTVKƒECVGKPEQPƒTOCVKQPQHVJGCEJKGXGOGPV6JGGXGPVRTGUGPVGFD[%JGXTQNGVYCURCTVQH/.$ŨU2NC[$CNNKPKVKCVKXG VQǡGPICIG[QWPIRGQRNGYKVJDCUGDCNNCPFNCWPEJGFVJG#NN5VCTYGGM$QVJRTQHGUUKQPCNRNC[GTUCPFJWPFTGFUQH[QWPI HCPUHTQOGKIJVVQ[GCTUQNFRCTVKEKRCVGF
13,000 MYA 6 Editor’s Letter
+PHCNN)WKPPGUU9QTNF 4GEQTFURCTVPGTGFYKVJ $[-KFU(QT-KFU $-(- VQETGCVGVJGū4GEQTFU QHVJG(WVWTGŬEJCNNGPIG 6QVCMGRCTVMKFUJCFVQ ETGCVGCUQPIRQGOUJQTV GUUC[TCRRQUVGTQTXKFGQ CDQWVCTGEQTFVJG[YQWNF NKMGVQUGVQTDTGCMKPVJG PGZVǡ[GCTU6JGYKPPGT YCU[GCTQNF4GDGEEC 6JQTPVQP CDQXG HTQO 9KUEQPUKPHQTJGTTCRCDQWV DGEQOKPIVJGyoungest person to visit Pluto of the universe condensed into just 200 records. It’s no easy task to sum up the VWRU\RIWKHSDVWELOOLRQ years in 200 entries, so this is our review of history as seen through the lens of the superlative, from the ODUJHVWH[SORVLRQ ̰WKH%LJ%DQJ̰WR the aforementioned ̨UVWFRQ̨UPDWLRQRI JUDYLWDWLRQDOZDYHV LQ,̵PVXUH you might disagree with some choices, but we hope this feature will stimulate discussion and get you thinking about history. Gallery pages this year JLYHRXU3LFWXUH(GLWRUVWKH chance to showcase some of the best photography. We’ve got galleries covering topics from Videogames SS̰ DQG'LVQH\ UHFRUGV SS̰ WR &ORXGV SS̰ DQG 'RPHV SS̰ 7KH book is peppered with awesome images from our roving photographers, who’ve toured the world to illustrate our remarkable record holders.
Oldest planet An extrasolar planet in the globular cluster M4 forms some 5,600 light years from Earth. It is more than twice as old as the Solar System, and its discovery will be announced in Jul 2003.
FAST FACTS The USA is the third largest country by size (after Russia and Canada) and population (more than 323,000,000, behind China and India) • Alaska is the largest state, purchased from Russia in 1867 for $7.2 m
Guinness World Records LIVE! ;QWECPDTGCMCTGEQTFQPVJGURQVCV)94.+8'БRGTOCPGPVN[ NQECVGFCVVJG)WKPPGUU9QTNF4GEQTFUCVVTCEVKQPKP*QNN[YQQF %CNKHQTPKC1Pǡ5GR-ƒTCPF;QUUK5COCPC DQVJ+54 CDQXGNGHV FKFLWUVVJCVYKVJVJGfastest time to bounce a ping RQPIDCNNKPVQƒXGRKPVINCUUGU VGCOQHVYQ ǡUGE )94.+8'БGXGPVUCTGCNUQJGNFYQTNFYKFGGXGT[[GCT1Pǡ,WN CV/KPGEQPKPHTQPVQHCPKPVGTPCVKQPCNCWFKGPEGQHMinecraft HCPU,CMG'FYCTFU 7-CDQXGTKIJVKPDNWG DWKNVVJGmost sandcastles in three minutes on Minecraft: Pocket Edition Sports fans will notice a new approach to the ͤQDOFKDSWHURIWKHERRN this year. We’ve decided to focus exclusively on all the PRVWUHFHQWDQGVLJQLͤFDQW achievements from a range of events, presented as a series of single-page
features. If it’s classic sporting superlatives you’re after, just turn to the back for Sports Reference, which lists absolute records across many different sports.
The last new feature to mention is Factographics. A spread at the start of each chapter explores one aspect of record-breaking in more detail, using photography and graphics to tell the story behind the records. Among the topics covered are the Moon SS̰ 0RXQW(YHUHVW SS̰ WKHFXUUHQW WRSWDOOHVWEXLOGLQJV SS̰ DQGWKH ͤQDQFLDOVLGHRIWKHPRYLH SS̰ DQGVSRUWV SS̰ LQGXVWULHV A big thank-you to all our consultants who’ve contributed to this year’s book, especially those PDNLQJWKHLU*:5GHEXW cruciverbalists Will Shortz and John Henderson, Shakespeare expert Stuart Hampton-Reeves, chess HQWKXVLDVW-DPHV3UDWWDQG cyberneticist Rohan Mehra. $QGͤQDOO\WKDQNVWRWKH thousands of claimants who applied this year. I hope you agree that it all makes for the most fascinating read…
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Longest career as a sports broadcaster for a single team #UQHǡ5GR8KP5EWNN[ 75# JCFDGGPDTQCFECUVKPIHQT VJG.QU#PIGNGU&QFIGTUHQTǡ[GCTUǡFC[U*GDGICPJKU ECTGGTYKVJVJGVJGP$TQQMN[P&QFIGTUQPǡ#RTCPFOQXGF VQ.QU#PIGNGUYKVJVJGVGCOHQTVJGUGCUQP
DUDE PERFECT On 30–31 Mar 2016, Dude Perfect had 10 basketball records filmed for their YouTube channel, with GWR’s Michael Empric adjudicating. These included the longest basketball shot blindfolded (71 ft; 21.64 m), by Cody Jones; farthest basketball hook shot blindfolded (55 ft; 16.7 m), by Garrett Hilbert; longest trampoline basketball shot performing a forward flip (72 ft; 21.9 m), by Tyler Toney; and farthest basketball bounce shot (91 ft 2 in; 27.7 m), by Cory Cotton.
Longest career as a TV judge (court room)
Greatest impact on Earth A planet the size of Mars collides with the young Earth. Some of the debris from this cataclysm goes into orbit around Earth and collects together under its own gravity to form the Moon.
4,500 MYA guinnessworldrecords.com 7
DATELINE
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GWR DAY You could say that every day is Guinness World Records Day, with records being attempted and achieved by someone, somewhere, at any moment. #PF[QWŨFDGTKIJV1WTFGFKECVGF)94&C[VJQWIJYCUƒTUVUVCIGFKPVQ mark our 50th anniversary and is an international celebration of records and TGEQTFDTGCMKPI6JGGXGPVJGNFKP0QXGODGTGCEJ[GCTVJTQYUCURQVNKIJVQP VJGVJQWUCPFUQHRGQRNGYJQEJQQUGVJKUFC[VQOCMGVJGKTCVVGORVUCPFVJGNCVGUV)94&C[UCY OQTGVJCPRCTVKEKRCPVUVCMGRCTVKPLWUVQPGTGEQTFCVVGORVCNQPGHQTVJGmost people sport stacking in multiple venues. Featured here are some of the QVJGTUWEEGUUHWNCVVGORVUOCFGVQOCTM)94&C[Ų
Most pine boards broken in one minute (female) GWR Day in Australia was featured live on the Today show, and Summerly Denny (AUS) rose to the occasion, DTGCMKPIǡRKPGDQCTFUCVVJG1N[ORKE 2CTMKP5[FPG[5WOOGTN[CVVGORVGF the record in order to raise awareness of cancer research; her father Glenn %QZQPŤYJQJCRRGPUVQJQNFVJGTGEQTF for the most pine boards broken in one minute (male) – had recently undergone treatment for stage-four cancer.
Farthest basketball hook shot blindfolded In one of seven records broken by the Harlem Globetrotters (USA) on GWR Day 2015 (see Ball Skills), “Big Easy” Lofton PGVVGFCDCNNHTQOǡHVǡKP ǡO CV6CNMKPI5VKEM4GUQTV #TGPCKP2JQGPKZ#TK\QPC6GCOOCVGū*COOGTŬ*CTTKUQPOCFG the longest underhand basketball shot ǡHVǡKP ǡO Most people sport stacking in multiple venues The 10th annual World Sport Stacking Association STACK UP! proved, once again, to be the most attended Guinness World Records Day attempt. A total of 618,394 stackers – representing 2,691 schools and organizations
LONGEST HUMAN TUNNEL SKATEBOARDED BY A DOG Otto the skateboarding dog has perfected the art of whizzing through an arch of human legs, tilting and weaving to avoid mishaps. No surprise, then, that the English bulldog wowed fans in Lima, Peru, by skimming through a tunnel of 30 people for GWR Day. Otto’s proud owners, Luciana Viale and Robert Rickards, were inspired to choose a bulldog after watching videos of former record star Tillman, another skateboarding bulldog. Otto is also a talented surfer.
8 GWR Day
from 31 countries – took part in the record, which challenges as many people as possible to participate in sport stacking. This relatively new sport requires people to stack and destack specially designed plastic cups. Attendance numbers varied, from the USA’s 547,777 participants to the Philippines’ 35, but everyone was a winner! Fastest 100 m running on all fours GWR Day clearly motivated Kenichi Ito (JPN) to regain a record that he had held until 2013. After studying the locomotion of patas monkeys, Ito worked out how best to run 100 m on all fours in the fastest possible way, clocking a new time of 15.71 sec in Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan. Fastest tennis ball caught Anthony Kelly (AUS) – a martial artist and Australia’s most decorated Guinness World Records title holder – demonstrated KLVOLJKWQLQJUHͥH[HVRQ the Today show for GWR Day. At the Olympic Park in Sydney, Anthony caught DWHQQLVEDOOͤUHGIURP a machine at a distance of 6 m (19 ft 8 in). It was travelling at a scorching 119.86 mph (192.9 km/h) – a painful but impressive feat that brought his record total to 41.
FAST FACTS YouTube rap star Dan Bull wrote an inspirational GWR song to encourage everyone attempting records on the day • Sport stacking is the most popular GWR Day activity: to date, more than 3.7 million people have taken part
MASS PARTICIPATION GWR Day is the day to gather friends, family, colleagues or classmates to try for a listing in our book. Here are some of the group effort records that were set for GWR Day in the past (some have since been broken): PEOPLE RECORD
COUNTRY/YEAR
Most people sport stacking – OWNVKǡXGPWG
USA, 2015
Largest line dance – multi venue
China, 2014
Most children reading with an adult UAE, 2008 Largest computer class – multi venue
India, 2006
1,554 Largest wheelbarrow race
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Largest game of leapfrog
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882 Largest sports lesson
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Largest gathering of people wearing bobble hats
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Most people flapping simultaneously
USA, 2012
Largest gathering of ABBA
DCPFU impersonators
Fastest time to type a text message (SMS) on a mobile phone while performing head spins He may have several breakdance records to his name, but it was by WH[WLQJWKDW%HQHGLNW Mordstein (DEU) secured his latest world record. While maintaining a head spin, Mordstein typed out DVHYHQZRUGWH[W̰WKH German proverb “Ein EOLQGHV+XKQͤQGHWDXFK ein Korn” (“Even a blind hen VRPHWLPHVͤQGVWKHFRUQ̹ – doing so in just 56.65 sec in Freising, Germany.
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Australia, 2011
Largest lipstick sculpture On 10 Nov 2015, Agnè Kišonaitè (LTU) revealed her glamorous Lipstick Tower, built from 18,399 lipsticks. Agnè was sponsored by wtc more (HKG) to make a Christmas sculpture for
Alastair (rig for the orld record absolute w He slid . rk pa l ralle tightest pa rking pa a 0c into his Fiat 50 ere 7.5 cm m a as w space that e car itself ider than th (2.95 in) w rnational te In port at the Autos , UK, gh rmin am show in Bi 15. 20 n Ja 8 on
Largest gathering of people dressed as penguins 5OCUJKPIVJGKTRTGXKQWUTGEQTFQH4KEJCTF*QWUG%JKNFTGPŨU*QURKEG 7- ICVJGTGF RCTVKEKRCPVUHQTVJGKT2GPIWKP9CFFNGGXGPV6JG[UGEWTGFVJGVKVNGKPCUWPMGP CORJKVJGCVTGŤVJG5EQQRCV/QTG.QPFQPCTVUXGPWGQP.QPFQPŨU5QWVJ$CPM5VCHH HTQOVJGJQURKEGKPKVKCVGFVJGGXGPVVQRWDNKEK\GCPFTCKUGHWPFUHQTVJGKTEJCTKV[YJKEJ RTQXKFGUENKPKECNCPFTGUKFGPVKCNECTGHQT[QWPIRCVKGPVUCPFUWRRQTVHQTVJGKTHCOKNKGU
their shopping mall, and she spent two months developing the 3.03-m-tall (9-ft 11-in) tower. Most lit candles held in the mouth In honour of GWR Day 2015, Dinesh Shivnath Upadhyaya (IND) beat his own personal EHVWE\VWXͦQJEXUQLQJ candles into his mouth. He continued the “mouth” theme with the most toothpicks rotated in the mouth
simultaneously (49), the most matchsticks extinguished with the tongue in one minute (30), and the most grapes stuffed in the mouth (88). Most pull-ups in 24 hours Marine Corps veteran Guy Valentino (USA) completed 5,862 pull-ups in New York, USA, live on television in
honour of both Guinness World Records Day and Veterans Day (11 Nov). 7KHͤWQHVVHQWKXVLDVW surpassed the previous record of 5,801 pull-ups with a nail-biting 12 min to go. Most hula-hoops spun %UHH.LUN%XUQQDQG $86 whirled into the record books by keeping 181 hulahoops spinning in Perth, Australia. She held the record for 10 days before it was reclaimed by previous holder Marawa Ibrahim (AUS), with 200 hoops!
Tightest parallel park in reverse $TKVKUJUVWPVFTKXGTCPFOWNVKRNGTGEQTFJQNFGT#NCUVCKT/QHHCVV YCUQPRGCMHQTOCV$TQQMNCPFUKP9G[DTKFIG5WTTG[7-YJGP JGCVVGORVGFCRCTCNNGNRCTMŲKPTGXGTUG&TKXKPICENCUUKE/KPK JGCEEGNGTCVGFDCEMYCTFUVQǡORJ ǡMOJ VJGPRWNNGFQHH CJCPFDTCMGVWTPURKPPKPICHWNN° and, in one seamless OCPQGWXTGUNKFKPIDGVYGGPVYQRCTMGF/KPKU6JGURCEGJG UNQVVGFǡKPVQYCUCOGTGǡHVǡKP ǡEO NQPIGTVJCPVJGECT JGǡYCUFTKXKPIDTGCMKPIVJGGZKUVKPIYQTNFTGEQTF $TQQMNCPFUVJGDKTVJRNCEGQH$TKVKUJOQVQTURQTVQRGPGF KPǡCPFYCUVJGƒTUVRWTRQUGDWKNVOQVQTTCEKPIEKTEWKV.
guinnessworldrecords.com 9
FOREWORD: DR BUZZ ALDRIN The children born between the years 2000 and 2010 will be the ones making the first landings on Mars. And it’s those kids that we would like to ensure are enthusiastic about the future… Dr Buzz Aldrin, lunar explorer and space pioneer This edition of Guinness World Records takes as its inspiration two major themes of record-breaking: the conquest of space and pioneering adventures. And there is no one alive on (DUWKWRGD\PRUHTXDOLͤHG to introduce these concepts than Dr Buzz Aldrin. A space scientist, astronaut and educator, Buzz occupies the space where these two worlds collide. +HLVWKHYHU\GHͤQLWLRQRI a space pioneer, holding records for, among other things, taking the ƒTUV UGNƒGKPQRGPURCEG and, of course, for his central role in the ƒTUVOCPPGFNCPFKPI QPǡVJGǡ/QQP. During a trip to London to launch his book – Welcome to Mars: Making a Home on the Red Planet (2015) – Dr Aldrin met with GWR to receive his world record FHUWLͤFDWHV,QDQH[FOXVLYH interview with Editor-inChief Craig Glenday, Buzz talked about his superlative achievements and his determination for humanity to reach our planetary neighbour.
“DR RENDEZVOUS” Colonel Buzz Aldrin – born Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr – was known to his NASA colleagues as “Dr Rendezvous”. He was the first of the NASA astronauts to have a doctorate – in Buzz’s case, in orbital dynamics – and his pioneering research and techniques on docking spacecraft in orbit are still employed today. A keen scuba diver, he also championed underwater training techniques to simulate the zerogravity environment encountered during spacewalks. Upon his return from the Moon, Buzz was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and, in 2011, the Congressional Gold Medal. He continues to advocate space travel, and inspires a new generation of astronauts with his best-selling books and his commitment to education.
10 Foreword
(KTUVOCPPGFNWPCTNCPFKPI Apollo 11 saw Buzz (Lunar Module Pilot) and Neil Armstrong
%QOOCPFGT OCMGVJGƒTUVJWOCPNCPFKPIQPVJGUWTHCEGQH the Moon – in the Eagle – at 20:18 UTC on 20 Jul 1969. While /KEJCGN%QNNKPUQTDKVGFKPVJG%QOOCPF/QFWNG0GKNCPF$W\\ DGECOGVJGƒTUVJWOCPUVQUGVHQQVQPVJG/QQPŨUUWTHCEGŤ 0GKNǡCV 76%QP,WNHQNNQYGFD[$W\\CV
FAST FACTS Buzz got his name from his sister, who mis-pronounced “brother” as “buzzer” • He changed his name legally to Buzz in 1988 • His mother’s maiden name was Marion Moon • MTV named their Video Music Award statue “Buzzy” after him
and computers. You need the arts involved, so a number of us are calling [for] “S.T.E.A.M.” education: Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, Mathematics. We want to keep up with things, just like Guinness World Records wants to keep up with the latest records that are being set.
(KTUVUGNƒGKPQRGPURCEG 1P0QXFWTKPIVJG)GOKPKOKUUKQP$W\\UVCTVGF VJGUGEQPFQHJKUVJTGGURCEGYCNMU&WTKPIVJGJTOKP VGVJGTGFYCNMKPQRGPURCEGJGVQQMRJQVQUQHVJGXKUKDNGUVCT ƒGNFUDWVCNUQVWTPGFVJGECOGTCQPJKOUGNHVQVCMGVJGƒTUV UGNHRQTVTCKVKPQRGPURCEG ū+LWUVQRGPGFVJGJCVEJCPFNQQMGFCTQWPFŬUCKF$W\\ ūLWUVǡNKMGCUKIJVUGGKPIVQWTKUVYQWNF+UCYVJGECOGTCCPF VJQWIJVŧ+YQPFGTYJCVYQWNFJCRRGPKH+VQQMCRKEVWTGQHOGŨ not knowing whether it would turn out at all! The lighting was PQVVQQYGNNUGNGEVGFDWV[QWEQWNFVGNNYJQKVYCUŬ %TCKI 9J[FKF[QWEJQQUG VQYTKVGCDQQMCDQWV/CTU! $W\\ ,ZURWHLWEHFDXVH ,WKLQNWKHLGHDRID transportation system between the Earth and WKH0RRQWKDW,KDG been working on was LQWHUHVWLQJIRUH[SORUHUV Or for adventure-travel tourism. But NASA wasn’t LQWHUHVWHGLQWKDW6R, shifted my attention to a unique transportation system between Earth and Mars. Mars is our IXWXUH̰DOWKRXJK,ZRQ̵W be around long enough to see it all happening! %TCKI 9JGPYKNNYGDGCDNG VQNCPFǡCJWOCPQP/CTU! $W\\ ,WKLQNDWDURXQG 2040. This is two decades from the celebratory date of 20 Jul 2019 – 50 years from reaching the Moon.
%TCKI *QYNQPIYQWNF VJGǡLQWTPG[VQ/CTUDG! $W\\ ,ZDVUHDGLQJWKH other day that people think we could get there in 30 days, maybe even TXLFNHUEXW,WKLQNWKDW̵V quite a bit in the future. %TCKI ;QWŨTGRCUUKQPCVG CDQWVEQOOWPKECVKPI UEKGPEGCPFCUVTQPQO[ VQǡMKFU*QYKORQTVCPV KUǡVJCVVQ[QW! $W\\ The children born between the years 2000 and 2010 will be the ones PDNLQJWKHͤUVWODQGLQJV on Mars. And it’s those kids that we would like to ensure are enthusiastic about the future. You don’t want an education programme just for “geeks” – you know, people who only know math
%TCKI 6CNMKPIQHTGEQTFU VGNNWUCDQWV[QWT GZRGTKGPEGQPVJG/QQP 9JCVIQGUVJTQWIJ[QWT JGCFYJGP[QWƒTUVUVGR QHHǡVJCVNCFFGT! $W\\ One step at a time! And go down backwards, so that you can watch as you go down and not miss a step! %TCKI ;QWFGUETKDGFKV KP[QWTCWVQDKQITCRJ[CU ūOCIPKƒEGPVFGUQNCVKQPŬŲ $W\\ That was an overall impression of the entire progression of information, RIGLVFRYHU\RIH[SORUDWLRQ̿ Compared to the history of humans, it was a PDJQLͤFHQWDFKLHYHPHQW
for people to be out of their element and to land [on the Moon]. But looking around, nothing could have been more desolate than what we saw: the black sky, the sunlit terrain. Very clear. No atmosphere. No life. And up here, what we were looking at hadn’t changed in thousands of years. There isn’t any place like that on the Earth. So, it is a desolate place we were YLVLWLQJEXWDPDJQLͤFHQW achievement [to reach it].
And when you’re out there on the surface and look up, you say, “Oh yeah! That’s the Earth up there!” %TCKI 9JCVYCUKVNKMG UGGKPI'CTVJHTQOVJGǡ/QQP! $W\\ ,QWHOOHFWXDOO\UHDOL]LQJ that everyone else – living, or dead – is on the Earth H[FHSWWKHWKUHHSHRSOHXS there at the Moon... that’s a contrast. That’s a record! For more on the Moon landings, see pp.16–17.
%[ENKPIVQ/CTU $W\\KURCUUKQPCVGCDQWVVJGRNCPGV/CTUCPFJCUFGXQVGF OWEJQHJKUVKOGUKPEGJKUJKUVQTKE/QQPNCPFKPIVT[KPIVQ GPEQWTCIGJWOCPKV[VQUGVVJGKTUKIJVUQPQWT5QNCT5[UVGO PGKIJDQWTCUJWOCPKV[ŨUPGZVHTQPVKGT ū+HYGVQQMCNNVJGYCUVGFGHHQTVVJCVTGUWNVUKPVJGFKUEQTF QPǡVJG'CTVJCPFRWVKVKPVQUQOGVJKPIRQUKVKXGKVYQWNFDG CǡIQQFVWTPCTQWPFQHGHHQTVŬ$W\\VQNF)94ū6JGJKUVQTKECN UKIPKƒECPEGQHRGQRNGHTQOVJG'CTVJDGIKPPKPIVQRQRWNCVG CPQVJGTRNCPGVŲ+FQPŨVVJKPMRGQRNGJCXGCP[KFGCQHJQY KORQTVCPVVJCVEQWNFDGŬ +PJKUNCVGUVDQQMWelcome to Mars$W\\GZRNQTGUVJG XCTKQWUQRVKQPUYGJCXGHQTŤVQSWQVGVJGUWDVKVNGŤūOCMKPI CǡJQOGQPVJG4GF2NCPGVŬū/[YC[VQIGVHTQO'CTVJVQ/CTU KPXQNXGUŧE[ENKPIŨ+VYCUFKUEQXGTGFKPCPFKUUVKNNVJGDGUV YC[QHIGVVKPIHTQO'CTVJVQ/CTUŬ$[ūE[ENKPIŬ$W\\OGCPU GORNQ[KPICHNGGVQHURCEGETCHV ūE[ENGTUŬCTVKUVŨUKORTGUUKQP CDQXG VJCVYQWNFWUGVJGITCXKV[QH/CTUCPF'CTVJVQNQQR DGVYGGPVJGVYQRNCPGVUYKVJXKTVWCNN[PQHWGNEQPUWORVKQPŤ CPFRQVGPVKCNN[EQPVKPWGVQFQUQKPFGƒPKVGN[/WEJQHJKUVKOG KUPQYFGXQVGFVQUGEWTKPIVJGUWRRQTVCPFHWPFUPGGFGFHQT VJKUCODKVKQWU/CTVKCPFTGCO $W\\EQPVKPWGU ū'ORKTGUTKUGCPFGORKTGUHCNN$WV+YQWNF PQVNKMGVQDGTGOGODGTGFCUDGKPICNKXGCVCVKOGYJGPYG YGTGQPVJGYC[FQYP9GEGTVCKPN[PGGFVJGRWDNKEDGJKPFWUŬ
You are the future. You are going to achieve super things that are out of this world and that no one else has done before, and go to places that no one has ever gone. Earth isn’t the only world for us any more. guinnessworldrecords.com 11
INTERVIEW: CHRIS HADFIELD If you get into Guinness World Records, it means that you’ve done something that’s right on the edge of the human experience. Something that has pushed back the level of what we’ve achieved in the past. As an astronaut, I’ve been lucky enough to do several things that fit into that category… CDR Chris Hadfield
rtificate his GWR ce Chris with filmed o de usic vi for first m t). In his gh ri r fa ee in space (s Guide to stronaut’s book, An A his love of h, he talks rded Life on Eart co re e h ow dh of music an ns: io ss Se Space his album Can. n Ti a om Songs fr
If we earthlings had to identify a planetary ambassador – a truly H[FHSWLRQDOͤJXUHWR represent our race – then we would do well to choose the Canadian astronaut &KULV+DGͤHOG$QHQJLQHHU WHVWSLORW6SDFH6KXWWOH FUHZPHPEHUFRPPDQGHU of the International Space Station and record-breaking PXVLFLDQ&KULVHPERGLHV the very best of what it PHDQVWREHKXPDQ+LV incredible resumé has given him a unique perspective RQOLIHDQGZKHQLWFDPH WRͤQGLQJLQVSLUDWLRQDO ͤJXUHVWRLQWURGXFHWKLV year’s edition of Guinness World Records&KULVZDV DQREYLRXVFKRLFH
6KRUWO\EHIRUHZHZHQW WRSUHVV*:5(GLWRULQ &KLHI&UDLJ*OHQGD\VSRNH with Chris about the need to set goals and aim to be the record-breaking best in the ZRUOGQRPDWWHUZKDWWKH DFWLYLW\RUVXEMHFWPDWWHU Craig: How important is VJGǡPGGFVQKFGPVKH[CPF DTGCMYQTNFTGEQTFU! Chris:,WKLQNWKURXJK KXPDQQDWXUHZHUHVSRQG ZHOOWRDFKDOOHQJH,I VRPHRQHVD\VWR\RX ̸,FDQMXPSRYHUWKDWWKLQJ ,FRXOGOLIWWKDWURFN,I\RX and I ran from here to that WUHH,̵GEHDW\RX̹LWUDLVHV
COMMANDER CHRIS AUSTIN HADFIELD Chris Hadfield was first inspired to become an astronaut as a nine-yearold child after watching the Moon landings on TV. With the Moon as his goal, he embarked on learning to fly – first gliders, then fighter jets – and later earned a degree in engineering and a masters in aviation systems. In 1992, he joined the Canadian Space Agency’s astronaut programme, and finally became the first Canadian to walk in space. He also learned Russian, reckoning that being able to speak the language of a superpower able to send humans into space would serve him well, which it did when he visited the Mir space station and flew on Space Shuttle and Soyuz missions. In Mar 2013, he took command of the International Space Station (ISS). Since returning to Earth, Chris has written three books: An Astronaut’s Guide to Life on Earth (2013), You Are Here: Around the World in 92 Minutes (2015), and the children’s book The Darkest Dark (2016).
12 Interview
.CTIGUVURCEGUVCVKQP The International Space Station, which Chris commanded FWTKPI'ZRGFKVKQPKPKUǡO ǡHV NQPI CPFǡO ǡHV YKFG9KVJCXQNWOGQHǡO3
ǡEWǡHV CPFYGKIJKPIǡMI ǡND Ť CDQWVǡVJGUK\GQHCǡ$QGKPIŤKVŨUVJGDKIIGUVJCDKVCDNG CTVKƒEKCNUCVGNNKVG+VǡQTDKVUEǡMO ǡOK CDQXG'CTVJ
FAST FACTS Chris Hadfield’s YouTube video of “Space Oddity” had amassed nearly 31.7 million views as of 4 May 2016 • Chris is afraid of heights! • During his first spacewalk, Chris was temporarily blinded by contamination in his spacesuit
.CTIGUVTQDQVKECTOKPURCEG %JTKUYCURCTVQHVJGVGCOVJCVKPUVCNNGF%CPCFCTOŤ VJGO HV TQDQVKECTOVJCVYCUCVVCEJGFVQVJG International Space StationQPǡ#RT6JGCTOYCU ƒVVGFǡFWTKPICJTURCEGYCNMD[%JTKUCPF75CUVTQPCWV 5EQVVǡ2CTC\[PUMK 2KEVWTGFCDQXGKU%JTKUŨISS ETGY &WTKPIVJGOKUUKQP%JTKUDGECOGVJGƒTUV%CPCFKCPVQ YCNMǡKPURCEGū&QKPIURCEGYCNMUKUGZVTGOGN[FCPIGTQWUŬ JGǡUC[Uū#PFKVŨUGZVTGOGN[JCTF9GRTGRCTGHQT=KV?GZVGPUKXGN[ #PFNKMGCP[VJKPIVJCV[QWŨXGRTGRCTGFHQTHQT[GCTUCPF[GCTU VJCVCNUQJCUCPGNGOGPVQHFCPIGTVQKVYJGPVJGOQOGPV EQOGUKVŨU[QWTYJQNGHQEWUŲ+VŨUMKPFQH[QWTYJQNGNKHGKP CǡOQOGPV#PFǡKVFQGUPŨVFKUCRRQKPVБŬ a fundamental response within each of us that is MXVWEDVLFKXPDQQDWXUH
\RXUVHOIWKDWJRDO̰PD\EH “I want to climb Mount (YHUHVW̹RU̸,ZDQWWRFOLPE the highest six peaks in WKHZRUOG̹RU̸,ZDQWWR invent a valve that will allow someone who has DKHDUWDWWDFNWRVXUYLYH̹ or “I want to be able to do surgery on an eyeball so WKDWDEOLQGSHUVRQFDQVHH̹ ̰ZKDWHYHU*LYH\RXUVHOI
a goal in life that is right RQWKHHGJHRILPSRVVLEOH Because even though you might not climb all those SHDNVRULQYHQWWKDWWKLQJ the choices you’re going to make in pursuit of that goal will actually change ZKR\RXDUH$QG\RXZLOO be pursuing something WKDWLVLQ\RXUKHDUW ,QP\FDVH,VDLG̸,ZDQW to be an astronaut who ZDONVRQWKH0RRQ̹
(KTUVOWUKEXKFGQƒNOGFKPURCEG 1P/C[%JTKURQUVGFCXKFGQVQ;QW6WDGQHJKO UKPIKPICOQFKƒGFXGTUKQPQH&CXKF$QYKGŨUū5RCEG1FFKV[Ŭ TGEQTFGFFWTKPIJKUNCUVOKUUKQPQPDQCTFVJGInternational Space Station ISS 6JGOWUKEXKFGQŤVJGƒTUVƒNOGFGPVKTGN[ KPURCEGŤUJQYU%JTKUHNQCVKPICTQWPFKPUKFGVJGISS with JKUǡIWKVCTYKVJ'CTVJXKUKDNGVJTQWIJVJGUVCVKQPŨUEWRQNC YKPFQY6JGXQECNUCPFIWKVCTYGTGTGEQTFGFQPVJGISS, YJKNGRKCPQCPFQVJGTOWUKECNCEEQORCPKOGPVYGTGCFFGF D[ǡRGTHQTOGTUQP'CTVJ6JGXKFGQYCUOKZGFYKVJVJGJGNR QHǡVJG%CPCFKCP5RCEG#IGPE[ %JTKUCOCUUGFUQOGHQNNQYGTUQP6YKVVGTFWTKPI JKUǡVKOGQPVJGISSHQTJKUXKFGQUCPFRJQVQUQH'CTVJHTQO URCEGDGEQOKPICEGNGDTKV[KPVJGRTQEGUU *GKPVTQFWEGFVJGUQPIYKVJVJGRQUV ū9KVJFGHGTGPEGVQ VJGǡIGPKWUQH&CXKF$QYKGJGTGŨU5RCEG1FFKV[TGEQTFGFQP 5VCVKQP#NCUVINKORUGQHVJG9QTNFŬ+P,CPJGCFFGF ūǡOKNNKQPJKVUБ+COUQFGNKIJVGFYKVJVJGYQTNFYKFGTGCEVKQP VQUEKGPEGCTVVQIGVJGTŬ $QYKGVYGGVGFū*CNNQ5RCEGDQ[Ŭ VJGVKVNGQHJKUJKV UKPING KPTGURQPUGVQ%JTKUŨUXKFGQ
For more on spacewalks, HNQCVǡQXGTVQRRŤ
Th That’s the real core of it: to challenge yourself. Not define ch yourself by that final success, yo but use it as the long-term lure that allows you to pursue – and succeed at – things on a daily basis.
%TCKI 9JCVFQGUKVVCMG VQǡDG%JTKU*CFƒGNF! Chris: I think the most important thing is to give yourself a long-term goal that you think is probably LPSRVVLEOH%XWJLYH
guinnessworldrecords.com 13
SPACE
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DATELINE
am choolg ather was The n -old s y randf -year 1 1 e n iversit a H rg (UK). rd Un o o t y f e a x n e O r at Bu er id rarian gh s on h the lib able to pas de Tombau as Cly er and w iscoverer, hs aft mont ’s d o t w e lu f P a s a ), w A S y (U cover the dis nced. u o n n a
3,825 MYA 14 Space
Oldest volcanic rocks on Earth A lava flow on the surface of the still-cooling Earth solidifies into a slab of igneous rock. Its age will be confirmed in 2002 by researchers in Quebec, Canada.
CONTENTS SPACE FACTOGRAPHIC
16
EXTRASOLAR PLANETS
18
PLUTO
20
SPACEWALKS
22
VOYAGER
24
BLACK HOLES
26
Smallest planet?
First photosynthesis Tiny, single-celled organisms – distant ancestors of present-day cyanobacteria – develop the ability to process nutrients using the light of the Sun as an energy source.
3,700 MYA guinnessworldrecords.com 15
DATELINE
Discovered in 1930, Pluto was known for generations as the Solar System’s smallest planet. This all changed in 2006, when the International Astronomical Union (IAU) revoked its planet status, changing it from the ninth planet – and the last entry in numerous classroom rhymes and mnemonics – to trans-Neptunian object “134340 Pluto”. Recently, however, the campaign to return Pluto’s planet status has been gaining ground, boosted by pictures such as this composite showing the relative scale of Pluto (right) and KVUǡOQQP%JCTQPVCMGPD[0#5#ŨUNew Horizons spacecraft in &Tǡ#NCP5VGTPŤ2TKPEKRCN+PXGUVKICVQTQPVJGNew Horizons mission – gives his thoughts on the debate on p.21.
Solid inner core The heart of the Moon consists of a hard core with a radius of 240 km (150 mi), containing a high density of iron. It represents about 20% of the Moon; the cores of other planets in the Solar System can account for up to 50% of their size.
Partial melt Separating the mantle from the innermost core is a partly molten layer of rocks and metals with a radius of roughly 480 km (300 mi).
Mantle Between the Moon’s crust and inner core is a rigid zone known as the lithosphere, or upper mantle. It is approximately 620 km (385 mi) deep.
Fluid outer core Thought to be composed mainly of liquid iron. The outer core has a radius of around 330 km (205 mi).
The Moon is slightly more than a quarter the size of Earth in terms of diameter, and its elemental composition is very similar to that of our own planet. In fact, YGŨTGENQUGN[TGNCVGF CEEQTFKPIVQVJGIKCPVKORCEVJ[RQVJGUKUCTQWPFǡDKNNKQP years ago a Mars-sized planet called Theia crashed into Earth, violently ejecting large amounts of debris into space. During the next million years or so, those rocky bits and pieces eventually coalesced to form the Moon. The Moon was thought VQǡDGǡWPKSWGWPVKNǡYJGP+VCNKCP astronomer Galileo Galilei KFGPVKƒGFOQQPU CTQWPFǡ,WRKVGT
GWR presents a whistle-stop tour of our nearest EQUOKEǡPGKIJDQWTŤCPFVJGVGEJPQNQI[VJCVGPCDNGF JWOCPKV[VQǡTGCEJKV
THE MOON
FACTOGRAPHIC
The footprints left by the Apollo astronauts are all still there. There is no lunar atmosphere, which means that there is no wind or YGCVJGTVQǡGTQFGVJGO
Crust On average, the Moon’s crust is 34–43 km (21–27 mi) thick, although it is as thin as 1 km (0.6 mi) in certain impact basins, and as thick as 60 km (37 mi) in the highlands on the far side. The surface of the Moon is called its regolith, and there are two main types: the bright ancient highlands, dominated by breccia, formed by asteroids and meteorites pulverising and melting the surface, and the darker maria (seas) that formed as basaltic ODYD̨RRGHGWKHORZODQGV
DID YOU KNOW?
VOSTOK 1 (USSR, now Russia) • Length: 30.8 m (101 ft) • Carried Yuri Gagarin (USSR) on the first manned spaceflight on 12 Apr 1961.
SATURN V (USA) • Length: 110.6 m (363 ft) • About 18 m (60 ft) taller than the Statue of Liberty and some 15 times heavier than a blue whale. Active from 1967 to 1973.
SPACE SHUTTLE (USA) • Length: 56 m (184 ft) • The first reusable spacecraft made its maiden flight on 12 Apr 1981, weighing 2,000 tonnes (2,204 US tons) at launch. Fuel alone was around 25 times heavier than the shuttle itself.
6JGƒTUVOGPQPVJG/QQPYGTGECTTKGF KPVQURCEGQPCǡ5CVWTP8TQEMGVUVKNNVJG NCTIGUVTQEMGVlaunched to date. On the launchpad, fully loaded with propellant – crucial to escape the pull of Earth’s gravity – the rocket weighed some ǡVQPPGU 75VQPU *GTGǡKU VJGǡ5CVWTP8UJQYPVQUECNGYKVJVYQ other record-worthy spacecraft.
The maximum distance between Earth and the Moon is around 406,700 km (252,711 mi). To understand the vast distance, consider this: the combined diameter of Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus and Pluto is 387,941 km (241,055 mi). This means you could fit all eight of our Solar System neighbours between Earth and the Moon!
The Apollo nce – too t life insura couldn’t ge they signed So . ly nt re risky, appa ies could their famil photos that t Moon rs fi e th case auction in photos e Th . ent wrong to landing w and posted d pe m ta were date-s nd on ie fr a by s the familie y. – launch da 16 Jul 1969
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EXTRASOLAR PLANETS Largest extrasolar planet Discovered in 2005, planet *&ǡDJCUDGGP GUVKOCVGFVQDGǡOK
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Smallest extrasolar planet Kepler-37b orbits the star Kepler-37 at around 210 light years from Earth in the constellation Lyra. Its discovery by NASA’s Kepler spacecraft was made public
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on 20 Feb 2013. Kepler-37b is only about 1,200 mi (1,930 km) across, smaller than the planet Mercury. The smallest extrasolar planet directly imaged by telescope is the gas giant 51 Eridani b. It is about the same diameter as Jupiter (86,880 mi; 139,820 km) but twice its mass. It orbits the star 51 Eridani in the constellation Eridanus and ZDVWKHͤUVWGLVFRYHU\RQ 13 Aug 2015, by the Gemini Planet Imager at Stanford University, USA, which began searching for extrasolar planets in Nov 2014.
Youngest extrasolar planet Infrared observations of the young star CoKu Tau 4 by NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope reveal a gap in the circumstellar disc of dust and gas that is likely to be a newly formed planet. The star, along with its possible planet, is located around 420 light years from Earth in the constellation Taurus, and is no more than 1 million years old. Nearest extrasolar planet On 7 Aug 2000, a team led by Dr William Cochran of the University of Texas McDonald Observatory (both USA) revealed evidence of a new world “in our own backyard”, just 10.45 light years from
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the Sun. The gas giant, estimated to be 1.6 times the mass of Jupiter, orbits the star Epsilon Eridani. The exoplanet lies some 478 million km (297 million mi) from its central star, which is about the same distance as our Sun to the Asteroid Belt.
TRIVIA If we awarded a record for pinkest planet, it would surely go to the newly formed GJ 504b in the constellation of Virgo, which glows a magenta or cherry red (artist’s impression below).
MOST DISTANT EXTRASOLAR PLANET
DATELINE
Near the centre of the Milky Way, at a distance of 21,500 ± 3,300 light years away from Earth, the planet OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb orbits a red dwarf star. The low energy of its star, coupled with the size of its orbit (corresponding to between that of Mars and Jupiter around the Sun), means that the planet’s surface temperature is just -220°C (-364°F). This makes OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb the coldest extrasolar planet. The OGLE part of its name derives from the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment. This uses ground-based telescopes to scan the central Milky Way for signs of a “microlensing event”. In this phenomenon, light coming from a distant star is seen to dip if another star and its planet crosses in front of it. This is owing to the gravity of the nearer star and its planet.
3,600 MYA 18 Space
Oldest mountain range The Barberton Greenstone Belt (also known as the Makhonjwa Mountains) begins to form in present-day South Africa. It is here, in 1875, that the first gold in the country will be discovered.
FAST FACTS As of Feb 2016, there have been 2,085 confirmed discoveries of extrasolar planets • According to the National Academy of Sciences, there could be as many as 11 billion habitable, Earth-like planets in the Milky Way alone
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Closest extrasolar planet to its parent star
to be subject to winds of up to 9,000 mph (14,500 km/h).
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'CTVJNKMGGZVTCUQNCTRNCPGV More than 2,000 extrasolar planets in 1,300-plus systems have been spotted to date. Of these, Kepler-22b LVWKHͤUVWSRWHQWLDOO\(DUWK like example. Found in 2011, it is about 2.4 times the size
of Earth and orbits its Sun-like star in about 290 days. The luminosity of this star and Kepler-22b’s orbital distance suggest that it may occupy its star’s habitable zone. If the planet has an Earth-like greenhouse effect, its surface temperature could be about 22°C (72°F).
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Extrasolar planet discovered orbiting CǡOCKPUGSWGPEGUVCT Astronomers from the University of Geneva (CHE) announced the discovery of 51 Pegasi b on 6 Oct 1995. It orbits 51 Pegasi, a G5V main-sequence star – one that is in the process of fusing hydrogen into helium at its core, like our Sun. The title of windiest extrasolar planet also goes to 51 Pegasi b, along with the gas giants HD 179949 b and HD 209458 b, which orbit other stars. All appear
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Oldest oil The remnants of dead organisms lying on the seabed begin millions of years of transformation, crushed by the intense pressure from sediment deposits to form oil.
3,200 MYA guinnessworldrecords.com 19
DATELINE
Planet hunter space mission The Convection Rotation CPFǡ2NCPGVCT[6TCPUKVU (COROT ) spacecraft was launched on 27 Dec 2006 into a polar orbit 827 km (513 mi) above Earth. It ZDVWKHͤUVWFUDIWGHVLJQHG VSHFLͤFDOO\WRͤQGSODQHWV around other stars and operated until Nov 2012, when it suffered an irreparable computer failure.
PLUTO Plutonian geology The New Horizons̨\E\UHYHDOHGVWXQQLQJVXUIDFH details that helped scientists better understand the composition of the planet
Shortest time from the discovery of a planet to its exploration by spacecraft Pluto was discovered by US astronomer Clyde Tombaugh on 18 Feb 1930. It took just over 85 years – 31,193 days, to be precise – for it to be explored by spacecraft (see below). Planet with the most chaotically rotating moons 3OXWRKDVͤYHNQRZQPRRQV Charon was discovered by American astronomer James Christy at the US Naval Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. Its discovery was announced on 7 Jul 1978. Nix and Hydra were discovered in 2005, and two others in 2011 and 2012, provisionally named S/2011 P 1 and S/2012 P 1. These last four are chaotically rotating moons. This means they tumble instead of rotating neatly along one axis. Saturn’s moon Hyperion is the only other known chaotically rotating moon in the Solar System.
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Pluto’s largest moon is Charon, with a mean diameter of 1,212 km (753 mi) – more than half Pluto’s diameter. Pluto is around eight times more massive than Charon; the two bodies orbit each other
around a common centre of gravity between them. New Horizons came within 28,800 km (17,895 mi) of Charon on 14 Jul 2015. The longest canyon on Charon, as imaged by New Horizons, stretches at least
Rock core A core of dense rock accounts for an estimated 70% of Pluto’s diameter
Nitrogen ice surface An estimated 98% of the surface is nitrogen ice, with traces of methane and carbon monoxide
Mantle of water ice A sub-surface ocean of water ice that could be 100–180 km (62–112 mi) thick
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1,600 km (990 mi) across the surface of the moon and may extend farther, to its dark side.
NEW HORIZONS On 14 Jul 2015, the New Horizons spacecraft made the first flyby of Pluto. It launched from Cape Canaveral in Florida, USA, in Jan 2006, and, because of its mass of less than 0.5 tonnes (0.55 US tons), achieved the fastest Earth departure speed for a planetary mission: 58,338 km/h (36,250 mph). New Horizons passed the orbit of the Moon in just 9 hr and reached Neptune’s orbit in 8.6 years. It made observations of Jupiter during its flyby in Feb 2007. The craft’s suite of seven instruments includes the Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter, built by students at the University of Colorado. It is the first mission to the outer Solar System led by a scientist rather than a NASA centre, and is now en route to the Kuiper Belt Object (KBO) 2014 MU69 – an icy, rocky object – which it will encounter on 1 Jan 2019.
Tallest mountain on Pluto In 2015, a 5.25-km-tall (3.2-mi) mountain was discovered by the New Horizons team. It was named Matthew Alexander Henson, after WKHͤUVW$IULFDQ$PHULFDQ Arctic explorer.
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DATELINE
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2,400 MYA 20 Space
Longest ice age The most severe ice age begins, and will last around 70 million years. During this period, the entire Earth will be covered in ice, possibly to a depth of 1 km (0.6 mi).
FAST FACTS Pluto is 4.8 billion km (3 billion mi) from Earth • A major feature is a vast, roughly heart-shaped area dubbed the Tombaugh Regio • Pluto has a nitrogen atmosphere with layers of constant haze hovering above its surface
direction of Pluto. Part of WKLVVLJQDOZDVUHͥHFWHG from Pluto and detected by the REX radar experiment on board the spacecraft. The technique, known as bistatic radar, can reveal surface properties of planetary bodies. During this successful experiment, New Horizons was 33 astronomical units from Earth, or 33 times the distance of Earth to the Sun.
Largest cryovolcano on Pluto by diameter #ET[QXQNECPQQTKEGXQNECPQGTWRVUNKSWKFUCPFXCRQWT 6YQǡIGQNQIKECNHGCVWTGUTGUGODNKPIET[QXQNECPQGUJCXGDGGP HQWPFUQWVJQH2NWVQŨUKE[5RWVPKM2NCPWO4GUWNVUUQHCT UJQY2KEECTF/QPU DGNQY VQDGCTQWPFǡMO ǡOK YKFGCPF9TKIJV/QPU CDQXG ǡMOǡ ǡOK YKFG+H VJGUGCTGET[QXQNECPQGUVJGKTGTWRVKXGOCVGTKCNYQWNF RTQDCDN[DGYCVGTKEGCOOQPKCPKVTQIGPCPFQTOGVJCPG
TRIVIA On 4 Jul 2015, the New Horizons team lost contact with the spacecraft – it had switched to the backup computer because of a problem. The team had to work round the clock to restore main computer function in time for the 14 Jul flyby.
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and the lack of impact craters indicates its surface is less than 10 million years old. Sputnik Planum is now believed to occupy a giant DQFLHQWLPSDFWEDVLQͤOOHG with volatile ices.
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Most distant bistatic radar experiment Just after New Horizons’ closest approach to Pluto, a radar signal from NASA’s Deep Space Network on Earth was sent in the
Dr Alan Stern The Principal Investigator on NASA’s New Horizons mission to Pluto and the Kuiper Belt, Dr Alan Stern (fourth from right) shares his thoughts on Pluto’s changing status as a planetary body. ū6KOGUEJCPIG$CEMKPCEQPXGPVKQPQHCUVTQPQOGTU FGENCTGF2NWVQPQNQPIGTCRNCPGVDWVRNCPGVCT[UEKGPVKUVU PGXGTXQVGFVQCITGG0QYHQNNQYKPIVJGGZRNQTCVKQPQH2NWVQ D[0#5#ŨUNew HorizonsKPVJGRGPFWNWOUQHRNCPGVCT[ GZRGTVUCPFNC[QRKPKQPCTGUYKPIKPIUVTQPIN[VJGQVJGTYC[ ū6JGCTIWOGPVUCICKPUV2NWVQYGTGVJCVKVYCUVQQUOCNN QPVQQQFFCPQTDKVCPFQPGQHVQQOCP[HQTUEJQQNMKFUVQ TGOGODGTVJGKTPCOGU$WVCHVGTVJGCFXCPEGUCPFUEKGPVKƒE RTQITGUUQHVJGNCUVFGECFGHTQOVGNGUEQRKEUVWFKGUVQVJGHN[D[ QH2NWVQYGUGGPGYFCVCQXGTVWTPKPIVJQUGQNFKFGCU ū5KPEGVJGP2NWVQJCUDGGPUJQYPVQDGVJGNCTIGUVMPQYP DQF[KPVJGFGGRQWVGT5QNCT5[UVGODG[QPF0GRVWPG#PF VJQWUCPFUQHRNCPGVUJCXGDGGPFKUEQXGTGFQTDKVKPIQVJGT UVCTUOCP[KPQTDKVUNKMG2NWVQŨU6JGUGHCEVUCNQPIYKVJVJG FK\\[KPIN[EQORNGZUWTHCEGVJCV2NWVQUJQYGFNew Horizons CPFFKUEQXGTKGUVJCV2NWVQJCUƒXGOQQPU OQTGVJCP'CTVJ /CTU8GPWUCPF/GTEWT[EQODKPGF ŤCUYGNNCUDNWGUMKGU OQWPVCKPUINCEKGTUCTQEM[KPVGTKQTCPFFWPGUŤJCXGVKRRGF VJGUECNGUDCEMVQRNCPGVJQQF ū9GMPQYVJCV2NWVQKUPQVCEQOGVCHGYMKNQOGVTGUCETQUU GKVJGT+VŨUJWIGYKVJCEKTEWOHGTGPEGQHCNOQUVǡMO
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Oldest macroscopic organism Grypania cf. spiralis, an ancestor of algae, is present in Michigan, USA. Meanwhile, other organisms, later called the “Gabonionta” or “Francevillian biota”, are flourishing in Gabon, Africa. Both are visible to the naked eye.
2,100 MYA guinnessworldrecords.com 21
DATELINE
Largest crater on Pluto Sputnik Planum, mostly in Pluto’s northern hemisphere, measures around 1,050 x 800 km (650 x 495 mi). It is the site of active nitrogen glaciation,
SPACEWALKS Longest total time YCNMKPIǡKPURCEGD[ CǡHGOCNGCUVTQPCWV Sunita Williams (USA) has spent 50 hr 40 min on seven separate spacewalks from the International 5RCEGǡ5VCVKQP (ISS).
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1NFGUVRGTUQPVQRGTHQTO CǡURCEGYCNM On 19 Apr 2013, Russia’s Pavel Vinogradov (b. 31 Aug 1953) performed a spacewalk from the ISS aged 59 years 231 days.
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IPVGTPCNURCEGYCNM On 22 Aug 1997, Russia’s Anatoly Solovyev and Pavel Vinogradov carried out a spacewalk inside the depressurized Spektr module of the Mir space station, whose hull had been breached after striking an unmanned Progress supply vehicle. Their spacewalk, to inspect and initiate repairs, lasted 3 hr 16 min.
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CHRIS HADFIELD, SPACEWALKER
DATELINE
Canada’s Chris Hadfield is the man who charmed the world with his memorable take on David Bowie’s “Space Oddity”, filmed during his last mission on the ISS and immortalized as the first music video filmed in space. But GWR caught up with him in Nov 2015 to find out about another record-breaking feat. During a 7-hr spacewalk on 22 Apr 2001, Chris and Scott Parazynski (USA) attached Canadarm2 (the longest robotic arm in space) to the ISS. It was his first spacewalk, and it got off to a bad start: his visor’s chemical anti-fogging solution got in his eyes, causing him to lose his vision, first in one eye, then the other. “And then I was blind, in my spacesuit, outside on a spacewalk!” Years of extensive preparation helped him to keep a calm head, even when he was hanging on to the ISS for dear life. “OK, I can’t see,” he told himself. “But I can still feel. I can hear. I can talk. I can breathe. How am I going to solve this problem?” Luckily, his tears welled up and helped to dilute the contaminant within half an hour.
2,000 MYA 22 Space
Largest impact crater on Earth An asteroid or comet collides with Earth, creating a depression with an estimated diameter of 300 km (186 mi). Now known as the Vredefort crater, it is located near present-day Johannesburg in South Africa.
FAST FACTS To date, more than 200 astronauts have performed a spacewalk • Spacesuits are white to reflect the heat of direct sunlight in space, which may exceed 275°F (135°C) • It takes about 45 min to don a spacesuit
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MOST… 5RCEGYCNMU 'XULQJͤYHVSDFHͥLJKWV between 1988 and 1998, Anatoly Solovyev (RUS) made 16 spacewalks.
5RCEGYCNMUFWTKPI Cǡ5RCEGǡ5JWVVNGOKUUKQn Robert Curbeam (USA) performed four spacewalks during the STS-116 mission by the Space Shuttle Discovery on 9–22 Dec 2006. 5RCEGYCNMUHTQO QPGǡURCEGETCHV As of 3 Feb 2016, a total of 193 spacewalks had been staged outside the ISS. They were undertaken by 121 different astronauts and cosmonauts and lasted for 1,192 hr overall.
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Largest marine animal structure Dead and living stony corals begin to coalesce into what will become the Great Barrier Reef. Located off the coast of present-day Queensland in Australia, it will eventually measure 80,000 sq mi (207,200 km2).
600 MYA guinnessworldrecords.com 23
DATELINE
#OGTKECPCUVTQPCWVU,KO8QUUCPF5WUCP*GNOUURGPVǡJT ǡOKPKPURCEGQP/CT6JGKTLQDYCUVQOCMGTQQO on the ISS HQTVJG+VCNKCPECTIQOQFWNGLeonardo6JGOQFWNG YJKEJECTTKGFUWRRNKGUCPFGSWKROGPVHQTVJGUVCVKQPYCU VTCPURQTVGFD[VJG5RCEG5JWVVNGDiscovery
VOYAGER First and farthest Launched in 1977, 8Q[CIGTǡ and8Q[CIGTǡ were sent to study the giant outer planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. En route to Jupiter, 8Q[CIGTǡ captured the ̨UVW LPDJHRI(DUWKDQGWKH 0RRQLQDVLQJOHIUDPHIURP VSDFH. It has now travelled into interstellar space, making it the ̨UVWSUREHWR OHDYHRXU6RODU6\VWHP, on around 25 Aug 2012. As of 24 Mar 2016, 8Q[CIGTǡ was 20,078,268,831 km (12,476,057,841 mi) away from Earth and still sending data to Mission Control in the USA – the ORQJHVW FRPPXQLFDWLRQVGLVWDQFH. With their radioisotope thermoelectric generators, the probes are the PRVW GXUDEOHQXFOHDUSRZHUHG LQWHUSODQHWDU\VSDFHFUDIW.
DATELINE
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Jupiter: 8Q[CIGTǡ performed KVUHN[D[QH,WRKVGTQPǡ/CT 1979. After its closest CRRTQCEJVJGRTQDGVWTPGF VQHCEGVJGRNCPGVKPVJG 5WPŨUFKTGEVKQP+PVJGƒTUV QDUGTXCVKQPUǡQH,WRKVGTŨUTKPI U[UVGOKVUKIJVGFCHCKPVTKPI ŤVJGOCKPEQORQPGPVKPǡVJG RNCPGVŨUTKPIU[UVGO6JKUǡCNUQ JCUCPKPPGTVQTWU EKTENGǡQH ICU CPFVYQHCKPVQWVGTTKPIU
565 MYA 24 Space
VOYAGER MISSIONS
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ngs Saturn’s ri y moons. s of its man the gravitie t, but are en an rm pe t They are no ly by the rt pa , ed ly erod eorites. being slow et m ro in of mic that constant ra t ic ists pred Some scient n years io ill m 0 10 in another ve ngs may ha or so, the ri d. re disappea
Oldest animal trails Marine creatures, possibly resembling sea anemones, leave tracks on rocks in the Ediacaran Period. These are later found off Newfoundland, Canada.
FAST FACTS
High-gain antenna: For transmitting science and engineering data to Earth via two channels.
Voyager 1 and 2 carry a “Golden Record” – a phonograph of sounds and images from Earth to tell aliens who and where we are • Both Voyagers are powered by long-lasting plutonium batteries, which should operate until the 2020s
VOYAGER 2
Magnetometer boom: Takes direct measurements of magnetic fields in space. Voyager 2 is equipped with two low-field and two high-field magnetometers. Radioisotope thermoelectric generator: The central power source for the mission module – there are three in all. Low-energy chargedparticle detector: For sensing the speed and number of particles in the solar wind and at the outer planets.
Infra-red spectrometer: A multi-function device that acts as a thermometer, a detector of elements and compounds, and a radiometer for measuring the amount of sunlight reflected by a body.
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Oldest vertebrate The prehistoric jawless fish Haikouichthys swims in Earth’s Early Cambrian oceans. This makes the 2.5-cm (1-in) sea creatures our oldest ancestors.
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530 MYA guinnessworldrecords.com 25
DATELINE
Optical calibration target: Flat, fixed rectangle against which instruments (such as cameras) on the movable scan platform can calibrate.
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Imaging cameras: Voyager 2 has narrow-angle and wide-angle cameras.
BLACK HOLES ? U KNOW DID YO terstellar hole in In
The black more ally much was origin factored It . te ra lly accu h affects scientifica ic h w , pler effect light of in the Dop sity the and inten r u ding lo n co ou e th ” surr retion disc ce was en in the “acc lic c ti rtis the hole. A d the , though, an employed ured ct pi is lt resu here.
What is a black hole? Black holes are the remnants of stars that ended their lives as supernovae. They are characterized by a region of space in which gravity is so strong that not even light can escape. Pictured right is a ground-breaking rendering of a black hole, painstakingly created by the makers of the movie Interstellar (USA, 2014) in collaboration with the US theoretical physicist Kip Thorne.
Densest objects KPǡVJGǡWPKXGTUG A “stellar” black hole (i.e., a black hole created from the gravitational collapse of a massive star) can be around 20 times the mass of our Sun. At its centre is the “singularity”, where the mass of the dead star from which the black hole originated is compressed to a single point of zero VL]HDQGLQͤQLWHGHQVLW\ It is this singularity that generates the powerful JUDYLWDWLRQDOͤHOGRIDEODFN hole. Many thousands of them are thought to exist in our galaxy alone. Scientists believe that supermassive black holes reside in the centres of most, if not all, galaxies and weigh more than a million Suns.
Heaviest black hole In 2009, astronomers using NASA’s Swift gammaray space telescope measured the mass of the supermassive black hole at the centre of the quasar S5 0014+81. (Quasars are star-like “extra-galactic” objects that are the most luminous objects in the universe.) The result – around 40 billion solar masses – means that this black hole is some 10,000 times larger than the supermassive black hole at the heart of our Milky Way galaxy.
First “rogue” black hole discovered Markarian 177 is a dwarf galaxy some 90 million light years away. Studies using Hawaii’s Keck Observatory in Jun 2013 strongly suggest that the bright object SDSS1133, associated with the galaxy, is a supermassive black hole that has been ejected from the galaxy’s centre.
Closest black hole to Earth
DATELINE
A0620-00 is a binary system containing a low-mass star and a stellar black hole. The system is located approximately 3,000 light years away from Earth, in the constellation Monoceros. The black hole in this star system has a mass at least 3.2 times that of the Sun CPFEQWNFDGCUOWEJCUǡVKOGUJGCXKGT1PEGGXGT[JTKVKUQTDKVGFD[Cū-V[RGŬUVCT ŤQPGVJCVKPUVGNNCTVGTOUJCUCTGNCVKXGN[EQQNVGORGTCVWTG6JGCTVKUVŨUKORTGUUKQPCDQXG UJQYUVJGEQORCPKQPUVCTECWIJVKPVJGDNCEMJQNGŨUITCXKVCVKQPCNRWNN
380 MYA 26 Space
MOST SCIENTIFICALLY ACCURATE BLACK HOLE IN A MOVIE Gargantua (above) is the fictional black hole in the movie Interstellar (released 5 Nov 2014). It was rendered using code called Double Negative Gravitational Renderer (DNGR), which was developed by visual effects company Double Negative in collaboration with renowned physicist Kip Thorne (USA, below). It works by solving equations for bundles of light propagating around the curved space-time of a spinning black hole. The result is an accurate reproduction of the gravitational lensing effects an observer would see if they were there. While the initial black hole they produced was more realistic, director Christopher Nolan requested a few changes to make it more comprehensible to movie audiences – a decision that Thorne agreed with.
Shortest distance between two black holes In Mar 2009, a team of astronomers reported that the quasar SDSS J153636.22+044127.0 appears to contain a binary black hole at its centre. Revealed by spectral analysis of their light, the two black holes weigh the equivalent of 50 million and 20 million Suns, but are only one-third of a light year apart. This is less than 10% of the distance between our Sun and the nearest star, Alpha Centauri.
Farthest object ever visible to the naked eye Gamma-ray bursts are the birth cries of black holes, created as supermassive stars exhaust their fuel and collapse to a singularity. On 19 Mar 2008, NASA’s Swift satellite detected a gammaray burst from a galaxy 7.5 billion light years away. Some 30–40 sec after the detection by Swift, the optical counterpart of the gamma burst was picked up by telescopes on Earth. The ͥDVKIURPWKLVLQFLGHQW̰ referred to by astronomers
First known example of a live birth A mother and embryo placoderm (prehistoric armoured fish) perish, producing a well-preserved fossil in which the embryo is attached to its mother via an umbilical cord. Some 25 cm (9.8 in) long, the species will be named Materpiscis attenboroughi.
FAST FACTS Black holes distort space and time: the closer you get to one, the more time slows down • Prof John Wheeler (USA) coined the term “black hole” in 1967 • The term for the way matter is shredded by the gravity of a black hole is “spaghettification”
At the heart of the spiral galaxy NGC 1365 is a black JQNGYKVJCOCUUQHCTQWPFǡOKNNKQP5WPU5EKGPVKƒE UVWFKGURWDNKUJGFQP(GDTGXGCNGFVJCVVJG black hole is spinning at around 84% of the speed of light.
as GRB 080319B – was visible to the naked eye for approximately 30 sec. In technical terms, it had an apparent magnitude of 5.8, making it about as bright as the planet Uranus appears from Earth. Apparent magnitude is a scale used in astronomy to describe the brightness of objects as seen from Earth. Confusingly, the numbers in the magnitude scale run backwards: the brighter the light from an astronomical object appears, the lower its apparent magnitude number will be.
Later the same year, on 16 Sep, NASA’s Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope detected the most powerful gamma-ray burst ever, from 12.2 billion light years away in the direction of the Carina constellation. The event recorded by Fermi was as powerful as around 9,000 normal supernovae. The blast threw out material at speeds of 99.9999% of the speed of light. Brightest quasar in the sky Quasar 3C 273 is some 2.5 billion light years away in the constellation of Virgo.
Despite its distance, it has an apparent magnitude of 12.9 – bright enough for it to be seen with relatively modest telescopes. The extreme luminosity of this quasar is believed to be caused by the heating of a huge accretion disc (revolving disc of material) surrounding a supermassive black hole. If 3C 273 was just 30 light years away, it would shine as brightly as the Sun in our sky. Most powerful X-ray flare from a black hole in the Milky Way On 14 Sep 2013, astronomers using NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory detected an increase in X-ray radiation of a factor of 400 from the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A*, located at the centre of the Milky Way galaxy. The ͥDUHZDVWKUHHWLPHVPRUH powerful than the previous holder, which occurred in the same region in 2012. It lasted for a couple of hours, which is consistent with one theory about its origins. Scientists have speculated that an asteroid was torn apart by the gravitational force of the black hole, and that its
Nearest supermassive black hole 5CIKVVCTKWU# KUVJGUWRGTOCUUKXGDNCEMJQNGCVVJGEGPVTG QHQWT/KNM[9C[UQOGNKIJV[GCTUCYC[HTQO'CTVJ 9KVJCOCUUQHCTQWPFOKNNKQP5WPUKVKUQTDKVGFD[UGXGTCN OCUUKXGUVCTU6JKUKOCIGYCUVCMGPD[0#5#ŨUChandra space telescope. The different colours represent X-rays of different GPGTIKGU6JGūENQWFŬKPVJGEGPVTGTGRTGUGPVUFWUVCPFICUCV the centre of the galaxy emitting X-rays. Sagittarius A* is JKFFGPKPVJGXGT[DTKIJVGUVRCTVQHVJGEGPVTGQHVJKUKOCIG
debris was then heated as it spiralled into the event KRUL]RQFUHDWLQJWKHͥDUH
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&GGRGUVPQVGKPǡVJGǡWPKXGTUG Acoustic waves generated by a supermassive black hole in the centre of the Perseus cluster of galaxies, 250 million light years away, have given rise to a phenomenally deep note. The sound, which propagates through the extremely thin gas surrounding the black KROHLVD%ͥDWRFWDYHV below middle C. We can’t hear this noise because sound waves cannot travel through the vacuum of space and so the black hole’s rumblings are contained within the gas cloud. Also, the note produced is more than a
Largest galactic collision A group of around 300 galaxies slams into a larger group of approximately 1,000 galaxies, resulting in Abell 754 – a turbulent giant galactic cluster with a diameter of approximately 1 million light years.
million billion times lower than the deepest note a human ear can detect. These acoustic waves were discovered by an international team of astronomers led by Prof Andrew Fabian (UK) using observations recorded by the Chandra X-ray Observatory.
DID YO
U KNOW An “even ? t horizo n” is the astrono term mers use to descri outer pe be the rimeter of a black Beyond hole. this bou n dary, no – not eve thing n light – can esca black ho pe the le’s pull and will in. It is p erhaps th be sucked e ultima “point o te f no retu rn”.
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DATELINE
Fastest spinning supermassive black hole
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DATELINE
EARTH
240 MYA 28 Earth
Oldest known dinosaur The small, meat-eating Nyasasaurus parringtoni thrives in Tanzania; analysis of fossils in 2012 reveals that it is the oldest dinosaur by 10–15 million years.
CONTENTS EARTH FACTOGRAPHIC
30
WILD WEATHER
32
CLOUDS
34
BIZARRE GEOLOGY
36
REEFS
38
RAINFORESTS
40
KILLER PLANTS
42
Longest-burning methane crater
Longest dinosaur At 39–52 m (128–170 ft) in length, Seismosaurus halli – a diplodocid sauropod dinosaur – is the lengthiest vertebrate to ever roam the Earth.
154 MYA guinnessworldrecords.com 29
DATELINE
The Darvaza Crater, also known as the “Door to Hell”, is located KPCǡPCVWTCNICUƒGNFKP6WTMOGPKUVCPCPFJCUDGGPDWTPKPIUKPEG +VKUDGNKGXGFVJCVVJGITQWPFECXGFKPCUCTGUWNVQHFTKNNKPI CPFVJGETCVGTYCUKPVGPVKQPCNN[UGVCNKIJVKPCPCVVGORVVQDWTPQHH VJGNGCMKPIOGVJCPGICU+VJCUDWTPGFEQPVKPWQWUN[GXGTUKPEG +P0QXǡHGCTNGUU%CPCFKCPCFXGPVWTGT)GQTIG-QWTQWPKU DGECOGVJGƒTUVRGTUQPVQGZRNQTGVJG&CTXC\C%TCVGT(inset). 9GCTKPICJGCVTGUKUVCPVCNWOKPKWOUWKVCPFWUKPICEWUVQO OCFG-GXNCTENKODKPIJCTPGUU-QWTQWPKUFGUEGPFGFVQVJGDCUG QHVJGƒGT[JQNGVQEQNNGEVTQEMUCORNGU.CVGTNCDVGUVUTGXGCNGF DCEVGTKCNKXKPIQPVJGTQEMURTQXKPIVJCVNKHGECPUWTXKXGGZVTGOG VGORGTCVWTGUKPGZEGUUQHo% o(
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Our home planet carries us through space at more than ǡMOJ ǡORJ TGNCVKXGVQVJG5WP9GŨTGCNUQURKPPKPI QPǡQWTCZKUCVCTQWPFǡMOJ ǡORJ CVVJG'SWCVQTŤC FK\\[KPIHCEVБ#OQPIKVUEQORCPKQPUKPVJG5QNCTǡ5[UVGO'CTVJKU CTGCNTGEQTFDTGCMGT KVŨUVJGdensest planet, the largest terrestrial planetCPFVJGmost geologically active inner planet
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FALLING THROUGH THE EARTH
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WHAT MAKES THE EARTH?
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It took billions of years for Earth to change from a whirling mass of gas and dust to a habitable planet, creating the unique mix of elements listed below.
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KNOW? H M survey ship Challe nger first pinpointed and named deepest pa the rt of the oc ean (see below), wit hin the M ariana Trench, in 18 75. If M ount Ever were drop est ped into th e trench, it peak wou s ld sit 2 km (1 .2 mi) below the surface.
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OLDEST DESCRIPTION OF VOLCANIC LIGHTNING
DATELINE
In volcanic eruptions that include a large ash plume, an electrical charge builds up in the air above the volcano and discharges as lightning. The first known description of volcanic lightning was written by Roman statesman Pliny the Younger, who witnessed the 79 CE eruption of Mount Vesuvius. He narrowly escaped with his life, and his famous uncle, Pliny the Elder, died trying to evacuate nearby towns.
153 MYA 32 Earth
Oldest flying bird Archaeopteryx lithographica flourishes in what is now southern Germany; with feathers and wings but also claws and teeth, it is a key link between dinosaurs and birds.
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FAST FACTS On 3 Mar 1876, it rained raw meat near Rankin in Kentucky, USA • Tropical cyclones that form in the Atlantic or eastern Pacific are called hurricanes, while those that form in the western Pacific are called typhoons
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First known hominid Orrorin tugenensis walks on two legs and is about the size of an adult female chimp. Scientists in the Kenya Palaeontology Expedition announce their discovery of its 6-million-year-old fossilized remains in Dec 2000.
6 MYA
guinnessworldrecords.com 33
DATELINE
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CLOUDS GALLERY
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HIGHEST CLOUDS 1EEWTTKPICVCNVKVWFGUQHCTQWPFǡOK
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5.9 MYA 34 Earth
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3
CLOUDS WITH THE GREATEST VERTICAL RANGE +PVJGVTQRKEUOCUUKXGcumulonimbus clouds JCXGDGGPQDUGTXGFVQTGCEJCJGKIJVQHPGCTN[ ǡO ǡHV ŤOQTGVJCPVYKEGVJG JGKIJVQH/QWPV'XGTGUV6JGUGIKCPVVQYGTU HWGNNGFD[UVTQPIWRFTCWIJVUQHCKTCTGPCOGF CPXKNJGCFcumulonimbusYJGPVJG[FGXGNQR CV[RKECNHNCVVQRRGFUJCRG6JKUQEEWTUYJGP CENQWFHNCVVGPUQWVCUKVJKVUVJGVJKPPGTCKTQH VJGUVTCVQURJGTGCumulonimbusENQWFUDTKPI VWTDWNGPEGCPFVJWPFGTUVQTOU
Largest sea to dry up Geologic processes block the channel between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, transforming the latter into a dry salt basin.
4
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6 DID YO
U KNOW British a ? mateur mete Luke Ho ward (177 orologist known a 2 –1 8 64) is s the “na mer of cl He knew oud that clou dwatchin s”. the key to weath g was e r fo recastin classifie d the th g, and re e major forms: st cloud ratus (La ti n fo r “sprea out”), cu d mulus (“ heap”) and cirru s (“curl of hair”) .
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LONGEST-LASTING MOUSTACHE CLOUD 1PGQHVJGTCTGUVENQWFUQP'CTVJJQTUGUJQG XQTVGZQTūOQWUVCEJGŬENQWFUJCXGPQVDGGP QDUGTXGFVQNCUVOWEJNQPIGTVJCPQPGOKPWVG HTQOHQTOCVKQPVQFKUUKRCVKQP6JG[HQTOYJGP CKTTQVCVGUYJKEJECPNGCFVQCVQTPCFQ$WV UKPEGVJGTQVCVKPICKTEQNWOPKUJQTK\QPVCN PQVXGTVKECNPQVQTPCFQQEEWTU+PUVGCFCP WRFTCWIJVVWTPUVJGTQVCVKPIENQWFKPVQC ETGUEGPVUJCRG6JKURJGPQOGPQPJCUDGGP ECRVWTGFQPECOGTCQPN[CJCPFHWNQHVKOGU
Heaviest flying bird ever Argentavis magnificens, a massive condor-like bird weighing 72 kg (158 lb) – heavier than a fully grown adult man – rules the skies over Miocene South America.
5 MYA
guinnessworldrecords.com 35
DATELINE
5
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8
BIZARRE GEOLOGY Largest geological feature discovered from space Located in the part of the Sahara Desert that lies within Mauritania, the Richat Structure is a circular, multi-ringed sedimentary basin with a diameter of around 50 km (31 mi). Once thought to be an impact crater, it is now believed to be the eroded remains of an uplifted sedimentary dome. This distinctive “bull’s-eye” feature was discovered from orbit by US astronauts Jim McDivitt and Ed White on the Gemini 4 mission in Jun 1965. Newest ocean In 2005, a rift some 56 km (35 mi) long opened up in the Afar Depression (the lowest point in Africa, also known as the Danakil Depression) in Ethiopia. In Nov 2009, scientists stated that their analysis showed the rift to be the start of the formation of a new ocean.
The tectonic processes occurring under Afar are the same as those on the ocean ͥRRUDWULGJHVZKHUHQHZ crust forms and the existing crust is pushed apart. Largest “stone forest” The Grand Tsingy in western Madagascar is a 600-km2 (230-sq-mi) “stone forest” of sharp limestone pinnacles dating from the Jurassic period (201.3– 145 million years ago). Over time, this limestone has been eroded by rain, forming a landscape in which limestone peaks reach 90 m (295 ft) in height. .QPIGUVūUCKNKPIǡUVQPGŬǡVTCKNU The Racetrack Playa – a dry lake bed in Death Valley on the US Nevada-California border – is home to “sailing stones”. The rocks here appear to have moved on their own, leaving trails across the surface up to 880 m (2,887 ft) long. Two
Largest cannonball concretions Cannonball concretions are roughly spherical boulders formed by the natural cementation of UCPFD[COKPGTCNECNNGFECNEKVG6JGNCTIGUVGZCORNGUCTGǡO ǡHVǡKP CETQUUCPFCTGHQWPFKP Rock City, Kansas, USA, as well as in central Wyoming and north-east Utah, USA, where they are CUUQEKCVGFYKVJVJG(TQPVKGT(QTOCVKQPQHVJG.CVG%TGVCEGQWURGTKQF EŤOKNNKQP[GCTUCIQ scientists discovered the cause in Dec 2013 when checking on equipment put in place to research this phenomenon. All it takes is the heating up of a thin sheet of ground
ice and a light breeze. As the ice begins to break up, the rocks sometimes get caught up and moved in a process known as “ice shove”.
DID YOU KNOW? Wave Ro ck (see b e
compose low) is d of gran ite datin 2.7 billio g back n years. It was fo a result rmed as of the gra nite bein by acidic g eroded Most natural arches that once conditions in th e soil covered KPǡQPGǡTGIKQP it , rather water ero than by sion. Th e feature Arches National to the Yil belongs garn Cra Park in Utah, USA, has ton, part the orig of inal Aust 2,067 natural arches with ralian landma ss . spans of 3 ft (90 cm) or
more; the largest exceed 300 ft (97 m).
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LONGEST NATURAL ARCH
DATELINE
Xian Ren Qiao (Fairy Bridge) is located north-west of Fengshan in Guangxi Province, China. A subclass of arch known as a natural bridge, Xian Ren Qiao was formed by the Buliu River carving through terrain composed of limestone. An expedition by the Natural Arch and Bridge Society in Oct 2010 measured its span at approximately 400 ft (120 m).
3.6 MYA 36 Earth
Oldest hominid footprints Two or three hominids stride upright on the ashy plains of present-day Laetoli in northern Tanzania, leaving the earliest known human-like footprints. The track consists of some 70 prints in two parallel trails about 30 m (100 ft) long.
FAST FACTS Pumice is the only rock that floats in water • Sand makes up only about 30% of the Sahara Desert • Scientists have identified about 4,000 minerals • You could fit about 4 million Empire State Buildings into the Grand Canyon
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Waterfall with the OQUVǡPCVWTCNDTKFIGU Discovered in 1952, the Cave of the Three Bridges in Tannourine, Lebanon, contains a waterfall that plunges 255 m (836 ft) past three natural stone bridges. It cuts through 160-millionyear-old Jurassic limestone.
Longest cave system Mammoth Cave in Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, USA, is a network of limestone chambers of which around 400 mi (640 km) have been explored so far. Created by the weathering action of the Green River
and its tributaries, the cave has taken some 25 million years to form. It is home to around 200 indigenous species, mostly invertebrates. Deepest cave On 10 Aug 2013, Ukrainian caver Gennady Samokhin extended the explored depth of the Krubera Cave in the Arabika Massif, Georgia, by 6 m (19 ft 8 in). Krubera, the only known cave with a depth greater than 2 km PL QRZKDVDQRͦFLDO depth of 2,197 m (7,208 ft).
Largest slot canyon
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Slot canyons evolve when hairline cracks in rock gradually DGEQOGGPNCTIGFQXGTOKNNGPPKCD[SWKEMN[HNQYKPIYCVGTCPF flash floods. The US state of Utah is particularly rich in these formations, owing to its dry conditions and the presence of soft UCPFUVQPG6JG0CTTQYUUNQVECP[QPKP
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First recognizable human The tool-using Homo habilis evolves from a hominid such as Australopithecus afarensis, although it has smaller teeth and a larger brain than its ancestors. It lives in what is today eastern and southern Africa.
2.5 MYA guinnessworldrecords.com 37
DATELINE
Largest concentration of OGVJCPGǡGZRNQUKQPETCVGTU
REEFS Oldest coral reef The Chazy Reef Formation is a fossilized coral reef that extends from Tennessee, USA, to Newfoundland, Canada. It originally formed around 450 million years ago in what was then the Iapetus Ocean. Its most VLJQLͤFDQWRXWFURSRFFXUV in Vermont at Isle La Motte, a rocky lake island that was once a substantial colony of stromatoporoid coral.
the coast of Florida, USA, revealed a new type of coral ecosystem. Unlike all the deep-water reefs previously studied, Pulley Ridge has photosynthesizing algae. This is impressive, because LWVORFDWLRQRQWKHVHDͥRRU at a depth of 80 m (262 ft) receives only 1% of the light that reaches the surface. Deep-water corals are found everywhere from Norway to Nova Scotia,
Deepest photosynthetic coral reef In 1999, research at a deep-water reef called Pulley Ridge, located off
LONGEST REEF
DATELINE
The Great Barrier Reef, located off the coast of Queensland in north-eastern Australia, measures some 1,260 mi (2,027 km) from end to end. That’s about the same as the distance from Miami to New York City or from Madrid to Rome. The Great Barrier Reef is, in fact, a “reef system” – comprising some 2,900 separate colonies of living coral – that covers an area of 80,000 sq mi (207,200 km²). The reef is a diverse but fragile ecosystem, maintained by a delicate balance between the more than 5,000 species that call it home. Seemingly minor human interference can have dramatic effects. It is suspected, for example, that overfishing certain predators creates “plagues” of coral-eating starfish that kill off whole reefs.
1.65 MYA 38 Earth
but their hard-to-reach locations mean that little is known about their ecosystems and life-cycles.
LARGEST... Reef system ever A system of glass sponge reefs, 7,000 km (4,350 mi) from end to end, thrived in the Tethys Ocean during the Late Jurassic (157–145 million years ago). It was more than three times the length of the Great Barrier Reef. Such reefs were thought to be extinct, but living examples were discovered in the 1980s.
Largest raised coral atoll A raised coral atoll is an island that forms as a normal, mostly submerged coral atoll, but is then lifted far above sea level by tectonic forces. The largest of these is Lifou Island in the UQWVJYGUV2CEKƒE1EGCPYJKEJEQXGTUUQOGǡMO
ǡUSǡOK CPFǡKUǡJQOGVQCTQWPFRGQRNG The largest system of glass sponge reefs today is ORFDWHGRII&DQDGD̵V3DFLͤF coast, covering around 700 km2 (270 sq mi) of WKHVHDͥRRULQWKH4XHHQ Charlotte Sound. It is home to sponges
that are as tall as 21 m (69 ft) – that’s more than four storeys high – and in excess of 9,000 years old. Barrier reef system in VJGǡPQTVJGTPJGOKURJGTG Barrier reefs are separated from the mainland or island
Oldest stone tools In Africa, oval- and pear-shaped tools are made by chipping flakes from stone to create sharp or rounded edges. The oldest surviving samples of these “Acheulean” tools are later found in the West Turkana region of Kenya.
FAST FACTS Technically, the word “reef” describes any underwater obstruction • Corals are marine invertebrates (phylum Cnidaria) related to jellyfish and anemones • Coral reefs are home to around 25% of all fish species
Largest atoll archipelago 6JG6WCOQVW#TEJKRGNCIQKPVJGEGPVTCN2CEKƒE1EGCP EQPVCKPUEQTCNCVQNNUKPCEJCKPCDQWVǡMO ǡOK NQPI6JGNCTIGUVCVQNN4CPIKTQC RKEVWTGF EQXGTUCPCTGC QHCTQWPFǡMO ǡUSǡOK CNVJQWIJQPN[ǡMO
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Largest coral die-off +PCTKUGKPQEGCPVGORGTCVWTGUVTKIIGTGFD[CP'N0KȓQ GXGPVECWUGFUQOGQHVJGYQTNFŨUEQTCNTGGHUVQDNGCEJCPF FKG$NGCEJKPIKUCRJGPQOGPQPKPYJKEJFCOCIGFTGGHUUJGF VJGKTU[ODKQVKECNICGNGCXKPILWUVVJGUVQPGNKMGHQTOUQHVJG EQTCNKVUGNH CDQXG #UKOKNCTFKGQHHJCRRGPGFKPCPFOCP[ UEKGPVKUVUDGNKGXGVJCVCVJKTFUWEJGXGPVKUEWTTGPVN[VCMKPIRNCEG shore by a deep, and often wide, lagoon. Although large barrier reefs are FRPPRQLQWKH3DFLͤFWKH Caribbean is home to only a few. No reef system in the northern hemisphere is more extensive than the Belize Barrier Reef, which stretches from the coast of southern Mexico to northern Guatemala. It is second in size only to the Great Barrier Reef, the largest reef system in the southern hemisphere and the overall longest reef (see left).
Double barrier reef Only six double barrier reefs – reefs formed as inner and outer layers – exist in the world today. Of these, the largest is the Danajon Bank, which is 272 km2 (105 sq mi) in size. It lies between the islands of Cebu and Bohol in the Philippines. Atoll reef An atoll reef is an often more or less circular coral reef that
encloses a shallow lagoon. The largest is Kwajalein Atoll, one of the Marshall Islands, which twists and turns for 176 mi (283 km) to enclose a lagoon of 1,100 sq mi (2,850 km²) – the largest body of water enclosed by an atoll. The lagoon is so large that observers cannot see the islands on one side from the other.
Although Kwajalein is the largest atoll, very little of it is above sea level. The largest atoll by land area is Kiritimati, part of the Line Islands chain in the central 3DFLͤF7KLVLVDSDUWLDOO\ raised atoll (see left) whose islands cover an area of 235 sq mi (609 km2) around a small lagoon. Fringing reef This type of reef occurs close to the shore with no intervening lagoon. The largest is Ningaloo Reef in Western Australia, which is approximately 300 km (180 mi) long and some 100 m (330 ft) from the shore at its closest point.
Marine reserve The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument covers 356,879 km² (137,791 sq mi) of the 3DFLͤF7KHUHHIVLQWKLV protected region – about the size of Germany – are home to more than 7,000 species, a quarter of which are found nowhere else.
DID YO
U KNOW The Gre at Carrie ? r Reef is only ree n’t the f with a warship Kwajale in A in it. the wreck toll (see left) is home to of the G erman b Prinz Eu attleship gen, wh ich sank US Navy while th was usin e g it in nucl tests du ear ring 194 6. It was radioact too ive to m ove and is now a popular dive site .
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Oldest musical instrument In a campsite located in modern-day Ljubljana, Slovenia, a Neanderthal takes a segment of femur from a cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) and pierces it with four holes to create a bone flute.
43,000 BCE guinnessworldrecords.com 39
DATELINE
+PVJG750CX[FGEKFGFVJCVVJGHV O CKTETCHV ECTTKGT755Oriskany, which had been rusting away in a navy UJKR[CTFUKPEGYQWNFDGFQPCVGFHQTWUGCUCPCTVKƒEKCN TGGH1P/C[CHVGTVYQ[GCTUQHYQTMVQTGOQXGVQZKE insulation materials, the Oriskany was sent to the bottom of the )WNHQH/GZKEQD[ǡND ǡMI QHECTGHWNN[RNCEGFGZRNQUKXGU
DGNQY 6JGOriskany has since attracted an abundance of OCTKPGNKHGCPFDGEQOGCRQRWNCTFKXKPIUKVG NGHV EQOOQPN[ MPQYPCUVJGū)TGCV%CTTKGT4GGHŬ
RAINFORESTS 295,000 km2 (113,900 sq mi) of the west coasts of the USA and Canada. These forests are only around a few thousand years old, having formed after the last Ice Age. Largest coastal OCPITQXGǡHQTGUV The Sundarbans stretches for almost 6,000 sq mi (15,540 km²) across eastern India and Bangladesh, and acts as a natural barrier against tsunamis and cyclones that often blow in from the Bay of Bengal. The mangrove trees in this forest sometimes exceed 70 ft (21 m) in height, above islands of layered sand and grey clay. They have saltwater-tolerant roots.
(KTUVWUGQHCECPQR[TCHVKPTCKPHQTGUVTGUGCTEJ +P1EVǡDKQNQIKUV(TCPEKU*CNNȌ (4# NGFVJGƒTUVGZRGFKVKQPVQVJGECPQR[QHVJGTCKPHQTGUVKP 5PCMG%TGGM)W[CPC*KUVGCOWUGFCECPQR[TCHVFGUKIPGFD[RKQPGGTKPI(TGPEJDCNNQQPKUV&CP[ %NG[GV/CTTGNYJKEJYCUFTQRRGFQPVQVJGVQRQHVJGTCKPHQTGUVECPQR[D[CPCGTQUVCV CNKIJVGT VJCPCKTETCHVUWEJCUCPCKTUJKR 6JGTCHVKVUGNHYCUCO2 USHV JGZCIQPVJCVWUGFCKT KPHNCVGFDGCOUCPFRQN[XKP[NEJNQTKFGPGVVKPI9GKIJKPILWUVǡMI ǡND KVYCUFGUKIPGFVQTGUV QPVJGTCKPHQTGUVECPQR[YKVJQWVFCOCIKPIPGYITQYVJ6JKUƒTUVGZRGFKVKQPYJKEJCNUQEQWPVGFCU ƒGNFVTKCNUCNNQYGFUEKGPVKUVUVQUCORNGVTGGUCPFRNCPVUCPFRTGUGTXGVJGOHQTNCVGTUVWF[ 1NFGUVVGTTGUVTKCNDKQOG Most of Earth’s tropical rainforests have been established for at least a million years, although some are much older. They
? U KNOW bes DID YOnf ri sc de t” ores
DATELINE
ai The term “r nse tree ith both a de any area w 140 cm an th e or m d canopy an ll. In fa in ra al nu (55 in) of an tropical n w no the well-k rate pe addition to m te there are rainforests, es such ac pl in s st rainfore orway est USA, N as north-w d. and Irelan
survived the last Ice Age, which ended around 10,000 years ago, because unlike the majority of the planet, the equatorial forests did not freeze over. The oldest rainforest of them all is the Daintree Rainforest, located on the north-east coast of Queensland in Australia. It covers around 1,200 km2 (463 sq mi) and is part of the Wet Tropics of Queensland, which was made a World Heritage Site in 1988 by the United Nations Educational, 6FLHQWLͤFDQG&XOWXUDO Organization (UNESCO).
30,000 BCE 40 Earth
This area represents the largest single contiguous block of rainforest in Australia and is estimated to be 180 million years old. .CTIGUVVGORGTCVGǡTCKPHQTGUV Temperate rainforests, which exist outside the Earth’s tropics, generally form where relatively warm ocean temperatures impact inland climates. They have a much greater seasonal variation than tropical rainforests. The largest expanse of this biome RQ(DUWKLVWKH3DFLͤF Temperate Rainforests, which cover around
Largest tropical HQTGUVǡTGUGTXG The Tumucumaque National Park is located in the rainforest of the northern Amazonian state of Amapá in Brazil. Measuring some 38,875 km² (15,010 sq mi)
Largest natural RJCTOCE[ #TQWPFQHCNNYGUVGTP pharmaceutical products come from ingredients in VTQRKECNTCKPHQTGUVUQYKPI VQVJGKTTKEJDKQFKXGTUKV[ Indigenous tribes have utilized plants for medicinal purposes for millennia, DWVVJGYGUVGTPYQTNFQPN[ began to rediscover them in the second half of the VJǡEGPVWT[ in area, the reserve contains many endangered species of plant and animal. The creation of the park was announced on 22 Aug 2002 by Brazilian president Fernando Henrique Cardoso. .CTIGUVTKXGTDCUKP The greatest river basin is that drained by the Amazon, covering
Biome with the ITGCVGUVǡDKQFKXGTUKV[ The precise number of animal and plant species VJCVǡGZKUVKPVJGYQTNFŨUVTQRKECNTCKPHQTGUVUKUWPMPQYP Current estimates of biodiversity suggest that UQOGVJKPIKPVJGTCPIGQHŤQHCNN'CTVJŨUNKXKPI URGEKGUCTGEQPEGPVTCVGFKPVJKUJCDKVCVYJKEJVQFC[ EQXGTUCTQWPFŤQHVJGRNCPGVŨUUWTHCEG
Oldest paintings A group of Stone Age humans paint portraits of animals and imaginary beasts on the walls of a cave in what is now southern France.
FAST FACTS Around 70% of plants identified as potential anti-cancer treatments are native to rainforests • If it were a country, the Amazonian rainforest would be the ninth largest • More than 20% of Earth’s oxygen is made in the Amazon rainforest
YDQLOODIDPLO\WKLVͥRZHU grows in the rainforests of Queensland, Australia, and is a saprophyte (i.e., it feeds on decaying organic material). It is not free-standing, but is supported by other trees.
6CNNGUVVTQRKECNTCKPHQTGUVVTGGU Above the canopy of rainforests is the “emergent” layer, EQORTKUKPICUOCNNPWODGTQHXGT[NCTIGVTGGU6JGVCNNGUVKU VJGǡMCRQMVTGG Ceiba pentandra YJKEJITQYUVQǡO ǡHV CVCTCVGQHCTQWPFO ǡHV RGT[GCT+VECPDGHQWPFOCKPN[ KPUQWVJGTP/GZKEQVJGUQWVJGTP#OC\QPCPF9GUV#HTKEC around 7,045,000 km² (2,720,000 sq mi). It has countless tributaries, including the Madeira, which at 3,380 km (2,100 mi) is the longest river tributary. Perhaps unsurprisingly, the Amazon is the widest river. :KLOHQRWLQͥRRG its main stretches reach widths of up to 11 km (7 mi) at their broadest.
The Amazon also has the JUHDWHVWULYHU̩RZ, with an average discharge rate of about 200,000 m³/sec (7,100,000 cu ft/sec) – that’s 80% of an Olympic swimming pool – into the Atlantic Ocean. 6CNNGUVQTEJKF A height of 15 m (49 ft) has been recorded for the orchid )CNGQNCǡHQNKCVC. Part of the
(CUVGUVFGENKPKPIDKQOG Tropical rainforests are shrinking more quickly than any other biome. A 2002 study using satellites revealed that around 5.8 million ha (14.3 million acres) of rainforest per year were lost from 1990 to 1997. Between 2000 and 2005, Central America lost 1.3% of its tropical rainforests each year; around two-thirds of its rainforests have become pasture since 1950.
.CTIGUVVTGGEQXGTNQUU D[ǡCTGC “Tree-cover loss” refers to the removal of trees, which may be within natural forests or tree plantations, and can result from factors such as mechanical KDUYHVWLQJͤUHGLVHDVHRU storm damage. According to data from the University of Maryland and Google published by Global Forest Watch, over the years 2001–14 Russia suffered the greatest tree-cover loss – largely boreal forests – with 40.94 million of its 761 million hectares lost. In terms of the global impact of deforestation, however, it is Brazil and Indonesia (with some of Earth’s most extensive
tropical forests) that have historically come under scrutiny for their rates of deforestation. Brazil lost 38 million of its 519 million hectares of tree cover, ranking second globally after Russia in absolute tree-cover loss (mostly tropical forest) in 2001–14. More worryingly, and despite a drop in 2013, Indonesia’s tree-cover loss rose by more than 30% in 2013–14 – the largest deforestation by annual increase rate – while that of Brazil rose by “only” 16% during the same time period. The two countries showed a less marked three-year average trend – 0.46% and 1.01% respectively – for the years 2012 to 2014.
LARGEST TROPICAL RAINFOREST The Amazon rainforest spans nine South American countries and covers some 5.5–6.2 million km2 (2.1–2.3 million sq mi). This is necessarily an estimate, not only because the rainforest does not have distinct edges, but also because it merges with similar biomes across its indistinct boundaries. It is part of the Amazon biome – covering 6.7–6.9 million km2 (2.5–2.6 million sq mi) – and includes the whole of the Amazon River Basin. Approximately two-thirds of the rainforest is in Brazil.
Highest concentration QHǡWPEQPVCEVGFVTKDGU
Largest waterfall ever The ice dam holding Glacial Lake Missoula collapses, sending billions of tons of water over cliffs in what is now eastern Washington state, USA.
13,000 BCE guinnessworldrecords.com 41
DATELINE
According to the human rights organization Survival +PVGTPCVKQPCNVJGTGCTGCRRTQZKOCVGN[WPEQPVCEVGF VTKDGUǡKPVJGYQTNFVQFC[/QTGVJCPJCNHQHVJGUGCTGDGNKGXGF VQǡNKXGYKVJKPVJG$TC\KN2GTWTGIKQPQHVJG#OC\QPKCP TCKPHQTGUV/CP[QHVJGUGVTKDGUCEVKXGN[EJQQUGVQJCXGPQ EQPVCEVYKVJVJGQWVUKFGYQTNFUQOGVKOGUD[GZJKDKVKPI JQUVKNKV[VQQWVUKFGTUKPENWFKPIPGKIJDQWTKPIVTKDGU
KILLER PLANTS
Most fluorescent carnivorous plant In a 2013 study, the peristome (the slippery ring of tissue at the opening to the pitcher) of the Khasi Hills pitcher plant (Nepenthes khasiana) of India was found to emit fluorescent light of a wavelength of ŤǡPCPQOGVTGU
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First plant species KFGPVKƒGFQP(CEGDQQM 8SWRP IWLQ ORQJWKHDSWO\QDPHG PDJQLͤFHQWVXQGHZ &TQUGTCOCIPKƒEC LVRQH RIQHDUO\VSHFLHV RIFDUQLYRURXVSODQWV LQWKHWD[RQRPLFIDPLO\ 'URVHUDFHDH,Q DPDWHXUUHVHDUFKHU 5HJLQDOGR9DVFRQFHORV %5$ KDGSRVWHGDSKRWR RQ)DFHERRNRIDVXQGHZ SODQWWKDWKHKDGVHHQZKLOH H[SORULQJDMXQJOHLQ0LQDV *HUDLVVRXWKHDVWHUQ%UD]LO ,Q-XOWKHVXQGHZZDV LGHQWLͤHGE\H[SHUWVDVD KLWKHUWRXQNQRZQVSHFLHV 7KHlargest species of sundew is &ǡGT[VJTQI[PG, a FOLPELQJVSHFLHVHQGHPLF WR:HVWHUQ$XVWUDOLD ZKLFKSURGXFHVDOHQJWK\ VFUDPEOLQJVWHPWKDWFDQ JURZWRP IWLQ ORQJ 2IFRVPRSROLWDQGLVWULEXWLRQ VXQGHZVDUHFDUQLYRURXV IDPRXVIRUFDSWXULQJDQG
Most dangerous tree A member of the spurge family, the manchineel (Hippomane mancinella) grows in the USA’s Florida Everglades and on the Caribbean coast. The sap that its trunk exudes is so acidic and poisonous that the merest contact with human skin causes a breakout of blisters; if it touches the eyes, it can cause blindness. Even standing under the tree in the rain is enough to cause blistering if the skin is wetted by raindrops containing any sap.
digesting insects and RWKHUVPDOOLQYHUWHEUDWHV 7KHSODQWVWUDSWKHLUSUH\ XSRQJOLVWHQLQJGURSVRI GHZOLNHPXFXVDWWKH WLSVRIPXFXVVHFUHWLQJ WHQWDFOHVRQWKHLUOHDYHV
and southern Oregon, USA. %UXVKͤUHVUHJXODUO\VZHHS through this area, and the FREUDOLO\KDVHYROYHGWKH DELOLW\WRUHJURZLWVOHDYHV DQGSLWFKHUVIURPLWVURRW DIWHUVXFKDFRQͥDJUDWLRQ
/QUVƒTGRTQQH ECTPKXQTQWUǡRNCPV 7KHFREUDOLO\ &CTNKPIVQPKC ECNKHQTPKEC LVQRWDWUXH OLO\EXWDVSHFLHVRI SLWFKHUSODQW,WLV QDWLYHWRWKHVRXWKHUQ HQGRIWKH&DVFDGH Mountains range in QRUWKHUQ&DOLIRUQLD
Largest prey of any carnivorous plant Both 0GRGPVJGUǡTCLCJ and 0ǡTCHHNGUKCPCKDYHEHHQ NQRZQWRHDWODUJHIURJV ELUGVDQGHYHQUDWV7KHVH VSHFLHVDUHFRPPRQO\ IRXQGLQWKHUDLQIRUHVWVRI $VLDLQSDUWLFXODU%RUQHR ,QGRQHVLDDQG0DOD\VLD
FASTEST ENTRAPMENT BY A CARNIVOROUS PLANT
DATELINE
Carnivorous plants trap their prey in movements considered to be among the fastest in the plant kingdom. On land, the clamshell-like leaves of the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula, left) shut in one tenth of a second (100 milliseconds) from the moment they are stimulated, typically by insect prey moving into the trap. Underwater, the hinged trapdoor of the bladderwort (Utricularia vulgaris, right) captures its victim in 1/15,000th of a second. The bladderwort has no roots; its fleshy underwater leaf branches are filled with air and keep the plant buoyant, enabling it to float.
9500 BCE 42 Earth
Earliest cultivated food crops Neolithic farmers in south-west Asia begin sowing domesticated plants for human consumption, including pulses, cereal and flax.
Most selective ECTPKXQTQWUǡRNCPV 0GRGPVJGUCNDQOCTIKPCVC DWWUDFWVDQGIHHGV H[FOXVLYHO\RQWKHIRUDJLQJ WHUPLWH*QURKVCNKVGTOGU DKEQNQT*URZLQJLQWKH UDLQIRUHVWVRI0DOD\VLDDQG Indonesia, 0CNDQOCTIKPCVC LVDOVRWKHRQO\SODQWWR RIIHULWVRZQWLVVXHWR VHFXUHDPHDO7KHSODQW JURZVDULQJRIHGLEOH ZKLWHKDLUV ̸WULFKRPHV̹ ZKLFKDWWUDFWWKHWHUPLWHV 7KHVHLQVHFWVIUHTXHQWO\ VOLSGRZQWKH̸WKURDW̹RI WKHSODQWDQGDUHWKHQ
TRIVIA Tomato leaves and stems contain a poison called tomatine, considered a natural pesticide. Apple seeds contain tiny doses of amygdalin – a cyanide and sugar compound.
FAST FACTS Only 5% of the Venus flytrap’s diet consists of flies • The poisonous plant wolfsbane was once thought to ward off werewolves, hence its name • The first major study of carnivorous plants was produced by Charles Darwin in 1875
Most poisonous common plant Ricin – the poison of the castor oil plant (Ricinus communis) – KUǡVKOGUOQTGVQZKEVJCP cyanide and 12,000 times more toxic than rattlesnake venom. According to 6JG/GTEM+PFGZ #P'PE[ENQRGFKCQH%JGOKECNU &TWIUCPF$KQNQIKECNU (1997 edition), a dose of ǡOKETQITCOU ǡQ\ is enough to kill a person YGKIJKPIǡMI ǡND GLJHVWHG8QZLWWLQJO\ KRZHYHUVXUYLYLQJWHUPLWHV HQFRXUDJHPRUHRIWKHLU IHOORZSUH\WRYLVLWWKHSODQW E\UHWXUQLQJWRWKHLUFRORQ\ ZLWKWKHKDLUV Smallest family of carnivorous plants 7KHWD[RQRPLFIDPLO\ &HSKDORWDFHDHFRQWDLQV
Most dangerous stinger 6JGƒPGYJKVGUVKPIKPIJCKTUQH0GY
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Most poisonous fungus #OCPKVCRJCNNQKFGUNQRZQ DVWKHGHDWKFDSPXVKURRP LVUHVSRQVLEOHIRU RI IDWDOSRLVRQLQJVFDXVHG E\IXQJL7KH GHDWKFDS LVIRXQG ZRUOGZLGHLQFOXGLQJ 1RUWK$PHULFD and the UK.
Largest freshwater blue-green algal bloom ,Q ̰ DNP PL VWUHWFKRI $XVWUDOLD̵V%DUZRQ'DUOLQJ 5LYHUZDVFRQWDPLQDWHG E\DWR[LFEOXHJUHHQ DOJDOEORRP6XFKHYHQWV DUHRIWHQFDXVHGE\ IHUWLOL]HUUXQRIIZKLFK IHHGVDSRSXODWLRQ H[SORVLRQLQFRORQLHVRI EOXHJUHHQDOJDH DOVR NQRZQDVF\DQREDFWHULD 7KHVHEDFWHULDSURGXFH F\DQRWR[LQV̰VRPHRIWKH PRVWSRLVRQRXVVXEVWDQFHV NQRZQWRVFLHQFH7KH %DUZRQ'DUOLQJ5LYHUEORRP ZKLFKZDVGRPLQDWHGE\ #PCDCGPCEKTEKPCNKU, caused WKHGHDWKVRIGRPHVWLFDWHG OLYHVWRFNWKDWGUDQNWKH FRQWDPLQDWHGZDWHUDQG OHGWRDVWDWHRIHPHUJHQF\ EHLQJGHFODUHG 7KH̨UVWDQLPDO poisoning caused by a freshwater blue-green algae occurred in Lake $OH[DQGULQD6RXWK $XVWUDOLDLQWKHODWH WKFHQWXU\'RJVVKHHS SLJVKRUVHVDQGFDWWOHDOO GLHGDIWHUGULQNLQJZDWHU IURPWKHODNHWKHVXUIDFH RIZKLFKKDGEHHQFRYHUHG ZLWKDVFXPRI0QFWNCTKC URWOKIGPC.
Largest genus of pitcher plants
Oldest walled town With some 2,000 people already calling it home, Jericho in the Middle East is one of the earliest settlements to construct a stone boundary. It is today the oldest continually inhabited city.
7800 BCE guinnessworldrecords.com 43
DATELINE
The genus NepenthesEQPVCKPUUQOGǡURGEKGUQHVTQRKECNRKVEJGT plants, plus hybrids and cultivars. The largest meat-eating plant is the giant montane pitcher plant 0ǡTCLCJ, right), native to the state QH5CDCJQP$QTPGQ6JGNCTIGUVURGEKOGPYCUǡEO ǡHVǡKP VCNNǡ DGNQY +VYCUHQWPFQPǡ/CTFWTKPIC5CDCJ5QEKGV[ XKUKVVQǡ/GUKNCWQPVJGGCUVTKFIGQH/QWPV-KPCDCNWQP$QTPGQ
ANIMALS
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DATELINE
om ng Male K ing the mati With ur ugust. A d clash d n a y eir a th M g n betwee s bearin ir hind lar tail the n o muscu d legs, stan ir fore t, they ith the weigh is w le m p e e of th d grap legs an tling until on d te s u s a wre o exh d or to injure tinue. n o c to
7000 BCE 44 Animals
Oldest playable instrument A seven-holed flute is carved from the leg bone of a crane in the village of Jiahu, near the Yellow River in China. In 9,000 years’ time, when it is unearthed by archaeologists, the wind instrument will still produce a tune!
CONTENTS ANIMALS FACTOGRAPHIC
46
ANTS
48
OCTOPUSES
50
BIG CATS
52
CROCODILES
54
OWLS
56
MONKEYS
58
SPIDERS
60
DINOSAURS
62
CATS & DOGS
64
FANTASTIC BEASTS
66
Largest lizard
First pottery kilns Progressing from baking clay in the Sun, the Hassuna culture of northern Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) revolutionizes pottery by developing kilns that can reach 1,000°C (1,830°F).
6000 BCE guinnessworldrecords.com 45
DATELINE
5JQTVNKUVGFCUCƒPCNKUVKPVJGRTGUVKIKQWU9KNFNKHG 2JQVQITCRJGTQHVJG;GCTEQORGVKVKQPVJKUOKFDCVVNGUJQVYCU UPCRRGFD[4WUUKCPRJQVQITCRJGT#PFTG[)WFMQXKP+PFQPGUKC )GVVKPIVJKUENQUGVQ-QOQFQFTCIQPU Varanus komodoensis) KUǡPQǡOGCPHGCVPQVNGCUVDGECWUGVJGONQPI HVKP TGRVKNGUCTGMPQYPHQTDGKPICIITGUUKXG +VYCUQPEGVJQWIJVVJCVVQZKEDCEVGTKCKPKVUUCNKXCCNQPI YKVJKVUUJCTRVGGVJYGTGVJKUNK\CTFŨURTKOCT[YGCRQPU+P ǡJQYGXGTUEKGPVKUVUEQPƒTOGFVJCVŤCUYGNNCUDKVKPIKVU RTG[ǡŤVJGURGEKGUGORNQ[UXGPQOUGETGVKPIINCPFUKPKVUNQYGT LCYOCMKPI-QOQFQUVJGǡlargest venomous land animal
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LARGEST TERRESTRIAL MAMMAL
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The animal kingdom is remarkably diverse. Members range in complexity HTQOIGNCVKPQWULGNN[ƒUJCPFUKORNGURQPIGUVQUWTRTKUKPIN[EQORNGZ YCVGTǡHNGCUCPFWNVTCKPVGNNKIGPVFQNRJKPUŲCPFVJKUKULWUVVJGUGCNKHGБ In size, the range is also extreme, from single-celled organisms to the mighty blue whale, the largest animal ever. Illustrated here is a selection QHǡETGCVWTGUPQVGFHQTVJGKTUWRGTNCVKXGUK\GDGKVJGKIJVYGKIJV YKPIURCPQTCRRGVKVG CNQPIUKFGGCEJKUCEQORCTKUQPVQKNNWUVTCVG just how immense these animals are.
ANIMALS
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LARGEST WING-SPAN FOR A LIVING BIRD
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ǡHVǡKP NQPICPFYGKIJUQOGŤǡVQPPGU ŤǡND ŤWRVQQHYJKEJECPDGDNWDDGT#UVJGDWNMKGUVOGODGT QHVJGVCZQPQOKEQTFGT%CTPKXQTCVJGGNGRJCPVUGCNKUCNUQVJG largest carnivoreUQOGƒXGVKOGUJGCXKGTVJCPVJGCXGTCIGCFWNV RQNCTDGCT Ursus maritimus ŤVJGlargest land carnivore. While UGXGTCNYJCNGUGCVOGCVVJG[CTGPQVRCTVQHVJG%CTPKXQTCITQWR UQVCZQPQOKECNN[URGCMKPICTGPQVECTPKXQTGU
LARGEST PINNIPED
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LARGEST LIVING BIRD /CNGGZCORNGUQHVJG0QTVJ#HTKECPQUVTKEJ 5VTWVJKQ camelus camelus CTCVKVG HNKIJVNGUU UWDURGEKGU JCXGǡDGGPTGEQTFGFCVǡO ǡHV VCNNCPFYGKIJKPI ǡMI ǡND 6JCVOCMGUVJGQUVTKEJCRRTQZKOCVGN[ ǡVKOGUJGCXKGTVJCPVJGOCNGDGGJWOOKPIDKTF
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ANTS ANATOMY OF AN ANT 100%
Spiracle: Ants do not have lungs. Oxygen enters the body through openings called spiracles and is piped directly to tissue.
Antennae: Sensory organs used to smell, touch and feel. They can also be used for communication.
Head Mouth
Largest ant Fulvus driver ant (Dorylus fulvus) queens (above) can measure as much as 5 cm (2 in) long once fully mature. The smallest driver ant workers, by contrast, are only 2.5 mm (0.1 in) long. The large, wingless queens travel with their workers in migratory groups that periodically split up to form new colonies. Largest average size HQTǡCPǡCPVURGEKGU 7KHUHLVXVXDOO\VLJQLͤFDQW variation in size between the different castes of ants in a colony. A species with
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Justin O Schm e index as a sid his sting pain ct arching inse se re le hi w t projec stung a lot ng tti ge nd defences (a es the s). He describ in the proces g “like in be as t llet an al sting of a bu ming charco fla er ov g in walk sty nail ru ch in 3a with in your heel”.
Gaster: Abdominal structure housing vital organs. Its telescoping segments allow the gaster to expand – for example, if the ant has fattened up to survive the winter.
a queen that is much larger than normal may not have unusually large workers, and vice versa. Going on the mean body size (the average obtained from the measurements of workers, soldiers, drones and queens), the largest species is Dinoponera gigantea. Native to the Amazon rainforest in Brazil
Leg
Thorax: A muscular midsection to which the six jointed legs connect, along with wings in the flying (mating) phase.
Claws
and Peru as well as in coastal Guyana, it averages 3.3 cm (1.3 in) long. .CTIGUVCPVURGEKGUGXGT We know from fossils found in Messel, Germany, that queens of Titanomyrma giganteum, which lived in Europe around 50 million years ago, were 6 cm (2.4 in) long and had a wing-span of 15 cm (5.9 in).
Eye: The ant’s compound eyes comprise numerous tiny lenses.
Mandibles: Mouthparts used for cutting, digging and fighting, as well as passing food to the mouth; controlled by powerful muscles in the head.
(GYGUVEJTQOQUQOGU KPǡCPǡKPUGEV Male ants are “haploid” (they have only one chromosome from each of their species’ chromosome pairs), while female ants are “diploid” (possessing both parts of the pair). The Australian jack jumper ant (Myrmecia pilosula) has only a single pair, meaning that males of the species have just one chromosome. The most chromosomes recorded in an ant is 94 SDLUV 7KLVͤJXUHZDV recorded from two different species – the dinosaur or dawn ant (Nothomyrmecia macrops) of Australia and Platythyrea tricuspidata, a species found in Indonesia.
that are routinely inundated by the tide. Its nests are constructed with purposebuilt air pockets for the safe storage of eggs, and its workers have developed the ability to swim underwater for prolonged periods – an adaptation seen in no other species of ant. (CUVGUVUGNHRQYGTGF RTGFCVQT[UVTKMG Odontomachus bauri – aka the trap-jaw ant – of South America can close its mandibles at a speed of up to 64 m/s (209 ft/s). In addition to using its mandibles to bite prey, the ant also utilizes them to escape danger, striking them against the ground to ͥLQJLWVHOIFP LQ LQWR the air and horizontally as far as 39.6 cm (1 ft 3.5 in). This is the equivalent of a human jumping 13.4 m (44 ft) straight up.
TRIVIA A number of birds indulge in “anting”, which involves crushing ants and rubbing them all over their plumage. Pictured is a hairy woodpecker (Picoides villosus) in a typical anting posture. The formic acid released from the ants helps to keep parasites away.
/QUVCSWCVKECPV Polyrhachis sokolova, native to Queensland in Australia, Papua New Guinea and the island of New Caledonia, lives in mangrove forests
Smallest ant /QUVRCKPHWNKPUGEVUVKPI
DATELINE
+PGPVQOQNQIKUV,WUVKP15EJOKFV 75# RWDNKUJGFVJG ƒTUVXGTUKQPQHVJG5EJOKFV5VKPI2CKP+PFGZ6JGKPFGZTCPMU VJGDWNNGVCPV Paraponera clavata ŤPCVKXGVQ0KECTCIWCCPF UQWVJYCTFUVJTQWIJ%GPVTCN#OGTKECVQ2CTCIWC[ŤCUVJG KPUGEVYKVJVJGOQUVRCKPHWNUVKPITGIKUVGTKPICOCZKOWO UEQTGQH QP5EJOKFVŨUHQWTRQKPVUECNG
5000 BCE 48 Animals
Carebara bruni, a species of ant native to Sri Lanka, contains YQTMGTUCUVKP[CUǡOO ǡKP NQPIŤVKOGUUOCNNGTVJCPVJG longest worker ant UGGCDQXG TKIJV 6JGNGPIVJQH%ǡDTWPK KUTQWIJN[ǡVJGUCOGCUVJG VJKEMPGUUQHCDCPMECTF
Oldest surgical procedure A 50-year-old man in Ensisheim, France, undergoes trepanation – the process of removing bone from the top of the skull; the discovery of his body 7,000 years later provides the oldest evidence of surgery.
5,700%
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Largest ant genus The genus Pheidole held 1,002 species when the last major survey was carried out in 2014, and new species are being discovered all the time. The smallest ant genus is Nothomyrmecia, which only contains one species, the dinosaur or dawn ant (0ǡOCETQRU, see opposite page), which inhabits western and southern Australia. Some entomologists regard it as a living “fossil” on account of its primitive form.
KNOW? Ant colon ies contain several different types – or “castes” – ant, typica of lly “worke r”, “queen “drone” an ”, d “soldier ”. Workers the most co – mmon – se rve a smal population l of fertile fe males (queens) an d fertile m ales (drones), w hile soldie rs defend th e nest.
LONGEST COLUMN OF ANTS Most ant colonies live in fixed nests on a site chosen by the queen, leaving only to mate or forage for food. There are some exceptions, however, such as the army ants (Eciton, pictured) of Central and South America, and the driver ants (Dorylus) of Africa. These two genera are nomadic, with entire colonies leaving their nests in search of new foraging grounds. A colony on the move forms into a column that can be as much as 1 m (3 ft 3 in) wide and 100 m (328 ft) long. Army ant workers break up the column to form themselves into a living nest for their queen every night.
/QUVFCPIGTQWUCPV Myrmecia pyriformis, CURGEKGUQHDWNNCPVHQWPFKPǡEQCUVCN TGIKQPUQH#WUVTCNKCJCURQYGTHWNLCYUCPFCǡUVKPIVJCV FKURGPUGUCXGPQOUGXGTCNVKOGUOQTGRQVGPVVJCPE[CPKFG QTCTUGPKE$WNNFQICPVUJCXGECWUGFCVNGCUVVJTGGǡJWOCP HCVCNKVKGUUKPEG
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Rarest male ants It was initially thought that Mycocepurus smithii was one of the ant species that reproduced asexually, with all the ants in the colony being clones of the queen. Although this hypothesis has been proven wrong, no male specimens
of /ǡUOKVJKKhave ever been found. It has been speculated that they may be microscopically small, or that they only live for a very short period. *KIJGUVVJGTOQVQNGTCPEG HQTǡCPCPV The Saharan silver ant (Cataglyphis bombycina; see fastest ant, right) does not begin foraging until the outside temperature has reached 46°C (115°F), and it can stay out in the scorching heat until its body temperature reaches 53°C (127°F). This adaptation allows it to avoid less heat-tolerant predators.
1.8 km/h
Fastest ant 6JG5CJCTCPUKNXGTCPV %ǡDQOD[EKPC ECPTGCEJURGGFU QHǡMOJ ǡORJ 6JKUKUVKOGUKVUDQF[NGPIVJ GXGT[UGEQPF$[EQORCTKUQP7UCKP$QNVVJGYQTNFŨU fastest manūQPN[ŬEQXGTUUKZDQF[NGPIVJURGTUGEQPF 6JKUGZVTCQTFKPCT[VWTPQHURGGFOKPKOK\GUKVUGZRQUWTG VQVJG5WPCPFCNUQEQPVTKDWVGUVQKVUDQF[ŨUEQQNKPID[ EQPXGEVKQP UGGNGHV
First written language Pottery from the neolithic Yangshao culture of Shaanxi Province, China, is inscribed with characters thought to represent numerals.
4000 BCE guinnessworldrecords.com 49
DATELINE
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.CTIGUVEQNQP[QHCPVU The Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) was only introduced to Europe DERXW\HDUVDJREXWKDV spread rapidly, establishing a colony that stretches 6,000 km (3,700 mi) from northern Italy to the Atlantic coast of Spain.
OCTOPUSES First octopus Dating back some 296 million years, a fossilized octopod dubbed Pohlsepia mazonensis was unearthed in Illinois, USA. Formally described in 2000, it has been said to resemble a “globular splat”; however, with eight distinct arms, two eyes and what may be an ink sac, it possesses all the features associated with modern octopuses. Largest octopus genus There are more than 100 species within the rather uninspiringly named Octopus genus (opinions vary among biologists about the exact number). That’s more than a third of all octopuses. At the other end of the scale, there are three holders of the title of smallest octopus family. The see-through glass octopus (Vitreledonella richardi), the sevenarm octopus (Haliphron atlanticus) and the football octopus (Ocythoe tuberculata) – named for the shape of its mantle – are all the sole members of their respective families.
ANATOMY OF AN OCTOPUS Eye Mantle: What looks like the head is, in fact, the octopus’s equivalent of our abdomen, containing all its major organs.
Funnel: Water can be pumped through the siphon as a means of propulsion.
Arm: Despite often being called “tentacles”, an octopus’s appendages are really arms/legs. Most have eight, but there are exceptions (see most arms on an octopus and first hexapus).
Suckers
The seven-arm octopus also holds an exclusive record for largest mantle. On one specimen, this “body” section measured 0.69 m (2 ft 3 in) long, beating even that of the largest octopus (opposite) with an average 0.6-m (1-ft 11-in) mantle.
Greatest octopus mimic
DATELINE
Several species of octopus have been observed in the wild mimicking other animals by changing their colour and body shape, or even adapting their behaviour. However, none has mastered the art of impersonation better than the mimic octopus (Thaumoctopus mimicus, left), native to the +PFQ2CEKƒECPFVJG4GF5GC Studies reveal that this shape-shifter can imitate at least 16 other marine creatures, including HNCVƒUJ DQVVQOTKIJV UGCǡUPCMGU VQRTKIJV brittle stars, sea anemones, ETCDUCPFǡLGNN[ƒUJ
3500 BCE 50 Animals
Skin: Pigment-containing cells called chromatophores just under the skin enable the octopus to change colour to reflect its mood or to blend into its surroundings.
Most sociable octopus While most octopuses lead quite solitary lives, the XQFODVVLͤHGODUJHU3DFLͤF striped octopus, found off Nicaragua, can form groups of 30 to 40 individuals. Also going against normal octorelations, they often share
Beak: The mouth is located below the mantle where all the arms meet. Made of chitin, like a crab’s exoskeleton, the beak is the only hard part of this creature’s body. It is used to both latch on to and crush prey.
a den with a partner for several days while mating. This unusually gregarious cephalopod is also the most fecund octopus. Whereas most octopus species reproduce once, females of this species can mate and gestate many times
throughout their lives, laying and hatching multiple egg broods continuously. Longest brooding period All female octopuses are known for being very protective when it comes to their eggs, but no octopus
TRIVIA As part of a 2008 study into animal dexterity, octopuses were given jam jars and Rubik’s Cubes to see if they favoured a certain arm. Results showed that octopuses use six of their eight limbs equally to manipulate objects; the other two are reserved for locomotion.
First timekeeping device The time stick – a primitive type of sundial – is developed by the ancient Mesopotamians. It tells the time by casting a shadow that changes length and position as the Sun “moves” overhead.
FAST FACTS Octopi is not correct; the plural is octopuses or octopodes • Octopus wrestling was a popular sport in the USA in the 1960s • Octopuses have three hearts
Most arms on an octopus As the name suggests, the majority of octopuses have eight limbs, but there are exceptions. One far-fromordinary common octopus (Octopus vulgaris), found off Japan, boasted 96 arms. It’s now preserved for posterity at the Marineland aquarium in Shima, Japan.
Most bioluminescent octopus
Deepest octopus
While many squid species have evolved to emit light to attract prey and mates in the gloomy QEGCPǡFGRVJUStauroteuthis syrtensis, aka the glowing sucker octopus (above), is one of very HGYǡQEVQRWUGUVQFKURNC[VJGVTCKV#FCRVGFUWEMGTUQPVJGCTms have been observed glowing blue-green, primarily at 470 nanometres – a wavelength that travels well through water.
The dumbo octopus (Grimpoteuthis) has been sighted at ǡO ǡHV below the surface, YJGTGKVKUCDNGǡVQ withstand pressures QHǡCVOQURJGTGUŤ that’s the equivalent QHǡMI ǡND weighing down on a ƒPIGTPCKN#NVJQWIJ typically measuring ŤǡEO ŤǡKP KPNGPIVJQPGLWODQ FWODQYCUǡO
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Most venomous mollusc A 2009 study found that all octopuses are venomous to some degree, but the blue-ringed octopuses (Hapalochlaena), found off Australia and south-east Asia, pack enough neurotoxin to paralyse or kill 10 adult humans!
There are also accounts of octopuses with fewer arms. The ̨UVWKH[DSXV documented was a lesser octopus (Eledone cirrhosa), caught in 2008 near Wales, UK. It was christened Henry
after King Henry VIII, who is famed for having six wives. Other six-legged octopuses have been spotted, but they are widely accepted to be genetic mutants rather than a distinct species.
LARGEST OCTOPUS The giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) has an average arm-span of 16 ft (5 m). In terms of individual specimens, however, the largest on record boasted an arm-span of 31 ft 5 in (9.6 m) – longer than an anaconda – and weighed in at 600 lb (272 kg). The giant Pacific octopus has a diet of crustaceans and small fish, but will occasionally take on bigger meals such as sharks (below).
First use of the wheel The ancient Mesopotamians begin using wheeled carts as a means of transport; previously, humans had rolled along heavy objects on logs.
c.3500 BCE guinnessworldrecords.com 51
DATELINE
– nor any other animal, for that matter – can lay claim to being more committed to brooding than the deepsea species Graneledone DQTGQRCEKƒEC. In May 2007, one mother was sighted on a rocky wall at a depth of 1,400 m (4,600 ft) guarding eggs laid just a few weeks earlier. 6XEVHTXHQWYLVLWVFRQͤUPHG her ongoing vigil, which continued to Sep 2011 – a staggering 53 months (nearly four-and-a-half years). A month later she was gone, and the 160 or so egg cases had all hatched.
BIG CATS The largest-ever lion subspecies was the American lion (Panthera leo atrox), which once inhabited North America but became extinct c. 11,000 years ago. Some 25% larger than the largest modern-day African lions, it had a head-andbody length of 1.6–2.5 m (5 ft 3 in–8 ft 2 in), stood 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) at the shoulder and weighed up to 350 kg (773 lb).
Highest-living predators on land Hidden cameras have photographed the rare and seldomseen snow leopard (Panthera uncia, pictured) at altitudes of HVǡ ǡO &WTKPIVJGGCTN[UCRWOC Puma concolor) was observed at the same altitude in VJGǡ5QWVJ#OGTKECP#PFGUOQWPVCKPU
Largest wild cat Male Siberian, or Amur, tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) normally have a length of 2.7–3.3 m (8 ft 10 in–10 ft 10 in) from nose
tip to tail tip, a shoulder height of 1–1.07 m (3 ft 3 in–3 ft 6 in), and may weigh up to 306 kg (674 lb). The largest species of sabre-toothed cat or machairodont, all of which are now extinct,
was Smilodon populator, which lived in South America from around 1 million to 10,000 years ago. It stood 1.56 m (5 ft 1 in) at the shoulder, while the biggest males may have exceeded 500 kg (1,100 lb).
Highest bite force KPCǡDKIECVKP proportion to size The bite of a jaguar (Panthera onca) is proportionately stronger than that of any other big cat. A 100-kg (220-lb) jaguar can bite with a force of 503.57 kg (1,100 lb 3 oz) at the canine teeth, and 705.79 kg (1,556 lb) at the carnassial notch on its fourth upper premolar and ͤUVWORZHUPRODUWHHWK /QUVRTQNKƒE man-killing leopard The “Leopard of Panar” was deemed responsible for
Smallest leopard 6JGCFWNVOCNG#TCDKCP leopard (Panthera pardus nimr YGKIJUCRRTQZKOCVGN[ ǡMI ND CPFVJGHGOCNG MI ǡND ŤHCTNKIJVGT VJCPCP[QHKVUQVJGTGKIJV UWDURGEKGU6JKUETKVKECNN[ GPFCPIGTGFECVJCUQPN[ TGEGPVN[DGGPTGEQIPK\GF
killing more than 400 people during the early 20th century in Kumaon, northern India. ,WZDVͤQDOO\GLVSDWFKHG by renowned Anglo-Indian hunter Jim Corbett in 1910.
FIRST WHITE LIGERS In Dec 2013, at Myrtle Beach Safari in South Carolina, USA, a white Bengal tigress called Saraswati (pictured) gave birth to the first confirmed white ligers. The father was a white African lion. Myrtle Beach is also home to the largest living cat, Hercules (inset). An adult male liger, he is 10 ft 11 in (3.33 m) long, stands 4 ft 1 in (1.25 m) at the shoulder and weighs 922 lb (418.2 kg).
DID YO
DATELINE
U KN A “liger” is a cross OW? male lio between n and a a tigress. and ma A lioness le tiger cross re a “tigon sults in ”. Other hybrid cr within th osses e feline fa mily incl a “jagule ude p” (a ma le jagua leopard ress mix) a n d a lijagulep (a mix b etween a male lion and female jagulep).
3300 BCE 52 Animals
Oldest tattoos “Ötzi the Iceman” dies from an arrow wound during the Bronze Age. When his well-preserved body is discovered in 1991 – in the Alps between Austria and Italy – it is found to be covered with 61 tattoos.
FAST FACTS Snow leopards can cover seven times their body length in one leap • No two tigers have the same pattern of stripes • The roar of a lion can be heard 5 mi (8 km) away • Cheetahs don’t roar; instead, they purr
First hybrid of big CPFǡUOCNNǡECVU Near the end of the 19th century, matings between pumas (Puma concolor) and leopards (Panthera pardus) in captivity at German animal collector Carl Hagenbeck’s private zoo, the Tierpark in Hamburg, resulted in the birth and survival into adulthood of several puma-leopard hybrids.
Lowest-frequency big-cat roar The roar of the lion (Panthera leo PCVKXGVQ#HTKECCPF #UKCJCUCNQYGTHTGSWGPE[VJCPVJCVQHCP[QVJGTDKI ECV#NKQPŨUTQCTKUFGNKXGTGFKPDQWVUNCUVKPIWRVQǡUGE CPFEQPUKUVKPIQHWRVQECNNUYKVJCHWPFCOGPVCN HTGSWGPE[QHŤǡ*\(TQOǡO ǡHVǡKP CYC[ KVǡYQWNFTGEQTFǡF$QPCUQWPFNGXGNOGVGT
The least dangerous big cat to humans is the snow leopard (2ǡWPEKC). To GDWHRQO\WZRFRQͤUPHG attacks have been recorded. Most social big cat Most big cats are solitary creatures, but the lion (P. leo) is famously social, living in groups of individuals known as prides. Most prides consist RIͤYHWRVL[OLRQHVVHV their cubs and one or two
lions, but there is evidence of prides with as many as 30 individuals. (KTUVEQPƒTOGFUKIJVKPI of a white lion Long familiar in traditional South African folklore, the ZKLWHOLRQZDVͤUVWVLJKWHG in 1938, when one specimen was seen by Joyce Little in Timbavati (now a private game reserve) on the western edge of South Africa’s Kruger National Park.
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First three-species big cat hybrid in captivity The UK’s London Zoo displayed a female “lijagupard” in 1908. Her mother had been a jagupard (a hybrid of a male jaguar and leopardess) born at Chicago Zoo in Illinois, USA, and her father a lion. She resembled a slim, long-limbed lioness but was dappled with large brown rosettes.
Largest “small” cat
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Longest-burning fire A coal seam in New South Wales, Australia, is struck by lightning and catches fire. It is still burning, some 5,000 years later.
3000 BCE guinnessworldrecords.com 53
DATELINE
Oldest living leopard in captivity
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CROCODILES Largest crocodile KPǡECRVKXKV[
This saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus Ť known to his keepers as %CUUKWUŤYCUECRVWTGF KPCHVGTIQKPIQPC DQCVUOCUJKPIURTGGPGCT &CTYKP#WUVTCNKC%CUUKWU YCUHQWPFVQDGCP KORTGUUKXGǡHV ǡO NQPIYJGPOGCUWTGF KPCVJKUJQOGKP Marineland Melanesia YKNFNKHG\QQQP)TGGP +UNCPF3WGGPUNCPF
Largest crocodile KPǡECRVKXKV[ GXGT Although Cassius (above) is the largest crocodile in captivity today, the largest ever was a 6.17-m (20-ft 3-in) saltwater crocodile captured in Bunawan, Philippines, on 3 Sep 2011. This crocodile was named Lolong and housed at
Bunawan Eco-Park. Lolong did not adapt well to life in captivity, however, and died on 10 Feb 2013. The oldest crocodilian in captivity (living) is Muja, an American alligator (#NNKICVQTǡOKUUKUUKRRKGPUKU). It is not known how old he was on arrival (fully grown) at Belgrade Zoo, but the
Largest crocodile ever Sarcosuchus imperator, a monster crocodile that walked the Earth some 110 million years ago, weighed 8 tonnes
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78 years 219 days he has lived there to 18 Apr 2016 are enough to secure him this record. Muja survived the aerial bombing of the zoo during World War II. The oldest crocodilian in captivity (ever) was Hakuna, an African slender-snouted crocodile (/GEKUVQRUECVCRJTCEVWU) at Blijdorp Zoo in Rotterdam, Netherlands. He and his mate, Matata, were acquired in 1929 – a gift from singer and dancer Josephine Baker. While Matata died in 2014, Hakuna lived there for a total of 85 years until his death on 19 Feb 2015. Largest crocodile genus The genus %TQEQF[NWU, the true crocodiles, contains
Most human fatalities in a crocodile attack?
DATELINE
+PJKUDQQMWildlife Sketches Near and FarVJG%CPCFKCPPCVWTCNKUV$TWEG5VCPNG[9TKIJV TGEQWPVGFCFGCFN[UCNVYCVGTETQEQFKNGGPEQWPVGTQP4COTGG+UNCPFKP$WTOCFWTKPI9QTNF9CTǡ++ 1Pǡ(GDCUVJGUVQT[IQGU#NNKGFVTQQRU DGNQY HQTEGF,CRCPGUGRTKUQPGTUQHYCTVQ ETQUUǡOK ǡMO QHOCPITQXGUYCORUYJGTGVJG[HGNNRTG[VQC. porosus#HVGTCPKIJVQHHTGP\KGF HGGFKPID[VJGETQEQFKNGUQPN[OGPGOGTIGFCNKXG0GYTGUGCTEJD[VJG0CVKQPCN)GQITCRJKE %JCPPGNJQYGXGTJCUECUVFQWDVQPVJGUVQT[QTCVNGCUVQPVJGGZVGPVQHVJGFGCVJU
2600 BCE
12 individual species and is represented on every continent other than Europe and Antarctica.
crocodile (%ǡPKNQVKEWU), but genetic analysis carried out in 2011 proved that it is only distantly related.
Rarest crocodilian According to a 2002 study, there are fewer than 200 Chinese alligators living in the wild. Native to the lower Yangtze River in China, this species has struggled with habitat destruction and hunting by local farmers.
Largest crocodilian eggs The false gharial (see below) lays eggs that are around 10 x 7 cm (3.94 x 2.76 in). That’s about the same diameter as a baseball. The smallest crocodilian eggs, by contrast, are laid by the Chinese alligator (#UKPGPUKU). These are as little as 5.23 cm (2 in) long and 3.27 cm (1.3 in) wide – smaller than a hen’s egg. Unsurprisingly, Chinese
0GYGUVETQEQFKNGURGEKGU The desert or sacred crocodile (C. suchus) of West Africa looks almost identical to the Nile
5OCNNGUVETQEQFKNKCPHCOKN[ 6JGHCOKN[)CXKCNKFCGEQPVCKPUQPN[VYQURGEKGU the gharial (Gavialis gangeticusDGNQY CPFVJGHCNUG gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii 6JGHQTOGTKUPCVKXG VQǡ$CPINCFGUJ+PFKCCPF2CMKUVCPYJKNGVJGNCVVGTNKXGU KPUQWVJGCUV#UKC7PVKNTGEGPVN[VJGHCNUGIJCTKCNYCU VJQWIJVVQDGCV[RGQHETQEQFKNGJGPEGVJGPCOG
First autograph A Sumerian scribe named “Adu” uses a reed to etch his cuneiform signature into a clay tablet in what is now Tell Abu Salãbikh, Iraq.
FAST FACTS The roar of an American alligator, the loudest crocodilian, can reach 92 dB • The word “crocodile” comes from the Greek for “pebble worm” • Crocodiles can swim faster than they can run
Fastest crocodile 6JGHTGUJYCVGTETQEQFKNG Crocodylus johnstoni QHPQTVJGTP #WUVTCNKCECPTWPCVURGGFUQHǡMOJ ǡORJ 5ECT[CU VJKUUQWPFUVJGūHTGUJKGŬ CUKVKUEQOOQPN[MPQYP IGPGTCNN[ WUGUKVUURGGFVQTWPCYC[HTQORGQRNGPQVVQYCTFUVJGO
TRIVIA Crocodiles have a powerful biting force (see below), but their jaws can be kept shut with a regular rubber band: the muscles that open the mouth are much weaker than those that clamp it shut.
alligators also produce the smallest crocodilian hatchlings, with an average length of 20 cm (7.9 in), and are, as adults, the smallest alligators – with an average length of just 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) for males. Most restricted distribution for a crocodile While some crocodiles are spread over vast areas (the saltwater crocodile ranges from southern India to
on approach to Bandundu Airport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. When emergency services reached the crash site, they found a lone survivor who explained that the crash had been caused by a crocodile. A passenger had smuggled one on board in a sports bag, and when it broke loose the panicked passengers caused a stampede that unbalanced the aircraft. The crocodile was subsequently hacked to death with a machete.
western Australia), others have adapted to life in a very restricted habitat. The most extreme example of this is the Cuban crocodile (%ǡTJQODKHGT), which lives only in Cuba’s Zapata Swamp, an area of 4,354 km2 (1,681 sq mi). (KTUVRNCPGETCUJ ECWUGFǡD[ǡCETQEQFKNG On 25 Aug 2010, a small passenger plane crashed
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The 5.5-m U KNOW? (18-ft) B become rutus ha someth s ing of a with tou celebrity rists on Australi Adelaid e River, a’s where h lured in e can be to view b y an offeri of buffa ng lo meat. The salt crocodil water e is missi n g o ne front leg follo wing a sh ark attack.
LARGEST CROCODILIAN
Tallest pyramid Construction begins on the iconic Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt. It will take 20 years to complete the 146.7-m-tall (481-ft 3.5-in) structure, later classified as one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.
2560 BCE guinnessworldrecords.com 55
DATELINE
Adult male estuarine or saltwater crocodiles (such as Brutus, right) can grow to at least 7 m (23 ft) long and often weigh more than 1 tonne (2,205 lb). People have claimed to have seen 10-m (32-ft 10-in) individuals in the wild, but no conclusive evidence of such giants exists. The saltwater species also holds the record for strongest bite force for a crocodile. Any animal (or person!) unlucky enough to get caught, such as the doomed boar, inset left, can be subjected to a bite force of 11,216 N (2,521 lbf) – equivalent to being crushed under the weight of a mid-sized car.
OWLS Largest owl ever The Cuban giant owl Ornimegalonyx is known from fossils of four closely related species native to Cuba and dating from approximately 10,000 years ago. Standing 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) tall, and probably weighing well in excess of 9 kg (19 lb 13 oz), Ornimegalonyx is believed WRKDYHEHHQͥLJKWOHVV RUDOPRVWͥLJKWOHVV
Newest species of owl The Seram masked owl (Tyto almae) was formally described and named KP+VYCUƒTUV made known to science back in 1987, however, when a specimen was photographed (but not collected) in the wild by a visiting expedition. It is native to, and named after, the Indonesian island of Seram.
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Earliest known owl species Berruornis orbisantiqui dates back to the mid/late Palaeocene epoch, some 60–57 million years ago. Its fossils have been found in deposits at Reims in northeastern France. This
ancestor was about the same size as today’s largest eagle owls, which are the largest owls of any kind alive (see right).
Largest owl clutch In general, the snowy owl (Nyctea scandiaca, pictured below) lays the largest clutch, with many 11-egg clutches known. However, a single northern hawk owl (Surnia ulula) in Finland has been recorded as laying a clutch of 13 eggs. Largest owl genus The genus Otus, containing most of the scops owls, is found worldwide, with 46 distinct species recognized. Some authorities consider a few subspecies to be separate species in their own right, raising this total to as many as 51.
Most northerly owl
DATELINE
The snowy owl is native to the Arctic regions of Eurasia and North America. It heads north in search of food and is one of very few birds to spend much of the year in the high Arctic zone. Snowy owls have even been recorded on Canada’s Ellesmere Island, at 82°N, in the bitter-cold FCTMPGUUQHǡOKFYKPVGT
c.2281 BCE 56 Animals
TRIVIA Owls have 14 neck vertebrae (humans have seven) and their spinal cord and blood vessels run via wide channels in the spine. As a result, their heads can turn 270°, so they can track prey without moving their bodies.
Of those species whose populations have been VFLHQWLͤFDOO\HVWLPDWHG the most abundant owl is the little owl (Athene noctua). Native to much of temperate Europe, northern Africa and Asia eastwards to the Korean peninsula, it is thought to number some 5,000,000–15,000,000 individuals worldwide. The owl species with the greatest distribution range is the common barn
TRIVIA Like other birds, owls cannot chew their food. They swallow small prey whole, or tear larger animals to pieces before eating. Indigestible parts, such as teeth, bones and feathers, are stored in the gizzard for up to 10 hours and regurgitated in pellet form (below). The pellet partly blocks the owls’ digestive system, however, and they must expel it before consuming fresh prey.
Longest reigning pharaoh Phiops II, aka Pepi II or Neferkare, becomes ruler of Egypt at the age of six and will remain in power for allegedly 94 years. This also potentially makes his the longest ever reign of any monarch.
FAST FACTS Owls’ eyes are tube-shaped and cannot move • A group of owls is called a “parliament” • A barn owl can eat 1,000 mice per year • Unusually for birds, female owls are bigger than males and often have brighter plumage
LARGEST OWL The European race of the eagle owl (Bubo bubo) has an average body length of 66–71 cm (2 ft 2 in–2 ft 4 in) and a weight of 1.6–4 kg (3 lb 8 oz– 8 lb 13 oz). It also has the greatest wing-span for an owl: at more than 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in), this is about the same as the arm-span of a 14-year-old child. Eagle owls will eat almost anything that moves, from beetles to roe deer fawns. The major part of their diet consists of mammals (such as rats, mice, foxes and hares), but birds of all kinds are also taken, including crows, ducks, grouse, seabirds and even other owls.
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owl (Tyto alba). It has a near-global distribution, estimated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature to cover 63,300,000 km2 (24,440,000 sq mi), and is absent only from Antarctica. This bird also has the most subspecies for an owl. It is generally split into at least 27 subspecies. Smallest owl family There are two taxonomic families of owl alive today (plus several prehistoric ones): Strigidae and Tytonidae. The smallest is Tytonidae – the barn owls and bay owls – with 19 species.
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Smallest owl
Oldest cypress tree A specimen of Cupressus sempervirens takes root in the city of Abarkuh in Iran; later named Sarv-e-Abarkuh, it will continue to flourish into the 21st century.
2000
BCE
guinnessworldrecords.com 57
DATELINE
The elf owl (Micrathene whitneyi, right) of south-western USA and Mexico averages ŤǡEO ŤǡKP NQPICPFYGKIJUNGUU VJCPǡI ǡQ\ +VV[RKECNN[PGUVUKPC hole made by another bird, or in cavities in trees. Sometimes, a woodpecker and GNHQYNOC[GXGPPGUVǡKPVJGUCOGDWUJ 1PN[ǡOCTIKPCNN[NCTIGTKUVJGNGCUV pygmy owl (Glaucidium minutissimum), YGKIJKPICTQWPFǡI ǡQ\ CPF YKVJCVQVCNNGPIVJQHǡEO KP
MONKEYS NOW? d DID YOeUinK “hordes”, an
Mandrills liv e in the minant mal the most do the most ve ha lly typica ity horde will The intens louration. ured lo striking co co ly ht key’s brig of the mon is linked ndquarters face and hi osterone st te of nt to the amou g its lin al gn si produced, and dominance power.
54 kg
Largest baboon Adult male chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) can grow to a length of 115 cm (3 ft 9 in) – not including a tail of up to 84 cm (2 ft 9 in) – and can weigh as much as 40 kg (88 lb). Although native to South Africa, these baboons are found all over southern Africa. An isolated troop has even been discovered living in the Namib Desert, Namibia, where there is no surface water for eight months every year. This makes the chacma baboon the most droughtresistant monkey.
DATELINE
Smallest 1NFǡ9QTNFǡOQPMG[ At the opposite end of the scale from the mandrill (left) are two closely related species of talapoin: the Angolan or southern talapoin (Miopithecus talapoin) and the Gabon or northern talapoin (/ǡQIQWGPUKU). These talapoins have a total length of no more than 45 cm (1 ft 5 in), and weigh c. 800 g (1 lb 12 oz). They typically live in swamps and mangrove forests, and are excellent swimmers.
Noisiest land animal 6JGHGCTUQOGUETGCOUQHVJGJQYNGTOQPMG[ IGPWU Alouatta) of Central and South America have been described CUCETQUUDGVYGGPVJGDCTMQHCFQICPFVJGDTC[QHC FQPMG[KPETGCUGFCVJQWUCPFHQNFБ6JGOCNGUJCXGCP GPNCTIGFDQP[UVTWEVWTGCVVJGVQRQHVJGYKPFRKRGVJCV GPCDNGUVJGUQWPFVQTGXGTDGTCVG1PEGKPHWNNXQKEGVJG[ ECPDGJGCTFENGCTN[WRVQǡOK ǡMO CYC[
*GCXKGUVPKIJVOQPMG[ As their name suggests, South America’s night monkeys, or douroucoulis, are the world’s only nocturnal monkeys. Of the 11 species currently recognized, the heaviest is Azara’s night monkey (Aotus azarae), which weighs about 1.25 kg (2 lb 12 oz), with males being slightly heavier than females. /QUVJGTDKXQTQWUOQPMG[ The gelada (Theropithecus IGNCFC) is a large, baboonlike monkey native to
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SMALLEST MONKEY
The male mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) of equatorial West Africa JCUCJGCFCPFDQF[NGPIVJQHŤǡEO ǡHVŤǡHVǡKP /CNGU CXGTCIGǡMI ǡND DWVECPYGKIJMI ǡND 6JGOCPFTKNNŨU FKUVKPEVKXGDNWGTWORTGFHCEGCPF[GNNQYDGCTFOCMGǡKVQPGQH VJGOQUVEQNQWTHWNOCOOCNU The largest New World monkeyOGCPYJKNGKUVJGJKIJN[ GPFCPIGTGFYQQNN[URKFGTOQPMG[ Brachyteles arachnoides) ťCMCOWTKSWKťQH$TC\KNYKVJCJGCFCPFDQF[NGPIVJQH ŤǡEO ǡHVǡKPŤǡHV CPFYGKIJKPIWRVQǡMI ǡND
Adult pygmy marmosets (Cebuella pygmaea, juveniles pictured), found in the upper Amazon, grow to an average weight of 119 g (4.20 oz) – about the same as a mid-sized orange. Despite their size – typically 136 mm (5.3 in) long excluding tail, which is usually longer than the body – pygmy marmosets can leap 5 m (16 ft 5 in) into the air!
1900 BCE 58 Animals
First alphabet Egyptian masons carve an inscription into a limestone block using the earliest known form of phonetic writing system.
Ethiopia. Despite its fearsome appearance and huge canine teeth, this species is exclusively vegetarian, with grass making up 90% of its diet (the rest is seeds and roots). The gelada’s diet is an adaptation to its habitat in the verdant highlands of northern Ethiopia, where plant life is abundant enough to support herds of up to 700 individuals. Encroaching human activity and drought have drastically reduced the gelada population over
FAST FACTS The word “monkey” is thought to derive from “mannikin”, the Dutch for “little man” • A group of monkeys is a “troop” • The first mammal in space was a monkey called Albert II in 1949 • 2016 was the Chinese Year of the Monkey
KNOW YOUR PRIMATES What’s the difference between apes, monkeys and prosimians?
Fastest primate 6JGRCVCUOQPMG[ Erythrocebus patas QHYGUVGTPCPFǡGCUVGTP #HTKECECPTGCEJURGGFUQHǡMOJ ǡORJ 9KVJVJGKT NQPIUNGPFGTNKODUVJGUGSWCFTWRGFCN CNNHQWTU 1NF9QTNF OQPMG[UCTGUQOGVKOGUTGHGTTGFVQCUūRTKOCVGEJGGVCJUŬ
TRIVIA Spider monkeys (Ateles) use their muscular, tactile, prehensile (“grasping”) tail as a fifth hand. Pictured here is one such monkey extending its reach by grasping on to a branch with its tail.
the last few decades, but it is still thought to be the most abundant monkey, with a population of around 200,000 individuals. /QUVPQTVJGTN[DCDQQP The sacred or hamadryas baboon (2CRKQJCOCFT[CU) is native to the Horn of Africa and the most southwesterly portion of the Arabian Peninsula. The most southerly baboon, and also the most southerly non-human primate, is the chacma baboon (P. ursinus, see opposite page), which
MONKEY
PROSIMIAN
Apes are tailless, and typically larger – and more intelligent – than other primates. This superfamily comprises the “great apes” (bonobos, chimpanzees, gorillas and orang-utans) and “lesser apes” (gibbons).
Monkeys usually have tails, and many of the approximately 260 known species are arboreal (live in trees). Monkeys are divided into two main groups: “Old World” (Africa and Asia) and “New World” (Americas).
Prosimians are a group of more primitive primates that includes lemurs, lorises, bushbabies, pottos and tarsiers. They are mostly nocturnal and arboreal, hunting for insects and small mammals in the trees.
has a range that extends as far south as the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. /QUVUQWVJGTN[OCTOQUGV Marmosets are a group of New World monkeys that, along with tamarins, make up the family Callitrichidae. Almost all marmosets and tamarins live in the Amazon rainforest. The notable exception is the blacktailed marmoset (Mico melanurus), which has a range that extends from the south-central Amazon in Brazil to the edges of the
Chaco plains in Paraguay. It is thought that the blacktailed marmoset’s range is a result of deforestation in the Amazon, which forced it to adapt to new habitats. 0GYGUVOQPMG[ The most recent species of monkey to have been VFLHQWLͤFDOO\UHFRJQL]HGLV the white-cheeked macaque (/CECECNGWEQIGP[U). Native to the tropical forests of southeastern Tibet, it was RͦFLDOO\GHVFULEHG in Mar 2015 and is distinguished from other local macaques by the white whiskers on its cheeks, the shape of the male’s genitals and a ruff of fur around its neck.
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Longest nose on a primate
Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) live near Nagano KPǡVJGOQWPVCKPQWU,KIQMWFCPKCTGCQH,CRCP*WOCPU CUKFGVJG[CTGVJGPQTVJGTPOQUVRQRWNCVKQPQHRTKOCVGU #NUQMPQYPCUUPQYOQPMG[UVJG[UWTXKXGVJGo% o( YKPVGTUD[YCTOKPIVJGOUGNXGUKPJQVXQNECPKEURTKPIU
6JGRTQDQUEKUOQPMG[ Nasalis larvatus), found only on the KUNCPFQH$QTPGQJCUCRGPFWNQWUPQUGWRVQǡEO ǡKP NQPIǡKPGNFGTN[OCNGURGEKOGPU1HVGPNCTIGGPQWIJVQJCPI QXGTǡVJGOQWVJKVDGEQOGUTGFCPFUYQNNGPYJGPVJGOQPMG[ KUǡKPFCPIGTQTGZEKVGF+VCNUQCEVUCUCTGUQPCVQTYJGPVJG OQPMG[OCMGUǡKVUǡEJCTCEVGTKUVKEJQPMKPIYCTPKPIUQWPF
Oldest love song A love song is etched into a stone tablet in the ancient city of Ugarit (modern-day Ras Shamra in Syria); lost until the 1950s, its first performance to modern audiences comes on 6 Mar 1974.
1800 BCE guinnessworldrecords.com 59
DATELINE
55 km/h
APE
SPIDERS Earliest fossil spiders Found in coal deposits in North America and Europe, the remains of the suborder of primitive spiders known as Mesothelae date from the Carboniferous period, 359–299 million years ago. They probably used their silk for covering their eggs or as a groundsheet, since web-weaving is considered to have evolved much later. Mesothelae, of which there is only one living family, also possess the most spinnerets for a spider: four pairs. Originally evolving from limbs, these organs produce the silk that spiders use for creating webs and linings.
Largest spider eyes The ogre-faced (aka gladiator or net-casting) spider, of the genus DeinopisJCUDWNIKPIG[GUOGCUWTKPIWRVQǡOO ǡKP across. The eyes do not produce very good images but are excellent at gathering light for night vision – helpful, as this sticklike, tropical arachnid is a nocturnal ambush hunter. It catches prey in a net-like web that it holds suspended from its four front legs; any prey touching the trap is instantly enveloped.
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DATELINE
When golia e a hissing , they mak threatened ther the ge to g bbin sound by ru is called is Th . their legs e up to bristles on bl di and is au stridulation le bites hi W . ay aw ) 4.5 m (15 ft are inful, they are very pa s ou er ng da not typically to humans.
1500 BCE 60 Animals
Largest fossil spider A preserved female specimen of Mongolarachne jurassica has a body DSSUR[LPDWHO\PP (1 in) long, with front legs DURXQGPP LQ long. It lived in what is now northern China some PLOOLRQ\HDUV ago, during the Mid-Jurassic era.
Most venomous spider The venom of the Sydney funnel-web (Atrax robustus), which lives in and around the city of Sydney, Australia, is fatal to JWOCPUCVCEQPEGPVTCVKQPQHLWUVOIRGTMIQHDQF[ weight. The spider owes its lethal poison to a quirk of evolution: although it preys on insects, its venom acts in a way that is especially deadly to humans. At least 14 people have died as CǡTGUWNVQH5[FPG[HWPPGNYGDDKVGUUQOGKPCUNKVVNGCUOKP Earliest orb-weaver spider Modern orb-weaver or orb-web spiders spin large, strong, complex webs. The earliest known species, Cretaraneus vilaltae, was described in 1990 from an exoskeleton discovered in Spain. It lived 140 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous period. The oldest cobweb also dates from the Cretaceous period. In 2009, brothers
and amateur fossil hunters Jamie and Jonathan Hiscocks found a web preserved in amber on a beach in East Sussex, UK. First herbivorous spider Bagheera kiplingi was IRUPDOO\FODVVLͤHGLQ from a male specimen. It took another 110 years WRLGHQWLI\WKHͤUVWIHPDOH specimen because of the species’ extreme sexual
LARGEST SPIDER First discovered in 1804, this heavyweight ambush hunter is native to the coastal rainforests of Suriname, Guyana and French Guiana. The record leg-span for a male goliath bird-eating spider (Theraphosa blondi ) is 28 cm (11 in). The specimen was collected by members of the Pablo San Martin Expedition at Rio Cavro, Venezuela, in Apr 1965, and was large enough to cover a dinner plate. A two-year-old spider of the same species, bred by Robert Bustard and reared by Brian Burnett of Alyth in Perthshire, UK, also had a leg-span of 28 cm in Feb 1998.
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First all-weather clock A timekeeping device called a clepsydra is first used in Ancient Egypt. It works by allowing water to drain from a container at a steady rate. It is not accurate by modern standards, but unlike a sundial it works on overcast days.
FAST FACTS If attacked, tarantulas flick small barbed hairs, which can cause temporary blindness in humans • Antarctica is the only continent with no spiders • Gram for gram, spider silk is around five times stronger than steel
TRIVIA The goliath bird-eating spider has no need of a web. Instead, it sneaks up and pounces on prey – such as birds, frogs or mice – injecting venom via fangs that can exceed 2.5 cm (1 in) long.
Most widespread widow spider In the genus Latrodectus, the brown widow (L. geometricus), believed to be native to South Africa, has been inadvertently distributed by humans almost worldwide. Introduced populations have been recorded in 14 countries, from the USA to the Far East and Australia. There is evidence that it has begun to displace the more venomous native black widow (.ǡJGURGTWU) in certain areas of southern California, USA. dimorphism (differences between male and female). This jumping spider, or salticid, lives in Mexico, Guatemala and Costa Rica, and feeds on protein- and fat-rich nubs called Beltian bodies, found at the tips of acacia leaves. The spider is named after the black panther Bagheera, who features in Rudyard Kipling’s The Jungle Book, and the author himself.
Rarest spider Counts of the Kauai cave wolf spider (Adelocosa anops) have never exceeded 30 specimens. It lives in total darkness in caves on the island of Kauai, Hawaii, USA, and has no eyes. Noisiest spider The male European buzzing spider, Anyphaena accentuata, vibrates his abdomen against a leaf
Largest spider venom glands The glands of South America’s 2JQPGWVTKCPKITKXGPVGT GCEJOGCUWTGWRVQǡOO ǡKP NQPICPFǡOO
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to make a buzzing sound and attract a female – though she can only detect it from the vibrations. The male of the American species Lycosa gulosa taps his palps and abdomen on dry leaves to produce an equally audible purr. Least venomous spider Uniquely among modernday spiders, the cribellate or hackled orb-weavers lack venom glands. Instead, they wrap their prey in silk and douse them with digestive enzymes to liquefy them. Smallest spider webs The webs of the so-called midget spiders can be less than 10 mm (0.39 in) across. Among their 44 tiny species is Patu marplesi, which has a body length of 0.3 mm (0.011 in), making it the smallest spider.
Strongest spider webs &KUEQXGTGFKP/CFCICUECT&CTYKPŨUDCTMURKFGT Caerostris darwini ) weaves the strongest known spider silk, with a VGPUKNGUVTGPIVJQHWRVQǡ/,O (megajoules per cubic metre) – making it twice as tough as any previously described silk. C. darwini also spins the largest websŤWRVQǡO
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Highest living spider
First documented war The Egyptians defeat the Hittites at the Battle of Kadesh. Pharaoh Ramses II has the campaign written up in a series of propaganda bulletins that are distributed throughout his kingdom.
1274 BCE guinnessworldrecords.com 61
DATELINE
The Himalayan jumping spider ('WQRJT[UQOPKUWRGTUVGU), or “highest QHCNNŬYCUƒTUVFKUEQXGTGFKP CVǡO ǡHV QP/QWPV Everest in Nepal. It was living under stones HTQ\GPVQVJGITQWPF First described in KVKUVJQWIJV to feed on tiny insects blown by the wind from lower altitudes.
DINOSAURS
(KTUVUEKGPVKƒE description QHǡCǡFKPQUCWT Megalosaurus bucklandii (“great fossil lizard”) was described in 1824. Workmen uncovered remains of WKLVELSHGDOͥHVKHDWHU some time before 1818 in a quarry near Woodstock in Oxfordshire, UK. (KTUVUVGIQUCWT Huayangosaurus taibaii lived during the Middle Jurassic period – 165 million years ago – in the area of Huayang (Sichuan) in China. It was formally described and named in 1982. The dinosaur with the longest spikes was Loricatosaurus, a genus of herbivorous stegosaur that lived 160–164 million years ago in what is now England. As fossils, these spikes, set on the tail, are 1 m (3 ft 3 in) long but may have been covered by a horny sheath,
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LARGEST PLESIOSAUR
which might have doubled their length. They were probably used as weapons and perhaps also utilized to attract mates. &KPQUCWTYKVJ VJGOQUVVGGVJ 7KHGXFNELOOHG hadrosaurs were herbivores with toothless beaks. In the side of their jaws, however, they had as many as 960 VHOIVKDUSHQLQJFKHHNWHHWK for chewing tough plants. .QPIGUVFKPQUCWT A diplodocid excavated in New Mexico, USA, in 1980 was estimated to be
LARGEST… 5OCNNGUVFKPQUCWTURGEKGU The feathered Microraptor zhaoianus measured 39 cm (1 ft 3.3 in), of which 24 cm (9.4 in) was the tail. A fossil of the diminutive species discovered at Chaoyang in Liaoning Province, China, in 1999 is estimated to be 110–120 million years old.
ū1UVTKEJŬFKPQUCWT The largest species of ostrich dinosaur or ornithomimosaur (named DIWHUWKHLUVXSHUͤFLDO outward similarity to an ostrich) was Deinocheirus OKTKƒEWU. It lived 69–71 million years ago during
the Late Cretaceous period in what is today Mongolia. It is currently known from three specimens, the largest of which measures 11 m (36 ft) in length and weighs 6.36 tonnes (14,020 lb).
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LONGEST DINOSAUR TAIL The sauropod Diplodocus lived during the .CVGǡ,WTCUUKERGTKQFEǡOKNNKQP[GCTUCIQ KPRTGUGPVFC[0QTVJ#OGTKEC+VUVCKNITGYVQ ǡO HVKP NQPICPFOC[JCXGCEVGFCU CǡEQWPVGTDCNCPEGVQKVUNGPIVJ[PGEM
DATELINE
39–52 m (128–170 ft) long based on comparisons of individual bones. Named Seismosaurus halli ̸HDUWK shaking lizard”), it was ͤQDOO\UHFRQVWUXFWHGDWWKH Wyoming Dinosaur Center, USA, in 1999 and found to be 41 m (134 ft) in length.
The carnivorous marine reptile Liopleurodon grew to 25 m (82 ft) in length. It had a short neck, a 3-m-long (10-ft) head and four powerful flippers. It lived in the Mid to Late Jurassic period, some 150–165 million years ago, but was not technically a dinosaur; it belonged to an order of reptiles called Sauropterygia. Plesiosaurs were divided into two distinct suborders: the short-necked Pliosauroidea, which included Liopleurodon, and the long-necked Plesiosauroidea.
1271 BCE 62 Animals
LONGEST DINOSAUR TAIL RELATIVE TO BODY SIZE Leaellynasaura amicagraphicaYCUǡO ǡHV ǡKP NQPIDWVKVUO HVKP VCKNYCU VJTGGVKOGUVJGNGPIVJQHKVUJGCFPGEMCPF DQF[+VNKXGFŤǡOKNNKQP[GCTUCIQ
WIDEST DINOSAUR &KUVKPIWKUJGFD[VJGNCTIGENWDCVVJGGPFQH KVUVCKNAnkylosaurusYCUWRVQǡO ǡHV YKFG6JGGPVKTGDCEMYCUEQXGTGFYKVJDQP[ RNCVGUUVWFUCPFURKMGUCUYCUVJGJGCF KPENWFKPIVJGG[GNKFU
DINOSAUR WITH THE LONGEST NECK RELATIVE TO BODY SIZE Omeisaurus tianfuensisJCFCPGEMUQOG ǡO ǡHV NQPIDWVQPN[CO HV KP DQF[+VNKXGFKPVJG,WTCUUKEGTC UQOGŤǡOKNNKQP[GCTUCIQ
First peace treaty After three years of war, Egyptian pharaoh Ramses II and Hattusili III, king of the Hittites, agree to a peace treaty. Copies of the treaty are made on silver tablets in both Akkadian cuneiform and Egyptian hieroglyphics.
FAST FACTS Dinosaurs roamed the Earth for 165 million years (humans have been here for about 2 million years) • British scientist Richard Owen coined the word “dinosaur” (“terrible lizard”) in 1841 • Most dinosaur species were vegetarian
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(GCVJGTYKPIGFTCRVQT Formally described and named in Oct 2015, Dakotaraptor steini was 5–6 m (16 ft 4 in–19 ft 8 in) long. The existence of feathers on this dinosaur’s wings (i.e., forelimbs) ZDVFRQͤUPHG by the presence of a row of bumps along a ridge on the lower edge of the forearm bone called the ulna. Known as ulnar papillae, or quill knobs, these bumps are also SUHVHQWLQPRGHUQGD\ birds, as bases for the reinforced attachment of the wing feathers (remiges). (QWTYKPIGFFKPQUCWT The only recorded specimen of Changyuraptor yangi was discovered in China’s Liaoning Province and formally described and named in 2014. A fully grown adult, the specimen measured some 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) long and is estimated to have weighed 4 kg (8 lb 13 oz) when alive – making it approximately the same
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size as a turkey. Belonging to the microraptor group of GLQRVDXUVLWLVFDOOHGDIRXU winged dinosaur because its forelimbs and hind
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OLPEVERUHORQJWUXHͥLJKW feathers, and it may have EHHQDEOHWRͥ\,WOLYHGLQ the Early Cretaceous period some 125 million years ago.
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LARGEST CARNIVOROUS DINOSAUR Spinosaurus TQCOGFVJGRTGUGPVFC[ 5CJCTCCTQWPFOKNNKQP[GCTUǡCIQ +VǡOGCUWTGFUQOGǡO ǡHV NQPICPF YGKIJGFǡŤǡVQPPGU ŤǡND
Largest ziggurat A terraced temple, known today as the Ziggurat of Chogha Zanbil, is built for King Untas of the Elamites in what is now Iran. It is roughly 100 m (328 ft) long on each side and 50m (164 ft) tall.
1250 BCE guinnessworldrecords.com 63
DATELINE
The arms of Deinocheirus OKTKƒEWU measured 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) long – the longest arms for a bipedal dinosaur. Each hand had WKUHHODUJHFODZHGͤQJHUV
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CATS & DOGS Smallest cat ever Tinker Toy, a male blue point Himalayan-Persian, measured only 7 cm (2.75 in) tall and 19 cm (7.5 in) long when fully grown (aged 2.5 years). The unusually tiny feline was owned by Katrina and Scott Forbes of Taylorville in Illinois, USA. Shortest living cat (height) A nine-year-old female Munchkin cat named Lilieput measured 5.25 in FP IURPWKHͥRRU to the shoulders on 19 Jul 2013. She is owned by Christel Young (USA) of Napa in California. Fastest cat breed The Egyptian Mau has been called a “feline greyhound” for its ability to reach speeds of 48 km/h (29.8 mph). It is also superb at leaping, thanks to its powerful, muscular hind legs. Despite its name, it is of European-American origin. Longest jump by a cat Alley, a rescue cat owned by Samantha Martin (USA),
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PDGHDͥ\LQJOHDSRIIW (1.82 m) in Austin, Texas, USA, on 27 Oct 2013. Greatest mouser 7RZVHU E$SU D female tortoiseshell owned by Glenturret Distillery Ltd in Perth and Kinross, UK, caught an estimated 28,899 mice. She averaged three mice per day until her death on 20 Mar 1987. Wealthiest cat When Ben Rea (UK) died in May 1988, he left his entire £7-m ($12.5-m) fortune to Blackie, the last surviving of the 15 cats with whom he had shared his mansion.
Tallest domestic cat (ever) 5CXCPPCJ+UNCPFU6TQWDNGCMCū6TQWDNGŬYCUǡEO ǡHV ǡKP VCNNYJGPOGCUWTGFCVVJG5KNXGT%CVU%CV5JQYKP 4GPQ0GXCFC75#QPǡ1EV*GYCUQYPGFD[&GDD[ /CTCURKPK 75# CPFFKGFQPǡ#WI6TQWDNGYCUCP (ǡ5CXCPPCJECVCDTGGFRTQFWEGFHTQOCFQOGUVKE#HTKECP UGTXCN Leptailurus serval ETQUU6JGUGECVUCTGQHƒEKCNN[ TGEQIPK\GFCUFQOGUVKEDWVQYGVJGKTGZQVKENQQMUUVTQPI OCTMKPIUCPFNQPINGIUCPFDQF[VQVJGKTYKNFHQTGDGCTU
Most tricks by a cat in one minute
DATELINE
Didga (AUS) and her owner Robert Dollwet (USA) RGTHQTOGFǡVTKEMUKP6YGGF *GCFU#WUVTCNKCQPǡ5GR 2KEVWTGFHTQOVJGVQR UJGKUUGGPIKXKPICJKIJƒXG TQNNKPIQXGTUMCVGDQCTFKPI CPFLWORKPIQPVQ4QDGTVŨU JCPFU&KFICYJQYCU CFQRVGFHTQOCECVUJGNVGTECP GXGPVCMGQPVJGEJCNNGPIG QHǡCTGCNUMCVGDQCTFKPIRCTM
850 BCE 64 Animals
LONGEST CAT (LIVING) Ludo, owned by Kelsey Gill (UK), measured 118.33 cm (3 ft 10.6 in) long on 6 Oct 2015 in Wakefield, UK. Ludo is one of the oldest American breeds: a Maine Coon, named after the US state. There is a myth – impossible in reality, but encouraged by its typical brown tabby colouring and abundant fur – that it resulted from matings between semi-wild cats and raccoons. The Maine Coon’s robust health and companionable, lively personality has ensured its popularity as a family pet for well over a century.
Oldest bridge A slab-stone single-arch bridge is built over the River Meles in Smyrna (Izmir in modern-day Turkey). It will continue to be used into the 21st century.
FAST FACTS Palaeolithic humans in east Asia domesticated dogs about 15,000 years ago by breeding aggression out of wolves • Cats were domesticated at least 9,000 years ago, probably by being given food in return for helping to control rodents
person from the Kaarster See lake in Germany on 11 Jun 2013. Fastest time to climb ǡUVCKTUQPJKPFNGIU Walking on his back paws, Chinese poodle Arsenal scaled 20 steps in just 7.47 sec on the set of CCTV’s Guinness World Records Special in Beijing, &KLQDRQ -DQ Arsenal’s owner, Xu Ligang (CHN), had to tell the eager pooch to “slow down” during the attempt, fearing that he might lose his balance.
Tallest female dog .K\\[C)TGCV&CPGUVQQFǡEO ǡHVǡKP VCNNKP(QTV/[GTU(NQTKFC75#QPǡ0QX5JG YCUOGCUWTGFCIGFUGXGP[GCTUDWVQYPGT)TGI5CORNGUC[UUJGYCUVJKUVCNND[VJGCIGQHVJTGG *GǡECNNUJGTCūUJQYUVQRRGTŬCFFKPIVJCVUJGCNYC[UCVVTCEVUCVVGPVKQPYJGPVJG[ŨTGQWVCPFCDQWV German rescue organization DLRG. With his handler Hans-Joachim Brückmann (DEU), he took 1 min VHFWRUHWULHYHD
Wealthiest dog In 1931, Ella Wendel of New York City, USA, bequeathed $15 m (£10.5 m) to her standard poodle, Toby. After her death, Toby was looked after by three servants.
Tallest dog ever Zeus (USA), a Great Dane, measured 111.8 cm (3 ft 8 in) on 4 Oct 2011. He lived in Otsego, Michigan, with Denise Doorlag and family. Fastest time for a dog VQǡTGVTKGXGCRGTUQPHTQO water over a 25-m distance Jack the Black vom Mühlrad is a Newfoundland working for the
Most tricks by a dog in one minute
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First Olympic Games The Olympic Games are held for the first time in July, when Koroibos, a cook from Elis in southern Greece, wins the foot race. They are inaugurated to honour the god Zeus.
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776 BCE guinnessworldrecords.com 65
DATELINE
Smallest dog ever A dwarf Yorkshire terrier owned by Arthur Marples (UK) was 7.11 cm (2.8 in) tall and 9.5 cm (3.7 in) long. A female Chihuahua called Milly, owned by Vanesa Semler (USA), PHDVXUHG FP LQ tall on 21 Feb 2013, and is the smallest dog (living). Heaven Sent Brandy, a female Chihuahua belonging to Paulette Keller (USA), is the smallest dog by length: FP LQ IURPQRVH to tail tip on 31 Jan 2005.
First litter of ūVGUVVWDGǡFQIUŬ Seven healthy puppies ͤYHSXUHEHDJOHVDQG two beagle-cocker spaniel crosses), conceived by KPǡXKVTQ fertilization (IVF), were born to a surrogate female in summer 2015.
FANTASTIC BEASTS hybrid from a male ass and female zebra. This animal when old had hardly any stripes; but I was assured by the superintendent, that when young it had shoulderstripes, and faint stripes on LWVͥDQNVDQGOHJV,PHQWLRQ this case more especially as an instance of the stripes being much plainer during youth than in old age.” This hybrid’s father was a fertile male donkra (a rare hybrid, resulting from a male donkey mating with a female zebra).
.CTIGUVDTGGFQHECVVNG Chianina cattle were brought to the Chiana Valley in Italy from the Middle East in pre-Roman times. Four types of the breed exist, the largest of which is the Valdichiana Chianina, found on the plains and low hills of Arezzo and Siena. Bulls average 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) at the shoulder and weigh 1,300 kg (2,866 lb), but some Chianina oxen have reached 1.9 m (6 ft 2.8 in). 6CNNGUVEQYGXGT Blosom, owned by Patricia Meads-Hanson (USA), measured 1.9 m (6 ft 2.8 in) from the hoof to the withers (the ridge between the shoulder blades) in Orangeville, Illinois, USA, on 24 May 2014. Largest hamster species The European or common hamster (%TKEGVWUETKEGVWU) has a head-and-body length of up to 34 cm (1 ft 1.4 in), plus a tail length of up to 6 cm (2.3 in), yielding a total length of around 40 cm (1 ft 3.7 in).
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DATELINE
Rasputin’s : black appearance distinctive hite w d an er ld to the shou ular This partic il. ta e th ri down to after Grigo ed m na as w specimen e mystical th – ) 16 19 869– s II, Rasputin (1 ar Nichola Russia’s Cz are st advisor to ng ci er his pi famed for ctive long, and distin ard. be k blac
510 BCE 66 Animals
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Although widely distributed in the wild across Eurasia, the species is critically endangered in certain European countries. It can live for eight years in captivity.
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naturalist Charles Darwin (UK) described a unique three-species specimen. He wrote: “Many years ago I saw in the Zoological Gardens [of London] a curious triple hybrid, from a bay mare, by a
4CTGUVOCTUWRKCNRGV A male mountain pygmy possum ($WTTCO[URCTXWU) was found in the kitchen of a ski-lodge in eastern Victoria’s Australian Alps in Aug 1966. It became the pet of mammalogist
LARGEST HORN SPAN ON A GOAT (LIVING) Rasputin is an eight-year-old Walliser black-necked goat (Capra hircus). The distance between the tips of his horns measured 1.35 m (4 ft 5.1 in) in Lienz, Tyrol, Austria, on 5 Jun 2015. • Largest horn span on a steer (living): 9 ft 9.25 in (2.97 m), for Lazy J’s Bluegrass (USA), a Texas longhorn (Bos taurus) living in Greenleaf, Kansas, USA, as of 4 Oct 2014. That’s greater than the height of Sultan Kösen (TUR), the tallest living man. • Longest horns on a steer: 10 ft 4.75 in (3.16 m), for a Texas longhorn steer named Gibraltar, bred and owned by Dickinson Cattle of Texas, USA. • Longest horns on a bull: 4 ft 6 in (1.37 m), with a circumference of 2 ft 6 in (0.76 m), for a bull named Gopal, on 21 Aug 2002. The bull is owned by Bhagwan Mahavir Pashu Raksha Kendra Anchorwala Ahinsa Dham animal protection centre in Gujarat, India. • Longest horn on a sheep: 1.91 m (6 ft 3.1 in), for a Marco Polo sheep (Ovis ammon polii). The species is indigenous only to the Pamir Mountains bordering Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and China.
First permanent theatre The outdoor Theatre of Dionysus is built in Athens, Greece. With an estimated capacity of 17,000 people, the theatre is “in the round”, with stone rows built up a slope overlooking the stage.
FAST FACTS Goats and sheep have rectangular pupils • Only about 15% of young rabbits reach one year old • Many male and female parrots look almost identical • A “cama” is a cross between a one-humped camel (aka dromedary) and a llama
Dr John Seebeck (AUS). 7KHSRVVXPZDVWKHͤUVW VFLHQWLͤFDOO\UHFRUGHGOLYLQJ specimen of its species. Until then, the mountain pygmy possum had been known to science only from fossil remains dating back 20,000 years and was thought long-extinct.
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5OCNNGUVURGEKGU QHǡ#OC\QPǡRCTTQV Amazon parrots from Mexico, South America and the Caribbean islands are popular pets. Almost 30 species are currently recognized. The smallest of these is the blackbilled amazon (#OC\QPC CIKNKU), which is just 25 cm (9.8 in) long and native to mountainous rainforests in the centre of the island of Jamaica. Once a common species, its numbers have fallen owing to deforestation, specimen collection for the pet trade and poaching for food. It is categorized as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
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.CUV/CUECTGPGRCTTQV As accepted by the IUCN, the last Mascarene parrot (/CUECTKPWUOCUECTKP) was a pet owned by King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria. He kept it in his royal gardens and menagerie at Munich in
Germany, where it lived until at least 1834, by which time it was very old. This species was native to Réunion, one of the Mascarene Islands in the Indian Ocean, but the last account of wild specimens there dates from the 1770s.
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Largest empire (by percentage) The Achaemenid (aka Persian) Empire accounts for around 49.4 million of the world’s 112.4 million people – or 44%. It includes parts of Central Asia, the Mediterranean, North Africa, Thrace and Macedonia.
490 BCE guinnessworldrecords.com 67
DATELINE
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DATELINE
HUMANS
480 BCE 68 Humans
Largest naval battle In September, the Battle of Salamis takes place off the coast of Greece, near the port of Piraeus. An estimated 200,000 men are divided between 800 vessels in the defeated Persian fleet and 370 in the victorious fleet of the Athenians and their allies.
CONTENTS HUMANS FACTOGRAPHIC
70
BODY MODIFIERS
72
MEDICAL MIRACLES
74
OLDEST...
76
FAMILY VALUES
78
BODY EXTREMES
80
100%
Largest gape
First history book The History of the Peloponnesian War, by Greek politician Thucydides, is the earliest work to try to recount and understand past events. Its eight books detail the political and military developments of the 431–404 war between Sparta and Athens.
400 BCE guinnessworldrecords.com 69
DATELINE
No one likes to be called a big mouth… but in the case of Bernd Schmidt (DEU), it’s actually a record-breaking compliment! The ICRDGVYGGPJKUKPEKUQTUOGCUWTGFǡEO ǡKP CUQHƒEKCNN[ TCVKƒGFCVCFGPVCNRTCEVKEGKP9GPFNKPIGP)GTOCP[QPǡ,CP 6JGOGCUWTGOGPVYCUEQPƒTOGFD[FGPVKUV5KNXKC.QEMNCKT $GTPFŨUUQPǡJCFCUMGFJKOVQUWDOKVCPCVVGORVCHVGTUGGKPIVJKU TGEQTFNKUVGFKPVJGGFKVKQPQHGuinness World Records.
930%
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Named after its shape, the stapes or stirrup bone is one of three auditory ossicles (“tiny bones”) in the middle ear. The others are the malleus (hammer) and incus (anvil). These transmit sound vibrations, and their absence YQWNFOGCPUKIPKƒECPVJGCTKPINQUU The stapes measures some ŤǡOO ŤǡKP NQPI CPFYGKIJUǡŤǡOI
ŤǡITCKPU +V forms the smallest joint, with the incus bone, and is controlled by the body’s smallest muscle, the stapedius, less than ǡOO ǡKP NQPI
SMALLEST BONE
32 sheets of A4 paper
Skin
The skin has three layers: the outer, waterproof epidermis; the dermis with hair follicles, blood vessels and sweat glands; and the subcutis or fat layer.
Lungs
Skin, which protects all other organs and body systems, and regulates temperature and moisture, is itself an organ. An average adult KUEQXGTGFKPŤǡO2 ŤǡUSHV QH UMKP$WVǡKHVJGNWPIUYGTGHWNN[UVTGVEJGF QWVVJG[YQWNFEQXGTŤǡO2
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LARGEST ORGAN
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The aorta wall is very elastic, allowing it to pulsate in rhythm with the heartbeat and helping to propel blood around the body.
The aorta distributes oxygenated blood around VJGDQF[+VV[RKECNN[OGCUWTGUǡEO ǡKP KP diameter where it leaves the heart, at the left ventricle – as wide as the orange circle on the right. +VRCUUGUDNQQFVQVJGJGCTVŨUEQTQPCT[CTVGTKGU before feeding vital organs, via the arterial network, HTQOVJGJGCFVQVJGRGNXKECTGC*GTGǡKVPCTTQYU VQCDQWVǡEO ǡKP YKFGCPFFKXKFGUKPVQ VJGǡKNKCECTVGTKGUYJKEJECTT[DNQQFVQVJGNGIU
LARGEST ARTERY
The heart, about the size of \RXUFOHQFKHĢVWSXPSV blood around a 150,000-km (93,200-mi) system of blood vessels – long enough to wrap round the world more than three times.
The vena cava, which returns blood to the heart from the rest of the body, is the largest vein, with a diameter of 1.2–2 cm (0.47–0.78 in).
The complex, multi-functional, yet extraordinarily neat machine that is the JWOCPDQF[WUWCNN[TWPUUQGHƒEKGPVN[VJCVYGFQPŨVVJKPMCDQWVYJCVKVŨU FQKPICVCP[IKXGPOQOGPVŤNKMGTKIJVPQY'XGPYJKNG[QWŨTGUECPPKPI this page, your brain is receiving oxygen to help you concentrate, your UMKPKUMGGRKPIOKETQDGUCVDC[CPF[QWTG[GUCTGOCMKPIVJGUWRGTSWKEM OQXGOGPVUTGSWKTGFHQTTGCFKPI0QYQPFGTUGXGTCNQHVJGDQF[ŨUJKFFGP EQORQPGPVUCTGTGEQTFDTGCMGTUŤUJQYPJGTGCVCEVWCNUK\G
BODY PARTS
FACTOGRAPHIC
AO RT
100%
The heart is made of involuntary muscle, so it works all by itself – all the time. Beating 100,000 times a day, it clocks up 3 billion beats over an average lifetime.
Besides the aorta, the pulmonary artery is the other main artery, carrying de-oxygenated blood only to the lungs.
100%
The femur supports the body’s whole weight in all activities, from standing to extreme sport. The American College of Sports Medicine states that, in a healthy adult female, it can support more than 30 times the body weight!
LONGEST BONE
Excluding a variable number of sesamoids (small rounded bones), the CFWNVJWOCPJCUDQPGUEQORCTGF YKVJCDQWVKPEJKNFTGP CUVJG[ITQY some bones fuse together). The thigh DQPGQTHGOWTKUVJGNQPIGUV+VWUWCNN[ OCMGUWRQHCRGTUQPŨUUVCVWTG CPFOC[DGǡEO ǡHVǡKP NQPIKPC EOVCNN HVKP OCP The longest recorded bone was CHGOWTOGCUWTKPIEO HVKP that belonged to a German giant named %QPUVCPVKPG CMC,WNKWU-QEJ +VYCU OGCUWTGFD[FQEVQTUCHVGTJKUFGCVJKP The femur is also the strongest bone, and QWPEGHQTQWPEGKUUVTQPIGTVJCPUVGGN#ǡTQF of steel of comparable size would weigh four QTƒXGVKOGUCUOWEJ
100%
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Sesamoid bones are bones that act like pulleys in the complex arrangements of tendons around some joints. Most are only a few millimetres wide and shaped like eggs or sesame seeds (the name “sesamoid” comes from “sesamum”, the Latin for sesame seed). The body’s largest is the patella or kneecap, which protects the ends of the femur and tibia (shin bone) where they meet at the knee joint. The average human kneecap is ǡOO ǡKP YKFGCPFǡOO
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LARGEST SESAMOID BONE
The liver is divided into four parts, or “lobes”, of differing size and shape. The liver’s functions LQFOXGḨJKWLQJRIILQIHFWLRQUHPRYLQJWR[LQV from the blood, and storing nutrients, vitamins and blood sugar. At any one time, it contains about 13% of your blood (0.57 litres or 1 pint in a fully grown adult).
As well as being the largest internal organ (see below right), the liver is also the body’s largest gland. Glands secrete substances such as hormones and release them into the bloodstream; in the case of the liver, it secretes bile, which helps us digest fats.
100%
LARGEST INTERNAL ORGAN
The inside of our larger bones have a spongy appearance. It’s between the microscopically thin walls of this honeycomb-like material that marrow is found.
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Three pairs of extraocular muscles in the orbit (eye socket) anchor each eye, moving it up and down and side to side, and rotating it.
MOST ACTIVE MUSCLE
The eye muscles have been estimated to move more VJCPVKOGUCFC[CPFCTGVJGDQF[ŨUfastestreacting muscleCDNGVQEQPVTCEVKPǡUGE Their seven coordinated movements allow the G[GUVQVTCEMOCP[MKPFUQHOQXKPIQDLGEVǡ6JG[ also ensure that the eye’s receptors are not overloaded, so good vision is maintained.
Blood vessels and nerves run through our bones. Red and white blood cells are formed inside bone, then carried around the body via the bloodstream.
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BODY MODIFIERS /QUVHNGUJVWPPGNU HCEG As of 27 Nov 2014, Joel Miggler (DEU) had acquired IDFLDOͥHVKWXQQHOV .CTIGUVHNGUJVWPPGN GCT Kalawelo Kaiwi (USA) had a 10.5-cm (4.13-in) ͥHVKWXQQHOLQKLVHDUOREH YHULͤHGDWDQDWXUDOKHDOWK clinic in Hawaii, USA, on 14 Apr 2014. Largest lip plate Ataye Eligidagne’s (ETH) lip plate spanned 19.5 cm (7.7 in) in width and 59.5 cm (23.4 in) in circumference, as YHULͤHGLQ2FW The previous maximum width of these clay plates was 15 cm (6 in). Most facial piercings Axel Rosales (ARG) had 280 piercings on his face, as of 17 Feb 2012. On the same day, Francesco Vacca (USA) revealed the most piercings in the tongue: 16.
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Most surgical-needle piercings in one session On 14 Dec 2014, Russ Foxx applied 4,550 needles to Matthew Menczyk (both CAN) in 8 hr 12 min at Wicked Tattoo & Piercing in Maple Ridge, British Columbia, Canada. Most pierced senior citizen “Prince Albert”, aka John Lynch (UK, b. 9 Nov 1930), had a grand total of 241 piercings – including 151 in his head and neck – as counted in London, UK, on 17 Oct 2008.
consisting of dark spots on a yellow background. Longest tattoo session
OWNVKRNGRGQRNG “Alle Tattoo”, aka Alessandro Bonacorsi (ITA), completed a session of 50 hr 8 min in Palermo, Italy, on 10–12 Oct 2014. With Riccardo Rivieccio (ITA), Alle Tattoo also achieved the most tattoos in 12 hours by a team of
artists: 836 tattoos by 12 artists, on 26 Oct 2013. And on 10 Oct 2015, Alle Tattoo arranged the most people to form a tattooed sentence: 77. They spelt out “Step by step together for a world of peace happiness family passion art love tattoo and music.” Most tattoos of… • Squares: Matt Gone (USA) had 848 squares tattooed
Most tattooed UGPKQTǡEKVK\GPǡ OCNG Tom Leppard (UK) has 99.9% of his body covered in a leopard-skin design,
MOST TATTOOED SENIOR CITIZEN (FEMALE)
DATELINE
Charlotte Guttenberg’s (USA) tattoos cover 91.5% of her body, as revealed in Melbourne, Florida, USA, on 3 Jun 2015. She told GWR that her “gallery” began with a tattoo of a butterfly, a birthday present to herself in 2006. Since then, and about 1,000 tattooing hours later, Charlotte’s body art has burgeoned into floral and animal imagery, symbols from Shintoism and an emperor dragon winding around her leg. While her inspiration is Japanese culture, she has added a few details of her own, such as delicate Victorian mittens. She plans to continue with a full head tattoo, a “secret garden” below her hair.
341 BCE 72 Humans
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First use of a crossbow The use of a crossbow is documented for the first time at the Battle of Ma-Ling in Linyi, China. It is probably a single-shot weapon held with a pistol-style grip.
FAST FACTS Stone Age people probably inked themselves with natural dyes • From the 1770s, circuses became centres of tattooing in Europe and the USA • Early tattooed attractions, such as Englishman John Rutherford, started touring in the 1820s
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over his body, including 201 on his head, as counted on Lo Show dei Record in Italy on 7 Jul 2014. • A cartoon character: Lee Weir (NZ) had been tattooed with 41 portraits of Homer Simpson, as of 5 Jun 2014. • Bones: “Rico”, aka Rick Genest (CAN), has 139 human bones tattooed on his body, reproducing part RIKLVVNHOHWRQDVYHULͤHGLQ Milan, Italy, on 27 Apr 2011. • Insects: As of the same date, “Rico” also had 176 insect tattoos on his upper body and head.
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Most pierced OCP
Largest group of life-size statues A group of 6,000–8,000 life-size clay soldiers and other figures – later known as the “Terracotta Army” – are created for Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi’s tomb near Xi’an in China. They will be discovered in 1974.
221 BCE guinnessworldrecords.com 73
DATELINE
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MEDICAL MIRACLES
Most extensive skull implant using 3D printing First skull and scalp transplant Following treatment for leiomyosarcoma (a rare form of cancer), James Boysen (USA) was left without the top of his skull. A 15-hr QRGTCVKQPQPǡ/C[UCYJKOTGEGKXGRCTVKCNUMWNNCPFUECNR ITCHVUKPXQNXKPIRCKPUVCMKPIOKETQUWTIGT[*GCNUQTGEGKXGFC PGYMKFPG[CPFRCPETGCU6JGRTQEGFWTGVQQMRNCEGCV*QWUVQP /GVJQFKUV*QURKVCNKP6GZCU75#CPFKPXQNXGFUWTIKECNVGCOU HTQODQVJVJCVJQURKVCNCPFVJG#PFGTUQP%CPEGT%GPVGT Youngest organ donor On 1 Dec 2015, Hope Lee (UK) donated her kidneys and liver cells just 74 min after her birth. Most transplanted organ In 2013 – the most recent year for which statistics are available – the kidney was the most widely transplanted organ. According to the Global Observatory on Donation and Transplantation, 79,325 kidney transfer operations
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DATELINE
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200 BCE 74 Humans
were performed that year, out of a total of 118,127 transplants – about 67% of all such operations. According to the same source, in 2013 Norway was the country with the most transplanted organs per million population.
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More than 95 organs were transplanted per million citizens. As of the same year, Spain was the country with
the most organ donations from deceased people, with 35.3 organs donated per million of the population.
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FIRST… Bionic bone implant In Jul 2006, scientists at University College London, UK, announced that early clinical trials at Mount Vernon Hospital in Middlesex, UK, had been completed for a method of attaching a titanium rod directly to human bone. While rods and pins have long been used in brokenbone repair, this was the ͤUVWWLPHWKDWWKHPHWDOURG protruded through the skin. The aim is to enable direct attachment of prosthetic limbs to residual bone, rather than strapping them to the limb as a whole. Bionic brain prosthesis The hippocampus is the part of the brain that forms and stores long-term memories. Professor Theodore Berger (USA) has developed a working hippocampal prosthesis. In 2011 – in collaboration with Sam Deadwyler and Robert Hampson at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center in North Carolina, USA – it was successfully tested with
First battery An unknown inventor in what is now Baghdad, Iraq, discovers that by placing a copper cylinder and an iron rod in a ceramic pot filled with acid, it is possible to generate around 1.5 volts of electricity.
FAST FACTS In 2013, Austrian scientists began growing pea-sized brains from cells to help with research into brain disease • Surgeons transplanted a robotic heart into a sheep in 2015 • Artificial toes dating from 900–600 BCE have been found in Luxor, Egypt
DID YOU
KNOW? Frank th e artifici al huma is curre n ntly hou sed at th Smithso e nian Na tional A Space M ir and useum in Washin DC, USA gton, . There, he conv with hu erses man mu seum-g through oers a laser-sc anned copy of Prof Bert olt Meyer’s own face . was successfully tested on primates. The breakthrough opens up the possibility of repairing brains damaged by diseases such as Alzheimer’s.
ū(TCPMŬ UJQTVHQTū(TCPMGPUVGKPŬ KUCPGZRGTKOGPVVQUJQYVJCVC HWPEVKQPKPICTVKƒEKCNJWOCPDQF[ECPDGOCFGHTQODKQPKERCTVU 7PXGKNGFQPǡ1EV(TCPMŤYJQJCUKPFKXKFWCNDKQPKE DQF[RCTVUŤYCUKPURKTGFD[2TQH$GTVQNV/G[GT CDQXG PQY QH%JGOPKV\7PKXGTUKV[QH6GEJPQNQI[KP)GTOCP[CPFETGCVGF D[ǡ&CTNQY5OKVJUQP2TQFWEVKQPUCPF5JCFQY4QDQV DQVJ7- live rats. The prosthesis uses electrodes to record both from the input and output nerve bundles of a damaged hippocampus. The input was analysed by an external processor array
and appropriate responses were then generated to stimulate an output pattern. This mimicked the way in which a healthy hippocampus functions. In 2013, the prosthesis
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Child to survive ūKPVGTPCNǡFGECRKVCVKQPŬ In Oct 2015, 16-monthold Jaxon Taylor (AUS) suffered the fracture of his ͤUVWWZRYHUWHEUDHDQGWKHLU ligaments as a result of a car accident. This meant that his head was separated from his neck, a trauma known as “internal decapitation”. This is fatal in 68% of cases, with survivors usually suffering
paralysis. Fortunately, Jaxon’s spinal cord did not snap. Surgeon Dr Geoffrey Askin and his team at the Lady Cilento Children’s Hospital in Brisbane, Australia, were able to repair Jaxon’s injury with complete success.
FIRST PROSTHETIC HAND CONTROLLED BY THE BRAIN In Sep 2015, the USA’s Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) developed the first prosthetic hand that could be controlled directly by the brain. It could also transmit tactile sensations (i.e., a sense of touch) allowing users to pick up delicate objects without damaging them. The hand was implanted in a 28-year-old man who had been paralysed for 10 years as a result of a spinal-cord injury. The prosthetic limb was developed by DARPA in collaboration with scientists from the Applied Physics Laboratory at Johns Hopkins University in Maryland, USA.
Oldest analogue computer A Greek inventor builds a complex mechanical computer, known today as the Antikythera Mechanism. The computer is lost in a shipwreck and not rediscovered until 1901.
100%
100 BCE guinnessworldrecords.com 75
DATELINE
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Bionic eye to overcome macular degeneration In Jul 2015, Ray Flynn (UK) became the ͤUVWSHUVRQWRKDYHD bionic eye implanted to recover the sight he had partially lost from macular degeneration. The operation took place at the Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, UK. Macular degeneration is the most common cause of sight loss in the developed world.
OLDEST…
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Person (ever) Jeanne Louise Calment (FRA) lived for 122 years 164 days. Born on 21 Feb 1875, Jeanne died at a nursing home in Arles, France, on 4 Aug 1997.
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In 1990, she survived hip surgery aged 114 years 11 months, making her the oldest surgery patient. The oldest man ever was Jiroemon Kimura (JPN, b. 19 Apr 1897), who died on 12 Jun 2013 aged 116 years 54 days. Person to climb Everest Yuichiro Miura (JPN, b. 12 Oct 1932) reached the peak of Everest on 23 May 2013 at 80 years 223 days. This also made him
the oldest person to climb a mountain over 8,000 m. Tamae Watanabe (JPN, b. 21 Nov 1938) became the oldest woman to climb Everest when she summitted – for the second time – on 19 May 2012, at the age of 73 years 180 days.
Woman to row across any ocean solo Diana Hoff (UK, b. 1 May 1944) was 55 years 135 days old at the start of her crossing of the Atlantic east to west solo, in Star #VNCPVKEǡ++, between 13 Sep 1999 and 5 Jan 2000.
Abseiler Aged 101 years 55 days, Doris Cicely Long MBE (UK, b. 18 May 1914) abseiled down the Spinnaker Tower in Portsmouth, UK, on 12 Jul 2015.
English Channel swimmer Otto Thaning (ZAF, b. 13 Mar 1941) crossed from Shakespeare Beach
OLDEST LIVING PEOPLE
DATELINE
As of 11 Mar 2016, the oldest living man was Israel Kristal (ISR, left), who was aged 112 years 178 days, as verified by the Gerontology Research Group and Jewish Records Indexing. Mr Kristal was born on 15 Sep 1903 in the village of Maleniec, near Żarnów in Russia (now Poland). Since 1950 he has lived in Haifa, Israel. Susannah Mushatt Jones (USA, b. 6 Jul 1899, right) was 116 years 303 days old as of 4 May 2016. Ms Jones lives in Brooklyn, New York City, where she received her certificate just before her 116th birthday, which she celebrated with two parties. She is the oldest living person.
75 BCE 76 Humans
Oldest synagogue The Wadi Qelt Synagogue is erected as part of the Hasmonean Winter Palace complex on the road between Jericho and Jerusalem in the Middle East. It will be toppled by an earthquake in 31 BCE.
in Dover, UK, to Wissant Bay near Calais in France in 12 hr 52 min, aged 73 years 177 days, on 6 Sep 2014. The oldest English Channel swimmer (female) is Sue Oldham (AUS, b. 24 Nov 1945), who made the crossing in 17 hr 11 min, aged 64 years 257 days, on 8 Aug 2010. Person to fly in zero gravity At 86 years 90 days old, Ugo Sansonetti (ITA, b. 10 Jan 1919) took D]HURJUDYLW\ͥLJKW
FAST FACTS The study of ageing and the elderly is known as “gerontology”, from the Greek geron (“old man”) and logos (“explanation”) • Of the 50 people aged 110 or more, 23 were born in Japan • The odds of you reaching 120 years old are 1 in 10 billion
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2GTUQPVQNCPFQPVJG/QQP On 4 Feb 1971, Alan Shepard (USA, b. 18 Nov 1923) was 47 years 78 days old when he walked on the Moon during the Apollo 14 lunar mission. Person to release CǡPGYǡCNDWO Aged 97 years 74 days, Dame Vera Lynn (UK, b. Vera Welch, 20 Mar
1917) launched compilation album National Treasure – The Ultimate Collection (Decca) on 2 Jun 2014. Australian artist Herbert Henry “Smoky” Dawson MBE (19 Mar 1913–13 Feb 2008) is the oldest person to release an album of new material. He was 92 years 156 days old when Homestead of My Dreams came out on 22 Aug 2005. Winner of an EGOT Known as the “Grand Slam of Show Business”, EGOT
OLDEST SUPERCENTENARIANS A “supercentenarian” is anyone who is aged 110 years or more. As of 4 May 2016, there were 49 women in the 50 oldest living supercentenarians and only one man. 1
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is an acronym for the feat of winning an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar and a Tony. Only 12 individuals have earned an EGOT, the oldest being British actor/ director John Gielgud (14 Apr 1904–21 May 2000), who achieved his in 1991 at the age of 87 years 133 days. He won: a Tony
in 1961 (Best Director of a Drama: Big Fish, Little Fish); a Grammy in 1979 (Best Spoken Word, Documentary or Drama Recording: Ages of Man); an Oscar in 1982 (Best Actor in a Supporting Role: Arthur DQGͤQDOO\DQ Emmy in 1991 (Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Special: Summer’s Lease).
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Longest-lasting empire After thwarting Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE, Octavian dissembles the Roman Republic and appoints himself Emperor Augustus. The new Roman Empire will endure for 503 years.
27 BCE
guinnessworldrecords.com 77
DATELINE
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FAMILY VALUES Consolata, into the world on 22 Aug 1907. Over the next 27 years, she would be joined by eight brothers and sisters. By 20 Jun 2014, with Consolata aged 106, the nine siblings’ total age was 837 years 6 days.
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DATELINE
A parent and child Sarah Knauss (USA, 1880– 1999) was once the oldest living woman. On 30 Dec 1999, the 119-year-old and her 96-year-old daughter Kathryn Knauss Sullivan (USA, 1903–2005) had a total motherdaughter age of 215!
40 CE 78 Humans
The highest combined age for a living parent and child, meanwhile, is 210 years 48 days, set by Jamaican mother and son Violet Brown (b. 10 Mar 1900) and Harland Fairweather (b. 15 Apr 1920) on 21 Apr 2015. Violet is also believed to be the last living subject of Queen Victoria. Nine living siblings Francesco Melis and his wife Eleonora Mameli (both ITA) welcomed WKHLUͤUVWFKLOG
Three generations to run a marathon At the Tokyo Marathon on 22 Feb 2015, a Japanese grandfather, daughter and grandson, with a combined age of 173 years 163 days, raced their way into the record books. Shigetsugu Anan and Yasuko Nakatake both crossed the line in 6 hr 42 min 28 sec, while the youngest member of their group, Suguru Nakatake, ͤQLVKHGVHFHDUOLHU
MOST… Living generations On the birth of her great-great-great-great grandson in 1989, Augusta Bunge (USA) became the matriarch of a sevengeneration family. Quadruplets born to the same mother Valentina Vassilyev, who
Oldest couple to marry
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Centenarian siblings The Clarke family (IRL) lays FODLPWRͤYHFHQWHQDULDQV Joseph, Charles, Patrick, James and Margaret. The UHFRUGZDVFRQͤUPHGRQ Margaret’s 100th birthday on 30 May 2014.
MOST SIBLINGS WITH THE SAME BIRTH WEIGHT Oliver, Keanu and Phoenix, three of the four sons of Megan and Luke Bell from Queensland, Australia, all weighed precisely 7 lb 8 oz (3.4 kg) when they were born between 2007 and 2013. Incredibly, the Bells’ first son, Hayden, was born only one ounce heavier, weighing in at 7 lb 9 oz (3.43 kg) in 2006.
Longest Roman aqueduct Roman engineers complete a 275-m-long (902-ft) aqueduct – known today as the Pont du Gard – to supply the settlement of Nemausus (present-day Nîmes in France) with clean drinking water.
FAST FACTS The British royal family celebrates each new baby with a 41-gun salute • Among OECD countries, Turkey has the largest average household: 4.11 people vs the average 2.63 • In the USA, the average marrying age is 28
Most family members to complete a marathon
Most siblings to play in an international rugby union match
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star. She joined her great uncle Lionel Barrymore, who boasts two stars, along with great aunt Ethel, grandfather John, grandmother Dolores
Costello, great-grandfather Maurice Costello and her father John D Barrymore, who each have one. That’s eight gold stars for the family altogether.
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Family members on the Hollywood Walk of Fame In 2004, continuing a long lineage of acting talent, E.T. child star Drew Barrymore (USA) became the seventh member of her family to be honoured with a gold
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First documented volcanic eruption Mount Vesuvius erupts, destroying of the town of Pompeii, Italy. The Roman politician and writer Pliny the Younger writes two letters to his friend, the historian Tacitus, detailing the events and their aftermath in great detail.
79 CE
guinnessworldrecords.com 79
DATELINE
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BODY EXTREMES Tallest man ever When last measured, on 27 Jun 1940, Robert Pershing Wadlow (USA) was 272 cm (8 ft 11.1 in) tall. His shoe size was 37AA, or UK size 36 – equivalent to 47 cm (18.5 in) long – and his hands measured 32.3 cm (12.7 in) from the wrist to the tip of his middle ͤQJHU7KHVHDUHWKH largest feet ever and the largest hands ever, respectively.
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LONGEST…
TALLEST… • Man and person: Currently, the tallest living human is Sultan Kösen (TUR), who measured 251 cm (8 ft 2.8 in) on 8 Feb 2011. For the tallest man ever, see above. • Woman: Siddiqa Parveen (IND) measured at least 222.2 cm (7 ft 3.4 in) tall in Dec 2012. Owing to Siddiqa’s ill health and her inability to stand upright, it’s impossible to ascertain her exact stature; however, Dr Debashish Saha, who performed the measurements, estimated her standing height to be at least 233.6 cm (7 ft 8 in).
• Beard ever: When he died in 1927, Hans N Langseth’s (NOR) beard measured 5.33 m IWLQ ORQJ7KH record-breaking facial hair was presented to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC, USA, in 1967.
• Beard on a living person: Sarwan Singh (CAN) had a beard measuring 2.495 m (8 ft 2.5 in) long as of 8 Sep 2011. Sarwan leads the congregation of the Guru Nanak Sikh temple, located in Surrey, British Columbia, Canada. • Fingernails on a pair of hands ever (male): 7KHQDLOVRI0HOYLQ%RRWKH (USA) had a combined
length of 9.85 m (32 ft 3.8 in) when measured RQ0D\ • Fingernails on a pair of hands ever (female): Lee Redmond (USA) started to JURZKHUͤQJHUQDLOVLQ She carefully manicured them to reach an overall length of 8.65 m (28 ft 4.5 in), DVFRQͤUPHGRQWKHVHWRI .Qǡ5JQYFGK4GEQTFLQ0DGULG Spain, on 23 Feb 2008.
…AND SHORTEST
DATELINE
• Woman: Jyoti Amge (IND, far left) measured 62.8 cm (24.7 in) tall on 16 Dec 2011. • Man: Since GWR 2016, we have said a farewell to Chandra Bahadur Dangi (NPL, 1939–2015). At 54.6 cm (21.5 in) tall, he remains the shortest man ever. Chandra, who was mobile, was shorter than the shortest non-mobile living man, though the opposite is usually true. After his death, GWR re-opened separate categories for the record. The shortest living man (mobile) is once more Khagendra Thapa Magar (NPL, centre left), who stood 67.08 cm (26.4 in) tall on 14 Oct 2010. The shortest living man (non-mobile) is Junrey Balawing (PHL, near left), who was 59.93 cm (23.6 in) tall on 12 Jun 2011.
112 CE 80 Humans
First shopping mall Located in Rome, Italy, Trajan’s Forum includes a covered market area with 150 shops and offices set over six gallery levels. It is designed by the architect Apollodorus of Damascus.
FAST FACTS Hair retains a short-term record of the substances in the bloodstream – which is why it is so useful as forensic evidence • Of all the mammals, only primates have fingernails • The human tongue “print” is unique – just like a fingerprint
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• Hair (male): In 1949, Indian monk Swami Pandarasannadhi was reported to have hair 26 ft P LQOHQJWK7KLV may have been caused by a scalp condition called plica neuropathica, which makes
the hair so matted that it cannot be untangled. • Hair (female) 7KHKDLU of Xie Qiuping (CHN) measured 5.627 m (18 ft LQ RQ0D\ She began growing her lengthy locks in 1973.
• Moustache: When measured for Italy’s .Q5JQY FGK4GEQTFLQ5RPHRQ0DU 2010, the moustache of Ram Singh Chauhan (IND) was 14 ft (4.29 m) long. • Nose on a living person: 7KHQRVHRI0HKPHW ]\¾UHN 785 PHDVXUHG 8.8 cm (3.46 in) long from the bridge to the tip when UHFRUGHGRQ0DU • Tongue: Nick Stoeberl (USA) had a tongue 10.1 cm (3.97 in) long, from its tip to the middle of the closed top lip, as of 27 Nov 2012. • Tongue (female): Chanel 7DSSHU̵V 86$ WRQJXH measured 9.75 cm (3.8 in) long on 29 Sep 2010.
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First use of gas warfare Persian forces attacking the Roman garrison of Dura-Europos in eastern Syria dig tunnels to try to gain access. They ignite bitumen and sulphur crystals to fill the tunnels with noxious fumes.
254 CE
guinnessworldrecords.com 81
DATELINE
Longest eyebrow hair
• Man ever: Jon Brower 0LQQRFK 86$ ̰ weighed over 1,400 lb (635 kg; 100 st) when DVVHVVHGLQ0DU • Woman ever: Rosalie Bradford (USA, 1943–2006) was reported to have a peak weight of 1,200 lb (544 kg; 85 st) in Jan 1987. • Living woman: As of 0D\3DXOLQH Potter (USA) weighed 643 lb (291.6 kg; 46 st).
RECORDOLOGY
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DATELINE
rd is th Handfo any Wally m Martin r y b to s a e tr o g illus ed boy ldo in tt a a W -h s a bobble known rance, ’s F e h in : e names , Charli a in ic ly r il e W Am , many, North in Ger nmark r e e D lt a in W er d y, Holg n a a w r n o e N n Swed ! Hugo i ly o in Ita ld a b U
330 CE
Oldest travel guide An anonymous traveller writes the Itinerarium Burdigalense, a guide for pilgrims going from France to Jerusalem. It gives recommendations for hostels, inns and stables along the route.
CONTENTS RECORDOLOGY FACTOGRAPHIC
84
FOOD
86
GARDEN GIANTS
88
CHOCOLATE
90
COLLECTIONS
92
MASS PARTICIPATION
94
COSPLAY
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BIG STUFF
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100
BALL SKILLS
102
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Longest pole-sitting overall St Simeon the Stylite, a Christian mystic and hermit, dies atop the 15-m (50-ft) pillar on which he had sat for the previous 39 years. He came down just once, so that the pole could be slightly increased in height.
459 CE
guinnessworldrecords.com 83
DATELINE
Where’s Wally? If you were at the Street Performance World Championship at Merrion Square West in Dublin, Ireland, on ǡ,WP[QWYQWNFJCXGUGGPJKOGXGT[YJGTGБ+PVQVCN ǡRCTVKEKRCPVUFQPPGF9CNN[ŨUVTCFGOCTMURGEUDQDDNGJCV CPFǡTGFUVTKRGU#PFKVYCUCNNKPCIQQFECWUG RTQEGGFUTCKUGF HTQOVJGUCNGQH9CNN[QWVƒVUQPVJGFC[YGTGUWDUGSWGPVN[ FQPCVGFVQ#HTKECǡ#YCTGCP+TKUJEJCTKV[YQTMKPIKP/CNCYK
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Every year, the Guinness World Records Picture Editors criss-cross the planet in search of the most striking record-holder images. To celebrate the work of our global team of photographers, we present here 10 of our favourite images snapped for the last few editions of the book. These iconic record holders are not only inspiring, fascinating ambassadors for GWR, they also symbolize the diversity and scope of record-breaking…
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Carolina Reaper chillies in 60 sec in New York, USA, on 26 Apr 2015. That’s some feat: the Carolina Reaper is the hottest chilli. Grown by the PuckerButt Pepper Company (USA), it averages 1,569,300 units on the Scoville heat scale. /QUVGZRGPUKXGUCPFYKEJ The “Quintessential Grilled Cheese” was selling for $214 (£132.64) at Serendipity 3 in New York, USA, as of 29 Oct 2014.
Fastest time to eat CǡKPEJRK\\C Kelvin Medina (PHL) ate a pizza in 23.62 sec in Taguig, Philippines, on 12 Apr 2015.
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/QUVUCWUCIGURTQFWEGF KPQPGOKPWVG Liam O’Hagan of O’Hagan’s Sausages (both UK) made 44 sausages in 60 sec at a charity event in Chichester, UK, on 2 Nov 2015.
MOST ICE-CREAM SCOOPS BALANCED ON A CONE
DATELINE
Dimitri Panciera (ITA) carefully balanced 121 scoops of ice-cream on a single cone in Forno di Zoldo, Italy, on 20 Sep 2015. In doing so, he topped his own record of 109 scoops, set in the same location on 20 Jul 2014 at the Gelatiamo festival, an annual celebration of the ice-cream that the Val di Zoldo area produces. When it comes to cones, though, one towers above all the rest. The tallest ice-cream cone measured 3.08 m (10 ft 1.26 in) and was made by HennigOlsen Is AS and Trond L Wøien (both NOR) at Kristiansand, Norway, on 26 Jul 2015.
650 CE 86 Recordology
Largest hoard of Anglo-Saxon treasure A veteran soldier buries 5 kg (11 lb) of gold in Staffordshire, UK. The hoard creates a sensation when it is uncovered in 2009.
Largest cupcake mosaic The Spar Group Ltd (ZAF) put together a 138.56-m² (1,491.44-sq-ft) cupcake mosaic in Durban, South Africa, on ǡ5GR%QORTKUKPIEWRECMGUKVYCUETGCVGFCUC VTKDWVGVQVJG5RTKPIDQMUHQTVJG4WID[9QTNF%WRCUYGNN CUCHWPFTCKUGTHQT%JKNFJQQF%CPEGT#YCTGPGUU/QPVJ
FAST FACTS Americans eat 100 acres (40.4 ha) of pizza every day • Hot dogs were among the first foods eaten during the Apollo 11 Moon mission • Heinz sells 11 billion single-serve packets of ketchup each year
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/QUVNKOGUUNKEGF KPǡJCNHǡKPǡQPGǡOKPWVG 1Pǡ/CT,WNKQ%ȌUCT6ȄXCTC 2'4 JCNXGFǡNKOGUǡKP ǡUGECVReporte Semanal .CVKPC68 KP.KOC2GTW,WNKQǡ%ȌUCT YQTMUKPCUGCHQQFTGUVCWTCPVPGCT2KWTCKP2GTWCPFJKU PKEMPCOGKUū6JG.KOGU0KPLCŬ Largest… Cheese sculpture: On 18 Sep 2015, the Melt fastfood eatery in Hollywood, California, USA, carved a 1,524-lb (691.27-kg) cheeseburger out of a block of Wisconsin cheddar.
Glass of beer: Angus Wood and Ed Dupuy of Stod Fold Brewing Company (all UK) served up a 2,082-litre (550-US-gal) glass of ale – equivalent in volume to 26 bathtubs of beer – in Halifax, West Yorkshire, UK, on 6 Jul 2014. Rice cracker: On 26 Oct 2014, JCI Noda (JPN) unveiled a 2.35-m² (25.3-sq-ft) rice cracker in Noda, Chiba, Japan.
Sticky rice cake: On 13 Apr 2015, Salakhet Siem Reap (KHM) made a sticky rice cake weighing 4,040 kg (8,906 lb 10 oz) – the weight of six dairy cows – in Siem Reap, Cambodia.
Pulled pork: The Pork Association (AUS) produced a 707-kg (1,558-lb 10-oz) portion of pulled pork – the weight of two grand pianos – in the Australian city of Sydney on 14 Apr 2015.
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Oldest Viking boats A defeated Viking raiding party buries its dead in a longship on the island of Saaremaa, Estonia. The remains of this ship represent the oldest evidence of Viking seafarers.
700 CE guinnessworldrecords.com 87
DATELINE
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Most blooms on an orchid In all, 91 blooms were counted on an orchid grown by Shi Yuanfeng (CHN), as YHULͤHGLQ%HQ[L/LDRQLQJ China, on 20 May 2014.
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DATELINE
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717 CE 88 Recordology
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Oldest family business Buddhist monk Garyo Houshi sets up a ryokan, a traditional inn, in the village of Awazu, Japan, near a spring reputed to have healing powers. The current owner is Houshi’s 46th-generation descendant.
FAST FACTS Strawberries are not true berries… but bananas, watermelons and avocados are • Botanically, there is no such thing as a vegetable • Peanuts, coconuts, cashews and pine nuts are not nuts... but pecans, acorns and hazelnuts are
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LONGEST… Beetroot On 26 Sep 2015, at the Three Counties Showground in Malvern, Worcestershire, UK, Joe Atherton (UK) presented a 7.212-m-long (23-ft 7.9-in) beetroot. By way of contrast, the reticulated python – the longest snake – grows to around 6.25 m (20 ft 6 in). The year before, at the same competition, Joe submitted the longest parsnip, which measured 6.28 m (20 ft 7.2 in).
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Bottle gourd Alan Eaton (CAN) presented a 3.797-m-long (12-ft 5.5-in) bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) at Bracebridge Fall Fair in Ontario, Canada, on 19 Sep 2015. Cucumber Ian Neale (UK) grew a 1.07-m-long (3-ft 8-in) cucumber for presentation at the Royal Bath & West Show in Shepton Mallet, UK, on 26 Sep 2011. Radish Jamie Courtney-Fortey, Gareth Fortey and Kevin Fortey (all UK) grew a radish measuring 2.235 m (7 ft 4 in) in Cwmbran, Gwent, Wales, UK, DVYHULͤHG on 25 Oct 2015.
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Oldest university The University of Karueein is founded in Fez, Morocco, and remains a seat of learning to this day. Its specialist subjects are Islamic studies and Arabic linguistics.
859 CE guinnessworldrecords.com 89
DATELINE
Heaviest strawberry
Coleus Collard
CHOCOLATE “Galak”. The bar was gradually introduced in other countries under various names, including Milky Bar and Alpine White.
Most expensive chocolate bar UQNFǡCVCWEVKQP 9JGP$TKVKUJGZRNQTGT 4QDGTV(CNEQP5EQVV GODCTMGFQPVJG Discovery GZRGFKVKQP to Antarctica KPOCP[ supplies were FQPCVGFD[CTCPIG QHGXGT[FC[DTCPFU MGGPVQDGCUUQEKCVGFYKVJVJG CFXGPVWTG2TQFWEVUKPENWFGF%QNOCPŨU 'PINKUJOWUVCTF$KTFŨUEWUVCTFCPFUQOG ǡND ǡMI QH%CFDWT[ŨUEJQEQNCVGCPFEQEQC1PGQH VJGǡEONQPI KP EJQEQNCVGDCTUUVKNNWPYTCRRGFCPFUVQTGF KPCEKICTGVVGVKPUQNFHQTc VQCPCPQP[OQWUDW[GT CVǡ%JTKUVKGŨUCWEVKQPJQWUGKP.QPFQP7-QPǡ5GR Oldest chocolate In 2007, anthropologist John Henderson (USA) found traces of cacao in pottery fragments dating WRΎQHDU3XHUWR Escondido in Honduras. It’s thought the cacao was fermented and drank as a mildly alcoholic beverage. Although cacaobased drinks may have emerged centuries before, the earliest recipe for chocolate drink dates from 1631.
3XEOLVKHGLQChocolate: or, an Indian Drinke, penned by Spanish physician Antonio Colmenero, the book expounded the food's health EHQHͤWVFODLPLQJLWFRXOG cure coughs and sickness, and even aid conception. First white chocolate White chocolate was introduced by Nestlé in 1930, and marketed in Switzerland under the name
First Valentine’s DQZQHEJQEQNCVGU 5LFKDUG&DGEXU\ 8. the eldest son of John Cadbury, who founded the now iconic brand, was WKHͤUVWFKRFRODWHPDNHU to commercialize the association between the confectionery and romance, producing a heart-shaped box of chocolates for Valentine’s Day in 1868.
TRIVIA Chocolate is derived from the fruit (“pods”) of the cocoa, or cacao, tree Theobroma cacao, native to the tropics of Central and South America. Cocoa beans are actually seeds from the trees’ pods (below); after harvesting, the beans are fermented and dried.
Tallest chocolate Santa Claus /KTCDGNNQUJQRRKPIEGPVTGKP%CPVș+VCN[EQOOKUUKQPGFC OVCNN HVKP EQEQCDCUGFGHƒI[QH(CVJGT%JTKUVOCUKP $WKNVQXGTVJTGGYGGMUD[UKZEJQEQNCVKGTUHTQO6QUECC HCOKN[TWPEQPHGEVKQPGTKP%TGOQPC+VCN[VJGUWRGTUK\GFUWICT INC\GF5CPVCYCUJQNNQY[GVUVKNNYGKIJGFCOCUUKXGǡVQPPGU
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Highest chocolate consumption per capita Based on annual confectionery sales, no nation eats a greater amount of chocolate than Switzerland. In 2015, the average Swiss person consumed an estimated 9.3 kg (20 lb 8 oz).
Chocolate bar with VJGǡOQUVǡHNCXQWTXCTKCPVU To date, the standard fourͤQJHU.LW.DWFKRFRODWHEDU has been made available LQPRUHWKDQͥDYRXUV The variations include cucumber, wasabi, watermelon and salt, and, of course, milk chocolate.
Longest chocolate sculpture
DATELINE
Master chocolatier Andrew Farrugia of Malta used up OQTGǡVJCPǡJTCPFCTQWPFǡMI ǡND QH$GNIKCP EJQEQNCVGUEWNRVKPIYJCVOWUVDGVJGOQUVFGNKEKQWUVTCKP ever made. The intricately detailed Belcolade Express PCOGFKPJQPQWTQHVJG$GNIKCPEJQEQNCVKGTURQPUQTYCU UEWNRVGFVQEGNGDTCVG$TWUUGNU%JQEQNCVG9GGMCPF UVTGVEJGFCPKPETGFKDNGǡO
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Largest ancient castle Construction begins on Prague Castle (in the present-day Czech Republic). When completed, the castle covers an area of 18 acres (7.3 ha).
FAST FACTS The oldest person ever, Jeanne Louise Calment (FRA), who lived to 122, partly put down her long life to eating chocolate • White chocolate is not technically chocolate as it has no cocoa solids
TOP OF THE CHOCS Chocolate is seriously big business. Here we take a look at the biggest-selling chocolate confectionery brands… Brand
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Easter egg In 2011, Le Acciaierie Shopping Village in Cortenuova, Italy, unveiled a chocolate egg weighing 7,200 kg (15,873 lb) and standing 10.39 m (34 ft 1 in) tall. At more than twice the height of a typical London double-decker bus, this eggs-treme creation is also the tallest Easter egg.
6TWHHNG $WLWDQLFWUXͧHZHLJKLQJ 802 kg (1,768 lb 2 oz) – the equivalent of 11 adult men – was made by Mirco Della Vecchia, Andrea Andrighetti, Rimini Fiera, Fabbri 1905, Icam and Martellato (all ITA) in Rimini, Italy, on 21 Jan 2012. The 1-m-wide (3-ft LQ WUXͧHZDVFRQFRFWHG from dark chocolate, cream and Amarena cherries. Rabbit Some 6,000 chocolate bars were axed and chiselled into shape to produce a
Bell Bonbons Verdier of SerresCastet in France crafted a gold-coated chocolate bell weighing 293 kg (645 lb 15 oz) on 16 Jun 2011. The 1.51-m (4-ft 11.4-in) bell had to be moved into the shade to prevent it melting in the intense summer heat; electric fans were also deployed to keep the record-breaking choc cool.
Sculpture $ͤFLRQ&KRFRODWH &+1 crafted a building 4.08 m (13 ft 4.6 in) long on 30 Sep 2015. Weighing 10,187 kg (22,458 lb 7 oz), this edible HGLͤFHRXWGLGWKHprevious record by 1,900 kg (4,188 lb). Crafted by Andrew Farrugia (see choc train opposite), the tallest chocolate sculpture UHFUHDWHGWKH%XUM.KDOLID at Dubai Airport, UAE, on
27 Nov 2014. At 13.5 m (44 ft 4.2 in) high, it was 61 times smaller than the real tallest building. Meanwhile, the Namba Walk mall in Osaka, Japan, made the largest chocolatecandy sculpture in 2012: a 267.4-kg (589-lb 8-oz) sugar-coated heart.
LARGEST CHOCOLATE COIN Tipping the scales at 658 kg (1,450 lb 10 oz), this colossal chocolate 1-Euro coin was presented at the Cioccoshow fair in an event organized by the BF Servizi SRL (ITA) in Bologna, Italy, on 15 Nov 2012 to mark Guinness World Records Day. The coin had a diameter of 1.96 m (6 ft 5.17 in) – more than the height of the average male adult – and was 17 cm (6.69 in) thick. The outsized confectionery took 22 hr to prepare, after which sculptors Stefano and Tommaso Comelli (both ITA) spent a further 12 hr carving it into shape.
Oldest parliament A great assembly (the Althing) is held in Iceland, gathering men from all the island’s clans to decide on matters of law. The Althing, Iceland’s parliament, still meets today.
930 CE guinnessworldrecords.com 91
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LARGEST CHOCOLATE…
behemoth bunny at the annual Chocofest event, held in Gramado, Brazil. Training agency Senac-RS %5$ XQYHLOHGWKHͤQDO 3,850-kg (8,488-lb) sculpture on 12 Apr 2014. The rabbit was posed with a chocolate football in honour of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, which was hosted by Brazil.
COLLECTIONS Autographed golf balls As of 1 Mar 2015, Joe Galiardi (USA) had 204 golf balls, all signed by different professional golf players. Comic books On 6 Aug 2015, Bob Bretall (USA) updated his record for the third time, with 101,822 publications. He began buying comics as a child and adds (and reads) around 100 titles a month. Corkscrews Ion Chirescu (ROM) had acquired 23,965 pieces over 10 years, up to 18 Jun 2015. In Aug 2015, he opened a museum in Bucharest, Romania, to house them.
Largest collection of sunglasses In 1999, “Auntie” Betty Webster (USA) began wearing and collecting novelty sunglasses while YQTMKPICUCTGUVCWTCPVJQUVGUUKP-COWGNC*CYCKK75#*GTTWPPKPIVQVCNQHǡKPFKXKFWCN FGUKIPUYCUXGTKƒGFVJGTGQPǡ1EV-PQYPVJTQWIJQWVVJGKUNCPFUCUVJGū*QUVGUU YKVJǡVJG/QUVGUUŬ$GVV[EQNQWTEQQTFKPCVGUJGTUWPINCUUGUYKVJJGTQWVƒVUCPFKUCNYC[U on the lookout for new designs, while fans and followers regularly contribute to her collection.
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DATELINE
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960 CE 92 Recordology
The Dark Eye memorabilia Alexander Grimme (DEU), a devotee of the role-playing game, had assembled 2,848 print items, artworks, videogames, miniatures and more by 11 Apr 2015.
Doctor Who memorabilia Beginning in 1974 with a yellow “Bump and Go” Marx Dalek received for Christmas, Ian O’Brien (UK) has 2,021 Doctor Who items, DVYHULͤHGRQ-XO Dragon-related items Born in the year of the dragon, Huang Xiaojing (CHN) had spent 40 years gathering 3,201 different dragon-related objects, as of 18 Apr 2015. Jade Lam Chung Foon (HKG) had collected 7,176 exquisite pieces of jade art and jewellery by 20 Jun 2015. He also has the largest collection of candles: 6,360, YHULͤHGRQ'HF Lupin the Third memorabilia %RRNVPDJD]LQHVͤJXULQHV collectable cards, keychains, guitar tabs and toys comprise the 2,281 items related to the Japanese animation character, gathered by Dario Calabria (ITA) up to 12 Apr 2015.
LARGEST COLLECTION OF COPROLITES George Frandsen (USA) owns 1,277 coprolites, or fossilized faeces, as documented at the South Florida Museum in Bradenton, Florida, USA, on 1 Aug 2015. His prehistoric poo comes from 15 states in the USA and eight countries worldwide. George began finding the fossils on camping trips to Utah as a youngster. A prize piece is “Precious” (below right), his largest true-to-form coprolite, weighing in at 1.92 kg (4 lb 3.5 oz). It was found in South Carolina and dates from the Miocene epoch, 23.8–5.3 million years ago. It is naturally glossy, feels and smells like rock, and was produced by a huge crocodilian species around 6 m (20 ft) long. “Coprolite” comes from the Greek for “dung stone”.
First paper money Chinese merchants of the Song Dynasty (960–1279) begin to use banknotes as currency. Secret cyphers are included within the design to try to prevent counterfeits.
FAST FACTS Collectors have “proper” names based on their speciality, such as archtophilists (teddy bears), deltiologists (postcards), pannapictagraphists (comic books), planganologists (dolls) and sucrologists (sugar packets).
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Swamp Thing memorabilia In 2011–1 500 film tion of 3, The DC Comics character ec ll co s e s’ th Reynold ioned in has loomed large in the life was auct es ad ec costumes td had spen of John Boylan (USA), as e d h S ai . p d SA U ieces, an WHVWLͤHGE\KLVFROOHFWLRQ g iconic p worn by ss gatherin re d ” ) for “that of 797 items – among Year n ve Se e $200 (£80 Th onroe in ld them 501 comics – Marilyn M e dress so Th ). 55 19 , on 21 Mar 2015. John’s Itch (USA 85 m). 2. (£ m for $4.6
Rackets On 1 Jul 2015, Igor Kucej (SVK) unveiled his display of 1,260 historic wooden tennis rackets, all made between 1890 and 1985. Skylanders memorabilia The 4,100 Skylanders items collected by Christopher Desaliza (USA), as of 27 Jan 2015, include all YHUVLRQVRIDOOWKHͤJXUHV plus cards, covers, lanyards and posters.
favourites include a Swamp Thing TV crewmember jacket and original comic-book art.
Tea glass holders The containers for tea glasses are often collected as works of art in their own right. As of 11 Apr 2015, Sergey Kruglov (RUS) had amassed 1,921 holders, each distinctively crafted in metal or enamel. Videogames Joel Hopkins (AUS) had 17,466 games to his name as of 12 Jan 2016.
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Largest collection of hamburger-related items
Brightest supernova Exploding star SN 1006 exceeds the luminosity of Sirius – today’s brightest star seen from Earth – by up to 1,500 times. It remains visible for two years.
1006
guinnessworldrecords.com 93
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MASS PARTICIPATION of 11.85 km (7.3 mi) was covered in the attempt, put on by Hong Kong-based company GP22 (CHN).
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MOST PEOPLE… Caber tossing On 8 Aug 2015, a group of 69 people simultaneously launched a volley of near-6-m (20-ft) wooden poles known as “cabers” into the air. The mass feat of strength took place at the 70th Fergus Scottish
Festival and Highland Games, an annual event in Ontario, Canada. In a zorbing relay Each running inside a big plastic zorb ball, 237 people completed a 50-m (164-ft) leg of a course within the required 10 sec on 25 Apr 2015. That means a total
Wearing hair in a beehive With brushes, hairspray and almost 50 stylists at hand, Discovery Italia gave 261 women beehive hairdos in Milan, Italy, on 19 Mar 2015. The distinctive bouffant hairstyle is believed to have originated in 1960, when Chicago-based salon owner Margaret Vinci Heldt (USA) was challenged to conceive an original coiffure to see in the new decade. A more dramatic change of hairstyle was chosen by Pedal for Hope (CAN), to raise money for the Canadian Cancer Society. On 16 May 2015, a total of 267 people gathered at Peterborough Airport, Ontario, to say goodbye to their locks and set a new record for the most heads shaved simultaneously. Making “sand angels” Freshwater West beach in Pembrokeshire, UK, was imprinted with 352 “sand angels” – the seaside take
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on “snow angels” – on 6 Jun 2015. Keep Wales Tidy arranged the event to promote the nation’s pristine coast, plus its 41 Blue Flag beaches. Twerking simultaneously American hip-hop star Big Freedia, aka Frederick Ross,
was just one of 406 people to twerk their way into the record books on 15 Nov 2014. The event took part at the eighth Annual Central City Festival held in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. Eating breakfast in bed Talk about dedication to customer service… The Sheraton Langfang Chaobai River Hotel served up its “Color Your Plate” breakfast – which includes pastries, fruit, orange juice and yoghurt – to 418 guests on 16 Aug 2015. It was an al-fresco affair, with 225 beds laid out on the hotel’s lawn in Beijing, China. Dressed as Catrinas and Catrines $WDͤHVWDVWDJHGLQ Cuauhtémoc, Mexico, on 1 Nov 2014, La Catrina Fest MX (MEX) assembled
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Oldest working brewery The monks of Weihenstephan Abbey in Bavaria (now part of Germany) are given permission to open a brewery near Freising. It will still be operating 976 years later, although no longer staffed by monks.
FAST FACTS The largest yoga lesson included: 5,000 schoolchildren, 15,000 yoga specialists, 500 diplomats and foreign nationals, 5,000 National Cadet Corps, 1,200 police officers and 5,000 army troops
Riding unicycles Balance and co-ordination – not to mention a total of 1,682 unicycles – were all required to secure this record on 1 Nov 2014. Staged by Taoyuan County Government (Chinese Taipei), the 500-m (1,640-ft)
race event was celebrating the region’s newly acquired Special Municipality status. Stargazing As part of a nationwide science week in Australia, 1,869 astronomy lovers, wielding telescopes and binoculars, were brought together by Mt Stromlo Observatory, the Australian National University and the Canberra Astronomical Society on 21 Aug 2015 to study the night sky. This gathering in Australia’s capital city was just one of 37 around the country that
evening, which attracted a combined 7,960 visitors – the most people stargazing in multiple locations. The event was threatened by cold weather and cloudy skies, but the passion for stars, and records, paid off. Twirling batons On 21 Sep 2015, a gathering of 2,002 members of the Osaka Baton Twirling Association (JPN) performed at the Japanese city’s central gymnasium. The dizzying display was the centrepiece of the 25th Osaka Baton Twirling Competition.
Popping bubble wrap In all, 2,681 boy scouts assembled at Denver Area Council’s Camporee on 19 Sep 2015 to pop bubble wrap together. They easily wrapped up the record, more than doubling the previous best of 1,011 people, set in Jan 2015. The feat took place at the Peaceful Valley Scout Ranch in Elbert, Colorado, USA.
Modelling on a catwalk On 4 Jul 2015, eRetailer Very.co.uk and Culture Liverpool (both UK) joined forces to organize a unique fashion show. Comprising both professional models and runway wannabes, a total of 3,651 people strutted their stuff down Liverpool’s Pier Head riverside promenade to set this record in style.
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LARGEST YOGA LESSON A staggering 35,985 people adopted a cross-legged “lotus” position in honour of the inaugural International Day of Yoga on 21 Jun 2015. Organized by the Government of India’s Ministry of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy), dedicated to natural wellbeing pursuits, the event took place on a 1.4-km (0.8-mi) stretch of the Rajpath in the heart of New Delhi. As well as soldiers, civil servants and students (see Fast Facts), even India’s Prime Minister, Narendra Modi (left), demonstrated his flexibility.
First use of rockets Chinese scholar and military engineer Zeng Gongliang describes the use of “fire arrows” – simple gunpowder rockets launched from crossbows – by the armies of Song Dynasty China.
1042
guinnessworldrecords.com 95
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509 people decked out in traditional skeleton costumes. The event was held to celebrate Mexico’s annual Day of the Dead festival, at which deceased loved ones are remembered.
COSPLAY LARGEST GATHERING OF PEOPLE DRESSED AS… Comic-book characters Conventions for comics fans are where cosplayers go to see and be seen, with large events attracting huge numbers of costumed attendees. An impressive 1,784 dressed-up comicbook heroes and villains gathered at the Salt Lake Comic Con in Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, on 25 Sep 2015. Daleks Many cosplayers put hundreds of hours of work into their creations, and when they’re copying something from a movie or TV show, the end result can be hard to distinguish from the original. This made it all the more terrifying when a force of 95 Daleks, Doctor Who’s seemingly indestructible enemy, rolled on to the grounds of the National Space Centre in Leicester, UK, on 29 Nov 2008, waving their eyestalks and barking “Exterminate!” at anything that moved.
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DATELINE
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96 Recordology
Robin Hood The UK’s Camping and Caravanning Club hit the target on 27 Aug 2011, when 1,215 people dressed up as the legendary archer. The attempt took place at the Newark Showground in Nottinghamshire, UK, during the annual National Feast of Lanterns camping rally.
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popular with cosplayers. On 1 Nov 2012, the Saló del Manga comic festival in Barcelona, Spain, hosted 307 Dragon Ball characters as part of an event staged by Editorial Planeta (ESP).
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Star Trek characters As part of Destination Star Trek in London, UK, convention organizers Media 10 Limited (UK) gathered 1,063 Star Trek cosplayers for an event on 20 Oct 2012. Most SDUWLFLSDQWVZRUHVWDUͥHHW uniforms, but the crowd also included Klingons, Borg and a variety of alien monsters from the original series. Superheroes On 2 Oct 2010, exactly 1,580 caped crusaders, web-slingers and
Largest monolithic church Work begins on the church of Medhane Alem in Lalibela, Ethiopia. Rather than building up, the builders dig down, carving the church out of a uniform piece of bedrock. It measures some 10 m (32 ft) high from the bottom of the pit in which it sits.
FAST FACTS Cosplay is a portmanteau of “costume” and “play” • The World Cosplay Summit attracted teams from 26 different countries in 2015 • Competitive cosplayers have to create their own costumes
Santa Claus #PCUVQPKUJKPI5CPVCUECOGVQIGVJGTCVVJG0CICT5CMVJCP6JCORWTCP)TQWPF-GTCNC+PFKC QPǡ&GE6JG[YGTGVCMKPIRCTVKPCPGXGPVQTICPK\GFD[6JTKUUWT%KVK\GPT[CPF6JTKUUWT #TEJFKQEGUG DQVJ+0& VQTCKUGOQPG[HQTNQECNEJCTKVKGU other costumed heroes assembled at Paramount Studios in Los Angeles, USA, in an event to promote WKHͤOPMegamind. Videogame characters People have been enjoying game cosplay for almost as long as games
have had characters to dress up as. The Särkänniemi theme park in Tampere, Finland, mustered 491 gaming cosplayers on 7 Sep 2013. The park is no stranger to gaming, having opened up an Angry Birds Land attraction in 2012.
Zombies A 15,458-strong horde of the shambling undead groaned and lurched its way through the streets of Minneapolis in Minnesota, USA, on 11 Oct 2014, as part of the annual Zombie Pub Crawl.
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Largest New World civilization The Inca Empire reaches its greatest extent, stretching along the Pacific coast of South America from what is now southern Colombia to central Chile. Its population is estimated to be around 10 million.
1200
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As part of a charity event organized on 29 Aug 2014 by recruitment firm Goodman Masson, 280 people donned the green tunic and tights of The Boy Who Wouldn’t Grow Up in London, UK. The event was staged to raise money and publicity for Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, a much-loved institution and the favourite philanthropic cause of J M Barrie, the author of Peter Pan. The Pan-tastic gathering took place on the steps of St Paul’s Cathedral.
BIG STUFF Horseshoe Kentucky Derby Museum (USA) has made a horseshoe 2.06 m (6 ft 9.1 in) wide and 2.13 m (6 ft 11.8 in) tall. It was measured at Eagle Sign & Design in Louisville, Kentucky, USA, on 9 Sep 2015. Lunch box A 2.6-m-wide (8-ft 6-in) lunch box with a capacity of 8.47 m³ (299.11 cu ft) was produced by Altus Viljoen and Wilgenhof Men’s Residence (both ZAF). It was measured in Stellenbosch, South Africa, on 12 Apr 2015.
Largest wheelbarrow #VǡO ǡHV NQPICPFYKVJCYJGGNFKCOGVGTQHǡO ǡHVǡKP VJKUUWRGTUK\GFYJGGNDCTTQY VQQMCVGCOQHRGQRNGOQTGVJCPǡJTVQRNCPCPFDWKNF+VYCUEQPUVTWEVGFD[*GKOCVXGTGKP $QMGG8 &'7 CPFKVYCURTGUGPVGFCPFOGCUWTGFKP$QMG)GTOCP[QPǡ/C[
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1250 98 Recordology
Bean bag Yogibo (USA) presented a 211-ft-wide (64.3-m) bean bag with a volume of 1,406.23 cu ft (39.82 m³) at Nashua, New Hampshire, USA, on 15 Sep 2015. Cheese slicer Kristen Gunstad (NOR) unveiled a 7.79-m-long
(25-ft 6.6-in) slicer at the ski resort in Kvitfjell, Norway, on 7 Mar 2015. Colouring book You’d need a lot of felt tips for the 10-m² (107.63-sq-ft) colouring book produced by the Zielona Sowa Publishing House (POL). Its size was FRQͤUPHGDWWKH1DWLRQDO Stadium in Warsaw, Poland, on 24 May 2014.
Magazine (single edition) The River Group and Polestar (both UK) produced a version of the Aug 2015 issue of Healthy magazine that measured 2.35 m (7 ft 8.52 in) wide by 3.05 m (10 ft 0.28 in) tall. Its size ZDVUDWLͤHGLQ6KHͦHOG8. on 30 Jun 2015.
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Largest ukulele Lawrence Stump (USA, below) has created a tunable and RNC[CDNGWMWNGNGǡO ǡHVǡKP NQPICUXGTKƒGFKP .CPUKPIǡ/KEJKICP75#QPǡ&GE6JGKPUVTWOGPV YCUǡDWKNVWUKPIǡVJGUCOGOGVJQFUCPFOCVGTKCNUCU CUVCPFCTFUK\GUQRTCPQWMWNGNGŤCNVJQWIJ KVǡKUǡVKOGUNCTIGT
First gun Anecdotal evidence suggests that firearms are in use in China and northern Africa, although the first documentary evidence for gun construction will not emerge until the following century.
FAST FACTS You could accommodate more than 25,500 conventionally sized sandwiches in the largest lunch box (see p.98) • The largest TV remote control (below) is around 24 times larger than its real-life counterpart and took 68 days to build
Largest TV remote control $TQVJGTU5WTCLCPF4CLGUJ-WOCT/GJGT DQVJ+0& ETGCVGF VJKUONQPI HVKP VGNGXKUKQPTGOQVGEQPVTQNYJKEJ YCUOGCUWTGFKP5CODCNRWT+PFKCQPǡ5GR+VKUHWNN[ QRGTCVKQPCNCPFYCUUJQYPVQYQTMQPCPQTOCNUK\GF68
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Piggy bank Even the keenest savers ZRXOGVWUXJJOHWRͤOOWKH 8.03-m-long (26-ft 4.1-in), 5.58-m-tall (18-ft 3.7-in) piggy bank created by Kreissparkasse
Ludwigsburg (DEU). It was measured in Ludwigsburg, Germany, on 18 May 2015.
Poster Fareed Lafta (IRQ) has created a 7,164.78-m² (77,121.05-sq-ft) poster, DVYHULͤHGLQ.DUEDOD,UDT on 26 Feb 2016. The poster, which depicted a map of Iraq, was 99.58 m (326 ft
8 in) long and 71.95 m (236 ft) wide. It was put on display at Karbala Stadium. Umbrella Jiangxi Kuntak Industrial Co Ltd (CHN) have made an umbrella 22.9 m (75 ft 1.5 in) in diameter. It was unveiled at Xingzi in Jiangxi Province, China, on 3 Aug 2015.
LONGEST MONSTER TRUCK
First forensic autopsy As part of an investigation into the suspected murder of a nobleman, Italian physician Bartolomeo da Varignana performs the first medico-legal autopsy. He will later be involved in other legally required autopsies.
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Brad and Jen Campbell (both USA) of Big Toyz Racing have created the Sin City Hustler, a 32-ft-long (9.7-m) monster truck. Measured in an aircraft hangar at Last Stop in White Hills, Arizona, USA, on 10 Jul 2014, it stands 12 ft (3.6 m) tall, weighs a hefty 15,000 lb (6,800 kg) – about the same as a bull elephant – and can accommodate 12 passengers. It packs a powerful 750-hp engine, but owing to its considerable weight the Sin City Hustler only has a maximum speed of around 45 mph (72.4 km/h). The titanic truck is currently operated by Russ Mann (USA).
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1311 100 Recordology
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Tallest building At 160 m (524 ft 11 in), the UK’s Lincoln Cathedral overtakes the Great Pyramid of Giza to become the world’s tallest building. Construction on the cathedral began in 1088. It will retain the record until 1549, when its spire collapses.
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Worst pandemic A devastating outbreak of the pneumonic form of plague (bacterial infection), known as the Black Death, draws to a close having claimed some 75 million lives worldwide.
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BALL SKILLS
Longest tennis volley rally Angelo A Rossetti and Ettore Rossetti (both USA) exchanged 30,576 volleys of a tennis ball (without the ball hitting the ground) at the Weston Racquet Club in Weston, Connecticut, 75#QPǡ#WI6JGVYQDTQVJGTUQPEGCEJKGXGFVJGlongest tennis rally, although the EWTTGPVTGEQTF UVTQMGU UGVQPǡ,WNKP$C[TGWVJ)GTOCP[KUJGNFD[(TCPM CPF&GPPKU(WJTOCPP DQVJ&'7
Longest duration to spin CǡDCUMGVDCNNQPVJGVQG On 12 Mar 2015, in Wilburby-the-Sea, Florida, USA, Bernie Boehm (USA) spun a basketball for 25.52 sec.
Bernie can surf, too. On 31 Aug 2013, this sporty multi-tasker achieved the longest duration to spin a EDVNHWEDOOZKLOHVXŲQJ – 33.25 sec – on the set of
1HƒEKCNN[#OC\KPIat Ponce Inlet in Daytona Beach, Florida, USA. One ball too easy for you? The longest duration to spin two basketballs on
Longest duration spinning a basketball on the nose
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1373 102 Recordology
Most consecutive soccer ball headers while treading water ,JQGP.GHQPV4QFTKIWG\ %7$ GZGEWVGFEQPUGEWVKXG UQEEGTDCNNVQWEJGUYKVJVJGJGCFŤYJKNGCHNQCV*GCEJKGXGF VJGTGEQTFKPVJGUYKOOKPIRQQNQHVJG*QVGN0CEKQPCNFG%WDC KPǡ*CXCPC%WDCQPǡ#WI RQH̨QJHU PDLQWDLQLQJ spin) is 4 min 31 sec. Chen Weiwei (CHN) achieved this revolutionary performance, spinning both balls, one on top of the other, on the set of .Q5JQYFGK4GEQTF in Milan, Italy, on 7 Jul 2014.
Most hits of a golf ball QPǡCǡENWDKPUGEQPFU Soccer player Aaron Ramsey (UK) racked up 61 hits of a golf ball on a golf club in 30 sec on the set of #.GCIWG QH6JGKT1YP (UK) in London, UK, on 9 Jul 2015. On the same TV show, former Premier League star Jamie Redknapp (UK) recorded the greatest height to control a soccer ball. He brought under control a ball that he had kicked to a height of 18.6 m (61 ft).
Oldest treaty still in force On 16 Jun, diplomats from England and Portugal sign the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of Alliance, a peace deal that will endure through countless global conflicts and many changes of government. It is still in effect today.
FAST FACTS A Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) soccer ball is nearly 170 times heavier than a regulation ping-pong ball • Basketball was first played with soccer balls • A golf ball has no official minimum weight
Heaviest balls rotated QPǡVJGDCEMQHVJGJCPF Xie Jiajun (CHN) rotated two balls weighing 4.5 kg (9 lb 14.7 oz) – which roughly equates to the combined weight of seven NBA basketballs – on 9 Jan 2016. This bettered his previous record, set in 2015, by 0.31 kg (10.9 oz).
Most soccer ball rolls around the face in QPGǡOKPWVG 8KEVQT4WDKNCT #4) rolled a soccer ball around his face ǡVKOGUKPVJG6WTMKUJ EKV[QH+UVCPDWNQPǡ0QX 6JGJGCFVWTPKPI TGEQTFYCUOCFGKP collaboration with /CNVGRG2CTMUJQRRKPI EGPVTG 674 8KEVQT also shares the record for most soccer balls juggled ƒXG*KU VQVCNUGVKPYCU GSWCNNGFD[/CTMQ 8GTOGGT 0.& KP
Most ping-pong balls juggled with the mouth In his performances, Tony Fercos (USA, b. CZE) is able to blow and catch seven ping-pong balls in succession with his mouth in a single cycle. Each ball is fed into his mouth, “spat” high into the air and caught back in his mouth. Farthest distance travelled with a soccer ball balanced QPǡVJGJGCF On 22 Oct 2011, Abdul Halim (BGD) walked 15.2 km (9.44 mi) with a soccer ball atop his head. He made 38 laps of the 400-m track at the Bangabandhu National Stadium in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The ORQJHVWWLPHWR balance a soccer ball on the shin is 1 min 55 sec, achieved by Sinan Öztürk (DEU) in Mittweida, Saxony, Germany, on 13 Nov 2014.
2015. He held four balls on KLVͤQJHUVFUDGOHGVHYHQLQ his arms and clamped two between his lower legs.
Most “around the world” WULFNVLQRQHPLQXWH In this trick, a performer has to tap a soccer ball in the air then circle the same foot around it. Football freestyler John Farnworth (UK, below) holds the absolute record, with 85 tricks achieved in London, UK, on 3 Oct 2008. The PRVW˼DURXQGWKH PRRQ˽WULFNVLQRQHPLQXWH is 61, by Adrian Fogel (DEU) on 14 Feb 2010 in Nordhorn, Germany. For this, the ball is placed on the back of the QHFNDQGͥLFNHGXSGXULQJ which time the person’s head must complete one full revolution.
Most “around the worlds” in one minute (female) .CWTC$KQPFQ +6#8'0 EQORNGVGFūCTQWPF the world” tricks (see left) in Edinburgh, UK, QPǡ,WN1PVJG UCOGFC[UJGCNUQUGV VJGQPGOKPWVGTGEQTF for most soccer ball touches with the head (female)
LONGEST DURATION TO CONTROL A SOCCER BALL ON A SLACKLINE Most of us find it hard enough to perform “keepieuppies” at the best of times. But to do it in mid-air? On 14 Dec 2015, in Brentford, London, UK, John Farnworth kept a soccer ball airborne for 29.82 sec while maintaining his balance on a slackline (left). The footie freestyler also achieved the most fullvolley rebounds in 30 seconds – 28 – at the National Football Museum in Manchester, UK, on 25 Aug 2015; Farnworth demonstrates the trick below.
Worst outbreak of “dancing mania” In July, a large number of men and women in Aachen, Germany, break into frenzied dancing. Many dance until they collapse from exhaustion. This medieval illness has never been fully explained.
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Most bowling balls JGNFǡUKOWNVCPGQWUN[ Chad McLean (USA) clung on to 13 regular bowling balls (as approved by the World Tenpin Bowling Association) in Brigham City, Utah, USA, on 2 Nov
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Largest palace Ming Emperor Zhu Di orders the construction of a new palace in Beijing, China. This vast complex of some 980 buildings, today known as the Imperial Palace, requires more than a million workers and a decade to complete.
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EXPLORATION 1500–1970
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EXPLORATION 1971–1995
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EXPLORATION 1996–2005
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EXPLORATION 2006–2009
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EXPLORATION 2010–2015
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Oldest reading glasses A resident of medieval London throws the broken horn frames of his glasses in the trash heap. When found more than 500 years later, they are regarded as the oldest known pair of reading glasses.
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LARGEST EVEREST CLEAR-UP
6JGRGCMQH'XGTGUVUVCPFUCVǡO
ǡHV 6JCVŨULWUVDGNQYVJGCXGTCIG ETWKUKPICNVKVWFGQHRCUUGPIGTLGVUOQTG VJCPVKOGUVJGJGKIJVQHVJGtallest buildingŤVJG$WTL-JCNKHCKP&WDCK 7#'ŤCPFUQOGǡVKOGUVCNNGTVJCP 0GY;QTM%KV[ŨU'ORKTG5VCVG$WKNFKPI .QECVGFKPVJGGCUVGTP*KOCNC[CUQPVJG 6KDGV0GRCNDQTFGTKVYCUTGXGCNGFCU VJGJKIJGUVOQWPVCKPKPD[VJG 5WTXG[&GRCTVOGPVQHVJG)QXGTPOGPV QHǡ+PFKC+PVJGVJGP$TKVKUJ 5WTXG[QT)GPGTCNQH+PFKCUWIIGUVGF VJCVKVDGTGPCOGFCHVGTJKURTGFGEGUUQT %QNQPGNǡ5KT)GQTIG'XGTGUV
Clip-on glacier crampons are essential for a sure grip on rock and ice. At the higher reaches of the mountain, climbers wear both an inner and outer boot. The high outer boot helps prevent snow and ice from getting inside.
This lightweight ice axe is attached to a wrist leash – a useful way of keeping the axe secure when attempting steeper sections of the climb.
Climbing rope should be both strong and light. Some types of rope are treated to prevent them from becoming heavy in wet conditions.
For summit day, thin inner gloves are enclosed in two separate mittens; the outer one is waterproof. Mittens are EHWWHUWKDQ̧QJHUJORYHVDVWKHODWWHU PDNHWKḨQJHUVPRUHYXOQHUDEOHWRWKH cold. Inside the inner glove are chemical hand-warming packs.
Most climbers take supplemental oxygen bottles and a mask for their climb. At the summit, oxygen levels are only around one-third of those at sea level. Without extra oxygen, the brain cannot focus and the body quickly tires.
This lightweight, expandable backpack can accommodate clothes, a sleeping bag, provisions, water, camera and other accessories.
Climbers take clothing that can be worn as layers, so they can adapt to weather changes and new stages of a climb. For the 8,000-ers (mountains of 8,000 m or more), a warm, all-in-one down suit is vital, with a hood to shield the face.
2KEVWTGFJGTGKU&CXKF.KCȓQ)QP\ȄNG\ /': VJGƒTUVRGTUQP to climb Everest from both sides in one season*GTGCEJGF VJGRGCMHTQO0GRCNQPVJGUQWVJUKFGQP/C[CPF TGVWTPGFVQVJGRGCMQP/C[ENKODKPIHTQO6KDGVQPVJG PQTVJUKFG#U&CXKFCVVGUVUEJQQUKPIVJGTKIJVGSWKROGPVKU XKVCNHQTKPETGCUKPI[QWTEJCPEGUQHCUWEEGUUHWNENKOD(QTQWT RJQVQUJQQV&CXKFFTGUUGFCUJGFKFQPJKUENKODUCPFVCNMGF WUVJTQWIJVJGXCTKQWUDKVUQHMKVVJCVJGNRGFJKOOCMGJKU TGEQTFDTGCMKPIUWOOKVU
GEARING UP
CONQUERING MOUNT EVEREST
19 May 2012 Most ascents in one day ENKODGTU
11 May 2011 Most ascents D[#RC5JGTRC GSWCNNGFD[ 2JWTDC6CUJK5JGTRC DQVJ02. QP/C[
11 May 2006 Most ascents (female) UKZD[.CMRC5JGTRC 02.
21 May 2004 Fastest ascent 2GODC&QTLG5JGTRC 02. KPǡǡJTǡOKP UQWVJUKFG
20 Aug 1980 First solo summit 4GKPJQNF/GUUPGT +6#
8 May 1978 First ascent without supplemental oxygen 4GKPJQNFǡ/GUUPGT +6# CPF2GVGT*CDGNGT #76
16 May 1975 First ascent (female) ,WPMQ6CDGK ,20
29 May 1953 First ascent 'FOWPF2GTEKXCN*KNNCT[ 0< CPFǡ6GP\KPI0QTIC[ +0&6KDGV
DATE RECORD
Increasing numbers of climbers attempt to scale Everest each year, but it still represents one of the ultimate challenges. Here are some of its pioneering conquerors.
DID Y
Sources: thebmc.co.uk; alanarnette.com; ITKPFVXEQOǡ
Campsite maintenance c
Supplies and gear c KPENWFKPI ENQVJKPIHQQFC0GRCNKEQQMCVDCUGECOR UWRRNGOGPVCNQZI[GPCPFCǡOGFKECNMKV
QTc
Climbing permit (per climber) c HTQOVJGPQTVJ UKFG ǡ c HTQOVJGUQWVJUKFG
Sherpas c GCEJRNWUVJGKTDQVVNGF UWRRNGOGPVCNQZ[IGPCV c RGTDQVVNG
Porters c GCEJRGTFC[ CVNGCUV c $QVJǡCTGPGGFGFVQECTT[MKVVQCPFHTQODCUGECOR
Yaks c GCEJRGTFC[ CVNGCUV c
Travel Ť cŤc VQHN[KPVQ -CVJOCPFWCPFQPVQDCUGECOR
+VECPGCUKN[EQUV c VQENKOD 'XGTGUVCNVJQWIJHQTVTKRUD[9GUVGTPQRGTCVQTU VJGRTKEGECPGZEGGF c 6JG UWOXCTKGUCEEQTFKPIVQJQYDCUKEVJGVTGMKU YJGVJGTQTPQV[QWCTGUWRRQTVGFCPFYJGVJGT [QWENKODVJGPQTVJUKFG HTQO6KDGV QTVJGUQWVJ UKFGǡ HTQOǡ0GRCN 'ZRGPUGUKPENWFG
HOW MUCH IT ALL COSTS
OU KNO T he mo W? s t a s ce n ts of Ev one day erest in took pla 20 1 2 , w c e on 19 M hen 245 ay climber the sum s reach mit. A s ed y ou can photogra se e in this ph from mounta th a t day, the in beca and clim me ver y conge sted bers cau sed a tr jam nea affic r the su mmit.
EXPLORATION 1500–1970 JOURNEYS
1500
1600
1700
1800
1XGTVJGEQWTUGQHVJKUEJCRVGTYGRNQVVJGJKUVQT[QHTGEQTFDTGCMKPILQWTPG[U#Uǡ[QW PCXKICVGVJTQWIJVJKUEJTQPQNQI[QHGZRNQTCVKQP[QWŨNNPQVKEGVJCVVJGPWODGTQHLQWTPG[U RGTEGPVWT[KPETGCUGUITGCVN[CUYGPGCTVJGRTGUGPVFC[6JCVJCUOWEJVQFQYKVJQWT MPQYNGFIGQHVJGINQDGCPFVGEJPKECNKORTQXGOGPVUKPGSWKROGPVXGJKENGUCPFXGUUGNU ŤCUYGNNCUVJGKPETGCUGFGPVJWUKCUOHQTTGEQTFDTGCMKPI$WVQXGTVJGEGPVWTKGUOWEJ JCUTGOCKPGFVJGUCOG GPFWTCPEGUGNHDGNKGHCPFǡUJGGTDTCXGT[CTGUVKNNGUUGPVKCN RTQXKUKQPUHQTCP[QPGGODCTMKPIQPCǡLQWTPG[QHVJQWUCPFUQHOKNGU
1642:&WVEJGZRNQTGT #DGNǡ6CUOCPFKUEQXGTU CEQWPVT[JGPCOGU 8CPǡ&KGOGPŨU.CPFNCVGT ECNNGF6CUOCPKCCHVGT JKO&WTKPIJKUXQ[CIGU JGCNUQFKUEQXGTU0GY
V1871 $TKVKUJDTQVJGTU,QJP CDQXG CPF 4QDGTV0C[NQTEQORNGVGVJGƒTUVTGEQTFGF YCNMHTQO,QJP1Ũ)TQCVUVQ.CPFŨU'PF6JG[ EQXGTCPCXGTCIGQHǡOK ǡMO RGTFC[ DWVOCMGOCP[FKXGTUKQPUHQTUKIJVUGGKPI GPTQWVG1YKPIVQVJGUGVJG[EQXGTǡOK
ǡMO ŤOQTGVJCPFQWDNGVJGFKUVCPEGQH VJGLQWTPG[CUVJGETQYHNKGU6JGDQQMCDQWV VJGKTYCNM TKIJV KURWDNKUJGFQPN[KP
V 1522: The ƒTUVEKTEWOPCXKICVKQPQHVJGYQTNFKUCEEQORNKUJGFQPǡ5GR YJGPVJG5RCPKUJUJKRVittoriaWPFGTVJGEQOOCPFQH,WCPǡ5GDCUVKȄP 'NECPQ '52 TGCEJGU5GXKNNGKP5RCKP6JGUJKRJCFUGVQWVHTQO5CPNȚECT FG$CTTCOGFCKP#PFCNWEȐC5RCKPQPǡ5GRCNQPIYKVJHQWTQVJGTU CURCTVQHCPGZRGFKVKQPNGFD[VJG2QTVWIWGUGGZRNQTGT(GTFKPCPF/CIGNNCP 6JG[TQWPF%CRG*QTPETQUUVJG2CEKƒE1EGCPXKCVJG2JKNKRRKPGUCPF TGVWTPVQ'WTQRGCHVGTUCKNKPICTQWPFVJG%CRGQH)QQF*QRGVittoria is the QPN[UJKRVQUWTXKXGCPFQHVJGǡ'WTQRGCPUYJQUGVQWVQPN[TGVWTP
DATELINE
1577–80: 5KT(TCPEKU&TCMG EKTENGUVJGINQDGDGEQOKPI the ƒTUVRGTUQPVQECRVCKPC EQORNGVGEKTEWOPCXKICVKQP CPFVJGƒTUV'PINKUJOCP VQFQUQ6JGLQWTPG[NCUVU OQTGVJCPFC[UCPF CNNQYU&TCMGVQEQXGTVN[TCKF 5RCPKUJVTGCUWTGUJKRUGP TQWVG1HVJGƒXGUJKRUVJCV UGVUCKNQPN[JKUHNCIUJKRŤ QTKIKPCNN[MPQYPCUPelican DWVTGPCOGFVJGGolden Hind KPŤOCMGUKVDCEM
1455 108 Journeys
1889: 6JGOVCNN HV 'KHHGNǡ6QYGTKUEQORNGVGFKP2CTKU (TCPEG+PKVKCNN[EQPUVTWEVGFCUVJG GPVTCPEGVQVJG9QTNFŨU(CKTYJKEJKU UVCIGFKPVJCV[GCTVJGYTQWIJVKTQP GFKƒEGTGOCKPUVJGYQTNFŨUtallest structure WPVKNVJGGTGEVKQPQHVJG O HV %JT[UNGT$WKNFKPI KP0GY;QTM%KV[75#ǡ[GCTU NCVGT#UǡQHKVKUUVKNNVJG VCNNGUVǡUVTWEVWTGKP2CTKU
1607–11:'PINKUJ GZRNQTGT*GPT[*WFUQP OCMGUHQWTXQ[CIGU CVVGORVKPIVQƒPFCVTCFG TQWVGVQ#UKCXKCVJG#TEVKE *GHCKNUVQFQUQDWVJKU OCRUQH0QTVJ#OGTKEC EQPVTKDWVGUKIPKƒECPVN[ VQǡGZKUVKPIPCXKICVKQPCN MPQYNGFIG
1620: +Pǡ5GRVJG2KNITKO (CVJGTUUGVUCKNHQTVJG0GY 9QTNFHTQOVJG'PINKUJRQTV QH2N[OQWVJQPVJGUJKR /C[HNQYGT6JG[IQQPVQ HQWPF2N[OQWVJ%QNQP[VJG ƒTUVRGTOCPGPVEQNQPKCN UGVVNGOGPVKPǡ0GYǡ'PINCPF
V 1766–69:&KUIWKUGFCUCOCP,GCPPG$CTGVYQTMUCUCP CUUKUVCPVDQVCPKUVQPVJGƒTUV(TGPEJTQWPFVJGYQTNFXQ[CIG WPFGT#FOKTCN.QWKU#PVQKPGFG$QWICKPXKNNG5JGDGEQOGUVJG ƒTUVHGOCNGVQEKTEWOPCXKICVGVJGINQDGCPFJGNRUFKUEQXGTC YGCNVJQHPGYRNCPVUFWTKPIJGTGZVGPUKXGDQVCPKECNƒGNFYQTM
Oldest mechanically printed full-length book The Gutenberg Bible is printed in Mainz, Germany, c. 1455 by Henne zum Gensfleisch zur Laden, commonly known as Johannes Gutenberg (c. 1398–1468).
1903:#V ǡCOQP&GE 1TXKNNG9TKIJV 75# HNKGUVJGM9
JR EJCKPFTKXGP(N[GTǡ+ – which JGJCUDWKNVYKVJJKUDTQVJGT9KNDWT ŤHQTǡHV ǡO KP-KVV[*CYM 0QTVJ%CTQNKPC75#*GHNKGUCVCP CNVKVWFGQHŤǡHV ŤǡO KP the ƒTUV RQYGTFTKXGPHNKIJV
FAST FACTS Magellan is famed as the first circumnavigator, but he didn’t make it all the way home: he was hacked to death in the Philippines • The first power-driven flight lasted 12 sec • John O’Groats is named after Jan de Groot, a Dutch ferryman
1900
1950
X 1911: The ƒTUV UWEEGUUHWNGZRGFKVKQP VQVJG5QWVJ2QNG TGCEJGUKVUIQCNCV ǡCOQPǡ&GE 6JG0QTYGIKCPRCTV[ QHƒXGOGPKUNGF D[%CRVCKP4QCNF #OWPFUGP TKIJV 6JG[TGCEJVJG2QNG CHVGTCFC[ǡOCTEJ YKVJFQIUNGFIGUHTQO VJG$C[QH9JCNGU
1970 1961: %QUOQPCWV(NKIJV/CLQT;WTK#NGMUG[GXKEJ )CICTKP 7554 HNKGUKPVQURCEGKP8QUVQMǡ on ǡ#RTQPVJGƒTUVOCPPGFURCEGHNKIJV6JG VCMGQHHKUHTQOVJG$CKMQPWT%QUOQFTQOGKP -C\CMJUVCPCV ǡCO)/6CPFVJGNCPFKPI CVǡ5OGNQXMCPGCT'PIGNUKPVJG5CTCVQXTGIKQP QHǡ4WUUKCǡOKPNCVGT 1963: ,WPKQT.V8CNGPVKPC8NCFKOKTQXPC 6GTGUJMQXC 7554 DGEQOGUVJGƒTUV YQOCPKPURCEG5JGVCMGUQHHKP 8QUVQMǡHTQOVJG$CKMQPWT%QUOQFTQOG CVǡ ǡCO)/6QP,WP
V 1953: #V ǡCOQP/C[ 'FOWPF2GTEKXCN*KNNCT[ 0<CDQXG NGHV CPF+PFQ6KDGVCP6GP\KPI0QTIC[
Dǡ0COI[CN9CPIFKCDQXGTKIJV complete the ƒTUVCUEGPVQH'XGTGUV 6JG[ǡCTGUJQYPJGTGQPVJGFC[ DGHQTGǡVJGKTJKUVQTKECEJKGXGOGPV
X 1924 The ƒTUVCGTKCN EKTEWOPCXKICVKQPis OCFGD[VYQ75#TO[ &QWINCU9QTNF%TWKUGT
&9% UGCRNCPGUHTQO ǡ#RTVQǡ5GRUVCTVKPI CPFGPFKPICV5GCVVNG 9CUJKPIVQP75#6JG %JKECIQKURKNQVGFD[ .VUǡ.QYGNN*5OKVJCPF .GUNKG2#TPQNFYJKNG .VUǡ'TKM*0GNUQPCPF ,QJP*CTFKPI CNN75# HN[ǡVJG0GY1TNGCPU
V 1950: #VO HV #PPCRWTPCǡ+ KUVJGVJVCNNGUVOQWPVCKPKPVJGYQTNFCPFKU UKVWCVGFKPVJG0GRCNGUG*KOCNC[CU+VKUƒTUV UWOOKVVGFQPǡ,WPD[/CWTKEG*GT\QICPF .QWKUǡ.CEJGPCN DQVJ(4#
V 1969: The ƒTUVRGTUQPVQTQYCP[QEGCPUQNQ KUǡ,QJP(CKTHCZ 7-CDQXG YJQETQUUGUVJG #VNCPVKE1EGCPGCUVVQYGUVKP$TKVCPPKCDGVYGGP ǡ,CPCPFǡ,WN+PVJGUCOG[GCT4QDKP -PQZ,QJPUVQP 7- DGEQOGUVJGƒTUVRGTUQPVQ UCKNCTQWPFVJGYQTNF UQNQCPFPQPUVQR KPJKU [CEJV5WJCKNK*GNGCXGU(CNOQWVJ7-QPǡ,WP KPVJG5WPFC[6KOGU)QNFGP)NQDG4CEG CPFǡTGVWTPUQPǡ#RT
Oldest android design Leonardo da Vinci (ITA) sketches a humanoid robot. His ideas for the finished model are lost, but some of his other drawings show a human knight with anatomically correct joints operated by cables and pulleys.
1495
guinnessworldrecords.com 109
DATELINE
V 1933: $GVYGGPCPFǡ,WN9KNG[2QUV
75# ECTTKGUQWVVJGƒTUVUQNQHNKIJVCTQWPF VJGYQTNF in 9KPPKGǡ/CGC.QEMJGGF8GIC *GEQXGTUǡOK ǡMO UVCTVKPI CPFǡGPFKPIKP0GYǡ;QTM%KV[75#
V1969: “The 'CINGJCUNCPFGFŬ0GKN #TOUVTQPICPF$W\\ǡ#NFTKP DQVJ75# DGEQOG the ƒTUV OGPQPVJG/QQPQPǡ,WN#TOUVTQPI UVGRUQPVQVJGNWPCTUWTHCEGCV )/6 HQNNQYGFD[ǡ#NFTKPCV )/6
EXPLORATION 1971–1995 JOURNEYS
1971
1980
V1980:+VCN[ŨU 4GKPJQNF/GUUPGT becomes the ƒTUV RGTUQPVQENKOD 'XGTGUVUQNQ, reaching VJGUWOOKVQPǡ#WI +VVCMGUJKOVJTGG FC[UVQTGCEJVJG top from his base ECORCVǡO
ǡHV 6JGENKOD is made all the more FKHƒEWNVD[VJGHCEV that he does not use DQVVNGFǡQZ[IGP
V1974: David Kunst (USA, above) completes the ƒTUVEQPƒTOGF EKTEWOPCXKICVKQPQPHQQVQPǡ1EV *GJCFDGIWPQPǡ,WPCPF EQXGTUǡMO ǡOK CETQUU HQWTEQPVKPGPVU)GQTIG/CVVJGY Schilling (USA) is reputed to have YCNMGFCTQWPFVJGYQTNFHTQO VQCNVJQWIJVJKUKUWPRTQXGF
V1983: )GQTIG/GGICP 7- EQORNGVGUVJGHCUVGUV YCNMCNQPIVJG2CP#OGTKECP*KIJYC[QPǡ5GR *GEQXGTUMO OK KPFC[U CHVGTUGVVKPIQWVQP,CP*KULQWTPG[VCMGU him from the southernmost point of South America VQǡVJGǡPQTVJGTPOQUVRQKPVQH0QTVJ#OGTKEC
V1978:,CRCPGUGGZRNQTGT CPFOQWPVCKPGGT0CQOK Uemura becomes the ƒTUV RGTUQPVQTGCEJVJG0QTVJ 2QNGKPCUQNQGZRGFKVKQP across the Arctic sea ice, CV CO)/6QPǡ/C[ *GVTCXGNUǡMO ǡOK UGVVKPIQWVQPǡ/CTHTQO %CRG'FYCTF'NNGUOGTG +UNCPFKPPQTVJGTP%CPCFC 6JGGZRGFKVKQPKUFQI assisted and is supported YKVJTGUWRRNKGU
DATELINE
V1975:1Pǡ/C[,WPMQ6CDGK ,20 DGEQOGUVJG ƒTUVYQOCPVQENKOD/QWPVǡ'XGTGUV5JGYKNNIQQPVQ become the ƒTUVYQOCPVQENKODVJG5GXGP5WOOKVU
VJGJKIJGUVRGCMQPGCEJEQPVKPGPV YJGPUJGVQRU 2WPECM,C[C CMC%CTUVGPU\2[TCOKF QP,WP
1535 110 Journeys
V1982: 1Pǡ#WI5KT4CPWNRJ(KGPPGU CDQXGNGHV CPF%JCTNGU$WTVQP
CDQXGTKIJVDQVJ7- TGVWTPVQ)TGGPYKEJ.QPFQP7-JCXKPIEQORNGVGF VJGǡƒTUVUWTHCEGEKTEWOPCXKICVKQPXKCDQVJ2QNGU6JG[JCFUGVQWVHTQO )TGGPYKEJQPǡ5GRETQUUKPIVJG5QWVJ2QNGQPǡ&GECPFVJG 0QTVJǡ2QNGQPǡ#RT+PCNNVJGKTGRKEVTGMEQXGTUǡOK ǡMO
Tallest suit of armour A 2.057-m (6-ft 8-in) suit of armour made at around this time was once thought to have been worn by John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, in the 14th century. In fact, it is German in origin. It is on display in the White Tower at HM Tower of London, UK.
FAST FACTS In 2011, a whale graveyard was found near the Pan-American Highway in Chile • The North and South Poles have switched some 400 times in 330 million years • The Atlantic Ocean is growing, but the Pacific Ocean is shrinking
1990
V1985: $GVYGGPǡ,WPCPFǡ#WI*CPURGVGT$GEM #75 WPKE[ENGU ǡMO ǡOK HTQO2QTV*GFNCPFKP9GUVGTP#WUVTCNKCVQ/GNDQWTPG KPǡ8KEVQTKC*KUFC[JTOKPLQWTPG[TGRTGUGPVUVJGHCUVGUV WPKE[ENGǡTKFGCETQUU#WUVTCNKC
V1988: 9GCTKPIDWQ[CPVONQPI HVKP UMKU 4ȌO[$TKEMC (4# ECTTKGUQWVVJGHCUVGUVūYCNMŬCETQUUVJG #VNCPVKE1EGCPKPFC[UHTQOǡ#RTVQ/C[*GEQXGTU ǡMO ǡOK VQYKPICRNCVHQTOQHUWRRNKGUCPF GUUGPVKCNUUWEJCUǡCYCVGTUVKNN 1989 and 1991: 6JGTGEQTFHQTVJGƒTUVCPFHCUVGUVOCP CPFYQOCPVQJCXGEKTEWOPCXKICVGFVJG'CTVJD[ECT EQXGTKPIUKZEQPVKPGPVUWPFGTVJGTWNGUCRRNKECDNGKP CPFGODTCEKPIOQTGVJCPCPGSWCVQTŨUNGPIVJQH FTKXKPI ǡTQCFOKNGU ǡMO KUJGNFD[5CNQQ %JQWFJWT[CPFJKUYKHG0GGPC%JQWFJWT[ DQVJ+PFKC 6JG LQWTPG[VQQMǡFC[UǡJQWTUǡOKPWVGUHTQOǡ5GRVGODGT VQǡ0QXGODGT6JGEQWRNGFTQXGC*KPFWUVCP ū%QPVGUUC%NCUUKEŬUVCTVKPICPFƒPKUJKPIKP&GNJK+PFKC
V1986: 4KEJCTF)ū&KEMŬ4WVCPCPF ,GCPC;GCIGT DQVJ75# EQORNGVGVJG ƒTUVEKTEWOPCXKICVKQPD[CKTETCHVYKVJQWV TGHWGNNKPIKPFC[UHTQOVQǡ&GE 6JGKTǡWPKSWGCKTETCHVVoyager is designed CPFǡDWKNVD[&KEMŨUDTQVJGT$WTV
X1986: 1Pǡ#WI2CVTKEM/QTTQY
%#0 DGEQOGUVJGƒTUVRGTUQP VQENKODVJG5GXGP5WOOKVU – the highest mountains on all seven continents – according VQVJG%CTUVGPU\NKUVYJKEJ TGEQIPK\GUVJGJKIJGUVRQKPV KP1EGCPKCCU2WPECM,C[C
CMC%CTUVGPU\2[TCOKF KPǡ+PFQPGUKC
V1989: 4QDGTV5YCP 7- DGEQOGUVJGƒTUV RGTUQPVQYCNMVQDQVJ2QNGUYJGPVJGGKIJV OCPū+EGYCNMŬGZRGFKVKQPCTTKXGUCVVJG0QTVJ 2QNGWPFGTJKUNGCFGTUJKRQPǡ/C[6JTGG [GCTUGCTNKGTQPǡ,CPJGJCFNGFVJG VJTGGOCPū+PVJG(QQVUVGRUQH5EQVVŬGZRGFKVKQP VQVJG5QWVJ2QNG
1995
V 1992: 6JGHCUVGUVETQUUKPIQHVJG#VNCPVKE 1EGCPKUǡFC[UǡJTǡOKPǡUGED[VJGO
HV NWZWT[[CEJVDestrieroHTQOǡVQ#WI 6JGICUVWTDKPGRTQRGNNGFXGUUGNOCKPVCKPUCP CXGTCIGURGGFQHǡMPQVU ǡMOJ ǡORJ 6JGǡUMKRRGTKU%GUCTG(KQTKQ +6# 1993: 1P,CP'TNKPI-CIIG 014 EQORNGVGU theƒTUVUQNQGZRGFKVKQPVQVJG5QWVJ2QNG*KU MO OK WPUWRRQTVGFUWTHCEGVTGM HTQOǡ$GTMPGT+UNCPFVCMGUJKOǡFC[U
V1994: $TIG1WUNCPF 014 RGTHQTOUVJG HCUVGUVUQNQWPUWRRQTVGFVTGMVQVJG0QTVJ2QNG KPFC[UHTQOǡ/CTVQǡ#RT*GUGVUQWVHTQO %CRG#TMVKEJGUMK[QPVJG4WUUKCPCTEJKRGNCIQ QH5GXGTPC[C
X 1995: %QXGTKPI OQTGVJCPǡMO
ǡOK CPF ǡEQWPVTKGUCPF VGTTKVQTKGU'OKNKQ 5EQVVQ #4) OCMGU the NQPIGUVGXGT LQWTPG[D[ǡOQVQTE[ENG, HTQOǡ,CP VQǡǡ#RTǡ
Oldest botanical garden (same location) The Orto Botanico in Padua, Italy, is created. As of 2016, the original design remains – a circular central plot (symbolizing the world) surrounded by a ring of water – and the site is still dedicated to scientific research.
1545
guinnessworldrecords.com 111
DATELINE
1985
EXPLORATION 1996–2005 JOURNEYS
1996
1999
V1996: Peter Bird (UK) spends the longest collective time at sea in an ocean rowboat ǡFC[U(TQOVQJGEQXGTUǡMO
ǡOK TQYKPICETQUUVJG#VNCPVKE1EGCPHTQOGCUVVQYGUV VJG2CEKƒE 1EGCPHTQOGCUVVQYGUV CPFVJG2CEKƒE1EGCPHTQOYGUVVQGCUV
V1999: 'OOCPWGN%QKPFTG (4# GODCTMUWRQPVJGƒTUVQH UGXGPGRKECFXGPVWTGUCVUGCŤVJG most solo ocean crossingsŤD[ VTCXGTUKPIVJG#VNCPVKE1EGCPGCUVVQYGUVKPCRGFCNDQCV*GIQGU QPVQTQYVJG#VNCPVKEGCUVVQYGUVKPYGUVVQGCUVKPCPF GCUVVQYGUVKPDGHQTGTGEQTFKPIVJGfastest solo row across the Atlantic (west to east)CNUQKPKPǡFC[UǡJTǡOKP RKEVWTGF CDQXG *GTQYUVJG2CEKƒE1EGCPYGUVVQGCUVHTQO%JɢUJKKP,CRCP VQ%QQU$C[KP1TGIQP75#KPVCMKPIǡFC[UǡJTǡOKP .CUVN[JGEQORNGVGUVJGfastest solo row across the Indian Ocean KPǡǡFC[UǡJTǡOKPǡUGEHTQO0QXVQǡ,CP
T1999: 1P ǡ,CP#PVQKPG&G%JQWFGPU (4# DGEQOGUVJGƒTUVRGTUQPVQEQORNGVGVJG6JTGG2QNGU Challenge without supplementary oxygen on Everest JCXKPIGODCTMGFQPJKUHGCVQPǡ#RT
V1998:%QPUVTWEVKQP DGIKPUQPVJGInternational Space Station (ISS 9KVJ CƒPCNEQUVKPGZEGUUQH ǡDP cǡDP KVYKNN DGEQOGVJGOQUVexpensive man-made object
DATELINE
X1998:&CXKF*GORNGOCP#FCOU 7- DGEQOGUVJGƒTUVRGTUQPVQEQORNGVG the Adventurers Grand SlamCITWGNNKPI EJCNNGPIGVJCVKPXQNXGUENKODKPIVJG 5GXGP5WOOKVU VJGJKIJGUVRGCMQPGXGT[ EQPVKPGPV CPFVTGMMKPIVQDQVJVJG0QTVJ CPF5QWVJ2QNGHTQOVJGEQCUV*GDGIKPU JKUSWGUVKPǡCPFEQORNGVGUKV ǡ[GCTUNCVGTYJGPǡJGCPFHGNNQY CFXGPVWTGT4WPGǡ)LGNFPGU
014 YCNMVQVJG0QTVJ2QNG HTQO/CTVQǡ/C[ǡ
1556 112 Journeys
1999: 4QDGTV*CPUGP QH-KVVGT[/CKPG75# EQORNGVGUVJGlongest solo and unsupported journey on a snowmobileHTQOǡ,CP VQǡ(GD*GEQXGTUǡMO
ǡOK HTQO/GFYC[ /CKPGVQ+PVGTPCVKQPCN(CNNU /KPPGUQVC75#CPFDCEM
Highest death toll from an earthquake An estimated 830,000 people perish in the quake (or dizhen) that strikes the Shaanxi, Shanxi and Henan provinces in China on 2 Feb.
2000
V2000: $GVYGGPǡ/C[CPFǡ5GR %QNKP$QFKNN 7- TGEQTFUVJGfastest circumnavigation by microlight*GTQWPFU VJGINQDGKPJKU/CKPCKT$NCFG(NGZYKPI OKETQNKIJVKPFC[UUVCTVKPICPFNCPFKPI CV$TQQMNCPFUCKTƒGNFKP9G[DTKFIG5WTTG[ 7-'PTQWVG$QFKNNHNKGUCNQPIUKFGCPQVJGT TGEQTFDTGCMGT,GPPKHGT/WTTC[ 7- YJQ TGIKUVGTUVJG fastest circumnavigation by helicopter (female)KPǡVJGUCOGVKOGCPF DGVYGGPVJGUCOGFCVGU T2001: 'TKM9GKJGPOC[GT
75# YCUDQTPYKVJTGVKPQUEJKUKU CPG[GEQPFKVKQPVJCVNGHVJKO EQORNGVGN[DNKPFD[VJGCIG QHǡ&GURKVGVJKUQPǡ/C[ JGDGEQOGUVJGƒTUVDNKPFOCP to climb Mount Everest#UQH #RTǡJGKUUVKNNVJGQPN[DNKPF RGTUQPVQJCXGFQPGUQ'TKM KUCNUQCPCEEQORNKUJGFTQEM ENKODGTUMKGTCPFRCTCINKFGT
FAST FACTS Oceans can hold approximately 50% more carbon than Earth’s atmosphere • No country owns Antarctica • The ISS has 15 pressurized modules (seven US, five Russian, two Japanese and one European)
2001
2004
2005
V2004: 5CTCJCPF5CNN[-GVVNG DQVJ7- ECTT[QWVVJG ƒTUVǡTQYCETQUUCP[QEGCPD[COQVJGTCPFFCWIJVGTVGCO 6JG[ETQUUVJG#VNCPVKE1EGCPGCUVVQYGUVKPCalderdale – The Yorkshire ChallengerDGVYGGPǡ,CPCPFǡ/C[ V2001: The ƒTUVOCTTKGFEQWRNGVQTGCEJDQVJ2QNGUŤ/KMGCPF(KQPC 6JQTPGYKNN DQVJ7- ŤCTTKXGCVVJG0QTVJ2QNGQP/C[JCXKPITGCEJGF VJG5QWVJ2QNGD[UMKQPǡ,CP$QVJVTKRUCTGCKTUWRRQTVGFCPF VJGǡEQWRNGCTGCEEQORCPKGFD[VGCOOCVG%CVJCTKPG*CTVNG[ 7- 6JGǡNCVVGTNGICNUQGCTPU(KQPC6JQTPGYKNNCPF*CTVNG[CPQVJGTTGEQTF HQTHCUVGUVUMKǡLQWTPG[VQVJG0QTVJ2QNG HGOCNG FC[U
2002: #XKCVQT5VGXG(QUUGVV 75#ŤTKIJV EQORNGVGUVJGƒTUVUQNQEKTEWOPCXKICVKQPD[DCNNQQP DGVYGGPǡ,WPCPFǡ,WNKPVJGBud Light Spirit of Freedom*GVCMGUQHHCPFNCPFUKP#WUVTCNKC V2005: 2CTM;QWPI5GQM -14 TGCEJGUVJG 0QTVJ2QNGQPHQQVQP#RTDGEQOKPIVJGƒTUV person to achieve the Explorers Grand Slam 6JKUKPXQNXGUENKODKPIVJGJKIJGUVOQWPVCKPU QPCNNUGXGPEQPVKPGPVUVJGOQWPVCKPUQXGT ǡO ǡHV CPFTGCEJKPIVJG0QTVJCPF 5QWVJ2QNGUQPHQQV*KUSWGUVJCFDGIWPYJGP JGUWOOKVVGF'XGTGUVQPǡ/C[ǡ
2002: 'ODCTMKPIQPVJGlongest unicycle journey.CTU%NCWUGP 75# UGVUQWVHTQO 6KNNCOQQM1TGIQP75#QPǡ#RT*KU FQWDNGETQUUKPIQHVJGEQWPVT[ƒPKUJGUKP.QU #PIGNGU%CNKHQTPKCQPǡ0QXJCXKPIEQXGTGF ǡMO ǡOK CETQUUUVCVGU
V2005: $GVYGGPCPFǡ/CT5VGXG(QUUGVV EQORNGVGUVJGƒTUVUQNQEKTEWOPCXKICVKQPD[ aircraft without refuelling+VVCMGUJKOǡJT ǡOKPKPVJGVirgin Atlantic GlobalFlyerUVCTVKPI CPFƒPKUJKPICV5CNKPC-CPUCU75#6JGCKTETCHV YJKEJKUDWKNVD[5ECNGF%QORQUKVGUECTTKGU PGCTN[ǡVQPPGU ǡND QHHWGN V2005: 1Pǡ,WN(NȄXKQ,CTFKOCPF &KQIQ)WGTTGKTQ DQVJ$4# EQORNGVGVJGKTVTKR HTQO%JWȐVQ1KCRQSWGQPVJG$TC\KNKCPEQCUV CURCTVQHVJG$NWG&GUVKPCVKQP'ZRGFKVKQP #VǡMO ǡOK VJKUKUVJGlongest YKPFUWTƒPILQWTPG[6JG[DGICPQPǡ/C[
First assassination by firearm On 23 Jan, James Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh, Scotland – a follower and supporter of Mary, Queen of Scots – uses a carbine to kill James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray and Regent of Scotland.
1570
guinnessworldrecords.com 113
DATELINE
X 2002: 6KPC5LȘITGP
59' DGEQOGUVJGƒTUV woman to complete an unsupported journey to VJG5QWVJǡ2QNGQPǡ(GD #NQPIYKVJJGTJWUDCPF 6JQOCUUJGCEJKGXGUVJG LQWTPG[ HTQOVJG*GTEWNGU +PNGV KPǡǡFC[UUVCTVKPI QPǡǡ0QX
EXPLORATION 2006–2009 JOURNEYS
2006
2007
S2007: 5VCTVKPIKP#VCNC[C2GTW CPFƒPKUJKPIKP$GNȌO$TC\KN/CTVKP 5VTGN 580 UYKOUVJGGPVKTGNGPIVJQH VJG#OC\QP4KXGTKPǡFC[UDGVYGGP ǡ(GDCPFǡ#RT6JGMO OK CEJKGXGOGPVOCTMUVJGHCTVJGUVQRGP YCVGTUYKO6JGFKUVCPEGUJGEQXGTU GCEJFC[XCT[HTQOǡMO ǡOK VQ ǡMO ǡOK S2006: Dee Caffari (UK) becomes the ƒTUVHGOCNG VQEKTEWOPCXKICVGVJGYQTNFUQNQUCKNKPIYGUVDQWPF CPFPQPUVQR,QPǡ/C[5GVVKPIQWVHTQO2QTVUOQWVJ 7-QPǡ0QXUJGVCMGUǡFC[UǡJTǡOKP ǡUGEVQEQORNGVGVJGXQ[CIGWPUWRRQTVGFKPVJG O HV OQPQJWNNAviva#NOQUVVJTGG[GCTUNCVGT Caffari becomes the ƒTUVHGOCNGVQUCKNPQPUVQR CTQWPFVJGYQTNFKPDQVJFKTGEVKQPUQPǡ(GD
S2007: 1Pǡ/C[,GPPKHGT/WTTC[ CPF%QNKP$QFKNN DQVJ7- CEEQORNKUJ the ƒTUVEKTEWOPCXKICVKQPXKCDQVJ 2QNGUD[JGNKEQRVGT6JG[UGVQHHHTQO (QTV9QTVJKP6GZCU75#KPC$GNN JGNKEQRVGTQPǡ&GE6JGKTHNKIJV KUCNUQVJGHCUVGUVEKTEWOPCXKICVKQP XKCVJGǡ2QNGUD[JGNKEQRVGTVCMKPI ǡFC[UǡǡJTǡǡOKPǡǡUGE
S2006:$GVYGGPǡ0QXCPFǡ&GE*CPPCJ /E-GCPF 7- VCMGUǡFC[UǡJTǡOKPVQUMK HTQO*GTEWNGU+PNGVCVVJGGFIGQHVJG#PVCTEVKE EQPVKPGPVVQVJG5QWVJ2QNGŤVJGHCUVGUVUQNQ WPUWRRQTVGFCPFWPCUUKUVGFLQWTPG[VQVJG5QWVJ 2QNG HGOCNG 6JGRQNGKUUKVWCVGFCVCPCNVKVWFG QHǡO ǡHV 6JGGPVKTGLQWTPG[KUWRJKNN CPF/E-GCPFǡECTTKGUCNNJGTQYPUWRRNKGUVQGPUWTG CPǡGUUGPVKCNFCKN[KPVCMGQHECNQTKGU
DATELINE
2006: 6JGVJTGGGZVTGOGRQKPVUQP'CTVJCTG /QWPVǡ'XGTGUVVJG0QTVJ2QNGCPFVJG5QWVJ2QNG
CMCVJG6JTGG2QNGU 1Pǡ#RT%GEKNKG5MQI 014 TGIKUVGTUVJGHCUVGUVVKOGVQEQORNGVGVJG6JTGG2QNGU EJCNNGPIG HGOCNG YJGPUJGENCKOUVJG0QTVJ2QNG +VVCMGUJGTǡ[GCTǡǡFC[UVQCEJKGXGJGTHGCV
1580 114 Journeys
S2007: 1Pǡ1EV,CUQP.GYKU 7- EQORNGVGUVJG ƒTUVEKTEWOPCXKICVKQPWUKPIJWOCPRQYGTC[GCT LQWTPG[YKVJQWVYKPFQTOQVQTCUUKUVCPEG,CUQPKU LQKPGFD[XCTKQWUUWRRQTVGTUCPFHTKGPFUHQTUQOG UVCIGUQHJKUOCOOQVJVTGM
S2007: #IGF[GCTUFC[U 5COCPVJCǡ.CTUQP 75# DGEQOGUVJG [QWPIGUVHGOCNGVQENKODVJG5GXGP5WOOKVU KPENWFKPI%CTUVGPU\QP#WI
Longest castle siege The cathedral fort of Ishiyama Hongan-ji in modern Osaka, Japan, is attacked by the warlord Oda Nobunaga in Aug 1570. It is defended by Ikkō-ikki warrior monks until Aug 1580, when the complex is finally burned down.
FAST FACTS Note: Guinness World Records no longer accepts applications from adventurers under the age of 16
2008
Antarctica’s Gamburtsev Mountains are buried under ice up to 4,800 m (15,750 ft) thick • The top 3 m (10 ft) of the ocean holds as much heat as Earth's atmosphere • The last year that no one climbed Everest's summit was 1974
2009
S2009: 5CTCJ1WVGP 7-Dǡ/C[ KUCIGFǡ[GCTUǡFC[UYJGP UJGUGVUQWVVQTQYCETQUUVJG+PFKCP1EGCPHTQOǡ#RTVQǡ#WI*GTMO
OK ETQUUKPIDGVYGGP#WUVTCNKCCPF/CWTKVKWUKPSerendipityOCMGUJGT the [QWPIGUVRGTUQPCPFƒTUVYQOCPVQTQYVJG+PFKCP1EGCPUQNQ
S2009: $GVYGGPǡ/C[CPFǡ0QX/KEM&CYUQPCPF%JTKU/CTVKP DQVJ7- TQYHTQO%JɢUJKKP,CRCPVQVJG)QNFGP)CVG$TKFIGKP5CP(TCPEKUEQ%CNKHQTPKC 75#CDQCTFBojangles6JGKTGRKEXGPVWTGNCUVUǡFC[UǡJTǡOKPCPF OCMGUVJGOVJGƒTUVVGCOVQTQYVJG2CEKƒE1EGCPYGUVVQGCUV
X 2008: (TCPEKU,Q[QP (4# CTTKXGUKP$TGUV(TCPEGQP ǡ,CPCVVJGGPFQHVJG HCUVGUVEKTEWOPCXKICVKQP UCKNKPIUQNQ ǡFC[UǡJT ǡOKPǡUGE*GOCMGU VJGMO OK XQ[CIGKPVJGO
HV VTKOCTCPIDEC II 1Pǡǡ,WP,Q[QPCNUQ CEEQORNKUJGUVJGHCUVGUV UKPINGJCPFGFVTCPUCVNCPVKE UCKNKPI JGEQXGTUǡMO
OK KPǡFC[UǡJTǡOKP
S2009: 1Pǡǡ#WI /KEJCGN2GTJCO 7- Dǡǡ/CT DGEQOGU the [QWPIGUVRGTUQP VQEKTEWOPCXKICVGD[ UCKNKPIUQNQPQPUVQRCPF WPUWRRQTVGF*GKUCIGF ǡ[GCTUǡFC[UYJGPJG UGVUQWVHTQO2QTVUOQWVJ UK, in TotallyMoney.com QPǡǡ0QXǡ
W 2009: 4C[
CNNǡ%#0 TGCEJVJG5QWVJ 2QNGHTQO*GTEWNGU+PNGVKP #PVCTEVKECQPǡ,CPCHVGT ǡFC[UǡJTǡOKPŤVJG HCUVGUVWPUWRRQTVGFCPF WPCUUKUVGFLQWTPG[VQVJG 5QWVJ2QNGD[CVGCO6JGKT RGTUQPCNDGUVKUVTGMMKPI ǡMO ǡOK KPCFC[
Oldest stock exchange A stock exchange in Amsterdam, Netherlands, is set up for trading in printed shares of the United East India Company of the Netherlands.
1602
guinnessworldrecords.com 115
DATELINE
S2008: 1Pǡ5GR4QD6JQOUQP 0< EQORNGVGUVJGNQPIGUVLQWTPG[D[UMCVGDQCTF, KP5JCPIJCK%JKPC*GDGIKPUVJGMO
OK VTKRKP.G[UKP5YKV\GTNCPFQPǡ,WP CPFETQUUGURCTVQH'WTQRGVJGGPVKTG75# CPF%JKPCYGUVVQGCUVYGCTKPIQWVVJTGGUGVU QHǡYJGGNUCPFVJTGGUMCVGDQCTFFGEMU
EXPLORATION 2010–2015 JOURNEYS
2010
2011
S2010: Alan Bate (UK) completes the fastest circumnavigation by bicycle (male DGVYGGPǡ/CTCPFǡ#WI*KUVQVCNLQWTPG[VKOGKUǡFC[UǡJT ǡOKPFWTKPIYJKEJJGE[ENGUǡMO ǡOK CPFVTCXGNU OQTGVJCPMO OK KPENWFKPIVTCPUHGTU*KUGRKETKFG DGIKPUCPFGPFUCVVJG)TCPF2CNCEGKP$CPIMQM6JCKNCPF
X 2010: 'F5VCHHQTF 7- becomes the ƒTUVRGTUQPVQ YCNMVJGNGPIVJQHVJG#OC\QP River.*GCEEQORNKUJGUVJGVTKR KPǡ[GCTUǡOQPVJUǡFC[U FC[U ƒPKUJKPIQPǡ#WI*GYCNMU ǡOK ǡMO HTQOVJG2CEKƒE 1EGCPVQVJGUQWTEGQHVJG#OC\QP VJGPHQNNQYUVJGTKXGTHQTǡOK
ǡMO VQVCNNKPIǡOK
ǡMO EQCUVVQEQCUV
S2010: 1Pǡ,CP-CVKG5RQV\ 75#Dǡǡ#RT KUCIGFǡ[GCTUǡFC[UYJGPUJGUGVUQHH HTQO&CMCT5GPGICNVQRCFFNGCETQUUVJG#VNCPVKE GCUVVQYGUV#HVGTCFC[XQ[CIGUJGCTTKXGUKP )GQTIGVQYP)W[CPCQPǡ/CTŤVJGyoungest female to row across any ocean solo
DATELINE
X 2010: 8GTPQP6GLCU 75# ENKODUVJG EQODKPGF-QUEKWU\MQCPF%CTUVGPU\NKUVU QHUWOOKVUKPFC[U6GLCUDGIKPUD[ ENKODKPI8KPUQP/CUUKHQPǡ,CPCPFCHVGT CUEGPVUQP#EQPECIWC%CTUVGPU\2[TCOKF -QUEKWU\MQ-KNKOCPLCTQ'NDTWUCPF'XGTGUV TGCEJGUVJGVQRQHVJGNCUVUWOOKVŤ&GPCNK CMC/QWPV/E-KPNG[ŤQPǡ/C[6JKUKUVJG HCUVGUVǡVKOGVQENKODVJG5GXGP5WOOKVU including Carstensz*GKUUJQYPJGTGCV VJGǡVQRQH'XGTGUVYKVJJKU.CRUVKEMIWKVCT
1610 116 Journeys
S2011: 1Pǡ,CP%JTKUVKCP'KFG 014 TGCEJGUVJG 5QWVJǡ2QNGCHVGTCǡVTGMQHǡFC[UǡJTǡOKPŤEQORNGVKPI the HCUVGUVUQNQWPUWRRQTVGFCPFǡWPCUUKUVGFLQWTPG[VQVJG 5QWVJ2QNG*GUGVUQHHQPVJGMO OK CFXGPVWTG QPǡ&GEUVCTVKPICVVJG*GTEWNGU+PNGVQPVJGUQWVJ YGUVGTPGFIGQHVJG4QPPG+EG5JGNH'KFGEQXGTUCPCXGTCIG QHǡǡMO ǡOK RGTFC[ŤCNVJQWIJQPJKUNCUVFC[JG OCPCIGUVQUMKǡMO ǡOK *GKUUJQYPCDQXGTGHNGEVGF KPǡVJGOKTTQTGFDCNNVJCVUVCPFUCVVJG5QWVJ2QNG
Most prolific female murderer Countess Elizabeth Báthory is walled up in her castle, in what is now Slovakia. She is alleged to have killed as many as 600 people in the previous century, while practising vampirism on girls and young women.
FAST FACTS The Himalayas formed 60 million years ago; rock at its summit contains 450-million-year-old fossils from the ocean bed • Kibo, the highest peak of Kilimanjaro, is a dormant volcano; its two other peaks are extinct volcanoes
2012
2013
2014
2015
S2014: /CVVJGY)WVJOKNNGT 75# Dǡǡ0QX DGEQOGUVJGyoungest RGTUQPVQEKTEWOPCXKICVGD[CKTETCHVUQNQ *GǡGPFUJKUVTKRQPǡ,WNKP'N%CLQP %CNKHQTPKC75#CIGFǡ[GCTUǡFC[U
S2012: )ȄDQT4CMQPE\C[ *70 ETQUUGUVJG#VNCPVKE1EGCPGCUVVQYGUV KPJKUONQPI HVKP ECPQGKPǡFC[U&GRCTVKPIHTQO.CIQUKP 2QTVWICNCPFCTTKXKPICVVJG%CTKDDGCPKUNCPFQH#PVKIWCQPǡ/CTJGKU VJGǡƒTUVECPQGKUVVQRCFFNGCPQEGCP
X 2012: 1Pǡ,WN 'TFGPǡ'TWȊ 674 EQORNGVGUCLQWTPG[QH ǡ[GCTUǡFC[UǡJT ǡOKPŤVJGƒTUVUQNQ EKTEWOPCXKICVKQPQHVJG INQDGWUKPIJWOCPRQYGT *GTQYUMC[CMUJKMGU CPFE[ENGUCETQUUVJTGG EQPVKPGPVUCPFVJTGG QEGCPUVQTGVWTPVQJKU UVCTVKPIRQKPV $QFGIC$C[ KP%CNKHQTPKC75#
V2013: $TKVKUJ#OGTKECP8CPGUUC#WFK4J[U 1Ũ$TKGPEQORNGVGUVJGEQODKPGF-QUEKWU\MQCPF %CTUVGPU\NKUVUKPFC[UUVCTVKPIYKVJ'XGTGUV QPǡ/C[CPFGPFKPIYKVJ-KNKOCPLCTQQP ǡ/CT6JKUOCTMUVJGfastest time to climb VJG5GXGP5WOOKVUKPENWFKPI%CTUVGPU\ HGOCNG
5GGRHQTVJGOCNGTGEQTF
T 2013: 6JG6TKRNG5GXGP5WOOKVUCTGVJG VJTGGJKIJGUVOQWPVCKPUQPGCEJEQPVKPGPV %JTKUVKCP5VCPIN #76 TGCEJGUJKUNCUV UWOOKV5JMJCTCǡO ǡHV VCNN QPVJG)GQTIKCŤ4WUUKCDQTFGTQPǡ#WI VQǡDGEQOGVJGƒTUVRGTUQPVQENKODVJG 6TKRNG5GXGP5WOOKVU S2015: 5KOQP%JCNM 7- CEEQORNKUJGUJKUPKPVJQEGCPTQY QPǡ,CPŤVJGmost ocean rows D[QPGRGTUQP*KUETQUUKPIUJCXG DGGPUQNQCPFKPVGCOUCPFQXGT VJGǡ#VNCPVKECPF+PFKCPQEGCPU
X 2013: 1Pǡ/C[ 2JWTDC6CUJK5JGTRC
02.TKIJV CUEGPFUVJG YQTNFŨUJKIJGUVRGCMHQT VJGUVVKOG*GGSWCNU VJGTGEQTFHQTVJGmost conquests of Everest UGVD[#RC5JGTRC 02. QPǡ/C[ 2013: &CXKF.KCȓQ )QP\ȄNG\ /': KU the ƒTUVRGTUQPVQ climb Everest from DQVJUKFGUKPQPG season*GENKODU HTQO0GRCNQPVJG UQWVJUKFGQPǡ/C[ CPFHTQO6KDGVǡQPVJG PQTVJUKFGǡQPǡ/C[ OCMKPIWUGQHDQVVNGF QZ[IGPDQVJVKOGU
Oldest continuously used national flag The design of the flag of Denmark – a white Scandinavian cross on a red background – is adopted. It acquires its square shape in 1748. In Denmark, it is called the “Dannebrog” or “Danish cloth”.
1625
guinnessworldrecords.com 117
DATELINE
S2015: %CNNWO)CVJGTEQNG 7- Dǡǡ/C[ KUCIGFǡ[GCTU ǡFC[UCVVJGUVCTVQHJKU#VNCPVKE ETQUUKPIQPǡ&GEŤVJGyoungest RGTUQPVQTQYCETQUUCP[QEGCPUQNQ
DO TRY THIS AT HOME… KNOW?d DID YOU or outed the w
DATELINE
Christian sh r “goal” – German fo “Tor!” – the . His feat pt m te at rd for his reco est to find nt co a radio was part of shout the d n who coul n a sports fa style of Lati e th in l” longest “goa entators m m co er socc els. American h their vow who stretc oaaaal! Goooooooo
1657 118 Do Try This At Home…
First operational pendulum clock Although Italian inventor Galileo had conceived of a pendulum-driven clock before he died, the first working model isn’t patented until some 20 years later, by astronomer and horologist Christiaan Huygens (NLD).
CONTENTS IN YOUR KITCHEN
120
IN YOUR BACKYARD
122
IN YOUR BEDROOM
124
IN YOUR GYM
126
Longest shout
Oldest continuing periodical The first issue of Philosophical Transactions is published by Britain’s science academy, the Royal Society, on 6 Mar. It will go on to number Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin among its acclaimed contributors.
1665
guinnessworldrecords.com 119
DATELINE
This chapter is all about records that you can try yourself at home – proving that you don’t need to be an Olympic athlete or Hollywood megastar to be a record-breaker. One have-a-go hero is Germany’s Christian Kinner, holder of the record for the world’s longest-lasting shout – the kind of feat that anyone can try. With the help of radio station Sportradio Sport1.fm, soccer fan Christian – a dedicated follower of Borussia Dortmund – let rip with a shout that lasted for an impressive 43.56 sec in Munich, )GTOCP[QPǡ#RT$CEMQHVJGPGVБ If you want something to shout about, why not try breaking some of the records that follow on the next eight pages?
DO TRY THIS AT HOME...
IN YOUR KITCHEN EGGS
If you thought that the kitchen was only good for making your dinner and washing the dishes, think again: it’s also the perfect place to cook up some records! From common utensils to everyday foods such as eggs, sugar and rice, there are record-breaking opportunities in every cupboard and drawer – and even the fruit bowl. Whether you’re a pro chef with lightning-quick prep skills or a gourmand with an acclaimed appetite, there really is something on the menu for everyone.
BANANAS Most peeled and eaten in one minute
8 Patrick Bertoletti (USA)
Most snapped in one minute
Most crushed with the head KPǡQPGOKPWVG
142 Scott Damerow (USA)
Most cracked with one hand in one minute
32 4QUU/E%WTF[ 75#
Most crushed by sitting in one minute
72 MichaȎN.GXKNNCKP (4#
Most crushed with the wrist in two minutes
78 Antonio Almijez (ESP)
Fastest time to crush 10 with elbows pointing forwards
ǡUGE Mauro Vagnini (ITA)
Fastest time to move six from a box to egg cups using the feet
ǡUGE Ashlee Carlisle (USA)
Fastest time to balance a dozen
ǡOKP Brian Spotts (USA) ǡUGE
99 Ashrita Furman (USA)
SPOONS SUGAR CUBES Most balanced on the chin (single stack)
17 Silvio Sabba (ITA)
Tallest tower
Most balanced on the body
52
Etibar Elchiev (GEO)
Most twisted in one minute
14
Ashrita Furman (USA)
Most balanced on the face
31
Dalibor JablanoviȦ 54$
ǡEO ǡHVǡKP %COKNNG%QWTIGQP (4#
CREAM CRACKERS Fastest time to eat three
ǡUGE Ambrose Mendy (UK)
JELLY CANDIES Most jelly beans moved using a straw in one minute
Andrew Kamil Mourad (LBN)
Fastest time to sort 30 jelly ǡUGE Silvio Sabba (ITA) beans using chopsticks Fastest time to sort 30 jelly ǡUGE Stephen Kish (UK) babies using chopsticks
M&M’S/SMARTIES Most eaten in one minute with chopsticks
DATELINE
Largest mosaic
-CVJT[P4CVENKHHG 7-
ǡO2 Jackson McKenzie (USA)
ǡUSǡHV
Fastest time to UQTVǡI ǡQ\ of Peanut M&M’s
ǡOKP Stephen Kish (UK) ǡUGE
Fastest time to sort 30 using chopsticks
ǡUGE Yinger Guan (CHN)
1670
Oldest elected Pope Clement X (ITA, b. Emilio Altieri) becomes leader of the Catholic Church aged 79 years 290 days. He will hold the position until his death just six years later.
FERRERO ROCHER Most eaten in one minute
ONIONS Fastest time to eat a raw onion (CUVGUVVKOGVQRGGNǡND Most peeled and sliced in one minute
ǡUGE Yusuke Yamaguchi (JPN) ǡOKPǡUGE Bob Blumer (CAN) ǡI Masanori Fujimura (JPN)
ǡQ\
9 Peter Czerwinski (CAN) Patrick Bertoletti (USA)
Fastest time to eat 15
ǡOKPǡUGE Peter Czerwinski (CAN)
Most stacked Fastest time to eat one with no hands
12 Silvio Sabba (ITA) 8.04 sec 6JQOCU)CPIUVCF 014
CONDIMENTS Fastest time to drink a bottle QHMGVEJWR ǡIǡQ\
ǡUGE Benedikt Weber (DEU)
Most mustard drunk in 30 seconds
ǡI André Ortolf (DEU)
ǡQ\
(CUVGUVVKOGVQFTKPMǡON
ǡHNǡQ\ QHOWUVCTF
ǡUGE Ashrita Furman (USA)
RICE & PASTA
LEMONS Fastest time to drink one litre of lemon juice through a straw
ǡUGE Stephen Dechert II (USA)
Most uncooked rice grains moved with chopsticks in one minute
38 Silvio Sabba (ITA)
Fastest time to peel and eat one
ǡUGE Ashrita Furman (USA)
Most rice grains eaten with EJQRUVKEMUǡKPQPGOKPWVG
23 4QD$GCVQP 75#
Fastest time to peel and eat three
ǡUGE Jim Lyngvild (DEN)
Most rice grains eaten with chopsticks in three minutes
134 Bob Blumer (CAN)
Most caught blindfolded in 30 seconds (team of two)
15 Ashrita Furman and Bipin Larkin (both USA)
Most tortellini made in three minutes
25 Francesco Boggian (ITA)
Most caught blindfolded in one minute (team of two)
33 Ashrita Furman and Bipin Larkin (both USA)
Fastest time to eat a bowl of pasta ǡUGE Peter Czerwinski
ǡIǡQ\ YKVJUCWEG (CAN)
COCKTAIL STICKS Most peas eaten in one minute
40 Ashrita Furman (USA) Paolo Verri (ITA)
Most sweetcorn eaten in three minutes
+CP4KEJCTF2WTXKU 7-
Most baked beans eaten KPǡƒXGǡOKPWVGU
271 Ashrita Furman (USA)
Most prolific hanging judge Lord Chief Justice George Jeffreys (UK) sentences some 320 rebels to death on the grounds of treason for participating in the Revolt of the West. These trials will come to be known as the Bloody Assizes.
1685
guinnessworldrecords.com 121
DATELINE
Most peas eaten in 30 seconds
DO TRY THIS AT HOME...
IN YOUR BACKYARD If it’s a nice day outside, there’s no reason to stay cooped up indoors because there are hundreds QHǡTGEQTFYQTVJ[HGCVUCYCKVKPI[QWKP[QWTXGT[QYPDCEM[CTF#UYGNNCUCITGCVGZEWUGVQIGV UQOGHTGUJCKTCPFDQQUV[QWTXKVCOKP&NGXGNUVJKUKUVJGRGTHGEVUGVVKPIVQCVVGORVUQOGURQTV[ CEVKXKVKGUVJCVTGSWKTGCDKVOQTGURCEG5QFKIQWVVJQUGNQPIHQTIQVVGPVQ[U[QWPGXGTVJQWIJV [QWŨFǡWUGCICKPCPFIGVVTCKPKPI9JCVKH[QWFQPŨVJCXGCICTFGP!0QRTQDNGOŤYJ[PQVRCEM CǡRKEPKEJGCFVQVJGNQECNRCTMCPFVWTP[QWTTGEQTFCVVGORVKPVQCHCOKN[FC[QWV!
FRISBEE/FLYING DISC Longest duration aloft (male)
ǡUGE &QP%CKP 75#
HULA HOOPS
Longest duration aloft (female)
ǡUGE #O[$GMMGP 75#
Most spun simultaneously
200 /CTCYC+DTCJKO #75
Most caught and spun in one minute
236 .KW4QPITQPI %*0
Longest distance thrown (male)
ǡO %JTKUVKCP5CPFUVTQO
ǡHVǡKP 59'
Longest distance thrown (female)
ǡO ,GPPKHGT)TKHƒP 75#
ǡHVǡKP
Longest throw at a target
Most rotations by a team of three in one minute
ǡO $TQFKG5OKVJ 75#
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Most throws at a target in one minute
27 .QKE&WOQPV (4#
Most catches behind the back in one minute
6KOCPF&CPKGN *CDGPKEJV DQVJ75#
Most cones hit in one minute
12 $TQFKG5OKVJ 75#
Most rotations while on a trampoline in one minute
50 2CWN$NCKT 75# 2CP$QCPF &KPI*GOGK DQVJ%*0 130 -GP-QXCEJ 75#
SPACE HOPPER (CUVGUVǡO
ǡUGE #UJTKVC(WTOCP 75#
POGO STICK Highest jump
SOCCER BALL ǡO $KHH*WVEJKUQP 75#
ǡHVǡKP
Most peg taps in 30 seconds
69 5KNXKQ5CDDC +6#
Fewest jumps in one minute
39 $KHH*WVEJKUQP 75#
Most jumps in one minute Most balloons popped in one minute Most skips in one minute
266 6QPG5VCWDU 75# 57 /CTM#NFTKFIG 7-
(CUVGUVǡOYKVJCDCNN balanced on the head
ǡUGE &CPKGN%WVVKPI 7-
Most “around the Moon” tricks in one minute
61 #FTKCP(QIGN &'7
Most “around the world” tricks in one minute
85 ,QJP(CTPYQTVJ 7-
Most juggled simultaneously
5 8KEVQT4WDKNCT #4)
178 #UJTKVC(WTOCP 75#
/CTMQ8GTOGGT 0.& Longest time spun on QPGƒPIGT Fastest time to complete ǡRCUUGU VGCOQHVYQ
ǡOKP 4CRJCGN*CTTKU +54 ǡUGE ǡUGE ,QPCVJCP)QOG\ 661 CPF-GKVJ%QPUKFKPG 7-
WATER BALLOONS
DATELINE
Farthest throw and catch (without bursting)
1705 122 Do Try This At Home...
ǡO #UJTKVC(WTOCPCPF
ǡHVǡKP $KRKP.CTMKP DQVJ75#
Most caught and held in one minute
22 #UJTKVC(WTOCPCPF $KRKP.CTMKP DQVJ75#
Most thrown at a person in one minute
32 #UJTKVC(WTOCPCPF $KRKP.CTMKP DQVJ75#
First confirmed periodic comet British astronomer Edmond Halley realizes that a comet first documented back in 240 BCE actually passes Earth in a 75-year cycle. He successfully predicts that the next flyby of Halley’s Comet will be in 1758.
TRAMPOLINE Most consecutive somersaults
$TKCP*WFUQP 7-
Most backwards somersaults in 30 seconds
5JCPG%QPPQT5OKVJ 75#
Most forward somersaults in one minute
40 ,GF'XCPU 7-
Most high front drops in one minute
26 -GP-QXCEJ 75#
Most seat drops in one minute
49 1NGMUCPFT0CMQPGEJP[ 7-4
Most backwards tucks in one minute
*W
SKIPPING ROPE Most backwards skips in 30 seconds
*KLKMK+MW[COC ,20
Most triple unders in one minute
*G%JWP[CP %*0
Most consecutive triple unders
5JQ\Q*COCFC ,20
Most consecutive quadruple unders
#MKVQUJK/QTKIWEJK
,20
(CUVGUVǡOUMKRRKPI
ǡUGE #NCKP6TQVVKGT 75#
BASKETBALL Most circles around the waist in 30 seconds Most bounces in one minute
68 %QTG[4KEJ 75# 444 6JCPGUYCT)WTCICK 02.
Longest time spinning three
ǡUGE 6JQOCU%QPPQTU 7-
Longest time spinning on QPGƒPIGT WUKPIQPGJCPF
ǡOKP 4WDGP#NECTC\ '52 ǡUGE
Longest time spinning on the head
ǡUGE /GJOGV-GMGȊ &'7
MICRO SCOOTER Highest bunny hop
ǡEO /CTE8KPEQ (4#
ǡHVǡKP
Most tailwhips in one minute
&CPKGN$CTTGVV 75#
Most backflips in one minute
12 &CMQVC5EJWGV\ 75#
TENNIS BALLS
Most bounces on a racket handle in one minute
11 #PVJQP[-GNN[
#75 185 (NQTKCP
#76
Longest time to control one with a racket Most held in one hand
ǡJTǡOKP 2CNOGT%CORDGNN ǡUGE 75# /CJCFGQ$JWLDCN
+0&
Longest time to bounce one on the head
ǡJTǡOKP 6QOCU.WPFOCP ǡUGE 59'
Longest time to control one using the feet
ǡJTǡOKP ,CEGM)W\QYUMK ǡUGE 21.
DIABOLO Most catches in one minute
16 9CPI;WGSKW %*0
Most juggling catches on the back in one minute
%JGP;WP %*0
Most spins around the leg in one minute
#FTKCP*KFCNIQ '52
Most consecutive bounces around the neck
126 *CTXG[9QQFU 7-
Longest duration to juggle four around the leg
ǡOKPǡUGE 2GPI
Longest grind
ǡOKPǡUGE *CTT[(GCEJGP 7-
Oldest restaurant Restaurante Botín opens its doors in the centre of Madrid, Spain. Customers have to bring their own food and wine, which is then cooked on the premises. The eatery is still open today.
1725
guinnessworldrecords.com 123
DATELINE
Most caught blindfolded in one minute
DO TRY THIS AT HOME...
IN YOUR BEDROOM No matter how old we get, some toys and games will never lose their appeal. From juggling and yo-yoing to solving Rubik’s Cubes and launching paper aircraft, what makes these playtime ENCUUKEUUQGPFWTKPIKUVJGVKOGNGUUEJCNNGPIGVJG[RTGUGPVKPVJGXGT[OQOGPVQHǡRNC[KPIYKVJ them. Whether you’re a newbie or an old hand, there’s always the chance to beat your personal DGUVQTKPFGGFVJGYQTNFŨUDGUV#PFVJGEQQNGUVVJKPICDQWVVJGUGTGEQTFU!;QWǡECPǡFQVJGO CNNǡKPǡ[QWTXGT[QYPDGFTQQOŤGXGPKP[QWTR[LCOCUKH[QWUQYKUJБ
GOLF BALLS Most stacked in a tower
9 Don Athey (USA)
JUGGLING BALLS Most catches in one minute (three)
422 ZdenȸM$TCFȄȬ %<'
Most juggled
11 Alex Barron (UK)
Longest duration (three, blindfolded) Longest duration (four)
ǡOKPǡUGE David Rush (USA) ǡJTǡOKPǡUGE ZdenȸM$TCFȄȬ %<'
PAPER AIRCRAFT Most made and caught in one minute (team of 10)
25 Airbus Group (FRA)
Most consecutive times to hit a target
13 Fumihiro Uno (JPN)
Most caught by mouth in one minute
17 Ashrita Furman and Bipin Larkin (both USA)
Farthest flight
ǡO Joe Ayoob and John
ǡHVǡKP Collins (both USA)
MR POTATO HEAD Fastest time to assemble
ǡUGE Samet Durmaz (TUR)
Fastest time to assemble while blindfolded
ǡUGE Zoe Jayne Whalley (UK)
RUBIK’S CUBE (3x3x3) Fastest time to solve
ǡUGE Lucas Etter (USA)
Fastest time to solve with one hand
ǡUGE Feliks Zemdegs (AUS)
Fastest time to solve while blindfolded
ǡUGE Kaijun Lin (CHN)
Fastest time to solve with the feet
ǡUGE Jakub Kipa (POL)
Fewest moves to complete
19 Tim Wong (USA) and Marcel Peters (DEU)
YO-YO
DATELINE
Farthest distance to “walk the dog”
ǡO Arron Sparks (UK)
ǡHVǡKP
Most “hop the fence” tricks in one minute
144 Arron Sparks (UK)
Most “reach for the Moon” tricks in 30 seconds
27 Arron Sparks (UK)
Most “eli hops” in 30 seconds
71 Hiroyuki Suzuki (JPN)
Most tricks in one minute
51 Hans Van Dan Elzen (USA)
1749 124 Do Try This At Home…
TIDDLYWINKS Longest wink shot
ǡO Ben Soares (UK)
ǡHVǡKP
Highest wink shot
ǡO Adrian Jones (UK)
ǡHVǡKP David Smith (UK) Ed Wynn (UK)
First lightning rod American polymath Benjamin Franklin invents the lightning rod. It works on the principle that a metal rod fixed to the top of a building, and continuing underground, will draw a lightning strike that would otherwise harm the building.
PING-PONG BALLS Most bounced into a pint glass in one minute
6 Stephen Kish (UK) Coby Cotton (USA)
Longest time controlling with a table tennis bat
ǡJTǡOKP Deepak Sharma ǡUGE Bajagain (NPL)
Most spits and catches of three with the mouth
76 Francisco Tebar Honrubia (ESP)
SPORT STACKING Fastest 3-3-3 stack
ǡUGE William Orrell (USA)
Fastest 3-6-3 stack
ǡUGE William Orrell (USA)
Fastest cycle stack
ǡUGE William Orrell (USA) ǡUGE Chandler Miller, William Orrell, William Polly and Zhewei Wu (all USA)
Fastest 30-level tower (team of two)
ǡOKP Tyler and Ryan ǡUGE Measel (both USA)
PLAYING CARDS Fastest time to arrange a deck
ǡUGE ZdenȸM$TCFȄȬ (CZE)
Most held in a fan
LEGO® Tallest tower built with one hand in one minute
48 Chris Challis (UK)
326 Ralf Laue (DEU)
Tallest house of cards
ǡO Bryan Berg (USA)
ǡHVǡKP
Fastest time to learn and recall a deck
ǡUGE Simon Reinhard (DEU)
Tallest tower built in one minute 131 Andy Parsons (UK) Most bricks picked up with a brick in 30 seconds (one hand)
37 Megane Scott (UK) Nardy Nafzger (NLD)
COINS Fastest time to stack 25
ǡUGE Stephen Kish (UK)
Most stacked in one minute
69 Silvio Sabba (ITA)
Most balanced in a pyramid
Aleksandr Bendikov (BLR)
Most stacked
253 Dipak Syal (IND)
Most prolific composer Georg Philipp Telemann (DEU) dies, leaving behind a body of work that includes 12 sets of church services for a year, 40 operas, 44 passions and more than 600 orchestral suites, plus concertos and other chamber music.
1767
guinnessworldrecords.com 125
DATELINE
Fastest 3-6-3 relay
JENGA
DO TRY THIS AT HOME...
IN YOUR GYM How better to overcome the boredom of endless reps at the gym than by aiming for CYQTNFǡTGEQTF!9JGVJGT[QWŨTGTWPPKPIQPCVTGCFOKNNRWORKPIKTQPQTRWOOGNNKPIC RWPEJǡDCIVJGTGCTG)WKPPGUU9QTNF4GEQTFUVKVNGUVQUWKVGXGT[CDKNKV[(GCVWTGFJGTG CTGǡLWUVCUOCNNUGNGEVKQPQHVJGJWPFTGFUQHECVGIQTKGUVJCVYGOQPKVQTUQKH[QWFQPŨV UGGǡUQOGVJKPIVJCV[QWYCPVVQCVVGORVFQPŨVYQTT[ŤLWUVCRRN[VQQWT4GEQTFU/CPCIGTU CVYYYIWKPPGUUYQTNFTGEQTFUEQOCPFVJG[ŨNNFQVJGKTDGUVVQJGNRŲ
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/QUVYGKIJVNKHVGFD[UVCPFKPIRTGUU in one minute /QUVYGKIJVNKHVGFD[KPENKPGHN[GUKPQPGOKPWVG /QUVYGKIJVNKHVGFD[KPENKPGHN[GUKPQPGJQWT
DATELINE
ǡMI ǡND 'COQPP-GCPG +4.
/QUVYGKIJVNKHVGFYKVJHTQPVTCKUGUKPQPGJQWT
1770 126 Do Try This At Home…
ǡMI ǡND -TKUVKP4JQFGU 75# ǡMI ǡND 'COQPP-GCPG +4. ǡMI ǡND 'COQPP-GCPG +4.
First modern circus Trick rider Philip Astley (UK) adds acrobats, rope dancers and clowns to his horse show in London, UK. In 1782, a former member of his company, Charles Hughes (UK), will found the first such show to call itself a circus.
EXERCISE BIKE Greatest distance in one minute
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ǡND 5VGRJGP$WVVNGT 7- ǡJTǡOKP )CTTGVV.CO 75# ǡUGE Health & Diet %GPVTGU.VF 7- ǡO ǡHVǡKP 0GKN9J[VG #75
Oldest working steam engine The Smethwick Engine, designed by James Watt and built by the Birmingham Canal Company (both UK), enters service on 27 May at Smethwick, West Midlands, UK. It is used to pump water back up a series of canal locks.
1779
guinnessworldrecords.com 127
DATELINE
(CUVGUVVKOGVQLWORCETQUU ǡ5YKUUDCNNU
DON’T TRY THIS AT HOME…
KNOW? DID YOeU of three layers
DATELINE
Josef wor r his fullclothing fo protective liberally as l el , as w body burn h heatit w s skin covering hi Assistants l. ge t un st , resistant the flames re-fuelled ensure constantly to e iv al pt t be ke rn, which mus t possible bu the longes oring it on m le whi ty. Josef’s safe
1783
First manned flight On 15 Oct in France, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier rises 26 m (84 ft) in a hot-air balloon built by inventors Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier (all FRA). On 21 Nov, he and the Marquis d’Arlandes also make the first free manned balloon flight.
128 Don’t Try This At Home...
CONTENTS VEHICLES
130
FIRE
132
WATER
134
PERFORMERS
136
Longest duration full-body burn (without oxygen)
First modern vaccination To demonstrate the power of inoculation, Dr Edward Jenner (UK) deliberately infects a child with cowpox; a few weeks later, he injects him with smallpox, but the child proves immune to this otherwise deadly disease.
1796
guinnessworldrecords.com 129
DATELINE
The activities on the following pages are strictly for experts only, UQRNGCUGFQPŨVVT[CP[QHVJGUGUVWPVUCVJQOGŤVJCVŨUQHƒEKCNБ And who better to introduce a chapter about risky records than #WUVTKCPRTQHGUUKQPCNUVWPVOCP,QUGH6ȘFVNKPI!*GURGPVǡOKP ǡUGECHNCOGYKVJQWVQZ[IGPKPCHWNNDQF[DWTPCV5CN\DWTI (KTG&GRCTVOGPVKP#WUVTKCQPǡ0QX0GGFNGUUVQUC[ VJKUTGEQTFTGSWKTGFXGT[ECTGHWNRTGRCTCVKQP#PFJGJCFVQMGGR a cool head to concentrate on controlling his movements: one ECTGNGUUIGUVWTGOKIJVJCXGHCPPGFHNCOGUKPVQJKUG[GUQTOQWVJ Josef put himself in the hot spot again for this Guinness World 4GEQTFURJQVQUJQQVKP5V[TKC#WUVTKCQPǡ5GRUGVVKPI JKOUGNHQPƒTGƒXGVKOGULWUVUQYGEQWNFIGVVJGDGUVUJQVБ ;QWŨNNƒPFCPQVJGTQH,QUGHŨUƒGT[PGYTGEQTFUQPR
DON’T TRY THIS AT HOME...
VEHICLES Fastest speed in CǡOQPUVGTǡVTWEM Driving the Ram Trucksponsored 4COKPCVQTMark Hall (USA) achieved a speed of 159.49 km/h (99.1 mph) at the Circuit of the Americas in Austin, Texas, USA, on 15 Dec 2014.
Longest time VQǡTGUVTCKPǡCǡECT On 26 Jul 2015, Gerald Gschiel (AUT) held back a Chevrolet Corvette Z06 for a duration of 22.33 sec on the set of <&(ǡ(GTPUGJICTVGP in Mainz, Germany.
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Longest ramp jump in a monster truck
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On 1 Sep 2013, Joe Sylvester (USA) propelled his 10,000-lb (4,536-kg) truck Bad HabitCETQUUǡHVǡKP ǡO CVVJG %QTPƒGNFKP%QNWODWU2GPPU[NXCPKC75#*GJCFVQVCMGQHH CVORJ MOJ VQEQXGTVJGFKUVCPEG5[NXGUVGTJCFJGNF VJKUTGEQTFDGHQTGDWVKVYCUDTQMGPKPD[&CP4WPVG 75# 5QYJCVFTQXGJKOVQTGENCKOJKUTGEQTF!ū6JGUCOGVJKPIVJCV OQVKXCVGUOGGXGT[FC[VQRWUJO[NKOKVU 6JGTWUJQHCFTGPCNKPGŬ
1800
Heaviest road vehicle RWNNGFǡD[VGGVJ Igor Zaripov (RUS) pulled a 13,713.6-kg (30,233-lb) bus with his teeth for 5 m (16 ft 5 in) on the set of CCTV’s Guinness World Records Special in Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province, China, on 7 Jan 2015.
/QUVVKOGUVQTQNNCECTD[ JCPFKPǡǡOKPWVGU Jean Caron (CAN) rolled a car 13 times in 5 min on the set of CCTV’s Guinness World Records Special in Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province, China, on 11 Jan 2015. Fastest time to drive a car ǡOKNGQPǡVYQYJGGNU Terry Grant (UK) drove 1 mi (1.6 km) in 2 min 55 sec on side wheels at the Goodwood Festival of Speed in West Sussex, UK, on 3 Jul 2011.
(CUVGUVOQVQTE[ENGYJGGNKG On 18 Apr 1999, Sweden’s Patrik Fürstenhoff reached 191.30 mph (307.86 km/h) on the back wheel of a Honda Super Blackbird 1100 cc Turbo. The record run took place at Bruntingthorpe Proving Ground in Leicestershire, UK. *KIJGUVCKTQPCOQVQTE[ENG (quarterpipe) Ronnie Renner (USA) pulled off a 35-ft 4-in (10.77-m) air on a motorcycle from a quarterpipe ramp during the Red Bull High Rise in Grant Park at Butler Field in Chicago, Illinois, USA, on 25 Jul 2009.
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On landing, pping d, nearly ti nose forwar ought br ve ha ould over. That w ies. or em come m back unwel ester was lv Sy le hi p In 2010, w ramp-jum for his first t end practising on fr s it it, d Hab e record in Ba landing. Th caught on ed el he w rt ca truck d. and crashe
Longest human horn An 82-year-old French woman known as Madame Dimanche has an operation to remove a horn (technically a keratinous skin tumour) that has been growing out of her forehead for six years. It is 24.9 cm (9.8 in) long.
130 Don’t Try This At Home…
FAST FACTS Monster truck tyres are some 5 ft 3 in–5 ft 6 in (1.6–1.67 m) tall – about the height of the average woman • Evel Knievel (USA) pioneered motorcycle distance jumping – and suffered the most bones broken in a lifetime: 433
LONGEST… Reverse ramp jump in a car On 13 Feb 2014, Rob Dyrdek (USA) performed an 89-ft 3.25-in (27.2-m) reverse ramp jump for Rob Dyrdek’s (CPVCU[(CEVQT[ (MTV) at Six Flags Magic Mountain in Valencia, California, USA. Wheelie in a car On 12 Aug 2012, “Nitro” Mike Kunz (CAN) maintained a wheelie in a car for 763.4 m (2,504 ft 7 in) at the Temiskaming Drag’N’Fly Summer Classic in Earlton, Ontario, Canada.
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&KUVCPEGTKFKPIDCEMYCTFU QPCǡOQVQTE[ENG India’s Dipayan Choudhury rode a motorcycle in reverse for 202 km (125.52 mi) in Jabalpur, India, on 7 Oct 2014.
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Stunt driver Terry Grant and Jaguar (both UK) achieved a loop-the-loop measuring 19.08 m (62 ft 7.1 in) in diameter at the Niederrad Racecourse in Frankfurt, Germany, on 14 Sep 2015. The measurement was calculated from the flat of the track to the apex of the loop. Grant was driving a Jaguar F-PACE, and the record was achieved as part of the car’s debut appearance in front of the world’s motoring press.
U KNOW This stu ? nt was m onths in plannin the g. At the apex of loop-the the -loop, th e car’s v fell to ju elocity st 15 mp h (24.1 k The orga m/h). nizers u sed a pre mathem cise atical fo rmula to the car d ensure idn’t dro p o ff at this They calc point. ulated th at Grant approach must the loop at 53 m (85.3 km ph /h) to m aintain the car’s grip.
First passenger car On 24 Dec, inventor and mining engineer Richard Trevithick (UK) takes passengers for a ride through Camborne in Cornwall, UK, in the Puffing Devil, a steam-powered automobile.
1801
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LARGEST LOOPTHE-LOOP IN A CAR
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FIRE Longest quad bike ride VJTQWIJCVWPPGNQHƒTG On the set of Lo Show dei Record in Rome, Italy, Dan Serblin (ITA) rode through WKHͥDPHVIRUP IW RQ$SU
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Farthest distance CUǡCǡJWOCPCTTQY
HWNNDQF[ǡDWTP Fired from a giant crossbow, Brian Miser (USA) made a dazzling trajectory of P IWLQ IRU CCTV’s Guinness World Records Special and Lo Show dei Record in Peru, Indiana, 86$RQ-XQ /QUVRGQRNGRGTHQTOKPI full-body burns 2Q 2FWDWRWDORI SHRSOHZHUHVHWDOLJKWDW the same time in Cleveland, 2KLR86$2UJDQL]HGE\ stuntman Ted Batchelor and +RWFDUGVFRP ERWK86$ the event generated money for charities including the Cleveland )RRGEDQN
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LONGEST DISTANCE PULLED BY A HORSE (FULL-BODY BURN)
DATELINE
On 27 Jun 2015, while performing a full-body burn, professional stuntman Josef Tödtling (AUT) was pulled 500 m (1,640 ft) by a horse. Josef protected himself with several layers of clothing and cooling gel, as well as metal shin and elbow pads. The latter were a vital piece of equipment, as the specially trained stunt horse kept up a brisk canter for the whole attempt, dragging Josef along on his front at about 35 km/h (21 mph). The fearless daredevil was accompanied on his bumpy journey – in Teichalm-Fladnitz, Styria, Austria – by a quad-bike rider, who replenished the flames with lamp oil as needed. Having made the full 500-m, pre-measured distance, Josef promptly outstripped it with another record: a 582-m (1,909-ft) haul, tied this time to the back of the quad bike – the longest distance pulled by a vehicle (full-body burn)!
1814
Youngest doctorate On 10 Apr, child prodigy Karl Witte of Lochau, Germany, becomes a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) at the University of Giessen, Germany, at the age of just 13 years 283 days.
132 Don’t Try This At Home…
FAST FACTS Fire-eating was first recorded in Sicily in 133 BCE • Historic English performer Robert Powell ate burning coals and melted sealing wax • The “Fireproof Female”, Italian Josephine Giardelli, placed molten lead in her mouth
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U KNOW Jamie gre ? w up in Hawaii, and beg an surfi USA, n g a t a youn The idea g age. of riding a wave w on fire ca hile me from an Insta message gram he receiv off such ed. Pullin a challe g nge was feat, eve a major n thoug h he spen preparin t a year g with a team led Los Ang by eles stun tman Riley Ha rper.
First person to surf CYCXGYJKNGQPƒTG
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Deadliest volcanic eruption On 5 Apr, the Tambora volcano on Sumbawa island in the Dutch East Indies (later Indonesia) begins to erupt for several days. An estimated 71,000 people will die – some from the after-effects, which include severe climatic changes.
*RQ]DOH] 86$ VSHQW PLQ VHF̸WHHWKLQJ̹̰ holding the lit end of a torch LQKLVWHHWK̰LQ1HZDUN 1HZ-HUVH\86$ /QUVƒTGVQTEJGUŲ ́([WLQJXLVKHGLQRQH PLQXWH 2Q6HSͤUH SHUIRUPHU%UHW3DVHN 86$ SXWRXW ͥDPLQJWRUFKHV with his mouth as they were ̸IHG̹WRKLPE\DVVLVWDQWVLQ 6KDNRSHH0LQQHVRWD86$ ́/LWDQGH[WLQJXLVKHGLQ VHFRQGVandRQHPLQXWH 6QDNH)HUYRU VHHRSSRVLWH SDJH OLWDQGVQXIIHGRXW WRUFKHVLQKHUPRXWK LQVHFDW(OHFWURZHUN] LQ/RQGRQ8.RQ-XO 7KHIROORZLQJ\HDU RQ 6HSVKHXSSHGKHU SDFHDQGVHWDVHFRQG record, extinguishing WRUFKHVLQVHF
1815
guinnessworldrecords.com 133
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/QUVƒTGENWDULWIINGF YJKNGUYQTFUYCNNQYKPI 2Q6HSDW Wonderground in London, UK, The Great Gordo Gamsby $86 MXJJOHGWKUHHͤUHFOXEV IRUVHFZKLOHVZDOORZLQJ DVZRUGDWWKHVDPHWLPH 2QWKHVDPHGD\3LSSD ̸7KH5LSSHU̹&RUDP $86 matched this number for the PRVW̨UHKRRSVVSXQ ZKLOHLQWKHVSOLWVSRVLWLRQ
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WATER
Largest human waterskiing pyramid formation 1Pǡ5GR$KI2WNN 75# CUUGODNGFRGQRNGKPVQCOCUUYCVGTDQTPGJWOCP R[TCOKFQP.CMG9C\GGEJCKP)TCPF4CRKFU9KUEQPUKP75#(KXGFKHHGTGPVUJQYUMKVGCOU
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Most waterskiers towed behind a single boat A total of 145 waterskiers from the Horsehead Water Ski Club (AUS) rode behind one boat for more than 1 nautical mi (1.1 mi; 1.8 km) in Strahan, Tasmania, Australia, on 27 Jan 2012.
Highest bungee jump dive into water On 8 Jun 2015, Raymond Woodcock (UK) performed a bungee jump of 141.7 m (464 ft 11 in) – taller than the Great Pyramid of Giza – fully submerging himself into water, in Chepstow, UK.
Highest waterfall diving Di Huanran (CHN) dived 12.1 m (39 ft 11 in) off the Diaoshuilou Waterfall at Jingpo Lake in Mudanjiang City, China, for Zheng Da Zong Yi – Guinness World Records Special on 5 Oct 2008.
Largest vessel to tow a waterskier )CNKNGQ68TGRQTVGT,CP5EJYKFGTGM &'7 UWEEGUUHWNN[ YCVGTUMKGFDGJKPFVJGAIDAbellaHQTǡOKPǡUGECVCURGGF QHǡMPQVU ǡMOJ ǡORJ QHH#NKECPVGKP5RCKPQP ǡ1EV6JGXGUUGNJCUCǡITQUUVQPPCIGCPFYCU EQOOCPFGFD[%CRVCKP,QUGH*WUOCPP &'7 6JGAIDAbella KUǡO ǡHV NQPIQXGTCNNYKVJCDTGCFVJQHǡO ǡHV +VǡJCUHWNNFGEMUCPFǡRCUUGPIGTECDKPU
FASTEST SPEED…
DEEPEST UNDERWATER CYCLING When it comes to submarine cycling, no one is as deeply committed as Vittorio Innocente (ITA, pictured). On 21 Jul 2008, he rode his bicycle at a depth of 66.5 m (218 ft 2 in) in Santa Margherita Ligure in Liguria, Italy. The farthest distance cycled underwater is 6.7 km (4.1 mi), by Jens Stötzner (DEU) at Bibert Bad Zirndorf in Zirndorf, Germany, on 8 Sep 2013.
-KVGUWTƒPI OCNG Alexandre Caizergues (FRA) reached a speed of 56.6 knots (104.8 km/h; PSK NLWHVXUͤQJLQ Port St Louis, France, on 11 Nov 2013. The fastest speed kite VXŲQJE\DZRPDQ is 50.4 knots (93.3 km/h; 58 mph). The feat was achieved by France’s Charlotte Consorti at the Lüderitz Speed Challenge held in Lüderitz, Namibia, on 28 Oct 2010.
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U KNOW At the st ? art of his submari record, V ne ittorio In nocente lowered was into the water by divers. H scuba e got on to his bik depth of ea 28 m (92 ft) and se t a down an underw t off ater slop reached e until h his reco e rd -breakin depth. T g he ride to o k h im about 9 min.
1826
Oldest zoo Founded by British statesman Stamford Raffles, the Zoological Society of London is the earliest scientific zoo. Two years later, its first animal houses are erected at Regent’s Park, marking the birth of London Zoo.
134 Don’t Try This At Home…
FAST FACTS “Scuba” is an acronym, standing for Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus • American Ralph Samuelson invented waterskiing in 1922; his initial efforts at fashioning skis included using wooden staves from barrels
5CKNKPI OCNG On 24 Nov 2012, Paul Larsen (AUS) attained a speed of 65.4 knots (121.2 km/h; 75.3 mph) by sail over a timed 500-m (1,640-ft) run in Walvis Bay, Namibia. He rode a Vestas Sailrocket 2. The IDVWHVWVSHHGXQGHU VDLORQZDWHUE\DQ\FUDIW IHPDOH over a 500-m timed run was set by windsurfer Karin Jaggi (CHE). She sped to 46.3 knots (85.7 km/h; 53.2 mph) on board her customized Patrik speed board in Lüderitz, Namibia, on 2 Nov 2015.
LONGEST… Open saltwater scuba dive
EQNFYCVGT Daniel Sammut (MLT) remained submerged for 13 hr 42 min in St Paul’s Bay, Malta, on 19 Mar 2015. Swim under ice with breath JGNF PQƒPUPQFKXKPIUWKV Stig Åvall Severinsen (DNK) swam 250 ft (76 m) beneath the ice at Qordlortoq Lake (Lake 40) on Ammassalik Island, East Greenland, on 17 Apr 2013. Underwater walk by an individual in 24 hours On 17–18 Nov 2011, Joey Kelly (DEU) walked 16.3 km (10.1 mi)
Deepest dive under ice YKVJǡDTGCVJǡJGNF HGOCNG 9GCTKPICFKXKPIUWKVCPFƒPUDWVYKVJQWVDTGCVJKPICRRCTCVWU #WTQTG#UUQ (4# FKXGFVQǡO ǡHVǡKP CV+MGTCUCMKP 7WOOCPPCS$C[)TGGPNCPFQPǡ/C[5JGFGUEGPFGFQP CTQRGVQCVCIVJCVUJGTGVTKGXGFVQRTQXGUJGJCFTGCEJGFVJG KPVGPFGFFGRVJ*GTCVVGORVYCUHQTū1PG$TGCVJHQT#TEVKECŬYJKEJ TCKUGUCYCTGPGUUHQTVJGRTQVGEVKQPQHVJG#TEVKEGPXKTQPOGPV underwater on the set of RTL-Spendenmarathon at MMC studios in Hürth, Germany. His walk raised €115,000 (£99,498; $155,716) for a charity to support children in need.
Underwater walk YKVJǡQPGǡDTGCVJ On 19 Apr 2015, Turkey’s 6HUWDQ$\GóQWRRND P (262-ft 3-in) submarine stroll at Anafartalar Olympic Pool in Çanakkale, Turkey.
5VCPFWRUWTƒPITKFG QPǡCǡTKXGTDQTG Steve King (UK) surfed the Severn bore on the River Severn in Gloucestershire, UK, for 12.2 km (7.6 mi) on 30 Mar 2006.
Deepest scuba dive
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First comic Swiss cartoonist Rodolphe Töpffer creates the 30-page Histoire de M. Vieux Bois (“The Adventures of Mister Wooden Head”), although it is not published for another decade.
1827
guinnessworldrecords.com 135
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Highest shallow dive
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PERFORMERS Farthest distance VQǡVJTQYCPFECVEJ CǡTWPPKPIǡEJCKPUCY The Space Cowboy, aka Chayne Hultgren, hurled a running chainsaw 4 m (13 ft 1 in) to catcher The Great Gordo Gamsby (both AUS) at London Wonderground, UK, on 14 Sep 2012. Fastest WPFGTYCVGT escape from CǡUVTCKVLCEMGV Lucas Wilson (CAN) freed himself from a straitjacket underwater in 22.86 sec on the set of.Qǡ5JQYFGK4GEQTF in Milan, Italy, on 7 Jul 2014.
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DQVJ7- ŤKPǡOKPCVVJG6CVVQQ,COCV&QPECUVGT4CEGEQWTUG KP5QWVJ;QTMUJKTG7-QP1EV#VVJGUCOGGXGPV Johnny set a new record (since broken) for the most apples held in one’s own mouth and cut by chainsaw in one minute GKIJV
/QUVDGGTDQVVNGUQRGPGF YKVJVJGHGGVKPQPGOKPWVG Contortionist Zlata, aka Julia Günthel (DEU), removed the caps from eight beer bottles with her feet in 1 min on the set of 4GMQTNCT&ȜP[CU in Istanbul, 6WTMG[QPǡ,WP6JCV beat her own record of seven, UGVVYQ[GCTUDGHQTG
*GCXKGUVYGKIJVNKHVGF D[ǡDQVJG[GUQEMGVUǡ Manjit Singh (UK) raised a weight of 24 kg (52 lb 14.5 oz) using his eye sockets at Cossington Sports Hall in Leicester, UK, on 15 Nov 2012. *KIJGUVDNKPFHQNFGF VKIJVTQRGYCNM Nik Wallenda (USA) crossed a tightrope while blindfolded 170.04 m (557 ft 10 in) above the ground in Chicago, Illinois, USA, on 2 Nov 2014.
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The JKIJGUVVKIJVTQRG ETQUUKPIQPCOQVQTE[ENG took place at a height of 130 m (426 ft 6 in) on a tightrope 666.1 m (2,185 ft 4.3 in) long. The feat was achieved by Mustafa Danger (MAR) in Benidorm, Spain, on 16 Oct 2010.
.QPIGUVFWTCVKQP DCNCPEKPI CǡEJCKPUCY QPǡVJGǡEJKP Serial GWR record-breaker Ashrita Furman (USA) kept a chainsaw balanced on his chin HQTǡOKPǡUGEKP0GY;QTM %KV[75#QPǡ5GR6JG chainsaw he used YGKIJGFǡMI
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DATELINE
U KNOW After Zla ? ta was p rofiled o Discove ry Chan na n e l show in a doctor 2010, perform ed an M to invest RI scan igate he flexibilit r superl ative y. The li gaments us harde of most n over ti of m e , but the revealed scan that Zla ta’s liga have rem ments ained as soft and sup ple as th ose of a bab y.
1838
First photograph of a human Louis Daguerre (FRA) takes a test photo of a street scene showing a man having his shoes shined. The subject sits still for long enough to be visible in the long-exposure shot.
136 Don’t Try This At Home…
FAST FACTS The chainsaw originated as a surgical tool called an osteotome, still used in dentistry and orthopaedics • The straitjacket was invented in 1790 by a French upholsterer called Guilleret for an asylum near Paris
/QUVURGCTUECWIJV WPFGTYCVGTKPǡQPGǡOKPWVG On 13 Nov 2014, in a swimming pool in Armidale, Australia, Anthony Kelly $86 FDXJKWEROWVͤUHG IURPDͤVKHUPDQ̵V spear gun at a range of just 2 m (6 ft 6 in). The event took place in celebration of Guinness World Records Day 2014.
/QUVUYQTFU UYCNNQYGF QPǡCǡWPKE[ENG The Space Cowboy (see opposite page) swallowed three swords while atop a unicycle at Wonderground in .QPFQP7-QPǡ5GR 'CEJUYQTF OGCUWTGFǡEO
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MOST BACKFLIPS PERFORMED WHILE SWALLOWING A SWORD IN ONE MINUTE On 2 Jul 2014, in Milan, Italy, Aerial Manx, aka James Loughron (AUS), swallowed a 41-cm-long (1-ft 4-in) sword before carrying out an eye-watering 20 backflips against the clock. The sword prevented Aerial from breathing, so he had to hold his breath during the feat. He took two breaks during the one-minute attempt, removing the sword and then swallowing it again each time before continuing.
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First selfie Robert Cornelius (USA) becomes the first person to take a self-portrait. He uses the daguerreotype process – an early photographic technique employing mercury vapour and an iodine-sensitized silvered plate.
1839
guinnessworldrecords.com 137
DATELINE
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TOYS & GAMES
KNOW?the DID YOU t on raft was pu
DATELINE
inec In 2013, M r Rydberg of the Vikto um ul ic rr cu eden, Sw , m ol ockh school in St ung yo ng ti to boos t with a view y learn abou he “T . ty vi ti ental teens’ crea nm ro vi en , ng city planni done ing things issues, gett the to plan for w ho en ev r and he ac te plained future,” ex . an m Ek a Monic
1844 138 Toys & Games
Oldest subway tunnel The 767-m (2,517-ft) Atlantic Avenue Tunnel is completed. The tunnel runs beneath Brooklyn, New York, USA, and carries the trains of the Long Island Rail Road until its closure in 1861. It will lie undisturbed and forgotten until 1981.
CONTENTS TOYS & GAMES FACTOGRAPHIC
140
TOYS & BOARD GAMES
142
CHESS
144
CHAIN REACTIONS
146
ACTION FIGURES & DOLLS
148
PUZZLES
150
CONSTRUCTION TOYS
152
VIDEOGAMES
154
Most views for a Minecraft video channel
Longest time to crack a code British mathematician and computing pioneer Charles Babbage cracks the Vigenère cipher, a polyalphabetic encryption system that had been thought unbreakable since its invention in 1553.
1854
guinnessworldrecords.com 139
DATELINE
#UQHǡ/CTVJG;QW6WDGEJCPPGN ū6JG&KCOQPF/KPGECTVŬJQUVGFD[&CP6&/CMC &CPKGN/KFFNGVQP 7- JCFCEEWOWNCVGFCVQVCNQH ǡXKGYUHTQOXKFGQUUKPEGKVU NCWPEJQP,WN#UVQPKUJKPIN[&CPŨUXKFGQU TGIKUVGTCPGUVKOCVGFǡOKNNKQPJKVUGXGT[OQPVJ *GTGEGKXGUHCPOCKNHTQOCTQWPFVJGYQTNFVQQ ū+ǡNKMGVQVJKPMO[PKEJGKUCFFKPIKPUVQTKGU GFKVKPIVTKEMU=Ų?VQGPJCPEGVJGICOGŨU ETGCVKXKV[ŬJGUC[U +PQTFGTHQTCXKFGQEJCPPGNVQ DGEQPUKFGTGFūFGFKECVGFŬŤQH KVUEQPVGPVUJQWNFTGNCVGVQCURGEKƒE XKFGQICOGHTCPEJKUG
According to LEGO Education, if you divided the total number of LEGO bricks on Earth among the planet’s population, each person would have an average of 86 bricks. That’s quite a claim, but understandable when you EQPUKFGTVJCVKPCVQVCNQHǡDKNNKQP.')1DTKEMUYGTGRTQFWEGFCVC rate of 5.2 million bricks per hour! And they sell quickly, too: for most of the year, around seven LEGO sets are sold every second. But at Christmas time, that TCVGTQEMGVUVQǡUGVU per second!
PLENTY OF LEGO BRICKS TO GO ROUND…
All LEGO bricks start out as granules of plastic (below) – acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), to be precise. On arrival at a manufacturing plant, they are dispersed into silos, then transported via tubes to injection moulding machines. Here, they are subjected to temperatures up to 310°C (590°F) and pressures of 25–150 tonnes (27–165 US tons), which squeeze them into moulds. Seconds later, the bricks RQRQPVQCǡEQPXG[QTDGNVVJGPKPVQCDKP0GZV robots take the bricks to an assembly room, where machines stamp them and put together OWNVKRCTVVQ[UUWEJCUǡ/KPKƒIWTGU
BUILDING A LEGEND, BRICK BY BRICK
The name LEGO® combines the Danish words “leg” and “godt”, meaning “play well”. The company began producing “Automatic Binding Bricks” back in 1949. And the design was built to last: you can open a brand-new LEGO box today and join any of the standard bricks with any LEGO brick made since 1958 (the picture to the right shows box set 700/5 from that year). Today, LEGO is found in almost every country on Earth – and even in outer space…
LEGO-OLOGY
FACTOGRAPHIC
6JTGGURGEKCNN[OCFG.')1/KPKƒIWTGU have made the arduous trek to the planet ,WRKVGTǡQPDQCTF0#5#ŨUJuno space probe. 6JG[NCWPEJGFQPǡ#WIVTCXGNNKPICVQVCN QHǡDKNNKQPǡMO ǡDKNNKQPǡOK HTQO'CTVJ 6JGƒIWTGUVCMGVJGHQTOQHVJG4QOCPIQF ,WRKVGTJKUYKHG,WPQCPFVJGVJEGPVWT[ Italian scientist Galileo (pictured right), YJQFKUEQXGTGF,WRKVGTŨUHQWTNCTIGUV moons. (See also p.148.)
FARTHEST DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY A LEGO MINIFIGURE
LARGEST TYRE MANUFACTURER
Think of all the brands of tyre you know. Who would make the most tyres on an annual basis? Goodyear? Firestone? Pirelli? The answer is… the .')1)TQWRБ+PCNQPGVJGEQORCP[RTQFWEGFKPGZEGUUQHǡOKNNKQP tyres for its construction kits, easily beating all other manufacturers. What’s more, the rubber compound used for these VQ[ǡV[TGUYQWNFPŨVDGQWVQHRNCEGQPCTGCNECT
A big part of the attraction of this construction toy is VJGǡYC[VJCVKVECPDGEQODKPGFKPCUOCP[YC[UCUQWT imagination will allow. Bearing this in mind, how many possible combinations do you think you can make YKVJLWUVUKZVYQD[HQWT GKIJVUVWF .')1DTKEMU! The answer is below.
THINK OF A NUMBER
1Pǡ,CPVJG.')1 Group patented the now-famous studded bricks with tubes inside. They have proved enduringly popular. #TQWPFǡDKNNKQPDTKEMUCTGUQNFGCEJ[GCT on average. Laid end-to-end, they would stretch around the world an astonishing 18 times. Stacked on top of each other, the same number QHDTKEMUYQWNFHQTOCEQNWOPVJCVEQWNFGZVGPF HTQOVJGUWTHCEGQH'CTVJVQOQTGVJCPǡOK
ǡMO DG[QPFVJGQTDKVQHVJG/QQP It’s estimated that the children of the world spend ǡDKNNKQPǡJTC[GCTRNC[KPIYKVJ.')1DTKEMU+HǡCNN these hours were arranged consecutively across VKOGKVYQWNFǡYQTMQWVCVCTQWPF[GCTUKP VQVCNŤPGCTN[ǡVJTGGVKOGUVJGFWTCVKQPVJCVOQFGTP JWOCPǡDGKPIUJCXGNKXGFQP'CTVJ
A GLOBAL PHENOMENON
A: There are 915,103,765 possible combinations with six two-by-four LEGO bricks!
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LARGEST POPULATION GROUP ON EARTH “Mr Gold” 5HOHDVHGLQVHULHVRI /(*20LQLͤJXUHVIHDWXUHGD JROGHQͤJXUHZLWKWRSKDW monocle and jewel-topped FDQH/LPLWHGWRDUXQRIMXVW ̸0U*ROG̹TXLFNO\ EHFDPHDFROOHFWRUV̵LWHP 6RRQWKHVHͤJXULQHVZHUH EHLQJUHVROGIRUXSWR e HDFKPDNLQJWKHP worth almost three times their ZHLJKWLQUHDOJROG
TOP 5 LARGEST LEGO SETS
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Wheelchair user Although buildable wheelchairs have previously been released, the LEGO *URXSUHYHDOHGLWVͤUVWZKHHOFKDLU PRXOGHGWR0LQLͤJXUHVFDOHLQ-DQ 7KHEHDQLHZHDULQJͤJXUHSOHDVHG disability campaigners, who have argued that children with disabilities are QRWIDLUO\UHSUHVHQWHGLQWKHWR\LQGXVWU\
The days of simple LEGO buildings and vehicles are long gone. Today, VJGEQORCP[RTQFWEGUCPKORTGUUKXGTCPIGQHEQORNGZMKVU+PVGTOU of pieces, the largest LEGO setKUVJG6CL/CJCNYJKEJKPENWFGU UGRCTCVGRCTVU0GZVWRKUVJGRKGEGMillennium Falcon, followed by the 2016-released Ghostbusters Firehouse Headquarters, with 4,634 DTKEMU.QPFQPŨU6QYGT$TKFIGKUHQWTVJYKVJRCTVU6JGƒHVJNCTIGUV set is a second Star Wars entry: the Death Star (above) with 3,803 pieces.
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ǡHVǡKP NQPICPFǡO ǡHVǡKP YKFG and consisting of two floors with four rooms altogether, this life-size LEGO brick dwelling was built KP&QTMKPI7-QPǡ5GR+VYCUEQORNGVGFD[ǡXQNWPVGGTU VQIGVJGTYKVJ,COGU/C[ 7- HQTJames May’s Toy Stories (BBC, UK). +PǡCNNǡOKNNKQP.')1DTKEMUYGTGWUGFKPVJGEQPUVTWEVKQPYJKEJJCF an internal wooden support structure. By way of comparison, you would PGGFCRRTQZKOCVGN[UVCPFCTFUK\GDWKNFKPIDTKEMUVQEQPUVTWEV CǡEQPXGPVKQPCNVJTGGDGFTQQOGFJQWUG
LARGEST LIFE-SIZE HOUSE MADE FROM LEGO BRICKS
BENEATH THE SURFACE #TVKUV,CUQP(TGGP[ 75# JCUDTQWIJVJKU own unique twist to conventional toys by suggesting what their interiors might look like. It was only a question of time before he applied his cutaway skills to the LEGO WPKXGTUG,CUQPVQQMVJTGGURGEKCNKP
EO .')1ƒIWTGUVJGPETGCVGF anatomical interiors from them out of sculpted foam, which he then painted. But these works are purely for entertainment, CPF,CUQPPGXGTRTGVGPFU QVJGTYKUGū/[CPCVQOKGU are hypothetical,” he told streetanatomy.com. ū6JKUKUUVTKEVN[ǡCTVŬ
TOYS & BOARD GAMES
Largest collection of model cars 4CNN[FTKXKPIGPVJWUKCUV 0CDKNū$KNN[Ŭ-CTCO .$0 UVCTVGFEQNNGEVKPIOQFGN ECTUKPYJGPJG CESWKTGFCVQ[2QTUEJGǡ *KUEQNNGEVKQPJCUUKPEG ITQYPEQPUKFGTCDN[ YJGP EQWPVGFKPJKURWTRQUG built museum in Zouk, .GDCPQPQPǡǡ0QX HQT)WKPPGUU9QTNF4GEQTFU &C[KVEQPVCKPGF WPKSWGUECNGFFQYPECTU Billy also holds another OQFGNTGNCVGFYQTNFTGEQTF ŤƒPFQWVOQTGQPR
Fastest time to solve a Rubik’s Cube On 21 Nov 2015, Lucas Etter (USA), aged 14 years old, EHFDPHWKHͤUVWSHUVRQWR breach the 5-sec barrier, solving a 3x3 cube in an extraordinary 4.9 sec at the River Hill Fall 2015 at River Hill High School in Clarksville, Maryland, USA. This also beat the record of 5.09 sec set that same day by Keaton Ellis (USA). Just over a month earlier, on 15 Oct 2015, a robot built by Zackary Gromko (USA) achieved the fastest time to solve a Rubik’s Cube by a robot – 2.39 sec – at Saint 6WHSKHQ̵V(SLVFRSDO6FKRRO in Bradenton, Florida, USA. Meanwhile, Feliks Zemdegs (AUS) created DQHZSHUVRQDOEHVWWLPH of 6.88 sec for the fastest time to solve a Rubik’s Cube one-handed, on 10 May 2015 in Canberra, Australia. And on 4 Oct 2015, at the &KLQD&KDPSLRQVKLSLQ Guangzhou, Kaijun Lin (CHN) achieved the fastest time to solve a Rubik’s Cube blindfolded: 21.05 sec.
Fastest batterypowered, remotecontrolled model car The aptly named Radio Controlled BulletDWKNVD[0KE%CUG 75#TKIJV CEJKGXGFCURGGFQHǡMOJ
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Largest loop-the-loop by a remote-controlled (RC) model vehicle A Venom VMX-450 RC Dirt Bike controlled by Jason %UDGEXU\ 8. ORRSHGDORRS 3.18 m (10 ft 5 in) high. The record was set on &KDQQHO̵VThe
Gadget Show in Birmingham, West Midlands, UK, on 15 Jun 2013. Fastest RC jet-powered model aircraft 2Q6HSDWXUELQH GULYHQDHURSODQHEXLOWE\ 1LHOV+HUEULFK '(8 ͥHZDW
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Largest Skylander
DATELINE
As of Jul 2013, the largest Skylander is a “life-sized” Tree Rex that tours the world and appears at exhibitions and VTCFGHCKTU5VCPFKPICVTGGOGPFQWUǡO ǡHV ǡKP VCNNVJGUVCVWGYCUECTXGFHTQORQN[UV[TGPG CPFEQCVGFYKVJINCUUƒDTGD[7-DCUGFOQFGN EQORCP[5EWNRVWTG5VWFKQU RKEVWTGFTKIJV is founder Aden Hynes with Tree Rex and another SkylandersEJCTCEVGT,GV8CE 6TGG4GZKUCPGZCEVUECNGFWRNKECVG of the Skylanders GiantsƒIWTGTKIJV FQYPVQG[GUVJCVǡNKIJVWR
1859 142 Toys & Games
First tightrope walk over Niagara Falls Jean-François Gravelet (FRA), aka Charles Blondin, crosses the famous waterfalls between the USA and Canada on a 335-m-long (1,100-ft) rope.
NPK PSK DW:/3%DOOHQVWHGWDLUͤHOG in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. To ensure accurate results, 1LHOVKDGWRJXLGHWKHSODQH down a 200-m-long (656-ft), 20-m-wide (65-ft 7-in) “measurement corridor” via his remote-control device.
FAST FACTS The Ancient Egyptian board game Senet was depicted on the tomb of Hesy in around 2686 BCE • Engineer Richard T James invented the Slinky by accident while testing springs for hanging up instruments at sea
Largest rocking horse #VJTGGUVQTG[VCNNTQEMKPI horse was built by Gao Ming
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Largest collection QHǡ5NKPM[U 1P1EV5WUCP 5WC\QQH.QU.WPCU KP0GY/GZKEQ75# YCUFGENCTGFVJGRTQWF owner of 1,054 different 5NKPM[UŤCEQNNGEVKQP UQǡNCTIGVJCVKVJCUKVU QYPKPUWTCPEGRQNKE[
Largest Monopoly board 2Q6HSWHPEHU Hasbro created a 405.6-m2 VTIW 0RQRSRO\ board – almost twice the size of a tennis court – to celebrate the 650th anniversary of the founding of Warsaw, Poland. Six times larger than WKHPDPPRWK0RQRSRO\
board was the largest Twister game, which was SLHFHGWRJHWKHUIURP regular boards by country star Thomas Rhett and %LJ0DFKLQH/DEHO*URXS (USA) in Arlington, Texas, 86$RQ6HS 7KLVSURGXFHGDQRYHUDOO SOD\DEOHVXUIDFHDUHDRI 2,521 m2 (27,135 sq ft).
.CTIGUVVQ[RKUVQNƒIJV A volley of suction darts and foam bullets secured a world record for 577 Drake University students wielding Nerf blasters in Des Moines, Iowa, USA. The “Dogtown After Hours” FDPSXVHYHQWVDZWKH5HG and Blue teams shoot it out RQ0DU7KHͤQDO result? It was a draw.
Largest model vehicle brand 6JGJQVVGUVPCOGKPVQ[ECTU KUEWTTGPVN[*QV9JGGNU 75# YKVJCTGXGPWGKPQH c This helps to make Mattel
75# VJGQYPGTQH*QV Wheels, the largest model vehicle company, with a 2014 TGXGPWGQH
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LONGEST FOOSBALL TABLE On 25 Sep 2015, Marco Berry Onlus (ITA) occupied the Via Roma, the main street in Turin, Italy, with a table football (or foosball) game played on a 121.4-m-long (398-ft 3.5-in) table – in fact, a series of linked tables. The fast and furious action saw a total of 2,332 plastic players or foos men in red and blue jerseys pass, kick and shoot 101 balls – all operated by 424 pairs of hands. The event raised money for building and maintaining the Mohamed Aden Sheikh Children’s Teaching Hospital in Hargeisa, Somaliland. Afterwards, the tables were divided up and given out to the participating teams to keep.
First man-made plastic Parkesine, a plastic developed by Alexander Parkes (UK) and derived from plant cellulose, is publicly unveiled at the Great International Exhibition in London.
1862
guinnessworldrecords.com 143
DATELINE
Longest marathon playing foosball (doubles) Between 29 Aug and 6HS$OH[DQGHU Kuen, Manuel Larcher, Bernd Neururer and Dietmar Neururer (all AUT) SOD\HGWDEOHIRRWEDOOIRU 61 hr 17 min in Innsbruck, Austria. The feat made them record holders for the third time.
CHESS defeated World Chess Champion Garry Kasparov in a formal match on 11 May 1997. Deep Blue was capable of assessing 200 million board positions per sec. At the time, this was the fastest evaluation of board positions by a chess computer.
Youngest chess ITCPFOCUVGT
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.CTIGUVPGVYQTMGF EJGUUEQORWVGT On 30 Jan 2004, Danish grandmaster Peter Heine Nielsen played ChessBrain: 2,070 computers operating together across 56 countries. The game, professionally refereed in Copenhagen, Denmark, ended in a draw after 34 moves. Youngest World %JGUUǡ%JCORKQP Hou Yifan (CHN, above) was 16 years 300 days old when she beat her compatriot Ruan Lufei to become world champion on 24 Dec 2010. The Russian (formerly Soviet) grandmaster Garry Kasparov (b. Garik Kimovich Weinstein, 13 Apr 1963) is the youngest World Chess
Champion (male). He was aged 22 years 210 days when he gained the title in a match against his compatriot Anatoly Karpov on 9 Nov 1985. First computer to beat a World Chess Champion under regular time controls IBM chess-playing computer Deep Blue
.QPIGUVEJGUUOCTCVJQP Magne Sagafos and Joachim Berg-Jensen (both NOR) played for 40 hr 42 min in Stavanger, Norway, on 22–24 Jun 2015. .QPIGUVICOGQH EQTTGURQPFGPEGEJGUU Dr Reinhart Straszacker and Dr Hendrik Roelof van Huyssteen (both ZAF) SOD\HGWKHLUͤUVWJDPHRI
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LARGEST CHESS PIECE
DATELINE
On 4 Apr 2014, a chess king measuring 5.076 m (16 ft 7 in) tall and 2.04 m (6 ft 8 in) in diameter at its base was unveiled by the Gitok technical school (BEL) in Kalmthout, Belgium. The piece was made during lessons in which students learned artisanal skills such as woodworking. The attempt was also a team-building exercise, and helped to raise money and awareness for an orphanage and cancer charity.
1863 144 Toys & Games
(CUVGUVVKOG VQCTTCPIGC NCTIGEJGUUUGV 1Pǡ1EV#NV[PDGM $GMOWTCVQX -)< CTTCPIGF CNCTIGEJGUUUGVKPǡOKP ǡUGE*GCEJKGXGFVJKUCV VJG)94.KXGБGXGPVCVVJG QRGPKPIQHVJG-WPVUGXQ2NC\C UJQRRKPIEGPVTGKP/QUEQY 4WUUKCDTGCMKPIVJGRTGXKQWU FC[ŨUTGEQTFD[ǡUGE correspondence chess in 1946. After 112 games, with both men having won half the games, their record marathon of more than 53 years ended with the death of Straszacker on 13 Oct 1999. 5NQYGUVEJGUUOQXG
RTGENQEM Until the chess clock was adopted in the 1860s, players could take as long as they wanted to decide a move. In Nov 1857, in the First American Chess &RQJUHVVͤQDO3DXO0RUSK\ (USA) and Louis Paulsen (DEU) took more than 15 hr to play 56 moves. Paulsen, who decisively lost the match overall, caused most of the delay, taking as long as 1 hr 15 min to decide on a single move.
First detective novel Opening with a murder, The Notting Hill Mystery by Charles Felix (UK) – first serialized in the magazine Once a Week between 1862 and 1863 – is published in its complete form, and establishes the classic detective genre.
FAST FACTS Russia’s Anatoly Karpov won the 1975 World Chess Championship without playing a match, after reigning world champion Bobby Fischer (USA) resigned his title • The term “checkmate” comes from the Persian Shah mat – “The king is dead”
DID YOU KNOW? An extra ordinary ca
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/QUVUKOWNVCPGQWUEJGUU YKPU DNKPFHQNFGF A blindfolded player has to memorize all their opponent’s moves during a game. On 27 Nov 2011, the German master Marc Lang won 25 and drew 19 of 46 games in 21 hr.
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/QUVUKOWNVCPGQWUICOGU QHEJGUUD[CPKPFKXKFWCN On 8–9 Feb 2011, Ehsan Ghaem Maghami (IRN), a grandmaster and nine-time Iranian national champion, played 135 chess games concurrently in Tehran, Iran. Anna-Maria Botsari (GRC) played the most consecutive games of chess, in Kalavryta, Greece, on 27–28 Feb 2001. Of her 1,102 games, seven were draws and the rest wins.
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ǡKP VQǡOO ǡKP JKIJCUXGTKƒGFKP$KNCURWT %JJCVVKUICTJ+PFKC /QUVEJGUUOQXGU On 17 Feb 1989, Ivan 1LNROLÉDQG*RUDQ $UVRYLÉ ERWK65% PDGH 269 moves in a game lasting 20 hr 15 min.
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First road-traffic death On 31 Aug, Mary Ward, an Irish scientist, becomes the first person to die in a road accident, after falling out of her cousin’s experimental steam car.
1869
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*70 FQOKPCVGFVJGYQOGPŨUTCPMKPIUHQTǡ[GCTUǡFC[U WPVKNQXGTVCMGPD[*QW;KHCP UGGCDQXGNGHV +P2QNIȄT CEJKGXGFCRGCMTCVKPIQH VJG highest chess rating (female)
CHAIN REACTIONS The “domino effect” made KVUǡGuinness World Records debut in 1977 after Bob 5RGECǡ,T 75# VQRRNGF FQOKPQGUCVVJG7PKXGTUKV[ QH2GPPU[NXCPKC75#QP ǡ/C[ŤDGCVKPIJKU QYPǡRGTUQPCNDGUVQH Most dominoes toppled On 13 Nov 2009, a team of 89 builders toppled 4,491,863 dominoes in the WTC Expo center in Leeuwarden, Netherlands, for Domino Day 2009. The most dominoes toppled by an individual is 321,197, achieved by Liu Yang (CHN) at Citic Guoan Grand Epoch City in Beijing, China, on 31 Dec 2011.
Largest toppling domino stone Measuring 9.18 m (30 ft 1.5 in) tall, 4.57 m (15 ft) wide and 1.25 m (4 ft 1.5 in) thick, this outsized domino stone was produced by Prudential Financial Inc. (USA). It was the last of a series of dominoes to be toppled by members of the Prudential in Charlotte, North Carolina, USA, on 6 Aug 2014.
Longest time for continuous domino toppling A team of 60 people kept a domino circle toppling continuously for 35 min 22 sec at the Domino Day 2008 event in Leeuwarden, Netherlands, on 7 Nov 2008.
Largest Great Ball Contraption A Great Ball Contraption (GBC) is a series of modules – designed from LEGO® Technic – arranged in a loop so that a small plastic ball can pass from module to module. The largest yet built comprised 100 modules, and was erected by Maico Arts CPF$GP,QPMOCP DQVJ0.& at the BRICK exhibition in .QPFQP7-QPǡ&GE
Tallest domino structure Students Michael Hörmann and Philipp Zimmermann (both DEU) erected and toppled a 9.17-m-high (30-ft 1-in) structure composed of 8,044 dominoes in Buchloe, Germany, on 21 Apr 2014.
Most books toppled in a domino fashion
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As part of the launch of the German edition of Guinness World Records 20165KPPGTU&QOKPQ 'PVGTVCKPOGPV &'7 CUUGODNGFEQRKGUQHVJGYQTNFŨUbest-selling annual and set them sprawling sequentially. The event took place during the Frankfurt Book Fair in Germany QPǡ1EV6JGVGCOYJQJCXGVQRRNGFUGXGTCNQVJGTTGEQTFU UGGTKIJV EQPUKUVGFQH ǡRGQRNG+VVQQMVJGOCVNGCUVJTVQUGVWRVJGDQQMUYJKEJHGNNKPLWUVQXGTCOKPWVG
1876 146 Toys & Games
Largest stickbomb Weave a number of flat sticks into a spring-loaded grid and you’ve got yourself a stick bomb. Remove one, and you kickstart a shockwave that launches the sticks, one after the other, into the air. 1Pǡ,WPVJG0CVKEM High School Bomb Squad – comprising 15 students from Natick High School in Massachusetts, USA – successfully triggered a stick bomb made from 31,370 wooden tongue depressors. Longest human domino line On 12 Aug 2010, a group of 10,267 people formed a record-breaking human domino line at the Ordos International Nadam Fair in Ordos City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. Most dominoes UVCEMGFǡKPǡǡUGEQPFU Serial record-breaker Silvio Sabba (ITA) built a column of 48 dominoes in 30 sec in Pioltello, Milan, Italy, on 28 Apr 2013. The most dominoes stacked on one domino piece is 1,055, by Sinners Domino Entertainment at the Wilhelm-LückertGymnasium in Büdingen, Germany, on 12 Aug 2014. Most bricks toppled A total of 165,384 house bricks were toppled in an unbroken line in and around the city of Bremerhaven in Germany on 17 Jan 2004. The event was arranged by Röben Tonbaustoffe (DEU) and involved 1,305 volunteers from the \RXWKͤUHGHSDUWPHQWV of Cuxhaven.
First telephone call In March, the first intelligible phone call takes place in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Alexander Graham Bell (UK), who had filed his patent for the telephone on 14 Feb 1876, phones his assistant in a nearby room to say, “Mr Watson – come here – I want to see you.”
FAST FACTS Dominoes represent all of the possible throws of a pair of dice (plus blanks) • Domino spots are known as “pips” • The start of the domino-toppling craze can be traced back to a segment on The Tonight Show (USA) in 1976
Most mousetraps VTKIIGTGFǡKPCNKPG Synology Inc. (TPE) in Hualien, Chinese Taipei, set off a chain reaction involving 1,508 mousetraps on 13 Sep 2013. In fact, 1,509 traps were initially set but one failed to snap.
Most dominoes toppled KPC&R[TCOKF 1P,WN-GXKP2ȘJNU &'7 MPQEMGFQXGT ǡFQOKPQGUVJCVJCFDGGPCUUGODNGFKPC& pyramid at a Pizza Express in Waren (Müritz), Germany.
Fastest time to topple ǡRQTVCDNGVQKNGVU Philipp Reiche (DEU) sent 10 portable loos toppling consecutively in 11.30 sec on the set of 9KT*QNGP&GP 4GMQTF0CEJ&GWVUEJNCPF at Europa-Park in Rust, Germany, on 22 Jun 2013. Largest Rube Goldberg A 382-step Rube Goldberg PDFKLQH VHHGHͤQLWLRQ below) was demonstrated in Székesfehérvár, Hungary, on 23 Apr 2015 by a team of 11 from the Budapest University of Technology and Economics. Its many processes included dissolving salt into water to change its conductivity and pushing balls down slopes by means of pneumatic pistons.
Longest domino wall 1Pǡ,WN5KPPGTU&QOKPQ'PVGTVCKPOGPVEQPUVTWEVGF CPFVJGPMPQEMGFFQYPCYCNNQHFQOKPQGUǡO ǡHV ǡKP NQPIEQORTKUKPIFQOKPQGUCVVJG9KNJGNO Lückert-Gymnasium in Büdingen, Germany.
NOW? DID YO“RUubK e Goldberg”
Most dominoes toppled in a spiral 5KPPGTU&QOKPQ'PVGTVCKPOGPVVQRRNGFCFQOKPQ spiral for the 1HƒEKCNN[#OC\KPI TV show in Büdingen, )GTOCP[QP,WN1PVJGUCOGFC[VJGUCOG VGCOǡUGVCPGYTGEQTFHQTVJGmost mini dominoes toppled: 2,000. These diminutive dominoes OGCUWTGǡZZǡEO ZZKP
The term ely y deliberat refers to an ion nt ve in icated overcompl ple e very sim ev hi ac to created ter the af ed m na results. It’s graduate satirist (and American rtoons ca se who engineer) nd of crazy ki is th ed featur n. contraptio
LARGEST RUBE GOLDBERG IN COMPETITION
First incandescent light bulb On 18 Dec, Joseph Wilson Swan (UK) reveals his incandescent light bulb (also called an “electric lamp”) in a demonstration before a gathering at the Newcastle Chemical Society, UK. It burns out quickly.
1878
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The building of Rube Goldberg machines has become a competitive pastime, and the most complex yet seen in competition is the 300-step device built by the Purdue Society of Professional Engineers Rube Goldberg Team (USA). It was activated at the National Rube Goldberg Machine Contest at Purdue University in Lafayette, Indiana, USA, on 31 Mar 2012. Its objective was to blow up and pop a balloon!
ACTION FIGURES & DOLLS Most expensive doll sold at auction A rare doll by Kämmer & Reinhardt (DEU), made in 1909–12, realized £242,500 ($395,750) at Bonhams in London, UK, on 24 Sep 2014. The life-like doll is a little girl dressed in white. She is thought to have been a design experiment that was abandoned. Most valuable FQNNUŨǡJQWUG The 29-room Astolat Dollhouse Castle was constructed over a period of 13 years
(1974–87) by US artist Elaine Diehl and valued at $8.5 m (£6 m). Modelled after the castle in Alfred Lord Tennyson’s poem The Lady of Shalott, the 9-ft-tall (2.7-m) dolls’ house contains 10,000 miniature items, including a grand piano ($7,000; £4,900), an ornate desk ($5,000; (£3,500) and a tiny portrait painted with a single-bristle brush ($1,840; £1,290). The dolls’ house weighs 800 lb (363 kg) and boasts a WRWDOͥRRUDUHDRI almost 30 sq ft (2.78 m²).
.CTIGUVCEVKQPƒIWTGDTCPF $CUGFQPTGVCKNƒIWTGUHTQOǡ#WIVJGEWTTGPVNCTIGUVCEVKQPƒIWTGDTCPFKU2NC[OQDKN &'7 YKVJCRRTQZKOCVGN[ǡO cǡO ŻǡO KPTGXGPWGKP2NC[OQDKNŨUENCUUKEVQ[ QTKIKPCNN[MPQYPCUCū-NKEM[ŬKUCEOVCNN KP JWOCPƒIWTGVJCVƒVUCJWIGCTTC[QHUEGPCTKQU ŤCUCPCUVTQPCWVMPKIJVRKTCVGRQNKEGOCPCPFUQQP6JGDTCPFYCUFGXGNQRGFD[)GTOCP KPXGPVQT*CPU$GEMCPFJCUDGGPUQNFYQTNFYKFGUKPEG6JGFGVCKNGFCPFKPXGPVKXGUGVVKPIU NKOKVGFGFKVKQPUPGYKPVTQFWEVKQPUCPFFKUEQPVKPWGFNKPGUCNQPIYKVJ2NC[OQDKN68UGTKGUƒNOU CPFTGCNUK\G(WP2CTMUJCXGETGCVGFCYKFG2NC[OQDKNEQOOWPKV[VJCVKPENWFGUCFWNVEQNNGEVQTU Most expensive collection QHǡƒIWTKPGU UKPINGǡCWEVKQP A sale of Action Man and Star WarsͤJXULQHVDQG accessories made £180,000 ($256,800) at Vectis Toy Auction House in Thornaby, North Yorkshire, UK, on 27 May 2015. Until then, they had languished in the garage of retired toy-sales rep Doug Carpenter. He had been allowed to keep them after manufacturer Palitoy ceased trading in the 1980s. The most expensive collection of Star Wars ̨JXULQHV VLQJOHDXFWLRQ was also sold at Vectis. On 28 Jan 2015, Craig Stevens (UK) – a former chairman of the UK Star Wars Fan &OXḚVROGͤJXULQHV in their original packaging for £41,796 ($63,209).
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cr Barbie was nder of SA), co-fou Handler (U r after he ed m na Mattel. She whom a, ar rb er Ba her daught per pa g in ed us she observ lay rather -p le ro t ul dolls for ad so the dolls. And than baby age en te al aspiration rn. doll was bo
1883 148 Toys & Games
MOST EXPENSIVE BARBIE DOLL SOLD AT AUCTION On 10 Oct 2010, a glamorous, one-off Barbie sold at Christie’s in New York City, USA, for $302,500 (£189,445). The 11.5-in (29.2-cm) doll wears a strapless black evening dress and a diamond choker showcasing a rare pink diamond. The doll, unveiled on 4 May 2010 during Australian Fashion Week, was designed by celebrated jeweller Stefano Canturi (AUS). He was enlisted by Barbie manufacturer Mattel to help promote the launch of the Barbie Basics range in Australia, which features dolls wearing commonly available clothing. All proceeds from the sale went to breast cancer research.
Most valuable .')1ǡ/KPKƒIWTG Two 14-carat solid gold reproductions of Star Wars bounty hunter Boba Fett were made by the LEGO® Group in 2010 as competition prizes. They are YDOXHGE\WKH0LQLͤJXUH3ULFH Guide website at $11,495.95 (£8,115) apiece. Only the ̸SULFHOHVV̹0LQLͤJXUHV sent to Jupiter (see p.140) could be considered more valuable, on account of their inaccessibility! /QUVGZRGPUKXGVQ[UQNFKGT 7KHͤUVWKDQGFUDIWHG G.I. Joe prototype was sold on 7 Aug 2003 by its creator Don Levine to Baltimore businessman Stephen A Geppi (both USA) for
$200,000 (£124,309). The auction was conducted by Heritage Comics Auctions of Dallas, Texas, USA. .CTIGUVEQNNGEVKQP QHǡVQ[ǡUQNFKGTU Jonathan Perry Waters (USA) owns 1,020 different toy-soldier models, as YHULͤHGLQ0DFRQ*HRUJLD USA, on 28 Feb 2016. The ͤJXULQHVDUHDOO VFDOH and sourced from around the world. The world’s ODUJHVWSXEOLF FROOHFWLRQRIWR\VROGLHUV can be found at the Museo de los Soldaditos de Plomo in Valencia, Spain. There are in excess of a million pieces in the collection, 85,000 of which are on display.
Most expensive 6WDUb:DUVƒIWTG #OKPVGFKVKQPQHThe Empire Strikes Back$$QDC(GVV CEVKQPƒIWTGKPKVURCEMCIKPI UQNFCVCWEVKQPHQTc
QPǡ,CP 6JGmost valuable Star Wars CEVKQPƒIWTGKUCRTQVQV[RG $QDC(GVVVJCVYCUPGXGT RTQFWEGF+VYCUNKUVGF QPG$C[HQT
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Loudest noise On 27 Aug, the island-volcano Krakatoa in Indonesia explodes in an eruption. The sound is heard 5,000 km (3,100 mi) away. It is estimated to be audible over 8% of Earth’s surface and have 26 times the power of the largest ever H-bomb test.
FAST FACTS The first LEGO Minifigures had no movable arms or legs • Barbie’s full name is Barbara Millicent Roberts • Hans Beck based his Playmobil faces on children’s drawings, showing a very large head with a smiley mouth and no nose
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U KNOW In the U ? K, the ea rliest Act Man figu ion res were A ction So Action S ldier, ailor an d Action kitted ou Pilot, t in US u niforms accessori and es. These were gra replaced dually by UK re g a lia, and line-up the extende d to the military non, such as explorers and spo rtsmen.
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The ODUJHVWSULYDWH FROOHFWLRQRIGLRUDPDV numbers 333 different items and belongs to Nabil Karam (LBN). They were counted in Zouk Mosbeh, Lebanon, on 17 Nov 2011 in celebration of GWR Day. A diorama is a model scene, typically of a famous battle, containing toy soldiers and vehicles as well as buildings, trees and other landscape features.
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First skyscraper The Home Insurance Building in Chicago, USA, is completed. The so-called “Father of the Skyscraper” towers 10 storeys high, with its peak at 42 m (138 ft). It will go on to be dwarfed by later builds, but is gargantuan for its day.
1885
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#EEQTFKPIVQVJGVQ[OCPWHCEVWTGT CƒIWTGQHVJEGPVWT[2TQVGUVCPV TGHQTOGT/CTVKP.WVJGTUQNFQWV CNNWPKVUYKVJKPǡJTQHKVU TGNGCUGKP(GDǡ.WVJGTHQWPFGF VJG2TQVGUVCPV%JWTEJKP)GTOCP[ YJGTGQHVJGUCNGUQEEWTTGF 6JGVQ[YCUKUUWGFCJGCFQHVJG VJCPPKXGTUCT[QHVJG2TQVGUVCPV 4GHQTOCVKQPKP
PUZZLES 100%
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ŤRKGEGU 6QOCZQH%JKPCRTQFWEGUCTCPIGQHRKGEGLKIUCYUOGCUWTKPI ZEO ZKP ŤVJGUK\GQHCP#UJGGVQHRCRGT The puzzles depict famous works of art and world heritage landmarks; pictured above is the corner of a jigsaw showing the ancient Inca citadel of Machu Picchu in the Peruvian Andes. 'CEJǡRKGEGKUCDQWVQPGVJKTFQHVJGUK\GQHCTGIWNCTLKIUCYRKGEG Oldest unsolved PWODGTǡRTQDNGO A “perfect number” is a number that equals the sum of its factors excluding itself. The smallest is 6 – its factors (the whole numbers that divide into 6 exactly) are 1, 2 and 3, and the sum of these factors also comes to 6. The next three perfect numbers are 28, 496 and 8,128. All the perfect numbers discovered so far are even – but could a perfect number ever be odd? This puzzle perplexed the ancient Greeks, back to Nicomachus of Gerasa LQWKHVWFHQWXU\ΑΌ
and, according to some historians, right back to Euclid, 500 years earlier. Over the centuries other mathematicians, including Pierre de Fermat and René Descartes, have attempted a solution, without success. Highest score in Cǡ5ETCDDNGǡVQWTPCOGPV On 21 Jan 2012, Toh Weibin (SGP) scored 850 points in a tournament match against Rik Kennedy (UK) at the Northern Ireland Scrabble Championship in Belfast, UK. The game was conducted under World English-language
LARGEST WORD SEARCH PUZZLE Pictured below, and as a background to these pages, is part of a word search containing 10,500 words hidden among 129,600 letters. The puzzle was created by Ashish Dutt Sharma (IND) in Rajasthan, India, and verified on 18 Oct 2015. Prof Sharma, Principal of the Apex Institute of Engineering & Technology in Jaipur, worked on the word search for 10 years. He filled it with technical words – and also the names of various scientists and inventors – to teach these terms to his engineering students.
Scrabble Players’ Association (WESPA) rules and used the Collins Scrabble Wordlist. The highest opening score in a Scrabble tournament is 126, for MUZJIKS (with a blank for the U). It was played by Jesse Inman (USA) on 26 July 2008 at the National Scrabble Championship in Orlando, Florida, USA. Most wins of the World 2W\\NG%JCORKQPUJKR D[ǡCPǡKPFKXKFWCN Ulrich Voigt (DEU) has won the World Puzzle Championship 10 times. He took the gold medal in 2000–01, 2003, 2005–06, 2008–09 and 2012–14. Voigt’s last win came in London, UK, on 17 Aug 2014 at the 23rd annual championships. Largest commercially CXCKNCDNGLKIUCYRW\\NG Made by Ravensburger (DEU), the largest puzzle measures 5.4 x 1.9 m (17 ft 8.6 in x 6 ft 2.8 in). First sold in Sep 2014, the jigsaw is called “New York Window” and depicts an ultra-detailed view of the city skyline. The largest commercially available jigsaw puzzle by number of pieces is “Wildlife”, an African panorama made by Educa (ESP) in 2014, featuring 33,600 pieces.
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NOW? Given the si ze of The W orld’s Largest Wor d Search Pu zzle, and the vast nu mber of po tential lett combinati er ons it offers , it is impossible to have a de finitive list of searchab le words. Th e words th were put in at deliberatel y are joined by hundre ds more th at formed by chance.
1886 150 Toys & Games
.CTIGUVLKIUCYRW\\NG 6JKUIKICPVKELKIUCYRW\\NGOGCUWTGFOq ǡUSǡHV ŤNCTIGTVJCPCUQEEGTRKVEJŤCPFEQPUKUVGFQHRKGEGU &GXKUGFD[)TGCV'CUV#UKC5WTXG[QTU%QPUWNVCPVU%QKV was assembled by 777 people at the former Kai Tak Airport KP*QPIǡ-QPI%JKPCQPǡ0QX'CEJRKGEGOGCUWTGF CǡOCZKOWOQHZO ǡHVǡKPZǡHVǡKP
.CTIGUVOGEJCPKECNRW\\NG A “mechanical” puzzle is an interlocking puzzle created from separate pieces (typically wooden), one of which holds the whole structure together. Swiss construction company Foffa Conrad created the largest such puzzle – a six-piece challenge known as a “Devil’s Knot” – in Valchava, 5YKV\GTNCPFQPǡ#RT'CEJRKGEGOGCUWTGFO
ǡHVǡǡKP NQPIǡEO ǡHVǡKP YKFGCPFǡEOVJKEM Largest OWNVKUWFQMWǡRW\\NG Beijing Sudoku Association (CHN) created a multi-sudoku puzzle of 200 standard grids in Beijing, China, on 25 Jul 2015. The event was part of the 2015 World Junior Sudoku Championship.
First newspaper with a print run of 1 million Ushering in a new era for mass media, French daily Le Petit Journal surpasses the 1-million circulation mark. Its popularity is likely a result of its small format and low price.
FIRST… %TQUUYQTFRW\\NG On 21 Dec 1913, a crossword puzzle appeared in the Sunday “Fun” section of the US newspaper 0GYǡ;QTM9QTNF. Created by Arthur Wynne (UK), it
FAST FACTS The first crossword was originally called a “word-cross” • The construction of crosswords is termed “cruciverbalism” • Modern sudoku was invented by Howard Garns (USA), although he called it “Number Place”
CROSSWORD CHAMPIONSHIPS When it comes to solving cryptic crosswords, these record-breaking wordsmiths have all the right answers. THE TIMES NATIONAL CROSSWORD CHAMPIONSHIP Title
Holder
Record
Date(s) of win
Most wins
John Sykes (UK)
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Most consecutive Mark Goodliffe (UK, wins pictured above)
AMERICAN CROSSWORD PUZZLE TOURNAMENT ,QP&GNƒP 75#
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Most consecutive Dan Feyer (USA) wins
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Tyler Hinman (USA, Dǡǡ0QX
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Doug “The Iceman” ǡ[GCTU /CT *Q[NOCP 75#ǡ,WN ǡFC[U Ť0QX
was based on a diamondshaped grid, had simple, non-cryptic clues and no blacked-out squares. Needless to say, the ̨UVW crossword clue appeared in the same puzzle. The crossword had no 1-across, VRWKHͤUVWFOXHZDVSODFHG at 2-across. The clue was “What bargain hunters enjoy.” The answer? “Sales.”
The ̨UVWFURVVZRUG made up entirely of cryptic clues appeared in 1925 in a Saturday edition of the British newspaper 9GUVOKPUVGT)C\GVVG. Although cryptic elements had appeared within crosswords before, Edward Powys Mathers (UK) – who later set crosswords under the name “Torquemada” – used only cryptic clues. He is often called the inventor of the cryptic crossword.
.QPIGUVTWPPKPIRW\\NGYQTNFEJCORKQPUJKR The World Puzzle Federation, currently based in the Czech Republic, has organized an international RW\\NGEQPVGUVUKPEG#NNQHVJGEJCNNGPIGUEQPVGUVGFCVVJG9QTNF2W\\NG%JCORKQPUJKR are simple, logic-based puzzles that can be understood irrespective of your language. Pictured CDQXGKUǡCRW\\NGHTQOVJG2W\\NG)TCPF2TKZ6YQQHVJGUGKOCIGUCTGKFGPVKECNCPFCNN [QWǡJCXGǡVQǡFQKUƒPFVJGO5GGJQYNQPIKVVCMGU[QWБ(QTVJGCPUYGTUGG5VQR2TGUU The ̨UVWFURVVZRUGERRN appeared in the USA in 1924. 6JG%TQUU9QTF2W\\NG$QQM ZDVWKHͤUVWSXEOLFDWLRQ by Dick Simon and Lincoln Schuster (both USA); a compilation of crosswords from US newspaper 0GY ;QTM9QTNF, it was an
instant success and helped establish Simon & Schuster, who continue to produce crossword books. 5WFQMW9QTNF%JCORKQPUJKR 7KHͤUVW:RUOG6XGRNX Championship was staged by the World Puzzle Federation in Lucca, Italy, on 10–11 Mar 2006. Accountant Jana Tylová (CZE) beat 85 players from 22 countries, and was the only woman in the top 18.
Videogame to KORTQXGǡDTCKPǡHWPEVKQP In 1991, Richard Haier of the University of California at Irvine (USA) scanned the brains of 6GVTKU players. Haier discovered that, in new players, cerebral glucose metabolic rates soared; after playing daily for up to eight weeks, brain IXQFWLRQLQJDQGHͦFLHQF\ VLJQLͤFDQWO\LPSURYHGDQG success rates at the game rose sevenfold!
/QUVRGQRNGRNC[KPI UWFQMWǡUKOWNVCPGQWUN[ 1Pǡ/C[CVQVCNQHUVWFGPVURCTGPVU teachers and alumni from Yan Chai Hospital Lim Por Yen Secondary School in Tsuen Wan, Hong Kong, China, took part in a mass session of sudoku at the nearby Shing Mun Valley Sports Ground.
Oldest surviving film Using a single-lens camera and paper film, French inventor Louis Le Prince records a two-second, silent “home movie” of his family and friends in Roundhay Garden, Leeds, UK.
1888
guinnessworldrecords.com 151
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Most wins
CONSTRUCTION TOYS Most LEGO brick castles built in one minute 2Q2FWWKH VHFRQGGD\RI%5,&. (G'LPHQW 8. EXLOW FDVWOHVLQVHF̰DQ DYHUDJHFRQVWUXFWLRQWLPH RIVHFSHUFDVWOH+LV UHFRUGZDVHTXDOOHGWZR GD\VODWHUDWWKHVDPH HYHQWE\-DFN&ODUNH 8.
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1889 152 Toys & Games
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Largest modelling-balloon UEWNRVWTGD[CPKPFKXKFWCN 1Pǡ,WNCV6JCPMUIKXKPI2QKPVKP.GJK7VCJ75# ,GTGO[6GNHQTF 75# WPXGKNGFCOCIPKƒEGPV TGUVKPI DCNNQQPFQIOCFGHTQODCNNQQPUCPFOGCUWTKPI ZǡO ǡHVǡKPZǡHVǡKP
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LARGEST K’NEX SCULPTURE This full-sized replica of the Bloodhound SSC (supersonic car) – 3.87 m (12 ft 8.3 in) high, 2.44 m (8 ft) wide and 13.38 m (43 ft 10.7 in) long – comprises more than 350,000 K’Nex pieces. It took 1,280 hr of assembly time by the BLOODHOUND SSC RBLI K’NEX Build Team (UK) and was measured at the Royal British Legion Industry HQ in Aylesford, Kent, UK, on 26 Aug 2014. The supersonic car itself – which is jet-powered and designed to reach more than 1,600 km/h (1,000 mph) – is aiming to beat the land-speed record in 2016.
First production car factory René Panhard and Émile Levassor (both FRA) build the Panhard-Levassor factory in France. Their first production car is ready by the following year.
FAST FACTS Meccano was patented in 1901 by Frank Hornby (UK) as “Mechanics Made Easy” • As of 2015, there were 3,600 different types of LEGO element • Jenga’s inventor, Leslie Scott, took the name from the Swahili for “build”
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First radio patent On 2 Jun, a patent for a system of communication by means of electromagnetic waves is granted to the Italian-Irish inventor Guglielmo Marconi.
1896
guinnessworldrecords.com 153
DATELINE
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1901 154 Toys & Games
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TALLEST ARCADE CABINET #VCPCUVQPKUJKPIǡHVǡKP ǡO JKIJǡǡHVǡǡKP ǡO YKFGCPFǡHVǡKP ǡO FGGR,CUQP%CODGTKUŨ 75# #TECFGǡ&GNWZGKU CNOQUVVJTGGVKOGUVJGUK\GQHCENCUUKECTECFG ECDKPGV6JGUECNGFWROCEJKPGYQWNFDGLWUV VJGTKIJVJGKIJVHQT5WNVCP-ȘUGP VJGtallest man living DWVGXGT[QPGGNUGJCUVQUVCPF QPCEJCKTQTHGVEJCNCFFGTKPQTFGTVQTGCEJ VJGKPYKFG EO DWVVQPU6JGECDKPGV KUHWNN[HWPEVKQPCNCPFECPRNC[CǡXCTKGV[QH ENCUUKECTECFGICOGU
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First Nobel prizes On 10 Dec, the first of the world-famous awards are given for contributions to Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature and Peace.
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FASTEST COMPLETION OF ASSASSIN’S CREED II 1P/CT(TCPȊQKUū(GFŬ(GFGTURKGN FCUJGFVJTQWIJ#UUCUUKPŨU%TGGF++KPǡJT ǡOKPOQYKPIFQYPJWPFTGFUQHIWCTFU CPFMPQEMKPIQXGTCYJQNGEKV[ŨUYQTVJQH D[UVCPFGTUVQTGCEJJKUVCTIGVU(TCPȊQKU KUCRTQNKƒEURGGFTWPPGTYKVJCNQXGQHVJG #UUCUUKPŨU%TGGFUGTKGUŤJGCNUQUGVTGEQTFU for the fastest completion of Assassin’s Creed: BrotherhoodCPFAssassin’s Creed: Revelations, KPǡJTOKPCPFǡJTǡOKPTGURGEVKXGN[
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GAMER’S EDITION These record holders were all photographed for our dedicated Gamer’s Edition. Fully updated and illustrated, it is packed with speed-runs, high scores and other amazing achievements.
First land-speed record set with an internal combustion engine On 5 Aug, millionaire playboy William K Vanderbilt, driving a Mors racing car, achieves a speed of 76.08 mph (122.43 km/h) in Ablis, France.
1902
guinnessworldrecords.com 155
DATELINE
5
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ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTURE
1903
First power-driven flight At 10:35 a.m. on 17 Dec, Orville Wright (USA) flies the 9-kW (12-hp) chain-driven Flyer I, built with his brother Wilbur, for 120 ft (36.5 m) near Kitty Hawk in North Carolina, USA. The flight lasts for about 12 sec, at an altitude of 8–12 ft (2.4–3.6 m).
156 Engineering & Architecture
CONTENTS ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTURE FACTOGRAPHIC
158
DOMES
160
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162
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164
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166
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168
Fastest monowheel
Largest diamond On 26 Jan, a 3,106-carat diamond is found at the Premier Diamond Mine, near Pretoria in South Africa. It is later named “The Cullinan” and presented to the reigning British monarch, Edward VII.
1905
guinnessworldrecords.com 157
DATELINE
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Location: Nanjing, China Completed: 2010 Height: 450 m (1,476 ft) Floors: SOXVͤYH EHORZJURXQG Elevator top speed:PSHU VHF IWSHUVHF Additional information: ̽7KHGHVLJQRIWKHWRZHU LQFRUSRUDWHVVN\JDUGHQV WKDWZLQGWKHLUZD\XS WKHID©DGH
ZIFENG TOWER
9
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Location: +RQJ.RQJ&KLQD Completed: 2010 Height: 484 m (1,588 ft) Floors: SOXVIRXU EHORZJURXQG Number of steps: 2,120 Elevator top speed: PSHU VHF IWLQSHUVHF Additional information: ̽+LJKO\HQHUJ\HͦFLHQWIRU DEXLOGLQJRIVXFKDVL]H
INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE CENTRE
7
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Location: 7DLSHL&KLQHVH 7DLSHL Completed: 2004 Height: 508 m (1,667 ft) Floors: SOXVͤYH EHORZJURXQG Number of steps: 2,046 Elevator top speed:P SHUVHF IWLQSHUVHF Additional information: ̽7KHmost steps climbed on a bicycleLV E\ .U\VWLDQ+HUED 32/ DW WKH7DLSHLLQKU PLQRQ0DU +HZHQWIURPWKHͤUVWͥRRU WRWKHQGͥRRUWKHQWRRN DQHOHYDWRUEDFNGRZQ EHIRUHFOLPELQJDJDLQWKLV WLPHWRWKH VWͥRRU
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4
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Location: 0HFFD 6DXGL$UDELD Completed: 2012 Height: 601 m (1,972 ft) Floors: SOXVWKUHH EHORZJURXQG Elevator top speed: PSHU VHF IWLQSHUVHF Additional information: ̽7KH'RNDDHFORFNIDFHLV P IW LQGLDPHWHU ̰WKHlargest clock face ̽7KHVSLUHDWWKHWRSRIWKH EXLOGLQJLVFDSSHGZLWK DJROGPRVDLFFUHVFHQW WKDWZHLJKVWRQQHV OE
ABRAJ AL-BAIT TOWERS (AKA MAKKAH ROYAL CLOCK TOWER)
3
2
BURJ KHALIFA
Location: Dubai, UAE Completed: 2010 Height: 828 m (2,717 ft) Floors: SOXVRQH EHORZJURXQG Number of steps: 2,909 Elevator top speed:PSHU VHF IW LQSHUVHF Additional information: ̽7KHfastest time to climb the Burj KhalifaLVKU PLQVHFE\$ODLQ 5REHUW )5$ RQ 0DU ̽7KHfastest time to climb the Burj Khalifa on a bicycleLVKUPLQ VHFE\9LWWRULR%UXPRWWL ,7$ RQ2FW
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Location: Shanghai, China Completed: 2008 Height: 492 m (1,614 ft) Floors: SOXVWKUHH EHORZJURXQG Elevator top speed: PSHU VHF IW LQSHUVHF Additional information: ̽,WVWUDSH]RLGWRSKDVVHHQLW GXEEHGWKH̸%RWWOH2SHQHU̹
SHANGHAI WORLD FINANCIAL CENTER
PETRONAS TWIN TOWERS
Location: .XDOD/XPSXU 0DOD\VLD Completed: 1998 Height: P IW Floors: SOXVͤYH EHORZJURXQG Elevator top speed: PSHU VHF IWSHUVHF Additional information: ̽$̸VN\EULGJH̹OLQNVWKHWZR WRZHUVDWWKHOHYHORIWKH VWDQGQGVWRUH\V
6
Height: P IW Completed: 1889
Eiffel Tower
8
Height: P IWLQ Completed: 1886
Statue of Liberty
All measurements and unit conversions are sourced from the CTBUH.
Location: &KLFDJR86$ Completed: 1974 Height: P IW Floors: SOXVWKUHH EHORZJURXQG Elevator top speed: P SHUVHF IWLQSHUVHF Additional information: ̽&RPSOHWHGLQ DQG IRUPHUO\WKH6HDUV7RZHU LWZDVWKHtallest building LQWKHZRUOGIRU\HDUV
WILLIS TOWER
10
Height:P IWLQ ̸KLJK̹VLGH Completed:
Leaning Tower of Pisa
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ONE WORLD TRADE CENTER
4
Height:P IW Completed:
Location: Shanghai, China Completed: 2015 Height: P IW Floors: SOXVͤYH EHORZJURXQG Elevator top speed: PSHU VHF IWSHUVHF Additional information: ̽7KHWZLVWLQJVKDSHRIWKH WRZHULVGHVLJQHGWRPDNH LWPRUHZLQGUHVLVWDQW
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First full-length feature film The Story of the Kelly Gang, made in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, opens at the city’s town hall on 26 Dec. A biopic of the notorious armoured bushranger Ned Kelly, it proves to be a big hit with audiences.
160 Engineering & Architecture
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U KNOW Beijing’s ? Nationa l Centre Perform for the ing Arts d e sc ends 32.5 (106 ft 7 m in) unde equivale rground nt to a 10 , -storey b Noise-eli uilding. minatio n techn ensures ology that no so u n d anyone is heard has to le if ave their during a seat perform ance.
Greatest recorded impact on Earth Energy released from the disintegration of a meteoroid over the basin of the Podkamennaya Tunguska River in Russia on 30 Jun is equivalent to 10–15 megatons of explosive. It devastates an area of 3,900 km² (1,505 sq mi).
1908
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WALLS Thickest wall The city walls of Ur (now 7HOODO0XTD\\DULQ,UDT were 27 m (88 ft) thick – similar to the length of a EOXHZKDOH̰DQGPDGHRI PXGEULFNV'HVSLWHWKLV LPSUHVVLYHIRUWLͤFDWLRQ WKHZDOOVZHUHUD]HGLQ ΎE\(ODPLWHIRUFHV hailing from what is now south-west Iran.
.QPIGUVYCTOGOQTKCNYCNN %QORNGVGFKPVJGO HVKP 8KGVPCO8GVGTCPU Memorial in Washington, DC, USA, was designed by Maya Ying Lin
75# +VEQORTKUGUVYQONQPI HVKP YCNNUOCFGQH FCTMICDDTQITCPKVGQPYJKEJVJGPCOGUQHUGTXKEGOGP CPFYQOGPCTGKPUETKDGFNKUVGFKPEJTQPQNQIKECNQTFGTQHFGCVJ Longest ancient city wall The city wall of Nanjing in China’s Jiangsu Province was 35.2 km (21.8 mi) long ZKHQͤUVWEXLOWLQWKH0LQJ Dynasty (1368–1644). It WRRNODERXUHUV \HDUVWREXLOGWKHZDOO which has an average KHLJKWRIP IW DQG contains 13 gates. Some WZRWKLUGVRILWUHPDLQV
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Longest sea wall South Korea’s 33.89-km-long (21.06-mi) Saemangeum 6HDZDOOZDVFRPSOHWHG on 27 Apr 2010. It is the country’s largest-
1909
ever engineering project, FRVWLQJEQ eEQ The wall encloses 160 sq mi (414 km2 RIVHDZDWHUDQG PXGͥDWV̰DERXWWZRWKLUGV the size of the South Korean capital city Seoul.
First cavity-wall insulation Built in 1860, Overstone Hall in Northampton, UK, was WKHͤUVWEXLOGLQJWRERDVW GRXEOHZDOOV WZRVNLQVRI PDVRQU\VHSDUDWHGE\DQ DLUJDS ,WZDVGHVLJQHGE\ DUFKLWHFW:LOOLDP0LOIRUG 7HXORQIRU/RUGDQG/DG\ 2YHUVWRQHDVDGLVWLQFWO\ ̸PRGHUQ̹UHVLGHQFH%HKLQG WKH*UDGH,,OLVWHGKLVWRULFDO ID©DGHOLHDFHQWUDOKHDWLQJ V\VWHPJDVOLJKWLQJDQGD EXWOHU̵VOLIW First curtain-wall QHƒEGǡDWKNFKPI $̸FXUWDLQZDOO̹LVDQRQ VWUXFWXUDOEDUULHUDURXQG WKHRXWVLGHRIDEXLOGLQJ 2ULHO&KDPEHUVRQ:DWHU
Longest fort walls Built during the 15th century by Rana Kumbha (IND), the walls at Kumbhalgarh Fort in Rajasthan, India, are ǡOK ǡMO NQPICPFCTQWPFO ǡHV VJKEM6JG[ FKXKFGFVJGEQORGVKPI/GYCTCPF/CTYCTMKPIFQOU VJG HQTVYKVJKPYCUWUGFD[/GYCTTWNGTUCUCNCUVTGHWIG
Street in Liverpool, UK, is WKHROGHVWVXUYLYLQJPHWDO IUDPHGJODVVFXUWDLQZDOOHG EXLOGLQJFRPSOHWHGLQ ,WZDVGHVLJQHGE\DUFKLWHFW 3HWHU(OOLVIRULWVRZQHUWKH 5HYHUHQG7KRPDV$QGHUVRQ
LONGEST WALL The Great Wall of China has a main-line length of 3,460 km (2,150 mi) – nearly three times the length of Great Britain – plus 3,530 km (2,193 mi) of branches and spurs. Construction of the wall – which was erected to help keep out marauding nomadic tribes from the north, such as the Mongols – began during the reign of Qin Shi Huang (221–210 BCE). Its height varies from 4.5 to 12 m (15–39 ft) and it is up to 9.8 m (32 ft) thick. The wall runs from Shanhaiguan, on the Gulf of Bohai, to Yumenguan and Yangguan. Although it was extended and rebuilt over the course of two millennia, most of the wall was constructed during the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644). Some 51.5 km (32 mi) of the structure has been destroyed since 1966, and in Jul 1979, part of it was blown up in order to make way for a dam.
/QUVYCNNUEQXGTGF D[ǡCǡOWTCN In 2014–15, art collective WKH*HUPHQ&UHZSDLQWHG EXLOGLQJZDOOVLQWKH 0H[LFDQFLW\RI3DFKXFD ZLWKDVLQJOHEULJKWO\ FRORXUHGSDWWHUQ(QWLWOHG El Macro Mural Barrio de Palmitas, the mural PHDVXUHGP2 (215,278 sq ft). The ͤQLVKHGGHVLJQXVHG more than 20,000 litres (5,280 US gal) of paint DQGWRRNPRQWKVWR complete with the help RIORFDOUHVLGHQWV6HHQ from afar it appears as a YLEUDQWVZLUOHGUDLQERZ with stripes running across houses.
First people to reach the North Pole On 6 Apr, Robert Peary and Matt Henson (both USA) reach the North Pole, having trekked from Ellesmere Island in Canada. Historians are unsure if they reached the exact pole, but they certainly came much closer than their rivals.
162 Engineering & Architecture
FAST FACTS In 1979, Germany’s Eija-Riitta Eklöf-Berliner-Mauer “married” the Berlin Wall (her surname means “Berlin Wall”!) • In 2011, competitive wallpapering was contested at the UK’s National Painting and Decorating Show
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DW+LVWRULF%DQQLQJ0LOOVLQ :KLWHVEXUJ*HRUJLD86$ ZDVPHDVXUHGDW P (137 ft 5 in) – equal to 14 storeys – on 9 Dec 2011. 6HHULJKWIRUDQRWKHUUHFRUG EUHDNLQJFOLPELQJZDOO
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Most valuable object stolen On 21 Aug, Leonardo da Vinci’s priceless painting Mona Lisa disappears from the Louvre in Paris, France. It is returned in 1913, and Vincenzo Peruggia (ITA) is charged with its theft.
1911
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U KNOW The myth ? that the Great W China is all of the only man-ma structure de visible fr om space from th e Moon) (or p re dates sp flight by ace more th an 200 y When C ears. hinese a stronau “taikona t (or ut”) Yan g Liwei w space in ent into 2003, he admitte that he c d ouldn’t see it.
MAZES .CTIGUVJCPFFTCYPOC\G &CXKF#$QQM,T 75# FTGYCOC\GOGCUWTKPIǡO
ǡHVǡǡKP NQPICPFO ǡHVǡKP YKFGCV%QXKPIVQP .KDTCT[KP9CUJKPIVQP75#QPǡ#WI$WVǡCU[QWECP see (right), it didn’t take GWR adjudicator Shantha Chinniah NQPIǡVQIGVVQVJGOKFFNGQHKVŲ
1NFGUVJGFIGOC\G 6JGOC\GCV*CORVQP%QWTV2CNCEGKP5WTTG[7-YCUDWKNVHQT -KPI9KNNKCOǡ+++CPF/CT[ǡ++QH'PINCPF+VYCUFGUKIPGFD[)GQTIG .QPFQPCPF*GPT[9KUGCPFRNCPVGFKPWUKPIJQTPDGCO (Carpinus betulus +VEQXGTUCPCTGCQHǡJC ǡCETGU Most identical doorways KPǡCOC\G The Bhul Bhulaiya maze at the Bara Imambara in Lucknow, India, contains 489 identical doorways. It includes several staircases and around 1,000 narrow passages, some with dead ends and others with precipitous drops. This bewildering three-storey construction was intended to keep intruders away from a large central chamber containing the tomb of Asaf-ud-Daula, Nawab of Awadh. It dates from 1791.
TRIVIA Strictly defined, a maze (below left) has multiple routes, while a labyrinth (right) has just one path (with no dead ends or branches) from entrance to exit. In practice, many variants exist and the terms are frequently interchanged.
Most books in a labyrinth Created in Aug 2012 by Marcos Saboya and Gualter Pupo (both BRA) with production company HungryMan, the aMAZEme labyrinth at the Royal Festival Hall in the Southbank Centre, London, UK, had walls built from 250,000 books. The 500-m² (5,382-sq-ft) installation was inspired by writer Jorge Luis Borges’ love of labyrinths and took the shape of the Argentinian DXWKRU̵VͤQJHUSULQWV
VL]HRID86IRRWEDOOͤHOG – and has 1.86 mi (2.9 km) of pathways. Fast-growing bamboo from more than 30 subspecies forms tall hedges reaching 5 m (16 ft 4 in) high. The maze has a Roman-style pattern, with right-angled paths in four interconnected quadrants. Created by former art publisher Franco Maria Ricci with architects Pier Carlo Bontempi and Davide Dutto (all ITA), the maze cost $11 m (£7.2 m) and opened on 1 Jun 2015.
LARGEST...
Ancient Egyptian labyrinth The temple precinct built by Amenemhet III at Hawara LQ̰ ΎZDV a complex architectural puzzle. Ancient Greek historian Herodotus, who
/C\G The Labirinto Della Masone in Fontanellato, near Parma, Italy, covers 17 acres (6.8 ha) – more than 10 times the
.CTIGUVVGORQTCT[EQTP OCK\G OC\G Cool Patch Pumpkins (USA) crafted this amazing maize maze at their premises in Dixon, California, 75#+VEQXGTGFCPCTGCQHCETGU ǡJC YJGPOGCUWTGFQPǡ1EVŤCūHQQVRTKPVŬ equivalent to the base of the Great Pyramid at Giza four times over!
visited the site, described it as a labyrinth of identical courtyards connected by twisting corridors lined with false doors. The labyrinth probably acted as a cult centre and meeting place for Egyptian rulers as well as Amenemhet’s tomb. $WFFJKUVRTC[GTOC\G The square prayer maze at the 15th-century Buddhist temple of Haeinsa in Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea, measures some 18 x 18 m (59 x 59 ft). With four quadrants decorated by coloured markers, the right-angled path maze promotes meditation and IRFXVHGLQZDUGUHͥHFWLRQ and takes about 30 min to walk around. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
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U KNOW If you are ? looking for a fail method -safe of reach ing the maze, k end of a eep you r right h the wall and on as you m It might ove arou take you nd. a while, may fin and you d that y ou are g oing back on yours elf, but you will eventua lly find your wa y out.
1912
First parachute jump from a moving aircraft On 1 Mar, Captain Albert Berry (USA) leaps from a biplane flying some 15,000 ft (460 m) above St Louis in Missouri, USA, and makes a safe landing on the grounds of Jefferson Barracks.
164 Engineering & Architecture
FAST FACTS The word “maze” derives from an old English word meaning “delusion” or “bewilderment” • The largest temporary corn maze (below left) was so big that some visitors got lost in it and had to call 911 for assistance
.CTIGUV&YQQFRCPGNOC\G .CD[TKPVJKCCV5KNMGDQTIKP&GPOCTMOGCUWTGUOq USǡHV CPFEQORTKUGUNCTEJYQQF RCPGNUUNQVVGFKPVQEQPETGVGRQUVU$WKNVKPCPFTGDWKNVKPKVJCUMO OK QHRCVJU /QUVXKUKVQTUVCMGCDQWVŤOKPVQTGCEJVJGHQWTEQTPGTUOCTMGFYKVJEQNQWTGFHNCIUCPFVJGP ƒPFVJGEGPVTCNN[RNCEGFGZKV6JQUGYJQEQORNGVGVJGOC\GCTGCYCTFGFCEGTVKƒECVG
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PAC-ManOC\G A real-life PAC-Man maze covering 580.86 m² (6,252 sq ft) – about the size of a basketball court – was built in Los Angeles, California, USA, for a Bud Light Super Bowl advertising spot on 7 Jan 2015. Created by Anheuser-Busch, Energy BBDO, Bandai Namco Games America and Mosaic (all USA), the maze included four Power Pellets and 242 Pac-dots, all individually programmed to turn off when a player ran over them, as per the famous videogame.
LARGEST VERTICAL MAZE The front façade of the Al Rostamani Maze Tower, completed in Jan 2012 in Dubai, UAE, has an area of 3,947 m² (42,485 sq ft) – the size of 15 tennis courts. The lines of the balconies on the front and rear façades form real mazes by acclaimed puzzle designer Adrian Fisher (UK). Pictured right is Hassan Abdulla Al Rostamani, Vice Chairman of the Al Rostamani Group.
First industrial moving assembly line On 7 Oct, the Ford Motor Company (USA) opens its factory in Highland Park, Michigan. Here, the car moves on a conveyor through the factory, passing workstations where specific parts are fitted until it is complete.
1913
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Glass-block labyrinth Made in 2007 by British labyrinth historian Jeff Saward, Glass Labyrinth is found in the Chianti Sculpture Park in Siena, Italy. At 9 m (29 ft 6 in) across and comprising 3,600 blocks, this octagonal labyrinth is a reconstruction of a stone design found in the Val Camonica valley in eastern Lombardy, Italy, from 800–700 Ύ. At the centre, YLVLWRUVͤQGDQRUDQJHFXEH stool and a mirror with the word “self” set above their UHͥHFWLRQ
WATER PARKS Longest water coaster Opened on 11 May 2012, MammothCV*QNKFC[9QTNF 5RNCUJKPŨ5CHCTKKP5CPVCǡ%NCWU+PFKCPC75#JCUCVQVCN VTCEMNGPIVJQHǡHV ǡO +VJCUVJGECRCEKV[HQT ǡTQWPFDQCVUGCEJFGUKIPGFVQECTT[UKZRGQRNG6JG ride includes seven drops and passes through enclosed tunnels, plunging riders into total darkness.
Longest body slide The Jungle SlideŤCNUQMPQYPCUVJGEco SlideŤCV$WGPC8KUVC'EQ.QFIG#FXGPVWTG%GPVGTKP 4KPEȕPFGNC8KGLC)WCPCECUVG%QUVC4KECKUǡO ǡHVǡKP NQPI4KFGTUGZRGTKGPEGCVJTKNNKPI LQWTPG[CUVJG[YGCXGVJTQWIJVJGPCVWTCNLWPINGGPXKTQPUYGCTKPICTWDDGTTKPIHQTUCHGV[ Tallest body slide The drop on the Kilimanjaro water slide at Águas Quentes Country Club in Barra do Piraí in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, measures 49.9 m (163 ft 9 in).
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A specially s allows ical Island roof at Trop h the ac re to light ultraviolet guests can at th so , interior ring l suntan du get a natura er park at w ge hu The to their stay. modate up can accom per day. rs to si vi 0 6,00
1916
Constructed in 2002, the slide cleverly makes use of the local topography to achieve its record-breaking height. It was built on top of a hill that was adapted to accommodate it. Largest wave pool According to the World Waterpark Association, the largest wave pool – often referred to
DVDQDUWLͤFLDOVHD̰ covers 13,600 m2, or 1.36 ha (146,389 sq ft, or 3.36 acres), and is located in Siam Park, Bangkok, Thailand.
LONGEST…
water slide at Action Park in Vernon, New Jersey, USA, DVYHULͤHGRQ-XO
Inflatable water slide Live More Awesome (NZ) created a 1,975-ft-long P LQͥDWDEOH
Slip and slide At 611.7 m (2,006 ft 10 in), the longest slip and slide was constructed by
Orange Jordan, Ziyad Mazzawi Corporation and Monaco Business Development (all JOR) in Amman, Jordan, on 16 Oct 2015. Water was sprayed along the length of the run to ensure slipperiness.
Largest indoor water park Originally an airship hangar, Tropical Islands in Krausnick, Germany, has a 66,000-m² (710,400-sq-ft) main hall – VGEJPKECNN[CPCTEJUWRRQTVGFOGODTCPGUVTWEVWTG+VǡKU EQPUVTWEVGFHTQOǡVQPPGU ǡ75ǡVQPU QH UVGGNCPFǡUVCPFUǡO ǡHV VCNN6JGKPVGTKQTURCEG is large enough to contain eight soccer pitches, hold the 5VCVWGQHǡ.KDGTV[UVCPFKPIWRTKIJVQTVJG'KHHGN6QYGTQP KVUUKFG1RGPGFKP6TQRKECN+UNCPFUKUƒVVGFQWVYKVJ COCPITQXGLWPINGRNCPVTCKPHQTGUVNCIQQPURC UCWPCU KPENWFKPIQPGYKVJKPCP#PIMQT9CVUV[NGūVGORNGŬ and themed accommodation venues. It’s even possible VQǡIQHQTCDCNNQQPTKFGKPUKFGVJGFQOG
Most powerful steam locomotive Baldwin Locomotive Works (USA) builds No. 700 – a triple-articulated six-cylinder 2–8–8–8–4 tank engine. It has a tractive force (the force exerted at the rim of the driving wheel) of 166,300 lb (75,432 kg) working compound and 199,560 lb (90,519 kg) working simple.
166 Engineering & Architecture
FAST FACTS The Mammoth water coaster is more than seven times longer than a 747 jumbo jet • The largest wave pool is 2.5 times larger than a US football pitch • In 2014, visitors to the most visited water park outnumbered the population of Houston, Texas
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U KNOW Flowrid ? ing com bines asp of differe ects nt sport s, includin surfing, g skatebo wakebo arding, arding a n d snowbo Particip arding. ants em ploy tech from all niques these act maintain ivities to balance , and som perform etimes tricks, o n an artificia l wave.
Tallest flowriding wave #HNQYTKFKPIYCXGKURTQFWEGFD[FKTGEVKPICJKIJRTGUUWTG UJGGVǡQHYCVGTQXGTCEWTXGFUWTHCEG+VKUWUGFKPHNQYTKFKPI
QTǡHNQYDQCTFKPI CDQCTFURQTVVJCVTGUGODNGUUWTƒPIQT YCMGDQCTFKPIǡ1Pǡ5GRVJGUWTHUKOWNCVQTDa Wave RTQFWEGFCHNQYTKFKPIYCXGOGCUWTKPIǡO ǡHVǡKP VCNNǡCVǡ5RNCUJYQTNFKPǡ/QPVGWZ(TCPEG Tube/mat water slide /CIKEǡ'[G at Galaxy Erding, in Erding, Germany, is 356.32 m (1,169 ft) long, DVFRQͤUPHGRQ1RY 2010 on Guinness World Records Day. The slippery slide opened in May 2007 and was constructed by Klarer Freizeitanlagen AG (CHE). /CIKEǡ'[G stands 22 m (72 ft 2.14 in) tall.
MOST… 9CVGTUNKFGUKPCYCVGTǡRCTM There are 59 water slides in Yinji Kaifeng Waterpark in Zhengzhou, Henan, China, which opened on 1 Jul 2015. 9CVGTUNKFGUKPǡCǡUKPINGVQYGT Designed and constructed by WhiteWater West Industries Ltd (CAN) in
Most visited water park %JKOGNQPI9CVGT2CTMKP)WCPI\JQW)WCPIFQPI %JKPCCVVTCEVGFXKUKVQTUKPCEEQTFKPI VQVJG)NQDCN#VVTCEVKQPU#VVGPFCPEG4GRQTVHQTVJG [GCTRTQFWEGFǡD[KPFWUVT[OQPKVQTU#'%1/CPF VJGǡ6JGOGFǡ'PVGTVCKPOGPV#UUQEKCVKQP 6'#
1991, the tower located at 6SODVK*DUGHQRQ5RNNď Island in Kobe, Japan, had 50 slides departing from either the upper (16 m; 52 ft 6 in) or lower (12.4 m; 40 ft 8 in) level. Each slide swirled visitors down a different winding route, ending in one of seven pools. People to travel down CǡYCVGTUNKFGKPQPGJQWT Beerze Bulten (NLD) held an event in which 396 people descended on a water slide in an hour in Overijssel, Netherlands, on 30 Jul 2014. The most people down a water slide in four hours is 620, by Swiss youth group Jugendwerk in Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland, on 21 Jun 2014. Water slides ridden KPǡUKZǡOQPVJU Between 1 May and 31 Oct 2013, Sebastian Smith (UK) rode 186 water slides in Europe and North Africa, as a tester for the First Choice holiday company.
TALLEST WATER SLIDE
First non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean On 14 Jun, John William Alcock and Arthur Whitten Brown (both UK) take off from St John’s in Newfoundland, Canada, in a Vickers Vimy biplane. The pair land near Clifden in Ireland some 16 hr 12 min later.
1919
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Verrückt at Schlitterbahn Waterpark in Kansas City, Kansas, USA, measured 51.38 m (168 ft 7 in) tall as of 18 Apr 2014. That makes it almost as tall as Niagara Falls. It took more than two years to create the ride.
EPIC ENGINEERING Longest tunnel-to-tunnel bridge The Aizhai Bridge, near Jishou in Hunan, China, has a tower-to-tower main span of 1,176 m (3,858 ft) and a total length of 1,534 m (5,033 ft). The suspension bridge has a deck height of 336 m (1,102 ft) above the Dehang Canyon, making it
also the highest tunnel-totunnel bridge. It opened in 2012 as part of the Jishouto-Chadong expressway. What makes this structure unusual is that it is approached by two tunnels that are carved into the mountainous terrain, so the bridge is hidden until drivers are already on it.
Longest suspension bridge Opened in 1998, the $NDVKL.DLN\ďURDGEULGJH linking Honshu and Shikoku in Japan has an overall suspended length, with two side spans, of 3,911.1 m (12,831 ft 8 in). Almost half of this consists of its main span of 1,990.8 m (6,531 ft) – the longest bridge span. Longest rail tunnel On 15 Oct 2010, engineers completed drilling for the 57-km (35-mi) Gotthard Base
HIGHEST CANTILEVERED GLASS-BOTTOMED SKYWALK Opened on 28 Mar 2007, the Grand Canyon Skywalk in Arizona, USA, has a maximum vertical drop of 250 m (820 ft). Located at Grand Canyon West on the Hualapai Indian Reservation, the structure consists of a 20-m-wide (65-ft) U-shaped and cantilevered glass-bottomed observation deck jutting out past the rim of the Grand Canyon. Conceived by Las Vegas businessman David Jin and realized by Lochsa Engineering, the Skywalk can resist an 8.0-magnitude earthquake and 160-km/h (100-mph) winds. It can hold 120 people at any one time.
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(374.5 sq mi) of what was once part of a shallow bay called the Zuiderzee and is separated from the mainland by a chain of lakes.
.CTIGUVCTVKƒEKCNKUNCPF The Flevopolder is an island in the Netherlands that was created by a vast land-reclamation project between 1955 and 1968. It covers some 969.95 km2
.CTIGUVICUKƒECVKQP CPFECTDQPECRVWTG power station As of 2016, the 582-MW Kemper Project in eastern Mississippi, USA, burns around 4,000,000 tonnes
(4,409,000 US tons) of local lignite coal annually. In a major innovation, the power station strips out most of the dust, 90% of the toxic mercury, 99% of the hydrogen sulphide and 65% of the carbon dioxide emissions. The diverted CO2 is then used in enhanced oil recovery. Kemper is KHUDOGHGDVWKHͤUVW̸FOHDQ coal” facility in the USA.
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DATELINE
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1921
Longest home run hit On 18 Jul, baseball legend George Herman “Babe” Ruth (USA) smashes a 175-m (574-ft) home run for the New York Yankees against the Detroit Tigers at Navin Field in Detroit, Michigan, USA.
168 Engineering & Architecture
FAST FACTS The first pyramid structures are thought to date from 5,000 years ago in Mesopotamia • The Proserpina gravity dam in Spain, built by the Romans around the 2nd century CE, is thought to be the oldest operational dam
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Largest… • Ancient stadium: Until DXGLHQFHVof 255,000 watched chariot races, athletics and other spectacles at the 2,000-ft-long (610-m) Circus Maximus in Rome, Italy.
• Amphitheatre: Completed LQ, the Flavian amphitheatre or Colosseum in Rome, Italy, covers 2 ha (5 acres) – equivalent to three international soccer pitches. Up to 87,000 SHRSOHZRXOGͥRFNKHUH to see gladiators and wild beasts in mortal combat. • Pyramid: The Quetzalcoatl Pyramid at Cholula de Rivadavia, south-east of Mexico City,
is 54 m (177 ft) tall and its base covers around 18.2 ha (45 acres). The Aztec structure is also the largest monument ever built.
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Highest-grossing silent movie The Big Parade (USA) makes $22 m (£4.96 m). The record will stand until the release of The Artist (FRA, 2011), which closely follows the traditions of silent-era movies and will gross in excess of $133 m (£91 m) by Jan 2016.
1925
guinnessworldrecords.com 169
DATELINE
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DATELINE
ARTS & MEDIA
1927 170 Arts & Media
First land-speed record run to exceed 200 mph On 29 Mar, British racing driver Henry Segrave drives his Sunbeam 1000 HP – a twin-V12-engined monster known as Mystery – to a speed of 203.79 mph (327.97 km/h) at Daytona Beach in Florida, USA.
CONTENTS ARTS & MEDIA FACTOGRAPHIC
172
ART SALES
174
SHAKESPEARE
176
MUSIC
178
MOVIES
182
DISNEY
184
TV
186
VIDEO
188
Fastest movie to gross ǡOKNNKQPCVVJG75DQZQHƒEG
First flight over Mount Everest Squadron Leader Douglas Douglas-Hamilton (UK) leads a flight of two open-cockpit biplanes over the summit of Mount Everest. Fighting the thin air and high winds, they clear the peak by only 100 ft (30 m).
1933
guinnessworldrecords.com 171
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ART SALES Most GZRGPUKXG RCKPVKPID[ CǡNKXKPICTVKUV (NCI QPGQHC series of paintings on VJKUVJGOGD[75ǡCTVKUV ,CURGT,QJPUYCU UQNFRTKXCVGN[VQVJG JGFIGHWPFDKNNKQPCKTG 5VGXGP#%QJGP 75# KPHQTCTGRQTVGF ǡO cǡO
Highest total from CǡUKPINGǡCTVCWEVKQP An evening auction of Post-War and Contemporary Art held by Christie’s in New York City, USA, on 12 Nov 2014 raised $852,887,000 (£598,244,000). The auction featured works by artists such
as Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, Jeff Koons (all USA) and Willem de Kooning (USA, b. NLD).
/QUVOQPG[OCFGCV CWEVKQPD[CUKPINGCTVKUV Damien Hirst (UK) made £111 m ($200.8 m) from the sale of 167 of his works on 15–16 Sep 2008 at Sotheby’s in London, UK.
MOST EXPENSIVE SOLD AT AUCTION 2CKPVKPI On 11 May 2015, at Christie’s in New York City, USA, Les Femmes d’Alger
8GTUKQPǡ1 by Pablo Picasso (ESP), dated 14 Feb 1955, sold for $179.3 m (£115 m), with a commission of just over 12%. The buyer, who bid by telephone, chose to remain anonymous. For the most expensive painting sold at a private sale, see below.
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c 2CKPVKPIUQNFQPNKPG October on Cape Cod (1946) by Edward Hopper (USA) W\SLͤHVWKHLVRODWLRQDQG solitude common to much of his work. It fetched $9.6 m (£6.7 m) in an internet auction by Christie’s on 28 Nov 2012.
TRIVIA Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa once hung in the bedroom of French emperor Napoleon. The name is more correctly spelled Monna Lisa (“My Lady Lisa”) in Italian.
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DATELINE
s, For decade tmuseum to the Kuns was on loan d, before an rl ze it Basel, in Sw ded to sell chelin deci Rudolf Stae pensive ex t os ious m it. The prev Players rd as The Ca ), painting w zanne (FRA Cé ul Pa (1890s), by ’s royal ar at Q to which sold m 11 for $250 family in 20 (£158.3 m).
1935 174 Arts & Media
MOST EXPENSIVE PAINTING Produced in 1892, Nafea Faa Ipoipo (“When Will You Marry?”, above) by French Post-Impressionist painter Paul Gauguin reputedly sold for around $300 m (£197 m) in Feb 2015. It was a private sale from the collection of a retired Sotheby’s executive to an unnamed buyer. Seven months later, US tycoon Ken Griffin reportedly paid $300 m for Willem de Kooning’s Interchange (1955). He bought it alongside a $200-m (£129.8-m) piece by Jackson Pollock (USA), Number 17A (1948).
First land-speed record to exceed 300 mph On 3 Sep, Sir Malcolm Campbell (UK) achieves a speed of 301.129 mph (484.62 km/h) at Bonneville in Utah, USA, driving the Campbell-Railton Blue Bird. It is powered by a Rolls-Royce R V12 engine.
FAST FACTS For 46 days in 1961, New York’s Museum of Modern Art hung Henri Matisse’s work Le Bateau upside down by mistake • Alan Bean has used real dust from the Moon in his paintings • From 1912 to 1948, the Olympic Games included art competitions
2TKXCVGEQNNGEVKQP QHǡRCKPVKPIU In all, $377 m (£264.4 m) was raised at Sotheby’s in New York City, USA, on 4 Nov 2015 from the sale of 69 artworks once owned by a billionaire real-estate developer. Portrait de Paulette Jourdain (1919), by Amedeo Modigliani (ITA), sold for $42.8 m (£27.7 m).
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2CKPVKPID[4GODTCPFV Portrait of a Man, Half-length, With His Arms Akimbo (1658) sold by telephone to an anonymous bidder for £20 m ($28.5 m) at Christie’s in London, UK, on 8 Dec 2009. 5EWNRVWTGD[4QFKP A cast of the French sculptor’s work The Thinker realized $15.3 m (£10.7 m) at Sotheby’s in New York City, USA, on 7 May 2013.
2TKPV On 20 Mar 2013, at Christie’s on King Street in London, UK, the print Young Woman on the Beach (1896) by Edvard Munch (NOR)
sold for £2.1 m ($3 m). That’s three times the presale estimate of £700,000 ($1 m). It is believed that Munch made 11 copies of the print altogether.
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MOST EXPENSIVE PAINTINGS SOLD PRIVATELY Few artists make a fortune during their lifetime. But once they die, the value of their work can rise to dizzy heights. Below, we list the 10 most expensive paintings ever sold privately. As the precise prices for private sales are not often made public, all values are approximate. TITLE / DATE PAINTED
ARTIST
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cǡO CV%JTKUVKGŨUKP0GY ;QTM%KV[75#QPǡ/C[ 5VCPFKPIǡEO ǡKP VCNN KVKUCNUQVJGmost expensive bronze statue sold CVǡCWEVKQP
Largest airship The 213.9-tonne (471,569-lb) German Hindenburg (LZ 129) has her maiden flight. Two years later, the Graf Zeppelin II (LZ 130) takes to the air. Each is 245 m (803 ft 10 in) long with a gas capacity of 200,000 m³ (7,062,933 cu ft).
1936
guinnessworldrecords.com 175
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* Joint sale
SHAKESPEARE
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Best-selling playwright The plays and poetry of England’s William Shakespeare (1564–1616) are believed to have sold in excess of 4 billion copies in the 400 years since his death.
Longest-running 5JCMGURGCTGQPǡ$TQCFYC[ Directed by Margaret Webster, a production of Othello that opened on Broadway in Oct 1943 ran for 296 performances. The play starred Paul
Robeson in the title role, PDNLQJKLPWKHͤUVW$IULFDQ American actor to play Othello on Broadway.
Youngest professional actor to play King Lear Shakespeare’s King Lear is an old man who gives up his kingdom to two of his daughters and disowns the other. For most actors, the part is the capstone of a long career, but UK actor Nonso #PQ\KG Dǡ/C[ RNC[GFVJGRCTVKPCRTQFWEVKQPHQTVJG 4Q[CN5JCMGURGCTG%QORCP[KPYJGPJGYCUQPN[ Longest speech in Cǡ5JCMGURGCTGRNC[ In Romeo and Juliet, Romeo’s friend Mercutio is given 43 lines to say on the subject of dreams in Act I, scene iv (lines 57–99). In the play, she is just 13 years old when she meets Romeo. Usually, Juliet is played by a young actress who is older than 13, but in 2010 the 76-year-old Siân Phillips (UK) was cast in the role at the Bristol Old Vic, UK. This makes her the oldest professional actor to play Juliet.
FASTEST RECITAL OF HAMLET’S SOLILOQUY
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Sean Shannon (CAN) recited Hamlet’s 260-word soliloquy “To be or not to be” in 23.8 sec in Edinburgh, UK, on 30 Aug 1995 – a rate of 655 words per minute. The monologue, from Act III, scene i of Hamlet, reflects on death. Hamlet speculates about whether it is better to endure life’s hardships stoically or to end them by killing oneself – although he fears that the“undiscover’d country” beyond death may hold supernatural terrors of its own.
1938 176 Arts & Media
Fastest steam locomotive The London and North Eastern Railway “Class A4” No. 4468 Mallard reaches a speed of 125 mph (201 km/h) at Stoke Bank, near Essendine in Rutland, UK, on 3 Jul.
Most expensive literature by Shakespeare UQNFCVCWEVKQP The earliest collected edition QH5JCMGURGCTGŨURNC[UKU known as the “First Folio”, RTKPVGFD[+UCCE,CIICTFCPF 'FYCTF$NQWPVKP1PG QHQPN[ƒXGEQRKGUQHVJGYQTM UQNFCV%JTKUVKGŨUKP0GY;QTM %KV[75#QP1EVHQT c Ť VJGǡJKIJGUVRTKEGGXGTRCKF HQTǡCVJEGPVWT[DQQM
FAST FACTS No one knows Shakespeare’s date of birth, although traditionally it is regarded as 23 Apr 1564 – St George’s Day • Shakespeare’s name is spelled differently in each of the six surviving versions of his signature
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TRIVIA In 1890, Shakespeare fanatic Eugene Schieffelin began to try to introduce all the bird species mentioned in the Bard’s plays into North America. Alas, the starlings he released had a devastating effect on native birds and are widely seen as a menace.
Most lines by one character in a Shakespeare play *CONGVFGNKXGTUNKPGUQHTWOKPCVKQPQPOQTVCNKV[CPF VJGJWOCPEQPFKVKQP5GGPCDQXGKU&CXKF6GPPCPV 7- YJQ RNC[GFVJGRCTVKPCŤRTQFWEVKQP#VǡNKPGUCPF ǡYQTFU*CONGV is the longest Shakespeare play. (CUVGUVVKOGVQYCVEJ GXGT[ǡ5JCMGURGCTGRNC[ It took Dan Wilson (UK) just 328 days – between 27 Nov 2014 and 21 Oct 2015 – to see live performances of all 37 of Shakespeare’s plays.
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First man-made object in space On 3 Oct, Germany’s V-2 rocket has its third and most successful test launch to date, from Peenemünde on the country’s Baltic coast. The V-2 climbs to an altitude of 50 mi (80.4 km) above Earth’s surface.
1942
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/QUVFGCVJUKP Cǡ5JCMGURGCTGRNC[ The Bard wrote 74 death scenes in his plays. The goriest of his works is Titus Andronicus, which stages 14 deaths – including decapitations and suicides – alongside cannibalism.
Highest-grossing 5JCMGURGCTGOQXKG William Shakespeare’s Romeo + Juliet (USA, 1996), directed by Baz Luhrmann (AUS), took $147,542,381 (£91,030,600) on general release between 1 Nov 1996 and 14 Feb 1997. The big-budget, high-octane adaptation starred Leonardo DiCaprio and Claire Danes as the “star-cross’d lovers”. Shakespeare has 1,121 ZULWLQJFUHGLWVRQͤOPDQG TV productions, making him the PRVW̨OPHG author, as of Feb 2016. These include 106 versions of Hamlet, 98 versions of Macbeth and 64 versions of Romeo and Juliet. The most recent adaptations LQFOXGHWKHIHDWXUHͤOPV Macbeth (UK/FRA/USA, 2015), starring Michael Fassbender and Marion Cotillard, and Romeo and Juliet in Harlem (USA, 2015), and The Hollow Crown (2012), the BBC’s serial of Shakespeare’s history plays.
MUSIC /QUV EQOOGPVUQP C9GKDQRQUV 9JGPRQRUVCT.WJCP CMC.W*CP %*0 RQUVGFCXKFGQCDQWVJKU HCXQWTKVGUQEEGTVGCO Manchester United, QP5GRNKVVNG EQWNFJGJCXGRTGFKEVGF the reaction it would URCTM$[ǡ#RT VJGRQUVJCFTGEGKXGF EQOOGPVU on the Weibo social PGVYQTM
*KIJGUVRCKF&,KPǡQPG[GCT According to Forbes, Scottish DJ Calvin Harris (b. Adam Wiles) earned $66 m (£43.12 m) in the 12 months to 1 Jun 2015. In Mar 2015, Harris began dating US singer Taylor Swift. They are the highestpaid celebrity couple, with annual earnings of $146 m (£94.2 m), as announced by Forbes in Jun 2015. Best-selling FKIKVCNǡUKPING “Call Me Maybe” by Carly Rae Jepsen (CAN) has sold an estimated 18 million copies worldwide since its release in 2011. The Grammynominated single topped charts in 19 countries. Best-selling FQYPNQCFUKPING KPǡVJG75#KPQPGǡYGGM “Hello” by Adele (UK, b. Adele Adkins) had approximately 1,112,000 GRZQORDGVLQLWVͤUVW week of release, from 23 Oct to 29 Oct 2015. /QUVGZRGPUKXGXKP[N TGEQTFUQNFCVCWEVKQP A mono copy of 6JGǡ$GCVNGU(aka the 9JKVG#NDWO) sold by ex-band member Ringo Starr (UK) fetched $790,000 (£522,438) at Julien’s Auctions in Los Angeles, California, USA, on 5 Dec 2015. Numbered 0000001, it was DͤUVWSUHVVLQJ of The Beatles’ 1968 charttopper.
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SPOTIFY • Most streamed track in 24 hours: On 31 Jul 2015, “Drag Me Down” by One Direction (UK/IRL) was streamed 4.75 million times. • Most streamed track in one week: “What Do You Mean?” by Justin Bieber (CAN) was streamed 30,723,708 times between 28 Aug and 3 Sep 2015.
• Most streamed album in one week: Justin Bieber’s chart-topping album 2WTRQUG was streamed 205 million times on Spotify worldwide in the week after its release on 13 Nov 2015. • Most streams in one year: In 2015, Canadian rapper Drake (b. Aubrey Drake Graham) attracted 1.8 billion streams from 46 million listeners.
THE RETURN OF ADELE
DATELINE
In 2011, Adele became the first female to have the biggest-selling album and single in the USA and UK in the same year. Released in 2015, her third LP, 25, soon became the fastest-selling pop album in the USA, shifting 2,433,000 units in four days from its release on 20 Nov. Only 24 hr after its release, more than 900,000 copies of 25 had been downloaded on Apple’s iTunes store, according to Billboard, making it the fastest-selling album on iTunes. And on 30 Nov 2015, it reached the million-selling mark on the UK albums chart, the fastest time for an album to sell 1 million copies in the UK.
1942 178 Arts & Media
Largest battleship The Japanese battleships Yamato and Musashi have a full-load displacement of 71,111 tonnes (78,386 US tons), an overall length of 263 m (863 ft), a beam of 38.7 m (127 ft) and a full-load draught of 10.8 m (35 ft 5.1 in).
FAST FACTS Shakira speaks Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and English • In 2015, superstar DJ Calvin Harris became the new “face” of Giorgio Armani underwear • At its peak, Adele’s 25 was selling more than double the rest of Billboard’s top 100
YOUTUBE & VEVO
4GNGCUGFQPǡ#WIBeauty Behind the Madness, by %CPCFKCP4$OWUKEKCP6JG9GGMPF D#DGN6GUHC[G YCUVJG OQUVUVTGCOGFCNDWOQP5RQVKH[DGVYGGPǡ&GECPFǡ&GE +VCVVTCEVGFCVQVCNQHǡOKNNKQPNKUVGPGTUKP • Most streams in one year (female): Rihanna’s (BRB, b. Robyn Rihanna Fenty) songs were streamed more than 1 billion times in 2015.
• Most streamed act: Singer Ed Sheeran’s (UK) tracks had been streamed more than 3 billion times on Spotify as of 1 Dec 2015.
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First general-purpose electronic computer The US Army’s Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC) machine is built. It weighs 27 tonnes (59,525 lb), measures 2.6 x 0.9 x 24 m (8 ft 6 in x 2 ft 11 in x 78 ft 9 in) and is used to calculate artillery trajectories.
1946
guinnessworldrecords.com 179
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(CUVGUVVKOGHQTCXKFGQ VQTGCEJǡDKNNKQPXKGYU QPǡ;QW6WDG Adele’s “Hello”, which was uploaded to YouTube on 22 Oct 2015, reached 1 billion views a mere 88 days later on 18 Jan 2016. It was the 18th YouTube video to attract 1 billion views since 21 Dec 2012, when PSY’s (KOR) “Gangnam Style” became the ̨UVWYLGHRWRUHFHLYH ELOOLRQYLHZV (after a period of 159 days). ́0RVWYLHZHGPXVLFFKDQQHO RQ
MUSIC
Most weeks at No.1 on the 75ǡ&KIKVCN5QPIUEJCTV Two singles have spent a total of 13 weeks at No.1 on Billboard ’s Digital Songs chart. “Low” by Flo Rida (right) featuring T-Pain (both 75# CEJKGXGFVJGHGCVDGVYGGPǡ&GECPFǡ/CT ū7RVQYP(WPMБŬD[/CTM4QPUQP 7- HGCVWTKPI$TWPQ/CTU 75# OCVEJGFVJCVTGEQTFKPVJTGGUGRCTCVGTWPUDGVYGGPǡ,CPCPF ǡ#RT4QPUQPKUUJQYPCDQXG HCTNGHV CNQPIYKVJ/CTU (third from left) and his backing band The Hooligans.
FIRST ACT TO HOLD ALL TOP 3 PLACES ON THE UK SINGLES CHART In the 65 years of the UK’s Official Singles Chart (1952– present), no act had held the top three positions in the same week until Justin Bieber (CAN) did so with “Love Yourself” (No.1), “Sorry” (No.2) and “What Do You Mean?” (No.3) on the chart dated 14 Jan 2016. On the Billboard Hot 100 dated 5 Dec 2015, Bieber had 17 tracks, the most simultaneous tracks on the US singles chart. The highest placed was “Sorry”, at No.2. Of these, 13 tracks were new entries, the most simultaneous new entries in the Hot 100 by a solo act.
KNOW?s, DID YOU ow y, The Shad
DATELINE
Elvis Presle on and s, John Lenn The Beatle wood ly ol s to H Frankie Goe 1 and No.2 o. N ed pi cu have all oc e UK chart. ously on th simultane ed down ck lo had But nobody Justin un Top 3 til the entire along. e m ca er Bieb
1947 180 Arts & Media
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(KTUVCEVYKVJOKNNKQP 4+##UKPINGEGTVKƒECVKQPU The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) issues gold records for sales of 500,000 units; SODWLQXPUHFRUGVUHͥHFW sales of 1 million units. In Jul 2015, the RIAA announced that Rihanna (BRB, b. Robyn Rihanna )HQW\ ZDVWKHͤUVWDFW to reach 100 million gold and platinum single sales FHUWLͤFDWLRQVLQWKH86$ /QUVUQPIUQP CǡFKIKVCNǡCNDWO 7KH3RFNHW*RGV 8. packed 100 songs, all a little over 30 sec long, on to their Dec 2015 album 100x30. The
band made the eclectic album to protest against the small royalties offered by the digital music industry for tracks longer than 30 sec. .CTIGUVCVVGPFCPEGCVC OWUKEHGUVKXCN QPGNQECVKQP Austria’s free, open-air Donauinselfest (“Danube Island Festival”) drew 3.3 million revellers to Vienna on 26–28 Jun 2015.
CHARTS ;QWPIGUVOCNGUQNQCTVKUV VQFGDWVCV0QQP VJGǡBillboard*QV Justin Bieber (b. 1 Mar 1994) was 21 years 202 days old when “What Do You Mean?” debuted at No.1 on the Billboard +RWRQ 6HS Most Billboard*QV GPVTKGUD[ǡCUQNQCTVKUV $VRI$SU86 rapper Lil Wayne had placed 129 different songs on the Billboard Hot 100. His debut was “Back that 7KDQJ8S̹ in 1999.
Largest aircraft On 2 Nov, the Hughes H-4 Hercules, better known as the “Spruce Goose”, makes its first – and only – flight, off the coast of California, USA. This colossal flying boat has a wing-span of 319 ft 11 in (97.51 m) and is 218 ft 8 in (66.65 m) long.
FAST FACTS David Bowie’s left pupil became permanently dilated following a fight during his schooldays • Rihanna is a mezzo-soprano, with a three-octave vocal range • It took Mark Ronson 82 takes to nail his guitar part for “Uptown Funk!”
/QUVEQPUGEWVKXGYGGMUKP VJG7-6QR QPGUKPING (G6KHHUDQ̵V 8. ̸7KLQNLQJ Out Loud” debuted on the 8.̵V2ͦFLDO6LQJOHV&KDUW on 5 Jul 2014 and spent its 54th consecutive week in the Top 40 on 11 Jul 2015. The ballad was No.1 for two weeks and spent 20 weeks inside the Top 10.
/QUVXKGYGF OWUKEXKFGQ QPNKPG HGOCNG Taylor Swift’s (USA) ū$NCPM5RCEGŬJCFTCEMGF up a viewer count of QPVJG video-hosting platform 8'81CUQHǡ#RT
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Loudest siren In March, American car maker Chrysler begins making a V8-engined air-raid siren, designed to warn the public in case of a nuclear attack. It emits a 138-decibel wail that can be heard up to 25 mi (40 km) away.
1952
guinnessworldrecords.com 181
DATELINE
/QUVEQPUGEWVKXGYGGMU KPǡVJG6QRQHVJG Billboardǡ*QVǡ OCNG The Weeknd (CAN, b. Abel Tesfaye) spent 45 weeks in the Top 10 of Billboard’s Hot 100 between 7 Mar 2015 and 9 Jan 2016 – the longest ever Top 10 streak by a solo male. The historic run comprised three singles: “Earned It” (7 Mar to 4 Jul 2015), “Can’t Feel My Face” (11 Jul to 14 Nov 2015) and “The Hills” (1 Aug and 29 Aug 2015 to 9 Jan 2016).
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*KIJGUVCPPWCNGCTPKPIU HQTCƒNOCEVTGUUCPFCEVQT According to the Forbes list of the “World’s Highest-Paid Celebrities”, Hunger Games star Jennifer Lawrence (USA) took JQOGǡO cǡO HQTVJG[GCTGPFKPIǡ,WP5JGKU VJGUGEQPFJKIJGUVGCTPKPICEVQTQPVJGNKUVUWTRCUUGFQPN[ D[4QDGTV&QYPG[,T 75# YJQGCTPGFǡO cǡO HTQO,WPǡVQ,WP6JKUKPENWFGUJKUHGGHQTRNC[KPI Iron Man in the Avengers movie Age of Ultron
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*KIJGUVDQZQHƒEG ƒNOǡITQUU As of 22 Sep 2015, Avatar (US/UK, 2009) had grossed $2,783,918,982 (£1.79 bn) worldwide, according to The-Numbers.com. *KIJGUVITQUUKPIHGOCNG CEVKQPOQXKGUVCT As of 8 Feb 2016, Jennifer Lawrence was history’s most successful female action movie star. According to The-Numbers.com, the Hunger Games series (in which she plays Katniss Everdeen) and her two X-Men movies (in which she plays Raven/Mystique) have grossed $4,005,735,448 (£2.76 bn) worldwide.
*KIJGUVQRGPKPIYGGMGPF ITQUUHQTCP4TCVGFƒNO Deadpool (USA, 2016) grossed $260 m (£179.4 m) worldwide over its threeday opening weekend of 12–14 Feb 2016. The risqué superhero movie went on to become the highestgrossing R-rated movie ever, making $758,987,687 (£537.1 m) by 13 Apr 2016. .CTIGUV+/#:QRGPKPI On 3 Apr 2015, the global opening of (WTKQWUǡ (USA), WKHVHYHQWKͤOPLQWKHFast & Furious franchise, saw screenings in a total of 810 IMAX locations. The previous record of 760 IMAX screens was set in Nov 2014 by Interstellar (USA). With a global gross of $1,516,246,709 (£965.8 m) as of 18 Jun 2015, (WTKQWUǡ is also the highest-grossing car-chase movie.
MOST PROFITABLE ACTOR FOR A HOLLYWOOD STUDIO (CURRENT)
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In the year up to Jun 2015, no other Hollywood actor has returned more profit relative to what they were paid than Captain America star Chris Evans (USA), according to Forbes. In his last three major films of this period – which include Avengers: Age of Ultron (USA, 2015) and Captain America: The Winter Soldier (USA, 2014) – Evans grossed $181.80 (£118) for every $1 (£0.65) that he was paid.
1953 182 Arts & Media
First ascent of Everest Edmund Percival Hillary (NZ) and Indo-Tibetan Tenzing Norgay reach the 8,848-m-high (29,029-ft) summit of the world’s highest mountain at 11:30 a.m. on 29 May.
.QPIGUVOQXKGVTCKNGT In Jul 2014, Anders Weberg (SWE) unveiled a 72-min trailer for his forthcoming KUͤOPAmbiancé, which will be released in 2020.
TRIVIA British comedy actor Simon Pegg appears in two sci-fi institutions. He plays Montgomery “Scotty” Scott (above) in the Star Trek franchise, and Unkar Plutt (below) in the latest Star Wars episode.
FAST FACTS Daniel Craig has starred in the three longest Bond films: Casino Royale (2006), Skyfall (2012) and Spectre (2015) • Robert Downey Jr’s Iron Man suit has around 450 parts • The Force Awakens is the first Star Wars movie not released in May
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/QUVEQPPGEVGFNKXKPICEVQT The University of Virginia’s (USA) “Oracle of Bacon” is software – named after American actor Kevin Bacon – that maps the working ties between 2.9 million actors and actresses, as well as 1.9 million movies/ TV shows, in the Internet Movie Database. As of 4 Dec 2015, the most connected living movie star – that is, the person at the “Centre of the Hollywood Universe” – is Eric Roberts (USA), who has the lowest score of 2.83285.
.QPIGUV,COGU$QPFOQXKG At 148 min, Spectre outruns all other movies in the Bond franchise. The shortest %RQG̨OP is Quantum of Solace (2008) at 106 min. Spectre’s basic production budget has been estimated at $245 m (£169 m), making it the most expensive
Bond movie. Spectre isn’t the highest-grossing Bond movie, however. That honour goes to Skyfall (UK/ USA, 2012). It grossed $1,110,526,981 (£743.8 m). Jesper Christensen (DNK) has made the most appearances as a Bond YLOODLQ. As Mr White, he appears in Casino Royale (2006), Quantum of Solace and Spectre. The record for the most appearances as James Bond is shared
by Sean Connery and Roger Moore (both UK), with 007 outings each. Connery DSSHDUHGLQWKHͤUVW%RQG movie, &Tǡ0Q (UK, 1962), and Moore made his debut in Live and Let Die (UK, 1973).
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First person to run a mile in under four minutes On 6 May, in front of a 3,000-strong crowd at Oxford University, UK, 25-year-old Roger Bannister (UK) runs one mile in 3 min 59.4 sec. Up to this point, many people had believed that this feat was impossible.
1954
guinnessworldrecords.com 183
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U KNOW Spectre a lso featu ? red the film stu largest nt explo si on (pictu A total y red). ield of 6 8.47 ton (75.4 US nes tons) of TNT equ were ign ivalent ited for the scen Erfoud, e in Morocco : th e result detonati of ng 8,418 litres (2,224 U S gal) of k e ro with 33 k sene g (72 lb 12 oz) of powder explosiv es.
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HIGHEST BOX-OFFICE GROSS FOR AN ANIMATION (INFLATION-ADJUSTED) &KUPG[ŨUƒTUVHWNNNGPIVJHGCVWTGƒNOSnow White and the Seven Dwarfs VQQM ǡO VJGPcǡO CVVJGDQZQHƒEG YQTNFYKFGGSWKXCNGPVVQǡDP cǡDP VQFC[1Pǡ/CTVJGRKEVWTGYCU ITCPVGFCūURGEKCNŬ#ECFGO[#YCTFŤQH QPGTGIWNCTUK\GFCYCTFCPFUGXGPUOCNNGT XGTUKQPUБSnow WhiteYCUCNUQVJGƒTUV OQXKGǡYKVJCPQHƒEKCNUQWPFVTCEM.
1956 184 Arts & Media
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FIRST ANIMATION NOMINATED FOR BEST PICTURE OSCAR +PBeauty and the Beast CEJKGXGFCP CPKOCVGFOQXKGƒTUVD[OCMKPIVJGUJQTVNKUV HQT$GUV2KEVWTG1UECT+VNQUVVQSilence of the LambsCVVJGCYCTFUEGTGOQP[QPǡ/CT DWVVJGUQPIū$GCWV[CPFVJG$GCUVŬ YCUXQVGF$GUV1TKIKPCN5QPICPF#NCP /GPMGPŨUOWUKEYQP$GUV1TKIKPCN5EQTG +Pǡ#RTǡVJGOQXKGDGECOGVJGƒTUV &KUPG[ƒNOCFCRVGFKPVQCUVCIGOWUKECN.
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BEST-SELLING ANIMATION SOUNDTRACK 6JGUQWPFVTCEMQH The Lion King (1994) JCUCEJKGXGFǡOKNNKQPEQPƒTOGFUCNGUKP VJG75#CPFCPGUVKOCVGFǡOKNNKQPWPKVU YQTNFYKFG6JGOQXKGKVUGNHCNUQJQNFUVJG TGEQTFHQTVJGDGUVUGNNKPIJQOGXKFGQYKVJ OQTGVJCPǡOKNNKQPEQRKGUUQNFYQTNFYKFG CPFKPOWUKECNHQTOKVKUVJGJKIJGUVITQUUKPI $TQCFYC[UJQY5KPEGQRGPKPIKP1EVǡKV JCUVCMGPǡDP cǡO ŤWRVQ,CPǡ ŤCPFUQNFCVQVCNQHUGCVU
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First transatlantic telephone cable On 25 Sep, the telephone cable Transatlantic Number One (TAT-1) between Scotland, UK, and Clarenville in Newfoundland, Canada, opens for business. It carries 588 UK–USA calls and 119 UK–Canada calls in the first 24 hr.
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First artificial satellite in orbit On 4 Oct, Sputnik 1 is launched by an inter-continental ballistic missile from the Baikonur Cosmodrome at Tyuratam in Kazakhstan, USSR. Its lifetime is believed to be 92 days.
1957
guinnessworldrecords.com 185
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Most scripted TV shows released in one year According to TV channel FX (USA), networks and streaming services broadcast a record 409 dramas, comedies and limited series in 2015.
Highest-earning comedian (current) According to Forbes, Jerry Seinfeld (USA) earned $36 m (£25.57 m) between Jun 2014 and Jun 2015, primarily from giving live performances, but also from syndicating his eponymous TV comedy series.
HIGHEST-EARNING TV STAR, CURRENT (MALE AND FEMALE)
DATELINE
According to Forbes, Kaley Cuoco (USA, right), star of The Big Bang Theory (CBS, USA), earned around $28.5 m (£18.1 m) in the year from Jun 2014 – as did Sofía Vergara (COL) of Modern Family (ABC, USA). Meanwhile, The Big Bang Theory lead, Jim Parsons (USA, second right), earned an estimated $29 m (£18.4 m). The show’s “Opening Night Excitation” episode (inset) scored Nielsen’s largest live+7 audience for a TV show: a total of 24.38 million.
1960 186 Arts & Media
Richest TV creator The “Queen of all Media”, Oprah Winfrey (USA), best known for the talk show she created and hosted in 1986–2011, had a net worth of $3.1 bn (£2.15 bn) in the Forbes 400 list of Apr 2016. Forbes put John de Mol’s (NLD) net worth at $1.49 bn (£1.03 bn), making him the richest TV creator (male) as of Apr 2016. De Mol took the reality TV concept global with Big Brother, and launched6JGǡ8QKEGQH Holland, which became the international hit 6JG8QKEG.
Most followers on Twitter for a TV personality Ellen DeGeneres (USA, above left, @TheEllenShow) was the OQUVRQRWNCT68RGTUQPCNKV[QP6YKVVGTCUQHǡ#RT YKVJǡHQNNQYGTU6JGHQTOGTUVCPFWREQOGFKCP JCUǡJQUVGFThe Ellen DeGeneres ShowUKPEG #UQHVJGUCOGFCVGVJGmost followers on Twitter for a TV personality (male)YCUHQT ,KOO[(CNNQP 75#CDQXGTKIJV",KOO[(CNNQP
TRIVIA In 2015, the Big Bang Theory LEGO® set was launched to amuse fans of both the show and plastic brick-building. It recreates Sheldon and Leonard’s living room in detail, with minifigures of the seven characters, each dressed in their own style. Created by two LEGO fan designers, the concept originated from LEGO’s Ideas crowdsourcing community.
Deepest manned descent On 23 Jan, Dr Jacques Piccard (CHE) and Lt Donald Walsh (USA) pilot the Swiss-built US Navy bathyscaphe Trieste to a depth of 10,911 m (35,797 ft) in the Challenger Deep section of the Mariana Trench, thought to be the deepest point on Earth.
FAST FACTS SpongeBob SquarePants was created by bona fide marine biologist Stephen Hillenburg • The Bazinga rieki jellyfish was named after Sheldon’s catchphrase “bazinga!” in The Big Bang Theory • The Walking Dead started life as a comic book
Highest annual earnings for a TV chef $TKVKUJEJGH)QTFQP4COUC[GCTPGFCPGUVKOCVGFǡO
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The longest-running TV music talent show is 0QFQǡ,KOCP (“Proud of My Voice”), which is created by NHK (JPN). First broadcast on 15 Mar 1953, the Asia-wide karaoke-based show was still running as of 29 Feb 2016 – 63 years later.
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Most watched show worldwide (current) Eurodata TV Worldwide surveys the best-performing episodes of TV shows across a number of countries. According to their reports, crime drama NCIS (CBS, USA) was sold into more than 200 markets and seen by 55 million viewers in 2014, far in excess of )COGQH6JTQPGU and 6JGǡ9CNMKPI&GCF.
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First manned spaceflight At 6:07 a.m. GMT on 12 Apr, Cosmonaut Flight Major Yuri Gagarin (USSR) takes off in Vostok 1 from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. He lands 118 min later, after a flight of 40,868.6 km (25,394.6 mi).
1961
guinnessworldrecords.com 187
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VIDEO Most subscribers for a band QPǡ;QW6WDG One Direction (UK/IRL) are on a break, but their VEVO channel is still going strong – they had subscribers CUQHǡ#RT6JG group’s account was set WRQP&GEYJKNG they were competing in the UK talent show 6JGǡ:ǡ(CEVQT
MOST SUBSCRIBERS ON YOUTUBE (AS OF 11 APR 2016) 68UJQY TheEllenShow, featuring clips, interviews and behindthe-scenes footage from the eponymous chat show, has 15,650,054 subscribers. Its videos have been viewed more than 5.9 billion times.
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1962 188 Arts & Media
Comedy channel Published by Chilean comedian/entertainer Germán Alejandro Garmendia Aranis, the channel “HolaSoyGerman” has 27,210,540 subscribers. “Fail video” channel FailArmy by Jukin Media (USA) has a total of 10,264,097 subscribers.
First person to reach a million followers QPǡ6YKVEJ British YouTuber and vlogger Tom Cassell, aka “Syndicate” (UK), achieved an unprecedented 1 million followers on Twitch on ǡ#WI
Fashion/beauty channel Yuya, aka Mariand Castrejón Castañeda (MEX), has amassed a total of 14,069,841 subscribers. She began her vlog in 2009. Musician (male) The VEVO channel for Canadian pop star Justin Bieber has garnered 20,711,202 subscribers.
Most viewed app trailer #UQHǡ#RTVJG trailer for the /[6CNMKPI 6QO app had been viewed VKOGUQP ;QW6WDG6JGCRRKUDCUGF on a kitten called Tom, whom users can nurture VQǡCFWNVJQQFCPFHGCVWTGU CǡXCTKGV[QHOKPKICOGU
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First successful interplanetary mission On 14 Dec, the US probe Mariner 2 performs a flyby of Venus, coming within 35,000 km (21,750 mi) of its surface. Its observations reveal the extremely hot nature of the planet. As of 2016, Mariner 2 still orbits the Sun, although it no longer has any power.
FAST FACTS There are approximately 4 billion video views on YouTube each day • The name of the video-sharing service Vine is short for “vignette” • Every day, around 1.5 billion 6-sec loops are played on Vine
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Educational video “Wheels On The Bus | Plus Lots More Nursery Rhymes | 54 Minutes Compilation from LittleBabyBum!” had attracted 1,334,622,451 views as of 11 Apr 2016. Aimed at young children, the 54-min movie features popular nursery rhymes and animated characters. Created by app developers and animators Derek and Cannis Holder (both UK), it was posted on their “LittleBabyBum” channel on 9 Aug 2014.
The video for “Upside Down & Inside Out” by OK Go (USA), RWDNKUJGFQP;QW6WDGQPǡ(GDYCUƒNOGFKPQPGVCMG QPCTGFWEGFITCXKV[CKTETCHV)94URQMGVQHTQPVOCP&COKCP Kulash about the challenges involved in this unique project.
/QXKGVTCKNGT QHƒEKCN Posted on 19 Oct 2015, the trailer for the seventh instalment in the Star Wars series, The Force Awakens, had amassed 91,512,152 views as of 11 Apr 2016. As of the same date, the most viewed superhero movie trailer was for Marvel’s Avengers: Age of
MOST SUBSCRIBERS ON YOUTUBE As of 11 Apr 2016, the all-time most subscribed YouTube channel was “PewDiePie”, with 43,248,969 subscribers. “PewDiePie” – aka Felix Arvid Ulf Kjellberg (SWE) – is a games reviewer who posts over-the-top commentaries of games as he plays. As of the same date, his videos had received 11,766,793,379 views. In Feb 2016, a new web series called Scare PewDiePie launched on pay-for service YouTube Red, in which Kjellberg walks around sets inspired by horror videogames that he has played.
9JCVKPURKTGFVJGKFGCVQƒNOQPCTGFWEGFITCXKV[CGTQRNCPG! I learned about parabolic flight – aka “the vomit comet” – around QTYJGPPGYRTKXCVGXGPVWTGU=5RCEG:CPF8KTIKP )CNCEVKE?KIPKVGFRWDNKEKPVGTGUVKPEKXKNKCPUIQKPIVQURCEG+EQWNFPŨV ƒPFCP[OWUKEXKFGQUVJCVJCFDGGPUJQVKPYGKIJVNGUUPGUUCPF COQPIVJGUGXGTCNCTVCPFCFXGTVKUKPIRTQLGEVUVJCVGZKUVGFPQPG YGTGXGT[ECTGHWNN[EJQTGQITCRJGFQTRNCPPGF'XGT[VJKPI+HQWPF UJQYGFVJGƒNOGFUWDLGEVUKORTQXKUKPI=?CPFEQNNGEVKPIVJG OQUVKPVGTGUVKPIRKGEGUNCVGTCUCOQPVCIG6JGCKOYKVJQWTRTQLGEV YCUVQRNCPCPGXGPVVJCVTGNKGUQPVJGWPWUWCNEQPVGZVCPFTGXGCNU VJGOQOGPVUQHLQ[CPFYQPFGTKPVGPVKQPCNN[ How complex was this video compared with the others that [QWŨXGFQPG!9CUVJKUVJGOQUVEJCNNGPIKPI[GV! This was certainly the most physically demanding video we’ve GXGTOCFGDGECWUGVJGCNVGTPCVKPIRGTKQFUQH\GTQITCXKV[CPF FQWDNGITCXKV[YGTGXGT[JCTFQPWU Were you fans of Guinness World RecordsYJGP[QWYGTG[QWPIGT! Yes, I remember spending hours in my school library poring over the DQQMHCUEKPCVGFKPRCTVKEWNCTD[VJGRKEVWTGU'XGT[QPGTGOGODGTU VJCVIW[YKVJVJGƒPIGTPCKNU+VŨUCDKIJQPQWTVQDGKPENWFGF Ultron (USA, 2015), which had garnered a total of 78,849,269 views. Gaming video A video created in Minecraft and uploaded by Jordan “CaptainSparklez” Maron (USA) had 160,312,315 views as of 21 Feb 2016. Originally titled “Revenge – A Minecraft Parody of Usher’s DJ Got Us Fallin’ in Love”, its soundtrack was altered in 2016 (presumably for legal reasons). Now
Land-speed record: first to exceed 400 mph Driving the jet-engine-powered Spirit of America, Craig Breedlove (USA) reaches a speed of 407.518 mph (655.836 km/h) in Bonneville, Utah, USA, on 5 Aug.
featuring “TryHardNinja” (USA), it was renamed “Revenge – A Minecraft Original Music Video”. 8KFGQ Posted to YouTube on 15 Jul 2012, the video for pop song “Gangnam Style” by PSY (aka Park Jae-sang, KOR) had 2,554,380,660 views as of 11 Apr 2016. Characterized by its zany dance moves, “Gangnam Style” is also the most liked video, with 10,721,274 likes.
1963
guinnessworldrecords.com 189
DATELINE
DID YO
U KNOW The mult ? i-talente d PewDie a multiplatform Pie is st ar. Aside his YouT from ube cha nnel, he own vid has his eogame (Legend Brofist) a of the nd, in 20 an auth 15, beca or. This Book Love me s You is a tongue -in-chee k parody of “insp irationa l” selfhelp boo ks.
MOST VIEWS ON YOUTUBE
DATELINE
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
1964 190 Science & Technology
First civilian in space Konstantin Feoktistov (RUS) makes his sole space flight, in Voskhod 1, on 12–13 Oct. As an engineer, he helps design the Sputnik satellites as well as the Vostok, Voskhod and Soyuz capsules, but is not a member of the military.
CONTENTS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY FACTOGRAPHIC
192
3D PRINTING
194
CONSUMER TECH
196
ROBOTS
198
SMALL STUFF
200
LASERS
202
CUTTING-EDGE SCIENCE
204
Largest robot snake
First car to exceed 600 mph Driving the jet-powered Spirit of America Sonic I, Craig Breedlove (USA) achieves a new land-speed record of 600.6 mph (966.5 km/h) in Bonneville, Utah, USA, on 15 Nov.
1965
guinnessworldrecords.com 191
DATELINE
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Ű(+%6+10 The 1960s TV series of Star Trek featured mobile communicators. Flipped open, they enabled personnel on alien RNCPGVUVQEQPVCEVǡVJGETGYQPDQCTFVJG5VCTUJKREnterprise.
HAND-HELD COMMUNICATORS
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Ű(+%6+10 The Terminator (USA, 1984) introduced a terrifying E[DQTIMKNNGTRNC[GFD[#TPQNF5EJYCT\GPGIIGT CDQXGǡNGHV sent from the future to assassinate a woman who will QVJGTYKUGIKXGDKTVJVQCNGIGPFCT[HTGGFQOƒIJVGT
KILLER ROBOTS
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• (#%6 &WTKPIVJG#RQNNQOKUUKQP ǡ,WNŤǡ#WI Alfred M Worden (USA, above right) was orbiting the Moon in command module Endeavour while fellow astronauts David Scott and James Irwin (both USA) were at the Hadley base on the Moon’s surface. On the far side of the Moon, 9QTFGPYCUǡMO ǡOK CYC[HTQOVJGPGCTGUV living person, making him history’s OQUVKUQNCVGFJWOCP. For some, being separated from your companions might be CPWPUGVVNKPIRTQURGEVŤDWVPQV#N9QTFGPū(KTUVQHH[QW wish them luck: ‘I hope you land okay!’” he recounted to VJGǡ$$%ǡKPū6JGUGEQPFVJQWIJVKU ŧ)GG+ŨOINCF VJG[ŨXGIQPGDGECWUG+ŨXGIQVVJKURNCEGCNNVQǡO[UGNHŨŬ
Ű(+%6+10 In The Martian (USA, 2015), Matt Damon plays Mark Watney (above left), an astronaut who is separated from his crew on Mars in a raging storm. Presuming him dead, his fellow astronauts NGCXGVJGRNCPGV%CP9CVPG[ƒPFCYC[QHUKIPCNNKPIVJCV he is still alive and survive until he is rescued?
ALONE IN SPACE
Ű(#%6 The Pyrenean ibex (Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica), commonly known as the bucardo, became extinct in 2000. 5EKGPVKUVURTGUGTXGFEGNNUHTQOVJGNCUVMPQYPURGEKGUCPFKP,WNǡ injected nuclei from these specimens into goat eggs, from which the DNA had been extracted. They then implanted these into surrogate mothers (far right). Only seven of the animals became pregnant, and of these only one gave birth. Sadly, the 2-kg (4-lb 8-oz) baby goat lived for only a very short time.
Ű(+%6+10 Based on the novel by Michael Crichton, Jurassic Park (USA, 1993, near right) imagines a world in which scientists clone dinosaurs from prehistoric DNA.
REVIVING EXTINCT SPECIES
Ű(#%6 %QUOQPCWV)GPPCF[2CFCNMC 475CDQXGTKIJV VQWEJGFFQYPQP5GR after a 168-day-long mission in space. Added to his previous four missions, Padalka JCUURGPVFC[UDG[QPF'CTVJŨUCVOQURJGTGŤVJGNQPIGUVEWOWNCVKXGVKOGKPURCEG. Consistent with Albert Einstein’s theories of relativity, Padalka has also genuinely travelled through time, as his internal body clock will have slowed down marginally KPEQORCTKUQPVQENQEMUDCEMQP'CTVJ(TQOJKURGTURGEVKXGJGJCUǡTGVWTPGFVQ CPǡ'CTVJVJCVJCUOQXGFHQTYCTFKPVKOGD[CTQWPFǡUGE
Ű(+%6+10 In Doctor Who, the Doctor (played in his latest incarnation by British actor Peter Capaldi, above) travels effortlessly through space, and from the past to the future, by means of his time machine the TARDIS (6KOG#PFǡ4GNCVKXG&KOGPUKQP+P5RCEG).
TIME TRAVEL
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SCI-FI VS SCIENCE
FACTOGRAPHIC
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• (#%6 In Mar 2011, scientists from Osaka University and robotics company Kokoro (both JPN) unveiled a robot regarded as being the OQUVNKHGNKMGCPFTQKFyet (left). %CNNGF)GOKPQKFǡ&-KVJCUDGGPEQPUVTWEVGFKPVJGNKMGPGUU of technology professor Henrik Schärfe (near left), of Aalborg University in Denmark. The robot, which cost $200,000
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• (#%6 &TKXGTNGUUVGEJPQNQI[KUCNTGCF[JGTG1P/C[VJG 75UVCVGQH0GXCFCKUUWGFVJGƒTUVCWVQPQOQWUXGJKENGNKEGPEG6JKU ITQWPFDTGCMKPIXGJKENGYCUC6Q[QVC2TKWUƒVVGFYKVJū)QQING%JCWHHGWTŬ UQHVYCTG6JGFKIKVCNEQPVTQNNGTVCMGUKPRWVHTQO)25RQUKVKQPKPIFGVCKNGFOCRUQH VJGNQECNCTGC.+ NCUGTTCFCTUECPPGT VGEJPQNQI[OCRRKPIVJGCTGCCTQWPFVJG ECTKP&CPFCPWODGTQHQVJGTFGVGEVQTUUWEJCUVJGRCTMKPIUGPUQTVGEJPQNQI[ǡQP UVCPFCTFECTU9JKNG)QQING%JCWHHGWTKUPQV[GVEQOOGTEKCNN[CXCKNCDNGQPǡ,WPǡ )QQINGCPPQWPEGFVJCVKVJCFRCUUGFVJGNCPFOCTMƒIWTGQHQPGOKNNKQPOKNGUQH CWVQOCVGFǡFTKXKPIŤVJGITGCVGUVCIITGICVGFKUVCPEGFTKXGPD[FTKXGTNGUUECTU.
• (+%6+10 Some scenes in 6QVCN4GECNN
75# ŤUGVKPŤƒPF#TPQNF Schwarzenegger in a driverless taxi named ū,QJPP[%CDŬYKVJKVUQYPTQDQVFTKXGT CDQXG
DRIVERLESS CABS
le ing “Goog ble of driv er, Google a p e a w c s o v is r t a ke sly. H omou t the drive inor n o t u a a m ate th r ba n mand through u and end of l t o r r a t t n s opes co t the any h and a comp cars e h T roads . erless urney the jo make driv vailable a to y ll ia er c comm 2020. by
? KNOofW U ware t O Y s DID Chauffeur” fully
SUPER-REALISTIC HUMANOID ROBOTS
• (+%6+10 In Prometheus (USA, 2012, above), the David 8 series android represents a super-advanced, JWOCPNKMGTQDQV QTūU[PVJGVKEŬ *GUGTXGUCUUEKGPEG QHƒEGTYKVJVJGETGYQHVJG75%55Prometheus.
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Ű(#%6 Since 1992, US company Boston Dynamics have been developing cuttingedge robots, funded largely by the US military. They are perhaps best known for creating the quadruped bot BigDog, but have also produced Atlas (right), a biped humanoid robot. The latest version is powered by electricity and equipped with stereo cameras that enable it to maintain its balance and navigate ŤCETQUUQWVFQQTVGTTCKPCUYGNNCUKPUKFGVJGNCDŤ making it the OQUVCIKNGJWOCPQKFTQDQV. Its articulated hands allow it to manipulate tools too. Compared YKVJVJGǡTCVJGTCYMYCTF%21#VNCUŨUOQXGOGPVU CTGǡUOQQVJCPFJWOCPNKMG
Ű(+%6+10 The droid C-3PO (left) made JKUǡFGDWVKPStar Wars 75# ŤNCVGT retitled Episode IV: A New Hope. A protocol droid, C-3PO is a master of languages and etiquette, though prone to fussing.
AGILE ANDROIDS
ept ar ole in esta of his Conc yr ne d a ke ar Wars. O learly e play Oc f St P o 3 k o C of the lo intings of ance ppear pa a ic e ly n r o h a t e n ic om s ch , a w s fr borro chinenmen obot) in r as the M oid (female nt sci-fi gyn ’s sile s g n a Fritz L Metropoli classic 7 ). (192
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3D PRINTING Most 3D-printed 3D printer It’s now possible to 3D-print everything from car parts to medical devices. What’s more surprising, perhaps, is that you can even 3D-print a 3D printer. The open-source RepRap Snappy 1.1c printer was made using 2.4 kg (5 lb R] RISODVWLFͤODPHQW to print 86 of its 110 pieces. The design was created by Garth Minette (USA), who – along with Adrian Bowyer (UK), the designer of the original RepRap – encourages people to freely share or modify the design so that they can 3D-print their own 3D printer.
First village to 3D-print all of its residents 5RCPKUJEQORCP[)TWRQ5KEPQXCUECPPGFCNNTGUKFGPVUQH VJGUOCNNXKNNCIGQH6QTTGSWGDTCFKNNCKPVJGUQWVJQH5RCKPKP just one day. The company used its new Clonescan 3D machine, CHVVCNN O &EQNQWTUECPPGTVQEQORNGVGUGENQPI UECPUQHGCEJRGTUQP%QNQWT&OQFGNUQHVJGOYGTGVJGP uploaded to cloud-accessible storage in all popular 3D-printer ƒNGHQTOCVU'CEJQHVJGUECPPGFTGUKFGPVUTGEGKXGFVJGKTQYP OKPKCVWTGENQPGYKVJKPCYGGMQHVJGUECPPKPIGXGPV UGGKPUGV
Largest 3D-printed boat Seattle’s Seafair festival holds an annual contest for the best paddle boat made of recycled milk containers. In Jun 2012, a team from the Washington Open Object Fabricators (WOOF) group entered the competition with a 3D-printed boat that was 2 m (6 ft 6.7 in) long and weighed 18 kg (39 lb 10 oz). The plastic used came from ground-up milk containers.
Fastest 3D-printed robot In May 2015, engineers at UC Berkeley (USA) built a robotic cockroach using 3D-printed components. Because these parts bend and stretch without breaking, VJG:8GNQEK4Q#%*ECP\KRCTQWPFCVǡOU ǡHVU – that’s comparable to a speed between jogging and TWPPKPIHQTCPCXGTCIGCFWNVJWOCP 0QVHCTDGJKPFKUVJGEQOOGTEKCNN[CXCKNCDNG1NNKG HTQO1TDQVKZ PQY5RJGTQ KVTQNNUCTQWPFCVǡOU
ǡHVǡKPU CPFKUCNUQOCFGHTQO&RTKPVGFRCTVU
Most commonly &RTKPVGFǡOGFKECNFGXKEG More than 10 million of the world’s 16 million hearing aids are made using 3D printing. The technology allows for hearing aids to be tailored to an individual
First 3D-printed car 6JGū5VTCVKŬFGUKIPGFD[/KEJGNG#PQȋ +6# YCURTKPVGFKPƒXGFC[UKP5GRCVVJG +PVGTPCVKQPCN/CPWHCEVWTKPI6GEJPQNQI[5JQYKP%JKECIQ+NNKPQKU75#1PN[JTKPVJGOCMKPI KVKUVJGƒTUVǡHWNN[FTKXCDNGECTYKVJC&RTKPVGFEJCUUKUCPFDQF[ RKEVWTGFKPUGVKUCFGVCKNQHVJG RTKPVGFNC[GTU +VYCUVJGDTCKPEJKNFQHETQYFHWPFGF.QECN/QVQTU 75# YJQEQORNGVGFVJG ECTŨUǡFGVCKNGFǡFGUKIPYKVJJGNRHTQO1CM4KFIG0CVKQPCN.CDCPFOCPWHCEVWTKPIEQORCP[5#$+%
without extra expense. The result is cheaper hearing DLGVWKDWͤWWKHZHDUHU better than mass-produced models. US hearing-aid manufacturers were so taken with 3D printing that 100% of them now use it. Medical researchers are always interested in pain-free alternatives to administering medicine. One example is the 3D-printed micro-needle, comprising an array of needles that measures 1 mm (0.03 in) across, making it the smallest 3D-printed medical device. Each of the 25 needles in the instrument is only 20 micrometres wide – DͤIWKWKHGLDPHWHURI a human hair.
DATELINE
(KTUV&RTKPVGFǡRKNNU In Jul 2015, a pharmaceutical drug was 3D-printed for WKHͤUVWWLPH Spritam is made by Aprecia from New Jersey, USA, and is intended to relieve symptoms associated with seizures. With 3D printing, different doses can be
1966 194 Science & Technology
Longest survival without food On 12 Jul, Angus Barbieri (UK) eats his first meal in 382 days, having lost around 293 lb (132.9 kg) by living on tea and water. The formerly obese man had been taking part in an experiment looking at the health effects of starvation.
FAST FACTS Chuck Hull (USA) invented “stereolithography” (a technique of building up 3D objects in thin layers) in 1983 • Three 3D-printed models of an Aston Martin DB5 were made by Voxeljet (DEU) for the 2012 James Bond movie Skyfall
cryogenic hydrogen per minute by spinning at a rate of more than 90,000 rpm. During the test, the rocket generated almost 90 kilonewtons of thrust. First dress made from 3D-printed material In Jun 2000, Dutch industrial engineer Jiri Evenhuis led a team to produce the “Drape Dress” from 3D-printed fabric. The material was made from nylon particles and was comprised of interlocking rings like plastic chain mail.
Largest object 3D-printed in metal In mid-2015, Rolls-Royce began testing jet engines using 3D-printed metal parts. The Trent XWB-97 engine uses the largest metal EQORQPGPVOCFGD[&ǡRTKPVKPI VJGHTQPVDGCTKPIJQWUKPIQHVJG LGVVJCVJQNFUCGTQHQKNU+VKUO ǡHVǡKP CETQUUCPFǡO
ǡHVǡKP FGGRCPFKUOCFGHTQOPKEMGNWUKPICPGNGEVTQPDGCO OGNVKPIRTQEGUUFGXGNQRGFD[5YGFKUJDCUGFEQORCP[#TECO created for different needs, instead of creating one size of pill for all. The pill’s porous 3D structure allows it to dissolve in around 4 sec – far faster than standard over-the-counter medicines. In Jul 2015, Spritam was recognized by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) – the ̨UVW'SULQWHG medicine to be approved for commercial release.
First 3D-printing conviction Yoshitomo Imura (JPN) was imprisoned for two years on 21 Oct 2014 for 3D-printing plastic guns. He also posted clips of himself WHVWͤULQJWKHZHDSRQVRQ video website YouTube.
First 3D-printed laptop %TGCVGFKP&GEǡD[,GUUG.Q\CPQCPF4[CP Dunwoody (both UK), the “Pi-Top” is a 3D-printed laptop built around the Raspberry Pi 2 microcomputer. It is CXCKNCDNGCUCMKVQHRCTVU KPENWFKPIUETGGPDCVVGT[CPF EQPVTQNNGTDQCTF CPFFGUKIPƒNGUVJCVCNNQYCP[QPG YKVJCEQPXGPVKQPCN&RTKPVGTVQRTKPVVJGKTQYPNCRVQR
Most powerful rocket YKVJǡ&RTKPVGFRCTVU In Aug 2013, NASA testͤUHGDURFNHWHQJLQHZLWKD fuel injector that had been 3D-printed from nickelchromium alloy powder. The injector provides liquid hydrogen for the rocket to burn, and can supply almost 5,500 litres (1,450 US gal) of
DID YOU KNOW? It may b e a worl d
-beating first, bu t this Ha rley-Dav replica d idson oes have its limit – includ ations ing a top speed of 15 mph only (24 km/h ). It’s un that any likely one will b e using on these 3D e of -printed motorcy to go on cles a road tr ip any time soo n…
FIRST 3DPRINTED MOTORCYCLE
First heart transplant On 3 Dec, South African surgeon Christiaan Barnard completes the first successful heart transplant. The patient dies of pneumonia soon after, but for 18 days his new heart functions without external aid.
1967
guinnessworldrecords.com 195
DATELINE
After 3D-printed cars, it was only a matter of time before motorcycle enthusiasts printed a two-wheeled wonder. At 2015’s RAPID show, in Long Beach, California, USA, TE Connectivity (USA) unveiled the world’s first 3D-printed motorcycle. Of the orange-and-blue bike’s 100 components, a total of 76 were 3D-printed, using 4.32 mi (6.95 km) of ABS plastic filament as well as bronze and steel components. Multiple printers worked together for 1,700 hr of total print time to create the parts. The electric motor, tyres and mirrors could not be printed, however, as that technology doesn’t yet exist.
CONSUMER TECH NOW? r te DID YOrpUatK hy, a compu
/QUVXCNWCDNGDTCPFǡPCOG According to Interbrand’s annual “Best Brands” ranking, the world’s most valuable brand is currently tech giant Apple (USA), which grew 43% in 2015 to be worth an extraordinary $170.276 bn (£112.1 bn). This places it far ahead of second-placed Google on $120.314 bn (£79.2 bn). It’s the third consecutive year that Apple and Google KDYHWDNHQͤUVWDQGVHFRQG places, respectively, in the Interbrand report.
Ka Dr Andrej Stanford uate from science grad -mined ta da (USA), e University termine th de to s te si ia social med findings? p to is H . lfie” “perfect se flowing an with long 1. Be a wom fill one ld ou face sh se hair. 2. Your U 3. e frame. third of th dd A 4. . filters a border.
/QUVOQPG[RNGFIGF HQTǡCǡ-KEMUVCTVGTRTQLGEV On 18 May 2012, a funding proposal for the Pebble: E-Paper Watch for iPhone and Android closed on the crowdfunding site Kickstarter, having secured $10,266,845 (£6,468,610) from 68,929 backers.
Most buttons on a XKFGQICOGEQPVTQNNGT With 113 different buttons representing every possible ͤQJHUSRVLWLRQRQD 17-fret guitar, the wireless Fender Mustang PRO-Guitar controller released with 4QEM$CPFǡ (Harmonix/ MTV Games/EA, 2010) has more individual inputs than any peripheral in console history – even more than a standard PC keyboard.
$GUVUGNNKPITGOQVG TCFKQEQPVTQNVQ[DTCPF Air Hogs is a range of radiocontrolled toys including
FDUVURFNHWVDQGIUHHͥ\LQJ helicopters produced by Spin Master (CAN). In 2014, the brand earned a record $239,600,000 (£154,240,000).
.QPIGUVTGNC[EJCKP QHǡUGNƒGU 1Pǡ,CPCVQVCNQHRCTVKEKRCPVU NKPGFWRVQRJQVQITCRJVJGOUGNXGUKPCPGXGPV QTICPK\GFD[/GK\W6GEJPQNQI[%Q %*0 KP
$GUVUGNNKPIGKIJVJIGP XKFGQICOGEQPUQNG With 39,810,000 units sold as of 6 Apr 2016, the PlayStation 4 (Sony Interactive Entertainment) is not only the fastest-
selling PlayStation to date but also the biggest-selling of the eighth-generation consoles. By the same date, the PS4’s closest rival – the Xbox One (Microsoft) – had sold 18.06 million units.
The best-selling hand-held videogame console is the Nintendo DS (released 2004), with total worldwide sales of 154.88 million units as of 13 Apr 2016.
BEST-SELLING BRANDS We are surrounded by consumer electronics and gadgetry – from the ubiquitous smartphones we carry with us to the printers and monitors at work and laptops and TVs at home. Electronics is big business. And the brands shown here did the biggest business of all in 2014 – the latest year for which full sales figures are available – as confirmed by market-research company Euromonitor.
LCD TV Samsung (KOR) 49,267,500 units
Tablet iPad (USA)
65,167,900 units
Printer HP (USA) 22,249,200 units
In-car navigation
DATELINE
Garmin (CHE)
1969 196 Science & Technology
9,135,500 units
Wearable electronics
Smartphone
Fitbit (USA) 11,794,000 units
Samsung (KOR) 269,008,600 units
First men on the Moon During the Apollo 11 mission, Neil Alden Armstrong becomes the first man to set foot on the Moon, at 2:56 a.m. and 15 sec GMT on 21 Jul 1969. He is followed out of the lunar module Eagle by Buzz Aldrin (both USA).
FAST FACTS Plasma displays employ minute gas cells set between two glass sheets. Each cell acts like a tiny fluorescent tube • In 2015, Disney banned selfie sticks from its theme parks • “Nomophobia” is the fear of being without your mobile phone
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U KNOW The abb reviatio ? n LED st “light-em ands for itting dio supply th d e ”. These e backlig ht for th screen. e display By contr ast, OLE are lit by D screen organic s light-em diodes. “O itting rganic” refers to layer of a thin carbon fi lm behin screen, d the which p ro vides superior image quality.
OLED TV LG (KOR) 65,800 units
Computer monitor
Portable tablet (eReader)
Portable player
Laptop
Kindle (USA)
iPod (USA)
Lenovo (CHN) 20,698,100 units
9,508,000 units
26,740,900 units
Farthest distance from Earth reached by humans At 00:21 a.m. GMT on 15 Apr 1970, the crew of Apollo 13 were 254 km (158 mi) from the lunar surface, on the far side of the Moon, putting them 400,171 km (248,655 mi) away from Earth.
1970
guinnessworldrecords.com 197
DATELINE
Samsung (KOR) 9,005,100 units
ROBOTS Farthest distance by CǡSWCFTWRGF robot Xingzhe No.1 is a fourlegged robot that walked ǡMO ǡOK WPCKFGFQPŤǡ1EV :KPI\JG YJKEJ OGCPUūYCNMGTŬ YCU built by Li Qingdu and JKUVGCOCV%JQPISKPI University of Posts and 6GNGEQOOWPKECVKQPU
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First robot to be “arrested” 1Pǡ#WIVJG$GXGTN[*KNNU2QNKEG&GRCTVOGPVVQQMKPVQEWUVQF[CTQDQVECNNGF&%HQT ūKNNGICNN[FKUVTKDWVKPIDWUKPGUUECTFUCPFIGPGTCNN[ECWUKPICEQOOQVKQPŬQP0QTVJ$GXGTN[&TKXGKP .QU#PIGNGU75#6JGQRGTCVQTUVWTPGFQWVVQDGVJGVYQVGGPCIGUQPUQHVJGQYPGTQHVJGEQORCP[ VJCVJCFOCFGVJGTQDQVYJQJCFVCMGPVJG c OCEJKPGQPCPWPCWVJQTK\GFLQ[TKFG
FIRST… &QEWOGPVGFTQDQV The philosopher Archytas EΎLQ7DUHQWXP 0DJQD*UDHFLDQRZ VRXWKHUQ,WDO\ EXLOWDQ DUWLͤFLDOSLJHRQIURP ZRRGDQGDQDQLPDO̵V EODGGHU8VLQJ VWHDPWRSRZHULWV PRYHPHQWV$UFK\WDV ODXQFKHGWKHELUGIURP DSLYRWEDU DFFRUGLQJ WRFRQWHPSRUDU\ UHSRUWVLWͥHZDERXW P IW EHIRUH UXQQLQJRXWRIVWHDP +PFWUVTKCNRTQFWEVKQPTQDQV ,Q 8QLPDWHZDV LQVWDOOHGLQD*HQHUDO 0RWRUVDVVHPEO\OLQH DWWKH,QODQG)LVKHU*XLGH 3ODQWLQ(ZLQJ7RZQVKLS
(KTUVFQOGUVKETQDQVEJGH #VVJG*CPPQXGT/GUUGVTCFGHCKTHQTKPFWUVTKCNVGEJPQNQI[ JGNFCPPWCNN[KP)GTOCP[/QNG[4QDQVKEU 7- FGOQPUVTCVGF VJGƒTUVEQPUWOGTVCTIGVGFTQDQVEJGHYJKEJRTGRCTGFC NQDUVGTDKUSWGHQTGZJKDKVKQPCVVGPFGGU6JGTQDQVEQORTKUGU CRCKTQHFGZVTQWUCTOUCPFJCPFUVJCVCTGKPVGITCVGFKPC YQTMVQREQQMGTUKPMWPKV+VKUCDNGVQFQYPNQCFTGEKRGUETGCVGF D[CRTQHGUUKQPCNEJGHXKCCPQPNKPGFCVCDCUGVJCVQRGTCVGUNKMG CEQQMGT[GSWKXCNGPVQHK6WPGU1PEGCTGEKRGJCUDGGPUVQTGF VJGTQDQVKUECRCDNGQHTGRGCVKPIKVCUQHVGPCUPGEGUUCT[
MOST CROWDFUNDED SOCIAL ROBOT
DATELINE
In 2014, a venture was launched on funding platform Indiegogo to finance production of a robot called JIBO. When the campaign started in July, it attracted huge interest, with funding soaring past the initial goal of $100,000 in less than four hours. The final total raised was $3,714,505 (£2,415,985) from 7,422 supporters. JIBO is a social robot that has the capability to recognize owners’ faces, read emails and perform social-media interaction via voice commands and apps. It also has the ability to identify its owner’s moods by recognizing smiles and frowns, and it can interact using a series of complex artificial intelligence (AI) routines. JIBO stands 11 in (28 cm) tall and weighs in at 6 lb (2.7 kg). It is pictured here with Cynthia Breazeal (USA), who is the founder of the creative team behind the robot.
1971 198 Science & Technology
First email Computer engineer Ray Tomlinson (USA, 1941–2016) sends the landmark electronic message in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. The text was not preserved, but “it was something like ‘QWERTYUIOP’,” said Tomlinson.
FAST FACTS Leonardo da Vinci devised a “robotic knight” c. 1495; Mark Rosheim built it in 2002, then applied some of its features to robots he designed for NASA • The word “robot” comes from the Czech robota (“forced labour” or “work”)
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“Sweating” robot )ROORZLQJWKH+1VZLQH ͥXVFDUHLQ HQJLQHHUV LQ-DSDQFUHDWHGDURERW WKDWFRXOGH[KLELWWKH V\PSWRPVRIWKHYLUXV7KH URERWKDVDOLIHVL]HGERG\ DQGLVFRDWHGLQDKXPDQ OLNHVNLQWKDW̸SHUVSLUHV̹,W XVHVDQLPDWURQLFVWRPRDQ FU\DQGFRQYXOVHOLNHD SHUVRQLQIHFWHGZLWK+1 :LWKRXWHIIHFWLYHWUHDWPHQW WKHV\PSWRPVZRUVHQDQG WKHURERW̸GLHV̹,WZDV ODXQFKHGDVDWUDLQLQJDLG IRUGRFWRUVLQ2FW
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nn s The table te g all aspect of assessin g in m is capable ti otion. With of a ball’s m sandth of n to a thou w do n io is prec rammed og pr is e robot ckling a second, th ta g, rally goin le to keep the e impossib b ld ou w shots that e in ev hi ac to for a human lp its pupil order to he improve.
First all-in-one desktop computer Hewlett-Packard launches the HP 9830, which includes a display, keyboard, hard drive and processor all in one unit. It uses the BASIC programming language.
1972
guinnessworldrecords.com 199
DATELINE
1HZ-HUVH\86$,QYHQWHG E\*HRUJH'HYRO 86$ 8QLPDWHZDVXVHGWR WUDQVSRUWGLHFDVWLQJVIURP DQDVVHPEO\OLQHDQGZHOG WKHPRQWRFDUERGLHV,W ZHLJKHGOE NJ DQGFRVW e
SMALL STUFF 7,300%
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Smallest working power tool +P.CPEG#DGTPGVJ[ 0< RTQFWEGFCHWNN[HWPEVKQPKPI &RTKPVGFEQTFNGUUFTKNNOGCUWTKPILWUVǡOO ǡKP JKIJ +VWUGUCPOONQPI KP VYKUVFTKNNCPFKURQYGTGF D[CǡJGCTKPICKFDCVVGT[.CPEGCNUQDWKNVCOCVEJKPIRQYGT UCYǡOGCUWTKPICOKPWUEWNGOO ǡKP KPNGPIVJ Fastest nanotech DNA diagnostic machine On 7 Oct 2015, an international team of scientists revealed their
design for a nanometrescale DNA analysis machine. It uses synthetic DNA tuned to respond to antibodies that indicate diseases such as arthritis and HIV, giving a result in just 5 min.
Most powerful MRI machine Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) detects disease by scanning inside the body. A French-German project, the INUMAC (Imaging of Neuro disease 8VLQJKLJKͤHOG05DQG Contrastophores) has a PDJQHWLFͤHOGVWUHQJWKRI 11.7 Tesla (compared to conventional 3- or 7-Tesla machines). This enables it to image at a cube size of 0.1 mm (0.003 in), one-tenth of current imaging size. It can also take a picture every 0.1 sec, 10 times faster than average. Due to be installed in 2016 in France’s NeuroSpin centre, it will help in studying and diagnosing brain conditions.
Smallest sculpture of a human Trust by Jonty Hurwitz (UK, b. ZAF) is a 3D-printed UEWNRVWTGQHCYQOCPǡZǡZǡOKETQPUKPUK\G (the diameter of a human hair). The statue, inspired by VJGCTVKUVŨUƒTUVNQXGYCUXGTKƒGFQPǡ(GDCV VJGǡ-CTNUTWJG0CPQ/KETQ(CEKNKV[KP)GTOCP[
SMALLEST... Thermometer On 9 Aug 2007, researchers from McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, published a paper on a thermometer made from green ͥXRUHVFHQWSURWHLQ – the substance that PDNHVMHOO\ͤVKJORZ The thermometer HPLWWHG̸ͥDVKHV̹ of light in direct relationship to its temperature. The protein is approximately 4.2 nanometres (0.0000042 mm; 0.00000016 in) long – the size
Smallest engineering truss framework 2TQHGUUQTQHOCVGTKCNUUEKGPEGCPFOGEJCPKEU,WNKC)TGGT
75# JCUKPXGPVGFCHTCEVCNPCPQVTWUUYKVJCYCNNVJKEMPGUUQH ǡPCPQOGVTGU ǡOO ǡKP 6JGVTWUUGUHQTO nanostructures in a lattice framework, like that used in France’s 'KHHGN6QYGT6JG[ECPDGDWKNVKPXCTKQWURCVVGTPUVJCVCTGWR VQǡCKTDWVCUUVTQPICUUVGGN+HUECNGFWRVJG[OKIJVDG WUGFVQETGCVGVQWIJDWVNKIJVYGKIJVXGJKENGUCPFDWKNFKPIU
Smallest printed book
DATELINE
Shiki no Kusabana (Flowers of the Four Seasons) was RTKPVGFKPCTWPQHǡEQRKGU by Toppan Printing Co. in $WPM[ɢ6QM[Q,CRCPKPǡ CPFKUCOGTGǡZǡOO 100%
ǡZǡKP YJGPENQUGF +VUǡǡRCIGUŤGCEJQHYJKEJECP ƒVVJTQWIJVJGG[GQHCPGGFNGŤECTT[FTCYKPIUQH,CRCPGUG HNQYGTUYKVJPCOGUǡIKXGPKPhiragana and katakana, the two OCKPǡ,CRCPGUGUETKRVUCUYGNNCUYKVJCP'PINKUJVTCPUNKVGTCVKQP 6JGDQQMRTKPVGFWUKPIVGEJPQNQI[WUWCNN[TGUGTXGFHQTCPVK HQTIGT[HGCVWTGUQPǡDCPMPQVGUYCUUQNFCUCUGVYKVJCPGPNCTIGF XGTUKQPǡCPFǡCǡOCIPKH[KPIINCUUHQTǡ;GP c
1973 200 Science & Technology
of a cell – and is safe for use in humans. It could be used in micro-surgical monitoring. Battery In 2011, engineers at Rice University in Houston, Texas, USA, unveiled a battery 0.5 microns (0.0005 mm; 0.000019 in) high and an almostinvisible 150 nanometres (0.00015 mm; 0.0000059 in) thick – 60,000 times smaller than an AAA. The battery is formed by nanowires, one half being the cathode and one half being the anode.
First cellular phone On 3 Apr, American engineer Martin Cooper makes the first ever call on his prototype Motorola DynaTAC cellular phone. Using a base station on the roof of his office, he phoned his rival, Joel Engel of AT&T, while standing in the street.
FAST FACTS A nanometre (nm) is one billionth of a metre, or about one 25-millionth of an inch • The smallest unit of measurement of length is the Planck, at about a millionth of a billionth of a billionth of a billionth of a centimetre
Smallest scissors %TGCVGFD[%JGP;W2GK
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Motorized model car In 2003, a team of engineers from the Denso Corporation (JPN) created a motorized model of a 1936 Toyota AA sedan that was only 4.785 mm (0.0681 in) long. It contained a tiny electric motor that propelled the
car at a top speed of 0.018 km/h (0.011 mph). The smallest model car was made in 2005 by scientists at Rice University (USA) from a cluster of carbon atoms less than 4 nanometres (0.00000015 in) across.
7KLV̸QDQRFDU̹KDGD chassis, two independent axles and four wheels made from buckminsterfullerene (a type of spherical carbon molecule). 3D map of Earth In 2010, scientists at IBM made a detailed 3D map of Earth so small that 1,000 RIWKHPFRXOGͤWRQDJUDLQ of salt. Patterns of Earth’s continents were created with a silicon cutting tip WLPHVͤQHUWKDQD sharpened pencil. It carved out geographical features as small as 15 nanometres high (0.000015 mm; 0.00000059 in). 5VCTUJKRǡEnterprise Aptly named Nano Trek, a 1-billionth-scale model
of the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D) was created by Takayuki Hoshino and Shinji Matsui (both JPN) of the Himeji Institute of Technology in +\ďJR-DSDQ7KH\ used a 30-kV focused ion beam to etch the replica of the iconic Star Trek ship, creating a sculpture that was just 8.8 microns (0.0088 mm; 0.0003 in) long – more than 1,000 to the centimetre (or nearly 3,000 to the inch)! It won the Best Ion Micrograph prize at the 2003 conference on Electron, Ion and Photon Beam Technology and Nanofabrication in Tampa, Florida, USA. Animal sculpture In 2015, Jonty Hurwitz (see opposite page) created Fragile Giant – a life-like elephant that measured a mere 0.157 mm (0.006 in) WDOO+HͤUVWPDGH a computer model from photographs of a real elephant, then rendered it in 3D using a technique called multiphoton lithography. This VHWVͥXLG̸SODVWLF̹ in a process similar to 3D printing, but on a micro scale. The sculpture, which has features just a few thousandths of a millimetre across, can perch on one ridge RIDKXPDQͤQJHUSULQW
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SMALLEST STATUE OF LIBERTY
(KTGFKP/GNDQWTPG#WUVTCNKCQPǡ,WNVJKUOKPWUEWNG JGCX[YGCRQPYCUJCPFOCFGD[/CTEWU*WNN #75 CPF OGCUWTGUǡOO ǡKP NQPIǡOO ǡKP YKFGCPF ǡOO ǡKP JKIJ+VƒTGUCUVGGNDCNNǡOO ǡKP in diameter and uses red phosphorus as propellant.
First aircraft to fly on solar power The AstroFlight Sunrise, an unmanned electric aircraft, takes off on the morning of 4 Nov using the power from solar panels in its wings. It will make another 27 flights before breaking up in heavy turbulence.
1974
guinnessworldrecords.com 201
DATELINE
Smallest working cannon
There are a few Statues of Liberty around the world, including the most famous one on Liberty Island in New York, USA. While that statue is an imposing 93.1 m (305 ft 5 in) high, the world’s smallest version of “Lady Liberty”, by UK artist Willard Wigan, fits within the eye of a needle. At c. 0.5 mm (0.02 in) in height, it is the smallest Statue of Liberty that exactly conforms to the dimensions of the New York original. The sculpture is crafted from a tiny speck of gold painstakingly hand-carved using tools made by Wigan himself. He applies his sculpting tools in between heartbeats to reduce the effects of hand tremor.
LASERS Highest Earth– Moon bandwidth In Oct 2013, a team from NASA and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology sent signals to the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) spacecraft orbiting the Moon. They achieved a FQYPNQCFFCVCTCVGQHǡOGICDKVU per sec. Engineers were able to download the spacecraft’s 1-GB UEKGPEGFCVCKPNGUUVJCPǡOKP Using conventional radio waves, KVǡYQWNFJCXGVCMGPVJTGGFC[U
Highest laser energy shone on to a single target In Jun 2009, scientists at the National Ignition Facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California, USA, began operating an array of 192 powerful lasers designed to research nuclear HWUKQP6JGNCUGTUCTGHQEWUGFQPVQCƒPIGTPCKNUK\GFEQPVCKPGTMPQYPCUCJQJNTCWOJQNFKPIC RGNNGVQHJ[FTQIGPHWGNHQTHWUKQPGZRGTKOGPVU1Pǡ,CPTGUGCTEJGTUƒTGFVJGNCUGTCTTC[ HQTǡCHGYDKNNKQPVJUQHCUGEQPFCPFFGNKXGTGFQPGOGICLQWNGQHGPGTI[QPVQVJGJQJNTCWOVCTIGV 6JKUKUGSWKXCNGPVVQVJGGZRNQUKQPECWUGFD[ǡMI ǡQ\ QH606 occurred at the White Sands Missile Range in 1HZ0H[LFR86$ Longest flight powered by transmitted laser light In Jul 2012, LaserMotive and Lockheed Martin (both 86$ ͥHZD6WDONHU8$9 for more than 48 hr using a ground-based laser and a receiver that converted the laser light into electricity.
DATELINE
Highest altitude achieved by laser power On 2 Oct 2000, Lightcraft Technologies (USA)
1976 202 Science & Technology
ͥHZDFPGLDPHWHU (4.8-in) craft to a height RIP IW SRZHUHG only by light. They used a US Army 10-kW pulsed FDUERQGLR[LGHODVHURQ WKHJURXQGͤUHGXSZDUGV at the 51-g (1.8-oz) craft, ZKLFKUHͥHFWHGWKHOLJKW EDFNZDUGVWRDSRLQW just beneath it. The UHVXOWLQJH[SDQVLRQRIWKH superheated air provided WKHWKUXVW7KHVHWHVWͥLJKWV
Longest laser communications link In May 2005, NASA’s Messenger spacecraft FRPPXQLFDWHGZLWK(DUWK using a laser beam from a distance of 24 million km (15 million mi). This H[SHULPHQWDOIRUPRI
long-distance space communication is GHVLJQHGWRDOORZDKLJKHU rate of data return from interplanetary space than current methods of PLFURZDYHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ Shortest laser wavelength Lasers operate across DUDQJHRIZDYHOHQJWKV W\SLFDOO\EHWZHHQDQG 700 nanometres. In 2009,
the Linac Coherent Light Source at the Stanford Linear Accelerator in California, USA, achieved a QDQRPHWUHZDYHOHQJWK ̰WKHͤUVWIUHHHOHFWURQ laser to emit hard X-rays. 2Q$XJKRZHYHU scientists at The University RI(OHFWUR&RPPXQLFDWLRQV in Tokyo, Japan, revealed that they had created an atomic X-ray laser also
MOST BALLOONS BURST IN ONE MINUTE USING A LASER On 22 Sep 2014, Daniel Black (UK) popped 55 balloons in 60 sec with a self-built laser at the Institute of Making at UCL in London, UK. His laser had a wavelength of 445 nanometres. The balloons were black, to absorb as much incident energy (the energy hitting the surface) as possible.
First hand-held electronic videogame Mattel (USA) release Auto Race, the first gaming toy with no moving parts. Players have to navigate their car – represented by a large red dot on a tiny LED display – past their slower-moving competitors (smaller dots) to win the race.
FAST FACTS The word “laser” stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation • In 1969, the Apollo 11 astronauts used a laser to measure the distance from the Moon to Earth; the result was accurate to within the width of a finger
cavity made from silicon, ZKLFKWUDSVOLJKWHQHUJ\ and dissipates it as heat. This prototype can absorb 99.4% of the laser light for DVSHFLͤFIUHTXHQF\$QWL lasers may have uses in the ͤHOGVRIRSWLFDOFRPSXWLQJ and medical imaging.
(KTUVCTVKƒEKCNIWKFGUVCT 1Pǡ,WPUEKGPVKUVUCV.KEM1DUGTXCVQT[CPF.CYTGPEG Livermore National Labs (both in California, USA) shot a laser beam KPVQVJGUM[VQETGCVGCPCTVKƒEKCNūUVCTŬQHINQYKPICVOQURJGTKE sodium ions. Astronomers used this star to observe how much ūFKUVQTVKQPŬ'CTVJŨUCVOQURJGTGKPVTQFWEGFKPVQCVGNGUEQRGŨU image. They could then compensate for this distortion when viewing QVJGTQDLGEVUKPURCEGETGCVKPIOWEJOQTGCEEWTCVGKOCIGU ZLWKDZDYHOHQJWKRIMXVW 0.15 nanometres. The team DUHQRZVHHNLQJWRPDNH such lasers more stable DQGFRKHUHQWZLWKSRWHQWLDO applications in medicine and particle physics.
Anti-laser In Feb 2011, scientists from Yale University, USA, unveiled their anti-laser, WKHͤUVWGHYLFHFDSDEOH of cancelling out a laser beam. It uses an optical
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Longest line of balloons popped using a laser The three presenters of ITV’s science and technology show +VŨUǡ0QV4QEMGV5EKGPEG (UK) burst a line of 200 balloons by means of an Nd:YAG laser in Borehamwood, UK, on 23 Jan 2016. Pictured above, from left to right, are the trio Rachel Riley, Romesh Ranganathan and Ben Miller (all UK), with GWR CFLWFKECVQT5CO/CUQPYJQQXGTUCYVJGTGEQTFCVVGORV
Highest box-office gross by a science-fiction film series Star Wars (USA) – later retitled Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope – is released. It is the first movie in a franchise that will go on to gross $6,452,324,357 (£4,513,190,000) worldwide as of Feb 2016.
1977
guinnessworldrecords.com 203
DATELINE
KNOW? DID YGOlaUser used to bursetd
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First rocket-landing on Earth after deploying a payload in orbit 1Pǡ&GE5RCEG:UWEEGUUHWNN[NCPFGFVJGƒTUV UVCIGǡQHKVU(CNEQPǡTQEMGVCV%CRG%CPCXGTCN#KT(QTEG 5VCVKQPKP(NQTKFC75#6JGTQEMGVJCFDGGPNCWPEJGF VJGFC[DGHQTGCPFJCFFGRNQ[GFUCVGNNKVGUKPVQ'CTVJ QTDKV6JG(CNEQPǡTGCEJGFCPCNVKVWFGQHǡMO ǡOK CHVGTYJKEJVJGTQEMGVŨUUGEQPFUVCIGVQQMKVURC[NQCFQH UCVGNNKVGUKPVQQTDKV6JGƒTUVUVCIGYJKEJKUǡO ǡHV VCNNTGVWTPGFWPFGTKVUQYPRQYGTCPFNCPFGFXGTVKECNN[ 6JGǡHWNNLQWTPG[KUKNNWUVTCVGFKPVJKUVKOGNCRUGRJQVQ
Most atoms quantum-entangled On 26 Mar 2015, scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (USA) and the University of Belgrade (SRB) announced that they had quantumentangled 2,910 atoms
of rubidium (give or take 190 atoms). They achieved this by trapping the supercooled particles between two slightly transparent mirrors and bombarding them with weak laser pulses. Quantum entanglement occurs when particles are so
fundamentally connected that they can theoretically LQͥXHQFHHDFKRWKHṴHYHQ across vast distances. 5JQTVGUVRWNUGQHǡXKUKDNGǡNKIJV Scientists have created a light pulse lasting for just 380 attoseconds. One
The VSV-E Virus) Virus-Ebola Stomatitis d at the pe lo ve de first ratory vaccine was bo La y icrobiolog 03. 20 National M in , g, Canada in Winnipe 2015. As of ar M 23 n on le Trials bega 4,000 peop more than t ac nt Aug 2015, co e os d cl who had ha d patients ha with Ebola d. te ea tr been
attosecond is a quintillionth (10-18) of a second. The feat was achieved by Eleftherios Goulielmakis (GRC/DEU) and his team of researchers at the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics in Garching, Germany, and published on 4 Feb 2016. Largest known RTKOGǡPWODGT On 7 Jan 2016, a computer volunteered by Dr Curtis Cooper (USA) at the University of Central Missouri, USA, discovered the Mersenne prime number 274,207,281-1. The number has a designation M74207281. Reading two digits per second, it would take more than 100 days to read out the 22,338,618-digit number.
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FIRST DETECTION OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVES
? U KNOW DID YOna cted l waves dete
Albert Einstein proposed the existence of gravitational waves in 1916, but they were not detected until 11 Feb 2016. They are made when huge objects in space speed up or slow down. By mapping the movements of these waves, scientists have a new way of analysing signals from the universe. The detection was made by the LIGO Scientific Collaboration and the Virgo Collaboration using the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO). LIGO is the largest gravitational-wave detector. It is located at two sites in the USA: Hanford in Washington and Livingston in Louisiana (below). Each houses two L-shaped, 4-km (2.5-mi) steel vacuum tubes, down which lasers are fired. The lasers interfere with each other in detectors, allowing tiny fluctuations in space-time to be studied, a process called interferometry.
DATELINE
io The gravitat to have e believed by LIGO ar holes – of k ac bl om two solar resulted fr 29 d ely 36 an approximat in a galaxy ng gi er m . masses – years away billion light ft). By around 1.3 le , on si es impr (see artist’s r of such e behaviou studying th can “hear” ts is nt ie sc waves, ts. cosmic even
1978 204 Science & Technology
Most Tour de France stage wins Eddie Merckx (BEL) celebrates his 34th stage win in the Tour de France. His first had come in 1969. Along with three other riders, Merckx also shares the record for the most Tour de France wins (5), with victories in 1969–72 and 1974.
FAST FACTS 14,650%
When cooled to absolute zero (-273.15°C; -459.67°F), helium becomes a liquid that flows against gravity • Scientists have developed a way of recharging mobile phones with urine • We share some of our DNA with bananas
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First spacecraft to orbit CǡEQOGV On 6 Aug 2014, the European Space Agency’s Rosetta spacecraft entered orbit around comet 67P/ Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P). On 12 Nov 2014, it released Philae, a lander designed to analyse the comet’s surface. As of 27 Jan 2016, Rosetta had been orbiting 67P for 539 days, and is the longest orbital survey of a comet. Most distant object KPǡVJGǡWPKXGTUG Using data from the Wide Field Camera 3 on the
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Hubble Space Telescope, a team of astronomers announced on 3 Mar 2016 their discovery of a galaxy in the Ursa Major constellation. The light detected by Hubble from this galaxy, GN-z11, dates back 13.4 billion years, around 400 million years after the Big Bang. In that time, the expansion of the universe means that GN-z11 is now some 32 billion light years from Earth. Longest X-ray HTGGGNGEVTQPǡNCUGT Located in Germany, the European XFEL stretches 3.4 km (2.1 mi) and across
U KNOW Incredib ly, one n ? anostru glass dis ctured c has ha d the en Univers tire al Decla ration o Rights e f Human tched on to it (inse using an t left) ultra-fa st laser. existing No othe storage r mediu reliably ensure th m can so a t data w be access ill ible by fu ture generati ons. three research sites. This X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) incorporates high-speed electrons moving through magnets. The laser itself measures 2 km (1.2 mi) long, with an acceleration length of 1.7 km (1.06 mi). It requires 17.5 billion electron volts and operates at a temperature of -271°C (-455.8°F).
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First object 3D-printed from extraterrestrial material
Oldest person to get divorced On 21 Nov, after nine years of marriage, 101-year-old Harry Bidwell of East Sussex, UK, divorces his 65-year-old wife, Lucy. He feels that she “wasn’t domesticated enough” and is soon seeking a new partner.
1980
guinnessworldrecords.com 205
DATELINE
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DATELINE
SPORTS
1981 206 Sports
First car to sell 20 million units On 15 May, the 20-millionth Volkswagen Beetle rolls off the assembly line, at Volkswagen de México’s factory in Puebla. Production of the car in Germany had ceased three years previously.
CONTENTS SPORTS FACTOGRAPHIC
208
AMERICAN FOOTBALL/ BASEBALL
210
BASKETBALL / ICE HOCKEY
212
BOXING / MARTIAL ARTS
214
CRICKET / GOLF
216
EXTREME SPORTS / STREET SPORTS
218
AUTO SPORTS / CYCLING
220
RUGBY / TENNIS
222
CLUB SOCCER / INTERNATIONAL SOCCER
224
TRACK / FIELD
226
SWIMMING / WATER SPORTS 228 SPORTS ROUND-UP
230
SPORTS REFERENCE
232
Highest annual earnings HQTǡCPǡCVJNGVGGXGT
Youngest player in a FIFA World Cup On 17 Jun, Norman Whiteside appears for Northern Ireland vs Yugoslavia at La Romareda stadium in Zaragoza, Spain, aged 17 years 41 days. The game finishes goalless.
1982
guinnessworldrecords.com 207
DATELINE
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All values are in US dollars ($1 = £0.70, as of 15 Apr 2016).
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=9. Washington Redskins (USA) American football $2.4 bn
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=9. Los Angeles Dodgers (USA) Baseball $2.4 bn
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=6. New England Patriots (USA) American football $2.6 bn
RICHEST RETIRED ATHLETES 2015
=2. New York Yankees (USA) Baseball $3.2 bn
TIGER WOODS’ EARNINGS
8. New York Knicks (USA) Basketball $2.5 bn
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=6. Los Angeles Lakers (USA) Basketball $2.6 bn
They say you have to be in it to win it, but that isn’t necessarily the case for sportsmen. A fortunate – and highly talented – few are able to carry on earning long after retirement courtesy of endorsements, licensing and personal appearances.
=2. Dallas Cowboys (USA) American football $3.2 bn
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1. Real Madrid (ESP) Soccer $3.26 bn
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NBA EARNINGS
Player: $59,756
Cheerleader: $100
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AMERICAN FOOTBALL
Most consecutive pass completions Miami Dolphins quarterback Ryan 6CPPGJKNNOCFGǡRCUU completions over two NFL games: seven straight against the 6GPPGUUGG6KVCPUǡQP ǡ1EVCPFǡ against the Houston 6GZCPUQPǡ1EV
All teams and players are USA. Youngest NFL player to reach 1,000 receptions At 32 years 97 days old, Larry Fitzgerald (b. 31 Aug 1983) of the Arizona Cardinals caught his 1,000th pass on 6 Dec 2015.
Most passing yards in an NFL career On 15 Nov 2015, Peyton Manning of the Denver Broncos gained 35 yards
First quarterback to win the Super Bowl with two different teams Peyton Manning led the Indianapolis Colts to a 29–17 victory over the Chicago Bears in Super $QYNǡ:.+QPǡ(GDCPFPKPG[GCTUNCVGTIWKFGFVJG&GPXGT$TQPEQUVQCŤYKPQXGTVJG %CTQNKPC2CPVJGTUKP5WRGT$QYNQPǡ(GD6JGNCVVGTXKEVQT[OCFG/CPPKPICVVJGCIG QHǡVJGoldest quarterback to win a Super Bowl5GGDGNQYHQTOQTG/CPPKPITGEQTFU passing in a game against the Miami Dolphins to reach 71,871 passing yards – the NFL’s all-time record. Manning is also the ̨UVWSOD\HUWRZLQ JDPHVDV1)/ VWDUWLQJTXDUWHUEDFN LQFOXGLQJ
MOST RUSHING TOUCHDOWNS BY AN NFL QUARTERBACK
DATELINE
Cam Newton has run for 43 touchdowns in 78 games for the Carolina Panthers since 2011. This equals the record set by Steve Young in 169 games over 15 seasons, playing for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and San Francisco 49ers from 1985 to 1999. Newton also threw two touchdown passes and ran for two touchdowns in a 38–10 victory over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on 3 Jan 2016. This represents the most times passing and running for touchdowns in the same NFL game – a record 31.
1983 210 Sports
SRVWVHDVRQ . He won 186 regular season games and 14 postseason games, playing for the Indianapolis Colts and Denver Broncos between 1998 and 2015.
Minnesota Vikings in a 30–14 win over the Oakland Raiders on 15 Nov 2015. It was Peterson’s sixth 200yard game, equalling the mark set by O J Simpson.
Most games gaining 200 yards rushing in an 0(.ǡECTGGT Adrian Peterson gained 203 yards rushing while playing for the
Shortest regular season overtime game On 4 Oct 2015, New Orleans Saints’ Drew Brees (below), playing the Dallas Cowboys, threw a touchdown pass to C J Spiller for a 26–20 win in 13 sec of overtime.
Most combined touchdown passes in an NFL game #VQVCNQHVQWEJFQYPRCUUGUYGTGVJTQYPFWTKPI 0GY1TNGCPUŨŤXKEVQT[QXGTVJG0GY;QTM)KCPVU QPǡ0QX5GXGPYGTGD[&TGY$TGGU CDQXG QH VJG0GY1TNGCPU5CKPVUCPFUKZYGTGD['NK/CPPKPI QHVJG0GY;QTM)KCPVU6JGRTGXKQWUOCTMQH ǡVQWEJFQYPRCUUGUJCFUVQQFHQTǡ[GCTU
Deepest penetration into Earth’s crust Excavation ceases on a geological exploratory borehole near Zapolyarny, on the Kola Peninsula of Arctic Russia. The depth reached is 12,261 m (40,226 ft) when work stops owing to a lack of funds.
BASEBALL Longest Major League Baseball (MLB) World Series game (innings)
Most consecutive postseason games hitting a home run (individual) Playing for the New York Mets, Daniel Murphy hit a home run in six successive playoff games in the 2015 postseason. In Jan 2016, Murphy signed with the Washington Nationals.
All teams and individuals are USA, unless otherwise stated. Most runs batted in D[CRKVEJGTKPJKUƒTUVICOG On 28 Jun 2015, Steven Matz, the winning pitcher for the New York Mets against the Cincinnati Reds, batted in four runs. Most at-bats without recording CǡJKVǡVQǡUVCTVCECTGGT Playing for the Boston Red Sox, Oakland Athletics and Chicago Cubs from 16 Jun 2006 to 6 Jul 2015, Jon Lester had the longest KLWOHVVGURXJKW RͦFLDO regular season at-bats. Most grand slam home runs in an MLB career A grand slam home run is one hit when all the bases are occupied. Playing for
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Adrián Beltr he hit s old when was 36 year for the d) re tu ic e (p for the cycl ainst the Playing ag third time. t a triple stros, he hi Houston A a double s, ng ni in in the first in the nd, a single in the seco n ru e m ho third and a . in the fifth
the Seattle Mariners, Texas Rangers and New York Yankees, Alex Rodriguez has recorded 25 since 1994.
Most home runs in one postseason game by a team On 12 Oct 2015, in Game Three of the National League Division Series, the Chicago Cubs hit six home runs in an 8–6 victory over the St Louis Cardinals. The Cardinals hit two home runs in the same game for a combined total of eight – the PRVW KRPHUXQVKLWLQRQH SRVWVHDVRQJDPHE\ERWK WHDPV. Chicago’s homerun hitters were Starlin Castro (DOM), Anthony Rizzo, Dexter Fowler, Kris Bryant, Jorge Soler (CUB) and Kyle Schwarber. Jason Heyward and Stephen Piscotty each connected for the Cardinals.
Most consecutive matches in MLB YKVJQWVCPGTTQTKPVJGQWVƒGNF 1WVƒGNFGT0KEM/CTMCMKUYGPVǡICOGUYKVJQWVCPGTTQT YJKNGRNC[KPIHQTVJG$CNVKOQTG1TKQNGUCPF#VNCPVC$TCXGUHTQO ǡ#WIVQǡ,WP*GJCUVYKEGYQPVJG#OGTKECP .GCIWG)QNF)NQXG#YCTFHQTƒGNFKPIKPCPF
Highest National Baseball Hall of Fame vote percentage -GP)TKHHG[,TYCU elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame KPYKVJVJGJKIJGUV ever percentage of XQVGU*GCRRGCTGFQP QT QHVJG DCNNQVUECUV)TKHHG[ QHVJG5GCVVNG/CTKPGTU EQOOGPVGFū6QIGVVJG ECNNKUWPDGNKGXCDNGŬ
MOST TIMES HITTING FOR THE CYCLE The cycle is a rare baseball feat in which a batter hits a single, double, triple and home run (in any order) in the same game. The greatest number of times this has been done in a career is three: by John Reilly from 1883 to 1890 (including twice in seven days); Bob Meusel from 1921 to 1928; “Babe” Herman from 1931 to 1933; and Adrián Beltré (DOM; pictured) from 2008 to 3 Aug 2015. Beltré, of the Texas Rangers, secured his third cycle in a 12–9 victory against the Houston Astros.
Most valuable shipwreck found Treasure-hunter Mel Fisher (USA, 1922–98) finds the Nuestra Señora de Atocha off the Florida coast on 20 Jul. The ship sank in 1622, with a cargo of 40 US tons (36.2 tonnes) of gold and silver and some 70 lb (32 kg) of emeralds.
Most games to feature CǡTKIJVCPFNGHVJCPFGF home run by the same player Two players have each hit a home run left-handed and another right-handed in the same game on 14 occasions. They are Mark Teixeira (since 2003, for the Texas Rangers, Atlanta Braves, Los Angeles Angels and New York Yankees) and Nick Swisher (since 2004, for the Oakland Athletics, Chicago White Sox, New York Yankees, Cleveland Indians and Atlanta Braves).
1985
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1Pǡ1EVVJG Kansas City Royals FGHGCVGFVJG0GY;QTM /GVUŤKPǡKPPKPIU Their record equalled that of the Chicago White Sox vs Houston Astros in 1EVǡCPFVJG$QUVQP Red Sox vs Brooklyn &QFIGTUKP1EVǡ
BASKETBALL The most points scored in NBA All-Star games is 291 by LeBron James (USA), playing in 11 All-Star games from 2005 to 2016. Most points scored by CǡVGCOKPVJGƒTUVSWCTVGT QHǡCRQUVUGCUQPOCVEJ The Houston Rockets scored SRLQWVLQWKHͤUVWTXDUWHU of their postseason match against the Golden State Warriors on 25 May 2015. This matched the total set by the Los Angeles Lakers on 18 Apr 1985 and Dallas Mavericks on 4 May 1986.
/QUVVJTGGRQKPVƒGNFIQCNU KPǡCǡRQUVUGCUQPD[CPKPFKXKFWCN 5VGRJGP%WTT[EQPXGTVGFVJTGGRQKPVƒGNFIQCNUHQTVJG)QNFGP 5VCVG9CTTKQTUFWTKPIVJG0$#RNC[QHHU6JG9CTTKQTU UGVCPGYTGEQTFHQTVJGbest season start KP0$#JKUVQT[YKVJ ǡEQPUGEWVKXGXKEVQTKGUVQDGIKPVJGUGCUQP All records relate to the National Basketball Association (NBA). All teams and individuals are USA. Most points scored by CǡVGCOKPCP#NN5VCTǡ)COG The West All-Stars scored 196 points in the All-Star Game held on 14 Feb 2016. The most points scored by a player in an All-Star Game is 42, by Wilt Chamberlain in 1962. The same year, he recorded the most points scored by an individual in an NBA game: 100.
*KIJGUVUEQTKPI #NN5VCTǡ)COG On 14 Feb 2016, the two All-Stars sides scored a combined 369 points. The West All-Stars beat the (DVWVTXDG ̰ (KTUVHCVJGTUQP RNC[GTEQCEJVCPFGO For 11 min on 16 Jan 2015, Austin Rivers played under Los Angeles Clippers coach Doc Rivers against the Cleveland Cavaliers. /QUVEQPUGEWVKXGNQUUGU 7KH3KLODGHOSKLDHUVORVW 28 games in a row from 0DUWR 1RY 2015. They also share the record for most consecutive losses to start a season (18) with the 1HZ-HUVH\1HWV
Kobe Bryant 6JGUGCUQPUGGUVJGGPFQHCTGOCTMCDNG0$# ECTGGT#OQPIJKUOCP[TGEQTFUVJG.QU#PIGNGU.CMGTUŨ -QDG$T[CPVKUVJGyoungest player to start a game CV ǡ[GCTUǡFC[U CPFyoungest player to score 25,000 points CVǡ[GCTUǡFC[U *GCNUQUJCTGUVJGTGEQTFHQT the OQUVƒGNFIQCNUOCFGKP0$##NN5VCTICOGU YKVJ .G$TQP,COGU$T[CPVKUVJGQPN[0$#RNC[GTYKVJOQTGVJCP ǡRQKPVUCUUKUVUCPFTGDQWPFU
MOST THREE-POINT FIELD GOALS BY A TEAM IN A SEASON
DATELINE
The Houston Rockets set an NBA record by scoring 933 three-point field goals during the 2014/15 season. In the course of achieving that milestone, the Rockets also registered the most three-point field goals attempted by a team in a season: 2,680. James Harden (right) performed the most turnovers in a postseason game by an individual – 13 – while playing for the Rockets in a 104–90 loss to the Golden State Warriors. He set the record on 27 May 2015, during Game 5 of the team’s playoff series.
1986 212 Sports
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KNOW? James H arden’s prodigio perform us ances du 2011/12 ring the season sa w him b the seco ecome nd-youn gest win the prest ner of igious N B A Sixth of the Y Man ear Awa rd. Not b someon ad for e who h as suffe red from asthma a ttacks si nce childhoo d…
Largest monster truck Over the summer, Bob Chandler (USA) builds the monstrous Bigfoot 5, which stands 15 ft 6 in (4.7 m) tall and tips the scales at 38,000 lb (17,235 kg). Each of its tyres measures 10 ft (3 m) off the ground.
ICE HOCKEY
.QPIGUV UJQQVQWV 6JG(NQTKFC2CPVJGTU VQQMTQWPFUVQ FGHGCVVJG9CUJKPIVQP %CRKVCNU DQVJ75# Ť QPǡ&GE1VJGT TGEQTFUUGVFWTKPIVJG ICOGKPENWFGVJGmost shootout goals by both teams CPFVJGmost shootout goals by a team UKZD[(NQTKFC
/QUVECTGGTICOGYKPPKPIIQCNU ,CTQOȐT,ȄIT %<' ǡJCFUEQTGFǡICOGYKPPKPIECTGGTIQCNU CUQHǡ,CPQWVUVTKRRKPIVJGIQCNTGEQTFUGVD[VJG NGIGPFCT[%CPCFKCPTKIJVYKPI)QTFKG*QYG All records relate to the National Hockey League (NHL) contested in the 75#ǡCPF%CPCFC Fastest ice hockey shot Zdeno Chára (SVK) delivered a 108.8-mph NPK VODSVKRW for the Boston Bruins (USA) during the All-Star Game’s Skills Competition in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, on 29 Jan 2012. *KIJGUVUEQTKPI #NN5VCTǡ)COG In total, 29 goals were scored in WKH1+/ All-Star Game at Columbus in Ohio, USA. Team Toews beat Team Foligno ̰
ERWK&$1 LQ His feat surpassed the UHFRUGRIEORFNVE\ Anton Volchenkov (RUS) of the Ottawa Senators &$1 LQ /QUVUCXGUKPCUJWVQWV In a shutout, a goalie stops the opposing team from
scoring for the whole game. The Edmonton Oilers’ Ben 6FULYHQV ERWK&$1 PDGH VDYHVLQD̰ZLQRYHU the San Jose Sharks (USA) on 29 Jan 2014. /QUVRQKPVUD[CVGCO YKVJQWVTGCEJKPI VJGǡRNC[QHHU The Boston Bruins earned 96 points in the standings GXULQJWKHVHDVRQ \HWVWLOOIDLOHGWRTXDOLI\IRU the postseason. The Bruins ͤQLVKHGZLWK̰̰IRU their points.
/QUVUJQQVQWVIQCNUKPCECTGGT #UJQQVQWVVCMGURNCEGKPCICOGVJCVKUVKGFCHVGTCPQXGTVKOG RGTKQF$[VJGGPFQHVJGUGCUQP,QPCVJCP6QGYU
%#0CDQXGNGHV JCFPGVVGFǡUJQQVQWVIQCNUHQTVJG%JKECIQ $NCEMJCYMU 75# *GKUUGGPJGTGEQORGVKPIHQTVJGRWEMYKVJ 5JCPG&QCP %#0 QHVJG#TK\QPC%Q[QVGU 75# QPǡ(GD
LONGEST ROAD WINNING STREAK BY A TEAM
Greatest collapse of global stock markets On 19 Oct – “Black Monday” – stocks begin a dramatic worldwide decline. By the end of the month, the US stock market has dropped by 22.68%, the Canadian stock market by 22.5% and the UK stock market by 26.4%.
1987
guinnessworldrecords.com 213
DATELINE
/QUVUJQVUDNQEMGF KPǡCUGCUQP Kris Russell blocked 283 shots for the Calgary Flames
The longest unbroken run of wins away from home is 12 games, first accomplished by the Detroit Red Wings during the 2005/06 season and matched by the Minnesota Wild (both USA) in 2014/15. Pictured, Zach Parise (USA, far left) and Mikko Koivu (FIN, left) celebrate as the Wild tie the score at 1–1 against the Los Angeles Kings on 16 Oct 2015. The Detroit Red Wings recorded the longest home winning streak by a team, with 23 consecutive home wins during the 2011/12 season. The longest winning streak overall by a team is 17 games, set by the Pittsburgh Penguins (USA) between 9 Mar and 10 Apr 1993.
BOXING Most expensive boxing championship belt The World Boxing Council (WBC) Emerald Belt awarded to Floyd Mayweather Jr (USA) on 2 May 2015 cost $1,000,000 (£657,251) to produce. Mayweather received the belt following his defeat of the Philippines’ Manny Pacquiao (see below).
/QUVIQNFOGFCNUYQPKPǡVJG AIBA World Boxing Championships (light heavyweight) Julio César La Cruz (CUB) won three consecutive AIBA titles, in 2011, 2013 and 2015. La Cruz is pictured above, in blue, defeating +TGNCPFŨU,QG9CTFKPVJGƒPCNUKP&QJC3CVCT
HIGHEST REVENUE FROM TICKET SALES FOR A BOXING MATCH A welterweight title fight between Floyd Mayweather Jr (USA) and Manny Pacquiao (PHL) earned $72,198,500 (£46,843,387) from the sale of 16,219 tickets. The fight took place at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, on 2 May 2015. Mayweather won on points.
Most bouts undefeated by a world champion boxer in a career Legendary heavyweight champion Rocky Marciano, aka Rocco Francis Marchegiano (USA), ZRQHYHU\ͤJKWRIKLV professional career, with 49 victories between 17 Mar 1947 and 21 Sep 1955 (he announced his retirement on 27 Apr 1956). In all, 43 of his 49 ͤJKWVZHUHE\NQRFNRXWV or stoppages. This feat was equalled by Floyd Mayweather Jr (USA), a FKDPSLRQDFURVVͤYHZHLJKW divisions, who also retired with a 49–0 record, which he set between 11 Oct 1996 and 12 Sep 2015. He won ͤJKWVE\NQRFNRXW Oldest boxing world champion (female) Bettering her own record set in 2013,
Most world heavyweight title bouts Wladimir Klitschko (UKR, above) was crowned WBO champion QPǡ1EV9KVJJKUYQTNFVKVNGƒIJVQPǡ0QX JGUGVCPGYTGEQTFQHHQTVJGOQUVYQTNFJGCX[YGKIJV title bouts. Until then, Klitschko had matched the record set D[,QGǡ.QWKU 75# YJQDGECOGEJCORKQPQPǡ,WP CPFǡJCFJKUVJCPFƒPCNUJQVCVVJGVKVNGQPǡ5GR
Jamaican-American boxer Alicia Ashley (b. 23 Aug 1967) defeated Christina McMahon (IRL) to regain the WBC Female Super Bantamweight title, in New York, USA, on 29 Oct 2015, aged 48 years 67 days.
? U KNOW DID YOan e at un rt fo un
DATELINE
There was er’s Mayweath epilogue to cquiao. His Pa t ns ai victory ag m just two ken from hi title was ta ld Boxing or W e r by th months late failing to r n (WBO) fo Organizatio 130,931) (£ 00 ,0 00 pay a set $2 come ve ha to fee that was s r’ ne in out of his w purse.
1990 214 Sports
Most distant image of Earth On 14 Feb, NASA’s Voyager 1 takes a picture of Earth from a distance of almost 6.5 billion km (4 billion mi). (For more on the Voyager spacecraft’s incredible – and still ongoing – journey, see pp.24–25.)
MARTIAL ARTS
First athlete to win boxing and MMA world titles 6JGƒTUVCVJNGVGOCNGQTHGOCNGVQDGDQVJDQZKPIYQTNF EJCORKQPCPFCP//# OKZGFOCTVKCNCTVU YQTNFEJCORKQP KU*QNN[*QNO 75#TKIJV YJQDGECOG9$# 9QTNF$QZKPI Association) welterweight champion in 2006 and held YQTNFVKVNGUWPVKN5JGDGECOG7(% 7NVKOCVG(KIJVKPI %JCORKQPUJKR DCPVCOYGKIJVEJCORKQPD[FGHGCVKPI4QPFC 4QWUG[ 75#NGHV D[YC[QHUGEQPFTQWPFMPQEMQWVKP /GNDQWTPG#WUVTCNKCQPǡ0QX 'CTNKGTKPVJG[GCT 4QWUG[JCFUGVJGTQYPYQTNFTGEQTFJQYGXGTCEJKGXKPIVJG HCUVGUV7(%VKVNGƒIJVXKEVQT[D[UWDOKUUKQPKPLWUVǡUGE YJGPUJGFGHGCVGF%CV
Most top-division sumo bouts -[QMWVGPJɢ/CUCTW /0) EQPVGUVGFVQRFKXKUKQP (makuuchi UWOQYTGUVNKPIDQWVUHTQOVQǡ,WN *GǡVQQMVJGTGEQTFHTQO-CKɢ*KTQ[WMKQPǡ/C[YJGP JGǡHQWIJVJKUVJDQWV*GKUUGEQPFQPN[VQɡshio, aka -GPLK*CVCPQ ,20 KPVGTOUQHVJGmost sumo wrestling career bouts; ɡUJKQHQWIJVDQWVUVQ-[QMWVGPJɢŨU
UHJXODWLRQͤJKWVWKDWWRS rikishi (sumo wrestlers) contest annually – the most wins in a calendar year. Most wins of the World Judo Championships team competition (female) The Japanese women’s team has taken the top spot at the World Judo &KDPSLRQVKLSVͤYH times, in 2002, 2008, 2012, 2013 and 2015.
Most wins of the World Judo Championships (male) Guadeloupe-born Teddy Riner (FRA) has won eight titles at the World Judo Championships – seven in the +100 kg (heavyweight) division (2007, 2009–11, 2013–15) and one as a member of the French men’s team in 2011.
Most medals won in the Karate 1 Premier League Alisa Buchinger and Bettina Plank (both AUT) each won 14 Karate 1 Premier League medals from 2013 to 2015.
LONGEST TOTAL FIGHT TIME IN A UFC CAREER The greatest aggregate time spent in the octagon (the eight-sided enclosure where UFC bouts take place) by a UFC fighter is 5 hr 37 min 51 sec by Frankie Edgar (USA), between 3 Feb 2003 and 11 Dec 2015. Edgar attained his feat in 18 UFC fights, breaking the record set by Georges St-Pierre (CAN), who had achieved a time of 5 hr 28 min 12 sec across 21 bouts in 2013. A UFC lightweight champion in 2010, Edgar defended the title three times before losing to Benson Henderson in 2012. Edgar is shown below (left) during his defeat of fellow American Urijah Faber on 16 May 2015 in the Philippine capital of Manila.
Youngest competitor KPǡCǡ-CTCVG Premier League event Cengizhan Koca (TUR, b. 7 Oct 1998) was 16 years 333 days old when he fought at the Karate 1 Istanbul 2015 event on 5 Sep 2015.
First website On 6 Aug in Geneva, Switzerland, computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee (UK) launches the website he has built to demonstrate the World Wide Web: http://info.cern.ch/.
1991
guinnessworldrecords.com 215
DATELINE
Most top-division sumo championships won $VRI-XO+DNXKď 6KďDND0¸QNKEDW\Q Davaajargal (MNG), had won 35 top-division sumo championships. In 2009, and again in 2010, he won 86 bouts out of the 90
CRICKET against the Adelaide Strikers in Australia on 18 Jan 2016. This equalled the record set in 2007 by Yuvraj Singh (IND), playing against England in the ICC World Twenty20 tournament.
Highest partnership in a 6YGPV[ǡ 6 +PVGTPCVKQPCN
/QUVTWPUUEQTGFD[ VGCOUǡKPCP1&+UGTKGU England (1,617) and New Zealand (1,534) together scored 3,151 runs in their One-Day International (ODI) series in England in Jun 2015, including tons from England’s Jos Buttler, Joe Root (2) and Eoin Morgan, and New Zealand’s Ross Taylor (2) and Kane Williamson. England, who scored the most runs by a WHDPLQD̨YHPDWFK2', series, won the series 3–2.
/QUV FKUOKUUCNU D[CYKEMGV MGGRGT in a T20 +PVGTPCVKQPCN /QJCOOCF5JCJ\CF
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FASTEST BALL BOWLED IN A TEST MATCH
Zealand captain Brendon McCullum smashed a 54-ball hundred, featuring 16 fours and four sixes. The feat took 79 min at Hagley Oval in Christchurch, New Zealand. McCullum has also hit the most sixes in a Test match career: 107 in 176 innings. (CUVGUVƒHV[ in a T20 match Chris Gayle (JAM) UHFRUGHGDEDOOͤIW\IRU the Melbourne Renegades
DATELINE
Australia’s Mitchell Starc delivered 160.4 km/h a ball at 160.4 km/h (99.66 mph) during a Test match between Australia and New Zealand at the WACA in Perth, Australia, on 15 Nov 2015. The left-armer’s yorker was defended by New Zealand batsman Ross Taylor, who weathered the storm and went on to make 290 – the highest Test score by a visiting batsman in Australia. Starc is only the fourth bowler – after Shoaib Akhtar (PAK, 2003), Brett Lee (AUS, 2005) and Shaun Tait (AUS, 2010) – to achieve a bowling speed of 160 km/h (99.41 mph) or more in the history of international cricket.
1996 216 Sports
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#75 YJQVQQMƒXGYKEMGVUHQTVYQTWPUKPGKIJVDCNNQXGTU CICKPUV+PFKCCV$TKUDCPG%TKEMGV)TQWPF#WUVTCNKCQP&GE (KTUV1&+UGTKGUYKPHQT CPǡCUUQEKCVG+%%OGODGT CICKPUVCHWNNOGODGT $IJKDQLVWDQZRQWKHͤUVW ODI series against a Testplaying nation, beating Zimbabwe 3–2 in Oct 2015. *KIJGUVUEQTGKP CNKOKVGFQXGTUOCVEJ
OKPQTETKEMGV On 3 Nov 2014, in Ooty (Ootacamund), India, 15-year-old Sankruth Sriram (IND) smashed 486 not out playing for JSS International School against Hebron School.
/QUVTWPUKP6GUVOCVEJGU DGVYGGPFKUOKUUCNU From 10 Dec 2015 to 14 Feb 2016, Adam Voges (AUS) scored 614 runs.
DID YO
U KN There are 10 full IC OW? (Test-pla C memb ying nati ers ons). Ass ICC mem ociate bers wit h ODI statu Afghanis tan, Hon s are Papua N g Kong, Ireland, ew Guin ea, Scotl UAE. As and and of 24 Oct the 2015, Afg had won hanistan six of th e ir first 2 against 0 ODIs Test-pla ying nations.
First animal cloned from an adult cell On 5 Jul, Dolly the Sheep is born in the UK to a surrogate mother. Dolly is successfully cloned from the cell of an adult Finnish Dorset sheep. She will give birth to lambs by natural means and reach the age of six.
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/QUVYKPUQHVJG2TGUKFGPVU%WRD[CVGCO 6JG75#JCUYQPVJGDKGPPKCNVQWTPCOGPVPKPGVKOGU KP CPF6JG2TGUKFGPVU%WRKUEQPVGUVGFD[VJG75#CPFCPKPVGTPCVKQPCNVGCOOCFGWR QHǡRNC[GTUYJQCTGKPGNKIKDNGVQRNC[KPVJG4[FGT%WRŤVJCVKUVJGTGUVQHVJGYQTNFNGUU'WTQRG +PǡKVYCUJGNFKP+PEJGQP5QWVJ-QTGCCPFVJG75#YQPD[|VQ|RQKPVU
.QYGUVUEQTGVQRCT KPCYQOGPŨUIQNHOCLQT Five golfers in three different majors have UHFRUGHG ,WZDVͤUVW achieved by Dottie Pepper (USA) at the 1999 Kraft
Nabisco Championship. This was matched by Karen Stupples (UK) at the 2004 British Open, and by Cristie Kerr DID YO (USA) and Yani Tseng Mickey W U KNOW? right (U SA) was (TPE) at the 2010 first to w the in the LP Champio and 2011 LPGA GA nship ba (1960–6 ck-to-ba championships. 1) and a ck chieved wins of the most Most recently it the LPG A Cham four. Sh pionship e also sh was achieved : ares the for the m record by Inbee Park ost US W o m O e n p ’s en titles (KOR, right) (four) w ith Betsy Ra at the LPGA wls (UK). Championship in Harrison, New York, USA, on 11–14 Jun 2015. For Kerr, Tseng and Park, these records also marked the lowest score +PŤ+PDGG2CTM -14 YQPVJG.CFKGU2TQHGUUKQPCN)QNH under par in the LPGA #UUQEKCVKQP%JCORKQPUJKRVJTGGVKOGUVYKEGD[RNC[QHHCPFQPEG Championship. D[ƒXGUVTQMGU5JGGSWCNNGFVJGTGEQTFUGVD[#PPKMC5ȘTGPUVCO
59' KPŤ5GGNGHVHQTCPQVJGTQH2CTMŨUTGEQTFU ;QWPIGUVIQNHGTVQYKP CYQOGPŨUOCLQTIQNH EJCORKQPUJKR was already the youngest 2015 Evian Championships Lydia Ko (NZ, b. KOR, 24 Apr golfer ranked number one in Évian-les-Bains, France, 1997) was aged 18 years (aged 17 years 283 days on on 13 Sep 2015. At the time 142 days when she won the 1 Feb 2015). She was also of setting this record, Ko the youngest LPGA Tour HYHQWZLQQHU – of the CN Canadian Women’s Open HIGHEST EARNINGS in Vancouver, Canada, on IN A PGA SEASON 26 Aug 2012, at the age Jordan Spieth (USA, b. 27 Jul 1993) dominated the 2015 PGA of 15 years 124 days. Tour and received $12,030,465 (£7,851,960) in earnings.
/QUVEQPUGEWVKXGYKPU QHVJG.2)#%JCORKQPUJKR
No one had ever won more than $11 m prior to Spieth’s lucrative season. Other than the standard PGA earnings, he also picked up a $10-m (£7.18-m) bonus by winning the Tour’s finale, the FedEx Cup. In so doing, he became the youngest player to win the FedEx Cup, aged 22 years 62 days. Clinching this and the Tour Championship returned Spieth to his position as world No.1.
Land-speed record On 15 Oct, Andy Green (UK) pilots the jet-powered Thrust SSC to a speed of 1,227.985 km/h (763.035 mph); Mach 1.020) in the Black Rock Desert, Nevada, USA. It is the first car to break the sound barrier.
*KIJGUVCPPWCNGCTPKPIU HQTCIQNHGT EWTTGPV[GCT In Jun 2014–Jun 2015, Phil Mickelson (USA) earned an estimated $51 m (£32.4 m), surpassing Tiger Woods by one place in the Forbes list.
1997
guinnessworldrecords.com 217
DATELINE
Largest EQOGDCEM in the 5QNJGKO%WR On 20 Sep 2015, at the start of the third DQGͤQDOGD\RI play at the Golf Club St Leon-Rot in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, the USA trailed 6–10 to Europe. Making a spectacular comeback of four points, the USA stormed to victory by 14½ to 13½ – the smallest winning margin in the Solheim Cup.
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EXTREME SPORTS The aviation records on this page were either sourced from the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) or set at FAI-accredited events. Farthest flight by CǡRCTCINKFGT OCNG Three paraglider pilots covered a straight distance of 514 km (319.3 mi) in the same trip. Frank Brown, Marcelo Prieto and Donizete /HPRV DOO%5$ ͥHZIURP Tacima to Monsenhor Tabosa in Paraíba, Brazil, on 9 Oct 2015. Seiko Fukuoka-Naville (FRA, b. JPN) achieved the IDUWKHVW̩LJKWE\D SDUDJOLGHU IHPDOH when VKHͥHZNP PL from Deniliquin, Australia, on 9 Dec 2015.
*KIJGUVENKHHLWOR On 4 Aug 2015, canyoner and cliff-jumper par excellence Laso Schaller (CHE, b. BRA) performed a heart-stopping 58.8-m
HVǡKP NGCRHTQOVJG%CUECVCFGN5CNVQKP/CIIKC Switzerland. That’s a drop several metres greater than the height of the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy. As the frame-by-frame RJQVQCDQXGǡUJQYUVJGLWORGPFGFKPCRNWPIGRQQNYJKEJ YCUǡUQOGǡO ǡHVǡKP FGGR
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HGOCNG %ULWDLQ̵V.DWKOHHQ5LJJͥHZ an out-and-return distance RI NP PL E\ hang-glider in Bischling, Austria, on 5 Jul 2015. The IDUWKHVWRXWDQG UHWXUQKDQJJOLGLQJ PDOH WLWOHLVMRLQWO\KHOGE\&DUORV Puñet Pellisé (ESP) and Ralf 0LHGHUKRII '(8 7KH\ERWK
FASTEST 15 M SPEED CLIMB
DATELINE
Ukraine’s Danylo Boldyrev (right) took just 5.6 sec to scale 15 m (49 ft 2 in) at the International Federation of Sport Climbing (IFSC) World Championships in Gijón, Spain, on 12 Sep 2014. He beat Russian rival Stanislav Kokorin to win the World Championships title and break the record just weeks after Libor Hroza (CZE) had established a new world mark of 5.73 sec. The fastest 15 m speed climb (female) is 7.53 sec, by Iuliia Kaplina (RUS, above) at the IFSC World Cup in Chamonix, France, on 11 Jul 2015. Kaplina had also set a world record two months earlier with a 7.74-sec climb, breaking the previous record – which she had also set – by 0.11 sec.
2000 218 Sports
/QUVYKPUQHVJG4GF$WNN %NKHHǡ&KXKPI9QTNF5GTKGU HGOCNG Rachelle Simpson (USA) has won the Red Bull Cliff Diving World 5GTKGUVYKEGKPCPF$TKVCKPŨU)CT[*WPVJCUƒXGYKPU overall, in 2010–12 and 2014–15, the most wins of the Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series (male). The competition began in 2009. FRYHUHGNP PL ZLWKͥLJKWVWKDWVWDUWHGDQG ended in Bugsdorf, Namibia, on 18 Dec 2015. /QUVYKPUQHVJG4GF$WNN #KT4CEG%JCORKQPUJKR Paul Bonhomme (UK) has won the Red Bull Air Race championship three times,
in 2009, 2010 and 2015. Bonhomme took part in all 66 races between the championship’s founding in 2003 and 2015, but after winning his third title he announced his retirement from air-racing. (CUVGUVMOKEGUYKO OCNG 2Q0DU&KULVWRI Wandratsch (DEU) swam 1 km (0.6 mi) in PLQH[DFWO\DWWKH International Ice Swimming Association (IISA) World &KDPSLRQVKLSV7KH event was held in the near-freezing waters of /DNH6HPHQRYVNR\HLQ Murmansk, Russia. 2QWKHVDPHGD\DQG at the same event, Renata 1RY£NRY£ &=( UHFRUGHG the IDVWHVWNPLFHVZLP E\DIHPDOHVZLPPHU, in a time of 14 min 21 sec. (CUVGUVMODCTGHQQV QPǡKEGQTUPQY Latvia’s Edgars Rencis took just 21 min 28.48 sec to cover 5 km (3.1 mi) in the deep snow of the Latvian winter. His toe-numbing record was achieved on the race track of the Daugava Stadium in Riga, Latvia, on 24 Jan 2015.
Largest change in share price (24 hr) On 27 Mar, after months of optimistic valuations and exuberant investment, the share price of Yahoo! Japan goes into freefall, losing 54% of its value in 24 hr. A similar fate awaits many other companies as the dot-com technology bubble bursts.
STREET SPORTS DID YOU KNOW? World C up Skate b (W
oarding CS) is th e only o rganiza that ass tion embles and mo ranking nitors a system for pro sk The fede aters. ration h as been since 19 active 94 and o v ersees th interna e largest tional sk ateboard contests ing in the d is ciplines of vert a nd stree t.
Most wins of the 9QTNFǡ%WRǡ5MCVGDQCTFKPI UVTGGVYQTNFǡTCPMKPIU Between 2010 and 2014, Brazil’s Kelvin Hoefler topped the World Cup Skateboarding world rankings in the UVTGGVFKUEKRNKPGCPWPRTGEGFGPVGFƒXGVKOGU
/QUV$/:QPGJCPFGFVKOG OCEJKPGUKPǡUGEQPFU Takahiro Ikeda (JPN) performed 45 one-handed time machines at Oasis Park in Kakamigahara, Gifu, Japan, on 10 Oct 2015.
/QUVDCEMHNKRU QPǡCǡDKE[ENGǡ UKPINGNGCR -HG0LOGRQ 1= FRPSOHWHG DWRWDORIIRXUEDFNͥLSV at Pastranaland in 'DYLGVRQYLOOH0DU\ODQG USA, on 12 Jul 2015.
Most wins of the (TGPEJǡ%KV[2TQ6QWT Eric Malavergne (FRA) has ZRQWKH)UHQFK&LW\3UR7RXU – France’s long-running annual urban street-golf competition – twice. He represented the Los Golfos team in 2012 and 2015.
:)COGU /QUV5WOOGT:ǡ)COGU OGFCNUYQP )URP WR-XQ skateboarder Bob Burnquist (BRA) secured 29 medals. TheOQUVUMCVGDQCTFKPI UVTGGVIQNFOGFCNUYQP CVVJG5WOOGT :ǡ)COGUis six, E\1\MDK+XVWRQ (USA) in 2011–15.
/QUVYKPUQHVJG9QTNFǡ%WR 5MCVGDQCTFKPIUVTGGV YQTNFǡTCPMKPIU HGOCNG .GVKEKC$WHQPK $4# ƒPKUJGF0QKPVJG9QTNF%WR5MCVGDQCTFKPI YQTNFTCPMKPIUHQTUVTGGVUMCVKPICVQVCNǡQHǡHQWTǡVKOGUDGVYGGP CPF5JGKUCVJTGGVKOG:)COGUEJCORKQP (USA, b. 20 Aug 1999) took part in the Off-Road Truck Racing event in Austin, Texas, USA, on 8 Jun 2014. +HͤQLVKHGLQQLQWKSODFH
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Highest air on a UMCVGDQCTF
SWCTVGTRKRG After several terrifying failed attempts, Danny Way (USA) performed a O HVǡKP CKT on a quarterpipe in Alpine, California, USA, QPǡ,WN
MOST CONSECUTIVE GOLD MEDALS AT THE SUMMER X GAMES
Most individuals killed in a terrorist act Two aircraft are deliberately flown into the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, USA, on 11 Sep. The official death toll stands at 2,753 fatalities, including those who died from subsequent health complications.
2001
guinnessworldrecords.com 219
DATELINE
Jamie Bestwick (UK) picked up nine consecutive gold medals at the Summer X Games from 2007 to 2014. All his golds came in the BMX Vert event, which also earned him the record for the most consecutive BMX Vert gold medals won at the Summer X Games. There were two X Games held in 2013, hence the reason Bestwick’s nine consecutive gold medals came in an eight-year span. His incredible run finally came to an end in Jun 2015, when he finished second to Vince Byron (AUS) – by one point.
AUTO SPORTS Most consecutive F1 races led .GYKU*COKNVQP 7- NGF(QTOWNC ( TCEGUKPCTQY HTQOǡ,WNVQǡ,WN*COKNVQPDTQMGVJGTGEQTFUGV KPD[,CEMKG5VGYCTV 7- YJQNGFUVTCKIJVTCEGUHQT CVNGCUVQPGHWNNNCR*COKNVQPŨUTWPGPFGFCVVJG*WPICTKCP )TCPF2TKZ FGURKVGDGKPIKPRQNGRQUKVKQPJGYCUQXGTVCMGP QPVJGƒTUVNCRD[GXGPVWCNTCEGYKPPGT5GDCUVKCP8GVVGN
Most consecutive NASCAR starts Most consecutive F1 )TCPFǡ2TKZUVCTVUHTQOFGDWV Nico Rosberg (DEU) made 189 F1 Grand Prix starts racing for Williams and Mercedes, from 12 Mar 2006 to 1 May 2016. /QUVRQNGRQUKVKQPUD[C constructor in an F1 season In 2011, Red Bull Racing (AUT) became the ͤUVWFRQVWUXFWRU to achieve 18 pole positions in an F1 season. This was equalled
by Mercedes (DEU) during the 2014 season and again during the 2015 season. Mercedes has also registered the most one-two
̨QLVKHVE\DFRQVWUXFWRULQ DQ)VHDVRQ, with 12 from 15 Mar to 29 Nov 2015.
Jeff Gordon (USA) made 797 NASCAR (National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing) starts for Hendrick Motorsports QXGTǡ5RTKPV%WR5GTKGUUGCUQPUHTQOǡ0QXVQǡ0QX )QTFQPTGVKTGFKPJCXKPIPGXGTOKUUGFCTCEGQXGT ǡ[GCTUKPJKU5RTKPV%WR5GTKGUECTGGT+P5GRJGDTQMG 4KEM[4WFFŨU 75# ū+TQPOCPŬTGEQTFQHEQPUGEWVKXGUVCTVU
Fastest lap in the .Gǡ/CPUǡJQWTTCEG Driving an Audi R18 e-tron Quattro, Germany’s André Lotterer recorded a 3-min 17.475-sec lap in the famous 24-hour race in Le Mans, France, on 14 Jun 2015. Three days earlier saw the IDVWHVWSUDFWLFHODSIRU WKH/H0DQVKRXUUDFH. Neel Jani (CHE) lapped the course in 3 min 16.887 sec in a Porsche 919 Hybrid. Fastest average URGGFCVC9QTNF4CNN[ %JCORKQPUJKRGXGPV Jari-Matti Latvala (FIN) averaged 125.44 km/h (77.94 mph) at the Neste Rally Finland in Jyväskylä, Finland, on 2 Aug 2015.
MOST WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP CAREER RACE WINS IN MOTOGP (500 CC)
DATELINE
Italy’s Valentino Rossi has secured 86 World Motorcycle Championship race wins in the MotoGP (500 cc) class. He has ridden for Honda, Ducati and Yamaha. Rossi’s first 500 cc championship win came at the British Grand Prix in 2001, riding for Honda. He won 12 more times in the 500 cc class before it was rebranded as MotoGP in 2002. Since then he has won 73 Grand Prix races – including four in the 2015 season. Giacomo Agostini (ITA) has 122 wins overall compared to Rossi’s 112, but “only” 68 came in the 500 cc class.
2002 220 Sports
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First aerial battle involving a drone In December, an American MQ-1 Predator is attacked by an Iraqi MiG-25 while on a surveillance mission. Both planes fire missiles at each other, but the drone’s is diverted by the Iraqi jet’s own missile. The MiG-25 eventually wins the dogfight.
CYCLING DID YO
U KNOW Pauline ? Ferrand -Prévot’ sport of s (left) cy unique ch clo-cross prese nts allenges. Competi ride and tors carry th eir bicycl over both e road an country d crosssections. They mu also com st plete m ultiple la the cours ps of es while n egotiati sand pit ng s, hurdle s and other ob stacles.
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Fastest speed on a JWOCPRQYGTGFXGJKENG
*28 D[CǡUKPINGTKFGT Team Aerovelo’s Todd Reichert (CAN) reached 86.65 mph (139.45 km/h) at the World Human Powered
Speed Challenge in Nevada, USA, on 19 Sep 2015. In fact, he broke the record three times, hitting 85.71 mph (137.93 km/h) on 17 Sep and 86.5 mph (139.2 km/h) on 18 Sep.
Fastest average speed in CǡUVCIGQHVJG6QWTFG(TCPEG Rohan Dennis (AUS) averaged 55.446 km/h PSK LQWKHͤUVW stage of the Tour in Utrecht, Netherlands, on 4 Jul 2015. Most consecutive )TCPFǡ6QWTƒPKUJGU The Grand Tours in cycling are the Tour de France, Giro d’Italia and Vuelta a España. Adam Hansen (AUS) achieved 13 *UDQG7RXUͤQLVKHVLQDURZ from 11 Sep 2011 to 13 Sep 2015, bettering a record unbroken since 1958.
/QUVYKPUQP the UCI World 6QWTD[CVGCO The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) World Tour is the leading road tour race for elite male riders. Movistar Team (ESP) won the tour three times, in 2013–15.
FARTHEST DISTANCE IN A ONE-HOUR UNPACED STANDING START (MALE)
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/QUVUWEEGUUHWN EQWPVT[CVVJG 7%+ǡ6TCEM9QTNF %JCORKQPUJKRU France has won a total of 365 medals at the World Championships: 138 gold, 107 silver and 120 bronze. The wins were UHFRUGHGEHWZHHQWKHͤUVW event, held for amateurs in 1893, and Feb 2015.
On 7 Jun 2015, Sir Bradley Wiggins (UK, right) cycled an aggregate distance of 54.526 km (33.881 mi) in one hour at the Olympic velodrome in London, UK. In doing so, he bettered Alex Dowsett’s (UK) 52.937 km (32.893 mi), set only one month before. Bridie O’Donnell (AUS) claimed the female record on 22 Jan 2016, covering 46.882 km (29.131 mi) in one hour at the Adelaide Super-Drome in Australia.
Greatest bank heist On 6–7 Aug, robbers steal some $69.8 m (£38.6 m) from the Banco Central in Fortaleza, Brazil. To date, the authorities have only recovered in the region of $9 m (£5 m) of the haul.
2005
guinnessworldrecords.com 221
DATELINE
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RUGBY Most tries by a player in a NGCIWG%JCNNGPIG%WRƒPCN 1Pǡ#WI6QO$TKUEQG 7-NGHV QHVJG.GGFU 4JKPQUUEQTGFƒXGVTKGUCICKPUV*WNN-KPIUVQP4QXGTUCV 9GODNG[5VCFKWOKP.QPFQP7-6JGRTGXKQWUTGEQTFQH HQWTD[VJG4JKPQUŨ.GTQ[4KXGVVJCFUVQQFUKPEG
Most rugby union World Cup wins 0GY
against the Newport Gwent Dragons at Parc y Scarlets in Llanelli, Wales, UK, on 30 Oct 2015. Cowley, aged 18, was making his Pro12 debut as a winger. First National Rugby League (NRL) Grand Final FGEKFGFD[CIQNFGPRQKPV On 4 Oct 2015, in an all4XHHQVODQGͤQDOWKH1RUWK Queensland Cowboys beat the Brisbane Broncos 17–16 at the ANZ Stadium in Sydney, Australia.
ͤQDODW:HPEOH\6WDGLXPLQ London, UK, on 29 Aug 2015 (see above). .QPIGUVVKOGDGVYGGP YKPUǡKPVJGTWID[WPKQP World Cup After a barren 24 years 340 days, Japan beat South Africa in a thrilling last-minute victory at the Brighton Community Stadium in Brighton, UK, on 19 Sep 2015.
.CTIGUVCVVGPFCPEG at a rugby union 9QTNFǡ%WRǡOCVEJ A crowd of 89,267 watched the Ireland vs Romania pool match in London, UK, on 27 Sep 2015. On 10 Oct 2015, at Old Trafford in Manchester, UK, 73,512 people witnessed Leeds Rhinos’ victory over Wigan Warriors – the largest attendance at a Super League Grand Final.
.CTIGUVEQOGDCEM KPǡCǡTWID[WPKQP 9QTNFǡ%WRǡOCVEJ On 6 Oct 2015, Romania made up 15 points after halftime to beat Canada 17–15 in their pool match at Leicester City Stadium, UK. .CTIGUVOCTIKPQH XKEVQT[KPCNGCIWG %JCNNGPIG%WRƒPCN Leeds Rhinos defeated Hull Kingston Rovers 50–0 in the
MOST TRIES BY A PLAYER IN A WORLD CUP TOURNAMENT
DATELINE
The All Blacks’ Julian Savea scored eight tries in the 2015 rugby union World Cup: two against Namibia, three against Georgia and three against France. He equalled the record first set in 1999 by fellow New Zealander Jonah Lomu (1975–2015), who scored his eight tries in five games: against Tonga (two), England, Italy (two), Scotland and France (two). Bryan Habana (ZAF) also shares the title, scoring against Samoa (four), USA (two) and Argentina (two) in 2007.
2006 222 Sports
Youngest player in a TWID[ǡWPKQPǡ9QTNFǡ%WR 5ETWOJCNH8CUKN.QD\JCPKF\G Dǡ1EV YCUCIGF ǡ[GCTUǡFC[UYJGPJGRNC[GFHQT)GQTIKCCICKPUV6QPIC CV-KPIUJQNOKP)NQWEGUVGT7-QPǡ5GR)GQTIKCŨU ŤǡXKEVQT[OCTMGFVJGKTVJKTFGXGTYKPKPVJG9QTNF%WR
First tweet Twitter founder Jack Dorsey (USA) creates the first tweet at 9:50 p.m. PST on 21 Mar. It reads “Just setting up my twttr.” His microblogging and social-networking tool allows users to post text messages of up to 140 characters via the world wide web or SMS.
TENNIS
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/QUV)TCPF5NCO OGGVKPIU UKPINGU As of the 2016 Australian Open, Novak Djokovic (SRB) and Roger Federer had met 15 times in Grand Slam tournaments. Djokovic has won nine matches.
Most Australian Open singles VKVNGUYQP QRGPǡGTC On 31 Jan 2016, Novak Djokovic won his sixth singles title at the Australian Open. /QUVCEGUKPCPǡ#62ǡECTGGT ,YR.DUORYLϖ +59 KDG served up an incredible 10,519 aces in 567 singles matches on the ATP World Tour as of 20 Apr 2016.
(KTUVOKFOCVEJKPVGTXKGY CVC)TCPF5NCOOCVEJ &RFR9DQGHZHJKH answered two questions from Pam Shriver for ESPN DWWKHHQGRIWKHͤUVWVHWRI KHUͤUVWURXQGPDWFKDJDLQVW fellow American Sloane Stephens at the US Open in Flushing Meadows, New York City, on 31 Aug 2015. 9DQGHZHJKHZRQ̰̰ but said afterwards of the 35-sec
interview: “I don’t remember a thing I said. Dead serious. I don’t even remember what she [Shriver] asked.”
5GTGPC9KNNKCOU 75# YQPJGTXGT[ƒTUV)TCPF5NCOUKPINGUVKVNGCVVJG751RGPQPǡ5GR *GTUVCPFOQUVTGEGPV5NCOECOGCVVJG9KODNGFQP%JCORKQPUJKRUKP.QPFQP7-QPǡ,WN Ťǡ[GCTUFC[UNCVGT6JCVCNUQOCMGU5GTGPC Dǡ5GR VJGQNFGUV)TCPF5NCO UKPINGUYKPPGT HGOCNG ENCKOKPIJGTNCVGUVXKEVQT[CVVJGCIGQHǡ[GCTUǡFC[U Highest annual earnings HQTǡCVGPPKURNC[GT Forbes’ annual earnings (versus seasonal earnings – see below) factor in both match winnings and sponsorship/endorsement. • Male (ever): $71.5 m (£46.6 m), by Roger Federer in 2012–13. • Male (current): $67 m (£42.6 m), earned by Roger Federer in 2014–15. • Female (current and ever): $29.5 m (£18.7 m), amassed by Maria Sharapova (RUS) in 2014–15.
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MOST PRIZE MONEY WON IN A TENNIS SEASON (MALE)
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en 3A As of mi Op r a’s Mia total caree Florid d and a s h le ic g v in Djoko both s ,548 m 9 o 9 r ,1 98 gs (f s) of $ e of earnin h d c t a s ma st ahe double 95,700), ju eer r a c ,9 ’s er (£68 Feder 81 ,855,8 Roger of $97 s g in ). 0 earn 0 ,3 54 (£68,7
World No.1 Novak Djokovic earned $21,646,145 (£14,600,200) in the 2015 season, which included Grand Slam titles (Australian Open, Wimbledon, US Open), the most ATP Masters 1000 titles won in a season (six) and the most ATP Masters 1000 finals in a season (eight). The most prize money won in a tennis season (female) is $12,385,572 (£7,510,410), recorded by Serena Williams in 2013.
Largest points fall on the Dow Jones Industrial Average On 29 Sep, as Congress votes on the US government’s “bail-out bill” to protect taxpayers and the financial markets, the Dow Jones stock-market index suffers a record drop of 777.68 points.
2008
guinnessworldrecords.com 223
DATELINE
Oldest player to win a OCKFGP)TCPF5NCOUKPINGU VKVNG HGOCNG On her 49th attempt to net a Grand Slam, Flavia Pennetta (ITA, b. 25 Feb 1982), aged 33 years 199 days, won the US Open at Flushing Meadows in New York City, USA, on 12 Sep 2015. She announced her retirement after the match.
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CLUB SOCCER
Most Premier League ENGCPǡUJGGVU /QUVIQCNUD[CUWDUVKVWVGKPC$WPFGUNKICOCVEJ 4QDGTV.GYCPFQYUMK 21. UEQTGFƒXGIQCNUHQT$C[GTP/WPKEJCICKPUV9QNHUDWTICVVJG#NNKCP\ #TGPCKP/WPKEJ)GTOCP[QP5GR*GPGVVGFCNNJKUIQCNUYKVJKPǡOKPǡUGEŤVJGfastest ƒXGIQCNUUEQTGFKPC$WPFGUNKICOCVEJD[CPKPFKXKFWCN.GYCPFQYUMKŨUƒTUVVJTGGIQCNUECOG YKVJKPCRGTKQFQHLWUVǡOKPǡUGEŤVJGHCUVGUVJCVVTKEMKPC$WPFGUNKICOCVEJD[CPKPFKXKFWCN Most goals scored KPǡCǡ2TGOKGT.GCIWGOCVEJ by an individual Five players have scored ͤYHJRDOVLQD3UHPLHU /HDJXHPDWFK $QG\ &ROH 8. IRU0DQFKHVWHU 8QLWHGYV,SVZLFKRQ0DU $ODQ6KHDUHU 8. IRU1HZFDVWOH8QLWHGYV 6KHͦHOG:HGQHVGD\RQ 6HS -HUPDLQ'HIRH 8. IRU7RWWHQKDP+RWVSXU YV:LJDQ$WKOHWLFRQ1RY 'LPLWDU%HUEDWRY %*5 IRU0DQFKHVWHU 8QLWHGYV%ODFNEXUQ 5RYHUVRQ1RY DQG6HUJLR$J¾HUR $5* IRU0DQFKHVWHU &LW\YV1HZFDVWOH 8QLWHGRQ2FW
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MOST CONSECUTIVE PREMIER LEAGUE GAMES TO SCORE
DATELINE
Jamie Vardy (UK) scored in 11 successive games for Leicester City from 29 Aug 2015 to 28 Nov 2015. His run finished with his 14th goal of the season in a match against Manchester United at the King Power Stadium in Leicester, UK.
2009 224 Sports
FASTEST GOALS • Premier League VHF E\/HGOH\.LQJ 8. IRU 7RWWHQKDP+RWVSXUYV %UDGIRUG&LW\RQ 'HF • Serie A VHFE\ 3DROR3RJJL ,7$ IRU3LDFHQ]DYV )LRUHQWLQDRQ 'HF
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• Bundesliga VHFE\.DULP %HOODUDEL '(8 IRU%D\HU /HYHUNXVHQYV%RUXVVLD 'RUWPXQGRQ$XJ (TXDOOHGE\.HYLQ 9ROODQG '(8 IRU76* +RIIHQKHLPYV%D\HUQ 0XQLFKRQ$XJ • La Liga VHFE\ -RVHED/ORUHQWH (63 IRU 5HDO9DOODGROLGYV(VSDQ\RO RQ-DQ
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Fastest 100 m Usain Bolt (JAM) crosses the finish line in a time of 9.58 sec in Berlin, Germany, on 16 Aug. This breaks his own record in the 100 m sprint, which he set exactly one year previously at the Beijing Olympics in China, with a time of 9.69 sec.
INTERNATIONAL SOCCER 6RXWK.RUHDDJHG\HDUV GD\VLQ0RQWUHDO &DQDGDRQ -XQ /QUVYKPUQHVJG %10%#%#()QNF%WR 0H[LFRKDVZRQWKH &RQIHGHUDWLRQRI1RUWK &HQWUDO$PHULFDDQG &DULEEHDQ$VVRFLDWLRQ )RRWEDOO &21&$&$) *ROG &XSVHYHQWLPHV7KHZLQV FDPHLQ DQG Most consecutive %QRCǡ#OȌTKECUQEEGT VQWTPCOGPVUCUVQRUEQTGT 3HGUR3HWURQH 85< ZDV WRSVFRUHULQWKH&RSD $P«ULFDRI DQG 3DROR*XHUUHUR 3(5 WRS VFRUHGLQDQG
%CTNK.NQ[F D,WN UEQTGFVJTGGIQCNUHQTVJG75#XU ,CRCPKPVJGƒPCNKP8CPEQWXGT%CPCFCQP,WN*GT ƒTUVCHVGTǡOKPYCUVJGHCUVGUVIQCNKPC(+(#9QOGPŨU9QTNF %WRƒPCNCPFCNUQOCFG.NQ[FVJGQNFGUVIQCNUEQTGTKPC(+(# 9QOGPŨU9QTNF%WRƒPCN [GCTUFC[U6JG75#JCXGVJG OQUV9QOGPŨU9QTNF%WRYKPU VJTGGKPCPF Most goals scored in Cǡ(+(#ǡ%NWD9QTNF%WR game by an individual /XLV6X£UH] 85< VFRUHG WKUHHJRDOVIRU%DUFHORQD (63 DJDLQVW *XDQJ]KRX (YHUJUDQGH &+1 LQ
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MOST GOALS SCORED IN UEFA CHAMPIONSHIPS QUALIFIERS
DID YOU KNOW? David H ealy sco re
d 13 out of his si de’s 17 g oals duri Northern ng Ireland’s unsucce qualifyin ssful g campa ig 2008. Le n for Eu wandow ro ski open account ed his with fou r goals in 7–0 thra Poland’s shing of Gibralta scored a r and 4-min h at-trick against Georgia in 2015.
Robbie Keane (IRL, left) netted 23 goals from 14 Oct 1998 to 4 Sep 2015. He has scored in every qualifying campaign since Euro 2000, with his best tally in a tournament being seven in Euro 2012. The most goals scored in a single UEFA Championships qualifying tournament is 13. David Healy first achieved this feat, for Northern Ireland, from 6 Sep 2006 to 17 Nov 2007. Robert Lewandowski equalled it between 7 Sep 2014 and 11 Oct 2015.
Tallest building The Burj Khalifa (Khalifa Tower) officially opens in Dubai, UAE, on 4 Jan. It is 828 m (2,716 ft 6 in) tall and was developed by Emaar Properties and the architects Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP.
2010
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DATELINE
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TRACK Most IAAF Athletics 9QTNFǡ%JCORKQPUJKRU ǡOYKPU HGOCNG Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce (JAM) has won the women’s 100 m at the Athletics World Championships three times, in 2009, 2013 and 2015.
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Prior to sett ng e 2008 Beiji record at th feeling as w lt Bo Usain Olympics, ’t have ack: “[I] didn fairly laid-b , sat 11 at woke up breakfast, , then had TV g in ch around wat slept for n nuggets, some chicke t back en w then two hours… more e m so t go and nuggets.”
DATELINE
Three athletes have each won three men’s 100 m races at the IAAF World Athletics Championships. They are Carl Lewis (USA) in 1983, 1987 and 1991; Maurice Greene (USA) in 1997, 1999 and 2001; and, most recently, Usain Bolt (JAM, right) in 2009, 2013 and 2015. Bolt also recorded the most gold medals at the IAAF Athletics World Championships (male), with 11 wins from 2009 to 2015. His 13 medals (11 golds and two silvers) in the competition from 2007 to 2015 represent the most medals won at the IAAF Athletics World Championships (male). Finally, Bolt is the first athlete to win the 100 m and 200 m sprints at successive Olympic Games – Beijing in 2008 and London in 2012.
226 Sports
/QUVEQPUGEWVKXGYKPU of the IAAF World Cross %QWPVT[%JCORKQPUJKRU D[ǡCEQWPVT[ HGOCNG Kenya won the IAAF World Cross Country &KDPSLRQVKLSVͤYH times, in 2009–15.
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HGOCNG Liu Hong (CHN) has won the IAAF Race Walking Challenge three times, in 2012, 2014 and 2015.
MOST IAAF ATHLETICS WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS 100 M WINS (MEN)
2011
/QUVEQPUGEWVKXG#VJNGVKEU 9QTNF%JCORKQPUJKRU ǡZǡǡOTGNC[YKPU OCNG LaShawn Merritt (left) has enjoyed six 4 x 400 m ͤQDOZLQVDW the IAAF World Championships (2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013 and 2015).
(CUVGUV6ǡO OCNG The 2015 International Paralympic Committee (IPC) Athletics World Championships in Doha, Qatar, saw a wealth of new records. The speediest 100 m in the T44 class (single below-knee DPSXWDWLRQRUHTXLYDOHQW impairment) is 10.61 sec, by Richard Browne (USA) on 29 Oct 2015. Six days earlier, Omara Durand (CUB) ran the fastest T12 400 m (female) in 53.05 sec. T12 denotes DWKOHWHVZLWKYLVXDO impairment. At the IPC Grand Prix in Canberra, Australia, on 7 Feb 2016, Isis Holt (AUS) ran the fastest T35 200 m (female), in 28.38 sec. T35-class DWKOHWHVKDYHLVVXHVZLWK dynamic balance.
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Costliest natural disaster An earthquake strikes off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku, Japan, on 11 Mar. The Economist estimates the financial loss to the country at $210 bn (£130 bn), of which only $35 bn (£21.6 bn) is insured.
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HGOCNG China’s Liu Hong completed CǡMOTQCFYCNMKPCVKOG QHǡJTǡOKPǡUGECVVJG )TCP2TGOKQ%CPVQPGUFG /CTEJCKP.C%QTWȓC5RCKP QPǡ,WP
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(CTVJGUVJCOOGTVJTQY $QLWD:ĄRGDUF]\N’s hammer WKURZUHFRUG VHHDERYH LVUHODWLYHO\UHFHQWEXW WKHPDOH DQGRYHUDOO record goes way back. Yuriy Sedykh (USSR, now RUS) produced a throw of 86.74 m (284 ft 7 in) on 30 Aug 1986 in Stuttgart, Germany.
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HGOCNG Betty Heidler (DEU) DFKLHYHGWKUHHZLQVLQ the IAAF hammer throw challenge from 2010 to 2012. Her feat was then equalled by Anita :ĄRGDUF]\NEHWZHHQ 2013 and 2015. /QUV&KCOQPF4CEG CVJNGVKEUVKVNGUYQP OCNG The Diamond League was inaugurated in 2010 to replace the Golden League
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MOST POINTS SCORED IN A DECATHLON (MALE) Since taking an Olympic gold in 2012, decathlete Ashton Eaton (USA) has gone from strength to strength. At the 15th IAAF World Championships held in Beijing, China, on 29 Aug 2015, Eaton scored a total 9,045 points across the 10 disciplines (javelin and long jump pictured). In doing so, he bettered his own record, set in 2012, by six points to win gold at the World Championships for the second time.
Fastest speed in freefall Felix Baumgartner (AUT) falls at 1,357.6 km/h (843.6 mph), from 39 km (24 mi) – the highest freefall parachute jump at the time. His stratospheric drop also makes him the first person to break the sound barrier in freefall.
2012
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DATELINE
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as the premier annual DWKOHWLFVHYHQW,WLVKHOG in 14 different locations, from May to September, with 32 disciplines in total (16 for men and 16 for women). France’s Renaud /DYLOOHQLHZRQVL['LDPRQG 5DFHWLWOHVLQWKHSROHYDXOW from 2010 to 2015. /DYLOOHQLHVKDUHVWKH record for most wins in Diamond Race athletics events by an individual ZLWK6DQGUD3HUNRYLʹ (HRV, right). Both athletes had 27 wins from 2010 to 11 Sep 2015. /DYLOOHQLHKDVDOVRVFRUHG the most points in the Diamond League (male). By the end of the 2015 season, he had 135 points. 2YHUDOOKRZHYHUWKH most points scored in a Diamond League career LVE\3HUNRYLʹin the discus in 2010–15. The youngest person to score points at a Diamond League athletics meeting LV/£]DUR0DUW¯QH] &8% E1RY ZKRSODFHG second in the triple jump HYHQWDJHG\HDUV 196 days in Shanghai, China, on 18 May 2014. Hicham El Guerrouj (MAR) is the most successful IAAF Golden League athlete in terms of KDYLQJZRQWKHMDFNSRW RU a share of the jackpot) the most times: four, in 1998 and 2000–02, which is one more than both Marion Jones and Sanya Richards (both USA). The Golden League was replaced by the Diamond League in 2010.
SWIMMING
Fastest long course 50 m breaststroke (male) #FCO2GCV[ 7- UYCOVJGǡODTGCUVUVTQMGKPCVKOGQHLWUVǡUGECV VJGǡVJǡ(ȌFȌTCVKQP+PVGTPCVKQPCNGFG0CVCVKQP (+0# 9QTNF5YKOOKPI%JCORKQPUJKRU KPǡ-C\CP4WUUKCQPǡ#WI#PFJGŨULWUVCUIQQFCVFQWDNGVJGFKUVCPEG CVVJG$TKVKUJ 5YKOOKPI%JCORKQPUJKRUKP.QPFQP7-QPǡ#RT2GCV[CEJKGXGFVJGfastest long EQWTUGǡODTGCUVUVTQMG OCNG ƒPKUJKPIKPǡUGE
Youngest participant in the FINA World Swimming Championships (female) #N\CKP6CTGS $*4Dǡ#RT EQORGVGFKPVJGǡO DWVVGTHN[GXGPVCIGF[GCTUFC[UCVVJGVJ(+0#9QTNF 5YKOOKPI%JCORKQPUJKRUKP-C\CP4WUUKCQPǡ#WI +TQPKECNN[CNVJQWIJUJGEQWNFEQORGVGKPVJGUGPKQTEQPVGUV UJGYCUVQQ[QWPIVQVCMGRCTVKPVJG,WPKQT5YKOOKPI9QTNF %JCORKQPUJKRUYJKEJJCUCOKPKOWOGPVT[CIGQH
Most gold medals won KPǡVJG(+0#5YKOOKPI World Cup (female) Hungary’s Katinka Hosszú won 152 golds in the World Cup from 2012 to 2015. Hosszú also recorded the fastest long course 200 m medley (female), in 2 min 6.12 sec, at the 16th FINA World Swimming Championships in Kazan, Russia, on 3 Aug 2015. The most gold medals won in the FINA Swimming World Cup (male) is 85, by Chad le Clos (ZAF) from 2009 to 2015.
(CUVGUVNQPIǡEQWTUGǡTGNC[ ǡZǡǡOǡHTGGUV[NG OKZGF The USA (comprising Ryan Lochte, Nathan Adrian, Simone Manuel and Missy Franklin) completed the long course 4 x 100 m freestyle in a time of 3 min 23.05 sec at the 16th FINA World Swimming Championships on 8 Aug 2015.
(CUVGUVNQPIEQWTUGǡO DWVVGTHN[ HGOCNG Sarah Sjöström (SWE) won the women’s long FRXUVHPEXWWHUͥ\ event in a time of 55.64 sec at the 16th FINA World Swimming Championships on 3 Aug 2015. In 2014, she swam the fastest long course 50 m EXWWHU̩\ IHPDOH , in a time of 24.43 sec in Borås, Sweden.
FASTEST LONG COURSE 800 M FREESTYLE (FEMALE)
DATELINE
Katie Ledecky (USA) won the 800 m freestyle in 8 min 6.68 sec at the Arena Pro Swim Series in Austin, Texas, USA, on 17 Jan 2016. At the FINA World Swimming Championships in Kazan, Russia, on 8 Aug 2015, she had recorded the fastest long course 1,500 m freestyle (female), in 15 min 25.48 sec. On 3 Aug 2012, at the London Olympics, Ledecky (b. 17 Mar 1997) became the youngest Olympic 800 m freestyle gold medallist (female), aged 15 years 139 days. She won in 8 min 14.63 sec.
2013 228 Sports
DID Y
OU KNO Notably W? , Ledeck y’s feat London at the 2012 Oly mpics (s also ma ee left) rked the second-f women’s astest 800 m fr eestyle sw sporting history. im in At the ti the UK’s me, only Rebecca Adlingto swum fa n had ster in th e event, gold at th winning e 2008 O lympics in Beijin g in 8 m in 14.10 se c.
First proof of the existence of the Higgs boson On 14 Mar, two experiments at the Large Hadron Collider at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland, confirm the existence of the (hitherto only theorized) Higgs boson particle.
WATER SPORTS /QUV(+0#9CVGTǡ2QNQ World League wins (men) Serbia’s water polo team has won the World League nine times, in 2005–08, 2010–11 and 2013–15. Serbia won the Water Polo World League 2015 Super Final against Croatia, 9–6, to complete their third successive win of the tournament. Since 2005, Serbia, Montenegro and Croatia have won all of the men’s tournaments.
Most gold medals in the FINA 9QTNF%JCORKQPUJKRUǡO platform diving event (male) )TGI.QWICPKU 75# YCUVJGƒTUVOCNGFKXGTVQCEJKGXGVJTGG IQNFOGFCNUKPVJG(+0#9QTNF%JCORKQPUJKRUǡORNCVHQTO FKXKPIGXGPVYKVJYKPUKPCPF*KUHGCVYCU NCVGTǡGSWCNNGFD[3KW$Q %*0CDQXG KPCPF Most gold medals in the same FINA 9QTNFǡ%JCORKQPUJKRU diving event (male) 4LQ.DL &+1 ZRQͤYHJROGV in the 3 m synchronized springboard event, in 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013 and 2015. He was partnered by Cao Yuan in 2015, but had previously won gold with Wang Feng (2007, 2009), Luo Yutong (2011) and He Chong (2013).
Youngest winner of CǡUWTƒPI9QTNF3WCNKH[KPI Series event On 12 Jul 2009, Brazil’s Gabriel Medina (b. 22 Dec 1993) won the 2009 Maresia Surf International, aged 15 years 202 days in Florianópolis, Brazil. In 2014, he became the secondyoungest world champion ever, at 20 years 362 days. Fastest row double sculls lightweight class (female) On 20 Jun 2015, Great Britain (Charlotte Taylor and Katherine Copeland)
Most points scored in a WSL 5WTƒPI9QTNF%JCORKQPUJKR season (female) +P*CYCKKCP%CTKUUC/QQTG CDQXG YQPJGTVJKTFYQTNF VKVNGCPFUEQTGFRQKPVUDTGCMKPIVJGTGEQTFUGVD[ 5VGRJCPKG)KNOQTG #75 YJQGCTPGFRQKPVUKP
recorded a time of 6 min 48.38 sec at Varese in Italy. The British pair set the UHFRUGLQWKHVHPLͤQDOV of the World Rowing Cup.
in Olympic years. Michal Martikán (SVK) has won eight golds in the C1 Team event, in 1997, 2003, 2009–11 and 2013–15.
Most ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships IQNFǡOGFCNUKPVJGUCOG event (male) The International Canoe Federation (ICF) Slalom World Championships are held annually except
Most ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medals in the women’s -ǡǡOGXGPV Maryna Litvinchuk (BLR) took gold in 2015, adding to two silver medals (2011, 2014) and a bronze (2010).
MOST CONSECUTIVE SYNCHRONIZED SWIMMING WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS GOLD MEDALS
Largest Ebola outbreak The deadly Ebola virus disease (EVD) spreads across the African nations of Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. It will claim more than 11,300 lives by Jan 2016.
2014
guinnessworldrecords.com 229
DATELINE
Russia won 19 gold medals in in a row in synchronized swimming FINA World Championships between 23 Jul 2009 and 26 Jul 2015. Pictured here is Natalia Ishchenko (RUS) at the World Championships in Kazan, Russia, in 2015. Ishchenko won the most synchronized swimming FINA World Championships gold medals by an individual – 19 – between 2005 and 2015.
SPORTS ROUND-UP
*KIJGUVFTGUUCIG HTGGUV[NGǡUEQTG 4KFKPI8CNGITQ%JCTNQVVG&WLCTFKP 7- UEQTGFKP FTGUUCIGHTGGUV[NGKPVJG.QPFQP(ȌFȌTCVKQPDZSWGUVTG +PVGTPCVKQPCNG ('+ 9QTNF%WRCV1N[ORKC.QPFQP7-QP ǡ&GE1PVJGRTGXKQWUFC[UJGTGEQTFGFVJGhighest dressage Grand Prix scoreŤŤCVVJGUCOGGXGPV
/QUV(+5#NRKPG5MK9QTNF%WR5WRGT)TCEGYKPU (TQOǡ/CTVQǡ,CP.KPFUG[8QPP 75# YQPVJG(ȌFȌTCVKQP+PVGTPCVKQPCNGFG5MK (+5 9QTNF%WR5WRGT)TCEGVKOGU#UYGNNCUVJGmost FIS Alpine Ski World Cup race winsŤŤ CEJKGXGFDGVYGGPǡ&GECPFǡ&GE8QPPCNUQENCKOGFVJGmost FIS Alpine Ski World Cup women’s downhill winsYKVJCVJXKEVQT[QPǡ(GDCV%QTVKPCFŨ#ORG\\QKP+VCN[ 1NFGUVURQTVUǡVTQRJ[ The Antient Scorton Silver Arrow is 342 years old and is still competed for to this day. It has been the prize in the Antient Silver Arrow Competition – an archery tournament held in the village of Scorton in Lancashire, UK – 307 times between 14 May 1673 and 16 May 2015.
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He original y Gary y”, but toda “Dreambo own kn er tt is be Anderson ng e “The Flyi m na ck ni by the e first th is e H ”. Scotsman onal the Professi Scot to win orld W n io at or Darts Corp ship. Champion
Longest frame in a RTQHGUUKQPCNUPQQMGTOCVEJ The sixth frame of a match between Barry Pinches and Alan McManus (both UK) at
the Ruhr Open in Mülheim, Germany, on 10 Oct 2015 lasted 100 min 24 sec. Most career points in /CLQTǡ.GCIWG.CETQUUG Casey Powell (USA) scored 504 points from 7 Jun 2001 to 25 Jul 2015.
MOST WINS OF THE… #NN+TGNCPF*WTNKPIƒPCNU Kilkenny (IRL) has won the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship 36 times: 1904–05, 1907, 1909, 1911– 13, 1922, 1932–33, 1935, 1939, 1947, 1957, 1963, 1967, 1969, 1972, 1974–75, 1979, 1982–83, 1992–93, 2000, 2002–03, 2006–09, 2011–12 and 2014–15. #0<ǡ%JCORKQPUJKR Three teams have won netball’s Australia and
New Zealand (ANZ) Championship twice. They are: Adelaide Thunderbirds in 2010 and 2013; Melbourne Vixens in 2009 and 2014; and Queensland Firebirds (all AUS) in 2011 and 2015. $TKVKUJ1RGP%TQSWGV %JCORKQPUJKRU The British Open Croquet Championships were instituted at Evesham, UK, in 1867. Robert Fulford (UK) has won 11 times, in 1991– 92, 1996, 1998, 2003–04, 2006–08 and 2014–15.
MOST 180s IN A DARTS PDC WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP BY A PLAYER The greatest number of maximums scored by a player in a Professional Darts Corporation (PDC) World Championship is 64, by Gary Anderson (UK) at Alexandra Palace in London, UK, between 18 Dec 2014 and 4 Jan 2015. Anderson won the World Championship, beating 16-time champ Phil Taylor 7–6 in the final. He threw 19 maximums to surpass the previous tournament record of 60, set by Adrian Lewis in 2011.
DATELINE
EHF Handball %JCORKQPUǡ.GCIWG FC Barcelona Handbol (ESP) have won the European Handball Federation (EHF) Champions League nine times, in 1991, 1996–2000, 2005, 2011 and 2015.
2015 230 Sports
Warmest year on record According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the global average temperature in 2015 was 0.76°C (+/ 0.1), or 1.3°F, above that for 1961–90, and 1°C (1.8°F) above the worldwide mean for the pre-Industrial Age.
FAST FACTS The average speed of a dart in flight is 40 mph (64 km/h) • Figure skaters can spin at more than 300 revolutions per minute • Croquet was an Olympic sport, but only at the 1900 Olympics in Paris; France won
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/QUV9QOGPŨU*QEMG[ %JCORKQPUǡ6TQRJ[YKPUD[CVGCO 6JTGGVGCOUJCXGGCEJYQPVJG9QOGPŨU*QEMG[%JCORKQPU 6TQRJ[UKZVKOGU6JGHGCVYCUƒTUVCEJKGXGFD[#WUVTCNKCYKVJ YKPUKPCPF+VYCUGSWCNNGF D[VJG0GVJGTNCPFUYJQYQPKPŤ CPF/QUVTGEGPVN[VJKUTGEQTFYCUOCVEJGFD[#TIGPVKPC
CDQXG YJQYGTGEJCORKQPUKPŤCPF
/GPŨU*QEMG[ %JCORKQPUǡ6TQRJ[D[CVGCO Australia have won the Hockey Champions Trophy 13 times: 1983–85, 1989–90, 1993, 1999, 2005, 2008–12. Germany are second, with 10 wins. 9QOGPŨU*QEMG[%JCORKQPU 6TQRJ[D[CPKPFKXKFWCN Argentina’s Luciana Aymar (above left) has been on the winning side in all six of her team’s record-equalling wins of the Women’s Hockey Champions Trophy.
Most goals UEQTGFǡKPǡCP #0<ǡ%JCORKQPUJKR OCVEJD[ǡCPKPFKXKFWCN ,JCPKGNG(QYNGT4GKF ,#/DGNQYNGHV JCU UEQTGFǡIQCNUKPCP#0<%JCORKQPUJKRPGVDCNN OCVEJQPVYQQEECUKQPUHQT5QWVJGTP5VGGN XU%CPVGTDWT[6CEVKZ DQVJ0< KPVJG ū5QWVJGTP>D[Ŭ6JGƒTUVVKOGYCUKP %JTKUVEJWTEJ0GY
/QUV(+8$ǡ$GCEJ8QNNG[DCNN 9QTNF6QWTIQNFǡOGFCNU
First gravitational waves detected Proving right a prediction made by physicist Albert Einstein 100 years earlier, the LIGO Scientific Collaboration and the Virgo Collaboration confirm that they have recorded gravitational waves at two sites in the USA.
2016
guinnessworldrecords.com 231
DATELINE
• Female .CTKUUC(TCPȊC $4# YQP(ȌFȌTCVKQP +PVGTPCVKQPCNGFG8QNNG[DCNN (+8$ IQNFUQPVJG$GCEJ 8QNNG[DCNN9QTNF6QWTHTQOǡ,WNVQǡ1EV • Male 'OCPWGN4GIQ $4# YQP$GCEJ8QNNG[DCNN9QTNF 6QWTIQNFUDGVYGGPǡ,WPCPFǡ,WNǡ
SPORTS REFERENCE
ATHLETICS: TRACK/ULTRA #PCUVGTKUM FGPQVGUVJCVCTGEQTFKUUVKNNCYCKVKPITCVKƒECVKQPD[VJGURQTVŨUIQXGTPKPIDQF[CVVJGVKOGQHIQKPIVQRTGUU
ATHLETICS – OUTDOOR TRACK EVENTS MEN
(CUVGUVǡO Usain Bolt (JAM) sped to a PGYYQTNFTGEQTFKP$GTNKP )GTOCP[QPǡ#WI TWPPKPIVJGOGPŨUǡOKP ǡUGE6JKUDTQMGJKUQYP TGEQTFQHǡUGEUGVCVVJG Beijing Olympics in China Cǡ[GCTRTGXKQWUN[VQVJGFC[ 1Pǡǡ#WI$QNVRTQXGF JGŨUCYQTNFDGCVGTCVFQWDNG the distance too. He ran the fastest 200 mKPǡUGEŤ CICKPDTGCMKPIJKUQYP TGEQTF QHǡUGE UGV KPǡ$GKLKPIGZCEVN[C[GCT before to the day.
232 Sports Reference
DATE
Usain Bolt (JAM)
Berlin, Germany
16 Aug 2009
200 m
19.19
Usain Bolt (JAM)
Berlin, Germany
20 Aug 2009
400 m
43.18
Michael Johnson (USA)
Seville, Spain
26 Aug 1999
800 m
1:40.91
David Lekuta Rudisha (KEN)
London, UK
1,000 m
2:11.96
Noah Ngeny (KEN)
Rieti, Italy
5 Sep 1999
1,500 m
3:26.00
Hicham El Guerrouj (MAR)
Rome, Italy
14 Jul 1998
1 mile
3:43.13
Hicham El Guerrouj (MAR)
Rome, Italy
7 Jul 1999
2,000 m
4:44.79
Hicham El Guerrouj (MAR)
Berlin, Germany
7 Sep 1999
3,000 m
7:20.67
Daniel Komen (KEN)
Rieti, Italy
5,000 m
12:37.35
Kenenisa Bekele (ETH)
Hengelo, Netherlands
31 May 2004
10,000 m
26:17.53
Kenenisa Bekele (ETH)
Brussels, Belgium
26 Aug 2005
20,000 m
56:26.00
Haile Gebrselassie (ETH)
Ostrava, Czech Republic
27 Jun 2007 27 Jun 2007
9 Aug 2012
1 Sep 1996
1 hour
21,285 metres
Haile Gebrselassie (ETH)
Ostrava, Czech Republic
25,000 m
1:12:25.40
Moses Cheruiyot Mosop (KEN)
Eugene, USA
30,000 m
1:26:47.40
Moses Cheruiyot Mosop (KEN)
Eugene, USA
3 Jun 2011
Saif Saaeed Shaheen (QAT)
Brussels, Belgium
3 Sep 2004
3,000 m steeplechase
7:53.63
3 Jun 2011
110 m hurdles
12.80
Aries Merritt (USA)
Brussels, Belgium
7 Sep 2012
400 m hurdles
46.78
Kevin Young (USA)
Barcelona, Spain
6 Aug 1992
4 x 100 m relay
36.84
Jamaica (Yohan Blake, Usain Bolt, Michael Frater, Nesta Carter)
London, UK
11 Aug 2012
4 x 200 m relay
1:18.63
Jamaica (Yohan Blake, Nickel Ashmeade, Warren Weir, ,GTOCKPGǡ$TQYP
Nassau, Bahamas
24 May 2014
4 x 400 m relay
2:54.29
75# #PFTGY8CNOQP3WKPE[9CVVU*CTT[ǡ4G[PQNFU /KEJCGNǡ,QJPUQP
Stuttgart, Germany
22 Aug 1993
4 x 800 m relay
7:02.43
Kenya (Joseph Mutua, William Yiampoy, Ismael Kombich, 9KNHTGFǡ$WPIGK
Brussels, Belgium
25 Aug 2006
Kenya (Collins Cheboi, Silas Kiplagat, James Kiplagat Magut, Asbel Kiprop)
Nassau, Bahamas
25 May 2014
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
(NQTGPEG)TKHƒVJ,Q[PGT 75#
Indianapolis, USA
16 Jul 1988 29 Sep 1988
4 x 1,500 m relay
14:22.22
TIME/DISTANCE
DATE
100 m
10.49
200 m
21.34
(NQTGPEG)TKHƒVJ,Q[PGT 75#
Seoul, South Korea
400 m
47.60
Marita Koch (GDR)
Canberra, Australia
800 m
1:53.28
Jarmila Kratochvílová (CZE)
Munich, Germany
26 Jul 1983
1,000 m
2:28.98
Svetlana Masterkova (RUS)
Brussels, Belgium
23 Aug 1996
1,500 m
3:50.07
Genzebe Dibaba (ETH)
Fontvieille, Monaco
17 Jul 2015
1 mile
4:12.56
Svetlana Masterkova (RUS)
14 Aug 1996
2,000 m
5:25.36
Sonia O’Sullivan (IRL)
Edinburgh, UK
8 Jul 1994
3,000 m
8:06.11
Wang Junxia (CHN)
Beijing, China
13 Sep 1993
5,000 m
14:11.15
Tirunesh Dibaba (ETH)
1UNQ0QTYC[
6 Jun 2008
10,000 m
29:31.78
Wang Junxia (CHN)
Beijing, China
8 Sep 1993
20,000 m
1:05:26.60
1 hour
Mercy Cherono, Irene Jelagat, Faith Kipyegon and Hellen Oribi (all KEN) proved WPECVEJCDNGKPVJGYQOGPŨU ǡZOTGNC[VCMKPIRNCEG CVVJG6ǡ4QDKPUQP5VCFKWOKP 0CUUCW$CJCOCUQPǡ/C[ 2014. Their time of 16:33.58 YCUUQOGǡUGEHCUVGTVJCP VJGRTGXKQWUTGEQTFYJKEJ YCUCNUQUGVD[CVGCOHTQO Kenya, in Apr 2014.
LOCATION
9.58
WOMEN
Fastest 4 x OTGNC[
HGOCNG
TIME/DISTANCE NAME & NATIONALITY
100 m
18,517 m
6 Oct 1985
Tegla Loroupe (KEN)
Borgholzhausen, Germany
Dire Tune (ETH)
Ostrava, Czech Republic
12 Jun 2008
3 Sep 2000 21 Sep 2002
25,000 m
1:27:05.90
Tegla Loroupe (KEN)
Mengerskirchen, Germany
30,000 m
1:45:50.00
Tegla Loroupe (KEN)
Warstein, Germany
)WNPCTC5COKVQXC)CNMKPC 475
Beijing, China
17 Aug 2008 20 Aug 1988
3,000 m steeplechase
8:58.81
6 Jun 2003
100 m hurdles
12.21
Yordanka Donkova (BGR)
Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
400 m hurdles
52.34
Yuliya Pechonkina (RUS)
Tula, Russia
8 Aug 2003
4 x 100 m relay
40.82
United States (Tianna Madison, Allyson Felix, Bianca Knight, Carmelita Jeter)
London, UK
10 Aug 2012
4 x 200 m relay
1:27.46
7PKVGF5VCVGUū$NWGŬ .C6CUJC,GPMKPU.C6CUJC%QNCPFGT 4KEJCTFUQP0CPEGGPǡ2GTT[/CTKQPǡ,QPGU
Philadelphia, USA
29 Apr 2000
4 x 400 m relay
3:15.17
USSR (Tatyana Ledovskaya, Olga Nazarova, Maria Pinigina, 1NICǡ$T[\IKPC
Seoul, South Korea
1 Oct 1988
4 x 800 m relay
7:50.17
USSR (Nadezhda Olizarenko, Lyubov Gurina, Lyudmila Borisova, Irina Podyalovskaya)
/QUEQY4WUUKC
5 Aug 1984
Kenya (Mercy Cherono, Irene Jelagat, Faith Kipyegon, *GNNGPǡ1TKDK
Nassau, Bahamas
4 x 1,500 m relay
16:33.58
24 May 2014
ATHLETICS – INDOOR TRACK EVENTS MEN
TIME
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
DATE
50 m
5.56
Donovan Bailey (CAN)
Reno, USA
9 Feb 1996
60 m
6.39
Maurice Greene (USA)
Madrid, Spain
3 Feb 1998
Atlanta, USA
3 Mar 2001
200 m
19.92
Frankie Fredericks (NAM)
Liévin, France
18 Feb 1996
400 m
44.57
Kerron Clement (USA)
Fayetteville, USA
12 Mar 2005
800 m
1:42.67
Wilson Kipketer (DNK)
Paris, France
1,000 m
2:14.20
Ayanleh Souleiman (DJI)
5VQEMJQNO5YGFGP
1,500 m
3:31.18
Hicham El Guerrouj (MAR)
Stuttgart, Germany
1 mile
3:48.45
Hicham El Guerrouj (MAR)
Ghent, Belgium
3,000 m
7:24.90
Daniel Komen (KEN)
Budapest, Hungary
5,000 m
12:49.60
Kenenisa Bekele (ETH)
Birmingham, UK
9 Mar 1997 17 Feb 2016 2 Feb 1997 12 Feb 1997 6 Feb 1998 20 Feb 2004
50 m hurdles
6.25
Mark McKoy (CAN)
Kobe, Japan
5 Mar 1986
60 m hurdles
7.30
Colin Jackson (GBR†)
5KPFGNƒPIGP)GTOCP[
6 Mar 1994
4 x 200 m relay
1:22.11
)TGCV$TKVCKP0QTVJGTP+TGNCPF .KPHQTF%JTKUVKG&CTTGP$TCKVJYCKVG#FG/CHG,QJP4GIKU
)NCUIQY7-
3 Mar 1991
4 x 400 m relay
3:02.13
75# -[NG%NGOQPU&CXKF8GTDWTI-KPF$WVNGT+++%CNXKP5OKVJ
Sopot, Poland
9 Mar 2014
4 x 800 m relay 5,000 m walk
7:13.11 18:07.08
75##NN5VCTU 4KEJCTF,QPGU&CXKF6QTTGPEG&WCPG5QNQOQP'TKMǡ5QYKPUMK
Boston, USA
Mikhail Shchennikov (RUS)
/QUEQY4WUUKC
8 Feb 2014 14 Feb 1995
†GBR = Great Britain, as per IAAF listings
WOMEN
TIME
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
50 m
5.96
Irina Privalova (RUS)
Madrid, Spain
ǡ(GD
DATE
60 m
6.92
Irina Privalova (RUS)
Madrid, Spain
11 Feb 1993
200 m
21.87
Merlene Ottey (JAM)
Liévin, France
13 Feb 1993
400 m
49.59
Jarmila Kratochvílová (CZE)
Milan, Italy
7 Mar 1982
800 m
1:55.82
,QNCPFC$CVCIGNL 580
8KGPPC#WUVTKC
3 Mar 2002
9 Feb 1995
1,000 m
2:30.94
Maria de Lurdes Mutola (MOZ)
5VQEMJQNO5YGFGP
1,500 m
3:55.17
Genzebe Dibaba (ETH)
Karlsruhe, Germany
25 Feb 1999 1 Feb 2014
1 mile
4:13.31
Genzebe Dibaba (ETH)
5VQEMJQNO5YGFGP
17 Feb 2016
3,000 m
8:16.60
Genzebe Dibaba (ETH)
5VQEMJQNO5YGFGP
6 Feb 2014
5,000 m
14:18.86
Genzebe Dibaba (ETH)
5VQEMJQNO5YGFGP
19 Feb 2015
50 m hurdles
6.58
Cornelia Oschkenat (GDR)
Berlin, Germany
20 Feb 1988
60 m hurdles
7.68
Susanna Kallur (SWE)
Karlsruhe, Germany
10 Feb 2008
4 x 200 m relay
1:32.41
Russia (Yekaterina Kondratyeva, Irina Khabarova, Yuliya Pechonkina, Yulia Gushchina)
)NCUIQY7-
29 Jan 2005
4 x 400 m relay
3:23.37
4WUUKC ;WNKC)WUJEJKPC1NIC-QVN[CTQXC1NIC
)NCUIQY7-
28 Jan 2006
4 x 800 m relay
8:06.24
6GCO/QUEQY #NGMUCPFTC$WNCPQXC;GMCVGTKPC/CTV[PQXC'NGPC-QHCPQXC#PPC$CNCMUJKPC
/QUEQY4WUUKC
18 Feb 2011
Claudia Stef (ROM)
Bucharest, Romania
30 Jan 1999
3,000 m walk
11:40.33
ATHLETICS – ULTRA LONG DISTANCE MEN
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
50 km
02:48:06
Jeff Norman (GBR)
Timperley, UK
100 km 100 miles
06:10:20 11:28:03
Donald Ritchie (GBR) Oleg Kharitonov (RUS)
London, UK London, UK
Yiannis Kouros (GRC)
Colac, Australia
Peter Silkinas (LTU)
Nanango, Australia
Donald Ritchie (GBR)
London, UK
28 Oct 1978 14 Dec 2013
1,000 km 1,000 miles 6 hours
97.2 km (60.39 mi)
28 Oct 1978 20 Oct 2002 0QXŤ&GE Ť/CT
163.785 km (101.77 mi)
Zach Bitter (USA)
Phoenix, USA
24 hours
303.506 km (188.59 mi)
Yiannis Kouros (GRC)
Adelaide, Australia
Ť1EV
48 hours
473.495 km (294.21 mi)
Yiannis Kouros (GRC)
Surgères, France
Ť/C[
1,038.851 km (645.51 mi)
Yiannis Kouros (GRC)
Colac, Australia
TIME/DISTANCE
WOMEN
Ethiopia’s Genzebe Dibaba ran the indoor mile in 4:13.31 at the Globe Arena KPVJG5YGFKUJECRKVCNQH 5VQEMJQNOQPǡ(GD
ǡFC[U ǡFC[U
DATE 7 Jun 1980
12 hours
6 days
Fastest KPFQQTOKNG
HGOCNG
TIME/DISTANCE
Ť0QX
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
50 km
03:18:52
%CTQN[P*WPVGT4QYG )$4
Barry, UK
100 km
07:14:06
Norimi Sakurai (JPN)
8GTQPC+VCN[
100 miles
13:52:07
Mami Kudo (JPN)
Chinese Taipei
1,000 km
7 days 1:28:29
Eleanor Robinson (GBR)
Nanango, Australia
Ť/CT
13 days 1:54:02
Eleanor Robinson (GBR)
Nanango, Australia
Ť/CT
Norimi Sakurai (JPN)
8GTQPC+VCN[
Ann Trason (USA)
*C[YCTF75#
1,000 miles 6 hours
83.2 km (57.69 mi)
12 hours
147.6 km (91.71 mi)
DATE 3 Mar 1996 27 Sep 2003 10 Dec 2011
27 Sep 2003 Ť#WI
24 hours
255.303 km (158.63 mi)
Mami Kudo (JPN)
Chinese Taipei
Ť&GE
48 hours
397.103 km (246.75 mi)
Inagiki Sumie (JPN)
Surgères, France
Ť/C[
6 days
883.631 km (549.06 mi)
5CPFTC$CTYKEM 0<
%CORDGNNVQYP#WUVTCNKC
Ť0QX
guinnessworldrecords.com 233
SPORTS REFERENCE
ATHLETICS & CYCLING ATHLETICS – ROAD RACE
(CUVGUVǡMO road race While running the 2016 Dubai Marathon on 22 Jan, Amos Choge Kipruto, Edwin Kibet Koech (both KEN) and Sisay Lemma (ETH, above) all reached the 30-km point KPǡCǡTGEQTFVKOGQHǡJT ǡOKPǡǡUGE
MEN
TIME
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
10 km
Leonard Patrick Komon (KEN)
7VTGEJV0GVJGTNCPFU
26 Sep 2010
DATE
15 km
Leonard Patrick Komon (KEN)
0KLOGIGP0GVJGTNCPFU
21 Nov 2010
20 km
55:21
Lisbon, Portugal
21 Mar 2010
Half marathon
Lisbon, Portugal
21 Mar 2010
25 km
Dennis Kipruto Kimetto (KEN)
$GTNKP)GTOCP[
30 km*
1:27:20
Amos Choge Kipruto (KEN) Edwin Kibet Koech (KEN) 5KUC[ǡ.GOOC '6*
&WDCK7#'
22 Jan 2016
Marathon
2:02:57
Dennis Kipruto Kimetto (KEN)
$GTNKP)GTOCP[
5GR
100 km
6:13:33
Takahiro Sunada (JPN)
Tokoro, Japan
,WP
Road relay
1:57:06
-GP[C ,QUGRJCV0FCODKTK/CTVKPǡ/CVJCVJK&CPKGN/YCPIK Mekubo Mogusu, Onesmus Nyerere, John Kariuki)
Chiba, Japan
23 Nov 2005
6 May 2012
WOMEN
TIME
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
10 km
30:21
2CWNC4CFENKHHG )$4
5CP,WCP2WGTVQ4KEQ
23 Feb 2003
DATE
15 km
Florence Jebet Kiplagat (KEN)
$CTEGNQPC5RCKP
15 Feb 2015
20 km
Florence Jebet Kiplagat (KEN)
$CTEGNQPC5RCKP
15 Feb 2015
Half marathon
1:05:09
Florence Jebet Kiplagat (KEN)
$CTEGNQPC5RCKP
15 Feb 2015
25 km
1:19:53
Mary Jepkosgei Keitany (KEN)
$GTNKP)GTOCP[
9 May 2010
30 km
Mizuki Noguchi (JPN)
$GTNKP)GTOCP[
25 Sep 2005
Marathon
2:15:25
2CWNC4CFENKHHG )$4
.QPFQP7-
13 Apr 2003
100 km
6:33:11
Tomoe Abe (JPN)
Tokoro, Japan
25 Jun 2000
Road relay
%JKPC ,KCPI$Q&QPI;CPOGK
$GKLKPI%JKPC
(GD
*5VKNNCYCKVKPITCVKƒECVKQPCVVJGVKOGQHIQKPIVQRTGUU
ATHLETICS – RACE WALKING MEN
TIME
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
$GTPCTFQ5GIWTC /':
$GTIGP0QTYC[
ǡMO TQCF
;WUWMG5W\WMK ,20
Nomi, Japan
30,000 m
Maurizio Damilano (ITA)
Cuneo, Italy
50,000 m
;QJCPP&KPK\ (4#
4GKOU(TCPEG
12 Mar 2011
MO TQCF
;QJCPP&KPK\ (4#
Zurich, Switzerland
#WI
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
0CFG\JFC4[CUJMKPC 7554
5GCVVNG75#
,WN
20,000 m
WOMEN
Highest RQNGǡXCWNV
HGOCNGKPFQQTU ,GPPKHGT5WJT 75# KUQPN[ the second woman in JKUVQT[ǡCHVGT4WUUKCŨU;GNGPC Isinbayeva, to vault over 5 m
ǡHVǡKP 5JGFKFUQƒTUV KPYKVJCXCWNVQHO
ǡHVǡKP 6JTGG[GCTU later, she improved her RGTUQPCNDGUVD[EO ǡKP at the Golden Eagle Multi CPFǡ+PXKVCVKQPCNKP$TQEMRQTV 0GYǡ;QTM75##UQH #RTǡ5WJTKUCNUQǡVJG reigning Olympic champion, having won gold at London 5JGYQPCUKNXGTOGFCN CVVJG1N[ORKEUUVCIGF KP$GKLKPI%JKPC 234 Sports Reference
TIME
DATE /C[ 15 Mar 2015 3 Oct 1992
DATE
10,000 m
20,000 m
1NKORKCFC+XCPQXC 475
$TKUDCPG#WUVTCNKC
6 Sep 2001
MO TQCF
Liu Hong (CHN)
La Coruña, Spain
6 Jun 2015
ATHLETICS – INDOOR FIELD EVENTS MEN
DISTANCE/POINTS
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
High jump
O HVKP
,CXKGT5QVQOC[QT %7$
$WFCRGUV*WPICT[
Pole vault
O HVKP
4GPCWF.CXKNNGPKG (4#
&QPGVUM7MTCKPG
(GD
Long jump
O HVKP
%CTN.GYKU 75#
0GY;QTM%KV[75#
,CP
Triple jump
O HVKP
6GFF[6COIJQ (4#
Paris, France
Shot
O HVKP
4CPF[$CTPGU 75#
.QU#PIGNGU75#
,CP
Heptathlon†
RQKPVU
#UJVQP'CVQP 75#
Istanbul, Turkey
10 Mar 2012
WOMEN
DISTANCE/POINTS
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
High jump
O HVKP
-CLUC$GTISXKUV 59'
Arnstadt, Germany
Pole vault*
O HVKP
,GPPKHGT5WJT 75#
$TQEMRQTV75#
30 Jan 2016
Long jump
O HVKP
*GKMG&TGEJUNGT )&4
Vienna, Austria
(GD
Triple jump
O HVKP
6CV[CPC.GDGFGXC 475
$WFCRGUV*WPICT[
Shot
O HVKP
Helena Fibingerová (CZE)
Jablonec, Czechoslovakia 19 Feb 1977
Pentathlon††
5,013 points
0CVCNKC&QDT[PUMC 7-4
Istanbul, Turkey
*5VKNNCYCKVKPITCVKƒECVKQPCVVJGVKOGQHIQKPIVQRTGUU
DATE /CT ŮǡOǡUGE
6 Mar 2011
NQPILWORǡO UJQVO JKIJLWORǡO ǡOJWTFNGUǡUGE RQNGXCWNVǡO ǡOǡOKPǡUGE
DATE (GD ŮŮOJWTFNGUǡUGE
/CT 9 Mar 2012
JKIJLWORǡO UJQVǡO NQPILWORǡO ǡOǡOKPǡUGE
ATHLETICS – OUTDOOR FIELD EVENTS MEN
DISTANCE/POINTS
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
High jump
O HVKP
,CXKGT5QVQOC[QT %7$
Salamanca, Spain
27 Jul 1993 ŮOǡUGE
DATE
Pole vault
O HVKP
5GTIGK$WDMC 7-4
Sestriere, Italy
,WN
Long jump
O HVKP
/KMG2QYGNN 75#
Tokyo, Japan
30 Aug 1991
Triple jump
O HVKP
,QPCVJCP'FYCTFU )$4
Gothenburg, Sweden
Shot
O HVKP
4CPF[$CTPGU 75#
.QU#PIGNGU75#
20 May 1990
Discus
O HVKP
,ȜTIGP5EJWNV )&4
Neubrandenburg, Germany
,WP
Hammer
O HVKP
;WTK[5GF[MJ 7554
Stuttgart, Germany
#WI
Javelin
O HVKP
,CPʒGNG\Pȝ %<'
Jena, Germany
25 May 1996
Decathlon†
RQKPVU
#UJVQP'CVQP 75#
$GKLKPI%JKPC
29 Aug 2015
WOMEN
DISTANCE/POINTS
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
High jump
O HVKP
5VGHMC-QUVCFKPQXC $)4
4QOG+VCN[
DATE #WI ŮŮǡOJWTFNGU
Pole vault
O HVKP
;GNGPC+UKPDC[GXC 475
Zurich, Switzerland
#WI
Long jump
O HVKP
)CNKPC%JKUV[CMQXC 7554
.GPKPITCF4WUUKC
,WP
Triple jump
O HVKP
+PGUUC-TCXGVU 7-4
Gothenburg, Sweden
10 Aug 1995
Shot
O HVKP
0CVCN[C.KUQXUMC[C 7554
/QUEQY4WUUKC
,WP
Discus
O HVǡKP
)CDTKGNG4GKPUEJ )&4
Neubrandenburg, Germany
,WN
Hammer
O HVKP
#PKVC9QFCTE\[M 21.
Cetniewo, Poland
Javelin
O HVKP
$CTDQTCɵRQVȄMQXȄ %<'
Stuttgart, Germany
5GR
Heptathlon††
7,291 points
,CESWGNKPG,Q[PGT-GTUGG
75#
Seoul, South Korea
5GR
Decathlon†††
RQKPVU
#WUVTC5MWL[Vȴ .67
%QNWODKC75#
15 Apr 2005
7 Aug 1995
1 Aug 2015
NQPILWORǡO UJQVǡǡO JKIJLWOR ǡO ǡOǡUGE ǡOǡJWTFNGUǡUGE FKUEWUǡO RQNGǡXCWNV ǡO LCXGNKPǡO ǡOǡOKPǡǡUGE
ǡUGE JKIJLWOR ǡO UJQVǡO ǡOǡUGE NQPI LWORǡO LCXGNKP ǡO ǡOǡOKP ǡUGE ŮŮŮOǡUGE NQPILWORǡO UJQVǡǡO JKIJLWOR O ǡOǡUGE ǡOJWTFNGUǡUGE FKUEWUǡO RQNGXCWNV ǡO LCXGNKPǡO ǡOǡOKPǡUGE
CYCLING – ABSOLUTE TRACK MEN
TIME/DISTANCE
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
(TCPȊQKU2GTXKU (4#
#IWCUECNKGPVGU/GZKEQ
%JTKU*Q[ )$4
.C2C\$QNKXKC
)GTOCP[ ,QCEJKO'KNGTU4GPȌ'PFGTU 4QDGTV(ȘTUVGOCPP
#IWCUECNKGPVGU/GZKEQ
5 Dec 2013
MO UVCPFKPIUVCTV
(TCPȊQKU2GTXKU (4#
#IWCUECNKGPVGU/GZKEQ
7 Dec 2013
MO UVCPFKPIUVCTV
,CEM$QDTKFIG #75
Sydney, Australia
2 Feb 2011
6GCOMO UVCPFKPIUVCTV
)TGCV$TKVCKP 'FYCTF%NCPE[2GVGT -GPPCWIJ)GTCKPVǡ6JQOCU5VGXGP$WTMG
.QPFQP7-
3 Aug 2012 7 Jun 2015
O HN[KPIUVCTV
O HN[KPIUVCTV 6GCOO UVCPFKPIUVCTV
1 hour WOMEN
MO
$TCFNG[9KIIKPU )$4
.QPFQP7-
TIME/DISTANCE
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
DATE 13 May 2007
DATE 7 Dec 2013
-TKUVKPC8QIGN &'7
#IWCUECNKGPVGU/GZKEQ
O HN[KPIUVCTV
1NIC5VTGNVUQXC 475
/QUEQY4WUUKC
O UVCPFKPIUVCTV
#PPC/GCTGU #75
#IWCUECNKGPVGU/GZKEQ
6GCOO UVCPFKPIUVCTV
%JKPC ,KPLKG)QPI6KCPUJK
5CKPV3WGPVKPGP;XGNKPGU France
(GD
#IWCUECNKGPVGU/GZKEQ
11 May 2010
/C[ 6 Dec 2013
MO UVCPFKPIUVCTV
5CTCJ*COOGT 75#
6GCOMO UVCPFKPIUVCTV
Australia (Amy Cure, Annette Edmondson, 5CKPV3WGPVKPGP;XGNKPGU #UJNGG#PMWFKPQHH/GNKUUC*QUMKPU France
19 Feb 2015
'XGN[P5VGXGPU 75#
27 Feb 2016
(CTVJGUVǡJT WPRCEGF UVCPFKPIUVCTV 5KT$TCFNG[9KIIKPU )$4 E[ENGFǡMO ǡOK at the Olympic velodrome in .QPFQP7-QPǡ,WP +VǡKUCOCTMQHVJGCFXCPEGU KPǡDQVJCVJNGVKEƒVPGUUCPF cycling technology that YJGPǡVJGTGEQTFYCUƒTUV GUVCDNKUJGFŤQP/C[ D[*GPTK&GUITCPIG (4# Ť the distance achieved was ūQPN[ŬǡMO ǡOK
MO
%QNQTCFQ5RTKPIU75#
+P#UJVQP'CVQP 75# UEQTGFǡRQKPVUVQVCMG VJGIQNFOGFCNCVǡVJG+##( 9QTNF%JCORKQPUJKRUHQTVJG UGEQPFVKOG*GDGVVGTGFJKU QYPTGEQTFD[UKZǡRQKPVUKP CǡUVWPPKPIRGTHQTOCPEG
6 Dec 2013
O HN[KPIUVCTV
1 hour
/QUVRQKPVU KPǡCǡFGECVJNQP
(CUVGUVǡMO VGCORWTUWKV
YQOGP 6JG#WUVTCNKCPVGCOQH#O[ Cure, Annette Edmondson, #UJNGG#PMWFKPQHHCPF Melissa Hoskins completed VJGǡMOVGCORWTUWKVKPǡOKP ǡUGEFWTKPIVJG7%+ Track Cycling World Cup meet KP5CKPV3WGPVKPGP;XGNKPGU (TCPEGQPǡ(GD guinnessworldrecords.com 235
SPORTS REFERENCE
DIVING & ICE SKATING FREEDIVING MEN’S DEPTH DISCIPLINES
DEPTH
%QPUVCPVYGKIJVYKVJƒPU
O ǡHVǡKP
%QPUVCPVYGKIJVYKVJQWVƒPU Variable weight
O HVKP O HV
No limit
O HVKP
Free immersion MEN'S DYNAMIC APNEA 9KVJƒPU
Longest freedive (dynamic apnea, PQƒPU In this event, the diver has to swim the greatest distance WPFGTYCVGTYKVJQWVƒPUQT breathing aids. Mateusz /CNKPC 21. UYCOǡO
ǡHVǡKP KP$TPQ%\GEJ 4GRWDNKEQPǡ0QX
9KNNKCO6TWDTKFIG 0<
6JG$CJCOCU
&GE
5VCXTQU-CUVTKPCMKU )4%
Kalamata, Greece
0QX
*GTDGTV0KVUEJ #76
5RGVUGU)TGGEG
,WP #RT
6JG$CJCOCU
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
)QTCPȫQNCM *48
$GNITCFG5GTDKC
DATE
DATE ,WP
O HVKP
Mateusz Malina (POL)
$TPQ%\GEJ4GRWDNKE
TIME
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
DATE
OKPUGE
$TCPMQ2GVTQXKE 54$
&WDCK7#'
1EV
DEPTH
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
0CVCNKC/QNEJCPQXC 475
Kalamata, Greece
5GR /C[
O HVKP
%QPUVCPVYGKIJVYKVJQWVƒPU
5GR
9KNNKCO6TWDTKFIG 0<
WOMEN'S DEPTH DISCIPLINES %QPUVCPVYGKIJVYKVJƒPU
Kalamata, Greece
DISTANCE
MEN'S STATIC APNEA Duration
LOCATION
#NGZG[/QNEJCPQX 475
O ǡHVǡKP
O HVKP
9KVJQWVƒPU
NAME & NATIONALITY
0QX
DATE
O HVKP
0CVCNKC/QNEJCPQXC 475
&CJCD'I[RV
Variable weight
O HVKP
0CPLCXCPFGP$TQGM 0.&
5JCTOGN5JGKMJ'I[RV
1EV
No limit
O HVKP
6CP[C5VTGGVGT 75#
6WTMUCPF%CKEQU+UNCPFU
#WI
0CVCNKC/QNEJCPQXC 475
Kalamata, Greece
5GR
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
0CVCNKC/QNEJCPQXC 475
%CINKCTK+VCN[
5GR ,WP
Free immersion
O HVKP
WOMEN'S DYNAMIC APNEA
DISTANCE
9KVJƒPU
O HVKP
9KVJQWVƒPU
O HVKP
WOMEN'S STATIC APNEA
TIME
Duration
9 min 2 sec
0CVCNKC/QNEJCPQXC 475
$GNITCFG5GTDKC
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
0CVCNKC/QNEJCPQXC 475
$GNITCFG5GTDKC
DATE
DATE ,WP
ROWING (All events take place over a 2,000-m course) MEN
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
Single sculls
TIME
/CJȌ&T[UFCNG 0<
2Q\PCɛ2QNCPF
DATE
Double sculls
%TQCVKC 8CNGPV5KPMQXKȦ/CTVKP5KPMQXKȦ
#OUVGTFCO0GVJGTNCPFU
#WI
Quadruple sculls
7MTCKPG /QTQ\QX&QXIQFMQ0CFVQMC/KMJC[
#OUVGTFCO0GVJGTNCPFU
#WI
Coxless pairs
0GY
.QPFQP7-
Coxless fours
)TGCV$TKVCKP 4GGF,COGU6TKIIU*QFIG)TGIQT[
.WEGTPG5YKV\GTNCPF
/C[
Coxed pairs**
0GY
#OUVGTFCO0GVJGTNCPFU
#WI
Coxed fours**
)GTOCP[ 7PIGOCEJ'KEJJQN\9G[TCWEJ4CDG&GFGTFKPI
8KGPPC#WUVTKC
#WI
Eights
%CPCFC $TQYP$GTIGP/E%CDG%UKOC2TKEG)KDUQP $[TPGUǡ%TQVJGTUǡ*QYCTF
.WEGTPG5YKV\GTNCPF
/C[
#WI
,WN
LIGHTWEIGHT
TIME
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
Single sculls**
/CTEGNNQ/KCPK +6#
#OUVGTFCO0GVJGTNCPFU
#WI
Double sculls
5QWVJ#HTKEC ,QJP5OKVJ,COGU6JQORUQP
#OUVGTFCO0GVJGTNCPFU
#WI
Fastest row in the single sculls lightweight ENCUU HGOCNG
Quadruple sculls**
)TGGEG /CIFCPKU)KCPPCTQU'-QPUQNCU)-QPUQNCU
#OUVGTFCO0GVJGTNCPFU
#WI
Coxless pairs**
6:22.91
5YKV\GTNCPF 5KOQP0KGROCPP.WECU6TCOGT
#OUVGTFCO0GVJGTNCPFU
#WI
Coxless fours
&GPOCTM $CTUG,TIGPUGP.CTUGP9KPVJGT
#OUVGTFCO0GVJGTNCPFU
#WI
Eights**
)GTOCP[ #NVGPC&CJNMG-QDQT5VQORQTQYUMK/GNIGU/ȇT\ $WEJJGKV8QPǡ9CTDWTI-CUMC
/QPVTGCN%CPCFC
#WI
Single sculls
236 Sports Reference
WOMEN
TIME
DATE
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
4WO[CPC0G[MQXC $)4
5GXKNNG5RCKP
Double sculls
5CNN[-GJQG1N[ORKC#NFGTUG[ #75
#OUVGTFCO0GVJGTNCPFU
#WI
Quadruple sculls
)GTOCP[ #PPGMCVTKP6JKGNG%CTKPC$ȇT,WNKC.KGT.KUC5EJOKFNC #OUVGTFCO0GVJGTNCPFU
#WI
Coxless pairs
)TGCV$TKVCKP *GNGP)NQXGT*GCVJGT5VCPPKPI
#OUVGTFCO0GVJGTNCPFU
#WI
Coxless fours**
0GY
#OUVGTFCO0GVJGTNCPFU
#WI
Eights
75# 4GICP2QNM5P[FGT5KOOQPFU.WE\CM4QDDKPU 5EJOGVVGTNKPIǡ1RKV\ǡ.KPF
.WEGTPG5YKV\GTNCPF
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
8CTGUG+VCN[
LIGHTWEIGHT
TIME
Single sculls**
7:24.46
DATE 5GR
,WN DATE ,WP
Double sculls
)TGCV$TKVCKP %JCTNQVVG6C[NQT-CVJGTKPG%QRGNCPF
8CTGUG+VCN[
,WP
Quadruple sculls**
0GVJGTNCPFU 9QGTPGT2CWNKU-TCCKLMCOR*GCF
#OUVGTFCO0GVJGTNCPFU
#WI
Coxless pairs**
#WUVTCNKC 'NK\C$NCKT,WUVKPG,Q[EG
#KIWGDGNGVVGNG.CE(TCPEG
** Denotes non-Olympic boat classes
5GR
SPEED SKATING – LONG TRACK MEN
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
2CXGN-WNK\JPKMQX 475
5CNV.CMG%KV[75#
0QX
2 x 500 m
2CXGN-WNK\JPKMQX 475
5CNV.CMG%KV[75# %CNICT[%CPCFC
Ť0QX Ťǡ0QX
1,000 m
5JCPK&CXKU 75#
5CNV.CMG%KV[75#
/CT
1,500 m
5JCPK&CXKU 75#
5CNV.CMG%KV[75#
&GE
3,000 m
'UMKN'TXKM 014
%CNICT[%CPCFC
0QX
5,000 m
5XGP-TCOGT 0.&
%CNICT[%CPCFC
0QX 0QX
500 m
10,000 m
TIME/POINTS
DATE
6GF,CP$NQGOGP %#0D0.&
5CNV.CMG%KV[75#
500/1,000/500/1,000 m
RQKPVU
/KEJGN/WNFGT 0.&
5CNV.CMG%KV[75#
500/3,000/1,500/5,000 m
RQKPVU
'TDGP9GPPGOCTU 0.&
%CNICT[%CPCFC
Ť#WI
500/5,000/1,500/10,000 m
RQKPVU
5JCPK&CXKU 75#
%CNICT[%CPCFC
Ť/CT
0GVJGTNCPFU $NQMJWKLUGP-TCOGT8GTYGKL
5CNV.CMG%KV[75#
Team pursuit (eight laps) WOMEN
0QX
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
.GG5CPIJYC -14
5CNV.CMG%KV[75#
0QX
2 x 500 m
.GG5CPIJYC -14
5CNV.CMG%KV[75#
Ť0QX
1,000 m
1:12.18
$TKVVCP[$QYG 75#
5CNV.CMG%KV[75#
0QX
1,500 m
*GCVJGT4KEJCTFUQP$GTIUOC 75#
5CNV.CMG%KV[75#
0QX
3,000 m
%KPF[-NCUUGP %#0
%CNICT[%CPCFC
/CT
5,000 m
6:42.66
/CTVKPC5ȄDNȐMQXȄ %<'
5CNV.CMG%KV[75#
(GD
*GCVJGT4KEJCTFUQP$GTIUOC 75#
%CNICT[%CPCFC
,CP
500 m
500/1,000/500/1,000 m
TIME/POINTS
,CP
RQKPVU
DATE
500/1,500/1,000/3,000 m
RQKPVU
%KPF[-NCUUGP %#0
%CNICT[%CPCFC
Ť/CT
500/3,000/1,500/5,000 m
RQKPVU
%KPF[-NCUUGP %#0
%CNICT[%CPCFC
Ť/CT
%CPCFC -TKUVKPC)TQXGU%JTKUVKPG0GUDKVV $TKVVCP[5EJWUUNGT
%CNICT[%CPCFC
&GE
Team pursuit (six laps)
(CUVGUVǡO speed skating
HGOCNG 1Pǡ0QX*GCVJGT 4KEJCTFUQP$GTIUOC 75# TGEQTFGFCVKOGQHǡOKP ǡUGEKPVJGYQOGPŨU ǡOURGGFUMCVKPI EQPVGUVCVCP+575RGGF 5MCVKPI9QTNF%WRGXGPVKP 5CNV.CMG%KV[7VCJ75#
SPEED SKATING – SHORT TRACK MEN 500 m
TIME
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
,QJPū,4Ŭ%GNUMK 75#
%CNICT[%CPCFC
DATE 1EV
1,000 m
5GOKQP'NKUVTCVQX 475
Dresden, Germany
1,500 m
0QJ,KPM[W -14
5JCPIJCK%JKPC
&GE
3,000 m
0QJ,KPM[W -14
9CTUCY2QNCPF
/CT
5,000 m relay
%CPCFC /KEJCGN)KNFC[%JCTNGU*COGNKP (TCPȊQKU*COGNKPCPF1NKXKGT,GCP
%CNICT[%CPCFC
1EV
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
(CP-GZKP %*0
5CNV.CMG%KV[75#
0QX 1EV
WOMEN 500 m
TIME
ǡ(GD
DATE
1,000 m
1:26.661
5JKO5WMJGG -14
%CNICT[%CPCFC
1,500 m
2:16.729
5CNV.CMG%KV[75#
3,000 m
,WPI'WPLW -14
*CTDKP%JKPC
/CT
3,000 m relay
5QWVJ-QTGC 2CTM5GWPIJK-KO#NCPI 5JKOǡ5WMJGG%JQ*CTK
Kolomna, Russia
0QX
(GD
FIGURE SKATING MEN
POINTS
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
;W\WTW*CP[W ,20
$CTEGNQPC5RCKP
&GE
;W\WTW*CP[W ,20
$CTEGNQPC5RCKP
&GE
;W\WTW*CP[W ,20
$CTEGNQPC5RCKP
&GE
Combined total
Short programme
Free skating
219.48
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
WOMEN Combined total
POINTS
DATE
DATE
Kim Yuna (KOR)
8CPEQWXGT%CPCFC
(GD
Short programme
78.66
/CQ#UCFC ,20
5CKVCOC,CRCP
/CT
Free skating/ .QPIǡRTQITCOOG
'XIGPKC/GFXGFGXC 475
$QUVQP75#
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
PAIRS Combined total Short programme
POINTS
#RT DATE
6CVKCPC8QNQUQ\JCT/CZKO6TCPMQX 475
&GVTQKV75#
1EV
84.17
6CVKCPC8QNQUQ\JCT/CZKO6TCPMQX 475
5QEJK4WUUKC
(GD 1EV
Free skating
6CVKCPC8QNQUQ\JCT/CZKO6TCPMQX 475
&GVTQKV75#
ICE DANCE
POINTS
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
Combined total
/GT[N&CXKU%JCTNKG9JKVG 75#
5QEJK4WUUKC
Short dance
78.89
Free dance
118.17
DATE (GD
/GT[N&CXKU%JCTNKG9JKVG 75#
5QEJK4WUUKC
(GD
)CDTKGNNC2CRCFCMKU)WKNNCWOG%K\GTQP (4#
$QUVQP75#
/CT
Highest score KPǡHTGGUMCVKPIŤ long programme
HGOCNG 'XIGPKC/GFXGFGXC 475 UEQTGFCVVJG+57 9QTNFǡ%JCORKQPUJKRUKP $QUVQP/CUUCEJWUGVVU 75#ǡQPǡ#RT*GT QWVUVCPFKPIRGTHQTOCPEG secured her the gold medal CVǡVJGEQORGVKVKQPGXGP though she had come only VJKTFǡKPVJGUJQTVRTQITCOOG
guinnessworldrecords.com 237
SPORTS REFERENCE
SWIMMING SWIMMING – LONG COURSE (50 M POOL) MEN
TIME
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
50 m freestyle
%ȌUCT%KGNQ(KNJQ $4#
5ȆQ2CWNQ$TC\KN
&GE
100 m freestyle
%ȌUCT%KGNQ(KNJQ $4#
4QOG+VCN[
,WN
200 m freestyle
2CWN$KGFGTOCPP &'7
4QOG+VCN[
,WN
400 m freestyle
2CWN$KGFGTOCPP &'7
4QOG+VCN[
,WN
800 m freestyle
4QOG+VCN[
,WN
5WP;CPI %*0
.QPFQP7-
75# /KEJCGN2JGNRU)CTTGVV9GDGT)CNG%WNNGP,QPGU ,CUQPǡ.G\CM
$GKLKPI%JKPC
1,500 m freestyle 4 x 100 m freestyle relay
4 x 200 m freestyle relay
DATE
#WI #WI
75# /KEJCGN2JGNRU4KEM[ǡ$GTGPU&CXKFǡ9CNVGTU4[CPǡ.QEJVG
4QOG+VCN[
50 m butterfly
4CHCGN/WȓQ\ '52
/CNCIC5RCKP
,WN #RT
100 m butterfly
/KEJCGN2JGNRU 75#
4QOG+VCN[
#WI
200 m butterfly
/KEJCGN2JGNRU 75#
4QOG+VCN[
,WN
50 m backstroke
.KCO6CPEQEM )$4
4QOG+VCN[
#WI
Fastest long course 4 x ǡOHTGGUV[NG TGNC[ HGOCNG
100 m backstroke
#CTQP2GKTUQN 75#
+PFKCPCRQNKU75#
200 m backstroke
#CTQP2GKTUQN 75#
4QOG+VCN[
50 m breaststroke
#FCO2GCV[ )$4
-C\CP4WUUKC
100 m breaststroke
#FCO2GCV[ )$4
.QPFQP7-
#RT
200 m breaststroke
#MKJKTQ;COCIWEJK ,20
)KHW,CRCP
5GR
1Pǡ,WN#WUVTCNKC
$TQPVG%CORDGNN%CVG %CORDGNN'OOC/E-GQP CPF/GNCPKG5EJNCPIGT YQP VJGǡYQOGPŨUNQPIEQWTUG ǡZǡOHTGGUV[NGTGNC[KP ǡOKPǡUGE6JGTGEQTF DTGCMKPIUYKOVQQMRNCEG CVVJG%QOOQPYGCNVJ )COGUKPǡ)NCUIQY7- #DQXG$TQPVG%CORDGNN ITGGVUJGTUKUVGT%CVGCU VJGKTǡVGCOOCVGUNQQMQP
200 m medley
4[CP.QEJVG 75#
5JCPIJCK%JKPC
400 m medley
/KEJCGN2JGNRU 75#
$GKLKPI%JKPC
4 x 100 m medley relay
75# #CTQP2GKTUQN'TKE5JCPVGCW/KEJCGNǡ2JGNRU &CXKFǡ9CNVGTU
4QOG+VCN[
Fastest NQPIǡEQWTUG ǡOHTGGUV[NG
HGOCNG )GTOCP[ŨU$TKVVC5VGHHGP TGEQTFGFCVKOGQHǡUGE KPVJGYQOGPŨUNQPIEQWTUG OHTGGUV[NGCVVJG9QTNF #SWCVKEU%JCORKQPUJKRUJGNF KP4QOG+VCN[QPǡ,WN +PFQKPIUQUJGDTQMGJGT QYPTGEQTFQHUGE UGVǡLWUVHQWTFC[UGCTNKGT 238 Sports Reference
,WN ,WN #WI
,WN #WI #WI
WOMEN
TIME
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
50 m freestyle
$TKVVC5VGHHGP &'7
4QOG+VCN[
#WI
100 m freestyle
$TKVVC5VGHHGP &'7
4QOG+VCN[
,WN
200 m freestyle
(GFGTKEC2GNNGITKPK +6#
4QOG+VCN[
400 m freestyle
-CVKG.GFGEM[ 75#
)QNF%QCUV#WUVTCNKC
#WI ,CP
800 m freestyle 1,500 m freestyle
DATE
,WN
-CVKG.GFGEM[ 75#
#WUVKP75#
-CVKG.GFGEM[ 75#
-C\CP4WUUKC
#WI
#WUVTCNKC $TQPVG%CORDGNN/GNCPKG5EJNCPIGT'OOC/E-GQP %CVG%CORDGNN
)NCUIQY7-
,WN ,WN
4 x 100 m freestyle relay
4 x 200 m freestyle relay
%JKPC ;CPI;W
4QOG+VCN[
50 m butterfly
5CTCJ5LȘUVTȘO 59'
$QTȈU5YGFGP
,WN
100 m butterfly
5CTCJ5LȘUVTȘO 59'
-C\CP4WUUKC
#WI
200 m butterfly
.KW
,KPCP%JKPC
1EV
50 m backstroke
4QOG+VCN[
,WN
100 m backstroke
)GOOC5RQHHQTVJ )$4
4QOG+VCN[
,WN
200 m backstroke
/KUU[(TCPMNKP 75#
.QPFQP7-
#WI
50 m breaststroke
4ʀVC/GKNWV[Vȴ .67
$CTEGNQPC5RCKP
#WI
100 m breaststroke
4ʀVC/GKNWV[Vȴ .67
$CTEGNQPC5RCKP
,WN
200 m breaststroke
4KMMG/NNGT2GFGTUGP &0-
$CTEGNQPC5RCKP
#WI
200 m medley
-CVKPMC*QUU\Ț *70
-C\CP4WUUKC
#WI
400 m medley
;G5JKYGP %*0
.QPFQP7-
,WN
4 x 100 m medley relay
75# /KUU[(TCPMNKP4GDGEEC5QPK&CPC8QNNOGT #NNKUQPǡ5EJOKVV
.QPFQP7-
#WI
Fastest long EQWTUGǡO OGFNG[ HGOCNG -CVKPMC*QUU\Ț *70 EQORNGVGFVJGNQPIEQWTUG ǡOOGFNG[KPLWUVǡOKP ǡUGEǡCVVJGVJ(+0#9QTNF 5YKOOKPI%JCORKQPUJKRUKP -C\CP4WUUKCQP#WI 5JGUJCXGFQHCUGEQPF QHHVJGRTGXKQWUTGEQTFYJKEJ YCUUGVCVVJG9QTNF#SWCVKEU %JCORKQPUJKRUKP
SWIMMING – SHORT COURSE (25 M POOL) MEN
TIME
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
50 m freestyle
(NQTGPV/CPCWFQW (4#
&QJC3CVCT
100 m freestyle
#OCWT[.GXGCWZ (4#
4KLGMC%TQCVKC
&GE
200 m freestyle
2CWN$KGFGTOCPP &'7
$GTNKP)GTOCP[
0QX
400 m freestyle
;CPPKEM#IPGN (4#
#PIGTU(TCPEG
0QX
800 m freestyle
)TCPV*CEMGVV #75
/GNDQWTPG#WUVTCNKC
)TCPV*CEMGVV #75
2GTVJ#WUVTCNKC
#WI
1,500 m freestyle
DATE &GE
,WN
4 x 100 m freestyle relay
75# 0CVJCP#FTKCP/CVV)TGXGTU)CTTGVVǡ9GDGT)CNG /KEJCGNǡ2JGNRU
/CPEJGUVGT7-
&GE
4 x 200 m freestyle relay
4WUUKC 0KMKVC.QDKPVUGX&CPKNCǡ+\QVQX'XIGP[.CIWPQX #NGZCPFGTǡ5WMJQTWMQX
&WDCK7#'
&GE 0QX
50 m butterfly
5VGHHGP&GKDNGT &'7
$GTNKP)GTOCP[
100 m butterfly
%JCFNG%NQU <#(
&QJC3CVCT
&GE
200 m butterfly
%JCFNG%NQU <#(
5KPICRQTG5KPICRQTG
0QX
50 m backstroke
(NQTGPV/CPCWFQW (4#
&QJC3CVCT
100 m backstroke
/CVV)TGXGTU 75#
+PFKCPCRQNKU75#
200 m backstroke
/KVEJ.CTMKP #75
5[FPG[#WUVTCNKC
0QX
50 m breaststroke
%COGTQPXCPFGT$WTIJ <#(
$GTNKP)GTOCP[
0QX
100 m breaststroke
200 m breaststroke
&GE &GE
%COGTQPXCPFGT$WTIJ <#(
$GTNKP)GTOCP[
0QX
&ȄPKGN)[WTVC *70
&WDCK7#'
#WI
100 m medley
/CTMWU&GKDNGT &'7
&QJC3CVCT
200 m medley
4[CP.QEJVG 75#
+UVCPDWN6WTMG[
&GE
400 m medley
4[CP.QEJVG 75#
&WDCK7#'
&GE
4 x 100 m medley relay
4WUUKC 5VCPKUNCX&QPGVU5GTIG[ǡ)G[DGN'XIGP[-QTQV[UJMKP 5V2GVGTUDWTI4WUUKC &CPKNC+\QVQX
&GE
&GE
WOMEN
TIME
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
50 m freestyle
4CPQOK-TQOQYKFLQLQ 0.&
'KPFJQXGP0GVJGTNCPFU +PFKCPCRQNKU75#
#WI &GE
100 m freestyle
%CVG%CORDGNN #75
5[FPG[#WUVTCNKC
0QX
200 m freestyle
5CTCJ5LȘUVTȘO 59'
&QJC3CVCT
400 m freestyle
/KTGKC$GNOQPVG '52
$GTNKP)GTOCP[
#WI
/KTGKC$GNOQPVG '52
$GTNKP)GTOCP[
#WI
/KTGKC$GNOQPVG '52
5CDCFGNN5RCKP
&GE
800 m freestyle 1,500 m freestyle
DATE
&GE
4 x 100 m freestyle relay
0GVJGTNCPFU (GOMG*GGOUMGTM+PIG&GMMGT 4CPQOKǡ-TQOQYKFLQLQ/CWFXCPFGT/GGT
&QJC3CVCT
&GE
4 x 200 m freestyle relay
0GVJGTNCPFU (GOMG*GGOUMGTM+PIG&GMMGT 4CPQOKǡ-TQOQYKFLQLQ5JCTQPXCP4QWYGPFCCN
&QJC3CVCT
&GE
50 m butterfly
6JGTGUG#NUJCOOCT 59'
5KPICRQTG5KPICRQTG
100 m butterfly
5CTCJ5LȘUVTȘO 59'
&QJC3CVCT
200 m butterfly
/KTGKC$GNOQPVG '52
&QJC3CVCT
&GE
'VKGPG/GFGKTQU $4#
&QJC3CVCT
&GE
100 m backstroke
-CVKPMC*QUU\Ț *70
&QJC3CVCT
&GE
200 m backstroke
-CVKPMC*QUU\Ț *70
&QJC3CVCT
50 m breaststroke
,GUUKEC*CTF[ 75#
$GTNKP)GTOCP[
0QX
4ʀVC/GKNWV[Vȴ .67
/QUEQY4WUUKC
1EV
#NKC#VMKPUQP ,#/
&QJC3CVCT
4GDGEEC5QPK 75#
/CPEJGUVGT7-
50 m backstroke
100 m breaststroke 200 m breaststroke
&GE
&GE
&GE &GE
-CVKPMC*QUU\Ț *70
&QJC3CVCT
&GE
200 m medley
-CVKPMC*QUU\Ț *70
&QJC3CVCT
&GE
400 m medley
/KTGKC$GNOQPVG '52
&QJC3CVCT
4 x 100 m medley relay
75# %QWTVPG[$CTVJQNQOGY-CVKG/GKNK-GNUK9QTTGNN 5KOQPGǡ/CPWGN
+PFKCPCRQNKU75#
#VVJG#WUVTCNKCP5JQTV %QWTUGǡ%JCORKQPUJKRUKP 5[FPG[QPǡ0QX%CVG %CORDGNN #75 DTQMGVJG ǡOHTGGUV[NGTGEQTFFWTKPI CǡOGZJKDKVKQPUYKO*GT URNKVVKOGCVOYCUENQEMGF CVǡUGEUGEHCUVGT VJCPVJGRTGXKQWUTGEQTF
/CVV)TGXGTU 75# UYCO VJGǡUJQTVEQWTUGǡO DCEMUVTQMGKPǡUGEKP +PFKCPCRQNKU+PFKCPC75# QPǡ&GE)TGXGTU DTQMGVJGTGEQTFFWTKPIVJG &WGNKPVJG2QQNEQORGVKVKQP DGVYGGPVJG'WTQRGCP #NN5VCTUCPFVJG75#
0QX
100 m medley
Fastest UJQTVǡEQWTUG ǡOHTGGUV[NG
HGOCNG
Fastest short EQWTUGO backstroke
&GE &GE
Fastest short EQWTUGǡO backstroke #WUVTCNKCŨU/KVEJ.CTMKP EQORNGVGFVJGUJQTVEQWTUG ǡODCEMUVTQMGKPǡOKP ǡUGEKP5[FPG[ #WUVTCNKCQPǡ0QX .CTMKPUGVVJGTGEQTFCV VJGǡ#WUVTCNKCP5JQTV%QWTUG %JCORKQPUJKRU guinnessworldrecords.com 239
SPORTS REFERENCE
WEIGHTLIFTING, SPORTS MARATHONS & WATERSKIING WEIGHTLIFTING MEN
CATEGORY
MI
5PCVEJ
MI
MI
MI
MI
ǡMIUPCVEJ The heaviest weight lifted KPǡVJGOGPŨUMIUPCVEJ YGKIJVNKHVKPIEQORGVKVKQPKU MID[9W,KPIDKCQ %*0 CVVJG+9(9QTNF9GKIJVNKHVKPI %JCORKQPUJKRUKP*QWUVQP 6GZCU75#QPǡ0QX *KUHGCVDTQMGC[GCT QNFTGEQTF6JGRTGXKQWU JQNFGT*CNKN/WVNW 674 JCFNKHVGFǡMIKP#PVCN[C 6WTMG[QP0QX
MI
MI
MI
MI
ǡMIVQVCN $Q[CPMC-QUVQXC #<' NKHVGFǡCYGKIJVQHǡMIKP VJGǡǡMIECVGIQT[CVVJG +PVGTPCVKQPCN9GKIJVNKHVKPI (GFGTCVKQP +9( 9QTNF 9GKIJVNKHVKPI%JCORKQPUJKRU KP*QWUVQP6GZCU75# QPǡǡ0QX 1PVJGUCOGFC[UJGCNUQ TGEQTFGFVJGheaviest weight NKHVGFKPVJGǡMIUPCVEJ ECVGIQT[ HGOCNG ǡMI +PǡCNNPKPGTGEQTFUYGTG DTQMGPFWTKPIVJCV[GCTŨU EJCORKQPUJKRU 240 Sports Reference
0QX
DATE
1O;WP%JQN 24-
*QWUVQP75#
0QX
*CNKN/WVNW 674
5[FPG[#WUVTCNKC
5GR
5PCVEJ
MI
-KO7P)WM 24-
+PEJGQP5QWVJ-QTGC
5GR
%NGCPLGTM
MI
.KLWP%JGP %*0
*QWUVQP75#
0QX
6QVCN
MI
.KLWP%JGP %*0
*QWUVQP75#
0QX
5PCVEJ
MI
.KCQ*WK %*0
#NOCV[-C\CMJUVCP
0QX
%NGCPLGTM
MI
.KCQ*WK %*0
9TQECY2QNCPF
1EV
6QVCN
MI
.KCQ*WK %*0
#NOCV[-C\CMJUVCP
0QX
5PCVEJ
MI
.Ȝ:KCQLWP %*0
9TQECY2QNCPF
1EV
%NGCPLGTM
MI
1NGI2GTGRGVEJGPQX 475
6TGPȬȐP5NQXCMKC
#RT
6QVCN
MI
.Ȝ:KCQLWP %*0
9TQECY2QNCPF
1EV
5PCVEJ
MI
#PFTGK4[DCMQW $.4
%JKCPI/CK6JCKNCPF
5GR
%NGCPLGTM
MI
4COCV)CP+UTCGN
#RT
6QVCN
MI
#PFTGK4[DCMQW $.4
$GKLKPI%JKPC
#WI 0QX
5PCVEJ
MI
#MCMKQU-CMKCUXKNKU )4%
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%NGCPLGTM
MI
+N[C+N[KP -#<
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#WI
6QVCN
MI
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#WI
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MI
#PFTGK#TCOPCW $.4
$GKLKPI%JKPC
%NGCPLGTM
MI
+N[C+N[KP -#<
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6QVCN
MI
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#WI
5PCVEJ
MI
$GJFCF5CNKOK-QTFCUKCDK +40
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0QX
%NGCPLGTM
MI
#NGMUGK.QXEJGX 475
*QWUVQP75#
0QX
MI
#NGMUGK.QXEJGX 475
*QWUVQP75#
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WEIGHT
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
;CPI.KCP %*0
5CPVQ&QOKPIQ&QOKPKECP4GRWDNKE
5PCVEJ
MI
*QWUVQP75#
MI
MI
MI
LOCATION
9W,KPIDKCQ %*0
MI
CATEGORY
MI
NAME & NATIONALITY
%NGCPLGTM
6QVCN
MI
MI
6QVCN
WOMEN
MI
WEIGHT
MI
DATE 1EV
%NGCPLGTM
MI
0WTECP6C[NCP 674
#PVCN[C6WTMG[
6QVCN
MI
;CPI.KCP %*0
5CPVQ&QOKPIQ&QOKPKECP4GRWDNKE
5GR
5PCVEJ
MI
.K2KPI %*0
)WCPI\JQW%JKPC
0QX 0QX
1EV
%NGCPLGTM
MI
#NOCV[-C\CMJUVCP
6QVCN
MI
*UW5JWEJKPI 62'
+PEJGQP5QWVJ-QTGC
5GR
5PCVEJ
MI
$Q[CPMC-QUVQXC #<'
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0QX
%NGCPLGTM
MI
3KW*QPIOGK %*0
6CKŨCP%JKPC
#RT
6QVCN
MI
$Q[CPMC-QUVQXC #<'
*QWUVQP75#
0QX
5PCVEJ
MI
5XGVNCPC6UCTWMCGXC 475
2CTKU(TCPEG
0QX
%NGCPLGTM
MI
9GK&GPI %*0
*QWUVQP75#
0QX
6QVCN
MI
.KP6\WEJK 62'
+PEJGQP5QWVJ-QTGC
5GR
5PCVEJ
MI
.KW%JWPJQPI %*0
$GKLKPI%JKPC
#WI
%NGCPLGTM
MI
.KW%JWPJQPI %*0
$GKLKPI%JKPC
#WI
6QVCN
MI
.KW%JWPJQPI %*0
$GKLKPI%JKPC
#WI
5PCVEJ
MI
0CVCN[C
$GNIQTQF4WUUKC
&GE
%NGCPLGTM
MI
-KO7PLW 24-
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0CVCN[C
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MI
6CVKCPC-CUJKTKPC 475
#NOCV[-C\CMJUVCP
0QX
%NGCPLGTM
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6CVKCPC-CUJKTKPC 475
#NOCV[-C\CMJUVCP
0QX
6QVCN
MI
6CVKCPC-CUJKTKPC 475
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0QX
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LONGEST SPORTS MARATHONS SPORT
TIME
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
'UVJGT(GCVJGTUVQPG 7-
*C[YCTFU*GCVJ7-
Ť5GR
JTOKPUGE
COCVGWTDCUGDCNNRNC[GTUHTQO6QO.CPIG%QORCP[CPF&KPQU.QIKUVKEU 75#
5CWIGV75#
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9CNCPI+YCPCP$QWPEG$CEM 2*.
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5QWVJ9GUV5EQTRKQPU9JGGNEJCKT$CUMGVDCNN%NWD 7-
$TKUVQN7-
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5VGRJGP5JCPCDTQQM 75#
2NCPQ75#
Ť,WP
.[P#VMKPUQP4QD#VMKPUQP2GVGT*CTT[.QTTCKPG/KUUKPIJCO.CWTKG/WPTQ CPF.K\/WPTQ #75
4QZDWTIJ2CTM#WUVTCNKC
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#GTQDKEU
JTOKP
$CUGDCNN $CUMGVDCNN $CUMGVDCNN
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JTOKP
$QYNKPI VGPRKP
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$QYNU KPFQQT
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*QEMG[ KPFQQT
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*QEMG[ KPNKPGTQNNGT
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DATE
5KZOGODGTUQH%CODTKFIG$QYNKPI%NWD 0<
%CODTKFIG0GY
.QWIJDQTQWIJ7PKXGTUKV[5VCHH%TKEMGV%NWD 7-
.QWIJDQTQWIJ7-
Ť,WP
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4QEMU#TQWPFVJG%NQEMŤ%QNFYCVGT&KUVTKEV%WTNKPI%NWD %#0
%QNFYCVGT%CPCFC
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5JGRUJGF7-
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$TQONG[7-
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Ť5GR
4KIJVVQ2NC["%CUVNGVQP%NWD 75#
%CUVNGVQP75#
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.CRRGGPTCPVC7PKXGTUKV[QH6GEJPQNQI[CPF7TJGKNW-QUMKOKGU6GCO (+0
.CRRGGPTCPVC(KPNCPF
Ť,WN
6JG1KN[ORKEU %#0
%JGUVGTOGTG%CPCFC
(NQQT*QEMG[HQT$NCMG %#0
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+*5COWTCK+UGTNQJP &'7
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Ť#WI
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%NQWIJDCYP)##%NWD +4.
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JTOKP
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5QEEGT
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5QEEGT ƒXGCUKFG 6CDNGUQEEGT
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&CXKF/KNGU-GKVJ2WNNG[&TGY4KGEMCPF5JCYP6GTTGNN 75#
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0KEM9KNNG[ #75
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5CETCOGPVQ75#
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%JGTT[*KNN75#
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6GPPKU FQWDNGU
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6GPPKU UKPINGU
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/GFHQTF75#
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WATERSKIING MEN
RECORD
NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
5NCNQO
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0CVG5OKVJ 75#
%QXKPIVQP75#
DATE
$CTGHQQVUNCNQO
ETQUUKPIUQHYCMGKPUGE
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$TQPMJQTUVURTWKV5QWVJ#HTKEC
6TKEMU
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NAME & NATIONALITY
LOCATION
5NCNQO
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4GIKPC,CSWGUU 75#
%GFCT4KFIG.CMG75#
,WP
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*
[email protected] m, 10,730 tricks, 71.7 m jump **
[email protected] m, 9,740 tricks, 58.0 m jump
#WI 5GR DATE
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(CTVJGUV FKUVCPEG YCVGTUMKHN[KPI (TGFF[-TWGIGT 75# EQXGTGF ǡHV ǡO KP)TCPF 4CRKFU/KEJKICP75#QP ǡ#WI1Pǡ/C[ JGJCFOCFGVJGHCTVJGUV YCVGTUMKLWOR ǡHV ǡO
guinnessworldrecords.com 241
S
CO BONPECIA NT U L EN S T
JAMIE BESTWICK Most consecutive gold medals at the Summer X Games
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$OOLQGLYLGXDOVDUHb86$ unless otherwise stated.
PIERRE-LUC GAGNON Most men’s X Games Skateboard Vert wins 2KGTTG.WE)CIPQP %#0 YQPUGXGP5MCVGDQCTF 8GTVEQORGVKVKQPUCVVJG5WOOGT:)COGUHTQO VQ1PGQHVJGCNNVKOGUMCVKPIITGCVUJG JCUYQP:)COGUOGFCNU KPENWFKPIPKPGǡIQNFU CETQUUǡHQWTǡFKUEKRNKPGU
Largest attendance at the
Summer X Games 5WOOGT:)COGU8JGNFKP5CP(TCPEKUEQ %CNKHQTPKCYCUCVVGPFGFD[XKUKVQTUQXGT KVUǡPKPGFC[FWTCVKQPHTQO,WPVQ,WN
242 X Games
TOM SCHAAR Youngest person to wi
n a Summer
X Games gold medal 6QO5EJCCT Dǡ5GR YCULWUV[GCTUǡFC[UQNF YJGPJGYQPVJG/KPK/GICECVGIQT[CVVJG:ǡ)COGU #UKCKP5JCPIJCK%JKPCQPǡ#RT*GCNUQJQNFUVJG TGEQTFHQTVJGƒTUVRGTUQPVQRGTHQTOC VJTGGHWNN TQVCVKQPUYJKNGCKTDQTPG YJKEJJGUGVCV9QQFYCTF9GUV KPǡ6GJCEJCRK%CNKHQTPKCQPǡ/CT
TUCKER HIBBERT Most consecutive gold medals at the Winter X Games 6WEMGT*KDDGTVJCURKEMGFWRǡIQNF OGFCNUKPVJG9KPVGT:)COGU 5PQYOQDKNG5PQ%TQUUGXGPVŤQPG KPCPFPKPGEQPUGEWVKXGN[HTQO VQ*GCNUQRKEMGFWRVJTGG UKNXGTUCPFQPGDTQP\G6JGTGYCUPQ 5PQ%TQUUGXGPVCVVJGICOGU
SHAUN WHITE Most gold medals wo
n in combined
Winter and Summer X Games (career) 5JCWP9JKVGJCUYQPUPQYDQCTFKPI 5NQRGUV[NG CPF5WRGT2KRG IQNFOGFCNUCVVJG9KPVGT:ǡ)COGUKP #URGP%QNQTCFQKPŤCPFŤ*GJCUCNUQ RKEMGFWRVYQ8GTVUMCVGDQCTFKPIIQNFOGFCNUCVVJG 5WOOGT:)COGUKP.QU#PIGNGU%CNKHQTPKCKP CPF6JKURWVUJKOQPGCJGCFQH&CXG/KTTCYJQ YQPǡIQNFOGFCNU CNNCVVJG5WOOGT:)COGU
KELLY SILDARU Youngest person to wi
n a Winter
X Games gold medal 1P,CP-GNN[5KNFCTW '56D(GD VQQMIQNFKPVJGYQOGPŨU5MK5NQRGUV[NGƒPCNUCV VJGǡ9KPVGT:)COGUCIGFLWUVǡ[GCTUǡFC[U 6JGǡEQORGVKVKQPVQQMRNCEGCV$WVVGTOKNM/QWPVCKP KPǡ#URGP%QNQTCFQ6JKUYCUCNUQVJGƒTUVIQNFCV VJG9KPVGT:)COGUHQT5KNFCTWŨU'UVQPKC
LINDSEY JACOBELLIS
ter s won at the Win Most gold medal X Games (female) 0QHGOCNG9KPVGT:)COGUCVJNGVGJCUYQPOQTG IQNFOGFCNUVJCP.KPFUG[,CEQDGNNKU*GTǡYKPUŤ CNNKP5PQYDQCTFGT:ŤJCXGEQOGCVXCTKQWU9KPVGT :)COGUCNNJGNFKP#URGP%QNQTCFQDGVYGGP ,CPǡCPF,CPǡ
S
CO BONPECIA NT U L EN S T
MOST WINS IN AN NBA SEASON
The best-ever regularseason record by an NBA team is 73 wins and 9 losses by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015/16 season, between 27 Oct 2015 and 13 Apr 2016.
ted CAN) inven h (USA, b. eived to it m is a N s conc Jame KPVGT e originally rs since Dr It’s 125 yea asketball – a pastim JGOUGNXGUƒVKPVJGY itors b d f V e o R s G rt G rt o M o p IVQ the s WR sp UUQOGVJKP day, the G m the IKXGCVJNGVG this landmark bir th reaking players fro CFG -b te O rd ra G o b ŨX c Q le To ce [Б YJ on of re ports. eir selecti UGUNKVGTCNN present th IKCPVU KPUQOGEC lectrif ying of team s G e U t Q s J o V m Ť 0$ # n this t impact o the bigges
• Best season start: ǡEQPUGEWVKXGYKPUD[ VJG9CTTKQTUCVVJGUVCTV QHVJGUGCUQP • Consecutively: D[ VJG.#.CMGTUKP
#NNVGCOUCPFKPFKXKFWCNUCTG 75#WPNGUUQVJGTYKUGUVCVGF
MOST THREE-POINT FIELD GOALS IN AN NBA SEASON
By the end of 2015/16, Stephen Curry – aka Wardell Stephen “Steph” Curry II – had clocked up a remarkable 402 three-pointers during the season – his third consecutive season breaking this record. With this achievement, Curry became the only player to hit 300 three-pointers in a single season. Last year, he broke the previous record with 286 three-pointers. • In a career:D[4C[#NNGP • In a half:D[%JCPFNGT2CTUQPU ,CP • In a quarter:D[-NC[6JQORUQP ,CP
MOST GAMES PLAYED IN AN 0$#ǡ%#4''4
Robert Parish played 1,611 regular-season games from 1976 to 1997. “The Chief” played for the Golden State Warriors (1976–80), Boston Celtics (1980– 94), Charlotte Hornets (1994–96) and Chicago Bulls (1996–97). • Most minutes played LQDbFDUHHU D[ -CTGGOǡ#DFWN,CDDCT • Most minutes played LQbDVHDVRQ D[9KNVǡ%JCODGTNCKP
• Most minutes played LQbDbJDPH D[&CNG 'NNKU ǡ0QX
YOUNGEST PLAYER IN THE NBA
On 2 Nov 2005, Andrew Bynum (b. 27 Oct 1987) entered a game for the Los Angeles Lakers against the Denver Nuggets at the age of just 18 years 6 days.
.
BASKETBALL TIMELINE
̀7RVWDUWDJDPH -QDG$T[CPV D#WI CIGF ǡ[GCTUǡFC[U • To score 50 points in a match: $TCPFQP,GPPKPIU
Dǡǡ5GR CIGFǡ[GCTUǡFC[U
1891 “Basket Ball”
KPXGPVGFD[&Tǡ,COGU 0CKUOKVJWUKPIUQEEGT DCNNUCPFRGCEJ baskets; ͧUVWJDPH RIbEDVNHWEDOO played KP5RTKPIƒGNF/#
244 125th Anniversary of Basketball
1896
)LUVWbJDPHRIFROOHJH EDVNHWEDOORNC[GF DGVYGGPVJG 7PKXGTUKVKGUQH +QYCǡCPF%JKECIQ
1902 *CTT[ū$WEM[Ŭ .GY NGHV DGEQOGUVJG ͧUVW$IULFDQ$PHULFDQ WRbSOD\SUREDVNHWEDOO YJGPJGǡUKIPUHQT 2CYVWEMGVXKNNG#VJNGVKE %NWDǡKP.QYGNN/#
1940 (QTFJCO XU7PKXGTUKV[QH 2KVVUDWTIJDGEQOGU VJGͧUVWEDVNHWEDOO JDPHDLUHGRQ79 QPǡǡ(GD
1949 6JG0$# KUHQTOGFYJGP VJGǡ$CUMGVDCNN #UUQEKCVKQPQH #OGTKECCPF 0CVKQPCN$CUMGVDCNN .GCIWGOGTIG
MOST REBOUNDS +0#%#4''4
Wilt Chamberlain logged 23,924 rebounds in 1,045 games between 1959 and 1973, playing for the Philadelphia Warriors, San Francisco Warriors, Philadelphia 76ers and LA Lakers. ̀,QDJDPH D[ 9KNVǡ%JCODGTNCKP
ǡ0QX • In a season: D[ǡ9KNV%JCODGTNCKP
/156/82#9#4&5+00$#(+0#.5
Michael Jordan, playing for the Chicago Bulls (1991–93 and 1996–98), won six Most Valuable Player awards. ̀0RVWYRWHVIRUUHJXODUVHDVRQ093 QWVQHC RQUUKDNG ƒTUVRNCEGXQVGUHQT5VGRJGP%WTT[KP ŤVJGǡͧUVWXQDQLPRXVYRWHIRUDQ093
*+)*'56(+'.&)1#.2'4%'06#)' $;ǡ#0ǡ+0&+8+&7#.+0#%#4''4 7KH1%$UHJXODUVHDVRQUHFRUGIRUKLJKHVW̧HOGJRDO percentage is .582 by Shaquille O’Neal. While playing for the Orlando Magic, LA Lakers, Miami Heat, Phoenix Suns, Cleveland Cavaliers and Boston Celtics from 1992/93 to 2010/11, O’Neal converted 11,330 of 19,457 attempts.
MOST TRIPLEDOUBLES IN #ǡ%#4''4
Oscar Robertson achieved 181 tripledoubles from 1960 to 1974. He’s also the only player to average a tripledouble for a season (1961/62): 30.8 points, 12.5 rebounds and 11.4 assists. • Consecutively: D[ 9KNVǡ%JCODGTNCKP
Ťǡ/CT ̀
1951 6JGORQJHVW
JDPHRIEDVNHWEDOO is RNC[GFQPǡ,CPYJGP +PFKCPCRQNKU1N[ORKCPU DGCV4QEJGUVGT4Q[CNU ŤKPǡOKP YKVJ UKZQXGTVKOGU
1951 6JGƒTUV#NN5VCT
)COGKUUVCIGFCV$QUVQP )CTFGPQPǡ/CT VJG'CUV VGCOFGHGCVUVJG9GUV D[ǡǡRQKPVUYKVJ'F /CECWNG[PCOGFCU ƒTUVǡ#NN5VCT/82
/15621+0655%14'&+0#00$#ǡ%#4''4 Between 1969 and 1989, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (b. Ferdinand Lewis Alcindor Jr) scored an incredible 38,387 points – an average of 24.6 points per game. • In a season:D[9KNV%JCODGTNCKP ̀,QDJDPH D[9KNV%JCODGTNCKP /CT ̀,QDͧQDOJDPH D[-QDG$T[CPV #RT
1992 6JGǡ75 OGPŨU1N[ORKE DCUMGVDCNNū&TGCO 6GCOŬ NGHV DGEQOGU VJGƒTUV1N[ORKE VGCOVQǡHGCVWTG OQUVN[ǡ0$#ǡRNC[GTU
1998
1Pǡǡ/CTVJGOCVEJ DGVYGGPVJG%JKECIQ $WNNUCPF#VNCPVC *CYMUFTCYUVJGVJGP NCTIGUVCVVGPFCPEGCV CP0$#ICOG
2016 6JGǡ)QNFGP5VCVG 9CTTKQTUTGEQTFVJG PRVWZLQVLQDQ1%$ VHDVRQ XKEVQTKGU CPFFGHGCVU UGG QRRQUKVGRCIG
guinnessworldrecords.com 245
INDEX Bold entries in the index indicate a main entry on a topic; BOLD CAPITALS indicate an entire chapter.
3D Earth map 201 3D printing 194–195; extraterrestrial material 205; implants 74
A
ABBA impersonators 9 abseiling 76 abundant species: OQPMG[Uǡ QYNU aces (tennis) 223 Acknowledgements 250–251 #EVKQPƒIWTGUFQNNU 148–149 #EVKQP/CP actors & actresses: movies theatre 176, 177 adoptees 79 adoptive parents 79 Adventurers Grand Slam 112 aerobics 241 Africa Cup of Nations 225 CHTQJCKTUV[NG age, combined: motherFCWIJVGT RCTGPV EJKNFǡ UKDNKPIU AIBA World Boxing 214 CKTETCHV ETCUJGUǡ helicopters 112, 114; microlights 112; model 142; paper 124; parachute jumps 164; RKNQVU RWNNGF 137; Red Bull Air Race %JCORKQPUJKR UQNCTRQYGTGF UGGǡCNUQ flight airships 175 albums & album charts 77, Aldrin, Buzz (astronaut) 10–11 algal blooms 43 All-Star Games 212, 213 alligators 54 CNRJCDGVU Alpine Ski World Cup 230 CNVKVWFG NCUGTRQYGTGF craft 202; predators 52; spiders 61 COCTCPVJWU Amazon River 116 American football 210; earnings 209 amphitheatres 169 ancestors, man’s 25 androids 109, 193, UGGǡCNUQǡRobots #PINQ5CZQPVTGCUWTG ANIMALS 44–67; animal trails 24; captive 52, 53, 54, 66; clones 192, 216; collections 93; common names 53; fantastic beasts 66–67; LEGO® 153; man-killers 52–53, 54; pantomime animals 94; sculpture 201; venomous 45, 49; zoos 134; UGGCNUQKPFKXKFWCN KPFGZGPVTKGU CPKOCVGFOQXKGUŤ Annapurna 109 anti-lasers 203 Ants 48–49 CRRNGU CRRU CSWCVKECPVU CSWGFWEVU arcade cabinets 154 archery 230 arches, rock 36, 37 archipelagos 39 arms: dinosaurs 63; octopuses 51; TQDQVKEǡǡ
246 Index
“around the moon” tricks 103, 122 ūCTQWPFVJGYQTNFŬVTKEMU 103, 122 CTTGUVUTQDQVU CTTQYJWOCP art: lessons 95; private collections 175; sales Ť UVQNGPCTVYQTMU 163; Stone Age 40, UGGǡCNUQ sculpture Art Sales 174–175 arteries 70 #465/'&+# 170–189; OWUKEŤ Shakespeare 176–177; 68Ť XKFGQ ŤUGGCNUQ art; Movies assassinations 113 #UUCUUKPŨU%TGGF $TQVJGTJQQF 155 #UUCUUKPŨU%TGGF 4GXGNCVKQPU 155 #UUCUUKPŨU%TGGF++ 155 assembly lines 165 astronauts 77; Buzz Aldrin Ť %JTKU*CFƒGNF 12–13, 22; female 22, URCEGYCNMU 22–23 athletes: earnings 207, Ť HCVJGTUQP RNC[GTEQCEJ YKVJ impairments 226; see CNUQKPFKXKFWCNURQTVU CVJNGVKEU KPFQQTƒGNF events 234; indoor track GXGPVU QWVFQQTƒGNF events 235; outdoor track GXGPVU TCEGYCNMKPI 234; road races 234 #VJNGVKEUE[ENKPI 234–235 #VJNGVKEU VTCEMWNVTC 232–233 Atlantic Ocean crossings 76, 109, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 117, 167 CVQNNU CTEJKRGNCIQU 39; reefs 39 ATP (Association of Tennis Professionals) 223 auctions: art 174–175; books 176; chocolate bars 90; internet auctions 174; vinyl TGEQTFU Australian Open 223 authors 177 #WVQURQTVU 220 autographs 54 autopsies 99 CXQECFQU CYCTFU ')16YKPPGTU 'OO[#YCTFU .CWTGPEG1NKXKGT#YCTFU 177; Nickelodeon Kids’ %JQKEG#YCTFU Nobel prizes 154; Oscars 8KUWCN'HHGEVU 5QEKGV[#YCTFU UGGCNUQ medals
B DCDQQPU backflips: bicycle 219; OKETQUEQQVGT YJKNG UYQTFUYCNNQYKPI backstroke 229 DCEMYCTFU DCUMGVDCNN shots 102; motorcycle riding 131 baked beans 121 DCNCPEKPI EJCKPUCYU eggs 120; ice-cream UEQQRU UQEEGTDCNNU 122; spoons 120; sugar cubes 120 Ball skills 102–103 ballooning 113 balloons: popping 122, 202, YCVGTDCNNQQPU
DCNNU DQYNKPIDCNNU juggling 124; medicine DCNNU 5YKUUDCNNU 127, UGGCNUQ golf balls; soccer balls; tennis balls bananas 120 bands: band members 76; YouTube subscribers UGGCNUQ /WUKE DCPFYKFVJ banks: heists 221; piggy banks 99 $CTDKGFQNNU DCTTKGTTGGHUŤ Baseball 211; home runs OCTCVJQPU DCUKN Basketball 123, 212; DNKPFHQNFGF bounces 123; earnings MPGGNKPI UJQVUDCEMYCTFU marathons 241; robots 199; slam dunks 102; spinning 102, 123; three-pointers 102, 212 DCVQPVYKTNKPI batteries 74, 200 DCVVNGUPCXCN DCVVNGUJKRU beach soccer 225 beach volleyball 231 DGCPDCIU DGCPU DGCTFU beehive hairstyles 94 DGGT DTGYGTKGU beer-bottle opening 136 DGGVTQQV bells, chocolate 91 Big cats 47, 52–53; J[DTKFUǡ $KI/CEU $KIUVWHH 98–99, 100–101 bioluminescence 51 biomes 40, 41 bionic body parts 74–75 birds: egg clutches 56; RTGJKUVQTKE YGKIJV YKPIURCPU 57; UGGCNUQKPFKXKFWCN KPFGZGPVTKGU DKTVJ SWCFTWRNGVU UKDNKPIDKTVJYGKIJVU ”test-tube dogs” 65 DKVGHQTEG CPVU DKIECVU 52; crocodiles 55 $K\CTTGIGQNQI[ 36–37 Black holes 26–27 blind mountain climbers 112 blindfolded: assembling Mr Potato Head 124; DCUMGVDCNNUJQVU catching things 121, 123; chess games 145; juggling 124; Rubik’s Cube 124, 142; tightrope YCNMKPI DNWGYJCNGU BMX biking 219 board games: chess 144–145; Monopoly 143; 5ETCDDNG 6YKUVGT boats & ships: 3D printed CTVKƒEKCNTGGHU DCVVNGUJKRU UJKRYTGEMU 8KMKPI YCVGTUMKGTVQYKPI 134, UGGCNUQTQYKPI sailing bobble hats 9 $QF[GZVTGOGU 80–81 $QF[OQFKƒGTU 72–73 body painting 94 $QF[RCTVU 70–71 DQF[RKGTEKPIU body slides 166 bodybuilders 77 DQIUPQTMGNNKPI bones 70, 71; broken 131; implants 74; tattoos 73 books: auctions 176; ETQUUYQTFDQQMU
detective novels 144; history books 69; labyrinth installation RTKPVGF Shakespeare’s plays 176; toppling 146 botanical gardens 111 DQVVNGIQWTFU boules 241 bounces: basketball 123; ping-pong balls 125; tennis balls 123 DQYNKPIDCNNU DQYNKPIETKEMGV DQYNU DQZQHƒEG CPKOCVGF ƒNOU boxes of chocolate 90, 91 $QZKPI 214, 215; earnings HGOCNGDQZGTU RC[RGTXKGY brains, prosthesis 74–75 brand names 196 breakfast in bed 94 DTGCUVUVTQMG DTGYGTKGU bricks: plastic see LEGO®; toppling 146 bridges 64; natural 37; URCPU UWURGPUKQP DTKFIGU VWPPGNVQ VWPPGNDTKFIG $TQCFYC[RNC[U $TQCFYC[UJQYU DTQEEQNK brooding periods 50–51 DWDDNGYTCRRQRRKPI buildings: domes 160–161; JGKIJVŤ 225; palaces 104; RQYGTUVCVKQPU skyscrapers 100, 149, Ť YCNNUŤ UGGCNUQ castles; churches DWNNGVCPVU bulls 66 Bundesliga 224 bungee jumping 133, 134 bunny hops 123 DWTIGTU $KI/CEU buses 130 DWVVGTHN[UVTQMG
C ECDDCIGU caber tossing 94 ECEVK candles 9, 92 cannon 201 cannonball concretions 36 canoeing: slalom 229; sprint 229; transatlantic 117 canopy rafts 40 ECPVCNQWRGOGNQPU canyons 20, 37 car production factories TQDQVUŤ caravans, LEGO® 153 carnivores 47; dinosaurs 63; feline 47 carnivorous plants 42–43 ECTTQVU cars: 3D printed 194; car EJCUGU ECTUCNGU 206; circumnavigation FTKXGPQPVYQYJGGNU 130; driverless 193; jetRQYGTGF NCPFURGGF records 191; loop-theloops 131; model cars 142, 143, 201; in movies RWNNGF restrained 130; rolling UVGCORQYGTGF stunts 130, 131; valuable YJGGNKGU UGGCNUQ driving ECTVQQPU CYCTFU cartoon character VCVVQQU 68 ECUJGYVTGGU
cast-iron domes 160 castles 90; LEGO® 152; sieges 114; theme parks catches: blindfolded 121; DQYNKPIDCNNU EJCKPUCYU FKCDQNQ 123; frisbee/flying disc 122; paper aircraft 124; ping-pong balls 103; spears 137; tennis balls YCVGTDCNNQQPU 122 cats 93; big cats 52–53 %CVUFQIU 64–65 cattle 66 ECVYCNMOQFGNNKPI ECWNKHNQYGTU caves 37 ECXKV[YCNNKPUWNCVKQP EGNGDTKV[EQWRNGU EGNGT[ cellular phones 192, 200 EGPVGPCTKCPU UKDNKPIU supercentenarians 76, 77 ceratopsians 63 Chain reactions 146–147 EJCKPUCYU EJCKTU HQNFKPI TQEMKPI 100 EJGGUGUEWNRVWTG EJGGUGUNKEGTU EJGHU TQDQVU 68EJGHU chemistry lessons 95 EJGTTKGU Chess 144–145 chess sets 144, 145 chickens 93 EJKNNKGU Chocolate 90–91; drinks 90; YJKVG %JQRUVKEMU GCVKPIYKVJ UQTVKPIOQXKPIYKVJ EJTQOQUQOGU churches, monolithic 96 circumnavigation: aerial 109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 117; by balloon 113; cycling 116; driving 111; on foot 110; humanRQYGTGF TQYKPI UCKNKPI via both Poles 110 circuses 126 EKVKGUYCNNGF clean sheets (soccer) 224, 225 ENKHHU FKXKPI LWORKPI climbing: mountains 76, 109, 110, 111, 114, 116, URGGFENKODKPI ENKODKPIYCNNU clocks 60; faces 169; RGPFWNWOENQEMU clogs 100 clones 192, 216 %NQWFU 34–35 %NWDUQEEGT 224 EQDYGDU code-breaking 139 coins 125; chocolate 91 EQNGWU EQNNCTFU Collections 92–93 collections & memorabilia: #EVKQP/CP $CTDKG dolls 149; &CTM'[G 92; dioramas 149; &QEVQT 9JQ 92; .WRKPVJG6JKTF 92; 5M[NCPFGTU 93; 5VCT 9CTU 5YCOR 6JKPI VQ[UQNFKGTU colonies, ants 49 EQNQWTKPIDQQMU columns, ants 49 comebacks: golf 217; rugby 222 EQOGFKCPU EQOGF[UJQYU ;QW6WDGǡ
comets 122; orbits of 205 comic books 135; collections 92; cosplay 96 communications distance 24, 202 composers 125 computer classes 9 computers 179; 3D-printed laptop 195; analogue 75; desktop 199; movieOCMKPI CONCACAF Gold Cup 225 EQPETGVGFCOU cones 122 confectionery brand sales 91 %QPUVTWEVKQPVQ[U 152–153 %QPUWOGTVGEJ 196–197 %QPVTKDWVQTUŤ cookery lessons 95 Copa América 225 coprolites 63, 92 EQTCN CVQNNU FKGQHH TGGHUŤ EQTMUETGYU corn (maize) mazes 164, 165 correspondence chess 144 EQUOQU %QURNC[ 96–97 EQVVQP country codes 253 EQWTIGVVGU EQYU crackers: cream crackers TKEGETCEMGTU crashes, plane 55 craters 21, 22, 37; methane craters 29, 37 cream crackers 120 cremated remains 20 Cricket 216, 241 crime: 3D printing conviction 195; assassinations 113; bank heists 221; Bond XKNNCKPU OWTFGTGTU TQDQVU UVQNGP CTVYQTMU crochet hooks 100 Crocodiles 54–55, 93 crocodilians 52, 53 croquet 230 ETQUUDQYU ETQUUYQTFRW\\NGUŤ ETQYFCVVGPFCPEGU URQTVU matches 222, UGGCNUQ Mass participation ETQYFHWPFKPI ETQYPHNCUJGU crushing, eggs 120 cryovolcanism 21, 25 ET[RVKEETQUUYQTFU EWEWODGTU EWRECMGOQUCKEU curling 241 EWTVCKPYCNNU %WVVKPIGFIGUEKGPEG 204–205 %[ENKPI 221; BMX biking 219; circumnavigation 116; exercise bikes 127; mountain biking 221; races 204, 221, 235; team pursuits 235; Tour de France 204, WPFGTYCVGT unicycles 95, 111, 113; unpaced standing start 235 cyclones 33 cypress trees 57
D FCHHQFKNU Daleks 96 FCOU dance: line dancing 9; zumba 95 dancing mania 103 FCPFGNKQPU &CTM'[G 92 darts 230, 241 Darvaza Crater 29
deaths: animal attacks 52, 54; assassinations 113; earthquakes 112; hanging judges 121; killer robots 192; murders TQCFVTCHƒE Shakespeare plays 177; terrorist acts 219 decathlons 227, 235 deep notes 27 deep-sea creatures 51 deforestation 41 detective novels 144 diabolo 123 diamond dust 34 Diamond Race 227 diamonds 157 digital storage 205 &KPQUCWTU62–63 dioramas 149 discus 235 dismissals (cricket) 216 &KUPG[Ť FKXKPI ENKHHFKXKPI competitive 229, 236; FINA World Championships 229; HTGGFKXKPI KPVQƒTG 133; scuba diving 135; UJCNNQYFKXKPI WPFGTKEG YCVGTHCNN diving 134 &KXKPIKEGUMCVKPI 236–237 divorce 205 &,U DNA diagnostic machines 200 &164;6*+5#6*1/' 118–127 &QVT[VJKUCVJQOGKP[QWT DCEM[CTF 122–123 &QVT[VJKUCVJQOGKP[QWT bedroom 124–125 &QVT[VJKUCVJQOGKP[QWT I[O 126–127 &QVT[VJKUCVJQOGKP[QWT kitchen 120–121 &QEVQT9JQ 92 doctorates 132 dodgeball 241 FQIU UEQQVKPI UMCVGDQCTFKPI YCVGTTGVTKGXKPI FQNNU FQNNUŨJQWUGU Domes 160–161 domino effect 146–147 dominoes 146, 147 &10Ũ664;6*+5#6*1/' 128–137 &QPŨVVT[VJKUCVJQOG ƒTGǡ132–133 &QPŨVVT[VJKUCVJQOG performers 136–137 &QPŨVVT[VJKUCVJQOG vehicles 130–131 &QPŨVVT[VJKUCVJQOG water 134–135 &QY,QPGU+PFWUVTKCN Average 223 &TCIQP$CNN 96 dragons 92 dressage 230 FTGUUKPIWRŤ cosplay 96–97 drinking: ketchup 121; mustard 121 driving: circumnavigation 111; driverless cars 193; parallel parking 9; stunts 130, UGGCNUQ cars; motorsport drones 220 drought-resistant animals dumbbells 126
E
earnings: artists 174; CVJNGVGUŤ EGNGDTKV[EQWRNGU EJGHU EQOGFKCPU
&,U HGOCNG pop stars 179; gamers IQNHGTU 217; movie actors 172, VGPPKURNC[GTU 68UGGCNUQ DQZǡQHƒEG YGCNVJ GCTU GCTJCKT HNGUJ tunnels 72; pulling YGKIJVUYKVJ '#46* 28–43; 3D Earth map 201; distant images of 214; Earth-like planets 19; farthest humans from 197; geology 36–37; images from space 24; impacts on 161; penetrations of Earth’s crust 210; YGCVJGTŤ earthquakes 226; death tolls 112 Easter eggs 91 eating: baked beans 121; $KIǡ/CEU ETGCO crackers 120; Ferrero Rocher 121; lemons 121; M&Ms/Smarties 120; onions 121; pasta 121; peas 121; rice 121; UYGGVEQTP Ebola 204, 229 'FKVQTŨUNGVVGT 4–5 education, mass 95 egg clutches 56 eggs 120; crocodilians 54; dinosaurs 63; Easter eggs 91 ')16YKPPGTU elements 30 elephants 93 GOCKNU 'OO[#YCTFU empires 67, 77 'PIKPGGTKPI 158–159 '0)+0''4+0) #4%*+6'%674' 156–169; domes 160–161; mazes Ť YCNNUŤ YCVGTRCTMUŤsee CNUQ buildings engineering truss HTCOGYQTM English Channel 76 'RKEGPIKPGGTKPI 168–169 espresso machines 104 Everest see /QWPV'XGTGUV excrement, dinosaurs 63 exercise bikes 127 'ZRNQTCVKQPŤ Explorers Grand Slam 113 explosions: methane 37; OQXKGUVWPVU 'ZVTCUQNCTRNCPGVU 18–19 'ZVTGOGURQTVU 218 G[GUQEMGVUNKHVKPIYGKIJVU 136 G[GDTQYJCKT eyes: bionic 75; eyeball RTQVTWUKQP URKFGTU
F
F1 races 220 fabrics, 3D-printed 195 face: facial piercings 72; flesh tunnels 72 Facebook 42; likes 179 Factographic – Animals 46–47 (CEVQITCRJKEŤ$QF[RCTVU 70–71 (CEVQITCRJKEŤ'CTVJ 30–31 (CEVQITCRJKEŤ'PIKPGGTKPI 158–159 (CEVQITCRJKEŤ'XGTGUV 106–107 (CEVQITCRJKEŤ.')1QNQI[ 140–141 Factographic – The Moon 16–17 (CEVQITCRJKEŤ/QXKGOQPG[ 172–173
(CEVQITCRJKEŤ2KEVWTGVJKUБ 84–85 (CEVQITCRJKEŤ5EKƒXU science 192–193 Factographic – Sport’s big hitters 208–209 ū(CKNXKFGQŬEJCPPGN families: adoptees 79; EQODKPGFCIGU HCOKN[DWUKPGUUGU leap-year generations NKXKPIIGPGTCVKQPU UKDNKPIUUGGCNUQ married couples (COKN[XCNWGU 78–79 Fantastic beasts 66–67 feathered dinosaurs 63 HGCVWTGƒNOU fecundity 50 FedEx Cup 217 HGGV DGGTDQVVNGQRGPKPI TQVCVKQP Ferrero Rocher 121 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup 225 FIFA marathons 154 FIFA Women’s World Cup 225 FIFA World Cup 207, 225 ƒIU ƒIWTGUMCVKPI ƒNOUsee Movies FINA World Championships ƒPIGTPCKNU ƒTGŤ ECPFNGU diving into 133; full-body DWTPŤ hoops 133; long-burning UWTƒPIYJKNGQP ƒTG VQTEJGU YCNNQHƒTG ƒTGENWDU ƒTGYKEMU ƒTGDTGCVJKPI ƒTGRTQQHRNCPVU ƒUJ TQDQVU flags, national 117 flapping 9 flared slopes 36 flesh tunnels 72 flight: circumnavigation 109, 111, 112, 113, 117; GCTN[ NCUGTRQYGTGF QXGT Everest 172; reducedITCXKV[HNKIJV transatlantic 167; zerogravity flight 76–77, see CNUQ aircraft; spaceflight flips: bicycles 219; micro scooters 123; trampolines 123 floorball 241 HNQYGTU HNQYTKFKPIYCXGU fluorescence 42 flybys 25 fog buildings 169 Food 86–87; crops 42; fruit XGIGVCDNGUŤ UWTXKXCNYKVJQWV see CNUQ eating CPFKPFKXKFWCN KPFGZGPVTKGU foosball 143 football: table football 143, UGGCNUQ American football; soccer footprints 36 forests: rainforests 40–41; reserves 40; ”stone forests” 36 HQTVYCNNU HQTYCTFHNKRU HQUUKNU EQDYGDU coprolites 63; spiders 60 franchises, movie 173 freefall parachute jumping 227 HTGGUV[NGUYKOOKPI 229 French City Pro Tour 219 fringing reefs 39 frisbee/flying disc 122
frogs 93 HTWKVU HWEJUKC HWNNDQF[DWTPUŤ 132 fungi 43
G
galaxies 205; galactic collisions 27 gaming: consoles 196; controllers 196; interactive gaming toys 6YKVEJ XKFGQU UGGCNUQKPFKXKFWCN KPFGZGPVTKGUHQTICOGU gamma-ray bursts 26–27 gape 69 garbage clear-ups 106 )CTFGPIKCPVU 88–89 gardens: botanical gardens 111; fruit & vegetables Ť ITGGPYCNNU mazes 164, 165 ICTNKE ICUYCTHCTG genus: ants 49; crocodiles 54; octopuses 50; QYNU geodesic domes 160 geology 36–37 geysers, nitrogen 25 G.I. Joe 149 giraffes 93 glaciers 21 glass dome hotel rooms 160 INCUUURQPIGTGGHU glass-block labyrinths 165 INWVGPHTGGRK\\CU goals: basketball 212; ice hockey 213; netball 231; soccer 224, 225 goats 66 gold 30 )QNH 217 GCTPKPIU 217; street golf 219; YQOGPŨU golf balls 124; autographed 92; hits on a golf club 102 golf tees 100 González, David Liaño (mountain climber) 107 IQQUGDGTTKGU Grand Prix 220 Grand Slam (tennis) 223 Grand Tours (cycling) 221 grandmasters 144 ITCRGHTWKVU grapes 9 ITCXKVCVKQPCNYCXGU ITCXKV[ ITCXKV[FCOU TGFWEGFQT\GTQ Great Ball Contraption (GBC) 146 Great Wall of China 162 green flash mirage 32 ITGGPYCNNU IWPU VQ[RKUVQNƒIJVU 143 )94&C[ 8–9
H *CFƒGNF%JTKU CUVTQPCWV 12–13, 22 JCKT DGCTFU GCT JCKT G[GDTQYJCKT OQWUVCEJGU hamburgers 93 Hamlet 176 JCOOGTVJTQYU videogames 155 hamsters 66 hand, holding in one, tennis balls 123 handball 230 JCPFU RTQUVJGVKE rotating balls on back of 103 JCPIINKFKPI hanging judges 121 haptic devices 197
Harry Potter 96 hatchlings 54 head spins 9 heading balls 102, 103 heart transplants 195 hedge mazes 164 JGKIJV CPKOCNU DWKNFKPIUŤ 225; domino structure 146; mountains 106; RGQRNG RNCPVU helicopters 112, 114 heptathlon 234, 235 JGTDKXQTQWUOQPMG[U herbivorous spiders 60–61 hexagons 24 hexapus 51 *KIIUDQUQP JKPFNGIYCNMKPI FQIU horses 67 history books 69 hockey 231, 241; lessons 95, UGGCNUQ +EGJQEMG[ *QNN[YQQF9CNMQH(COG JQOGTWPU DCUGDCNN 211 homelessness 33 hominids 33, 37; footprints 36 horns: cattle 66; goats 66; human 73, 130; sheep 66 horses 93, 132; dressage JKPFNGIYCNMKPI 67; hybrids 66; rocking horses 143 JQTUGUJQGU JQVFQIU JQWUGU FQNNUŨJQWUGU geodesic 160; LEGO® DTKEMU RWNNGF hula hoops 9, 122 Hulk, the 97 JWOCPRQYGTGFXGJKENGU (HPVs) 221 *7/#05 68–81; 3D-printed CTVKƒEKCN DQF[ GZVTGOGUŤ DQF[ OQFKƒECVKQPUŤ body parts 70–71; HCOKNKGUŤ JQOKPKFU 33, 36; medical miracles 74–75 hurdles 232, 233 hurling 230, 241 hurricanes 33 hybrid animals 52, 53, 66
I
IAAF Athletics Golden League 227 IAAF Athletics World Championships 226 KEG DCTGHQQVTCEKPIQP diving under 135; ice UYKOOKPI TWPPKPI QP UYKOOKPIWPFGT 135; tardigrade survival YJGGNKGUQPKEG ice ages 20 +EGJQEMG[ 213; marathons 241 ice plumes 25 ice storms 33 KEGUYKOOKPI KEGETGCOUEQQRU +/#: implants 74 KPXKVTQ fertilization 65 Indian Ocean crossings 112, 115 Indianapolis 500 220 KPUGEVU CPVUŤ UVKPIU VCVVQQU internal combustion engines 155 internal decapitation 75 International soccer 225 internet auctions 174 KPVGTXKGYUOKFOCVEJ ion collisions 205 KUNCPFU CTVKƒEKCN CVQNNU
J
jade 92 jaguars 52 ,COGU$QPFOQXKGU LCXGNKPVJTQYKPI jelly babies 120 jelly beans 120 Jenga 125, 152 jet engines, 3D-printed 195 LKIUCYRW\\NGU John O’Groats to Land’s 'PF ,1740';5 104–117; /KPGETCHV 155, UGGCNUQ circumnavigation; polar expeditions judo 215 juggling: balls 124; diabolo ƒTGENWDU RKPI pong balls 103; soccer balls 103, 122 LWORKPI CETQUUDGVYGGP 5YKUUDCNNU CPVU 49; bungee jumping 133, 134; cats 64; cliff jumps JKIJLWOR llamas 67; long jump 234, 235; parachute jumps 164, 227; pogo stick 122; ramp jumps 130, 131; triple jump 234, YCVGTUMKLWORU
K MCNG karate 215 MCVCDCVKEYKPFU MGVEJWR kettlebells 127 Kickstarter pledges 196, 197 Killer plants 42–43 King Lear 176 MKVGUWTƒPI kneeling basketball shots 102 K’Nex sculpture 152 knitting needles 100 Komodo dragons 44–45 korfball 241
L
La Liga 224 labyrinths 164, 165 lacrosse 230 land-speed records 155, NCPIWCIGU CNRJCDGVU YTKVVGP laptops, 3D-printed 195 Lasers 202–203; X-ray freeelectron lasers 205 .CWTGPEG1NKXKGT#YCTFU Le Mans 24-hour race 220 leap-year generations 79 leapfrog 9 NGGMU .GIGPFQH
guinnessworldrecords.com 247
INDEX M
M&Ms 120 macroscopic organisms 21 OCIC\KPGU magic 95 mailboxes 101 mammals 46 mammoths 153 man-killing animals: big cats 52–53; crocodiles 54 man-made objects in space 112, 177 manatees 66 OCPIQGU mangrove forests 40 mantles 50 maps: 3D Earth map 201; extrasolar planets 19 marathons: chess 144; exercise bikes 127; HCOKNKGU (+(# 154; RWPEJDCIU TQYKPI machines 126; running 234; sports 233, 234, 241; table football 143; YCNMKPI margin of victory (soccer) 224 marine reserves 39 /CTKQ5QPKECVVJG1N[ORKE )COGU 155 OCTOQUGVU married couples: CIITGICVGCIG DQF[ OQFKƒECVKQPU FKXQTEG 205; polar expeditions 113; siblings 79 marsupials 66–67 Martial arts 215 maser 203 Mass participationŤ 94–95; cosplay 96–97; FTGUUKPIWRŤ human domino line 146; UGNƒGTGNC[EJCKPsee CNUQETQYFCVVGPFCPEGU matchsticks 9 maths lessons 95 Mazes 164–165 Meccano 153 mechanical puzzles 150 medals: AIBA World Boxing Championships 214; FINA World %JCORKQPUJKRU 229; IAAF Athletics World Championships 226; Summer X Games 219; UCI Track World Championships 221, see CNUQCYCTFU medical devices, 3D-printed 194 medical diagnostic machines 200 Medical miracles 74–75 medicine balls 127 medicines, 3D-printed 194–195 OGNQPU OGOQTKCNYCNNU meteoroids 161 methane craters 29, 37 mice 93 micro scooters 123 microlights 112 mimicry 50 /KPGETCHV minerals 30 MLB (Major League Baseball) 211 MLS (Major League Soccer) 224 moas 153 model vehicles 142, 143, 201 modelling balloons: LEGO®/KPKƒIWTGU sculpture 152, 153 money: coins 125; paper 92; piggy banks 99 /QPMG[U 58–59, 93
248 Index
Monopoly boards 143 OQPQYJGGNU OQPUVGTVTWEMU 130, 212 monuments 169 The Moon 16–17; landings 10, 77, 109, 196 moons 20, 24, 25 moonscape paintings 174 mortar and pestle 99 OQUCKEU EWRECMGU M&Ms 120 MotoGP 220 motorcycles: 3D-printed 195; long-distance journeys 111; OQPQYJGGNU quarterpipes 130; riding DCEMYCTFU VKIJVTQRG crossing 136; tunnels QHƒTG YJGGNKGU 130, 131 motorsport 220; earnings 209; motor-racing circuits 9; sibling competitors 79 Mount Everest 30, 76, 106–107, 109, 110, 112, mountain biking 221 mountain climbing 76, 107, 109, 110, 111, 114, 116, DNKPFENKODGTU 112 mountains: Annapurna 109; Everest 30, 76, 106–107, 109, 110, 112, 117, 171, RNCPGVCT[ TCPIGU 5GXGP5WOOKVU 110, 111, 112, 114, 116, 117; Triple Seven Summits 117 mousers 64 mousetraps: released on tongue 147; triggering 147 moustache clouds 35 OQWUVCEJGU mouth: gape 69; juggling RKPIRQPIDCNNUYKVJ OQWVJECVEJKPIYKVJRKPI pong balls 125 mouth, holding in the: apples 136; candles 9; grapes 9 OQXKGCEVQTU GCTPKPIU GZRGPUKXGN[FTGUUGF YQTMKPIVKGU /QXKGOQPG[ 172–173 Movies 182–185; animations Ť DNCEMJQNGU portrayal of 26; box QHƒEG ECT EJCUGU EQORWVKPI RQYGTWUCIG digital visual effects &KUPG[Ť GCTN[ HGCVWTGƒNOU 160; franchises 173; +/#:UETGGPKPIU ,COGU$QPFOQXKGU 1UECTU RKTCVGF RTQƒVCDKNKV[ RTQNKƒE RTQFWEVKQP TGXKGYU UEKGPEGƒEVKQP Shakespeare movies 177; silent movies UQWPFVTCEMU UVWPVU VTCKNGTU XKFGQU 8KUWCN 'HHGEVU5QEKGV[#YCTFU Mr Potato Head 124 MRI machines 200 murals 162 murderers 116, UGGCNUQ assassinations muscles 70, 71 /WUKE 178–181; albums & CNDWOEJCTVU EQORQUGTU HGUVKXCNU OQXKG
VJGOGUQPIU UKPINGU UKPINGUEJCTVU UVTGCOKPI 179; videos 12, 13, 179, OWUKEXKFGQU in space 12, 13 musical instruments: prehistoric 39, 44; WMWNGNGU OWUKECNU mustard 121
N
NASCAR 220 National Baseball Hall of Fame 211 natural disasters 226 PCXCNDCVVNGU necks, dinosaurs 62 netball 230, 231; marathons 241 PGVYQTMKPI EJGUU computers 144; social PGVYQTMUsee6YKVEJ 6YKVVGT 8KPG 9GKDQ neutral buoyancy pools 23 0GY9QTNFEKXKNK\CVKQPU 0GY9QTNFOQPMG[U PGYURCRGTRTKPVTWPU NFL (National Football League) 210 Niagara Falls 142 Nickelodeon Kids’ Choice #YCTFU PKIJVOQPMG[U Nobel prizes 154 0QKUG OQPMG[U TQCTU 53, 55; shouting 119; UKTGPU URKFGTU XQNECPKEGTWRVKQPU North Pole 110, 111, 112, 113, 162 PQUGU RTKOCVGU spinning balls on 102 NRL (National Rugby League) 222 PWENGCTRQYGTGFURCEGETCHV 24 number problems 150 numbers, prime 204
O
ocean crossings: aerial 167; by boat 76, 109, 112, 113, ŬYCNMKPIŬ 111 oceans 36; coral reefs Ť OCPPGFFGUEGPVU 1EVQRWUGU 50–51 oils 19 1NF/CUVGTFTCYKPIU 1NF9QTNFOQPMG[U 1NFGUV 76–77 Olympic Games 65 One-Day International (ODI) series 216 QPKQPU QTDYGCXGTURKFGTU orbits: of comets 205; RNCPGVU UCVGNNKVGU QTEJKFU organs, bodily 70, 71; donors 74; transplants 74, 75, 195 1UECTU ostrich dinosaurs 62 overcontact binaries 27 Owls 56–57, 93
P
2#%/CP maze 165 2CEKƒE1EGCPETQUUKPIU 112, 115 paintings 174–175 palaces 104 2CP#OGTKECP*KIJYC[ pandemics 101 pantomime animal races 94 RCRC[CVTGGU paper aircraft 124
paper money 92 parachute jumps 164; freefall 227 RCTCINKFKPI parallel parking 9 Paralympics 226 parliaments 91 parrots 67 RCTUNG[ RCTUPKRU particle colliders 205 passes: American football UQEEGT 5YKUU ball 127 pasta 121 patents 153 RC[RGTXKGY peace treaties 62, 102 RGCEJGU RGCTU peas 121 pedal boats 112 peeling: bananas 120; lemons 121; onions 121 RGPFWNWOENQEMU penguins 9, 93 pentathlon 234 RGRRGTU periodicals 119 pétanque 241 Peter Pan 97 RGVWPKCU PGA Championship 217 pharaohs 56 pharmacology 40 photographs 136; green HNCUJOKTCIG UGNƒGU 11, 12, 137, 196, 197 RJQVQU[PVJGUKU 2KEVWTGVJKUБ 84–85 RKGTEKPIU piggy banks 99 pigs 93 pills, 3D-printed 194–195 pilots 76 RKPGDQCTFUDTGCMKPI ping-pong balls 103, 125 pinnipeds 47 RKTCVGFOQXKGU RKTCVGF68UJQYU pitcher plants 43 pitchforks 100 RK\\CU INWVGPHTGG planets 15; density 30; GZVTCUQNCTŤ planetary missions 20, RNCPGVCT[TKPIU 24; Pluto 20–21, UGGCNUQ '#46* plants: carnivorous 42–43; HNQYGTU HTWKV XGIGVCDNGUŤ ITGGPYCNNU JGKIJV QTEJKFU pharmacological 40; poisonous 42, 43; roses UGGCNUQ trees plastic bricks: sculpture 152, UGGCNUQ LEGO® plastics 143 playing cards 125 2NC[OQDKNƒIWTGU plays 176–177 RNC[YTKIJVU plesiosaurs 62 RNWOU 2NWVQ 15, 20–21 pogo sticks 122 poison: animals 45, 49, 60; plants 43; spiders 60; trees 42 polar expeditions: North Pole 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 162; South Pole 109, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116; Three Poles Challenge 112, 114 pole positions 220 pole vault 234 RQNGUKVVKPI pool 241 popes 120 portable toilets 147
possums 66–67 posters 99 RQVCVQGU pottery kilns 45 RQYGTUVCVKQPU RQYGTVQQNU prayer mazes 164 predators 52 RTGFCVQT[UVTKMGU prehistoric life: art 40; birds FKPQUCWTU 62–63; food crops 42; footprints 36; hominids 33, 36, 37; musical instruments 39, 44 Premier League 224 Presidents Cup 217 primates 59 prime numbers 204 prosthetics 74–75 RWDNKECVKQPU OCIC\KPGU PGYURCRGTRTKPVTWPU 150; periodicals 119, UGGǡCNUQ books pull-ups 9 RWNNGFRQTM pumas 52, 53 RWORMKPU punchbags 127 RWRRGVOQXKGU push-ups 127 puzzle-solving: codeDTGCMKPI ETQUUYQTF puzzles 150–151; 4WDKMŨU%WDG YQTNF championships 151 2W\\NGU 150–151 pyramids 55, 169; coins 125; dominoes 147; YCVGTUMKKPIR[TCOKFU 134
Robin Hood 96 Robots 198–199; 3D-printed 194; androids 109, 193; CTTGUVGF EJGHU industrial production TQDQVUŤ MKNNGT robots 192; quadrupeds 4WDKMŨU%WDG solving by 142, 199; UPCMGU UQEKCN KP URCEG YCNMKPI rockets 16, 95; 3D-printed parts 195; landings 204 rocking chairs 100 rocking horses 143 Rodin, Auguste (sculptor) 175 4QOCPYCNNU TQUGU Rosie the Riveter 96 rotations, hula hoops 122 TQYKPI EKTEWOPCXKICVKQP 109; competitive 229, 236; mother-daughter team 113; ocean crossings 76, 109, 112, 113, 115, 117 TQYKPIOCEJKPGU Rube Goldberg machines 147 Rubik’s Cube 124, 142; robotic solution 142, 199 4WID[ 222; sibling competitors 79 4WPPKPI QPCNNHQWTU marathons 234; mile TQCFTCEGU treadmills 126, UGGCNUQ sprinting 4WPU DCUGDCNN cricket 216
Q
S
qasars 27 quad bikes 132 SWCFTWRNGVU quantum entanglement 204 quarterpipes 130, 219
R
rabbits 67, 93; chocolate 91 radar experiments 21 radio patents 153 radio-controlled toys 142, 196 TCFKUJGU TCKNVWPPGNU rainfall 33; red rain 32 Rainforests 40–41 rallies (tennis) 102 ramp jumps 130, 131 raptors 63 rats 93 reading 9 reading glasses 105 4'%14&1.1); 82–103 Red Bull Air Race %JCORKQPUJKR Red Bull Cliff Diving World 5GTKGU red rain 32 Reefs 38–39 CTVKƒEKCN relay races: running 234; sprinting 226, 232, 233; UYKOOKPI Rembrandt 175 remote-controlled model vehicles 142, 196 reserves: forest 40; OCTKPGǡ restaurants 123 TGXKGYUOQXKGU rice 121 TKEGETCEMGTU rings, planetary 24 rivers 41; river basins 40–41; tributaries 41 TQCFYCNMKPI roads: Pan-American *KIJYC[ TQCFVTCHƒE deaths 145 roars: big cats 53; crocodilians 55
sabre-toothed cats 52 sailing: circumnavigation URGGF transatlantic 111, 115 “sailing stones” 36 UCNVYCVGTETQEQFKNGU sand angels 94 UCPFYKEJGU Santa Claus: chocolate 90; cosplay 97 UCVGNNKVGU UCWUCIGU scalp transplants 74 5EJOKFV5VKPI2CKP+PFGZ 5EKƒXUUEKGPEG 192–193 5%+'0%'6'%*01.1); 190–205; 3D printing 194–195; consumer technology 196–197; lasers 202–203, UGGCNUQ Robots UEKGPEGƒEVKQPOQXKGU scissors 201 UEQQVKPI Scrabble 150 scuba diving 135 sculpture: animal 201; art sales 175; cheese UEWNRVWTG EJQEQNCVG 90, 91; human 200; K’Nex 152; life-size statues 73; lipstick 9; microscopic 201; modelling balloons 152, 153; plastic bricks 152; tyre sculpture 101 UGCYCNNU seas, dry 34 5GIYC[ UGNƒGU TGNC[EJCKPU UGNƒGUVKEMU KPǡURCEG senior citizens: body RKGTEKPIU EGPVGPCTKCPU tattoos 72, 77, UGGCNUQ 1NFGUV Serie A 224 sesamoid bones 71 Seven Summits 110, 111, 112, 114, 116, 117
Shakespeare 176–177 UJCTGRTKEGU shearing 67 UJGGR JQTPU YQQN ships see boats & ships UJKRYTGEMU UJQRRKPIOCNNU shot 234, 235 shouting 119 UKDNKPIU DKTVJYGKIJV EGPVGPCTKCPU EQODKPGFCIGU sibling marriage 79; sports competitors 79 sieges 114 silent movies 169 silk, spider 61 UKPINGUUKPINGUEJCTVU YQTFEQPVGPV UKTGPU UMCVGDQCTFKPI FQIU long-distance 115 UMCVKPI ƒIWTGUMCVKPI 237; speed skating 237 skeleton costumes 94–95 skiing 230; marathons 241; polar expeditions 113; YCVGTUMKKPI skin, bionic 74 skipping 122, 123 skull: implants 74; transplants 74 5M[NCPFGTU 93, 142 skyscrapers 100, 149, Ť UM[YCNMU slacklines: soccer ball control on 103, UGGCNUQ VKIJVTQRGYCNMKPI slam dunks 102 UNKEKPI NKOGU QPKQPU Slinkys 143 slip and slides 166 slot canyons 37 5OCNNUVWHH 200–201 5OCNNVQYPDKIUVWHH 100–101 Smarties 120 UPCMGU TQDQVUPCMGU snooker 230 UPQYDCTGHQQVTCEKPIQP UPQYNGQRCTFU UPQYDQCTFKPI UPQYOQDKNGU soccer 224–225; beach soccer 225; club soccer GCTPKPIU FIFA World Cup 207, ƒXGCUKFG international soccer 225; lessons 95; marathons 241; passes 122; table soccer 241; transfer fees 224 soccer balls: “around the moon” tricks 103, 122; ŬCTQWPFVJGYQTNFŬVTKEMU 103, 122; balanced on shin 103; control at height 102; control on a slackline 103; full-volley rebounds 103; headers 102, 103; juggled 103, 122; rolls around the face 103; spinning 122; YCNMKPIYKVJDCNNQP head 103 sociability: big cats 53; octopuses 50 UQEKCNOGFKC 6YKVEJ 6YKVVGT 8KPG 9GKDQ UQNCTRQYGT Solar System 20, 24, 25 UQNFKGTUVQ[ Solheim Cup 217 soliloquies 176 soliton clouds 35 somersaults 123 sound barrier 227 UQWPFVTCEMU
South Pole 109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116 52#%' 14–27; black holes 26–27; civilians in 190; cumulative time in 192; espresso machines in 104; geological features seen from 36; isolated humans 192; man-made objects in 177; music XKFGQU UGNƒGU 11, UGGCNUQ Moon; planets; spaceflight; Spacewalks space hoppers 122 space probes 24 space stations 12 spacecraft 16; 8Q[CIGT and 8Q[CIGT 24–25 spaceflight: flybys 25; OCPPGF planetary missions 19, URCEGETCHV 16, 24–25, UGGCNUQ astronauts Spacewalks 22–23 spears 137 speeches 176 speed: ants 49; cats 64; ENKODKPI ETQEQFKNGU 55; freefall 227; humanRQYGTGFXGJKENGU *28U 221; land-speed records 217; model aircraft 142; monster trucks 130; remote-controlled model vehicles 142; sailing 135; videogame completion Ť YJGGNKGU speed skating 237 URKFGTYGDU Spider-Man 96 Spiders 60–61 spinnerets 60 spinning: basketballs 102, ƒTGJQQRU JGCF spinning and texting 9; hula hoops 122; soccer balls 122 splits 133 URQPIGU spoons 120 URQTVUVCEMKPI Sports 206–241; extreme URQTVUŤ HCVJGT and son team-mates 222; lessons 9; UGGCNUQ KPFKXKFWCNKPFGZGPVTKGU Sport’s big hitters 208–209 5RQTVUTQWPFWR 230–231 5RQVKH[ sprinting 77, 224, 226, 232, 233 stacking: coins 125; dominoes 146; Ferrero Rocher 121; golf balls URQTVUVCEMKPI 125; sugar cubes 120, see CNUQVQYGTU stadiums 169; domes 161 stair-climbing, dogs 65 5VCT6TGM 96 5VCT9CTU UVCTU CTVKƒEKCN stargazing 95 Starship 'PVGTRTKUG 201 statues: life-size 73; Statue of Liberty 201 steam engines 127 steam locomotives 166, 176 steeplechase 232 steers 66 stegosaurs 62 step boards 127 Stern, Dr Alan (NASA scientist) 21 stickbombs 146 UVKEM[TKEGECMGU UVKPIU KPUGEVU RNCPVU stock exchanges 115
stock market: collapses 213; indexes 223; share RTKEGU stolen objects 163 ”stone forests” 36 UVQPGVQQNU Stop press 254–255 storm surges 32 straitjackets 136 stratus clouds 34 UVTCYDGTTKGU UVTCYU FTKPMKPIVJTQWIJ 121; moving jelly beans YKVJ UVTGCOKPI Street sports 219 street golf 219 UVTGPIVJ structures see buildings; '0)+0''4+0) #4%*+6'%674' stunts: cars 130, 131; GZRNQUKQPU OQXKGU UWDYC[VWPPGNU sudoku 150, 151 UWICTECPG sugar cubes 120 suits of armour 110 UWOQYTGUVNKPI UWPFGYU UWPHNQYGTU sunglasses 92 5WRGT$QYN 5WRGT5OCUJ$TQU$TCYN 155 supercentenarians 76, 77 superheroes 96–97; movie VTCKNGTU surfboards 94 UWTƒPI QPƒTG MKVG UWTƒPI TKXGTDQTG 135; spinning basketballs YJKNG surgery: patients 76; transplants 74, 75, 195; VTGRCPCVKQP UWURGPUKQPDTKFIGU 5YCOR6JKPI 93 UYGCVKPITQDQV UYGFGU UYGGVRQVCVQGU UYGGVEQTP Swimming 228, 238–239; EQORGVKVKXGŤ cross-Channel 76; ice UYKOOKPI QRGP YCVGT U[PEJTQPK\GF 229; under ice 135 5YKUUDCNNU UYQTFUYCNNQYKPI synagogues 76 U[PEJTQPK\GFUYKOOKPI
T
table football 143 table tennis 199, 241 tails: dinosaurs 62; dogs 65; spikes 62 tardigrades 205 tattoos 52, 72–73, 77 tea glass holders 93 teapots 201 teeth: dinosaurs 62; ƒTGVQTEJVGGVJKPI pulling vehicles 130 telephones: calls 146; cellular phones 192, 200; VTCPUCVNCPVKEECDNGU VGNGUEQRGU temperate rainforests 40 Tennis 223; aces 223; GCTPKPIU marathons 241; rallies 102 VGPPKUDCNNU tennis rackets 93 VGPRKPDQYNKPI terrorism 219 Test matches 216 ”test-tube dogs” 65 texting 9
theatres 66; domes 161; Shakespeare plays 176–177 VJGOGRCTMU thermometers 200 thermotolerance 49 VJKUVNGU Three Poles Challenge 112, 114 VJTQYKPI EJCKPUCYU frisbee/flying disc 122; YCVGTDCNNQQPU 6KFFN[YKPMU VKIJVTQRGYCNMKPI blindfolded 136 timekeeping devices 50, VQOCVQGU VQPIWGU NGPIVJ mousetraps released on 136; piercings 72 VQQNUUVQPG toothpicks 9 toppling: books 146; bricks 146; dominoes 146, 147; portable toilets 147 tornadoes 33 tortellini 121 VQWEJFQYPU #OGTKECP football) 210 Tour de France 204, 221 Tour de Suisse 221 VQYGTU ,GPIC .')1® 125; playing cards 125; sugar cubes 120 VQ[RKUVQNƒIJVU 6Q[UDQCTFICOGU 142–143 61;5)#/'5 138–155; CEVKQPƒIWTGUFQNNU Ť EQPUVTWEVKQP toys 152–153; interactive gaming toys 142; puzzles 150–151; radiocontrolled toys 142, 196; videogames 154–155; YouTube unboxing EJCPPGNU UGGCNUQ KPFKXKFWCNKPFGZGPVTKGU 6TCEMƒGNF 226 VTCKNGTU CRRU OQXKGU trampolines 122, 123 VTCPUCVNCPVKEECDNGU transfer fees 224 Transformers 149 transplants 74, 75, 195 VTCXGNIWKFGU treadmills 126 VTGCUWTGJQCTFU trees: cypress trees 57; mazes 165; poisonous 42; rainforest trees 41; tree-cover loss 41 VTGRCPCVKQP tribal peoples, uncontacted 41 tributaries 41 tricks: cats 64; dogs 65, UGGǡCNUQ stunts tries (rugby) 222 Triple Seven Summits 117 trophies, sports 230 tropical forest reserves 40 VTWEMU OQPUVGT 212; racing 219; ramp jumps 130, 131 truffles, chocolate 91 VWDGOCVYCVGTUNKFGU tunnel-to-tunnel bridges VWPPGNU QHƒTG HNGUJ tunnels 72; rail tunnels UWDYC[VWPPGNU VWTPKRU TV 186–187 CYCTFU ECTVQQPU EQOGF[ UJQYU RKTCVGF UJQYU UGTKGU UJQYETGCVQTU ;QW6WDGXKFGQU TV remote controls 99 6YGPV[ 6 International 216
VYGTMKPI 6YKUVGTICOG 6YKVEJ 6YKVVGT HQNNQYGTU tyres 140; tyre sculpture 101
U
UCI Track World Championships 221 UEFA Champions League 224 UEFA Europa League 224 UEFA European Championships 225 WMWNGNGU Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) 215 umbrellas 99 WPFGTYCVGT E[ENKPI spear catching 137; straitjacket escapes XKGYKPIFQOGU YCNMKPI unicycles 95, 111, 113, 137 units of measurement 201 universe: distant objects in 205, UGGCNUQ 52#%' WPKXGTUKVKGU Utility Terrain Vehicles (UTVs) 130
V
vaccination 129; Ebola 204 Valentine’s Day 90 XGIGVCDNGUŤ UVGYU venom glands 61 venomous animals 45, 49, 60 vertebrates 25 8'81 Video 188–189; educational ICOKPI OQXKGU OWUKE VTCKNGTUsee CNUQ YouTube videogame consoles 196 videogame controllers 196 Videogames 154–155; brain function 151; collections 93; cosplay 97; earnings 154; hand-held 202; LEGO® games 152; ;QW6WDGEJCPPGNU 8KMKPIDQCVU 8KPG XKP[NTGEQTFU Visual Effects Society #YCTFU volcanoes: cryovolcanoes 21, 25; eruptions 79, GZVTCVGTTGUVTKCN 21, 24, 25; lightning 32; volcanic rocks 14 volleyball 241; beach volleyball 231 8Q[CIGT 24–25
W YCNMKPI EKTEWOPCXKICVKQP JKPFNGIYCNMKPI NQPIFKUVCPEG 110, 116; marathons 233; polar expeditions 111, 112, 113, 115; race YCNMKPI WPFGTYCVGT QP YCVGT 9CNNU 162–163 YCTU FTQPGU ICU YCTHCTG OGOQTKCN YCNNU PCXCNDCVVNGU RGCEGVTGCVKGU 102; sieges 114 YCVGTŤ RNCPGVCT[ 230; treading 102 YCVGTDCNNQQPU YCVGTEQCUVGTU 9CVGTRCTMU 166–167 YCVGTRQNQ YCVGTUNKFGU
9CVGTURQTVU 229, UGGCNUQ ECPQGKPI FKXKPI TQYKPI UWTƒPI Swimming YCVGTHCNNU 0KCICTC (CNNU YCVGTHCNN diving 134 YCVGTOGNQPU YCVGTUMKKPI R[TCOKFU VQYKPIYCVGTUMKGTU 134 YCXGRQQNU YCXGNGPIVJUNCUGT YCXGU HNQYTKFKPIYCXGU 167; gravitational 204 YGCNVJ CVJNGVGUVGCOU 209; cats 64; dogs 65; sports teams 209, see CNUQ earnings YGCVJGTŤ YGDU YGDUKVGU 9GKDQ Weight: birds 35, 47; dinosaurs 63; fruit & veg RGQRNG YGKIJVNKHVKPI D[G[G sockets 136; dumbbells 126; kettlebells 127; on 5YKUUDCNNU 9GKIJVNKHVKPI5RQTVU /CTCVJQPU9CVGTUMKKPI 240–241 YGNFKPI 9GUV'PFUJQYU YJGGNDCTTQYU TCEKPI YJGGNEJCKTDCUMGVDCNN YJGGNKGU YJGGNU 9JGTGŨU9CNN[!Ť YJKVGEJQEQNCVG YJKVGNKIGTU YJKVGNKQPU YKEMGVU ETKEMGV YKFQYURKFGTU YKHHNGDCNN YKNFECVU 9KNFYGCVJGT 32–33 YKPFEJKOGU YKPFU MCVCDCVKE planetary 19, 25 YKPFUWTƒPI YKPIU FKPQUCWTU YKPIURCPU YKPPKPIUVTGCMU YQQFRCPGNOC\GU YQQN YQTFUGCTEJRW\\NGU YQTMGTCPVU World Cup (rugby) 222 World Cup Skateboarding 219 World Puzzle Championship 150 World Rally Championship 220 YTKVVGPNCPIWCIG
X
X Games 219 X-rays 27; X-ray freeelectron lasers 205
Y
yo-yos 101, 124 yoga 95 YouTube: band videos HCUJKQPDGCWV[ EJCPPGNU NKMGU OWUKEEJCPPGNU 179; music videos 179, UWDUETKDGTU 68UJQYU WPDQZKPIEJCPPGNU video channels 139; XKFGQICOGU
Z
ziggurats 63 zombies 97 zoos 134 zorbing 94 zumba 95
guinnessworldrecords.com 249
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS © 2016 GUINNESS WORLD RECORDS LIMITED No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, chemical, mechanical, including photography, or used in any information storage or retrieval system without a licence or other permission in writing from the copyright owners. Editor-in-Chief
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British Library Cataloguing-in-publication data:CECVCNQIWGTGEQTFǡHQTVJKUDQQMKU CXCKNCDNGǡHTQOVJG$TKVKUJ.KDTCT[ UK: 978-1-910561-3-24 US 10: 1-910561-33-9 US 13: 978-1-910561-33-1 Middle East: 978-1-910561-51-5 Canada: 978-1-897553-48-0 6JKUDQQMKUFGFKECVGFVQVJGOGOQT[QHǡ-GPPGVJ %TWVEJNQYHQWPFGTQHVJG1EGCPǡ4QYKPI5QEKGV[ 4GEQTFUCTGOCFGVQDGDTQMGPŤKPFGGFKVKUQPGQH VJGMG[ETKVGTKCHQTCTGEQTFECVGIQT[ŤUQKH[QWƒPF CTGEQTFVJCV[QWVJKPM[QWECPDGCVVGNNWUCDQWVKV D[OCMKPICTGEQTFENCKO#NYC[UEQPVCEVWUDGHQTG OCMKPICTGEQTFCVVGORV %JGEMYYYIWKPPGUUYQTNFTGEQTFUEQOTGIWNCTN[HQT TGEQTFDTGCMKPIPGYURNWUXKFGQHQQVCIGQHTGEQTF CVVGORVU;QWECPCNUQLQKPCPFKPVGTCEVYKVJVJG )WKPPGUU9QTNF4GEQTFUQPNKPGEQOOWPKV[ Sustainability 6JGRCRGTWUGFHQTVJKUGFKVKQPKUOCPWHCEVWTGFD[ 72/2NCVVNKPI)GTOCP[6JGǡRTQFWEVKQPUKVGJCU HQTGUVEGTVKƒECVKQPCPF KVUQRGTCVKQPUJCXGDQVJ +51GPXKTQPOGPVCNOCPCIGOGPVU[UVGO CPF'/#5EGTVKƒECVKQPVQGPUWTGUWUVCKPCDNG RTQFWEVKQP 72/2CRGTUCTGVTWG$KQHQTGRTQFWEVURTQFWEGF HTQOTGPGYCDNGCPFTGE[ENCDNGOCVGTKCNU )WKPPGUU9QTNF4GEQTFU.KOKVGFJCUCXGT[ VJQTQWIJCEETGFKVCVKQPU[UVGOHQTTGEQTFU XGTKƒECVKQP*QYGXGTYJKNGGXGT[GHHQTVKUOCFGVQ GPUWTGCEEWTCE[)WKPPGUU9QTNF4GEQTFU.KOKVGF ECPPQVDGJGNFTGURQPUKDNGHQTCP[GTTQTUEQPVCKPGF KPVJKUYQTM(GGFDCEMHTQOQWTTGCFGTUQPCP[RQKPV QHCEEWTCE[KUCNYC[UYGNEQOGF )WKPPGUU9QTNF4GEQTFU.KOKVGFWUGUDQVJOGVTKE CPFKORGTKCNOGCUWTGOGPVU6JGUQNGGZEGRVKQPUCTG HQTUQOGUEKGPVKƒEFCVCYJGTGOGVTKEOGCUWTGOGPVU QPN[CTGWPKXGTUCNN[CEEGRVGFCPFHQTUQOGURQTVU FCVC9JGTGCURGEKƒEFCVGKUIKXGPVJGGZEJCPIG TCVGKUECNEWNCVGFCEEQTFKPIVQVJGEWTTGPE[XCNWGU VJCVYGTGKPQRGTCVKQPCVVJGVKOG9JGTGQPN[C[GCT FCVGKUIKXGPVJGGZEJCPIGTCVGKUECNEWNCVGFHTQO ǡ&GEQHVJCV[GCTū1PGDKNNKQPŬKUVCMGPVQOGCP QPGVJQWUCPFOKNNKQP #RRTQRTKCVGCFXKEGUJQWNFCNYC[UDGVCMGPYJGP CVVGORVKPIVQDTGCMQTUGVTGEQTFU2CTVKEKRCPVU WPFGTVCMGTGEQTFUGPVKTGN[CVVJGKTQYPTKUM )WKPPGUU9QTNF4GEQTFU.KOKVGFJCUEQORNGVG FKUETGVKQPQXGTYJGVJGTQTPQVVQKPENWFGCP[ RCTVKEWNCTTGEQTFCVVGORVUKPCP[QHKVURWDNKECVKQPU $GKPIC)WKPPGUU9QTNF4GEQTFUTGEQTFJQNFGTFQGU PQVIWCTCPVGG[QWCRNCEGKPCP[)WKPPGUU9QTNF 4GEQTFURWDNKECVKQP
Billy Waqar, Sue Michniewicz, Jim Howard, Robin Stannard
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250 Acknowledgements
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Guinness World Records would like to thank the following for their help in compiling this edition:
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$TCFDWT[)94-GXKP5EQVV4COQU )94 86ǡ4KEJCTF$TCFDWT[)94 87ǡ.WKU /KTCPFC&TCIQU6QCFGT 88ǡ#NCO[ 89ǡ-GXKP(QTVG[4GZ 90ǡ%JTKUVKGŨU #NCO[ 91ǡ#NCO[5KNXKC/QTCTC)94 #NCO[ 92ǡ#Nǡ&KC\)94 93ǡ#Nǡ&KC\)94 94ǡ&CPP[/QNQUJQM,CTQUNCY0QICN 95ǡ4GWVGTU 96ǡ#NKUQP6CIICTV$CTQPG 97ǡ%QTDKU)NGPP/WTRJ[2CWN%NCTMG 98ǡ-GXKP5EQVV4COQU)94 99ǡ4KEJCTF $TCFDWT[)94,COGU'NNGTMGT)94 100ǡ-GXKP5EQVV4COQU)94 101ǡ#NCO[ 4CPCNF/CEMGEJPKG)94 102ǡ5WUCP 9CTPGT 103ǡ4KEJCTF$TCFDWT[)94 104ǡ0#5# 106ǡ4QD%CUUGTNG[4GWVGTU #NCO[)GVV[K5VQEM 107ǡ,COGU'NNGTMGT )94#NCO[5JWVVGTUVQEM)GCT2CVTQN 108ǡ#NCO[ 109ǡ#NCO[#NCO[)GVV[ 0#5##22# 110ǡ#NCO[)GVV[0CVKQPCN )GQITCRJKE 111ǡ#NCO[)GVV[#22# 112ǡ#22#0#5#)GVV[#NCO[ 113ǡ#2 2#4GWVGTU)GVV[ 114ǡ4GWVGTU4[CP 5EJWFG)94 115ǡ5JKPUWMG-COKQMC )94)GVV[4GWVGTU 116ǡ#22# 117ǡ#NCO[2CWN/KEJCGN*WIJGU)94 #NCO[6GF/CTVKP 118ǡ4KEJCTF$TCFDWT[ )94 Ťǡ2CWN/KEJCGN*WIJGU )94 Ťǡ4KEJCTF$TCFDWT[ )94 131ǡ4KEJCTF$TCFDWT[)94 5JWVVGTUVQEM 132ǡ/KEJGN$GIC4KEJCTF $TCFDWT[)94 133ǡ4GF$WNN 134ǡ,QJP 9TKIJV)94 135ǡ4KEJCTF$TCFDWT[ )94.WECU5CPVWEEK 136ǡ2CWN/KEJCGN *WIJGU)945CO%JTKUVOCU)94 5JWVVGTUVQEM 137ǡ2CWN/KEJCGN*WIJGU )94(TCPM2CEMGT 138 2CWN/KEJCGN *WIJGU)94 140ǡ0#5# 141ǡ#22# #NCO[G$C[ 142ǡ4CPCNF/CEJGEJPKG )945EWNRVWTG5VWFKQU#NCO[
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5JWVVGTUVQEM 193ǡ4GWVGTU#NCO[-QDCN 195ǡ)CT[/CTUJCNN 196ǡ#RRNG*2(KVDKV 5COUWPI)CTOKP5COUWPI 197ǡ+CP )CXCP-14(:5COUWPI#OC\QP #RRNG.).GPQXQ 198ǡ.:KPIFW#2 2# 200ǡ%CNVGEJ 202ǡ0#5# 203ǡ.CWTKG *CVEJ)GVV[/CVV(TQUV 204ǡ4GWVGTU 5GCP*CYMG[.+)1 205ǡ#NCO[/GIWOW 6UWLKOQVQ 0+24 %'40 206ǡ#NCO[ 207ǡ4GWVGTU 208ǡ)GVV[#NCO[4GWVGTU #NCO[5JWVVGTUVQEM 209ǡ#NCO[)GVV[ #NCO[5JWVVGTUVQEM 210ǡ)GVV[#NCO[ 4GWVGTU 211ǡ#NCO[)GVV[ 212ǡ4GWVGTU 2JQVQUJQV 213ǡ#NCO[)GVV[ 214ǡ4GWVGTU)GVV[ 215ǡ)GVV[ 216ǡ#NCO[ #22# 217ǡ)GVV[#NCO[ 218ǡ4GF$WNN 4GWVGTU%JTKUVKCPǡ,5VGYCTV#NCO[ 219ǡ'520/KMG$NCDCE 220ǡ#NCO[ 4GWVGTU#NCO[#22# 221ǡ#NCO[ 4GWVGTU 222ǡ#NCO[)GVV[ 223ǡ#NCO[ )GVV[2#4GWVGTU 224ǡ)GVV[ 225ǡ#NCO[ 4GWVGTU 226ǡ#NCO[)GVV[ 227ǡ#NCO[ 4GWVGTU#NCO[ 228ǡ#NCO[ 229ǡ#NCO[ )GVV[ 230ǡ4GWVGTU#NCO[)GVV[ 231ǡ4GWVGTU#NCO[)GVV[ 232ǡ#NCO[ 4GWVGTU 233ǡ#NCO[ 234ǡ#NCO[ 235ǡ#NCO[)GVV[ 236ǡ&CCP8GTJQGXGP #NCO[ 237ǡ)GVV[ 238ǡ#NCO[ 239ǡ#22# )GVV[ 240ǡ#NCO[ 241ǡ'520 ǡ 7- 2CWN/KEJCGN*WIJGU)945VWCTV 9KNUQP ǡ 75 #NCO['520 ǡ 7- 5VGXG*C[YQQF&KCPC5CPVCOCTKC2CWN /KEJCGN*WIJGU)94 ǡ 75 '520 244ǡ 7- ,QJP9TKIJV)94#NCO[ ǡ 75 )GVV[#NCO[5JWVVGTUVQEM ǡ 7- 4CPCNF/CEMGEJPKG)942CWN /KEJCGN*WIJGU)94,QJP9TKIJV)94 4CWN5KHWGPVGU ǡ 75 #NCO[6JG 5RQTVKPI0GYU#TEJKXGU)GVV[
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6CNNGUVUVCEMQHRCPECMGU .CTIGUVOCUEQVTCEG /QUVRGQRNGDQWPEKPIVGPPKU DCNNUQPVGPPKUTCEMGVU $CEMTQY .CTIGUVWODTGNNC /QUVEQPUGEWVKXGRKPM[ RWNNWRU *KIJGUVLWORQPCJ[FTQHQKN .QPIGUVVCPFGO#68UKFG YJGGNKG /QUVEQPUGEWVKXGDWPP[JQRU QPCDKE[ENG .QPIGUVHQQVDCNNUECTH .QPIGUVDKE[ENG $CEMTQY /QUVRGQRNGQPWPKE[ENGU .CTIGUVTKEGETCEMGT /QUVUKOWNVCPGQWU5ETCDDNG QRRQPGPVU .CTIGUVRTQLGEVGFKOCIG
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guinnessworldrecords.com 251
CONTRIBUTORS Dr Mark Aston FRAS; CPhys; MInstP; Hon Research Fellow QHǡ7PKXGTUKV[ College, London /CTMJCUUGTXGFCUǡC5EKGPEG 6GEJPQNQI[EQPUWNVCPVHQTGWR UKPEG*GDTKPIUPGCTN[ [GCTUQHGZRGTKGPEGQHJKIJ VGEJPQNQI[UEKGPEGCPFGPIKPGGTKPI VQVJGVCUMQHGPUWTKPIVJCVEWVVKPI GFIGTGEQTFUWDOKUUKQPUCTGEQTTGEV CPFKPVGTGUVKPI/CTMŨUGZRGTKGPEGQH YQTMKPIDQVJKPCECFGOKCCPFYKVJ RTQHGUUKQPCNEQORCPKGUJCUNGFVQC NKXGN[ECTGGTKPQRVKEUFGXGNQROGPVŤ CƒGNFKPYJKEJJGKUTGURQPUKDNGHQT CǡPWODGTQHRCVGPVGFKPXGPVKQPU Professor +CKPǡ$QTFGP BA; MA; MSc; PhD; Hon FRIBA +CKPKU2TQHGUUQT QH#TEJKVGEVWTG 7TDCP%WNVWTGCPF8KEG&GCP 'FWECVKQPCV6JG$CTVNGVV 7PKXGTUKV[%QNNGIG.QPFQP#PCEVKXG UMCVGDQCTFGTRJQVQITCRJGTƒNO YCVEJGTCPFWTDCPYCPFGTGTJGJCU YTKVVGPOQTGVJCPDQQMUCPF CTVKENGUDQVJQPVJGUGUWDLGEVUCPF QPCTEJKVGEVUDWKNFKPIUCPFEKVKGU #HQTOGTTGUKFGPVQH1ZHQTFCPF .QUǡ#PIGNGUJGPQYNKXGUKP.QPFQP Dick Fiddy &KEMKUCYTKVGT CPFTGUGCTEJGT URGEKCNK\KPIKP VJGǡƒGNFQHCTEJKXG CPFEQPVGORQTCT[ VGNGXKUKQP*CXKPIYQTMGFHQT CRGTKQFQHVKOGCUCVGNGXKUKQP EQOGF[UETKRVYTKVGT&KEMǡJCU UWDUGSWGPVN[IQPGQPVQUGTXGCU CEQPUWNVCPVVQQTICPK\CVKQPUVJCV KPENWFGVJG$$%CPFVJG$TKVKUJ (KNOǡ+PUVKVWVG $(+ David Fischer 5KPEG &CXKFJCUCEVGF CUCUGPKQT75 URQTVUEQPUWNVCPV HQT)WKPPGUU World Records*GJCUYTKVVGPHQT The 0GYǡ;QTM6KOGU and Sports +NNWUVTCVGFHQT-KFUCPFJCUYQTMGF CVSports Illustrated0CVKQPCN5RQTVU &CKN[CPF0$%5RQTVU&CXKFKUVJG CWVJQTQH6JG5WRGT$QYN 6JG(KTUV (KHV[;GCTUQH#OGTKECŨU)TGCVGUV )COG CPF>GM,GVGT 6JCPMUHQTVJG/GOQTKGU *GǡYCUCNUQVJGGFKVQTQH(CEKPI /CTKCPQ4KXGTC 252 Contributors
Mike Flynn /KMGKUVJG CWVJQTǡQHCPWODGT QHDGUVUGNNKPI DQQMUCYCTF YKPPKPIYGDUKVGU CPFITQWPFDTGCMKPIGZJKDKVKQPU #HQTOGTEWTCVQTCVVJG5EKGPEG /WUGWOKP.QPFQP7-/KMGJCU RWDNKUJGFYKFGN[KPVJGƒGNFUQH UEKGPEGVGEJPQNQI[OCVJGOCVKEU JKUVQT[RQRWNCTEWNVWTGCPFOWUKE *KUYQTMCUCYTKVGTHQTICNNGTKGU CPFǡOWUGWOUECPEWTTGPVN[DG XKGYGFCETQUUVJTGGEQPVKPGPVU Justin Garvanovic *CXKPIEQHQWPFGF 6JG4QNNGT %QCUVGT%NWDQH )TGCV$TKVCKPKP ,WUVKPYGPVQPVQETGCVGVJG OCIC\KPG(KTUV&TQRHQTTQNNGTEQCUVGT HCPU+PJGHQWPFGF6JG 'WTQRGCP%QCUVGT%NWDCPQVHQT RTQƒVQTICPK\CVKQPVJCVRTQOQVGUVJG GPLQ[OGPVQHTKFKPITQNNGTEQCUVGTU *GJCUDGGPKPXQNXGFKPVJGFGUKIPU QHUGXGTCNTQNNGTEQCUVGTUCPFVCMGU RJQVQITCRJUQHVJGOHQTCPWODGT QHǡRCTMUCPFTKFGOCPWHCEVWTGTU
$GP*CIICT $GPJCUCTKEJ HCOKN[DCEMITQWPF KPVJGƒNO KPFWUVT[GZVGPFKPI DCEMOQTG VJCPǡ[GCTU*KUITGCVITGCV ITCPFHCVJGTYCUCRKQPGGTQHUKNGPV ƒNOKP9CNGU$GPŨUQYPNQXGQHƒNO DGICPCVVJGCIGQHVJTGGYJGPJG saw 6JGǡ,WPING$QQMKPJKUHCVJGTŨU EKPGOC6QFC[JGEQPVKPWGUVQ URGPFCUOWEJVKOGCUJGECP KOOGTUGFKPOQXKGUYJGVJGT NGCTPKPICDQWVYTKVKPICDQWVQTŤ OQUVKORQTVCPVN[ŤYCVEJKPIVJGO $GPEWTTGPVN[NKXGUKP.QPFQP7- YKVJJKUYKHGCPFVYQECVUCPFECP IGPGTCNN[DGHQWPFQDUGUUKPIQXGT UQOGQDUEWTGCURGEVQH'WTQRGCP ,CRCPGUG$TKVKUJQT/GZKECPEKPGOC YJGPJGMPQYUJGǡTGCNN[UJQWNFDG FQKPIUQOGVJKPIǡOQTGWUGHWN
5VWCTV*CORVQP Reeves 5VWCTVKU2TQHGUUQT QH5JCMGURGCTG 5VWFKGUCVVJG 7PKXGTUKV[QH %GPVTCN.CPECUJKTGCPF*GCFQHVJG $TKVKUJ5JCMGURGCTG#UUQEKCVKQP *GJCUYTKVVGPUGXGTCNDQQMU QP5JCMGURGCTGKPRGTHQTOCPEG CPFQPǡ5JCMGURGCTGŨUJKUVQT[
RNC[U5VWCTVCNUQUGTXGUCUVJG )GPGTCN'FKVQTQHVJGDQQMUGTKGU 5JCMGURGCTGǡKP2TCEVKEG and HTGSWGPVN[IKXGUNGEVWTGUCPFYTKVGU CTVKENGUCDQWVVJG$CTFQH#XQP
4CNRJ*CPPCJ (CUEKPCVGFD[ URQTVUCPFUVCVU UKPEGEJKNFJQQF 4CNRJEQODKPGU DQVJKPJKUTQNGCU QPGQHGWRŨUURQTVUEQPUWNVCPVU #ǡ)WKPPGUU9QTNF4GEQTFUXGVGTCPQH PKPG[GCTUYJGPPQVEQPVTKDWVKPIVQ VJGDQQMJGJGNRUITQYVJGEQORCP[ŨU RTGUGPEGKP.CVKP#OGTKEC4CNRJ NKXGUKP.WSWG2CTCIWC[YKVJJKU YKHGCPFVYQFCWIJVGTU*KUHCXQWTKVG TGEQTFKUVJGlongest unbeaten run in the Premier LeagueŤICOGUŤ JGNFD[JKUDGNQXGF#TUGPCN(%
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,QJP*GPFGTUQP -PQYPXCTKQWUN[VQ VJQUGJGVQTOGPVU CU'PKIOCVKUV 0KOTQF'NICTCPF +Q,QJPKUPGCTKPI VJGGPFQHJKUHQWTVJFGECFGQH EQORKNKPIETQUUYQTFUHQTVJG7- PCVKQPCNRTGUU#UYGNNCUGFKVKPI VJGǡYGGMN[ū+PSWKUKVQTŬETQUUYQTF JGǡYTKVGUDGURQMGETQUUYQTFUHQT URGEKCNQEECUKQPUCPFJCULQKPGF VJGǡSWGUVKQPYTKVKPIVGCOHQT$$% 68ŨUOnly Connect*GǡJCUPQVYQP VJG6KOGU%TQUUYQTF%JCORKQPUJKR QPSWKVGCUOCP[QEECUKQPUCU/CTM )QQFNKHHGDWVFQGUDQCUVVJG %JCORKQPUJKRTGEQTFQHJCXKPI UQNXGFC6KOGUETQUUYQTFKPC VKOGǡQHOKPǡUGE Eberhard Jurgalski Eberhard has DGGPǡHCUEKPCVGF D[ǡOQWPVCKPUUKPEG GCTN[EJKNFJQQF CPFKPJGDGICPHQTOCNN[ EJTQPKENKPIVJGJKIJOQWPVCKPU
QH#UKC*GJCUFGXGNQRGFVJG U[UVGOQHū'NGXCVKQP'SWCNKV[Ŭ ŤCWPKXGTUCNOGVJQFVQENCUUKH[ OQWPVCKPTCPIGUCPFRGCMUŤ CPFǡJKUYGDUKVGYYYGTUEQO JCUDGEQOGVJGRTKOCT[UQWTEG QHUVCVKUVKEUHQTCNVKVWFGKPVJG *KOCNC[CCPF-CTCMQTWOTCPIGU 'DGTJCTFKUCNUQǡVJGEQCWVJQTQH Herausforderung 8000erŤTGICTFGF CUVJGFGƒPKVKXGIWKFGVQVJGYQTNFŨU ǡOQWPVCKPUQXGTO
Rohan Mehra $5E *QPU KP %[DGTPGVKEUCPF %QORWVGT5EKGPEG /5EKP5EKGPEG %QOOWPKECVKQP $[JKUQYPCFOKUUKQP4QJCPKU GCUKN[GZEKVGFD[PGYHGCVUǡQH UEKGPEGCPFVGEJPQNQI[ŤUQ EQXGTKPICTCPIGQHEWVVKPIGFIG UEKGPEGUVQTKGUHQT)WKPPGUU9QTNF RecordsKUCFTGCOEQOGVTWGБ#U JGJCUGZVGPUKXGMPQYNGFIGQH KPPQXCVKQPUVJCVGORNQ[&ǡRTKPVKPI 4QJCPEQXGTGFVJGVQRKEHQTVJKU [GCTŨUGFKVKQPQHGWR*GKUC UEKGPEGLQWTPCNKUVCPFGPLQ[U YTKVKPICDQWVRJ[UKEUGPIKPGGTKPI CPFPCVWTG*GCNUQEQXGTUUEKGPEG KPǡVJGǡFGXGNQRKPIYQTNF
$TWEG0CUJ 6JG0WODGTU $TWEGTWPU 0CUJǡ+PHQTOCVKQP 5GTXKEGUǡ..% YJKEJKU TGICTFGFCUVJGǡNGCFKPIRTQXKFGTQH OQXKGKPFWUVT[FCVCCPFǡTGUGCTEJ UGTXKEGU6JGEQORCP[QRGTCVGU VJGYGDUKVGU6JG0WODGTU YYY VJGPWODGTUEQO CPF1RWU&CVC KPCFFKVKQPVQǡRTQXKFKPITGUGCTEJ UGTXKEGUVQCǡTCPIGQHVJGDKIIGUV ŤCPFǡUOCNNGUVŤƒNOUVWFKQU CPFǡRTQFWEVKQPEQORCPKGU
Ocean 4QYKPIǡ5QEKGV[ International
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FAST FACTS The first edition of The Guinness Book of Records had just two contributors: twins Norris and Ross McWhirter • In 1954, Norris was track announcer when his friend Roger Bannister (UK) became the first person to run a mile in under four minutes
Dr Paul Parsons &2JKNKP6JGQTGVKECN %QUOQNQI[ 2CWNPQYJCU CNOQUVǡ[GCTUŨ GZRGTKGPEGCUC UEKGPEGYTKVGTCPFLQWTPCNKUV*G KUCHQTOGTGFKVQTQHVJGRQRWNCT $$%ǡUEKGPEGOCIC\KPGFocusCPFKU CWVJQTQH6JG5EKGPEGQH&QEVQT9JQ
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COUNTRY CODES ABW Aruba AFG Afghanistan AGO Angola AIA Anguilla ALB Albania AND Andorra ANT Netherlands Antilles ARG Argentina ARM Armenia ASM American Samoa ATA Antarctica ATF French Southern Territories ATG Antigua and Barbuda AUS Australia AUT Austria AZE Azerbaijan BDI Burundi BEL Belgium BEN Benin BFA Burkina Faso BGD Bangladesh BGR Bulgaria BHR Bahrain BHS The Bahamas BIH Bosnia and Herzegovina BLR Belarus BLZ Belize BMU Bermuda BOL Bolivia BRA Brazil BRB Barbados BRN Brunei Darussalam BTN Bhutan BVT Bouvet Island BWA Botswana CAF Central African Republic CAN Canada CCK Cocos (Keeling) Islands CHE Switzerland CHL Chile CHN China CIV Côte d’Ivoire CMR Cameroon COD Congo, DR of the COG Congo COK Cook Islands COL Colombia COM Comoros CPV Cape Verde CRI Costa Rica CUB Cuba CXR Christmas Island CYM Cayman Islands CYP Cyprus CZE Czech Republic DEU Germany DJI Djibouti DMA Dominica DNK Denmark DOM Dominican Republic DZA Algeria ECU Ecuador EGY Egypt ERI Eritrea ESH Western Sahara ESP Spain EST Estonia ETH Ethiopia FIN Finland FJI Fiji FLK Falkland Islands (Malvinas) FRA France FRG West Germany FRO Faroe Islands FSM Micronesia, Federated States of FXX France, Metropolitan GAB Gabon GEO Georgia GHA Ghana GIB Gibraltar GIN Guinea GLP Guadeloupe
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Gambia Guinea-Bissau Equatorial Guinea Greece Grenada Greenland Guatemala French Guiana Guam Guyana Hong Kong Heard and McDonald Islands Honduras Croatia (Hrvatska) Haiti Hungary Indonesia India British Indian Ocean Territory Ireland Iran Iraq Iceland Israel Italy Jamaica Jordan Japan Kazakhstan Kenya Kyrgyzstan Cambodia Kiribati Saint Kitts and Nevis Korea, Republic of Kuwait Laos Lebanon Liberia Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Saint Lucia Liechtenstein Sri Lanka Lesotho Lithuania Luxembourg Latvia Macau Morocco Monaco Moldova Madagascar Maldives Mexico Marshall Islands Macedonia Mali Malta Myanmar (Burma) Montenegro Mongolia Northern Mariana Islands Mozambique Mauritania Montserrat Martinique Mauritius Malawi Malaysia Mayotte Namibia New Caledonia Niger Norfolk Island Nigeria Nicaragua Niue Netherlands Norway Nepal Nauru New Zealand Oman Pakistan Panama
Pitcairn Islands Peru Philippines Palau Papua New Guinea Poland Puerto Rico Korea, DPRO Portugal Paraguay French Polynesia Qatar Réunion Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saudi Arabia Sudan Senegal Singapore South Georgia and South SS SHN Saint Helena SJM Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands SLB Solomon Islands SLE Sierra Leone SLV El Salvador SMR San Marino SOM Somalia SPM Saint Pierre and Miquelon SRB Serbia SSD South Sudan STP São Tomé and Príncipe SUR Suriname SVK Slovakia SVN Slovenia SWE Sweden SWZ Swaziland SYC Seychelles SYR Syrian Arab Republic TCA Turks and Caicos Islands TCD Chad TGO Togo THA Thailand TJK Tajikistan TKL Tokelau TKM Turkmenistan TMP East Timor TON Tonga TPE Chinese Taipei TTO Trinidad and Tobago TUN Tunisia TUR Turkey TUV Tuvalu TZA Tanzania UAE United Arab Emirates UGA Uganda UK United Kingdom UKR Ukraine UMI US Minor Islands URY Uruguay USA United States of America UZB Uzbekistan VAT Holy See (Vatican City) VCT Saint Vincent and the Grenadines VEN Venezuela VGB Virgin Islands (British) VIR Virgin Islands (US) VNM Vietnam VUT Vanuatu WLF Wallis and Futuna Islands WSM Samoa YEM Yemen ZAF South Africa ZMB Zambia ZWE Zimbabwe PCN PER PHL PLW PNG POL PRI PRK PRT PRY PYF QAT REU ROM RUS RWA SAU SDN SEN SGP SGS
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STOP PRESS The following new entries were approved and added to our records database after VJGQHƒEKCNENQUKPIFCVGHQT this year’s submissions. Most people showering CVǡQPEG UKPINGXGPWG A group of 331 individuals showered simultaneously in an event held by Delta Faucet (USA) in Crawfordsville, Indiana, USA, on 27 Jun 2015. /QUVUJCTMCVVCEMU KPǡQPGǡ[GCT According to the International Shark Attack File (ISAF), the year 2015 saw 98 unprovoked shark attacks against humans, from a total of 164 reported incidents. The ISAF is compiled annually by the Florida Museum of Natural History at the University of Florida, USA, under the auspices of the American Elasmobranch Society. /QUVFTKPMECPURNCEGF QPǡVJGJGCFWUKPICKTUWEVKQP Jamie Keeton (USA) “suctioned” eight drink cans to his head on the set of CCTV – Guinness World Records Special in Beijing, China, on 11 Jan 2016. Jamie appears to have a rare skin condition that makes his skin pores function like suction cups. .CTIGUVUQNCTQXGP EQQMKPIǡENCUU A group of 4,780 people, each equipped with their own solar oven, assembled for a cooking class in an event organized by 6LPSOLͤHG7HFKQRORJLHV for Life and Chamber of Marathwada Industries & Agriculture (both IND) in Aurangabad, India, on 12 Jan 2016. .CTIGUVEQNNGEVKQPQH /LWWOHb0HUPDLGmemorabilia Jacqueline Granda (ECU) owns 874 items relating to The Little Mermaid (USA, DVYHULͤHGLQ4XLWR Ecuador, on 16 Jan 2016. (CUVGUVOTQRGǡUMKRRKPI Rohollah Doshmanziari (IRN) skipped 100 m in a time of 14.43 sec in Iran’s Shahid Beheshti Stadium in Bushehr on 21 Jan 2016.
254 Stop Press
Most slender tower The British Airways i360 is 160.47 m tall by 3.9 m wide (526 ft 5 in x 12 ft 9 in) – a slenderness ratio of 41.15 WR̰DVYHULͤHGRQ-DQ 2016 in Brighton, UK.
/QUVRNC[GTUKPC PGVDCNNǡGZJKDKVKQPOCVEJ England Netball (UK) assembled 1,322 netball players for an exhibition match in London, UK, on 15 Feb 2016.
1NFGUVEQEMCVKGN At 32 years old, Sunshine was the world’s oldest cockatiel as of 27 Jan 2016. He lives in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, with his owner, Vickie Aranda (USA), who acquired him in Colorado in 1983. Sunshine has been moving around with Vickie ever since.
Largest handball lesson Ravindra Gaikwad (IND) organized a handball lesson with 678 players in Solapur, Maharashtra, India, on 28 Feb 2016.
Largest snow dome igloo Sponsored by Volvo (SWE), the 18-person-strong Iglu-Dorf building crew (CHE) constructed a snow dome igloo with an internal diameter of 12.9 m (42 ft 4 in) in Zermatt, Switzerland, on 30 Jan 2016. Longest marathon hosting CǡTCFKQVCNMUJQY VGCO From 2 to 4 Feb 2016, Jessy Abu Faysal (LBN) and Amjad Hijazin (JOR) hosted a radio talk show for 60 hr 52 min 8 sec at Sawt El Ghad studios in Amman, Jordan. /QUVEJKPWRUKPJQWTU On 6–7 Feb 2016, Joonas Mäkipelto (FIN) performed 5,050 chin-ups at Ideapark shopping centre in Lempäälä, Finland. 6CNNGUVUVCEMQHRCPECMGU On 8 Feb 2016, Center Parcs Sherwood Forest (UK) raised a 1.01-m-tall (3-ft 4-in) stack of pancakes in Rufford, Newark, UK. James Haywood and Dave Nicholls (both UK) made and stacked the 213 pancakes. Longest EQPVKPWQWUǡXQECNǡPQVG $OSDVODQ'XUPXġ 785 KHOG a note for 1 min 52 sec at WKH.LSGDġ0¾KHQGLVOLN HQJLQHHULQJRͦFH,VWDQEXO Turkey, on 8 Feb 2016. /QUVRNC[GTUKPCP KEGǡJQEMG[GZJKDKVKQPOCVEJ Loblaw Companies Ltd (CAN) staged an exhibition match with 433 players at Richcraft Sensplex (Ottawa East) in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, on 9 Feb 2016.
Longest OQVQTE[ENGǡDWTPQWV Joe Dryden (USA) achieved a 2.22-mi (3.58-km) burnout on a 2017 Victory Octane at Orlando Speed World Dragway in Florida, USA, on 29 Feb 2016. Longest zip wire The Monster is a zip wire at Toro Verde Adventure Park in Orocovis, Puerto Rico, with a single unbroken span of 2.205 km (1.37 mi) – longer than 20 American IRRWEDOOͤHOGV,WZDV opened on 2 Mar 2016. /QUVTWID[RCUUGU KPǡCǡOKPWVG RCKT Drew Mitchell and Matt Giteau (both AUS) made a total of 98 rugby passes in 60 sec for Sky Sports Rugby in Toulon, France, on 3 Mar 2016. On the same day, and at the same location, Mitchell ran the fastest 100 m in clogs in a time of just 14.43 sec. .CTIGUVECOGNTCEG On 7 Mar 2016, a total of 1,108 people completed a camel race organized by the Administrative 2ͦFHRIWKH*RYHUQRURI Ömnögovi Aimag (MNG) in Dalanzadgad, Mongolia.
/QUVLGYGNUQPCIWKVCT Aaron Shum Jewelry Ltd (HKG) set 16,033 jewels on a Fender Jazz Bass, DVYHULͤHGLQ%DVHO Switzerland, on 11 Mar 2016. Largest women’s marathon In all, 19,607 runners took part in the Nagoya Women’s Marathon in Nagoya, Aichi, Japan, on 13 Mar 2016. Largest beer tasting On 15 Mar 2016, The Publican Awards (UK) saw 1,236 individuals gather to taste beer in London, UK. /QUVRGQRNGƒNNKPIQWV CǡURQTVUVQWTPCOGPV DTCEMGVUKOWNVCPGQWUN[ On 15 Mar 2016, a total RI SHRSOHͤOOHGRXWD sports tournament bracket – a tree diagram showing the progression of games in a knockout tournament – concurrently. The event was arranged by Bing (USA) in Bellevue, Washington, USA. (CUVGUVVKOGVQEQORNGVG the Iditarod Trail 'DOODV6HDYH\ 86$ ͤQLVKHG the Iditarod Trail sled-dog race in 8 days 11 hr 20 min 16 sec in Nome, Alaska, USA, on 15 Mar 2016. 6CNNGUVJQWUGQHECTFU DWKNVǡKPJQWTU LG Electronics (KOR) and Bryan Berg (USA) collaborated to raise a 48-level house of cards in 12 hr in Seoul, South Korea, on 15–16 Mar 2016. ;QWPIGUVDKNNKQPCKTG
EWTTGPV As of 16 Mar 2016, Norway’s Alexandra Andresen had an estimated wealth of $1.18 bn (£829,800,000), according to Forbes. She was 19 years old at the time.
/QUVRWNNWRUKP QPGǡJQWTǡ HGOCNG Eva Clarke (AUS) performed 725 pull-ups in one hour at Al Wahda Mall in Abu Dhabi, UAE, on 10 Mar 2016.
.CTIGUVFCPEGƒVPGUUENCUU Balanga City (PHL) set up DGDQFHͤWQHVVFODVVIRU 16,218 people in Bataan, Philippines, on 18 Mar 2016.
.QPIGUVRKEPKEVCDNG On 11 Mar 2016, Flags for Managing and Organizing Exhibitions and Conferences (KWT) unveiled a 194.7-m (638-ft 9-in) picnic table at Kuwait Shooting Club in Kuwait City.
Most people dressed as 'RFWRU:KREJCTCEVGTU On 19 Mar 2016, TV channel Syfy Latinoamérica (MEX) assembled 491 people dressed as Doctor Who characters at La Mole Comic-Con in Mexico City.
Fastest time to RWORǡWRǡCǡDKE[ENGV[TG On 20 Mar 2016, in London, UK, Steven Smith (UK) took MXVWVHFWRLQͥDWHWKH inner tube of a bicycle tyre with a hand pump. (CUVGUVǡZǡO WPKE[ENGǡJWTFNGTGNC[ On 20 Mar 2016, “Voodoo Unicycles”, aka Jason Auld, Simon Berry, Mike Taylor and Rob Terry (all UK), ͤQLVKHGD[PXQLF\FOH hurdle relay in 1 min 33.49 sec in London, UK. .CTIGUVEQPHGVVKOQUCKE Kurobe International Cultural Center (JPN) created a confetti mosaic measuring 32.16 m² (346.16 sq ft) at the Kurobe International Cultural Center (JPN) in Toyama, Japan on 21 Mar 2016. .QPIGUVRCRGTEJCKPOCFG KPQPGJQWTD[CVGCO A team from the Hong Kong Jockey Club (HKG) produced a 3.74-km-long (2.32-mi) paper chain during the Riding High Together Festival at Sha Tin Racecourse in Hong Kong, China, on 26 Mar 2016. Longest rail grind ski On 27 Mar 2016, Tom Wallisch (USA) performed a 422-ft 1-in-long (128.65-m) rail grind on skis at the Seven Springs Mountain Resort in Seven Springs, Pennsylvania, USA. *KIJGUVDKE[ENGURGGF QPǡCǡ9CNNQH&GCVJ Shanaze Reade (UK) cycled at 42.94 km/h (26.68 mph) around a Wall of Death on the set of Channel 4’s Guy Martin’s Wall of Death: Live (North One TV, UK) in Louth, UK, on 28 Mar 2016. On the same date, and at the same location, Guy Martin (UK) achieved the highest speed on a Wall of Death – 125.77 km/h (78.15 mph) on a self-built “bitsa” motorcycle with a BSA engine. He experienced forces of 5.2 g on his ride. .QPIGUVNKPGQHRQUVECTFU The Shanghai Town & Country Club (CHN) lined up 11,863 postcards in Shanghai on 19 Apr 2016.
FAST FACTS The most starts for a Premier League football (soccer) player is 572 and was achieved by Gareth Barry (UK) playing for Aston Villa, Manchester City and Everton between 2 May 1998 and 11 May 2016
Answer VQǡRW\\NG QPǡR /QUVICOGUJQYURTQFWEGF Harry Friedman (USA) had produced 11,128 game shows in Los Angeles, California, USA, as of 31 Mar 2016. .CTIGUVHNQTCNEJCPFGNKGT National Parks Board (SGP) FUHDWHGDͥRUDOFKDQGHOLHU 16.84 m (55 ft 2.8 in) long by 10.29 m (33 ft 9 in) wide and 8.16 m (26 ft 9.3 in) tall. Consisting of 60,000 ͥRZHUVLWZDVFUDIWHG in Marina Square Atrium, Singapore, on 1 Apr 2016. .CTIGUVJWOCPƒPIGTRTKPV Storebrand Livsforsikring (NOR) arranged 313 people into the whorled shape of DͤQJHUSULQWLQ)RUQHEX Norway, on 2 Apr 2016. 1NFGUVECVNKXKPI Scooter (b. 26 Mar 1986) was 30 years 13 days old as of 8 Apr 2016. He lives with his owner, Gail Floyd (USA), LQ0DQVͤHOG7H[DV86$ Largest bobblehead A 4.69-m-tall (15-ft 4.75-in) bobblehead of a St Bernard dog was unveiled on 8 Apr 2016 in Orlando, Florida, USA. It was created by scenic prop shop Dino Rentos Studios for the Applied Underwriters LQVXUDQFHͤUP ERWK86$ Most people sewing UKOWNVCPGQWUN[ On 9 Apr 2016, a group of 606 people gathered to sew in an event organized by Mostwell Sdn Bhd (MYS) at the Auditorium Cempaka Sari in Putrajaya, Malaysia. .CTIGUVXGICPECMG Essentis Biohotel Berlin (DEU) made a 388.9-kg (857-lb 6-oz) vegan cake in Berlin, Germany, on 9 Apr 2016. It took 31 people 26 hr to complete it.
in New York City, USA, on 12 Apr 2016. (CUVGUVJQNGQHIQNH
VGCOǡQHHQWT Raphaël Jacquelin, Alex Lévy, Grégory Havret and Romain Wattel (all FRA) took just 34.87 sec to play the 4th hole of the Valderrama Golf Course in Sotogrande, Spain, on 12 Apr 2016. *GCXKGUVXGJKENGRWNNGF YKVJǡCPCTOYTGUVNKPIOQXG Kevin Fast (CAN) pulled a 31,900-lb (14,470-kg) ͤUHWUXFNPRUHWKDQLQ (30.4 cm) with his arm – while resting his elbow on an arm-wrestling table – in Cobourg, Ontario, Canada, on 13 Apr 2016. /QUVNKVECPFNGUQPCECMG On 13 Apr 2016, Mike’s Hard Lemonade (USA) lit 50,151 candles on a cake in Los Angeles, California, USA. .CTIGUVEJQEQNCVGǡDCT ÎRNRODGQLFD&XNUÏHN 691 prepared a 142.32-m² (1,531.9-sq-ft) bar of chocolate, which was measured in Radovljica, Slovenia, on 15 Apr 2016. .CTIGUVOGTGPIWGNGUUQP The merengue is a Dominican dance. Osteo Bi-Flex (USA) organized an event in which 252 people took part in a merengue lesson at the Fremont Street Experience in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, on 15 Apr 2016. Largest spring mattress Lijun Hou and his team (all CHN) have built a spring mattress 20 m x 18.18 m (65 ft 7.4 in x 59 ft 7.75 in) in size. It was measured in Harbin, Heilongjiang, China, on 15 Apr 2016.
ball on a golf club in 30 sec in Jamaica, New York City, USA, on 16 Apr 2016. .CTIGUVRTQƒVGTQNG Associazione Cons.erva, in collaboration with Etica Del Gusto, Despar, Uova Pascolo Fantoni and Crespi (all ITA), unveiled a 150-kg OER] SURͤWHUROHDW Gemona del Friuli in Udine, Italy, on 17 Apr 2016. /QUVRGQRNGRNC[KPI DQQOYJCEMGTU A boomwhacker is a hollow plastic tube tuned to a musical pitch; tubes of various length are struck in order to produce melodies. P&G European Planning Service Center (POL) staged an event in which 661 individuals played the song “Eye of the Tiger” on boomwhackers in Serock, Poland, on 18 Apr 2016. Largest naan bread Loblaw Companies Ltd (CAN) produced a naan bread weighing 32 kg (70 lb 8.76 oz) in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on 19 Apr 2016. The naan measured 4.96 m (16 ft 3.27 in) long and 1.26 m (4 ft 1.6 in) wide. Oldest message in a bottle It was announced on 20 Apr 2016 that a message in a bottle found at Amrum Island, Germany, on 17 Apr 2015 was the oldest ever discovered. It had been at sea for 108 years 138 days, having been set adrift in the North Sea by the UK’s Marine Biological Association (MBA) on 20 Nov 1906. Inside was a SRVWFDUGDVNLQJWKHͤQGHU to list where and when the bottle was found and post the card back to the MBA.
.QPIGUVWUCDNGIQNHENWD On 9 Apr 2016, a 7.65-mlong (25-ft 1-in) golf club made by Ashrita Furman (USA) was measured and demonstrated in Jamaica, New York City, USA.
.CTIGUVUKOWNVCPGQWUHN[KPI FKUEVJTQY On 16 Apr 2016, a group of 958 participants let ORRVHWKHLUͥ\LQJGLVFVLQ Miura, Kanagawa, Japan. The event was arranged by Miura Beach 900 Challenge Executive Committee (JPN).
(KTUVRGTUQPVQENKOD VJGǡ5GXGP5WOOKVUCPF ETQUUVJG5GXGP5GCU Martin Frey (USA) climbed the highest mountain on each continent from 21 Aug 2005 to 5 Dec 2012 and crossed the Seven Seas by sailboat between 25 Feb 2013 and 17 Apr 2016.
Longest marathon YCVEJKPIǡVGNGXKUKQP Alejandro “AJ” Fragoso (USA) watched TV for 94 hr
/QUVJKVUQHCIQNHDCNNQP CǡIQNHENWDKPUGEQPFU Ashrita Furman (USA) achieved 94 hits of a golf
Most people making UŨOQTGUUKOWNVCPGQWUN[ On 21 Apr 2016, a group of 423 people on Huntington
Beach in California, USA, made s’mores – a roasted marshmallow and layer of chocolate between two crackers. The event was sponsored by Hollister and SeriousFun Children’s Network (both USA). .CTIGUVYCXGUWTHGF
RCFFNGKP The tallest wave surfed without a tow was 19.2 m (63 ft) from trough to crest and was ridden by Aaron Gold (USA) off Maui in Hawaii, USA, on 15 Jan 2016. 7KHIHDWZDVFRQͤUPHG at the 2016 World Surf League Big Wave Awards gala at the Grove Theater in Anaheim, California, USA, on 24 Apr 2016. First twins born in FKHHGTGPVǡEQWPVTKGU Katherine Joanne Baines (née Roberts) and Heidi Hilane Gannon (both UK) were born on 23 Sep 1976. Heidi arrived at 9:05 a.m. at Welshpool Hospital in Wales; Jo followed at 10:45 a.m. after their mother had been moved to the Royal Shrewsbury Hospital in England, owing to complications. In Apr 2016, Dr Nancy Segal, Professor of Psychology and Director at the Twin Studies Center in California 6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\FRQͤUPHG that the twins were identical. .CTIGUVTQDQVEQORGVKVKQP VEX Worlds (USA) attracted 1,075 teams to its annual robot contest in Louisville, Kentucky, USA, held from 20 to 23 Apr 2016. Hailing from 30 countries, the teams comprised students from primary school to university level. (CUVGUVVKOGVQTWPVJG .QPFQP/CTCVJQP OCNG Eliud Kipchoge (KEN) ͤQLVKHGWKH9LUJLQ Money London Marathon in 2 hr 3 min 5 sec in London, UK, on 24 Apr 2016. 1NFGUVEQPVKPWQWUN[ QRGTCVKPIEKPGOC The State Theatre in Washington, Iowa, USA, opened on 14 May 1897. It had been in operation for 118 years 348 days, as of 26 Apr 2016.
(CUVGUVǡOYCNMKPIQP JCPFUYKVJCUQEEGTDCNN between the legs Zhang Shuang (CHN) covered 50 m (164 ft) while inverted and clenching a soccer ball between his legs in 26.09 sec. He attempted the record at the China West Normal University in Nanchong, Sichuan, China, on 30 Apr 2016. /QUVEQPEWTTGPVCNDWOU KPǡVJG756QR On the Billboard 200 albums chart of 14 May 2016, Prince (b. Prince Rogers Nelson, 86$ KDGͤYHSRVWKXPRXV entries in the Top 10: The Very Best of Prince (No.2), Purple Rain (No.3), The Hits/ The B-Sides (No.4), Ultimate (No.6) and 1999 (No.7). During the week of 21–28 Apr 2016, Prince’s back catalogue (including albums and individual tracks) sold a total of 4.41 million units in the USA following the news that the star had died at his Paisley Park home in Minnesota, USA, on 21 Apr 2016. He was aged 57. .CTIGUVTKUGKPRQUKVKQPHQTC 2TGOKGT.GCIWGUQEEGTVGCO KPEQPUGEWVKXGUGCUQPU Leicester City FC (UK) ͤQLVKHGWKLQWKH Premier League season. On 2 May 2016, however, “The )R[HV̹ZHUHFRQͤUPHGDV FKDPSLRQVͤQLVKLQJ places higher up the table. /QUV6QP[#YCTF PQOKPCVKQPUHQTCOWUKECN Lin-Manuel Miranda’s (USA) biographical musical Hamilton, about the life and death of US Founding Father Alexander Hamilton, received 16 Tony nominations on 3 May 2016, including Best Musical. 1NFGUVNKXKPIRGTUQP On the day we went to press (12 May 2016), Susannah Mushatt Jones (b. 6 Jul 1899) – the last 19th-century American – passed away at the age of 116 years 311 days. The title is currently being researched by consultant Robert Young but is most likely to be Italy’s Emma Morano Martinuzzi (b. 29 Nov 1899), aged 116 years 165 days as of 12 May.
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0RVWGLɝFXOWOHYHO created in Super Mario Maker Alex Tan
0RVWYLHZVIRUD 0LQHFUDIWYLGHR channel Dan the Diamond Minecart
Most popular IHPDOHRQ7ZLWFK Sonja Reid
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