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BCODWC \NH^_FGDG Lnktrc gn Nstugfcs pdrd bd \nhurfgdg ]õobfld y ]rfvdgd

H^FD LDKFKC

Dktckfc Bcodtc. Lrf`fkübchc y Nxpnrtc nk \nhurfgdg ]õobfld y ]rfvdgd. WCGC\ BC\ GN_NLAC\ _N\N_ZDGC\. KF BD WCWDBFGDG KF ]D_WN GN N\WN BFO_C ]^NGNK _N]_CG^LF_\N C W_DK\@FWF_\N ]C_ KFKHÕK ]_CLNGF@FNKWC NBNLW_ÜKFLC C @NLÄKFLC, FKLB^VNKGC JCWCLC]FD, H_DODLFÜK @DHKÆWFLD, L^DBT^FN_ DB@DLNKD@FNKWC GN FKJC_@DLFÜK V \F\WN@D GN _NL^]N_DLFÜK \FK ]N_@F\C N\L_FWC GNB D^WC_ V NGFWC_.

FKGFLN

]ÄHFKD

FKW_CG^LLFCK. L^N\WFCKN\ HNKN_DBN\ ]D_D NB DGFN\W_DGC_…………….=< WN@D 4.- DGFN\W_D@FNKWC LFNKWÀJFLC. D\]NLWC\ NWCBÜHFLC\ GNB DGFN\W_D@FNKWC…………………………………………………………………………………………….=> DGFN\W_D@FNKWC…………………………………………………………………………………………….=> WN@D ?.- L^DBFGDGN\ ]\FLCJÀ\FLD\ GNB DGFN\W_DGC_…………………… DGFN\W_DGC_…………………………….=1 ……….=1 WN@D <.- NB NT^FBFO_FC FK\WFKWFZC (@cgnbc gn Bcrnkz)……………………………44 WN@D 7.- \NK\FOFBFGDG, _NL^]N_DLFÜK V L^DBFGDGN\…………………… L^DBFGDGN\………………………………48 …………48 WN@D >.- DGD]WDLFÜK N FKJB^NKLFD FKJB^NKLFD GNB H. D. \……………………………………….?4 \……………………………………….?4 WN@D :.-DGFN\W_D@FNKWC :.-DGFN\W_D@FNKWC LFNKWÀJFLC. NKGCHD@FD V ZD_FDOFBFGDG……….?> ZD_FDOFBFGDG… …….?> WN@D 8.-DGFN\W_D@FNKWC 8.-DGFN\W_D@FNKWC LFNKWÀJFLC. N\T^N@D \NL^NKLFDB…………………<4 WN@D 1.-NWFLD 1.-NWFLD GNB DGFN\W_DGC_………………… DGFN\W_DGC_…………………………………………………………………74 ………………………………………………74

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Bcodtc \nhurfgdg | Wnbæjckc5 :48 78= <::

fkjcMbcodtcsnhurfgdg.lc` | www.bcodtcsnhur www.bcodtcsnhurfgdg.lc` fgdg.lc`

FKW_CG^LLFCK. L^N\WFCKN\ HNKN_DBN\ ]D_D NB DGFN\W_DGC_.

Nk prf`nr buhdr, ady qun sdonr lc`c ns nb ldrältnr gn tu pnrrc. Ns gnlfr, dkdbfzdr nb hrdgc gn sus rdshcs c fkstfktcs. ]drd adlnrsn ukd fgnd, sn gnslrfonk bcs `äs f`pcrtdktns5 WN@]N_D@NKWC, hrdgc gn lc`pcrtd`fnktc dktn bd prnsnklfd gn nstàùbcs dpntftfvcs. WN@]BN, hrdgc gn rnsfstnklfd dktn bd prnsnklfd gn nstàùbcs dvnrsfvcs (tfrük gn lcrrnd, crgnkns gn congfnklfd, ludbqufnr ctrd lfrlukstdklfd qun kc bn dhrdgn). ]C\N\FZFGDG, hrdgc gn pcsnnr y gnjnkgnr lfnrtcs coentcs qun lrnn l rnn sck suycs. FK\WFKWC GN LDUD-]_N\D, hrdgc gn pnrsnhufr pnqunôcs coentcs nk `cvf`fnktc, p. ne. bd pnbctd y dtrdpdrbcs. FK\WFKWC GN GNJNK\D, hrdgc gn nkjrnktd`fnktc dktn nxtrdôcs qun supckhdk ukd d`nkdzd pdrd su fktnhrfgdg jàsfld. H_NHD_FGDG, hrdgc gn nstdr lck bcs lc`pcknktns l c`pcknktns gn bd jd`fbfd. FKWNBFHNKLFD DGD]WDWFZD, nktnkgnr bc qun bn qunrn`cs trdks`ftfr y scbulfük gn lckjbfltcs. ]cr ctrc bdgc, lckclnr bds nxpnrfnklfds vfvfgds gurdktn su ntdpd gn ldlacrrc, euvnkfb y dgubtc. V tcgc nstc pdrd quæ3, puns pdrd lckclnr d tu pnrrc y dpbfldr bds `ngfgds knlnsdrfds pdrd cotnknr su lcktrcb. (Jfhurd 4)

JFH^_D 4. _nspnltc db lcbbdr gn f`pubscs nbæltrflcs, nk prfklfpfc pdrd uk prfklfpfdktn, rctukgd`nktn KC.

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Ady qun sdonr utfbfzdrbc nk nb `c`nktc eustc y cjrnlnr db pnrrc ukd punrtd gn nsldpn d bd prnsfük rnlfofgd, pdrd qun kc ùnstrn ukd lckgultd dhrnsfvd lck nb nxtrdôc c rndbfln ukd lckgultd gn aufgd. Db pnrrc ady qun nksnôdrbn d fhkcrdr d bcs nstàùbcs (pnrsckds, pnrrcs, ctrcs dkf`dbns, cbcrns) qun nstäk nk nb dòfnktn ludkgc pdsnd lcktfhc. Ady qun trdks`ftfr db pnrrc bd fgnd gn qun nstdkgc d tu bdgc, nklunktrd \NH^_FGDG y sf sn dbned sfk tu pnr`fsc nklcktrdrä ]_N\FCK. ]nrc bd prnsfük kc tfnkn qun dsclfdrbd, d tf kf db nstàùbc nbnhfgc, sfkc d su lc`pcrtd`fnktc gn dbned`fnktc. ^tfbfzd bcs nenrlflfcs gn congfnklfd pdrd nstdobnlnr tu enrdrquàd lck nb dkf`db y gned ùy lbdrc db pnrrc qun tus afecs kc sck sus anr`dkcs gn ld`dgd y d tus afecs qun nb pnrrc ady qun rnspntdrbc, qun kc ns uk euhuntn d su gfspcsflfük. gfspcsflfük.

D `cgc fbustrdtfvc sn fkgfld lc`c sn adln. Lcbbdr gn nktrnkd`fnktc nk pcsflfük jfed d bd lcrrnd gn ukcs gcs `ntrcs gn bckhftug. Gned qun nb pnrrc sn gfrfed db nstàùbc nbnhfgc y dktns gn qun pungd tnksdrsn bd lcrrnd, dpbfld uk tfrük snlc y räpfgc, `ngfdktn uk hfrc gn bd ùônld gnrnlad qun suentd nb jfkdb gn bd lcrrnd lc`c sf gn uk `drtfbbc sn trdtdrd fktnktdkgc lbdvdr uk lbdvc, ns gnlfr, gn drrfod dodec. Nb f`pdltc fklfgfrä nk nb lunbbc gnb dkf`db y sn scrprnkgnrä, kc dsclfdrä nb `fs`c db nstàùbc nbnhfgc pcr nklcktrdrsn rnbdtfvd`nktn bnecs gn æb, td`pclc d tf pcr nklcktrdrtn d gcs `ntrcs, db jfkdb gn bd lcrrnd. Nk nsn `c`nktc, bn bbd`ds "Znk" snôdbäkgcbn tu pfnrkd fzqufnrgd lck bd `dkc gnb `fs`c sftfc y gds uk pdsc dträs pdrd dtrdnr su `cvf`fnktc adlfd tf. Nk ludktc bbnhun, kc gcobns nb lunrpc adlfd dgnbdktn pdrd rnlfofrbc, pdrnlnrä lc`c sf sn bn vfkfnsn uk dr`drfc nklf`d y sn jrnkdrä, y adhd lcktdltc jàsflc lck tu lunrpc bn dldrflfds sudvn`nktn nk nb lcstdgc y bn gflns lck tckc gn vcz sudvn "@uy ofnkkkkkk". \f bc rndbfzds lcrrnltd`nktn, nk uk pdr gn cldsfckns nktnkgnrä bd fgnd y sn `dktnkgrä trdkqufbc y ldbbdgc euktc d tf.

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WN@D 4.- DGFN\W_D@FNKWC LFNKWÀJFLC. D\]NLWC\ NWCBÜHFLC\ GNB DGFN\W_D@FNKWC.

]cgn`cs gfstfkhufr gfstfkhufr gcs gcs tfpcs gn dgfnstrd`fnktc, dgfnstrd`fnktc, db fhudb qun qun lck bcs sfstn`ds gn lràd5 - Nb oäsflc c Wdkgn`. - Nb fkgfvfgudbfzdgc c lfnktàjflc. Nb sfstn`d Wdkgn` ns nb n`pbndgc pcr nb dgfnstrdgcr qun dpbfld bd `fs`d tælkfld, c bd õkfld qun lckcln, d ludbqufnr pnrrc sfk dktns adonr snpdrdgc jdltcrns tdk f`pcrtdktns lc`c ldrältnr, snxc, rdzd, ngdg y utfbfgdg. Nstd lbdsn gn dgfnstrd`fnktc dgfnstrd`fnktc gnsnlad tcgd bd rfqunzd rfqunzd fkgfvfgudb gn bcs pdtrckns pdtrckns cktchnkætflcs gnb dkf`db pdrd lnôfrsn nxlbusfvd`nktn d bcs prcpfcs gn su jfbchnkfd. Nb ldrältnr gnb pnrrc ns ukc gn bcs nxpcknktns `ds dlusdgcs gn bcs pdtrckns lckgultudbns cktchnkætflcs. 4.4.³T^Æ LD_ÄLWN_ WNKG_Ä N\WN ]N__C3

Ns bd prnhuktd qun dsdbtd d tcgc dgfnstrdgcr jcr`dgc ludkgc fkflfd bd nguldlfük gn ludbqufnr nen`pbdr. Lfnrtc ns qun bd `dkfpubdlfük y nb gnsdrrcbbc gnb trdodec fräk gnspnedkgc ùlads fklühkftds pnrc, uk dkäbfsfs prnlcz ns jukgd`nktdb nk tcgd pbdkfjfldlfük gn æstn trdodec. ]cr tdktc, sdonr dkdbfzdr d ldgd pnrrc y nb tfpc gn rnspunstd gn su crhdkfs`c, dktn ukd sftudlfük gntnr`fkdgd, kc ns uk gck gn dbhukcs dgfnstrdgcrns sfkc nb jrutc gnb lckclf`fnktc, bd cosnrvdlfük y nb nenrlflfc gfdrfc. Bd pncr lcksnlunklfd, ludkgc sn gnslckcln nb ldrältnr gnb pnrrc, ns bd suobf`dlfük gnb `ætcgc adlfnkgc gnpnkgnr scbc y nxlbusfvd`nktn gn æb, bcs rnsubtdgcs. Nstc prcvcld ku`nrcscs jrdldscs lcksfgnrdkgc ‒kc dptcs‐ d bcs

fkgfvfgucs qun kc dbldkzdk nb coentfvc. Nk ldòfc, sf bd nbnllfük gnb `ætcgc tfnkn lc`c odsn nb lckclf`fnktc gnb pnrrc y sn deustd tdktc d æstn lc`c db coentfvc, nb kõ`nrc gn ‒fknptcs‐ sn vnrä kctdobn`nktn rngulfgc. \n

gnsprnkgn gn tcgc nbbc, qun bd snbnllfük gn nen`pbdrns pdrd dgfnstrd`fnktc gn dbtc kfvnb, nk bcs qun fkvnrtfrn`cs fkku`nrdobns acrds gn trdodec, gnon nstdr supngftdgd d uk nxadustfvc lckclf`fnktc gnb dkf`db. Nk rnbdlfük lck nstn dpdrtdgc gn bd ‒snbnllfük‐, sn adk gn utfbf zdr

nsqun`ds y nen`pbcs d trdvæs gn bcs qun sn pungdk sfktntfzdr lcklnptcs yd gnjfkfgcs. (Jfhurd ?)

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JFH^_D ?.Wfnknk qun dkdbfzdrsn tdòfæk, bds ludbfgdgns `äs f`pcrtdktns d lcksfgnrdr nk nb pnrrc pcr nb dgfnstrdgcr ludkgc lc`fnkzd su trdodec c ludkgc rndbfzd bd snbnllfük.

4.?. DKÄBF\F\ GN BD\ LCKG^LWD\ FK\WFKWFZD\. Fkstfktc sn pungn gnjfkfr lc`c5 ‒f`pubscs gn bd nstrulturd fktnrkd gnb dkf`db qun sn `dkfjfnstdk nk jcr`d gn lckgultd‐.

Wdktc nb fkstfktc lc`c nb dprnkgfzden sck bcs hdrdktns gn bd Dgdptdlfük y bd Nvcbulfük.

Nk bcs dkf`dbns qun tfnknk ukd vfgd rnbdtfvd`nktn bdrhd y nspnlfdb`nktn bcs pnrtnknlfnktns d nspnlfns dbtrflfdbns ( qun rnlfonk prcbckhdgcs lufgdgcs pdrnktdbns) lc`c ns nb ldsc gnb pnrrc, bds lckgultds fkstfktfvds sn sn vdk prnsnktdkgc gn jcr`d hrdgudb y nb fkgfvfguc tfnkn qun dprnkgnr d lcktrcbdrbds y crfnktdrbds. Nb dprnkgfzden y nb fkstfktc lckstftuynk, gn nstn `cgc, bd nsnklfd gn bd lckgultd y, bd f`pbfldlfük gn dòcs, adln qun gfslrf`fkdr bcs jdltcrns hnkætflcs fkstfktfvcs gnb dprnkgfzden, snd `äs lc`pbnec gn bc qun pungn pdrnlnr. \f tc`d`cs lc`c nen`pbc gn bc nxpunstc bd lckgultd gn bd dvfspd ldvdgcrd vnrn`cs bd gfjnrnklfd nktrn nspnlfns prnlclfdbns y dbtrflfdbns dsà lc`c bd gfjnrnklfd nktrn fkstfktc y dprnkgfzden. Nstn fksnltc bbnvd d ldoc nk tdk scbc ukds sn`dkds gn vfgd, tcgd ukd snlunklfd gn lckgultds lc`c bd dbf`nktdlfük, bd lc`pntflfük y nbnllfük gn pdrned, bd ‒gnlfsfük‐ gn pnbndr lck nb gunôc gn ukd `dgrfhunrd c ldvdr bd

suyd prcpfd, bd nbnllfük gn bd prnsd y su ldpturd, bd cvfpcsflfük nk nb lunrpc gnb dkf`db ldpturdgc y pcstnrfcr`nktn su ùnrtn. \f dôdgf`cs d nsc qun sus pdgrns ùrfnrck nk nb vnrdkc dktnrfcr, gngulfrn`cs qun bd lckgultd fkstfktfvd prnvdbnln scorn ludbqufnr jdltcr gn dprnkgfzden. Nb pnrrc lc`c nspnlfn dbtrflfdb vd ùy ukfgc nk sus lckgultds, d bcs fkstfktcs y db dprnkgfzden gnb qun adobd`cs dktnrfcr`nktn. ]cr `ngfc gnb :



dprnkgfzden dsclfdtfvc y nb lckgflfckd`fnktc cpnrdktn d qun bc sc`ntn`cs vnrn`cs gnsdrrcbbdgcs y d`pbfdgcs sus pdtrckns gn lckgultd fkgfvfgudbns qun, gn kc snr `dkfpubdgcs, sn bf`ftdràdk d bd rnscbulfük gn bcs prcobn`ds gnrfvdgcs gn bd supnrvfvnklfd y bd rnprcgullfük. Dõk dsà, nb lckclf`fnktc gn bcs fkstfktcs `äs f`pcrtdktns qun gnsdrrcbbd y bd dgnludgd vdbcrdlfük gn bds lckgultds dsclfdgds d nbbcs, lckjcr`dk nb pfbdr odsn pdrd lc`prnkgnr db dkf`db. (Jfhurd <)

JFH^_D <. Dbhukds Dbhukds rdzds gn pnrrcs nstäk gctdgds gctdgds gn ukd ldpdlfgdg cbjdtfvd cbjdtfvd `äs snksfobn qun ctrds.

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WN@D ?.- L^DBFGDGN\ ]\FLCJÀ\FLD\ GNB DGFN\W_DGC_. DGFN\W_DGC_.

An`cs vfstc, nk nb tn`d dktnrfcr lc`c ldgd pnrrc knlnsftd uk dgfnstrd`fnktc nspnlfdb`nktn gfsnôdgc pdrd æb, pnrc pdrd dbldkzdr nstd `ntd, nb dgfnstrdgcr knlnsftd tdòfæk ukds ludbfgdgns psflcjàsflds qun bn pnr`ftdk su`fkfsträrsnbc. @n rnjfnrc qun, dpdrtn gn bd jcr`dlfük gnb dgfnstrdgcr, nstn gnon pcsnnr ukds ludbfgdgns rnqunrfgds nk nstd prcjnsfük. ?.4. ]N_JFB GNB DGFN\W_DGC_

]drd vdbcrdlfük gn nstn lcklnptc vd`cs d tnknr nk lunktd nb nktcrkc, `dtnrfdbns, coentcs y coentfvcs gnb lc`õk gn bcs dgfnstrdgcrns, nvfgnklfdkgc bds ldrdltnràstflds psflcjàsflds fgndbns, qun sn adk gn knlnsftdr pdrd bd nbdocrdlfük gn kunstrc trdodec. Lckvfkfnkgc pcr supunstc qun kcs dhrdgd nb lcktdltc lck nb pnrrc y sfnkgc æstn nb coentc nsnklfdb gnb dgfnstrd`fnktc, gnon`cs tnknr ldpdlfgdg gn trdks`ftfrbn kunstrds snksdlfckns, scpcrtdrbc nk bc lctfgfdkc, dtnkgnrbn nk su afhfnkn, prcpcrlfckdkgc su nxpdksfük, trdkspcrtdrbn trdkspcrtdrbn y `cgfjfldr su lckgultd lckgul td n fklbusc lcrrnhfr bds lckgultds kc gnsndgds. Nb nktcrkc adoftudb gn trdodec snrä nk nb `necr gn bcs ldscs, fklbn`nktn pcr trdodedr d bd fktn`pnrfn. Nb jràc, bd bbuvfd, nb ldbcr, bd sng y bds fklc`cgfgdgns sck bcs lc`pdônrcs `äs dsfgucs gn kunstrds kunstrds snsfckns gn dgfnstrd`fnktc. D vnlns kcs nklcktrdrn`cs dgfnstrdkgc uk pnrrc gn snhurfgdg d bds trns gn bd `dôdkd nk ukd gntnr`fkdgd zckd y d bds sfntn njnltudkgc uk rdstrc nk nb ld`pc. ^k jdltcr jukgd`nktdb d dkdbfzdr ns nb lcklnptc ‒nb acòrn d`fhc g nb pnrrc‐. Gn uk trdtc dgnludgc lck bcs prcpfntdrfcs, lbfnktns y lcbnhds gnpnkgn

hrdk pdrtn gn kunstrc juturc sfnkgc ctrd pdrtn f`pcrtdktn kunstrd prcpfd f`dhnk pnrsckdb. Bd snrfngdg, nguldlfük, acknstfgdg y puktudbfgdg kc sck ludbfgdgns fkkdtds sfkc knlnsdrfds y nbdocrdgds pcr nb prcjnsfckdb pdrd bd ounkd `drlad gn su knhclfc.(Jfhurd 7)

JFH^_D 7 .]drd nb lc`pntfgcr gnpcrtfvc bd ludbfgdg jukgd`nktdb snrä bd ldpdlfgdg gn trdodec nk nqufpc. 1



Wdòfæk bd lckgflfük jàsfld pnrsckdb gnrfvdgd gn bds lckgflfckns nxtnrkds n fkanrnktns db trdodec lck nb pnrrc, snräk bds fgüknds ludkgc kukld fktnrjfnrdk nb gnsdrrcbbc gn bds vdrfdgds tdrnds qun sn kcs prnsnktdk c, db `nkcs, kcs pnr`ftdk nkjrnktdrkcs nk ldsc gn bf`ftdlfckns jàsflds, d bcs coentfvcs `drldgcs.(Jfhurd `drldgcs.(Jfhurd > )

JFH^_D >.Bd rnsfstnklfd jàsfld gnon snr, hnknrdb`nktn, sfn`prn f`pcrtdktn, scorn tcgc sf lcksfgnrd`cs pcr nen`pbc, bd rndbfzdlfük gn uk trdodec gn jfhurdklfd lck trden fktnhrdb d vdrfcs pnrrcs.

\f db pnsc gnb trden dôdgf`cs bd bulad lck bcs dkf`dbns, ldrrnrds, nsqufvds y dgnrnzd`cs tcgc nbbc lck ukd tn`pnrdturd ldburcsd, bbnhdrn`cs d bd lcklbusfük gn qun knlnsftd`cs ukd lckgflfük jàsfld dgnludgd ludkgc trdoded`cs nk ùbtfgfslfpbfkds. Dsf`fs`c bd lccrgfkdlfük `nktdb, ldpdlfgdg `ctcrd y nb snktfgc nspdlfdb rngulfräk bd pcsfofbfgdg gn nstrcpndr uk trdodec gnofgc d jdbbcs psflcjàsflcs. Ctrc jdltcr d tnknr nk lunktd ns nb rfnshc rfnshc gn sujrfr drdôdzcs, drdôdzcs, `crgfslcs c dllfgnktns. Nb dgfnstrdgcr, nspnlfdb`nktn nk bds jfhurdklfds tfnkn nb gnonr gn dsu`fr tcgds nstds lcktfkhnklfds db fhudb qun bcs gn`äs prcjnsfckdbns dsu`nk bds fkanrnktns d su cjflfc. Nstc kc qufnrn gnlfr qun nvftn`cs bds prctnllfckns y tc`n`cs bds gnofgds prnldulfckns qun rnlc`fnkgd nb snktfgc lc`õk. V tdòfæk, tnkfnkgc nk lunktd, qun snrä fknvftdobn dsu`fr ukd prf`nrd snksdlfük gn ‒ snktfrsn gnprngdgcs‐ ludkgc kcs nkjrnktn`cs d bd ocld gn uk

pnrrc. Bd prnpdrdlfük psflcjàsfld y nb lckclf`fnktc gnb dkf`db kcs adräk rndllfckdr pdrd gdr bd rnspunstd `äs dgnludgd d ldgd sftudlfük.

Bcs dgfnstrdgcrns lck lfnrtd nxpnrfnklfd lckclnk bc f`pcrtdktn f `pcrtdktn y jrultàjnrd qun pungn bbnhdr d snr bd pdlfnklfd. Nbbd kcs pungn bbnvdr d ukd nvcbulfük tctdb`nktn gnsndobn gnb dkf`db, `fnktrds bd prfsd frrdlfckdb scbc dldodrä nk `dbcs trdodecs, pærgfgd gn rnbdlfük lck nb pnrrc c d bd kc lcksnlulfük gn coentfvcs jfr`ns y gn lfnrtc kfvnb. 6



]cr ctrd pdrtn, bd ldpdlfgdg gn cosnrvdlfük pnr`ftfrä db dgfnstrdgcr dprnlfdr dgnludgd`nktn bcs jdltcrns qun rcgndk bd nvcbulfük gnb trdodec lctfgfdkc. Fhudb`nktn, ukd ounkd gcsfs gn rnsfstnklfd psàqufld kcs pckgrä d sdbvc gn bds jrustrdlfckns lctfgfdkds qun gnpdrd nb dgfnstrd`fnktc. Gnon`cs nkjrnktdrkcs d bcs prcobn`ds gn bd `dknrd `äs rdlfckdb pcsfobn gdkgc, d ldgd ukc gn nbbcs, bd rnspunstd `äs dgnludgd.(Jfhurd :)

JFH^_D :.]cr õbtf`c fksfstfr ukd vnz `äs, nk `dktnknr `dktnknr nb bfgnrdzhc doscbutc doscbutc nk bd nstrulturd enrärqufld gnb ofkc`fc dgfnstrdgcr - pnrrc.

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WN@D <.- NB NT^FBFO_FC FK\WFKWFZC (@cgnbc gn Bcrnkz). Gnon`cs dprnlfdr nk nstn tn`d, lc`c ‒juklfckd‐ bd `nktn gnb pnrrc y scorn

tcgc nb kfvnb fkstfktfvc gnb dkf`db gn ldrd d su dgfnstrd`fnktc. ]drd nbbc vd`cs dkdbfzdr bc qun Ickrdg Bcrnkz bbd`ü b bd`ü nb @cgnbc psflcafgrdubflc. <.4. @CGNBC ]\FLCAFG_Ä^BFLC GN BC_NKU.

Nb `cgnbc gn nknrhàd gn dllfük nspnlàjfld gn Bcrnkz (46>=) supckn qun bds pdutds jfeds gn lckgultd sn dsclfdk, nk nb tfn`pc, nk hrupcs. Ldgd u kc gn nscs hrupcs sck dltfvdgcs pcr uk jdltcr fktnrkc lcklrntc nk nb sfstn`d knrvfcsc lnktrdb, jdltcr qun rnprnsnktdràd bd dluùbdlfük gn nknrhàd gn dllfük nspnlàjfld pdrd nb hrupc gn pdutds jfeds gn lckgultd qun gnpnkgfnrd gn nsn jdltcr. \nhõk nstn `cgnbc, trds bd rndbfzdlfük gn ukd lfnrtd dhrupdlfük gn pdutds gn lckgultd y gn bd gnsldrhd gn bd nknrhàd d su snrvflfc, æstd lc`nkzdràd d dluùbdrsn gn kunvc lc`c bds hctds gn dhud nk uk gnpüsftc. Lc`c rnsubtdgc gn bd prnsfük gnb dhud dluùbdgd ( nknrhàd gn dllfük nspnlàjfld sfk bfonrdr ) scorn ukd väbvubd gn sdbfgd y gnb pnsc qun dltudrd dorfækgcbd ( nstàùbcs nspnlàjflcs), æstd lngnràd bfonrdkgc nb dhud adlfd ctrc gnpüsftc ( dhrupdlfük gn dltcs) lck crfjflfcs d gfjnrnktns kfvnbns ( pdutds jfeds gn dllfük) (Jfhurd 8 ). ).

@unbbn

Zäbvubd Wcbvd

4i

]nsd

Jfhurd 8

Bd dpbfldlfük prältfld gn nstn `cgnbc lcksfstn nk bd ‒ldrhd gn nknrhàd fkstfktfvd‐ d bd qun sc`ntn`cs db pnrrc dktns gn lc`nkzdr d trdodedr. \f bc sc`ntn`cs d ukd sftudlfük gn prfvdlfgdg, su kfvnb gn ‒fkstfktc‐ lrnlnrä adstd

qun snd ldpdz, pcr sf scbc, gn vnklnr bd prnsfük gn bd väbvubd gn sdbfgd. Nk nsn `c`nktc trdodedrä, d pbnkc rnkgf`fnktc, hdstdkgc su nknrhàd gn dllfük 44



nspnlàjfld pclc d pclc, adstd qun su kfvnb oden d bd acrd gn jfkdbfzdr nb trdodec. Nk nsn `c`nktc, vcbvnrä d bd sftudlfük dktnrfcr y lc`nkzdrä gn kunvc bd ldrhd fkstfktfvd. \f pcr nb lcktrdrfc, trdtd`cs gn trdodedr lck uk pnrrc ofnk lc`fgc, ldksdgc gn euhdr lck nb gunôc y lck tcgcs sus fkstfktcs sdtfsjnlacs, kcs pcgn`cs nklcktrdr lck qun nb dkf`db scbc dlnptdrä bd prnsfük lc`c jcr`d gn `ctfvdlfük. Nk sfhufnktns tn`ds vnrn`cs nb rnstc gn ludbfgdgns qun lc`pbntdräk y jukgd`nktdräk bd nbnllfük dgnludgd gnb pnrrc dptc pdrd nb trdodec. Nb nen`pbdr qun bds rnõkd ludktftdtfvd y ludbftdtfvd`nktn tcgds snràd nb pnrrc lck nb qun tcgcs qunrràd`cs trdodedr. _ndb`nktn nb nstugfc frä gfrfhfgc d bd gntnr`fkdlfük gnb `ætcgc gn trdodec d snhufr lck uk dkf`db qun, nk dbhukcs ldscs dgn`äs gn kc snr kunstrc, gnon`cs dgfnstrdr. <.?. NB D]_NKGFUDEN NK NB ]N__C.

Nk tær`fkcs hnknrdbns sn nktfnkgn pcr dprnkgfzden, ludbqufnr ldòfc nk bd lckgultd gn uk dkf`db, nk ukd sftudlfük gntnr`fkdgd, qun ns dtrfoufobn d su nxpnrfnklfd prnvfd lck nsd sftudlfük c lck ctrd lck bd qun lc`pdrtn lfnrtds ldrdltnràstflds. \n nxlbuynk pcr tdktc, bcs ldòfcs qun sn gnonk d bd dgdptdlfük snkscrfdb, d bd jdtfhd ùslubdr, d pcsfobns gdôcs c d bd `dgurdlfük (Adrræ & Bdò, 461:). ]cgn`cs fktnrprntdr qun uk pnrrc ad dprnkgfgc dbhc, ludkgc cosnrvd`cs uk ldòfc sfhkfjfldtfvc nk su lckgultd pnrc, an`cs gn gfslrf`fkdr nktrn dqunbbcs ldòfcs qun sn gnonk db dprnkgfzden y bcs qun sn pungnk dtrfoufr d ctrds ldusds. \f uk ldlacrrc sn pckn d ousldr lc`fgd nk uk buhdr gntnr`fkdgc, nk nb qun ukds acrds dktns kc bc adlàd, pungn qun sn gnod d qun dacrd nstä `äs adòrfnktc qun dktns y qun bc qun ad ldòfdgc ns su nstdgc `ctfvdlfckdb. \n adk prcpunstc gfvnrsds lbdsfjfldlfckns gn bcs gfstfktcs tfpcs gn dprnkgfzden (Wacrpn, 46:<9 Afkgn, 468=9 @dkkfkh & Gdwifks, 466?). 4.- Dprnkgfzden kc dsclfdtfvc.

Ludkgc gnspuæs gn vdrfds cldsfckns nk bds qun sn nxpckn nb dkf`db d uk nstàùbc, nstn gned gn nbflftdr ukd rnspunstd, sn gfln qun sn ad prcgulfgc ukd adoftudlfük.

]cgn`cs dsnhurdr qun sf bd adoftudlfük nstä tdk nxtnkgfgd nk nb rnfkc dkf`db, gnon tnknr ukd hrdk f`pcrtdklfd ofcbühfld d bd acrd gn gfslrf`fkdr y tc`dr gnlfsfckns dprcpfdgds d ldgd sftudlfük nvftdkgc nb hdstc fkõtfb gn nknrhàd qun f`pbfldràd nb rnspckgnr gn jcr`d rnpntfgd d nstàùbcs qun bd nxpnrfnklfd gnùnstrd qun sck frrnbnvdktns. Gn dquà qun pungd lcksfgnrdrsn kcr`db qun uk pnrrc ecvnk bdgrn d ludbqufnr lcsd (fklbusc d ukd `csld). Ludkgc pdsd d bd 4?



jdsn euvnkfb nb bdgrdr sfk knlnsfgdg scbc f`pbfld uk hdstc gn tfn`pc y scorn tcgc gn nknrhàd sfk cotnknr lcksnlunklfds pcsftfvds. Nb dprnkgfzden tdòfæk pungn ldusdr bd dpdrflfük gn kunvds rnspunstds nk buhdr gn bd nxtfklfük gn dktfhuds. D nstn `nldkfs`c sn bn gnkc`fkd snksfofbfzdlfük. Dsà, uk pnrrc pungn gfrfhfr lfnrtds rnspunstds adlfd uk nstàùbc, prnvfd`nktn knutrdb, gnspuæs gn adonr sfgc nxpunstc d nstàùbcs `ctfvdlfckdb`nktn f`pcrtdktns lc`c nb dbf`nktc (+) c ukd gnsldrhd nbæltrfld (-).

?.- Dprnkgfzden dsclfdtfvc.

\n ldrdltnrfzd pcrqun nb pnrrc dprnkgn d dsclfdr gcs nstàùbcs ukfgcs nk nk nb tfn`pc. Nk nb lckgflfckd`fnktc lbäsflc c ]dubcvfdkc, nb prf`nr nstàùbc ns nb lckgflfckdb (ukd buz, sckfgc ntl..) V nb snhukgc nb fklckgflfckdb (dbf`nktc, dhud c ldrflfds). Nk ldòfc nk nb lckgflfckd`fnktc cpnrdktn c fkstru`nktdb, nb prf`nr sulnsc ns ukd rnspunstd gn lckgultd gnb pnrrc y nb snhukgc, bd lcksnlunklfd qun cotfnkn. (Jfhurd 1)

JFH^_D 1. Wdktc nk ukc lc`c nk ctrc ctrc ldsc, bd lcksnlunklfd sfn`prn snrä rnjcrzdktn.

Bd ldpdlfgdg gn dprnkgnr d trdvæs gn nstcs gcs tfpcs gn lckgflfckd`fnktc, rnsubtd gn hrdk vdbcr dgdptdtfvc pcrqun pnr`ftn db pnrrc adlnr `äs prngnlfobn bc qun clurrn nk su nktcrkc y rnspckgnr lck nb lc`pcrtd`fnktc `ds dgnludgc. Kc costdktn nb lckgflfckd`fnktc cpnrdktn ns nb `necr `ætcgc gn bcs gcs pcrqun pnr`ftn db pnrrc gnsdrrcbbdr ukd hrdk ldpdlfgdg gn ‒fkvnktdr‐. \f dgn`äs, dgn`äs, nb dkf`db, pcsnn pcsnn

lfnrtd ldpdlfgdg lchkftfvd, nb

rnpnrtcrfc pungn du`nktdr nxpcknklfdb`nktn. Nk ctrds pdbdords, hrdlfds db dprnkgfzden dsclfdtfvc, dsclfdtfvc, nb pnrrc pungn fgnktfjfldr rnbdlfckns gn lcktfkhnklfd y rnbdlfckns ldusdbns ldusdbns nktrn dlcktnlf`fnktcs dlcktnlf`fnktcs nxtnrkcs c nktrn su lckgultd y bcs njnltcs qun qun nstd pungd pungd tnknr (vnr Gflifksck, Gflifksck, 461=). <.- Dprnkgfzden bdtnktn.

4<



Nxfstnk cldsfckns nk bds qun uk dkf`db dgqufnrn fkjcr`dlfük gn su nktcrkc sfk knlnsfgdg gn cotnknr ukd rnspunstd lcklrntd n fk`ngfdtd. D nstn tfpc gn dprnkgfzden sn bbd`d bdtnktn. \n sdon qun bd fkjcr`dlfük nstä daà pcrqun, gdgds bds lckgflfckns dprcpfdgds, nb crhdkfs`c adln usc gn nbbd. Kcr`db`nktn sn dgqufnrn pcr nxpbcrdlfük y pungn snr gn uk hrdk vdbcr dgdptdtfvc. Nk bfonrtdg supckgràd, pcr nen`pbc, bd gfjnrnklfd nktrn snr gnprngdgc c kc. (Jfhurd 6)

JFH^_D 6 .Ldsf tcgcs bcs dkf`dbns ùnstrdk prnldulfük jrnktn d bd lcbcrdlfük dpcsn`ätfld c gn dgvnrtnklfd qun nxafonk sus pcsfobns prnsds.

7.- Dprnkgfzden sõoftc.

Wfnkn buhdr ludkgc uk fkgfvfguc ns ldpdz gn rnscbvnr uk prcobn`d sfk rnlurrfr db prclngf`fnktc gn nksdyc y nrrcr . Nk ctrcs tær`fkcs, sn pcgràd gnlfr qun nb pnrrc ns ldpdz gn n`pbndr fkjcr`dlfük, cotnkfgd nk uk lcktnxtc, pdrd rnscbvnr `nktdb`nktn, uk prcobn`d surhfgc nk ctrc lcktnxtc gfjnrnktn. Ludkgc uk dkf`db rnsunbvn ukd sftudlfük räpfgd`nktn, gnofgc d bd nxpnrfnklfd qun ad dgqufrfgc nk bd rnscbulfük gn ctrcs sf`fbdrns, sn gfln qun ad gnsdrrcbbdgc nstrdtnhfds gn dprnkgfzden (bndrkfkhs snts). _ndb`nktn nstds nstrdtnhfds sck gn uk hrdk vdbcr dgdptdtfvc pcrqun dacrrdräk db pnrrc, hrdk ldktfgdg gn tfn`pc nk nb dprnkgfzden qun gn ctrc `cgc, sn pnrgnràd sf tuvfnsn qun rnscbvnr ldgd prcobn`d pcr snpdrdgc.(Jfhurd 4=)

47



JFH^_D 4=. Nk tær`fkcs gn dgfnstrd`fnktc bn scbn`cs bbd`dr d nstn lcklnptc ldpdlfgdg gn rnscbulfük.

>.- Dprnkgfzden sclfdb.

Bcs dkf`dbns qun qun vfvnk nk hrupcs sclfdbns -lc`c nb pnrrcpnrrc- sck ldpdlns gn dprnkgnr gn ctrcs fkgfvfgucs gn su nspnlfn. Ns kcr`db nk bcs prf`dtns dprnkgnr nb usc gn ‒anrrd`fnktds‐ pdrd dbf`nktdrsn n fklbusc, nb us c gn pbdktds `ngflfkdbns. Nk bcs pnrrcs qun vfvnk nk ‒`dkdgd `ds c `nkcs bforns‐

pcgn`cs cosnrvdr lc`c bcs ldlacrrcs qun kc adk sfgc lckgflfckdgcs d uk nstàùbc, rndllfckdk jrnktn d æb, lc`c bc adràdk sus prchnkftcrns. Gn tcgds bds jcr`ds gn dprnkgfzden æb `ds utfbfzdgc pcr sus ounkcs rnsubtdgcs ns nb dsclfdtfvc fkstru`nktdb u cpnrdktn . _ndb`nktn ns nb prnlckfzdgc nk kunstrd Nslunbd dukqun, bühfld`nktn deustdgc d bd ldpdlfgdg gn ldgd fkgfvfguc, d su rdkhc fkgfvfgudb y db gn su rdzd. Nb prcobn`d gnb dgfnst rdgcr sn lc`pbfld ‒sfn`prn‐ ludkgc nk vnz gn utfbfzdr uk rdtük gn bdocrdtcrfc, fkgnjnksc jrnktn d kunstrds `dkfpubdlfckns, sn nkjrnktd lck uk dkf`db qun kc tfnkn ‒kfkhukds hdkds‐ gn sc`ntnrsn d kfkhõk

lckgflfckd`fnktc y qun dgn`äs nstä rnspdbgdgc pcr sus lcb`fbbcs y pcr bcs gn su gunôc. Kc an vfstc kfkhõk pnrrc lcktnktc nb prf`nr gàd qun bn pckn`cs uk lcbbdr y bn cobfhd`cs d dgcptdr ukd ukd pcsturd gn su`fsfük. Lck nb pdsc gnb tfn`pc y sf nb dprnkgfzden d qun ad sfgc sc`ntfgc ns nb lcrrnltc, sn vcbvnrä bclc gn dbnhràd db vnr ‒nb fkstru`nktc gn tcrturd‐ nk kunstrds `dkcs. <.<.D]_NKGFUDEN V @N@C_FD.

Bd fktnbfhnklfd ldkfkd, db fhudb qun nk ùlads ctrds nspnlfns, sn pungn lckjfhurdr lc`c ludbftdtfvd`nktn fhudb d bd kunstrd pnrc ludktftdtfvd`nktn ùy fkjnrfcr. Ludkgc adobd`cs gn fktnbfhnklfd sfn`prn kcs nklcktrd`cs nk bd `fs`d tnsfturd5 ³Tun ns c lc`c pcgàd`cs gnjfkfrbd3. \f auofnsn uk scbc pdtrük pdrd `ngfr nb hrdgc gn fktnbfhnklfd fktrd c fktnr nspnlàjfld, kc tnkgràd`cs prcobn`d d bd acrd gn nsldbdjckdr uk dkf`db, nk su hrdgc fktnbnltudb, rnspnltc d bd nspnlfn au`dkd. 4>



Kunstrd fktnbfhnklfd, lc`pdrdgd d bd gnb pnrrc, ns fhudb pnrc lck uk pnrfcgc nvcbutfvc f`prnsfckdktn d kunstrc jdvcr. Dsà nb dkf`db prnvæ bd lcksnlunklfd gn ukd rnspunstd, dsclfd nstàùbcs, lrnd pdtrckns prcpfcs gn lckgultd y rndbfzd uk `cktük gn snlunklfds odsdgds nk nb `fs`c pdtrük fktnbfhnktn qun uk snr au`dkc. Ludkgc adobd`cs gn dprnkgfzden kc pcgn`cs gnsldrtdr c snpdrdr nb jdltcr `n`crfd lc`c juklfük fktnbnltfvd. Wrdgflfckdb`nktn bcs jfsfübchcs gn bd lckgultd gfstfkhunk gcs tfpcs gn `n`crfd5 d lcrtc pbdzc y `n`crfd d bdrhc pbdzc. _ndb`nktn nstd gfstfklfük sn odsd nk nb tfn`pc qun tdrgd nb dkf`db nk cbvfgdr uk anlac. Bcs prclnscs qun sn rnqufnrnk pdrd qun uk dkf`db pungd rnlcrgdr uk anlac rn lupnrdlfük. pdsdgc sck5 bd lcgfjfldlfük, bd lckscbfgdlfük y bd rnlupnrdlfük. Nk nb prf`nr prclnsc bd fkjcr`dlfük qun sn bn jdlfbftd db pnrrc, pdsd d bd `n`crfd d lcrtc pbdzc. Bd lckscbfgdlfük lcksfstn nk bd trdksjnrnklfd gn nsd fkjcr`dlfük, gnsgn bd `n`crfd d lcrtc pbdzc d bd gn bdrhc pbdzc. Bd rnlupnrdlfük sn prcgulfrä ludkgc nb dkf`db rnqufnrd gn nsd fkjcr`dlfük pdrd rnscbvnr ukd sftudlfük. Nb prclnsc `äs f`pcrtdktn gn bcs trns, d bd acrd gn dgfnstrdr, ns sfk gugd nb gn lckscbfgdlfük. Nk æb fktnrvfnknk vdrfngdg gn acr`ckds y knurctrdks`fscrns. Bd dgrnkdbfkd eunhd uk f`pcrtdktn pdpnb nk bd lckscbfgdlfük gn bcs prclnscs gn dprnkgfzden, gn tdb jcr`d, qun ukd lfnrtd lcklnktrdlfük pbds`ätfld gn hbulcsd, db pdrnlnr jdvcrnlfgd pcr nbbd, ns onknjflfcsd dsà lc`c uk du`nktc du`nktc f`pcrtdktn pungn prcvcldr nb njnltc njnltc lcktrdrfc.(Jfhurd 44)

JFH^_D 44 .Bd lcksnlunklfd prältfld gn bc nxpunstc nxpunstc ns qun ukd dltfvdlfük kcr`db c `ngfd `ngfd gnb sfstn`d knrvfcsc jdlfbftd nb dprnkgfzden dsà lc`c ukd gcsfs dbtd gn nstræs c `fngc gfjflubtd snrfd`nktn bcs prclnscs gn lckscbfgdlfük.

4:



WN@D 7.- \NK\FOFBFGDG, _NL^]N_DLFÜK V L^DBFGDGN\.

Bd snksfofbfgdg y bd ldpdlfgdg gn rnlupnrdlfük sck jdltcrns psflcjàsflcs gnb dkf`db qun nb dgfnstrdgcr gnon pnrlfofr gn jcr`d fk`ngfdtd tnstdkgc c sf`pbn`nktn, trdodedkgc lck nb pnrrc. Bd snksfofbfgdg jàsfld c psàqufld y nb tfn`pc qun nb pnrrc tdrgd nk rnlupnrdrsn gn ukd sftudlfük gn lckjbfltc lck su dgfnstrdgcr, sck bcs jdltcrns gntnr`fkdktns gn bd fktnksfgdg lck qun æstn pcgrä dpbfldr bd prnsfük c nb ldstfhc. Bd prnsfük bd nktnkgn`cs lc`c5 ‒junrzd nenrlfgd scorn nb pnrrc, dktns c gurdktn bd crgnk, pdrd lcksnhufr l cksnhufr nenlulfük y rdpfgnz‐. Nb ldstfhc c nstàùbc dvnrsfvc bc gnjfkfrn`cs lc`c ‒bd lcksnlunklfd knhdtfvd qun rnlfon nb dkf`db lc`c rnsubtdgc g n ukd rnspunstd fkdgnludgd‐. Nk

tær`fkcs lcbcqufdbns nb ldstfhc snrä5 bd lcrrnllfük jàsfld c psàqufld qun rnlfod nb pnrrc dktn ukd ukd jdbtd. Lc`c gnlàd`cs gnlàd`cs dktns, ns ùy f`pcrtdktn lckclnr nb hrdgc gn snksfofbfgdg y bd rnlupnrdlfük gn ldgd nen`pbdr. Ady pnrrcs d bcs qun ukd `frdgd gnb huàd bcs prnsfckd nk su eustd `ngfgd dsà lc`c pdrd nbbcs, nb ldstfhc lcksfstn nk ukd vcz nk tckc äspnrc. ]cr nb lcktrdrfc, uk pnrrc gurc knlnsftdrä ukd prnsfük c uk ldstfhc `äs nxpngftfvc. Ady qufæk fhudbd bd snksfofbfgdg gnb dkf`db d su ldbfgdg. _ndb`nktn nstcs lcklnptcs kc vdk ukfgcs kf sck nxlbuynktns yd qun ady pnrrcs guràsf`cs kc dptcs pdrd nb trdodec dsà lc`c dkf`dbns snksfobns gn ukd ldbfgdg nxlnbnktn. ]cr bc tdktc, ns nb dgfnstrdgcr qufæk gnon dgdptdrsn d bd snksfofbfgdg gnb pnrrc y kc nb pnrrc db dgfnstrdgcr.

Cosnrvn`cs nb hräjflc rnbdtfvc d trns hrdgcs gn snksfofbfgdg5 ]nrrc D. \nksfofbfgdg oded

@àkf`c @äxf`c Ldstfhc

kc djnltd

kc djnltd

Dgnludgc

]nrrc O. \nksfofbfgdg `ngfd.

@àkf`c Ldstfhc @äxf`c

Kc djnltd

Dgnludgc

Wrdu`d

]nrrc L. \nksfofbfgdg dbtd

@àkf`c @äxf`c Ldstfhc

Dgnludgc

Wrdu`d

Fkgnjnksfük 48



Nb pnrrc D tfnkn ùy dbtc nb uòrdb gn pnrlnplfük snkscrfdb y pdrd qun nb ldstfhc psflcjàsflc snd njnltfvc, gnonrä snr `äs junrtn qun pdrd nb pnrrc O c L. \f nsn `fs`c kfvnb nk bd prnsfük c ldstfhc sn n`pbnd lck bcs ctrcs `cgnbcs, nk nb pnrrc O sn fkgulfràd nb trdu`d y nb L pcgràd bbnhdr d bd fkgnjnksfük. Bd ldpdlfgdg gn rnlupnrdlfük pcgn`cs rnprnsnktdrbd dsf`fs`c y gn jcr`d hräjfld, dkdbfzdkgc db pnrrc gn rnlupnrdlfük bnktd y db gn rnlupnrdlfük räpfgd. ]nrrc D. _nlupnrdlfük bnktd. Wrdodec prnsfük

Wrdodec prnsfük _nlupnrdlfük ]nrrc O. _nlupnrdlfük räpfgd.

Wrdodec prnsfük

Wrdodec prnsfük _nlupnrdlfük.

Cosnrvd`cs qun nb pnrrc O knlnsftd `nkcs tfn`pc pdrd rnlupnrdrsn y pcr tdktc, cjrnln `äs lcktfkufgdg nk nb trdodec. Ludkgc snbnllfckd`cs, nstn õbtf`c `cgnbc ns ùy dprnlfdobn d prnlfdobn dukqun nb pnrrc gn rnlupnrdlfük bnktd pcgrä pc grä dbldkzdr sf`fbdrns coentfvcs lck nb trdtc dgnludgc. Ns f`pcrtdktn rnsdbtdr qun nb àkgfln gn snksfofbfgdg kc nstä rnbdlfckdgc lck nb gn rnlupnrdlfük. Dòcs jdltcrns lcklurrnk dbndtcrfd`nktn nk ldgd fkgfvfguc. Fktrnpfgnz.

Ludbfgdg qun rnprnsnktd nb kfvnb gn drrcec c vdbnktàd dktn gntnr`fkdgcs prcobn`ds u costälubcs. Kc gnon`cs lckjukgfr nstn lcklnptc lck nb gn bd lckgultd gnjnksfvd. ^k ldlacrrftc gn lfklc `nsns pungn snr ùy fktræpfgc sfk prnsnktdr dltftugns gnjnksfvds. ]drd cosnrvdr bd fktrnpfgnz gn uk ldlacrrc bc sftud`cs nklf`d gn ukd `nsd dbtd. Ludkgc bc bbd`n`cs pcgrn`cs cotnknr ukd rnjnrnklfd gn lckgultd. Nk nb ldsc gn uk pnrrc dgubtc pcgn`cs adlnrbc lruzdkgc kcsctrcs ukd dlnqufd vfnkgc lc`c sn bds drrnhbd æb. Ns f`pcrtdktn qun sfn`prn adhd`cs ludbqufnr prunod nk sftudlfckns kunvds pdrd nb dkf`db. Bd nspcktdknfgdg pnr`ftfrä, gn nstd jcr`d, uk dkäbfsfs nk nb qun nb dprnkgfzden kc fktrcgulfrä uk jdltcr gn vdrfdofbfgdg. 41



Wnkdlfgdg.

Ns nb djäk c rnsfstnklfd qun cpckn nb pnrrc d dodkgckdr ukd dltfvfgdg qun prnsnktd nxpnltdtfvds gn sdtfsjdlnr uk fkstfktc. ]cr tdktc, bd tnkdlfgdg nstä ùy bfhdgd db kfvnb gn prnsnklfd gnb fkstfktc nvcldgc. Lc`c nen`pbc pcgn`cs lcbcldr ukd pnbctd d bd vfstd gn uk fkgfvfguc lck bd lckgultd gn ldzd ofnk gnsdrrcbbdgd. Nb dkf`db tc`drä ukd dltftug nxpnltdktn y, sf bn f`pngf`cs nb dllnsc, tnkgrn`cs uk fkgfldgcr gn su tnkdlfgdg lcktrcbdkgc nb tfn`pc qun pdsd trdtdkgc gn lcksnhufrbd.

Wn`pbn.

Ns bd ldpdlfgdg gn dgdptdlfük y rnspunstd crhäkfld gnb dkf`db dktn sulnscs fknspnrdgcs. Bds rnspunstds gn fkqufntug, scrprnsd nxlnsfvd c fklbusc `fngc, ludkgc dbhc sn `cgfjfld gn jcr`d rnpnktfkd nk nb äòftc gn su pnrlnplfük snkscrfdb, gnkctd, nk `dycr c `nkcr hrdgc, ukd pcsfobn ldrnklfd gn tn`pbn nk nb pnrrc. ]cr supunstc gnsldrtd`cs bds pdutds gn lckgultd dsclfdgds db H.D.\ c bds rndllfckns hnknrdbns gn n`nrhnklfd qun, bnecs gn supcknr ukd gnjflfnklfd nk su tn`pbn, supcknk lc`c gnlàd`cs, gnlàd`cs, ukds pdutds pdutds gn lckgultd gn uk dbtc vdbcr dgdptdtfvc. ]drd nb kfvnb qun prnsnktd uk fkgfvfguc pcgn`cs njnltudr uk gfspdrc, fktrcgulfr uk coentc kunvc y bbd`dtfvc nk su pnrrnrd ludkgc nstä dusnktn c sf`pbn`nktn, gnedr ldnr dbhc `ntäbflc y sckcrc ludkgc nstä gfstrdàgc. Wcgc bc nxpunstc kc gned gn snr `äs qun nen`pbcs pnrc, kc ldon gugd qun nb tn`pbn, sn pungn pungn prcodr prcodr gn gfvnrsds jcr`ds.(Jfhurd 4?)

JFH^_D 4? .^k pnrrc jdbtc gn tn`pbn sn pungn adlnr fksnksfobn d uk nstàùbc lcklrntc, pcr uk prclnsc gn adoftudlfük pnrc, nk ctrc lcktnxtc dpdrnlnrä nstd gnjflfnklfd rnvnbdkgc su bf`ftdlfük.

_nscbulfük.

46



Bc nstugfd`cs dktnrfcr`nktn lc`c dprnkgfzden sõoftc y ns bd ldpdlfgdg gn gdr scbulfük d uk prcobn`d qun sn bn prnsnktd nk uk lcktnxtc gnslckclfgc. Nstä nstrnlad`nktn bfhdgc d bd fktnbfhnklfd gnb dkf`db. Ns jälfb gn pnrlfofr nk ldlacrrcs y eüvnkns qun kc adk sfgc lcktnkfgcs nk nxlnsc. ]drd tnstdr d pnrrcs sc`ntfgcs d sus sus huàds sn gnonrä prclurdr uk dòfnktn dòfnktn dbnedgc gn nbbcs pdrd nvftdr qun su prnsnklfd pungd fkafofr bcs `nldkfs`cs gn rnspunstd gnb dkf`db dktn prcobn`ds nk lcktnxtcs kcvngcscs. ]drd prcodr uk ldlacrrc sn pungn nktrdr nk uk rnlfktc vdbbdgc y, gnspuæs gn uk pdsnc, sdbtdr y bbd`drbc gnsgn ctrc bdgc `fnktrds cosnrvd`cs su rndllfük. Adstd dquà an`cs dkdbfzdgc db pnrrc gn jcr`d hnkærfld tnkfnkgc nk lunktd bds vfrtugns y ludbfgdgns qun nb dgfnstrdgcr gnon lcksfgnrdr ludkgc snbnllfckd uk pnrrc pdrd ukd gntnr`fkdgd juklfük c ludkgc tnstd uk dkf`db qun ‒pdsd‐ pcr sus `dkcs pdrd snr jcr`dgc.

Gn bc nxpunstc nk nstcs tn`ds sn gnon gngulfr qun kc nxfstnk gcs fkgfvfgucs fhudbns y pcr tdktc, bd `dkfpubdlfük y `ætcgc d snhufr nk nb prclnsc gn dgfnstrd`fnktc, gnonrä deustdrsn db dkäbfsfs fkgfvfgudb. Gnon`cs tnknr nk lunktd dqunbbcs jdltcrns gn vdrfdofbfgdg qun dbtnrdräk bcs rnsubtdgcs gnb nstugfc. Nkjnr`ngdgns, gcbnklfds, jdsns lràtflds gnb gnsdrrcbbc psflcjàsflc, acstfbfgdgns dòfnktdbns, trdu`ds ùy rnlfnktns n fklbusc, fkstfktcs prf`drfcs sdtfsjnlacs, gfstcrsfckdräk nk `nkcr c `dycr hrdgc, bd pnrlnplfük gnb dkdbfstd. Lck nb nstugfc y bd nxpnrfnklfd sn prcjukgfzd nk nb lckclf`fnktc gnb pnrrc y su nktcrkc nvftdkgc, gn nstd jcr`d, scrprnsds y scorn tcgc, rngulfnkgc db `àkf`c, nb jdltcr sunrtn.

?=



WN@D >.- DGD]WDLFÜK N FKJB^NKLFD GNB H. D. \.

Ldgd gàd ns `ds jrnlunktn bd fkstdbdlfük gn pnrrnrds gn dgfnstrd`fnktc c lrfdgnrcs d hrdk nsldbd. Nk ldsf tcgds sn cosnrvd uk nklc`fdobn fktnktc gn lcksnhufr uk kfvnb nbnvdgc gn ofnknstdr gnb pnrrc qun lckbbnvn d bd jdlfbftdlfük gnb trdodec gnb dgfnstrdgcr y d qun nb dkf`d b sn sfnktd ‒lc`c nk ldsd‐. ]nrc ùlacs gn nstcs fktnktcs, f ktnktcs, sn adk odsdgc nk nb nstdobnlf`fnktc gn

ukd dkdbchàd lck kcsctrcs `fs`cs ns gnlfr, pckfækgckcs nk buhdr gnb pnrrc qun nstä nk bd edubd. Gdwifks nk 461= lc`nktdod qun, gngulfr qun uk dkf`db sujrn nkedubdgc, pcrqun kcsctrcs bc adràd`cs nk nsd sftudlfük, pungn bbnhdr d snr tdk ourgc lc`c pnksdr qun uk pnz gnonràd gnonràd dachdrsn nk nb dhud.(Jfhurd 4<)

JFH^_D 4< .Nstn lrftnrfc nstä tdk nxtnkgfgc, nxtnkgfgc, qun dbhukcs dbhukcs jdorfldktns gn pfnksc sn nkldrhdk nkldrhdk gn qun nscs nscs prcgultcs bbnvnk drc`ds dhrdgdobns db cbjdtc au`dkc.

Ludkgc adobäod`cs gnb ldstfhc pcr gcbcr c su`fsfük, an`cs gn tnknr nk lunktd qun tdktc nb `fngc lc`c nb gcbcr u ctrds ctrds jcr`ds gn gn sujrf`fnktc kc clurrnk pcr dzdr c ldprflac `dscqufstd gn bd kdturdbnzd sfkc qun adk sfgc prcgulfgds pcr bd \nbnllfük Kdturdb lc`c `nldkfs`cs dgdptdtfvcs y supcknk ukd vnktded nvcbutfvd tdktc pdrd nb acòrn lc`c pdrd nb pnrrc. ]cr ctrc bdgc, bd pnrlnplfük gn gcbcr c sujrf`fnktc nstä dsclfdgd db sfstn`d knrvfcsc y bcs lc`pcknktns gn nstn sfstn`d sà sck ùy pdrnlfgcs nk dòds nspnlfns. Nstc adln pcsfobn bd fgnd gn qun5 sf ofnk kc sujrf`cs pcr bds `fs`ds ldusds, nb lcklnptc gn gcbcr pungn snr sf`fbdr nktrn acòrn y pnrrc.

Ludkgc uk pnrrc kcs ns nktrnhdgc pdrd su dgfnstrd`fnktc, bühfld`nktn pdsdrä pdsdrä bds prf`nrds acrds c gàds nk kunstrd pnrrnrd. Nsn prf`nr lcktdltc ns jukgd`nktdb nk bd cosnrvdlfük gn bcs lc`pcrtd`fnktcs fkgfldgcrns gn su ofnknstdr. \n adk dpuktdgc trns tfpcs gn lc`pcrtd`fnktc c ldtnhcràds `ntcgcbühflds qun pcgn`cs fkvnstfhdr nk nstn prf`nr pnràcgc gnb dgfnstrd`fnktc. >.4.-]D^WD\ GN LC@]C_WD@FNKWC D\CLFDGD\ DB HD\.

Nk dbhukcs pnrrcs, nb \àkgrc`n Hnknrdb gn Dgdptdlfük (HD\), vd dlc`pdôdgc gn nrnllfük gn pnbc, nxpubsfük gn anlns y crfkd, vcldbfzdlfckns nspnlàjflds, ?4



aufgds y/c dhrnsfckns. D nstd sftudlfük bd bbd`d`cs _ndllfük Hnknrdb gn N`nrhnklfd y `äs qun lc`c uk fkgfldgcr jfdobn gn sujrf`fnktc bd utfbfzdrn`cs pdrd fgnktfjfldr nb njnltc gnsnkldgnkdgcr gnb nstræs nk ludbqufnrd gn bds `dkfpubdlfckns d qun sc`ntd`cs d kunstrcs ‒auæspngns‐.

Bds rndllfckns hnknrdbns gn n`nrhnklfd sck tctdb`nktn gnsndobns pdrd bd supnrvfvnklfd gn ludbqufnr nspnlfn. F`dhfkn`cs qun sc`cs kcsctrcs bcs snlunstrdgcs gn kunstrc achdr n fktrcgulfgcs nk uk ldbdoczc. Kc pcgn`cs, nk kfkhõk `c`nktc, pnksdr qun kcs nklcktrdràd`cs d hustc, rnbdedgcs y nk tctdb dlunrgc lck nb prclngf`fnktc utfbfzdgc pcr kunstrcs snlunstrdgcrns. \fk ldnr nk nb dktrcpc`crjfs`c pcgn`cs dsnhurdr qun ludbqufnr pnrrc sdkc `cstrdrä bds rndllfckns dktnrfcr`nktn gnslrftds. Nb HD\ sn `dkfjnstdrä d tnkcr gnb rdkhc gnb fkgfvfguc y nb tfn`pc qun tdrgn nk gnsdpdrnlnr kcs fkgfldrä bd prngfspcsflfük gnb pnrrc pdrd nb lc`fnkzc gnb dgfnstrd`fnktc. >.?.-LC@]C_WD@FNKWC\ J_^\W_DLFÜK.

D\CLFDGC\

DB

@FNGC,

LCKJBFLWC

C

Nb nstugfc scorn nstds pdutds bc pcgn`cs bbnvdr d ldoc nxpnrf`nktdb`nktn pckfnkgc db dkf`db nk sftudlfckns qun prcvcqunk nstcs nstdgcs n`clfckdbns5 ]rnsnklfd gn uk au`dkc `dlac y dbtc 0 `fngc. Lcbcldr dbf`nktc jrnktn d uk `cgnbc dhrnsfvc 0 lckjbfltc. F`pngfrbn dllnsc d uk dbf`nktc vfsfobn 0 jrustrdlfük.

]drd nstn nxpnrf`nktc an`cs gn tnknr nk lunktd qun ns prnjnrfobn lcktdr lck d`fhcs gnb snxc `dslubfkc qun pcstnrfcr`nktn kc vunbvdk d tnknr rcln lck nb pnrrc. \f cosnrvd`cs bd `dhkftug gn bcs lckjbfltcs gnslrftcs gurdktn rnpntflfckns nk uk pnràcgc kc supnrfcr d gcs gàds, tnkgrn`cs uk fkgfldgcr ldsf jfdobn gn bc qun nb pnrrc vd d snktfr nk ldgd `c`nktc gn bds snsfckns pcstnrfcrns gn dgfnstrd`fnktc. ]cgn`cs nklcktrdrkcs lck rdzds n fkgfvfgucs luycs lc`pcrtd`fnktcs dsclfdgcs sndk tctdb`nktn gfspdrns nk ludktc d su nxtnrfcrfzdlfük. Bd ngdg, bd nxpnrfnklfd gnb dkf`db, su dprnkgfzden prnvfc, snxc y rdzd snräk jdltcrns gn vdrfdofbfgdg d bd acrd gn nstdobnlnr uk ‒pdtrük prcpfc gnb dgfnstrdgcr‐. \n knlnsftdk ùlacs pnrrcs nstugfdgcs y dgfnstrdgcs

pcstnrfcr`nktn pdrd gnlfgfr gn uk vfstdzc su dltftug pdrd nb trdodec.

Bcs rnsubtdgcs gn nstd gngfldlfük gfstfkhufräk db ounk dgfnstrdgcr gnb djflfckdgc. Xccg-Husa nk Nbn`nkts cj Ntacbchy (461<) gnslrfon vdrfcs tfpcs gn lc`pcrtd`fnktc gnktrc gn nstd ldtnhcràd5 - Dltfvfgdgns gn fktnrruplfük. Bd bf`pfnzd gnb pnbc, gnsldksdr n fklbusc gcr`fr sck dltfvfgdgns gn fktnrruplfük ùy kcr`dbns y qun pungnk dpdrnlnr tdòfæk nk sftudlfckns gn jrustrdlfük. ??



- Dltfvfgdgns rngfrfhfgds. ]cgn`cs cosnrvdr lü`c dbhukcs pnrrcs gnrfvdk su fkstfktc dhrnsfvc adlfd uk coentc ludkgc, rndb`nktn, qunrràdk adlnrbc scorn kunstrd pnrsckd. - @cvf`fnktcs gn fktnklfük. Nb fkgfvfguc bbnvd d ldoc sübc bd pdrtn fkflfdb gnb

gfspbdy gn ukc gn bcs tfpcs gn lckgultd qun nktrdk nk lckjbfltc. Ns ùy kcr`db, pcr tdktc, qun `cktnk uk ‒dtdqun jfkhfgc‐ qun dldon nk ukd aufgd.

- Dbtnrkdklfd. Nb pnrrc sn dprcxf`d y auyn, dbtnrkdtfvd`nktn, gn bd junktn gn lckjbfltc. D nstn tfpc gn lckgultd pungnk fr dsclfdgds bds dòfvdbnktns y gn lc`prc`fsc, ùy sf`fbdrns d bd dktnrfcr. Dltfvfgdgns nk vdlàc. Bd jrustrdlfük pungn bbnvdr d bcs dkf`dbns d rndbfzdr

lckgultds sfk qun bcs nstàùbcs qun bds gnsnkldgnkdk nstæk prnsnktns. Ns kcr`db cosnrvdr pnrrcs qun dpdrnktdk lc`nr nk ukd nslugfbbd vdlàd gn dbf`nktc. >.<.- LC@]C_WD@FNKWC\ DKC_@DBN\.

\nhõk Jcx (46:1) sck dllfckns pnrsfstnktns y kc gnsndobns qun dpdrnlnk nk ukd `fkcràd gn bd pcobdlfük, qun kc sck prcvcldgds pcr kfkhõk gdôc gnb sfstn`d knrvfcsc y qun sn hnknrdbfzdk `äs dbbä gn bd sftudlfük qun crfhfkdb`nktn bds prcvclü. Kcr`db`nktn sck `db bbd`dgcs ‒vflfcs‐. Nb

`cvf`fnktc gn sdlugfgd gn bd ldonzd gnb pnrrc, bcs lcktfkucs pdsncs lck nb `fs`c trdynltc n, fklbusc, nb fktnktc rnftnrdtfvc gn `crgnrsn bd lcbd gnonk dgvnrtfrkcs gn gn qun kcs nklcktrd`cs nklcktrd`cs jrnktn d uk nstnrnctfpc fkgfldgcr gn ukd lckgultd dkcr`db.(Jfhurd 47)

JFH^_D 47.Nb pnrrc fgndb pdrd `fsfckns `fsfckns gn snhurfgdg y gnjnksd, nstdrä gnjfkfgc gnjfkfgc gnktrc gn bcs pcsnngcrns pcsnngcrns gn td`dôc `ngfdkc, hrdk dhfbfgdg, vdbcr y tnkdlfgdg, dgn`äs gn uk junrtn fkstfktc `crgngcr y gnsnc fkkdtc gn buladr pcr bd pcsnsfük gn bd prnsd, tfrdr d `dtdr y snktfgc gn vfhfbdklfd gn bd prcpfngdg c gnb nkn`fhc. nkn`fhc.

?<



Bbd`d`cs nstnrnctfpc d uk gfspbdy gn `cvf`fnktcs rnpntfgc y rnbdtfvd`nktn fkvdrfdobn qun sn rndbfzd sfk kfkhõk prcpüsftc dpdrnktn. Bd gfjnrnklfd nktrn uk nstnrnctfpc fkgfldgcr gn ukd lckgultd dkcr`db y nb gn ukd jrustrdlfük c `fngc, pungn snr ùy sutfb y sübc uk ounk nspnlfdbfstd pungn gfstfkhufr sf nb pnrrc rndbfzd ukd rndllfük hnknrdb gn n`nrhnklfd (tctdb`nktn gnsndobn pdrd su supnrvfvnklfd) c rndb`nktn prnsnktd ukd lckgultd dkcr`db qun ady qun lcrrnhfr

?7



WN@D :.-DGFN\W_D@FNKWC LFNKWÀJFLC. NKGCHD@FD V ZD_FDOFBFGDG.

Zf`cs nk nb tn`d 4 gn Lràd y snbnllfük lc`c odsäkgcsn nk nkgchd`fds, sn adoàdk lckstftufgc bcs pdtrckns gn rdzd dltudb`nktn vfhnktns. ]cstnrfcr`nktn, bds lc`fsfckns gn lràd gn bcs gfstfktcs lbuons d`pbàdk, c fktnktdk d`pbfdr, bd snbnllfük gn nen`pbdrns rnprcgultcrns nk odsn d bd cotnklfük gn ukd gfs`fkulfük nk su tdsd gn nkgchd`fd. Nktfnkgc qun, pdrd nb nstdobnlf`fnktc gn ukd rdzd, sn dlugd d bd nkgchd`fd lc`c jdltcr snbnltfvc pnrc ukd vnz cotnkfgc su pdtrük, bd vdrfdofbfgdg gnon fr du`nktdkgc ‒tcgc bc qun snd pcsfobn‐.

]bdktnæ`ckcs nb prcobn`d gnsgn nb puktc gn vfstd ntcbühflc. Bds nkgchd`fds, d bds qun sn vnk dvcldgds ùlads rdzds ns pcsfobn qun jdvcrnzldk d ukd nbftn gn lrfdgcrns qun lcktrcbdk nb jdltcr lrn`dtàstflc gnb `nrldgc pnrc kukld d ukd nspnlfn dukqun snd gc`æstfld. Bd nxfstnklfd gn dbnbcs rnlnsfvcs pungn trdnr lc`c lcksnlunklfd, sf n`pdrnedk gcs pcrtdgcrns, bd jfedlfük gn uk `db ldrältnr lrc`csc`ätflc. ³Tufæk euzhd c gntnltd nsd tdrd 3 ³]cgn`cs dsnhurdr qun nsd tdrd kc sn pckgrä gn `cgd3 ³\c`cs bcs lrfdgcrns nxpnrtcs nk hnkætfld c lckclngcrns, tdk sfqufnrd, gnb @nkgnbfs`c3 ³Kc dldtdrn`cs lc`c gcltrfkd bc qun rndb`nktn ns ukd `dkàd gn dbhufnk kc prnpdrdgc pnrc lck ukd hrdk gcsfs gn pcgnr jältflc3 Bd rnspunstd bd tfnkn bd kdturdbnzd qun gctd d bds anòrds, gn ldsf tcgcs bcs `d`àjnrcs, gn uk `nldkfs`c gn prctnllfük gn su `äs junrtn fkvnrsfük, nb üvubc. ^k `dlac pungn nqufvcldrsn pcrqun bn scord nspnr`d pnrc ukd anòrd scbc tfnkn ukcs ludktcs üvubcs nk gcs lflbcs nstrdbns y ¡nbbd sf ousldrä nb `necr pdgrn pdrd sus afecs!. \nbnllfckdrä ldrdltnrns gn gc`fkdklfd y pnrjnllfük jàsfld (_conrtsck, 4686) c ldpdlfgdg gn supnrvfvnklfd y cotnklfük gn rnlurscs (Znrknr & Xfbsck, Xfbsck, 46::). 46::). Gdgc qun bd anòrd gn nstd nspnlfn kc nstä nk bfonrtdg gnon`cs snr kcsctrcs bcs qun vnbn`cs pcr su ]rclnsc gn N`pdrned`fnktc ousldkgc bd vdrfdofbfgdg lc`c nbn`nktc dgdptdtfvc y pnbgdôc nvcbutfvc. (Jfhurd 4>)

JFH^_D 4>.Bd snbnllfük gnb juturc sn`nktdb sn`nktdb gnonrä hufdrsn pcr bcs pdrä`ntrcs, pdrä`ntrcs, y nk nstn crgnk gn5 sdbug,

ldrältnr, y nstætfld lcklnptcs pdrnlfgcs, d bc qun nk bfonrtdg, rnsu`fràd`cs lc`c Dptftug.

?>



Ldrd db dgfnstrd`fnktc bd lcksdkhufkfgdg gn kunstrcs nen`pbdrns kc jdvcrnln kfkhõk ldrältnr gn su pctnklfdb nspnlàjflc, ns `äs, yc djfr`dràd qun nktcrpnln su dpdrnlf`fnktc. Wcgcs bcs nxpnrf`nktcs njnltudgcs nk gfstfktds nspnlfns dpuktdk d qun uk dbtc hrdgc gn lcksdkhufkfgdg gfs`fkuyn bd dptftug gn bcs fkgfvfgucs, c bc qun ns bc `fs`c, f`pfgn bd nvcbulfük gn bd nspnlfn. :.4. GF\L_F@FKDLFÜK ]_N@FC LD\WFHC.

^kd gn bds odsns gnb dgfnstrd`fnktc ns bd gfslrf`fkdlfük pcr pdrtn gnb pnrrc, gnb prn`fc y gnb ldstfhc. @ulads vnlns kunstrc nstræs d bd acrd gn dgfnstrdr, nb knrvfcsfs`c qun prcguln nb lckgflfckd`fnktc gn kunstrc d`fhc c sf`pbn`nktn kunstrc nstdgc dkà`flc, kcs bbnvd d prn`fdr y/c ldstfhdr sfk qun nb ‒dbu`kc‐ nktfnkgd kunstrd dllfük. Znd`cs lc`c nen`pbc hräjflc bd

sfhufnktn snlunklfd.

\f d ukd dllfük lcrrnltd lcrrnspckgn uk prn`fc, d ukd fklcrrnltd lcrrnspckgnrä ukd lcrrnllfük c ldstfhc. 4.- ]DN\@FCH ?.- ]_N@WFHC <.- ]_N@FC LD\WFHC

Nk bds sftudlfckns 4 y ? qun rnprnsnktdk bd jdbtd gn gfslrf`fkdlfük pcr pdrtn gnb dkf`db nktrn nb prn`fc y nb ldstfhc, nstn qungdrä tctdb`nktn lckjukgfgc pdrd tnr`fkdr prnsnktdkgc ukd lckgultd dkcr`db gnb tfpc knurcsfs c ofnk ‒`dscqufstd‐ lrndgds pcr bd jdbtd gn fktnrvdbc nktrn prn`fc y ldstfhc.

Bd sftudlfük < rnprnsnktd bd lbdrfgdg nk bd gfjnrnklfdlfük nktrn prn`fc y ldstfhc nk nb `c`nktc dgnludgc y d tnkcr gn ukd rnspunstd lbdrd pcr pdrtn gnb dprnkgfz. \f prn`fd`cs y lcrrnhf`cs lck nb `fs`c tckc gn vcz vnrn`cs lck qun jdlfbfgdg nb pnrrc dldod lckjukgfnkgc bcs gcs lcklnptcs. ]cr nb lcktrdrfc, bcs tckcs ofnk gfjnrnklfdgcs hdrdktfzdk ukd dgnludgd lc`prnksfük. Dsf`fs`c bcs sckfgcs ckc`dtcpæyflcs gnonk snr utfbfzdgcs d kunstrc jdvcr. Ldsf tcgcs bcs pnrrcs congnlnk `necr d pdbdords nktrn bds qun sn nklunktrnk bds bntrds I, LA, Ô y _.. Ns f`prnslfkgfobn qun nb rnjunrzc sulngd fk`ngfdtd`nktn d bd rnspunstd lck bd jfkdbfgdg gn qun dòcs sulnscs qungnk dsclfdgcs. Bd kc gfslrf`fkdlfük gnb prn`fc y nb ldstfhc, pungn bbnvdr db pnrrc d bd knurcsfs nxpnrf`nktdb. ]dubcv yd trdodeü lck pnrrcs nk sus læbnorns ?:



nxpnrf`nktcs lck bcs rnjbnecs lckgflfckdgcs. Nstcs sn jcr`dodk ludkgc nb dkf`db rnlfoàd ukd rnlc`pnksd db rnspckgnr lck uk `cvf`fnktc gn pdtd db nstàùbc prcvcldgc pcr bd dpdrflfük gn ukd `dklad lfrlubdr gn buz. Nrd ldstfhdgc sf rnspckgàd d ukd nbàptfld y, ukd vnz dprnkgfgd bd gfslrf`fkdlfük, bd `dklad nbàptfld sn fod adlfnkgc, nk fktnktcs sulnsfvcs, ldgd vnz `äs lfrlubdr. l frlubdr. Bbnhdod nb `c`nktc nk qun nb pnrrc kc pcgàd gfslrf`fkdr y nktrdod nk ukd sftudlfük gn lckjbfltc prcbckhdgc qun bn bbnvdod d bd dhftdlfük vfcbnktd, bd dltfvfgdg gn fktnrruplfük c d bd nkjnr`ngdg d lcrtc pbdzc. Ns tctdb`nktn knlnsdrfc qun nb dkf`db kcs nklunktrn rnbdedgcs d bd acrd gn trdodedr, kcs nktfnkgd nk kunstrd dltudlfük y scorn tcgc qun gfslrf`fkn kunstrd dbnhràd pcr bd dllfük lcrrnltd gn kunstrc nkjdgc pcr ukd `dbd rnspunstd. Gnon`cs `cgubdr kunstrd vcz gn tdb jcr`d qun kukld bd nbnvn`cs nk nb `c`nktc gn crgnkdr. Kunstrc pnrrc kc ns scrgc y ns ùlac `necr lckgflfckdrbc lck kunstrds ürgnkns ürgnkns nk tckc odec y d`fhdobn d`fhdobn qun d hrftcs y `dbau`crdgc. \f bc adln`cs nk vcz oded vnrn`cs qun ukd sf`pbn suofgd gn tckc prcvcld nk nb pnrrc ukd dltftug gn ldstfhc.(Jfhurd 4: )

JFH^_D 4: .Odec kfkhõk lcklnptc gnon`cs utfbfzdr bds ürgnkns lc`c ‒vclns gn ldstfhc‐ sfkc lc`c vcldobcs prckuklfdgcs nk tckc sudvn y gn oded fktnksfgdg.

:.?. N\T^N@D GN DGT^F\FLFÜK GN AÄOFWC.

An`cs vfstc nk tn`ds dktnrfcrns ukd snrfn gn lcklnptcs knlnsdrfcs pdrd prdltfldr uk dgfnstrd`fnktc lfnktàjflc. D pdrtfr gn dacrd, nktrd`cs nk bd jcr`d gn dgfnstrdr prältfld y utfbfzdkgc bd lfnklfd d kunstrc jdvcr. Dktns gn lc`nkzdr d dgfnstrdr gnon`cs tnknr ùy nk lunktd bd `dgurnz gn kunstrc dbu`kc, sus lckgflfckns jàsflds, su hrdgc gn pnrlnplfük db gcbcr jàsflc ?8



y n`clfckdb, su snxc, ldrältnr, snksfofbfgdg, ldpdlfgdg gn rnlupnrdlfük y tcgds dqunbbds ldrdltnràstflds qun adstd dacrd an`cs nstugfdgc. Znrn`cs `ds dgnbdktn dgnbdktn bds jdsns nk qun gnon`cs gnon`cs gfvfgfr kunstrc pbdk gn dgfnstrd`fnktc. Bd prf`nrd, lc`c vnräk, ns bd jdsn gn dprnkgfzden pcr `ctfvdlfük. Adstd dacrd, nb pnrrc kc sdon kdgd gn bc qun bn vd`cs d pngfr, ns gnlfr, sdon snktdrsn pnrc kc ludkgc qunrd`cs kcsctrcs qun bc adhd y `nkcs dõk, lck ukd crgnk. Kc ns nb `c`nktc gn prnsfckdrbc sfkc gn lcksnhufr qun nb dgfnstrd`fnktc snd uk eunhc `ctfvdgc. \f bc adln`cs ofnk, vnrn`cs lc`c du`nktd bd rnbdlfük qun tnkàd adstd dacrd lck kcsctrcs. ^tfbfzdrn`cs pdrd nstd jdsn gn dprnkgfzden bd Dgqufsflfük gn aäoftc lc`c anrrd`fnktd lc`õk pdrd bd lc`prnksfük gn ludbqufnr crgnk. Nstd jcr`d gn `cbgnd`fnktc nstä odsdgd nk nb lckgflfckd`fnktc cpnrdktn. Nk nb nsqun`d qun sn nxpckn d lcktfkudlfük gfstfkhuf`cs lbdrd`nktn trns obcquns5 -

Nb gn lcktnxtc Nb gn rnspunstd gnb dkf`db Nb gn lcksnlunklfd (prn`fc c ldstfhc).

F`dhfkn`cs qun vd`cs d trdodedr trdodedr lck bd crgnk gn ¡Euktc!. Gnon`cs Gnon`cs trdzdrkcs uk nsqun`d gn trdodec qun hnknrdbfzdrn`cs nk su `c`nktc, d tcgds bds ürgnkns gn ludbqufnr gfslfpbfkd. Nb sfhufnktn nsqun`d kcs dyugdrä d kc cbvfgdr ludbqufnr lcklnptc qun fktrcguzld uk hrdgc gn vdrfdofbfgdg nk nb `ætcgc gn trdodec.

¡Euktc!

Lcktnxtc

_nspunstd

]rfvdlfgdg gn eunhc, dbf`nktc, ldrflfds

-\n pnhd d bd pfnrkd.

Lcksnlunklfd -

Ldrflfd, dbf`nktc, eunhc c dbfvfc.

-Kc nenlutd

- ]rfvdlfgdg c ldstfhc ldstfhc

Dyugd

?1



Nb prf`nr obcqun snrä nb rnsubtdgc gnb nstugfc gn fkstfktcs prnbf`fkdr db lc`fnkzc gn bd jdsn gn nksnôdkzd. Lck æb sdorn`cs sf nb pnrrc ad gn snr rnlc`pnksdgc lck ukc c vdrfcs gn bcs nbn`nktcs rnjcrzdgcrns. ^kfgd d bd pdbdord gn5 ¡Euktc! Frä bd dyugd qun pungn lcksfstfr nk uk tfrük gnb lcbbdr. Bd lcrrnllfük c dusnklfd gn bd rnspunstd kcs `drldrä bd lcksnlunklfd nxprnsdgd nk nb õbtf`c obcqun. ]drd lc`nkzdr bd snlunklfd f`dhfkn`cs qun kunstrc pnrrc vd d snr prn`fdgc lck ukds ldrflfds y ldstfhdgc lck uk tfrük gnb lcbbdr. ]drd kc fktrcgulfr vdrfdobns nk nb Lcktnxtc, tnkgrn`cs db pnrrc sfk euhdr y sfk dldrflfdr adstd qun nb dkf`db lc`fnkln su snsfük gn dgfnstrd`fnktc (frä ldrhdkgc nknrhàd gn dllfük nspnlàjfld nk jcr`d gn ldrflfd. Znr `cgnbc gn Bcrnkz). Gdrn`cs bd crgnk gn euktc y bn fktrcgulfrn`cs bd dyugd9 uk tfrük adlfd kcsctrcs gnb lcbbdr. Nktrd`cs nk nb obcqun gn _nspunstd y bc `äs snhurc ns qun nb dkf`db kc sn pnhun d kunstrd pfnrkd. Zcbvn`cs d crgnkdr Euktc y dyugd`cs lck bd lcrrnd. Dktns gn trns c ludtrc rnpntflfckns bc adorä anlac. Nk nsn `c`nktc y sfk pdusd gn tfn`pc, dldrflfd`cs y euhd`cs gurdktn 4= ü 4? snhukgcs. (Jfhurd 48)

JFH^_D 48 . Ns ùy f`pcrtdktn qun nb dkf`db sn sfnktd rnlc`pnksdgc ‒fk`ngfdtd`nktn‐ d qun sn prcguzld bd rnspunstd dgnludgd.

Zcbvn`cs d crgnkdr Euktc y d dldrflfdr nk ludktc sn pnhun db pdktdbük. Kc gnon`cs sdturdr db dkf`db lck nxlnsfvds rnpntflfckns y scorn tcgc, kc gnon`cs trdtdr gn nksnôdr nk ukd `fs`d snsfük `äs gn ukd crgnk. Dsà `fs`c, kukld gnon`cs pdsdr d ctrd crgnk adstd qun bd dktnrfcr kc adyd qungdgc pnrjnltd`nktn nktnkgfgd pcr kunstrc dbu`kc. Bds ürgnkns kukld gnonk rnpntfrsn, ns gnlfr, scbc sn bd gdrn`cs ukd vnz y bunhc, lck prn`fcs c ldstfhcs, rnjcrzdr bd lckgultd yd qun, pcr supunstc, kunstrc pnrrc kc ns scrgc y sf sn dlcstuòrd d qun sn bd rnpftd`cs ukd y ctrd vnz, tnkgrn`cs prcobn`ds nk bd sfhufnktn jdsn. Kcr`db`nktn bd nxlnplfük qun lckjfr`d nstd rnhbd ns bd crgnk gn Euktc.(Jfhurd 41)

?6



JFH^_D 41.^kd vnz qun nktfnkgd qun Euktc sfhkfjfld pnhdrsn pnhdrsn db pdktdbük, lc`nkzdrn`cs lc`nkzdrn`cs d dkgdr y ldòfdr ldòfdr gn rft`c prn`fdkgc nb qun nb dkf`db kc sn snpdrn gn kunstrc bdgc.

Wcgds bds ürgnkns sn nksnôdk lck nstn `fs`c nsqun`d y kc gnon`cs vdrfdr pdrd nbbc kf nb obcqun gn Lcktnxtc kf nb gn Lcksnlunklfd ukd vnz gnldktdgcs adlfd nb prn`fc y nb ldstfhc qun vd`cs d utfbfzdr. \cbc vdrfdrn`cs bd fktnksfgdg gn nbbcs d tnkcr gn bd gfjflubtdg gn bd crgnk.

NK N\WD JD\N KC GNON@C\ O^\LD_ ]_NLF\FÜK NK BD NENL^LFÜK. \CBC W_DWD@C\ GN ‒NK\NÔD_‐ BD\ Ü_GNKN\. NB ]N__C DAC_D, N\WÄ W_DODEDKGC D LD@OFC GN E^NHC.

<=



WN@D 8.-DGFN\W_D@FNKWC LFNKWÀJFLC. N\T^N@D \NL^NKLFDB.

Nstn nsqun`d, qun nxpckhc d lcktfkudlfük, adln rnjnrnklfd gfrnltd d bd dg`fkfstrdlfük gnb rnjunrzc pcsftfvc lck rnbdlfük db kõ`nrc gn vnlns qun sn bflftd ukd rnspunstd lcrrnltd pcr pdrtn gnb pnrrc. Ns uk sfstn`d gn lckgflfckd`fnktc qun jcrtdbnln bd nxpnltdtfvd gnb pnrrc pcr rnlfofr uk prn`fc c bfonrdlfük. D ukd dllfük lcrrnltd, uk prn`fc - D -D gcs dllfckns lcrrnltds, uk prn`fc. -D trns dllfckns lcrrnltds, uk prn`fc. -D ludtrc dllfckns lcrrnltds, uk prn`fc. D ukd dllfük lcrrnltd, lcrrnltd, uk prn`fc. - D -D lfklc dllfckns lcrrnltds, uk prn`fc. -D snfs dllfckns lcrrnltds, uk prn`fc.

Nk bds prf`nrds snsfckns gn dgfnstrd`fnktc, sfn`prn sfn `prn sn prn`fd ukd dllfük lcrrnltd, pnrc ludkgc nb pnrrc lckcln nb nenrlflfc pungn ldnr nk nb tngfc. Ns nb `c`nktc gn fktrcgulfr nstn sfstn`d gn lckgflfckd`fnktc gn `dknrd qun dpdrnzld bd fktnksfgdg y bd nxpnltdtfvd yd qun nb dkf`db sdon qun sn bn vd d prn`fdr pnrc kc nb kõ`nrc gn rnspunstds lcrrnltds qun adlnk jdbtd pdrd nbbc Nb nen`pbc qun pckhc kc ns gnjfkftfvc yd qun gnon vdrfdr lcktfkud`nktn rc`pfnkgc bd snlunklfd gn jcr`d dbndtcrfd. Bd fktnbfhnklfd gn ldgd dkf`db qun dgfnstrn`cs kcs `drldrä bd jrnlunklfd gn ldòfc gnb nsqun`d qun gnon`cs dpbfldr. Dsà, ady pnrrcs qun sck ldpdlns gn dprnkgnrsn nb nsqun`d dktnrfcr nk gcs tdrgns gn trdodec y ctrcs qun ed`äs ed`äs lcksnhufràdk dvnrfhudr ludkgc sn bn vd d prn`fdr dukqun trdodeäsn`cs tcgc nb dgfnstrd`fnktc lck nb `fs`c nsqun`d. 8.4. BFO_C GNB @DN\W_FBBC

Dktns gn nktrdr nktrdr nk bds Jdsns gnb dgfnstrd`fnktc dgfnstrd`fnktc y supckfnkgc qun nb dbu`kc yd ad lc`nkzdgc d dgfnstrdr, qufnrc gdrbns dbhukd ‒rnlntd‐ qun nk su

`c`nktc bbd`æ nb bforfbbc gnb `dnstrfbbc.

4.- Kc scornpdsn bcs vnfktn `fkutcs gn lbdsn pcrqun nb pnrrc tfnkgn d sdturdrsn y pnrgnr fktnræs pcr nb prn`fc. ?.- Gurdktn bd lbdsn nb dkf`db kc gnon pnrgnr bd lcklnktrdlfük, kf cbnr ctrds lcsds qun kc sndk su `dkc, kf gngfldrsn d ‒lc`nr afnrod‐, kf `frdr d uk hdtc bnedkc. \übc

gnon nstdr dtnktc d ustng, pdrd bc qun ns knlnsdrfc qun bc `ctfvn.

<.- Ludkgc nb pnrrc gc`fkn ukd crgnk kunvd, kc dbdrhun bd lbdsn, fktnrrõ`pdbd pdrd qun nb dkf`db sn vdyd pnksdkgc pnksdkgc qun bc ad anlac ofnk. ofnk. \f adln bc lcktrdrfc, tnr`fkdr tnr`fkdr <4



pcrqun kc dldod gn lc`prnkgnr, nb pnrrc sn bds fkhnkfdrä pdrd sfùbdr db gàd sfhufnktn qun fhkcrd tctdb`nktn bc dprnkgfgc. 7. - \nd nxtrn`dgd`nktn pdlfnktn y, scorn tcgc, nstæ trdkqufbc gurdktn bds lbdsns. Bd `necr dgfnstrdgcrd qun lckczlc ns ukd ùenr fkqufntd qun trdks`ftn su knrvfcsfs`c db dbu`kc. ]drd lcrrnhfr nsn prcobn`d rndbfzd nenrlflfcs gn ychd vnfktn `fkutcs dktns gn lc`nkzdr d dgfnstrdr qun, lc`c nbbd gfln, bd dyugdk d nktrdr nk nb ld`pc gn trdodec ‒sudvn lc`c bd sngd‐.

>.- Ludkgc gæ ukd crgnk, nspnrn d qun sn lu`pbd gn ukd jcr`d u ctrd, kc pfnksn qun pcr rnpntfrbd rnpntfrbd nb pnrrc bd vd d lu`pbfr `necr.(Jfhurd `necr.(Jfhurd 46 )

JFH^_D 46.Kc sn lrnd qun nb pnrrc kc bn bn cyn, sf`pbn`nktn kc qufnrn qufnrn nsluladrbn.

:.- Aäobnbn nk vcz oded d su dbu`kc, ldsf nk susurrcs. Nb pnrrc ns uk drtfstd gnb càgc y d bd gfstdklfd d bd qun sn nklunktrdk, tnkhd pcr snhurc qun cyn adstd su rnspfrdlfük. \f bn adobd`cs kcr`db`nktn odec, nb gàd qun qunrd`cs f`pcknrkcs bc pcgn`cs adlnr du`nktdkgc bfhnrd`nktn nb tckc gn vcz. 8.- Kc ldstfhun lck bds ürgnkns punstc qun æstds gnonk gdrsn sfn`prn nk tckc d`dobn9 fkvnktn dbhc qun kc tnkhd kdgd qun vnr lck ukd crgnk. 1.- \f su pnrrc adln ukd trdstdgd, kc bc bbd`n pdrd ldstfhdrbc, dträpnbc sfk adobdr, pdrd rnprf`frbc lc`c ustng lcksfgnrn cpcrtukc. \f bc bbd`d pdrd gnspuæs ldstfhdrbc kukld bbnhdrä d tnknr nb lcktrcb knlnsdrfc nk ukd crgnk tdk f`pcrtdktn lc`c bd bbd`dgd.



8.?. DGFN\W_D@FNKWC NK W_N\ JD\N\.

]drd qun nb dgfnstrd`fnktc jcr`db gnb pnrrc nstæ sübfgd`nktn sustnktdgc, ns knlnsdrfc gfvfgfr nb prclnsc nk trns jdsns. 4ª D]_NKGFUDEN ]C_ @CWFZDLFÜK. ?ª W_DODEC ]C_ COBFHDLFÜK. <ª W_DODEC @CWFZDGC LCKCLFNKGC BD COBFHDLFÜK .

Nstn sfstn`d hbcodb pnr`ftn bd dg`fkfstrdlfük gn gfvnrsds tælkflds pdrtflubdrns y ns dptc pdrd ludbqufnr tfpc gn dgfnstrd`fnktc. ]_F@N_D JD\N. D]_NKGFUDEN ]C_ @CWFZDLFÜK. Lc`c sn nstugfü nk nb nb dktnrfcr tn`d, gfjnrnklfd`cs bd nksnôdkzd y nb trdodec lc`c lcklnptcs gfstfktcs.

Nk nstd prf`nrd jdsn sn prclngn d bd nksnôdkzd y, pdrd qun nb dbu`kc prnstn tcgc su fktnræs, ns knlnsdrfc qun su nstdgc `ctfvdlfckdb snd nb dgnludgc. Nb pnrrc vd d ldòfdr nenrlflfcs y rnscbulfük gn prcobn`ds pcr rnjunrzcs pcsftfvcs. Ns lfnrtc qun tdòfæk adorä qun gfspnksdr prnsfckns y nstàùbcs dvnrsfvcs, pnrc bd fktnbfhnklfd gnb dgfnstrdgcr, gnon nvftdr qun sus njnltcs scbdpnk bd `ctfvdlfük gnb dkf`db. \fn`prn nb dprnkgfzden gnon qungdr nkvunbtc pcr nb fktnræs, nb eunhc y bd gfvnrsfük. ]drd `ctfvdr pcsftfvd`nktn db pnrrc, sn dkdbfzdrä su lckgultd y bds rnspunstds qun cjrnln d gfvnrscs nstàùbcs. Dbneäkgcsn gnb fkstfktc oäsflc gn supnrvfvnklfd, sn cosnrvd qun nb läkfgc gnon utfbfzdr bd vfstd, nb càgc y nb cbjdtc nk bd oõsqungd gn bd prnsd, gn `cgc qun tcgd su dtnklfük frä ldkdbfzdgd nk nstn snktfgc. \f su lckgultd vnkdtcrfd ns dgnludgd nklcktrdrä nb coentc gn bd ldzd, bc pnrsnhufrä, `crgnrä, dprnsdrä y pcrtdrä gdkgc sdtfsjdllfük db fkstfktc luyd `dkfjnstdlfük dldodrä lck bd `dkfpubdlfük y bd fkhnstd gn bd prnsd. Bd lcksnlunklfd gn uk dkäbfsfs lcrrnltc gnb dkf`db qun vd`cs d dgfnstrdr, gntnr`fkdrä ludb ns nb nstàùbc db qun rnspckgn lck `äs fktnræs. ]rf`nrc bn cjrnlnrn`cs bd pnrsnlulfük gn dbhõk coentc lc`c ukd pnbctd c `crgngcr. Nk nb ldsc gn qun nb fkgfvfguc kc sn nstfùbn sujflfnktn`nktn, tnkgrn`cs qun dltudr dbhc qun pcgnr cjrnlnrbn d ldòfc gn su dtnklfük y nsjunrzc. ]ungn snr, lc`c an nxpbfldgc nk nb tn`d dktnrfcr, bd sf`pbn ldrflfd. Nstd prf`nrd jdsn pungn lc`nkzdr nk nb `c`nktc nk qun nb ldlacrrc ns ldpdz gn rnbdlfckdrsn lck nb dgfnstrdgcr y prcbckhdrsn prcbckhdrsn adstd qun qun lckczld tcgcs bcs nenrlflfcs. (Jfhurd ?= ) <<



JFH^_D ?= .Nk nstn pnrfcgc bd rnbdlfük nktrn dòcs ns ounkd y nb dgfnstrd`fnktc, ukd gfvnrsfük. gfvnrsfük.

\NH^KGD JD\N5 W_DODEC ]C_ COBFHDLFÜK .

D nstd dbturd gnb prclnsc, nb pnrrc lckcln tcgc bc qun tfnkn qun adlnr y ad bbnhdgc nb `c`nktc gn lnrrdr nb trdodec. Kcs dsnhurdrn`cs qun kdgd qungd pcr fkstrufr yd qun nk ldsc gn tnknr qun adlnrbc, pdsdgd bd prf`nrd jdsn, tnkgrn`cs qun fkvnrtfr `äs tfn`pc y nsjunrzc pcr pdrtn gn dgfnstrdgcr y pnrrc. Nb trdodec pcr cobfhdlfük supckn rntfrdr bcs rnjunrzcs pcsftfvcs qun nk su `c`nktc, n`pbnd`cs pdrd nksnôdr. Ns gnlfr, nb pnrrc tfnkn qun trdodedr pcrqun dsà bc crgnkd nb dgfnstrdgcr. \n gnon prclngnr lck tdltc pnrc lck jfr`nzd, yd qun nb ]nrrc lc`c nspnlfn, ns ldpdz gn adlnr uk gnspbfnhun f`prnsfckdktn gn dltfvfgdgns gn gnspbdzd`fnktc lck nb nb jfk gn nvftdr nb trdodec. (Jfhurd ?4 )

JFH^_D ?4 .Gnonrn`cs .Gnonrn`cs utfbfzdr nk nstd jdsn puôc gn dlnrc nk hudktn gn sngd. sngd.

<7



Kc snrä knlnsdrfc cobfhdr c prnsfckdr nk tcgc bc dprnkgfgc. \f nb pnrrc ns lckslfnktn gn kunstrd dutcrfgdg y, nk uk scbc nenrlflfc, bn rnlcrgd`cs y dgvnrtf`cs qun kc nstd`cs gfspunstcs d lngnr y, qun bd õkfld cplfük qun tfnkn ns bd gn dltudr lcrrnltd`nktn, snhurd`nktn trdsbdgdrä nstn nkjcqun db rnstc gnb trdodec Gurdktn nb tfn`pc qun gurn nstd jdsn, bd rnbdlfük nktrn nb pnrrc y nb dgfnstrdgcr sn gntnrfcrdrä pnrc bbnhdrä d snr `dhkàjfld ludkgc sn nktrn nk bd sfhufnktn. Bd tnrlnrd jdsn gnon lc`nkzdr ludkgc nb pnrrc dltõn sfk gfbdlfckns kf gugds, d bd crgnk gnb dgfnstrdgcr y sfk bd nspnrdkzd gn vnrsn rnlc`pnksdgc pcr kfkhõk nbn`nktc `ctfvdgcr. WN_LN_D JD\N W_DODEC @CWFZDGC LCKCLFNKGC BD COBFHDLFÜK.

Dquà bbnhd nb `c`nktc gn qun vunbvdk d gfsjrutdr gnb trdodec tdktc nb pnrrc lc`c nb dgfnstrdgcr. Kunvd`nktn vunbvnk d dpdrnlnr lcksnlunklfds pcsftfvds trds bds rnspunstds dgnludgds qun adräk qun gn jcr`d prchrnsfvd, sn rnstdobnzld y `necrn bd rnbdlfük nktrn dòcs. Wcgc nstc nstä supngftdgc d bd knlnsfgdg gn adonr lu`pbfgc lcrrnltd`nktn lck bcs pdrä`ntrcs gn bds gcs jdsns dktnrfcrns. \f nk bd prf`nrd sn tuvc prfsd, kc sn `ctfvü dgnludgd`nktn, sn aflfnrck fklursfckns d bd snhukgd9 c sf nk nstd snhukgd jdsn kc sn dltuü lck lcanrnklfd y gnlfsfük, bcs rnsubtdgcs y bd rnbdlfük sn vnräk djnltdgcs. Nk nstn `c`nktc gnb dgfnstrd`fnktc nb pnrrc trdoded pcr bds lcksnlunklfds pcsftfvds pnrc lckclfnkgc bd cobfhdlfük qun tfnkn gn rndbfzdr lcrrnltd`nktn tcgcs bcs nenrlflfcs gn tdb jcr`d qun, sf nk dbhõk `c`nktc kc dpdrnlfnrdk bds lcksnlunklfds, nb pnrrc trdodedràd pcrqun sn bn crgnkd pnrc lck bd nxpnltdtfvd gn vcbvnr d gfvnrtfrsn. 8.<. ]_N@F\D\ GNB D]_NKGFUDEN.

]drd qun nb dgfnstrd`fnktc snd tcgc bc prcgultfvc pcsfobn, ns knlnsdrfc tnknr nk lunktd dbhukcs lcksnecs jrutc gn bd nxpnrfnklfd y nb lckclf`fnktc ldkfkc qun nstäk crfnktdgcs d jdlfbftdr bd tdrnd gn bd nksnôdkzd tdktc pdrd nb dbu`kc lc`c pdrd nb prcjnscr. \f kcs ns pcsfobn, gnon`cs ousldr nb `c`nktc gnb gàd qun snd `nkcs pnkcsc pdrd trdodedr. Gn nstd jcr`d pcgrn`cs dbdrhdr bd lbdsn sfk qun gfs`fkuyd nb fktnræs gnb pnrrc. \f trdoded`cs nk bd jrdked gnb `ngfcgàd, nk nb sur gn Nspdôd, tnkgrn`cs qun dornvfdr bcs pnrfcgcs gn nksnôdkzd pdrd nvftdr bd jdtfhd y bd lcksnlunktn pærgfgd gn lcklnktrdlfük.

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\f nb dkf`db sn nklunktrd gnshdkdgc, jdtfhdgc c sn bn cosnrvd dbhõk sàktc`d gn nkjnr`ngdg nvftdrn`cs nb dgfnstrd`fnktc pckfnkgc rn`ngfc d ludbqufnr sftudlfük dkü`dbd. Kc pcgn`cs cbvfgdr qun nb nstdgc `ctfvdlfckdb kc scbc djnltd db pnrrc y qun nb dgfnstrdgcr gnon nstdr nk lckgflfckns gn pcgnr trdks`ftfr, lck bd `dycr sfklnrfgdg, su gnsnc gn prn`fdr. Bd pærgfgd gn lcklnktrdlfük gnb dgfnstrdgcr sn vnrä fk`ngfdtd`nktn rnjbnedgd nk nb trdodec gnb pnrrc. Ns prnjnrfobn rntrdsdr c suspnkgnr ukd snsfük ludkgc nb dgfnstrdgcr sn nklunktrd nk uk nstdgc dkü`dbc gn nstræs c sujrn dbhukd gcbnklfd qun pungd fkjbufr nk su ldpdlfgdg gn lcklnktrdlfük c nk bd rnbdlfük lck su dbu`kc. _nlcrgn`cs qun kc trdtd`cs lck ukd `äqufkd sfkc lck uk snr vfvc lck uk d`pbfc pcgnr gn pnrlnplfük snkscrfdb y qun nk gntnr`fkdgds cldsfckns bn nxfhf`cs nb gnsdrrcbbc gn trdodecs ùy lc`pbnecs.(Jfhurd lc`pbnecs.(Jfhurd ?? )

JFH^_D ?? .Bds lbdsns gnonk fr prnlngfgds gn uk pnrfcgc gn nxpdksfük qun sn rnpntfrä db tær`fkc gn bds `fs`ds gdkgc pdsc d bd rnbdlfük y d bd ld`drdgnràd.

Dktns gn lc`nkzdr bd snsfük, sn lc`prcodrä nb `dtnrfdb qun vd`cs d utfbfzdr. Adrn`cs su fkvnktdrfc y vnrfjfldrn`cs su nstdgc gn tdb jcr`d qun su gntnrfcrc c pærgfgd kc fkjbuydk nk nb kcr`db gnsdrrcbbc gnb dgfnstrd`fnktc gfdrfc. Gurdktn bds lbdsns vnbdrn`cs pcr nb `dktnkf`fnktc gn bd nxpnltdtfvd gnb pnrrc, gäkgcbds pcr lcklbufgds dktns gn qun sn `dkfjfnstnk bcs prf`nrcs sàktc`ds gn jdtfhd nk nb dbu`kc. Nstc ns ùy f`pcrtdktn nk bd prf`nrd jdsn gnb dgfnstrd`fnktc. Ns prnjnrfobn qun nstds sndk ornvns pnrc fktrcgulfnkgc bcs jdltcrns gn rnhubdrfgdg y lcanrnklfd. Bds ürgnkns, nb prn`fc c bd gnsdprcodlfük gnonk nxprnsdrsn lck lbdrfgdg, tnkfnkgc nk lunktd qun tcgd nenlulfük tnr`fkd lck bd crgnk gn bfonrdlfük qun, nk bd `dycràd gn bcs ldscs, frä ukfgd d bd lcksnlunklfd pcsftfvd. Bd ukfük nktrn nb dgfnstrd`fnktc y nb trdodec jfkdb sn prcgulfrä gn jcr`d prchrnsfvd tnkfnkgc nk lcksfgnrdlfük tcgcs bcs jdltcrns gnb pnrrc qun <:



gnsdrrcbbd bd tdrnd pdrd bd qun ad sfgc dgfnstrdgc. \n prclngnrä bnktd`nktn gn jcr`d qun bds vdrfdobns dòfnktdbns y gn nktcrkc qun pungdk snr lcktrcbdgds pcr nb dgfnstrdgcr, vdydk lckjukgfækgcsn lck nb dòfnktn lrndgc pdrd bd nksnôdkzd, dòfnktn qun adorä sfgc bc `äs dsæptflc pcsfobn y crfnktdgc d ousldr bd dtnklfük y lcklnktrdlfük gnb pnrrc. 8.7. NZDB^DLFÜK GN D]WFW^GN\ ]D_D BD GNJNK\D GN]C_WFZD V ]CBFLFDB. Ns pcsfobn bnnr y, scorn tcgc nsluladr nk gntnr`fkdgcs äòftcs pnrrnrcs, qun tdb c ludb nen`pbdr tfnkn uk ldrältnr `dhkàjflc trds dprnlfdr ukd gntnr`fkdgd `crgfgd c nkjrnktd`fnktc gnjnksfvc.

Ludkgc lc`nkzd`cs d nktnkgnr nb lc`pcrtd`fnktc ldkfkc y bd lc`pbnefgdg gn bd nbdocrdlfük nbdocrdlfük y gnsdrrcbbc gnsdrrcbbc gn bds ku`nrcsds tdrnds nk bds qun nb snr snr au`dkc ad vcbldgc su lckjfdkzd nk nb pnrrc, fkgnjnltfobn`nktn surhfräk gfvnrsds prnhuktds rnbdtfvds d bd prf`nrd djfr`dlfük. ³Tuæ `crgàd3 ³^kd `dkhd, uk trden gn prctnllfük, prctnllfckns fktnrkds, d ctrc pnrrc, d ctrc dkf`db, d uk au`dkc sfk prctnllfük3. ³@crgàd d uk jfhurdktn prctnhfgc c bc adlàd d ukds prctnllfckns qun bbnvdod uk jfhurdktn3. ³@crgàd gnspuæs gn uk trdodec dhctdgcr c nb pnrrc gnsldksdod dktns gn bd dllfük3. ³Clurrfü nk su tnrrftcrfc, nk su ld`pc gn nktrnkd`fnktc, c qufzäs jun nk uk sftfc nxtrdôc3. nxtrdôc3. ³Nstdod lck su huàd c nk scbftdrfc3. ³\uentc pcr bd lcrrnd c sunbtc3. ³Nb `crgfgc auàd, dtdldod dtdldod gn jrnktn c nstdod fk`üvfb3.

Nstds prnhuktds y ùlads ctrds sn crfhfkdräk ludkgc, pcr ukd `crgfgd qunrn`cs lbdsfjfldr nb ldrältnr gn uk pnrrc. V dõk dsà, lc`c an`cs fgc nstugfdkgc, nb ldrältnr bc lckjcr`dk ukd snrfn gn jdlubtdgns qun gctdk db fkgfvfguc gn bd dltftug knlnsdrfd nk nb gnsn`pnôc gn bd tdrnd pdrd bd qun jun snbnllfckdgc. Gn `cgc qun nk gntnr`fkdgcs ldscs, uk ounk ldrältnr lckbbnvdrä ukd kubd tnkgnklfd d bflftdr dltftugns gnjnksfvds. ]nrc ludkgc bd tdrnd gn prctnllfük lck pnrrc jcr`d pdrtn -nk `dycr c `nkcr hrdgc- gnb coentfvc gnsndgc, snbnllfckdrn`cs fkgfvfgucs lck uk ounk fkstfktc gn gnjnksd qun dlc`pdôn db rnstc gn ludbfgdgns knlnsdrfds pdrd gnsdrrcbbdr nb `necr trdodec pcsfobn.(Jfhurd ?<) <8



JFH^_D ?<.Bcs pnrrcs gn gn hudrgfd tfnknk lc`c juklfük juklfük dvfsdr ludkgc gntnltd gntnltd bd prnsnklfd gn uk nxtrdôc, nxtrdôc, trdtdkgc gn dauynktdr dauynktdr d nsd pnrsckd, y kc knlnsftdkgc dtdldr dtdldr d bd pnrsckd. Lc`c lcksnlunklfd, gfjnrnktns rdzds gn td`dôc pnqunôc pungnk snr utfbfzdgds pdrd bd hudrgfd, dukqun kc sfrvnk pdrd dtdldr.

8.>.NZDB^DLFÜK GN D]WFW^GN\ .

^kd rnspunstd gnjnksfvd sfn`prn ns lcksnlunklfd gn ukd sftudlfük hnknrdgcrd gn fksnhurfgdg c sf`pbn`nktn, gn ukd lcùkfldlfük dhckàstfld. \n pungn nstdobnlnr qun dktn nb `fngc prcvcldgc pcr ukd pnrsckd u ctrc dkf`db, nb pnrrc pnrrc gnlfgd ukd gn nstds trns rndllfckns9 aufgd, fkgnjnksfük fkgnjnksfük c dhrnsfük, dukqun cldsfckdb`nktn y nk gntnr`fkdgcs fkgfvfgucs, sn pungnk dbtnrkdr gcs c trns gn bds rndllfckns nk uk `fs`c gfspbdy. Bd rndllfük gn aufgd, tdòfæk lckclfgd lc`c nvftdlfük, ns ukd nstrdtnhfd dbtnrkdtfvd gnb fkstfktc gn supnrvfvnklfd. Ludkgc sn prcguln, nb dkf`db lcùkfld gn nstd jcr`d su gnlfsfük gn kc pnbndr dofnrtd`nktn. \f nb au`dkc bc drrfklckd nk gfstdklfd lràtfld (kc pungn cptdr pcr bd juhd) nklcktrdrn`cs ukd rnspunstd dhrnsfvd gn ldrdltnràstflds dutcgnjnksfvds. Bds snôdbns n`ftfgds kcr`db`nktn nk nstn gfspbdy sck5 -

Gnktnbbdgds snlds y ornvns. ornvns. Dlusdgc nrfzd`fnktc nrfzd`fnktc gn bds lnrgds gcrsdbns. _doc nslckgfgc nslckgfgc nktrn nktrn bds pdtds. Onbjcs jruklfgcs jruklfgcs y nstfrd`fnktcs bdofdbns. Crneds nstfrdgds y pnhdgds db lräknc. Bdgrfgcs nk jcr`d jcr`d gn lafbbfgc, ùy dhugcs y/c y/c nktrnlcrtdgcs.

_ndllfük Fkgnjnksfük , Nk bd fkgnjnksfük, nb dkf`db sujrn uk obcqunc pdrlfdb gn bds rnspunstds gfkä`flds, ns gnlfr, dgcptd bd pcsturd tàpfld gn su`fsfük doscbutd trdtdkgc gn fkafofr bd lckgultd jfkdb gnb cpcknktn. \f prcbckhd`cs bd sftudlfük c sf`pbn`nktn vdrfd`cs su fktnksfgdg, nb pnrrc pungn cptdr pcr ctrd nstrdtnhfd nklcktrdkgc sdbfgds nk bds rnspunstds dhrnsfvds gn nvftdlfük. Gn tcgds jcr`ds, kc sck gnsldrtdobns bds rnspunstds dltfvds gn nkjrnktd`fnktc. <1



_ndllfük gn dhrnsfük, Bd dhrnsfük gfkä`fld dktn nstàùbcs hnknrdgcrns gn fksnhurfgdg, nstdobnln nb prfklfpfc oäsflc gn ukd dgnludgd utfbfgdg nk bd gnjnksd lck pnrrc. Ns lfnrtc qun, utfbfzdkgc lckvnkfnktn`nktn y d kunstrc jdvcr bds rnspunstds gn nvftdlfük, ns pcsfobn lcksnhufr ukd dpdrfnklfd gn rnscbulfük gnjnksfvd pnrc bcs bà`ftns gn nstcs fkgfvfgucs sck gfrnltd`nktn prcpcrlfckdbns d bcs qun nklcktrdrn`cs nk nb coentfvc jfkdb. ]cr tcgc nbbc, lcksfgnrc lc`c pcsfobns dptcs d bcs pnrrcs qun rnspckgnk d ukd dhrnsfük lck nb lunrpc nrhufgc, dlnptdkgc nb nkjrnktd`fnktc lck gnlfsfük, bd lcbd nk jcr`d gn lf`ftdrrd, bdgrfgc snlc y hrdvn, `frdgd jrdkld y jfed nk bcs cecs gnb dhrnscr, crneds nrhufgds y ‒dpuktdkgc‐ db cpcknktn, `crgfgd kdturdb, ornvn

pnrc gurd, snld y d pbnkd ocld.(Jfhurd ?7)

JFH^_D ?7. _ndb`nktn nb dkf`db qun prnsnktd nstn pdtrük pd trük gn lckgultd, ad ‒gnlfgfgc‐ nkjrnktdrsn db au`dkc gnspuæs gn scpnsdr bd rnbdlfük lcstns / onknjflfcs n fklbfkdrsn pcr bd nstrdtnhfd ourhuæs.

Dgn`äs gn bds ludbfgdgns gnb pnrrc lcklrntdrn`cs nb dkäbfsfs gn bds dptftugns gnjnksfvds gn uk nspælf`nk, cosnrvdkgc nb kfvnb y pnrfcgc gn rnlupnrdlfük gnb nstræs gdgc qun nstn fkjbuyn gfrnltd`nktn nk bd rdpfgnz gn dprnkgfzden y nk su ldpdlfgdg gn gn rndbfzdr trdodecs trdodecs prcbckhdgcs y lc`pbnecs.(Jfhurd ?> )

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JFH^_D ?> .Nb pnrrc gn dtdqun gnon gnon nstdr ldpdlftdgc pdrd dtdldr dtdldr d bd crgnk y gntnknr nb dtdqun dtdqun gn bd `fs`d `dknrd. Dltudkgc gn nstd `dknrd, nstn tfpc gn pnrrc gn utfbfgdg dyugd d su dgfnstrdgcr d `dktnknr bd snhurfgdg y, db `fs`c tfn`pc, kc rnprnsnktdrä kfkhõk tfpc gn pnbfhrc.

7=



WN@D 1.-NWFLD GNB DGFN\W_DGC_.

@ulacs gn ustngns sck dgfnstrdgcrns c prntnkgnk snrbcs. Nk nb `c`nktc nk nb qun ukd pnrsckd sn ludbfjfld y, `äs dõk, lcord pcr sus snrvflfcs gn dgfnstrd`fnktc, nstä dltudkgc lc`c uk prcjnsfckdb. Nk tcgds bds ldrrnrds sn nstugfd Gncktcbchàd qun kc ns `äs qun nb lügfhc prcjnsfckdb qun kcs cobfhd d bcs qun pnrlfof`cs sdbdrfc pcr bd rndbfzdlfük gn ukd dltfvfgdg, d rndbfzdrbc gn bd jcr`d `äs ætfld y prcjnsfckdb. Db kc nstdr rnhbdgd nstd prcjnsfük, su dltfvfgdg sn prnstd db cpcrtukfs`c, d bd jdbtd gn prnpdrdlfük y d bd ladpuzd. Nk bd `dycràd gn bds prcjnsfckns, nklcktrdrn`cs pnrsckds `äs c `nkcs ludbfjfldgds y rnspcksdobns rnspcksdobns d bds qun ctcrhd`cs nb tàtubc gn ‒prcjnsfckdbns‐. ‒prcjnsfckdbns‐.

Bd gfjnrnklfd nktrn nb ounkc y nb ladpulnrc rdgfld nk bd ldbfgdg gn bcs trdodecs jfkdbfzdgcs lck æxftc gnktrc gnb rnspntc d bd ætfld gn su prcjnsfük.

Nstn cjflfc gn dgfnstrdgcr, tdb lc`c sn lcklfon dltudb`nktn, ns ukd dltfvfgdg rnbdtfvd`nktn `cgnrkd nk Nspdôd y nbbc lckbbnvd qun bd jfsldbfzdlfük gnb trdodec, pcr pdrtn gnb lbfnktn, ns ldsf kubd. Bd trdkspdrnklfd nk nb prclnsc gn dgfnstrd`fnktc -qun nvftn douscs y nkhdôcs- qungd suentd d bd `crdbfgdg gnb prcjnsfckdb. ³Tufæk kc lckcln d prcjnsfckdbns qun dgfnstrdk gnjnksd lfvfb utfbfzdkgc lc`c prctnllfük ukd `dkhd `dkhd gnpcrtfvd3. gnpcrtfvd3. ³Luäktds ³Luäktds vnlns sn vdbfgdk nen`pbdrns fkõtfbns pdrd bd gnjnksd rndb lck bd õkfld fktnklfük gn nstdjdr db lbfnktn3. ³\n adlnk tcgcs bcs pdscs gn huàd dgnludgd`nktn3. ³Luäktcs prcjnsfckdbns sn rnspcksdofbfzdk gn bd lckgultd juturd gnb dkf`db dgfnstrdgc3. Nstds y ctrds lunstfckns gnjfknk bd ldbfgdg rndb gn uk dgfnstrdgcr dgfnstrdgcr qun sn ctcrhd nb dpnbdtfvc gn ‒prcjnsfckdb‐.

Lc`c dktns gnlàd, bcs jdltcrns `äs f`pcrtdktns qun ludbfjfldk y ldbfjfldk db prcjnsfckdb sck nb lckclf`fnktc y bd ætfld. ³]cr quæ fksfstc tdktc nk nstn õbtf`c3. Ady gcs rdzckns qun `n prnclupdk ludkgc nksnôc d uk dbu`kc d `cvnrsn nk nstn ùkgc. Bd prf`nrd ns qun, ludkgc trdtd`cs lck pnrrcs, bc adln`cs d bd vnz lck pnrsckds qun nstäk àktf`d`nktn bfhdgds snktf`nktdb`nktn d sus dkf`dbns. \f nb dgfnstrdgcr pcsnn uk lcklnptc lbdrc gn bc qun ns bd `crdbfgdg, scbc dlc`ntnrä nb trdodec qun snd ldpdz gn rndbfzdr d tnkcr gn bcs `ngfcs `ngfcs y gn su prcpfd jcr`dlfük, jcr`dlfük, rnladzdrä bds tdrnds pdrd bds qun kc sn sfnktd ldpdlftdgc y kc tnkgrä n`pdlac nk `cstrdr db lbfnktn bds bf`ftdlfckns rndbns gnb dkf`db c bds gnb trdodec qun vd d gnsdrrcbbdr. Bd ctrd rdzük ns qun, db kc nxfstfr ukd nksnôdkzd rnhbdgd nk nstd prcjnsfük kf ukd tftubdlfük cjflfdb, td`pclc nxfstn bd lc`fsfük gncktcbühfld qun nvftd qun dqunbbd qungn bnsfckdgd nk su f`dhnk pcr bd dltudlfük fkdgnludgd gn ukc gn sus `fnòrcs.

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Ctrc pnldgc ldpftdb ns bd lràtfld `dbsdkd gnb lc`pdônrc gn prcjnsfük. Ludkgc sn prclngn gn nstd jcr`d kc sn lcksfhun qun hdkn ukc y pfnrgd ctrc sfkc qun pfnrgdk tcgcs bcs dgfnstrdgcrns qun lcksfgnrdk lcksfgnrdk nstd tdrnd bc sujflfnktn`nktn sujflfnktn`nktn gfhkd lc`c pdrd n`pnôdr nk nbbd tcgd su vfgd bdocrdb. Bc qun nb lbfnktn nspnrd nk gnjfkftfvd gn kcsctrcs ns qun su pnrrc sn lckvfnrtd nk hudrgfäk, gnjnkscr gn su jd`fbfd, lc`pdônrc gn vfhfbdklfds y pdtrubbds, sdbvdgcr gn snpubtdgcs, `frdgd gn bcs fkvfgnktns, lcksunbc y dyugd gn bd fkvdbfgnz c, lc`c pclc, nk uk snr congfnktn, nguldgc y d`dobn.

1.4.NB LCKCLF@FNKWC.

Nk tn`ds dktnrfcrns `nklfckd`cs bd knlnsfgdg gn cotnknr bd `necr jcr`dlfük pcsfobn dktns gn nenrlnr gn supnrdbjds gnsnkldgnkdkgc nb prclnsc qun bbnvd d qun bd lckgultd gnb pnrrc sn deustn d bc rnqunrfgc pcr nb coentfvc trdzdgc. ¡Ludktc `äs f`pcrtdktn snrä nstc sf kcs adln`cs prcjnsfckdbns!. prcjnsfckdbns!. \f nb dgfnstrd`fnktc sn lckvfnrtn nk prcjnsfük bc jukgd`nktdb ns kc `nzlbdr ‒laurrds lck `nrfkds‐. ³\nràd prcjnsfckdb nb qun uk `ægflc rnlntdsn d tcgcs

sus pdlfnktns dspfrfkd fkgnpnkgfnktn`nktn gn bd nkjnr`ngdg gfdhkcstfldgd3. ³\nràd ætflc, c pcr bc `nkcs bühflc, dgfnstrdr lck bcs `fs`cs rnjunrzcs d uk dkf`db afpnrdltfvc qun d uk pdsctd3. ³]cgn`cs cbvfgdrkcs gnb dkäbfsfs gn fkstfktcs dktns gn trdzdr nb pbdk gn dgfnstrd`fnktc3. Dktns gn lckjnsdrkcs lck nb lbfnktn, prcpckn`cs uk snklfbbc nxd`nk gn lcklfnklfd odsdgc nk nstds ludtrc l udtrc prnhuktds5 4µ ³]ungc lckclnr bd rndbfzdlfük gn nsn trdodec3 ?µ ³Nstcy ldpdlftdgc pdrd djrcktdr bcs rntcs gnb trdodec ukd vnz adyd dgqufrfgc nb lckclf`fnktc3 <µ ³Wnkhc bcs `ngfcs3 7µ \f jrdldsc, ³]ungc djrcktdr bd rnspcksdofbfgdg3

Nb lcktdr lck ctrcs prcjnsfckdbns qun kcs dlcksnenk, pungn snr gn ukd hrdk dyugd y gn anlac, nxfstnk dsclfdlfckns prcjnsfckdbns gn dgfnstrdgcrns nk bds qun pcgn`cs nklcktrdr scbulfük d ku`nrcscs prcobn`ds. Nb dgqufrfr lckclf`fnktcs gn `drintfkh, lcktdofbfgdg c gn ludbqufnr gfslfpbfkd lc`nrlfdb c n`prnsdrfdb prnstdrä uk vdbcr dôdgfgc db æxftc gn kunstrd tdrnd prcjnsfckdb. 1.?.DGFN\W_D@FNKWC GNB ]N__C GN LC@]DÔÀD.

Gdgc qun nstn trdodec ns nb `äs jrnlunktn nk nb dgfnstrdgcr prcjnsfckdb `ngfc, vcy d dpuktdr dbhukcs nkjcquns qun kcs jdlfbftnk bd tdrnd. 7?



]drtfnkgc gn bds gcs pcsfofbfgdgns nxfstnktns pdrd nb dgfnstrd`fnktc gnb pnrrc gn lc`pdôàd õtfb, dkdbfzdrn`cs sus gfvnrhnklfds nk odsn d qun, nb juturc prcjnsfckdb, tnkhd ukd fgnd gn bc qun pungn nklcktrdrsn db gnsdrrcbbdr su dltfvfgdg. Ludkgc nb lbfnktn prnlfsd gnb dgfnstrdgcr, lcktdltd lck nstn y bn nxpckn su prcobn`d. Kcr`db`nktn lcksfstn nk qun tfnkn knlnsfgdg gn nguldr db pnrrc, qufnrn ukd prctnllfük pnrsckdb c nb dkf`db tfnkn prcobn`ds gn lc`pcrtd`fnktc (hnknrdb`nktn dhrnsfvfgdg lc`pntftfvd). Nb prcjnsfckdb sunbn cjrnlnr ukd c dòds gn bds sfhufnktns cplfckns5 4µ Wrdodedr db pnrrc lck nb gunôc. ?µ Wrdodedr db pnrrc nk rnsfgnklfd. Bds vnktdeds gn bd prf`nrd cplfük sck5 -

Kc knlnsftd`cs fkstdbdlfckns. Nvftdrn`cs bcs rfnshcs cldsfckdgcs pcr pnrrcs dhrnsfvcs. Nb rnspcksdobn gnb pnrrc sfn`prn snrä su gunôc. Kc ns knlnsdrfc njnltudr nb pdsc gn `dkgc. Bd fkjrdnstrulturd sn pungn rngulfr db `àkf`c. Kcsctrcs `fs`cs pcgn`cs adlnr gn jfhurdktns.

Lc`c fklckvnkfnktns nklcktrdrn`cs5 -

Bd gfbdtdlfük gn bds snsfckns gn trdodec. Knlnsfgdg gn deustdrsn db acrdrfc y rnqunrf`fnktcs gnb lbfnktn. ]csfofbfgdg gn qun qungnk bcs trdodecs sfk tnr`fkdr. ]csfobns gfjflubtdgns nk nb lcorc gnb trdodec.

Bd cplfük gnb dgfnstrd`fnktc nk rnsfgnklfd cjrnln bds vnktdeds gn5 -

\cpcrtn gn prcjnsfckdbfgdg y snrfngdg d trdvæs gn bds fkstdbdlfckns ]rchrd`dlfük jbnxfobn gnb acrdrfc gn dgfnstrd`fnktc. \nsfckns ornvns pnrc ùy prcgultfvds. Dlcrtd`fnktc gn bcs pnrfcgcs gn dgfnstrd`fnktc. \nhurfgdg nk nb lcorc gn bcs trdodecs.

Bcs fklckvnkfnktns `äs lcùkns sck5 -

Fkvnrsfük lcksfgnrdobn. Knlnsfgdg gn njnltudr nb pdsc gn `dkgc. Ady qun gfspcknr gn vdrfcs jfhurdktns. Gnon`cs `dktnknr ukd cjflfkd y acrdrfc gn dtnklfük db põobflc.

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Nk nb dkäbfsfs gn bcs prcs y bcs lcktrds gn bds gcs cplfckns sn jukgd`nktdrä bd gnlfsfük d tc`dr pcr nb dbu`kc nk ldgd ukc gn bcs ldscs. Bc nvfgnktn ns qun, nb gnsdrrcbbc gn trdodecs prcjnsfckdbns f`pcrtdktns, rnqufnrn ukds `àkf`ds fkstdbdlfckns y `ngfcs sfk bcs ludbns sn adrä ùy pnkcsd bd tdrnd y sn lcrrnrä nb rfnshc gn gdôdr bd f`dhnk qun cjrnln`cs db lbfnktn.

1.<. JC_@DLFÜK GN H^ÀD\. NB ]D\C GN @DKGC.

Nk nb tn`d gn bd ætfld gnb dgfnstrdgcr, vnàd`cs lc`c ukc gn bcs pdscs jukgd`nktdbns rnqunrfgcs nk bd prcjnsfckdbfgdg, ns uk ounk pdsc gn `dkgc pdrd dqunb gunôc qun kc pcsnn lckclf`fnktc nk nstn ld`pc y dgn`äs, ad pdhdgc pcr lcktrdtdr kunstrcs snrvflfcs. Bd jcr`dlfük gn huàds gnon snr nktnkgfgd lc`c uk `fkflursc qun sn f`pdrtfrä db gunôc pdrd lckvnrtfrbc nk uk huàd ldpdz gn lcktrcbdr d uk pnrrc nk nb qun an`cs trdodedgc vdrfds sn`dkds `cgfjfldkgc su lc`pcrtd`fnktc. Dsà, nb pdsc gn `dkgc ns nb lcbcjük gn uk ounk dgfnstrd`fnktc scorn tcgc sf kcs nklcktrd`cs lck uk gunôc kcvdtc. Gn kdgd sfrvn `cgfjfldr bd lckgultd làvfld gnb pnrrc y trdodedr nk dgqufsflfük gn aäoftc sf bunhc su prcpfc gunôc kc ns ldpdz gn ‒rnpntfr‐ bds ürgnkns y

lc`dkgcs qun an`cs n`pbndgc nk su dgfnstrd`fnktc, prnsnktdr kunstrd dltftug y utfbfzdr bd snlunklfd prn`fc-ldstfhc lck bd qun nb pnrrc ad sfgc lckgflfckdgc. Dacrd ns ustng nb prcjnscr qun tnkgrä qun nxpbfldr nb pcr quæ nb pnrrc gn nstn snôcr adln nstc c bc ctrc, lü`c lcksnhufr qun bn rnspntn lck bd `fs`d fktnksfgdg qun d ustng c bd jcr`d gn lcksnhufr ukd kunvd dgqufsflfük gn aäoftc. Nk rnsu`nk, nstä ustng f`pdrtfnkgc uk `fkflursc d uk kcvdtc nk nb ùkgc gn bcs läkfgcs. ]cr nb `nrc anlac gn adonrsn jcr`dgc nk Ntcbchàd y nk ùlads ctrds dsfhkdturds, sus lckclf`fnktcs tnkgnräk d sdbfr lc`c bds nknrhàds gn dllfük nspnlàjfld gnb `cgnbc gn Bcrnkz. Wrdtn gn qun nsc kc clurrd pcrqun db gunôc scbc bn fktnrnsd qun ustng bn gn bd ‒rnlntd‐ pdrd qun juklfckn su kunvc y

lckgflfckdgc d`fhc. Ady ùlacs dgfnstrdgcrns qun lck sübfgcs lckclf`fnktcs c sfk kfkhukc, doctdrhdk db gunôc lck uk sfkjàk gn lcksnecs qun bunhc nvfgnktn`nktn, kc snhufrä. Fksfstd nk bd enrdrqufzdlfük, gfslfpbfkd, lckstdklfd, dsnhõrnbn uk lcktrcb pnrfügflc gnb kfvnb gn dgfnstrd`fnktc y trätnbn lck pdlfnklfd y gfhkfgdg. \f bc qun prntnkgn ns nksnôdrbn Ntcbchàd ldkfkd gnonrä f`pdrtfrbn uk lursc gn lfnktcs gn acrds lc`c nb qun ustng nstä lc`pbntdkgc. _nspckgd nsluntd`nktn y nk bnkhuden lc`prnksfobn tcgds bds gugds qun bn prnsnktn nb huàd kcvdtc. 77



Lcksnecs pdrd nb pdsc gn `dkgc. -

Gnsgn qun fkflfn nb pdsc gn `dkgc adstd bd nktrnhd gnb pnrrc, kc bn gæ d nstn kfkhukd crgnk. Gnen qun snd nb gunôc nb qun bc adhd nk su prnsnklfd.

-

Fkvfnrtd uk `àkf`c gn trns snsfckns nk njnltudr bd cpnrdlfük

-

Kc bd gn pcr dldodgd adstd qun cosnrvn qun nb gunôc nstä tctdb`nktn jcr`dgc nk nb lcktrcb gn su pnrrc.

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\f nb pnrrc ad sfgc gnofgd`nktn dgfnstrdgc pcr ustng, fkvfnrtd `äs tfn`pc nk nb ‒dgfnstrd`fnktc‐ gnb gunôc qun nk nb gnb pnrrc yd qun

gn nsd jcr`d, æb qungdrä sdtfsjnlac y ustng tnkgrä bd snhurfgdg qun nsn dkf`db kc snrä coentc gn ctrc dgfnstrd`fnktc. -

Dsnhõrnbn db gunôc uk rnlflbden jcrzcsc, nk su prnsnklfd y nk bcs sfhufnktns ?= gàds d bd jfkdbfzdlfük gnb pdsc gn `dkgc. Ns nk nstn pnrfcgc gn tfn`pc nk nb qun sn prcgulnk tcgcs bcs prcobn`ds gn dgdptdlfük nktrn gunôc y pnrrc y, pcr supunstc, nk nb qun dpdrnlnrä uk pcsfobn nrrcr lc`ntfgc pcr ustng nk nb pnrfcgc fkflfdb.

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ZCLDO^BD_FC ZCLDO^BD_FC N@]BNDGC NK NB D_HCW LFKCBÜHFLC D * DGFN\W_DGC_5 Nk tær`fkcs hnkærflcs gnslrfon d bd pnrsckd qun `dkned y nktrnkd db pnrrc. * DLNFWN GN DB@NKG_D5 Dlnftn utfbfzdgc pdrd bd bf`pfnzd gn bcs pdonbbckns dugftfvcs lck dbhcgük au`ngnlfgc. *DL^D_WFBBDGC5 *DL^D_WFBBDGC5 \n gfln gnb pnrrc lck drtflubdlfük gn bd nxtrn`fgdg dktnrfcr (ludrtfbbd) prc`fknktn. *DH_N\FZFGDG5 ]drd nb äòftc gn nspnlfdbfzdlfük gn pnrrcs gn prctnllfük y snhurfgdg, ns lcksfgnrdgd bd csdgàd y oràc lcòdtfvc c djäk gn`cstrdgc nk nb dtdqun lcktrd nb jfhurdktn. ]drd nb äòftc gn nspnlfdbfzdlfük gn pnrrcs gntnltcrns dltfvcs, sn gnjfkn lc`c nb dprcvnlad`fnktc gn bds `dkcs, uôds y gfnktns pdrd drdôdr nb buhdr gckgn sn nklunktrd clubtd bd sustdklfd. *DBD_HDGC\5 *DBD_HDGC\5 \n rnjfnrn d bcs pfns gnb pnrrc lck gngcs kc lurvdgcs, qun scornpdsnk d bcs gn`äs. gn`äs. DBD_@D\, DH_N\FZD\ (Gntnllfük)5 (Gntnllfük) 5 Ludkgc uk pnrrc snôdbd bd sftudlfük gn ukd ldktfgdg gn grchd, tdodlc, dbf`nktc, gfknrc, ntl., `cstrdkgc dhrnsfvd`nktn qun qufnrn lcksnhufr bd sustdklfd, rdsldkgc c `crgfnkgc su lcktnkngcr. DBD_@D\, JDB\D\ (Gntnllfük)5 (Gntnllfük) 5 Ludkgc uk pnrrc fkgfld jdbsd`nktn qun nb cbcr gn ukd sustdklfd dsclfdgd nstä prnsnktn. DBD_@D\, ]D\FZD\ (Gntnllfük)55 (Gntnllfük)5 5 Ludkgc uk pnrrc fkgfld bd sftudlfük gn ukd grchd c nxpbcsfvc gn jcr`d pdsfvd, snktäkgcsn dktn bd junktn gnb cbcr gn bd grchd c sustdklfd nxpbcsfvd. DBN_WD, _N\FG^DB (Gntnllfük)55 (Gntnllfük)5 5 Ludkgc nb pnrrc gntnltd ukd sustdklfd dsclfgd, pnrc kc ady nvfgnklfds vfsfobn gn bd `fs`d, pnrc sn lrnn qun bd sustdklfd nk pdrtflubdr nstdod nk gckgn nb dkf`db fkgfldod, "gntnllfük gn cbcr ùnrtc". ùnrtc ". *ÄKH^BC5 Ldòfc gn gfrnllfük nk ukd pfstd. *DK^_C (pnrrc)5 *DK^_C (pnrrc)5 ]nrrc kdlfgc sfk lcbd. ]cr nxtnksfük, nxtnksfük, tcgc dkf`db gnsprcvfstc gn lcbd. *D]FBD@FNKWC5 D]FBD@FNKWC5 Lcktnkngcrns c rnlfpfnktns dpfbdgcs pdrd snr rnlckclfgcs pcr nb pnrrc.. *D_]NDGC5 *D_]NDGC5 ^kd lurvd drpndgd ns ukd lurvd dr`ckfcsd`nktn dofnrtd. ^k rfôük drpndgc sfhkfjfld qun bd bàknd gnb bc`c ns kcr`db`nktn acrfzcktdb. * D^WC-_NLC@]NK\D5 Dltc `ngfdktn nb ludb, uk pnrrc rndbfzd ukd `drld ‒pcsftfvd‐, sfk prnsnklfd gn cbcr dsclfdgc c gn pnrsckd, `ctfvdgc pcr uk jdbbc nk nb dgfnstrd`fnktc c ousldkgc bd nktrnhd gn bd rnlc`pnksd pcr adonr supnrdgc nb huàd su `drhnk gn n`pbnc. *DZDBDKLAD\5 DZDBDKLAD\5 Äòftc gn nspnlfdbfzdlfük luyd prfklfpdb `fsfük ns bd oõsqungd y bcldbfzdlfük gn pnrsckds dtrdpdgds pcr bcs dbugns gn kfnvn. *DZF\C5 DZF\C5 \n nktfnkgn lc`c nb `cvf`fnktc c snôdb gn dbnrtd qun nb pnrrc nenlutd gfrfhfnkgc su5 crned, rdoc, pnbc y rnstc gnb lunrpc adlfd nb cbcr gntnltdgc gn bd pnrsckd c sustdklfd qun nstä ousldkgc. *D\CLFDLFÜK GN CBC_5 CBC_5 Jukgd`nktc oäsflc gnb dgfnstrd`fnktc gnb pnrrc gntnltcr pcr nb qun sn trdtd gn jd`fbfdrfzdr db dkf`db lck nb cbcr gn bds sustdklfds d gntnltdr. *DV^GDKWN/ JFH^_DKWN5 JFH^_DKWN5 ]nrsckd qun lcbdocrd lck nb huàd pdrd dbldkzdr bcs coentfvcs gnb dgfnstrd`fnktc gnb pnrrc nk nb jc`nktc gnb fkstfktc gn oõsqungd, y nk gn prnsd y gnjnksd, rnspnltfvd`nktn. *DV^GD\ GNB DGFN\W_D@FNKWC5 DGFN\W_D@FNKWC 5 Coentcs utfbfzdgcs pdrd prn`fdr y `ctfvdr db pnrrc. ]ungnk snr pcsftfvcs ludkgc bcs coentcs adk sfgc lcktd`fkdgcs gurdktn su `dkfpubdlfük y knhdtfvcs ludkgc kc adk sfgc lcktd`fkdgcs. Dsf`fs`c, tcgc tfpc gn rnlfpfnktn c lcktnkngcr utfbfzdgc pdrd nslckgnr ukd gntnr`fkdgds sustdklfd dsclfdgds. DV^GD\ GNB NKW_NKD@FNKWC, KNHDWFZC5 KNHDWFZC 5 Gurdktn bds prältflds gn dgfnstrd`fnktc, dyugd qun kc sn lcktd`fkd lck ukd gntnr`fkdgd sustdklfd dsclfdgd. ]cr nen`pbc, ldônràds gn ]ZL, pnbctd gn tnkfs, ludbqufnr rnlfpfnktn qun pungd usdrsn pdrd nslckgnr c lcktnknr bds sustdklfds, gurdktn bd oõsqungd gnb cbcr gn bds `fs`ds nk ukd prältfld gn dgfnstrd`fnktc. DV^GD GNB NKW_NKD@FNKWC, ]C\FWFZC5 ]C\FWFZC 5 Gurdktn uk trdodec gn oõsqungd gn sustdklfds dsclfdgds, dyugd qun ad sfgc lcktd`fkdgd gurdktn su `dkfpubdlfük pcr ukd gntnr`fkdgd sustdklfd. Nstd sftudlfük pungn prcvcldr bd rndllfük y dhrnsfvfgdg gnb pnrrc gurdktn bd rndbfzdlfük gn uk trdodec gn gntnllfük. O *OD__FGC5 *OD__FGC5 (oõsqungd bforn) 7:



Ludkgc nb pnrrc, lckgulfgc gn bd lcrrnd c nk bfonrtdg pcr nb dgfnstrdgcr, trdoded fktnktdkgc ldptdr bd junktn c gfrnllfük gfrnllfük gnb lckc gn cbcr. Gurdktn nstn dltc gn ‒odrrfgc‐, nb pnrrc utfbfzd uk rft`c kdturdb gn rnspfrdlfük lck bd ocld bfhnrd`nktn dofnrtd y tc`dkgc dàrn pcr bd ocld y bd kdrfz pdrd bchrdr bcldbfzdr nb cbcr nspnlàjflc coentc gn bd oõsqungd. *OD\N5 Ns nb buhdr qun lckstftuyn nb puktc gn pdrtfgd pdrd lc`nkzdr ukd cpnrdlfük gn rdstrnc. ]ungn snr5 gnjfkfgd sf nxfstnk fkgflfcs pnrsckdbns cbcrcscs c fkgnjfkfgd sf kc sn gd nstd lfrlukstdklfd. *OD\\NW5 ]nrrc gn tdbbd nktrn ?>-<= l`., ldrdltnrfzdgc pcr uk lunrpc dbdrhdgc, crneds lcbhdktns lcbhdktns y pdtds lcrtds (rnltds c tcrkndgds). *ONBJC\5 *ONBJC\5 \fkükf`c gn bdofcs. Wc`dgc Wc`dgc ns snktfgc rnstrfkhfgc, rnstrfkhfgc, gnsfhkd bd pdrtn gnb bdofc supnrfcr qun rnluorn bcs ocrgns bdtnrdbns gnb bdofc fkjnrfcr. *O_FT^N_5 *O_FT^N_5 ]nrrc gn ldzd gn td`dôc `ngfc, fktnr`ngfc nktrn nb nb odssnt y nb hrdk pnrrc gn ldzd d bd ldrrnrd. *OCLD BBNKD5 BBNKD5 Wælkfld fkkdtd c dprnkgfgd gnb pnrrc pdrd gnsdrrcbbdr gnsdrrcbbdr ukd `crgfgd nk nb rcgfbbc, `dkhd c trden gn prctnllfük, nk rnspunstd d ukd d`nkdzd c dhrnsfük gnb jfhurdktn c gurdktn nb bdkzd`fnktc y lcorc gn uk coentc rnlupnrdobn. *OCB\D\ GN WNBD5 WNBD5 Knlnsdrfds pdrd gnsdrrcbbdr nk bcs pnrrcs gntnltcrns bd ‒dsclfdlfük‐ gn bcs cbcrns gn grchds, tdodlc, nxpbcsfvcs c ludbqufnr ctrd sustdklfd qun sn prntnkgd su gntnllfük. *OC__D5 *OC__D5 ]nbc bdkcsc y lcrtc qun sn nklunktrd nk bds sngds. *OÕ\T^NGD5 ]rclnsc dltfvc gnsdrrcbbdgc pcr nb pnrrc pdrd ousldr lcksnlunktn`nktn nb cbcr gn ukd pnrsckd, grchd c nxpbcsfvc c ludbqufnr sustdklfd dsclfdgd y clubtd. Æstn prclnsc sn `fgn nk ‒tfn`pc‐ y ns gngfldgc pcr bcs pnrrcs d bd fkspnllfük c rnlckclf`fnktc gn bcs lcktnkngcrns gn grchds, tdodlc, dbf`nktcs gn rfnshc, gfknrc y nxpbcsfvcs, c scorn nb tnrrnkc, nk kfnvn y rufkds pdrd bd bcldbfzdlfük gn pnrsckds. *OÕ\T^NGD GF_FHFGD (]uktudbfzdgd)5 (]uktudbfzdgd) 5 \n utfbfzd pdrd ousldr uk cbcr gntnr`fkdgc nk ukd zckd nk pdrtflubdr, dsnhurdkgc qun bd zckd qungn bf`pfd gnb supunstc cbcr. \n rndbfzd pcr nb pnrrc d fkgfldlfük gn su dgfnstrdgcr, ludkgc nb dkf`db dbnrtn gn bd prnsnklfd gn uk cbcr y kc pungd gntnr`fkdr su crfhnk c lckjfr`dr qun nb jclc yd kc nstä prnsnktn. *OÕ\T^NGD JFKD (Nspnlfjfld)55Ludkgc (Nspnlfjfld)5 5Ludkgc uk pnrrc gfrfhfgc pcr nb dgfnstrdgcr rndbfzd ukd oõsqungd c fkvnstfhd uk buhdr nspnlàjfld`nktn gnsfhkdgc. ]cr nen`pbc, bd punrtd lnrrdgd gn uk vnaàlubc. *OÕ\T^NGD KNHDWFZD5 KNHDWFZD5 Bd oõsqungd qun rnqufnrn gnb pnrrc qun ousqun ukd zckd gurdktn uk `drhnk nspnlàjflc gn tfn`pc sfk qun bchrn bcldbfzdr uk cbcr gntnr`fkdgc (Uckd bf`pfd). L *LDKGFGDWC5]nrspnltfvd LDKGFGDWC5]nrspnltfvd gnb pnrrc qun ad lc`pbntdgc dprcxf`dgd`nktn gcs sn`dkds gn dgfnstrd`fnktc oäsflc c prnbf`fkdr y su nvdbudlfük ad tnr`fkdgc lck æxftc. *LDBUÜK5 *LDBUÜK5 ]nbcs bdrhcs qun luornk bd pdrtn pcstnrfcr gn bcs ùsbcs gnb pnrrc. *LDÔD5 *LDÔD5 @ntdldrpc gnb pnrrc (nxtrn`fgdg dktnrfcr). *LD_D5 *LD_D5 ]drtn gnb aclflc qun vd gnsgn nb stcp d bd trujd. *LD_ÄLWN_5 _dshcs nspnlàjflcs gn ldgd pnrrc, prcpfcs gn su rdzd dsà lc`c bcs dgqufrfgcs y qun gnjfknk su djäk gn dprnankgnr, rnsfstnklfd, fkstfktc lcòdtfvc c nspnlfdb djnltfvfgdg. *LD_ÄLWN_ _DLFDB5 \u`d gn bcs dtrfoutcs ldrdltnràstflcs gn ldgd rdzd. *LD_HDGC5 *LD_HDGC5 Nk tær`fkcs hnkærflcs, fkgfld qun ukd dyugd gnb dgfnstrd`fnktc nstä bbnkc/d c "ldrhdgc/d" lck ukd sustdklfd dsclfdgd (pnrsckd, grchds, nxpbcsfvcs, gfknrcs, v nknkcs, dbf`nktcs, ntl). *LDWÄ\W_CJN5 LDWÄ\W_CJN5 Äòftc gn nspnlfdbfzdlfük luyd prfklfpdb `fsfük ns bd oõsqungd y bcldbfzdlfük gn pnrsckds dtrdpdgds pcr bd ldàgd gn ngfjflfcs lcbdpsdgcs d lcksnlunklfd gn bcs tnrrn`ctcs. *LDUD D BD LD__N_D5 LD__N_D 5 ]nrrc gn ldzd utfbfzdgc pdrd bd ldzd d `dkc, sfhufnkgc d bd pfnzd. Bcs ady gn hrdkgn y pnqunôd `cktnràd. *LN_WFJFLDLFÜK5 *LN_WFJFLDLFÜK5 Wnst c prunod rndbfzdgc pdrd gn`cstrdr bd adofbfgdg y ldpdlfgdg gnb pnrrc nk bd oõsqungd y gntnllfük gn pnrsckds y sustdklfds dsclfdgds. *LFKÜBCHC5 *LFKÜBCHC5 \n gfln gn bd pnrsckd qun nstugfd y sn fktnrnsd pcr bcs pnrrcs. *LFKCBCHÀD5 Lfnklfd qun nstugfd db pnrrc. *LFKCBÜHFLC5 *LFKCBÜHFLC5 Gnrfvdgc gn lfkübchc, adln rnjnrnklfd db \nrvflfc. *L_F]WC_T^FGC5 L_F]WC_T^FGC5 ]nrrc luycs tnstàlubcs kc adk gnslnkgfgc db nslrctc. Dusnklfd gn dbhukc gn bcs tnstàlubcs nk nb pnrrc, qun nbf`fkd c gnofbftd su fkstfktc gn dhrnsfvfgdg y vfhfbdklfd. *LCO_DGC_5 *LCO_DGC_5 ]nrrc lcordgcr c pnrrc nktrnkdgc pdrd trdnr bd ldzd ùnrtd c anrfgd.

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*LCO_DKUD5 LCO_DKUD5 Dltftug gn rnspunstd fkkdtd nk nb pnrrc, qun sn `dkfjfnstd lck fkqufntug y sdbtdkgc bbnkc gn nxlftdlfük, ludkgc ukd pnrsckd fksfkõd qun bn vd d drrcedr uk coentc rnlupnrdobn. *LCO_C5 LCO_C5 Dltc fkstfktfvc n fkkdtc qun rndbfzd nb pnrrc d bd acrd gn rnlupnrdr uk coentc qun bn ad sfgc bdkzdgc. *LCBD5 *LCBD5 _doc gnb pnrrc. *LCKC CBC_C\C5 CBC_C\C5 Jfhurd lrndgd pcr bd n`dkdlfük gnb cbcr gn ukd sustdklfd hufdgd pcr bd lcrrfnktn gn dfrn y qun luorfrä uk ärnd gn tnrrnkc `dycr dbrngngcr gnb buhdr gn crfhnk c gn clubtdlfük gn ukd sustdklfd. Ns bdrhc y nstrnlac sf bd lcrrfnktn ns junrtn, y lcrtc y dklac sf æstd ns bnktd. *LCKWD@FKDLFÜK5 Ludkgc nb cbcr gn ukd sustdklfd dsclfdgd clubtd, sn lcktd`fkd lck nb cbcr gn uk prcgultc kc gnsndgc, y qun kcr`db`nktn ns `äs junrtn qun nb cbcr qun fktnktd gntnltdr nb pnrrc. Dsf`fs`c, sn lcksfgnrd qun uk lcktnkngcr nstä lcktd`fkdgc, ludkgc ukd pnrsckd qun ad tcldgc bd sustdklfd dsclfdgd (pungn snr nb `fs`c dgfnstrdgcr) bc `dkfpubd. *LC__NLLFÜK5 LC__NLLFÜK5 Jdlntd qun sn rndbfzd gurdktn nb dgfnstrd`fnktc, ukd vnz nvdbudgc nb trdodec gnb pnrrc y lc`prcodgc nb jdbbc nk su rndbfzdlfük. *L^D_WNC5 *L^D_WNC5 @ætcgc utfbfzdgc pcr nb dgfnstrdgcr pdrd adlnr rnlckclnr d su pnrrc scorn ukd zckd `äs c `nkcs d`pbfd gn ld`pc dofnrtc, qun lc`fnkzd lck vfnktc d jdvcr y tnr`fkd lck vfnktc nk lcktrd. *L_^LN5 *L_^LN5 ^kfük gn pnrrcs gn rdzds gfjnrnktns. *L_Û5 Ns dqunbbd pdrtn gn bd lcbu`kd vnrtnordb qun sn nklunktrd nktrn bds pdbntfbbds, db lc`fnkzc gn bd bàknd gcrsdb. Bd dbturd gnb pnrrc sn `fgn sfn`prn nk bd lruz (gnsgn nb sunbc adstd bd puktd gn bd pdbntfbbd). G *GNKWFLFÜK5 Bd gnktdgurd gnb pnrrc gnon snr sdkd, pctnktn y lc`pbntd lc`punstd gn 7? gfnktns, ?= nk nb `dxfbdr supnrfcr y ?? nk nb `dxfbdr fkjnrfcr. *GN\LDK\C5 GN\LDK\C5 Wfn`pc gngfldgc d bd pdrdbfzdlfük gn bd dltfvfgdg gnb pnrrc ukd vnz sn ad jfkdbfzdgc uk trdodec gn oõsqungd. Nb tfn`pc lcklngfgc pdrd nb gnsldksc vnkgrä nk lcksckdklfd lck bd gurdlfük y nsjunrzc rndbfzdgc gurdktn gflac snrvflfc. *GN\LCBC_FGD, *GN\LCBC_FGD, C5 ]drtn gn bd pfnb gnsprcvfstd gn pfh`nktc9 gn tckc rcsdgc, nstds `dklads sn nklunktrdk scorn tcgc dbrngngcr gn bcs bdofcs y bd trujd. *GN\]FH@NKWDGD ((pfnb)5 *GN\]FH@NKWDGD ((pfnb)5 ]fnb nktnrd`nktn rcsd, sfk nb `nkcr rdstrc gn pfh`nktc. *GNWNLLFÜK5 GNWNLLFÜK5 Ludkgc uk pnrrc fkgfld d trdvæs gn hnstcs y `cvf`fnktcs bd bcldbfzdlfük gn ukd sustdklfd qun prnvfd`nktn dsclfü gurdktn su dgfnstrd`fnktc.Ludkgc sn bcldbfzd pcr nklf`d gn bd vfstd y bd kdrfz sn gnkc`fkd dbtd, y snrä oded ludkgc bc adln pcr gnodec gn nstcs snktfgcs. *GNWNLLFÜK DLWFZD5 DLWFZD5 Lckgultd pcr bd qun uk pnrrc qun ad sfgc dgfnstrdgc pdrd bd oõsqungd y bcldbfzdlfük gn bcs lcktnkngcrns qun n`ftnk cbcr d bds sustdklfds dsclfdgds (dbf`nktcs, gfknrc, grchds, nxpbcsfvcs, tdodlc, ntl.), gnsldrhd su dhrnsfvfgdg drdôdkgc lck sus `dkcs y uôds scorn su supnrjflfn. supnrjflfn. *GNWNLLFÜK, DBWD5 DBWD5 Adbbdzhc gn ukd sustdklfd dsclfdgd nslckgfgd pcr nklf`d gn bd kdrfz y vfstd gnb pnrrc. *GNWNLLFÜK, ODED5 ODED5 Adbbdzhc gn ukd sustdklfd dsclfdgd nslckgfgd d kfvnb gn bd kdrfz y vfstd gnb pnrrc. *GNWNLLFÜK ]D\FZD5 ]D\FZD5 Lckgultd pcr bd qun nb pnrrc nxpnrf`nktdk ukd fkafoflfük gn su dhrnsfvfgdg, ldòfdkgc bd jcr`d gn gntnltdr scorn bcs lcktnkngcrns qun n`ftdk cbcr d sustdklfds dsclfdgds y qun gnrfvd nk dgcptdr bd pcsflfük gn snktdgc db bdgc gnb n`fscr nk vnz gn drdôdrbc. *GNWNLWC_5 *GNWNLWC_5 Gnjfkn db pnrrc dgfnstrdgc pdrd bd gntnllfük gn sustdklfd prnvfd`nktn dsclfdgds (dbf`nktcs, gfknrc, grchds, nxpbcsfvcs, vnknkc, tdodlc, ntl.). *GF\L_F@FKDLFÜK5 GF\L_F@FKDLFÜK5 Ldpdlfgdg gnb cbjdtc gnb pnrrc pdrd gntnltdr nk uk buhdr bd prnsnklfd gn cbcrns lckclfgcs `nzlbdgc nktrn vdrfcs cbcrns. *GF\]BD\FD5 @dbjcr`dlfük gn bd ldgnrd qun nk bd nspnlfn ldkfkd sn trdks`ftn anrngftdrfd`nktn. *GF\CLFDLFÜK5 *GF\CLFDLFÜK5 Ludkgc nb pnrrc nktrd nk nvftdlfük u cjrnln ukd lckgultd c rnspunstd kc gnsndgd lck nb jfk gn cotnknr ukd rnlc`pnksd räpfgd gnb huàd. *GC_DGC5 *GC_DGC5 \n gfln gnb pnrrc qun tfnkn nb pnbc gn lcbcr gcrdgc9 tdòfæk adln rnjnrnklfd db pnrrc nspnlfdbfzdgc nk bd ldzd gn dbhõk dkf`db. G_CKLFW5 G_CKLFW5 Znr`flfgd qun sn utfbfzd pdrd gnspdrdsftdr db pnrrc trf`nstrdb`nktn y nbf`fkdr bcs husdkcs suslnptfobns gn lcktdhfdr db acòrn nb ‒qufstn afgdtàgflc‐. *G_CHD5 *G_CHD5 ]rcgultc gnrfvdgc gn sustdklfd kdturdbns, prcgultc kdrlütflc c quà`flc, qun nb pnrrc ad sfgc nktrnkdgc pdrd ousldr, gntnltdr y snôdbdr gn jcr`d dprcpfdgd N 71



*NGDG5 *NGDG5 Fkgfld nb tfn`pc vfvfgc pcr nb pnrrc gnsgn su kdlf`fnktc. NGDG (\nbnllfük) Nstä gfrfhfgd d bd dgqufsflfük gn dkf`dbns qun tnkhdk ukd ngdg lc`prnkgfgd nktrn ukc y gcs dôcs. *NT^F]C5 NT^F]C5 Wær`fkc hnkærflc utfbfzdgc pdrd gnslrfofr db dgfnstrdgcr/ huàd y su pnrrc. *NKCHKDWF\@C5 NKCHKDWF\@C5 @dbjcr`dlfük gn bd gnktdgurd gnb pnrrc, qun lcksfstn nk `dktnknr nb `dxfbdr fkjnrfcr rntrdsdgc lck rnspnltc db supnrfcr. *NKW_C]FÜK5 NKW_C]FÜK5 @dbjcr`dlfük gn bcs pärpdgcs gnb pnrrc, qun lcksfstn nk fktrcgulfr sus ocrgns adlàd nb hbcoc gnb cec. *N__C_ gn gntnllfük5 gntnllfük 5 Hnknrdb`nktn, sn lcksfgnrd qun ukd ‒`drld jdbsd‐ ns gnofgc pcr u kd jdbtd gn jfdofbfgdg lc`c lcksnlunklfd gn jdbbcs nk su dgfnstrd`fnktc c adlnr trdodedr db pnrrc junrd gnb `drhnk cbjdtfvc. *N\]FHDGC5 *N\]FHDGC5 \n gfln gn bd lcbd qun nstä prcvfstd gn pnbcs bdrhcs. *N\]CBÜK5 *N\]CBÜK5 Gngc supbn`nktdrfc qun lrnln nk bd ldrd fktnrkd gnb `ntdtdrsc. \nhõk bcs \tdkgdrg, nb nspcbük pungn snr dprnlfdgc c lcksfgnrdgc lc`c uk gnjnltc. *NZDB^DLFÜK5 NZDB^DLFÜK5 Lcktrcb gn bd dptftug gnb pnrrc lck bd jfkdbfgdg gn lc`prcodr su jcr`d gn gntnltdr y `drldr bcs buhdrns c lcktnkngcrns gckgn sn nklunktrnk bds pnrsckds c sustdklfds. *NQW_C]FÜK. NQW_C]FÜK. @dbjcr`dlfük gn bcs pärpdgcs gnb pnrrc, qun lcksfstn nk sdldr sus ocrgns gnb hbcoc clubdr. J *JLF.5 JLF.5 \fhbds qun gnjfknk d bd Jngnrdlfük Ldkfkd Fktnrkdlfckdb. *JFDOFBFGDG5 Gurdktn ukd oõsqungd, bds hdrdktàds gn gntnllfük jfdobn sn `fgn d trdvæs gn bd ldpdlfgdg gnb pnrrc pdrd gntnltdr lck æxftc nb crfhnk gn uk cbcr dsclfdgc, sfk gnsdrrcbbcs gn jdbbcs, `drlds jdbsds c lckgultd gn dutc-rnlc`pnksd. H *HD_HDKWD5 *HD_HDKWD5 ^k pnrrc lck ounkd hdrhdktd ns uk pnrrc qun tfnkn uk bdgrfgc sckcrc. *HNKN_DBFUDLFÜK5 *HNKN_DBFUDLFÜK5 Nk drhct ldkfkc, sn gnkc`fkd d bd gntnllfük gn uk prcgultc qun tfnkn ukc c vdrfcs lc`pcknktns oäsflcs lck ukd sustdklfd dsclfdgd pcr nb pnrrc. *HF_C, s5 (gnrnlad, fzqufnrgd, `ngfd vunbtd)5 Nenrlflfcs gn dgfnstrd`fnktc gnb pnrrc lcksfstnktns nk bd rndbfzdlfük gn uk ldòfc gn gfrnllfük d gnrnlad, fzqufnrgd c `ngfd vunbtd, snhõk bc nstdobnlfgc pcr su huàd. H^ÀD5 Nk H^ÀD5 Nk tær`fkcs hnkærflcs gnslrfon d bd pnrsckd qun ns gunôc, lckguln c tfnkn dgeugfldgc uk pnrrc db qun `dkned y nktrnkd. A *AÄOFWC\ (fkstfktfvcs c dgqufrfgcs)5 @cgc gn prclngnr dgqufrfgc pcr rnpntflfük gn dltcs fhudbns u crfhfkdgcs pcr tnkgnklfds fkstfktfvds. *ADBBDUHC5 *ADBBDUHC5 Ludkgc uk pnrrc bcldbfzd ukd sustdklfd dsclbdgd nk bd qun ad sfgc dgfnstrdgc pdrd gntnltdr. *A^@NGDG5 A^@NGDG5 \f nk nb dòfnktn ady uk nbnvdgc pcrlnktden gn au`ngdg rnbdtfvd, æstd pnkntrd nk bd sustdklfd d gntnltdr y pnr`ftn qun n`dkn `äs cbcr. F *F@]_NHKDLFÜK5 F@]_NHKDLFÜK5 Nspdlfc gn tfn`pc gckgn sn gnsdrrcbbd bd ldpdlfgdg gn dprnkgfzden prnlcz gn uk dkf`db, qun ns rnbnvdktn pdrd nb juturc lc`pcrtd`fnktc gnb `fs`c. *FKGFLDLFÜK5 FKGFLDLFÜK5 Dllfük gn dbnrtd qun nb pnrrc rndbfzd ludkgc sn ad prcgulfgc bd gntnllfük gn ukd sustdklfd c gnsluorf`fnktc gn ukd pnrsckd clubtd c pnrgfgd. Nxfstnk gcs jcr`ds gn fkgfldlfük5 fkgfldlfük dhrnsfvd y pdsfvd. Dòcs `ætcgcs tfnknk vnktdeds fkanrnktns y gnsvnktdeds. FKGFLDLFÜK, DH_N\FZD5 DH_N\FZD5 ^kd dllfük ldrhdgd gn nknrhàd, `ngfdktn bd ludb nb nb pnrrc nxlftdgc drdôd n fklbusc ùnrgn nb lcktnkngcr gn bd sustdklfd dsclfdgd. FKGFLDLFÜK, ]D\FZD5 ]D\FZD5 ^kd dllfük gnb pnrrc gn oded nknrhàd, nknrhàd, ldrnktn gn dhrnsfvfgdg y qun gd lc`c rnsubtdgc bd pcsflfük gn snktdgc c nladgc db bdgc gnb lcktnkngcr gn bd sustdklfd dsclfdgd. *FKGFLFC\5 ]rnkgds pnrsckdbns gnb fkgfvfguc db ludb sn sfhun bd pfstd, y qun ad sfgc gnpcsftdgd scorn nb trdzdgc. Ns tdòfæk uk fkgflfc bd lnrtnzd gn bd prnsnklfd nk nb buhdr, gn bd pnrsckd gnsdpdrnlfgd. *FKGFJN_NKLFD\5 FKGFJN_NKLFD\5 Nb pnrrc d snbnllfckdr gnonrä gn`cstrdr ukd tctdb fkgfjnrnklfd d bcs rufgcs nbnvdgcs c prcvnkfnktns gn bds dr`ds gn junhc, dsà lc`c su fgnktfgdg pnr`dknlnrä nstdobn nk bcs buhdrns kunvcs c gnslckclfgcs.

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*FKJFBW_DLFÜK5 ^kd *FKJFBW_DLFÜK5 ^kd sftudlfük gükgn cbcrns ùy junrtns gn lfnrtds sustdklfds pungnk adonr pnkntrdgc nk nb fktnrfcr gnb ärnd, prüxf`d c àktf`d, c doscrofgcs pcr bcs `dtnrfdbns utfbfzdgcs lck bd sustdklfd dsclfdgd. *FKWNK\FGDG5 Bd junrzd gnb cbcr n`dkdgc pcr ukd sustdklfd gnpnkgnrä gn su tfpc y ldktfgdg, dsà lc`c gnb tfpc y ldrdltnràstfld gn lckstrullfük gnb rnlfpfnktn qun bd lcktnkhd. Ludktc `äs tfn`pc pnr`dknzld ukd sustdklfd nk uk gntnr`fkdgc buhdr, `äs fktnksc snrä nb cbcr gn nsd zckd. *FKWN_Æ\5 FKWN_Æ\5 Dltc qun prnlngn d bd rndllfük y sn `dkfjfnstd nk nb gnsnc qun nxafon nb pnrrc db snôdbdr y kc dodkgckdr nb buhdr nk qun sn adbbd clubtd bd pnrsckd c bd sustdklfd dsclfdgd. *FKZN\WFHDLFÜK, NK GF_NLLFÜK (oõsqungd)5 (oõsqungd) 5 Ludkgc nb huàd gfrfhn bd oõsqungd gnb pnrrc nk uk ärnd nspnlàjfld. B *BDO_DGC_5 BDO_DGC_5 _dzd gn pnrrc qun pcr su ldrältnr, tn`pnrd`nktc y lckgflfckns jàsflds, ns utfbfzdgc d kfvnb fktnrkdlfckdb lc`c lcbdocrdgcr gnb acòrn pdrd bd oõsqungd gn pnrsckds y sustdklfds dsclfdgds. *B^]FKC (pnbc)5 *B^]FKC (pnbc)5 ]nbden luyc tckc sn pdrnln db gnb bcoc lc`c lcksnlunklfd gn `nzlbdr nb d`drfbbc y nb knhrc. Wdòfæk sn gfln bupcfgn. *B.C.N5 *B.C.N5 Bforc gn Cràhnkns Nspdôcbns, gckgn nstäk fkslrftcs bcs pnrrcs gn rdzd gn Nspdôd qun nstäk lnrtfjfldgcs pcr su pngfhrà. pngfhrà. @ *@DKGÀO^BD\ (nk *@DKGÀO^BD\ (nk pfkzd)5 Fklfsfvcs supnrfcrns n fkjnrfcrns dlcpbdgcs nk sus nxtrn`cs. *@DKGÀO^BD\ *@DKGÀO^BD\ (nk tfenrd)5 Fklfsfvcs gn bd `dkgàoubd supnrfcr lcbcldgcs gnbdktn gn bcs gfnktns lcrrnspckgfnktns gn bd fkjnrfcr. @dkgàoubd supnrfcr `äs bdrhd qun db fkjnrfcr. * @D_HNK (cbjdtfvc) Ns (cbjdtfvc) Ns nb tfn`pc gn n`pbnc rndb gurdktn nb qun uk pnrrc pungn rndbfzdr ukd oõsqungd ‒cbjdtndkgc‐ gn uk cbcr dsclfdgc nktrn ctrcs cbcrns fkgntnr`fkdgcs lck uk dbtc pcrlnktden gn jfdofbfgdg. *@D_LAD (db bdgc)5 Nenrlflfc gn dgfnstrd`fnktc lcksfstnktn nk nb snhuf`fnktc gn bd `drlad lck rnspnltc d su huàd. Nstc f`pbfld, tdktc bd `drlad lckeuktd dgdptdgd d bcs ldòfcs gn rft`cs, lc`c bd rndbfzdlfük gn hfrcs c ldòfcs gn gfrnllfük. *@CKC_T^FGC5 *@CKC_T^FGC5 ]nrrc qun pcsnn uk scbc tnstàlubc. *@CKWN_C5 @CKWN_C5 Ldzdgcr qun prdltfld bd ldzd d bd ldrrnrd (hrdk `cktnràd) *@CKWN_ÀD5 *@CKWN_ÀD5 Drtn gn ldzdr d bd ldrrnrd5 sn gfstfkhun bd hrdkgn y bd pnqunôd `cktnràd, snhõk nb `cgc gn ldzd hrdkgn c pnqunôd eduràd gn pnrrcs. K KD_LÜWFLC5 KD_LÜWFLC5 ^kd grchd fbàlftd, lc`c bd usdgd pdrd nb dgfnstrd`fnktc. KNCKDWDB5 KNCKDWDB5 ]nrfcgc gnb gnsdrrcbbc gnb lc`pcrtd`fnktc gnb pnrrc qun dodrld gnsgn nb kdlf`fnktc adstd nb qufklndvc gàd, nk qun nb dkf`db dorn bcs cecs y lc`fnkzd d càr. *KN^_C\F\5 KN^_C\F\5 Jcofd qun nk nb ldsc gn bcs pnrrcs, bns fkldpdlftd pdrd rnscbvnr lckjbfltcs, dldodk sfktfækgcsn dtrdpdgcs y nk lfnrtd `ngfgd sn vunbvnk knurütflcs. C *CONGFNKLFD5 CONGFNKLFD5 Bd jfkdbfgdg ns cotnknr gnb pnrrc nb nqufbforfc psàquflc knlnsdrfc, pdrd lc`pcrtdrsn lcrrnltd`nktn nk ludbqufnr lfrlukstdklfd gn n`pbnc y, dbldkzdr nb hrdgc gn gclfbfgdg y prnlfsfük nk bd `drlad lck su huàd qun bn pnr`ftd gnsnkvcbvnrsn lck scbturd y kcr`dbfgdg. *COENWC5 Nb coentc DrcgfbbcM gnsndgc pcr nb pnrrc y qun sn usd pdrd bd dsclfdlfük gnb cbcr gn bd grchd, dsà lc`c pdrd prn`fdrbc db rndbfzdr ukd gntnllfük. *COENWC, LD_HDGC5 LD_HDGC5 ^k coentc DrcgfbbcM qun nstä bbnkc c pnrju`dgc lck ukd grchd nspnlàjfld y pcr tdktc, n`dkd nb cbcr nspnlàjflc gn nsd gntnr`fkdgd grchd. *COENWC, ]NKNW_DKWN5 ]NKNW_DKWN5 Coentc qun ad sfgc pnrju`dgc (lcktd`fkdgc) pcr ukd sustdklfd dsclfdgd (grchd, nxpbcsfvc, ntl). *COENWC, FKLCKWD@FKDGC5 FKLCKWD@FKDGC5 Coentc qun kc ad sfgc pnrju`dgc pcr bd sustdklfd dsclfdgd (grchd, nxpbcsfvcs, ntl) *CBJDWC5 CBJDWC5 \nktfgc prfklfpdb gnb pnrrc. Nk su gnsdrrcbbc fktnrvfnkn gn `dknrd gfrnltd5 bd anrnklfd, bd ldpdlfgdg gn dprnkgfzden y su vdrfdlfük d trdvæs gnb dgfnstrd`fnktc. >=



*CBC_5 CBC_5 Nb qun n`dkd ldgd sustdklfd nspnlàjfld y qun nb pnrrc ad dsclfdgc pcr `ngfc gn nenrlflfcs gn rnlupnrdlfük. *CBC_ @^N_WC5 Dukqun snd rntfrdgd ukd pnrsckd c sustdklfd gnb buhdr c rnlfpfnktn gckgn sn adbbn u clubtn, pnr`dknln bdtnktn bd prnsnklfd gn su cbcr nspnlàjflc pcr uk tfn`pc bf`ftdgc dktns gn gnsdpdrnlnr tctdb`nktn. ]cr bd f`pcrtdklfd qun nb anlac rnprnsnktd pdrd bd bdocr gnb pnrrc, sn ad gnkc`fkdgc d nstd n`dkdlfük ‒cbcr ùnrtc‐. *Ü_GNKN\5 Ü_GNKN\5 Bcs nstàùbcs dugftfvcs gnonk snr lcrtcs, cptdkgc pcr `ckcsàbdocs lbdrcs y gn prnlfsd prckuklfdlfük. *C_NE^GC (pnrrc)5 C_NE^GC (pnrrc)5 ]nrrc gn hrdkgns crneds. ] *]DLFNKLFD5 ]DLFNKLFD5 ]rf`nrd vfrtug gnb huàd. Bd pdlfnklfd deustdgd, lckvnrtfgd nk ldb`d y pnrsnvnrdklfd kukld gnonrä pnrgnrsn. * ]D]DGD5 ]D]DGD5 Lunbbc kcr`db`nktn scornldrhdgc gn pbfnhuns. (Ocugnbchun jrdklæs, oubgch fkhbæs, obccgacukg, ntl.). * ]D]FBBC_DGD\ (crneds)5 ]D]FBBC_DGD\ (crneds)5 Crneds qun ldnk jcr`dkgc pbfnhuns. * ]BDKWD5 ]BDKWD5 Db`cadgfbbds qun sn nklunktrdk odec nb pfn gnb pnrrc * ]_ÄLWFLD5 ]_ÄLWFLD5 Nenrlflfcs knlnsdrfcs qun rndbfzdk bcs Huàds pdrd `dktnknr cpnrdtfvd`nktn dltudbfzdgc nb dgfnstrd`fnktc f`pdrtfgc d su pnrrc. . * ]NGNH_NN5 Lnrtfjfldgc cjflfdb gnb ärocb hnkndbühflc gn uk pnrrc gn rdzd. * ]N__C5 ]N__C5 ‒Ldkfs jd`fbfdrfs‐. @d`àjnrc vnrtnordgc gnb crgnk gn bcs ldrkflnrcs, ldr kflnrcs, suocrgnk gn bcs ldrkàvcrcs, y jd`fbfd gn bcs läkfgcs. * ]_N-OÕ\T^NGD5 ]_N-OÕ\T^NGD5 ]rclnsc gurdktn nb ludb nb huàd fkspnllfckd nb ärnd qun tfnkn qun rnlckclnr lck nb pnrrc nk oõsqungd gn sustdklfds dsclfdgds y qun ns rndbfzdgc lck fktnklfük gn dsnhurdr vfsudb`nktn nb trdodec pcstnrfcr gnb dkf`db y nvftdr pcsfobns pnbfhrcs y gfstrdllfckns `ngfcdòfnktdbns u ctrcs f`pngf`nktcs. * ]_N@FC5 Dllfük qun rndbfzd nb huàd pdrd dbdodr y `ctfvdr db pnrrc ludkgc pcr su nspnlàjfld dltudlfük sn bc `nrnzld. * ]_N@FC ]_F@D_FC5 ]_F@D_FC5 Coentc `ctfvdgcr qun nb huàd nktrnhd fk`ngfdtd`nktn db pnrrc lc`c rnsubtdgc gn bd fkgfldlfük gn uk adbbdzhc gn sustdklfd c bcldbfzdlfük gn ukd pnrsckd. Wàpfld`nktn, nstn prn`fc ns lcksnlunklfd gn ukd sftudlfük gn "adbbdzhc" (gdgc pcr nb huàd). Wdòfæk pungn snr lcksfgnrdgc lc`c bd" prnsd" qun nb pnrrc nstä ldzdkgc. * ]_N@FC \NL^KGD_FC5 \NL^KGD_FC5 Bds dbdodkzds qun rnlfon nb pnrrc gnb huàd lc`c lcksnlunklfd gn rnlfofr uk prn`fc prf`drfc. * ]_N\D5 ]_N\D5 @crgfgd qun rndbfzd nb pnrrc db coentc gn ldzd (rcgfbbc, `dkhd, trden, ntl.), y qun pnr`ftn dprcvnladr bd tnkgnklfd kdturdb gnb pnrrc lc`c sf junrd bd ldzd gn bd prnsd usdgd lc`c lc`fgd. * ]FN GN HDWC5 HDWC5 ]fn lcrtc y dprntdgc. * ]FN GN BFNO_N5 BFNO_N5 ]fn dbdrhdgc lck bcs gngcs ùy snpdrdgcs. * ]FKWDGC5 ]FKWDGC5 ]nrrc gn pnbden lck `dklads. * ]F\WD5 \ulnsfük gn aunbbds qun uk fkgfvfguc vd gnedkgc trds gn sà db gnspbdzdrsn. * ]F\WD J_ÀD5 Dqunbbd qun sn fkflfd ukd vnz qun adk trdkslurrfgc `äs gn ?7 acrds gnsgn su jfkdbfzdlfük. * ]F\WD LDBFNKWN5 LDBFNKWN5 Dqunbbd qun sn fkflfd dktns gn trdkslurrfgds W_N\ acrds gnsgn su jfkdbfzdlfük. * ]CGNKLC5 ]CGNKLC5 ]nrrc gn ldzd utfbfzdgc nk `cktnràd pdrd bcldbfzdr bd ldzd. * ]CKNV (lco)5 Wær`fkc fkhbæs qun gnsfhkd nb pnrjfb gnb pnrrc. ]drd snr ‒lco‐, nb pnrjfb gnon fkslrfofrsn nk uk ludgrdgc. * ]_CHKDWF\@C5 ]_CHKDWF\@C5 @dbjcr`dlfük gn bd gnktdgurd gnb pnrrc, qun lcksfstn nk `dktnknr nb `dxfbdr supnrfcr rntrdsdgc lck rnspnltc db fkjnrfcr. * ]_CHKDWC (pnrrc)5 ]_CHKDWC (pnrrc)5 ]nrrc qun tfnkn ukd `dkgàoubd prc`fknktn. Wær`fkc dpbfldgc d ukd scbd gn bds `dkgàoubds (]rchkdtfs`c fkjnrfcr c supnrfcr). * ]_CHKDWC FKJN_FC_5 FKJN_FC_5 ]nrrc luyd `dkgàoubd fkjnrfcr scornpdsd d bd supnrfcr. * ]C\N\FÜK5 ]C\N\FÜK5 \nktfgc fkkdtc gn rntnknr nktrn bcs gfnktns lck `äs c `nkcs hrdgc gn junrzd, uk coentc rnlupnrdgc. D bd acrd gn prclngnr d su nvdbudlfük, nstd rntnklfük gnb coentc gnon snr junrtn nk lcktrd gn bd cpcsflfük gn su huàd, bbnhäkgcsn d nktdobdr ukd bulad nktrn dòcs pcr bd pcsnsfük gn gflac coentc. * ]\N^GC\ (Au`dkc, anrcàkd, lcldàkd, nxpbcsfvcs, ntl.)5 ]rcgultcs quà`flcs nbdocrdgcs pcr nb acòrn pdrd prcgulfr cbcrns sn`nedktns d bcs nspnlàjflcs gn bds pnrsckds y sustdklfds d gntnltdr.

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* ]^KWC GN LC@FNKUC5 LC@FNKUC5 ]uktc gn pdrtfgd gn ukd oõsqungd. Nb nqufpc n`pfnzd y rnhrnsd db puktc prngntnr`fkdgc. _ * _D\W_NC5 _D\W_NC 5 Wær`fkc gn ldzd qun gnsfhkd bd oõsqungd gn bd pfnzd. Nb rdstrnc pungn snr dbtc (pnrrc gn kdrfz dbtd) c oded (pnrrc qun ldzd lck bd kdrfz pnhdgd db sunbc. Nxfstn tdòfæk nb pnrrc qun pcrtd bd kdrfz `ngfd dbtd. * _D\W_NC5 Wfpc gn trdodec nspnlàjflc lcksfstnktn nk bd oõsqungd gnb rdstrc trdzdgc pcr pnrsckds gnsdpdrnlfgds, gurdktn bd ludb nb pnrrc utfbfzd nb `cvf`fnktc, bd vfstd y scorn tcgc su dhugnzd cbjdtfvd. * _D\W_C (ldzd) (ldzd)5 Wcgc bc qun gnsfhkd nb pdsc gn uk dkf`db gn ldzd. Zd ‒pnhdgc‐ db rdstrc nb pnrrc qun sn dprcxf`d d bd pfnzd. *_D\W_C (oõsqungd)5 (oõsqungd)5 Ld`fkc (fkvfsfobn) qun gned db gnspbdzdrsn pcr nb sunbc ukd pnrsckd c uk dkf`db. * _D\W_C L_ÛDGC5 L_ÛDGC 5 Dqunb luyds pfstds trdzdgds sn lruzdk. * _D\W_C NQW_DÔC5 Wcgc dqunb rndbfzdgc pcr ctrd pnrsckd qun kc snd nb Huàd. * _D\W_C JDB\C5 Dquæb nk nb qun nb fkgfvfguc sn vunbvn scorn sus pdscs, rndbfzd ldòfcs gn gfrnllfük, dlnbnrdlfckns y gnsdlnbnrdlfckns nk bd `drlad. * _D\W_C FKZF\FOBN5 \ck bds n`dkdlfckns cbcrcsds gnpcsftdgds pcr bd pnrsckd qun sn trdtd gn bcldbfzdr. * _D\W_C ZF\FOBN5 Aunbbds y coentcs gnpcsftdgcs qun vd gnedkgc trds gn sà nb fkgfvfguc db qun sn prntnkgn bcldbfzdr. * _D\W_C ]D_DBNBC5 ]D_DBNBC5 Nb rdstrc luyds pfstd kc sn lruzdk. * _D\W_C ]_C]FC5 Nb qun rndbfzd nb Huàd d su pnrrc. * _DUD5 \uohrupc gn dkf`dbns gn ukd nspnlfn qun sn gfjnrnklfdk nktrn sf pcr gntnr`fkdgcs rdshcs ldrdltnràstflcs. * _DUD (pnrrc _DUD (pnrrc gn)5 Nstn tær`fkc, n`pbndgc nk `cktnràd, gnsfhkd bcs hrdkgns pnrrcs gn ldzd d bd ldrrnrd utfbfzdgcs pdrd bd ldzd d ldodbbc gnb lfnrvc y nb lcrzc. * _NDLLFÜK5 _NDLLFÜK5 ]cstnrfcr d bd dsclfdlfük gn ukd sustdklfd, nb pnrrc dktn bd prnsnklfd gnb cbcr gn bd `fs`d, bd fgnktfjfld c rnlckcln, `cvfækgcsn (rndllfük) `ctfvdgc pcr gflac cbcr. *_NLC@]NK\D5 _NLC@]NK\D5 ]rn`fdr pcr uk `nrftc. *_N]NWFLFÜK5 Nb pnrrc dprnkgn pcr dsclfdlfük (rnpntflfük), sfnkgc nstd jcr`d gn dprnkgfzden fkgfspnksdobn pdrd bd rndbfzdlfük gn bcs nenrlflfcs qun lc`pckhdk nb `ætcgc gn dgfnstrd`fnktc. *_udkc (pnbden)5 *_udkc (pnbden)5 @nzlbd gn pnbcs nktrn bcs lcbcrns rcecs y obdklcs. *_^WFKD GN ]D_WFGD5 ]D_WFGD 5 Dltc qun tfnkn qun rndbfzdr cobfhdtcrfd`nktn nb huàd pdrd lcksnhufr bd `äxf`d nxlftdlfük y lcklnktrdlfük gn su pnrrc db gdr fkflfc uk trdodec gn oõsqungd. \ *\DW^_DLFÜK5 \DW^_DLFÜK5 ]rclnsc gckgn nb snktfgc cbjdtfvc gnb pnrrc sn dhcofd pcr bd prnsnklfd gn uk cbcr fktnksc c nb cbcr n`dkdgc gn uk prcgultc quà`flc frrftdktn, db puktc gn fkldpdlftdrbc pdrd rndbfzdr su tdrnd gn gntnllfük gn sustdklfds dsclfdgds gurdktn uk ornvn pnràcgc. *\NK\FOFBFGDG5 \NK\FOFBFGDG5 Fkgfld nb hrdgc gn pdrtflfpdlfük qun sn pungn nspnrdr gnb dkf`db d bd acrd gn su dgfnstrd`fnktc. *\NK\FOFBFGDG ODED5 ODED5 Nb pnrrc pclc snksfobn, dpdrtn gnb `ætcgc gn dgfnstrd`fnktc qun sn utfbfln, ns gfjàlfb gn dgfnstrdr, trdtäkgcsn gn uk dkf`db fkgnpnkgfnktn, qun gnùnstrd pcld lckjfdkzd nk su huàd y su dptftug ns knutrdb dktn nb prn`fc c nb ldstfhc. *\NK\FOFBFGDG @CGN_DGD5 @CGN_DGD 5 Nb pnrrc ns dbhc snksfobn d kunvcs dòfnktns y db sckfgc, pnrc bcs dlnptd, ns sclfdb y odstdktn congfnktn db huàd, dlnptd bd prnsnklfd gn pnrsckds nxtrdôds sfk pnrgnr su fgnktfgdg. *\NK\FOFBFGDG CO\N_ZDWFZD5 CO\N_ZDWFZD5 Nb pnrrc rndllfckd nxlnsfvd`nktn d bd nxpcsflfük gn kunvd sftudlfckns. Ns pcr tdktc uk dkf`db afpnrsnksftfvc, ùy gfjàlfb gn dgfnstrdr. *\NQC (\nbnllfük gn pnrrcs)5 ]rnjnrnktn`nktn nstdrä gfrfhfgd db pnrrc `dlac. Bd anòrd nstd supngftdgd db lflbc gnb lnbc. * \CLFDBFUDLFÜK5 \CLFDBFUDLFÜK5 ]nràcgc gnb lc`pcrtd`fnktc ldkfkc qun dodrld, tnr`fkdgc nb pnràcgc gn trdksflfük, adstd bd gclndvd sn`dkd. *\WDKGD_G5 Ns nb lckeuktc gn ldrdltnrns `crjcbühflcs y tn`pnrd`nktdbns gn uk pnrrc qun gnjfknk ukd rdzd ldkfkd, tdb y lc`c bc dg`ftn bd J.L.F. (Jngnrdlfük Lfkcbühfld Fktnrkdlfckdb) \WC]5 \WC]5 Lurvd gnb gnb nktrnlnec nktrnlnec qun pungn snr nk äkhubc rnltc (pcfktnr), dpnkds vfsfobn (dfrndgbn), c prcjukgd y lcrtd (ocugnbchun jrdklæs) >?



*\V_5 \V_5 \fhbds gnb äòftc gn nspnlfdbfzdlfük gn pnrrcs gn \nhurfgdg y _nsldtn. Dodrld bcs suoäòftcs gn Dvdbdklad, Ldtästrcjn, Hudrgfd y ]dtrubbd y _dstrnc. W *WDBBD5 Bd dbturd gnb pnrrc gnsgn nb sunbc d bd lruz. *WDK (lcbcr)5 *WDK (lcbcr)5 @drrük ldstdôc c junhc *W_DFBBD (eduràd *W_DFBBD (eduràd gn prnsd)5 Eduràd gnstfkdgd d ldzdr nb edodbà. * W_DK\FLFÜK5 W_DK\FLFÜK5 ]nrfcgc gnb gnsdrrcbbc gnb lc`pcrtd`fnktc ldkfkc lc`prnkgfgc gnsgn nb qufklndvc gàd gnspuæs gnb kdlf`fnktc (pnràcgc (pnràcgc knckdtdb) knckdtdb) adstd nb lc`fnkzc gnb lcktdltc lck bd buz, lc`fnkzd d ld`fkdr y lcktdltd lck nb snr au`dkc. * WNB@FK5 WNB@FK5 Znr`flfgd nspnlàjflc pdrd gnspdrdsftdr db pnrrc trf`nstrdb`nktn gn husdkcs suslnptfobns gn trdks`ftfr db acòrn nb ‒qufstn afgdtàgflc‐. *W_^JD5 *W_^JD5 Kdrfz gnb pnrrc. *WN@]N_D@NKWC (\nbnllfük gnb pnrrc)5 Nb dkf`db `äs dlcksnedobn pdrd ukd bdrhd y jrultàjnrd lckvfvnklfd gnon snr bc `äs nqufbfordgc pcsfobn kukld gn`dsfdgc su`fsc, ed`äs gc`fkdktn y td`pclc fkgnpnkgfnktn, kf dsf`fs`c tà`fgc c dhrnsfvc, ns gnlfr, sclfdobn db `äxf`c. *WN@]N_DW^_D5 WN@]N_DW^_D5 Nb pnrrc kc dhudktd nb ldbcr fhudb qun nb acòrn, pcr nbbc bd tn`pnrdturd kc sübc bf`ftd su trdodec sfkc qun fkjbuyn pcgnrcsd`nktn nk su ldpdlfgdg gn rnkgf`fnktc. Nb dòfnktn jràc kcr`db`nktn kc bn djnltd, gngulfækgcsn gn nbbc qun bds acrds `necrns pdrd gnsdrrcbbdr nb trdodec sck dqunbbds qun dodrldk bcs pnràcgcs `äs jrnslcs gnb gàd. *WNWD\5 WNWD\5 Lc`õk`nktn adlnk dbusfük d bds `d`ds gn bd pnrrd. * WFN@]C KD\DB5 KD\DB5 ]ungn gnjfkfrsn lc`c nb ‒tfn`pc kcr`db gn n`pbnc‐ gnb pnrrc gurdktn gu rdktn uk trdodec gn oõsqungd. Ludkgc nb pnrrc hrdod nstn tfn`pc kdsdb, y nb rnlckclf`fnktc bn nxfhn scornpdsdrbc, pungn gdr buhdr d ‒`drldr jdbsd`nktn‐, puns su lnrnorc lc`fnkzd d snktfr y jbdqundr qun kukld bd bcldbfzdlfük gn bd sustdklfd adoàd lcstdgc tdktc WFN@]C bcldbfzdrbc. (jdbbc gn nxpcsflfük). *WC@D LCKWDLWC5 LCKWDLWC5 ]nràcgc gn nksnôdkzd qun sn gnsdrrcbbd lck bd jfkdbfgdg gn luorfr bds odeds gn pnrrcs pcr ngdg, jdbbnlf`fnktc c pærgfgd gn bd cpnrdtfvfgdg. Z *ZFHC_FUD_5 *ZFHC_FUD_5 Fkjukgfr sdkhrn kunvd d ukd rdzd pdrd nvftdr sfhkcs gn gnhnknrdlfük. U *UDFKC (lcbcr)5 *UDFKC (lcbcr)5 Lcbcr ukfjcr`n sfk kfkhõk pnbc obdklc. *UCKD GN OÕ\T^NGD5 OÕ\T^NGD5 Nb ärnd gn tnrrnkc nstrnlad qun bf`ftd c gfvfgn nk ctrds zckds nb trdodec gn rnlckclf`fnktc gnb pnrrc y gckgn sn prntnkgn rndbfln bd oõsqungd y gntnllfük, snd scorn nb tnrrnkc, nxtnrfcr c fktnrfcr gn ngfjflfc, vnaàlubc u ctrc tfpc gn lcktnkngcr. * UCKD BF@]FD5 BF@]FD5 Uckd qun ad sfgc ousldgd pcr nb pnrrc sfk bd bcldbfzdlfük gn ukd pnrsckd c gn ukd sustdklfd gn grchd c nxpbcsfvcs dsclfdgd. *UCCWNLKFD5 *UCCWNLKFD5 Lfnklfd gn bd lrfdkzd gn dkf`dbns.

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