BRUSH UP YOUR ENGLISH GRAMMAR “A quick review.”
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CONTENTS • TENSE SYSTEM IN ENGLISH
2
• TENSES IN ENGLISH
3-8
• PREPOSITIONS
9-14
• MODALS VERBS
15-21
• THE PASSIVE SENTENCES
22-27
• CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
28-32
• NOUN CLAUSES
33-40
• GERUNDS / INFINITIVES
41-49
• ADJECTIVE and ADVERBS
50-60
• RELATIVE CLAUSES
61-68
• QUANTIFIERS
69-79
• CONJUNCTIONS and TRANSITIONS
80-92
1
TENSE SYSTEM IN ENGLISH ANLAMIN UNSURLARI a) Time: Eylemin zamanını belirtir. b) Aspect: Konuşmacını olayı nasıl gördüğünü ifade eder. TIME
ASPECT
PRESENT PAST FUTURE
SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT
SIMPLE ASPECT: A) Permanent Events.
The Castle overlooks the town for many centuries. centuries. B) Completed events.
Fatih conquered Istanbul in 1953. 1953. C) Habitual activities or simple facts.
He usually goes fishing after the school. school. The World revolves around the sun. CONTINUOUS ASPECT: A) Temporary events.
I am staying with a friend of mine this week. week. B) Incomplete events.
She is writing a book about the environmental problems. problems. C) Activity in progress.
When I came home my mother was cooking. PERFECT ASPECT: İki farklı zamanı birbirine bağlar A) Geçmişi günümüze.
I have read that book. B) Geçmişi geçmişe.
My parents had left when I came home. home. C) Günümüzü geleceğe.
I will have finished my work by the time you come back. 2
TENSES IN ENGLISH 1) THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE A) İçinde bulunduğumuz anda devam etmekte olan eylemleri ifade eder. (Now, right now, at the moment, at present, still) gibi zaman zarfları kullanılır.
My brother is studying for his exams in his room now. B) İçinde bulunduğumuz anda değil de o sıralarda devam etmekte olan eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır. (nowadays, these days, this term, this year) gibi zaman zarfları kullanılır. B)
My brother is redecorating his house nowadays. C) İçinde bulunduğumuz anda değişmekte olan eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır.
It is cold. It is getting colder. The economic situation is very bad. The economic situation is getting worse. D) Gelecekte planlanmış eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır. (Go, come, visit, have, meet) gibi fiiler bu yapıyla sıkça kullanılırlar.
They are having a party next week. 2) THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE A) Alışkanlıklarımızı anlatırız. (always, very often, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, hardly ever, ever) gibi sıklık zarfları kullanılır. A)
I sometimes feel depressed. B) Doğa kanunlarını ve her zaman doğru olan genellemeleri anlatmak için kullanılır. B)
The world revolves around the sun. C) Bir zaman çizelgesine bağlı gelecekteki eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır.
The train to Adana leaves at 10.00. State Verbs: Bir eylem değil; bir durum, his ve düşünce bildiren fiillerdir. Continuous tenslerle kullanılmazlar. Mental State: Düşünce bildiren fiiller. 3
Think / realise / understand / forget / mean / suppose / notice / feel / want / believe / recognize / doubt / need / imagine / know / remember / prefer Emotional State: Duygu bildiren fiiller. Love / hate / like / dislike / appreciate / detest / loathe / fear / envy / mind / care / desire / wish / forgive Possession State: Sahiplik bildiren fiiller. Possess / have / own / belong Perception State: Duyu bildiren fiiller. See / hear / smell / taste / feel Diğer State Verbs: Look / seem / appear / own / cost / weigh / exist / advice / promise / refuse / contain / consist of / include / sound Not: Aşağıdaki fiiller istisnai olarak eylem bildiren fiiller olarak kullanılabilirler. THINK SEE SMEL HAVE TASTE FEEL WEIGH
: I am thinking of going going abroad next year. : The manager is seeing my brother. : Why do you smell that flowers? : She is having breakfast now. : I am tasting the meal. : I am feeling better now. : The butcher is very weighing the meat now.
3) THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE A) Geçmişte belli bir zamanda olmuş bitmiş eylemleri anlatır. B)
I became a teacher last year. B) Bir hikayedeki eylemleri oluş sırasına göre anlatır. A)
I heard noises coming from downstairs. I put on my dressing gown. gown I went down stairs. I saw somebody in the the kitchen. C) Arka arkaya gelen iki PAST TENSE cümlede birinci eylemin bitiminden sonar ikinci eylemin başladığını ve birinci eylemin ikinci eylemi tetiklediğini anlatır.
When I came home, my wife cooked. D) Geçmişteki alışkanlıklarımızı anlatırız.
When I was a small child, we lived at the sea–side. I always took my dog for a wolk on the beach at the weekends. NOT: Geçmişteki alışkanlıklarımızı (used to / would) ile de anlatabiliriz. a) State verb ile would kullanamayız.
The factory would be / used to be in the city centre. centre. 4
b) Would kullanabilmemiz için blieli bir zaman veya olaylar zinciri belirtiriz.
We used to / would play in the garden. c) Bir olayın kaç kez olduğunu, nekadar zaman aldığını, veya o olayın meydana geldiği tam zamanı belirttiğimizde (would / used to) kullanamayız.
We woul / used to visited Adana four times during the 2006s. We woul / used to went on holiday to Egypt last year. 4) THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE A) Geçmişte belli bir zaman dilimi içerisinde süreklilik gösteren eylemleri anlatır. (this time last year / at this hour yesterday / yesterday at three a clock) gibi zaman zarfları kullanılır.
What were you doing at noon last Saturday? I was playing football. football. B) (INTERRUPTED ACTIVITY) Geçmişte devam etmekte olan bir eylem sırasında başka bir eylemin olduğunu bu tensle ifade ederiz. A)
I was having breakfast when he came home. He came home while I was hawing breakfast. AS / WHEN: Aynı anda cereyan eden iki kısa eylemi ifade etmek için kullanılır.
As / when the can is opened, the content heats heats automatically. AS / WHILE: Aynı anda cereyan eden iki uzun eylemi ifade etmek için kullanılır.
As / while my wife cleaned the house, I went shopping. WHİLE + PAST SIMPLE + PAST SIMPLE: WHILE + PAST CONTINIOUS + PAST CONTINIOUS: Temel cümledeki eylem devam ederken aynı anda başka bir eylemin devam ettiğini ifade eder.
I waited outside while Ali had an interview. The students were talking while the professor was lecturing. 5) THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE A) Geçmişi şu ana bağlar. (For / since)
I have lived lived in Ankara for four years. I have lived in Eskişehir since 1993 / for eleven years (today / this morning / this month / this year) Henüz tamamlanmamış bir dönemi ifade eder. 5
I haven’t heard the alarm this morning.
B) Geçmişteki deneyimlerimizi ifade eder. (ever / never / all my life / several times / once / twice / so far / up to now / up until now) zaman zarfları kullanılır.
Have you ever been to the moon? I have never eaten snake I have swum in the sea once so far this summer ALREADY / JUST / YET: YET : YET: Soru ve olumsuz cümlelerde kullanılır ve cümlenin sonuna gelir.
Have you finished your homework yet? yet? I haven’t finished my homework yet. yet. JUST: Olumlu cümlelerde yardımcı fiille ana fiil arasında yer alır.
The manager has just gone out. ALREADY: Bir işin beklenenden önce bittiğini anlatır.
He has already booked the hotel and bought the rings. LATELY / RECENTLY:
Have you seen your parents lately? lately? (Son günlerde) They came recently (Kısa bir süre önce) C) Geçmişte bitmiş bir eylemin şu anki önemini anlatır.
I have cleaned my flat / my flat is clean now. I have bought a new car / I have no money. 6) THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE A) Geçmişte başlayıp içinde bulunduğumuz ana kadar devam eden eylemleri anlatır.
I have been reading this book for for two hours. B) Şu anki bir duruma neden olan; kısa bir süre önce bitmiş bir eylemin kendisini vurgulamak için bu tens kullanılır.
I am tired. I have been studying for my exams for seven hours. 6
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE or CONTINUOUS a) (Live / Work) gibi long term fiillerle Continuous tercih edilir. (Find / Cut) gibi short term fiillerle Present Perfect Simple kullanılır.
I have been living in Eskişehir since 1993 I have cut my finger. b) Durum, düşünce, his bildiren (State verbs) fiillerle Present Perfect Simple kullanılır.
I have known my teacher for two months. c) Şayet cümlede sayı ve miktar varsa Present Perfect Simple kullanılır.
She has smoked ten cigarettes since she came in. 7) THE PAST PERFECT TENSE Geçmişi geçmişe bağlayan tense.
When I came home, my wife had cooked By the time she came back, I had finished my work. Until I completed my work, they had stated in the office. After she had graduated, she went abroad. Before the bell rang, I had finished my exam paper. As soon as the the guests had left, I went to bed 8) FUTURE PERFECT TENSE Belli bir zamana kadar tamamlanmış olacak eylemleri anlatır.
By five o clock, I will have finished my report. By the time you come back, I will have cooked. When you come back, I will have eaten my breakfast. Before you come back, I will have gone to bed. bed. 9) PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Geçmişte başlayıp, yine geçmişte belli bir zamana kadar bir eylemin ne kadar süredir devam ettiğini ifade etmek için kullanılır.
We had been waiting for her for two days when she came. 10) FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Gelecekte bir işin belli bir zamana kadar ne kadar süredir yapılyor olacağını ifade eder.
By the next year, I will have been teaching for nine years. 7
11) FUTURE TİME Geleceğe yönelik niyetlerimizi ve tahminlerimizi anlatır. WILL: Future Intention: Konuşma anında karar verdiğimiz niyetlerimizi anlatırız.
Don’t worry. I will lend you some money. WILL: Future Prediction: Hiç bir delile dayanmayan gelecek tahminlerimizi anlatır.
Turkish economy will recover soon. GOING TO: Future intention: Konuşma anından önce planladığımız niyetlerimizi anlatır.
I am going to by a new car. GOING TO: Future Prediction: Belli delile dayalı tahminlerimizi anlatır.
The sky is black. It’s going to rain. 12) FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE A) Gelecekte belli bir zaman dilimi içerisinde süreklilik gösterecek olan eylemleri anlatır.
Don’t call me between ten and eleven. I will be sleeping B) Birisinden bir şeyi rica ederken kullanırız.
Will you be using your bike tomorrow? TENSE AGREEMENT 1) PAST TİME: “When I got home” cümlesini tamamlarken getireceğimiz yapılar mutlaka PAST TIME olmalıdır.
When I got home, I had a bath and ate my dinner. my son was sleeping. my parents had gone to bed. my son had been watching TV for two hours. 2) PRESENT TİME: “When I get home” cümlesini tamamlarken getireceğimiz yapılar PRESENT TIME olur.
When I get home, I usually take a rest for a while I play with my son for a while. 8
3) FUTURE TİME: “When I get home tomorrow” cümlesini tamamlarken getireceğimiz yapılar PRESENT TIME olur.
When I get home, I will take a rest for a while my son will be sleeping. our guest will have left. I’m going to let you know.
PREPOSITIONS 1) ZAMAN İFADE EDEN PREPOSITIONS AT a) Saatlerde kullanılır. Yesterday, Yesterday, I left work at 6 o’clock sharp.
b) Zamanda bir nokta belirten ifadelerde kullanılır.
Meal times Festivals Age
: at tea time / at lunch time / at dinner time : at Christmas / at Easter : at 17 / at the age of 17
Diğer zaman ifadeleri: at dawn / at midday / at midnight at night / at noon / at the weekend / at the moment at present / at the beginning of the year / at the end of the month / at the same time / at this time
Not: “At At the end” end Bir sürenin sonunda anlamında olup isim alır. At the the end of the month.
“In In the end” end Finally anlamında olup sonuna isim almaz. In the end, he found a job.
ON Günlerde ve tarihlerde kullanılır. On Monday / On her birthday / On Monday morning On Sundays / On Christmas day / On that day On Weekdays / On 10th December
IN Daha uzun zaman dilimlerini belirtilen ifadelerle kullanılır.
Months Years Seasons
: In January, in December : In 1959, in the 1960’s : In (the) summer 9
Century Ages Diğerleri
: In the 20th century : In the middle ages : In the evening, in the middle of the night.
NOT: a) Morning / afternoon / evening ifadeleriyle normalde IN kullanılır. Ancak bu ifadeler bir gün isimiyle birlikte ise on kullanılır. She usually goes shopping in the morning. She usually goes shopping on Monday Monday mornings.
b) ‘At the age of’ birinin yaşını ifade ederken kullanırız. Kişinin yaşını kesin olarak bilmiyorsak; in her thirties, in her early thirties, in her late thirties gibi ifadeler kullanırız. c) Next, last, this ile in / on / at kullanılmaz. I moved to Ankara last year. We are going on holiday next month. We haven’t decided yet where to go on holiday this summer.
IN + A PERIOD OF TIME: Gelecekte bir zaman belirtir. in two days / in a few hours / in three years / in a week / in two days days time / in three years time / in a week’s time.
NOT: a) ‘In + a period of time’ Bir işin ne kadar zamanda yapıldığını ifade ederken de kullanılır. Bu durumda in yerine ‘WITHIN’ de kullanılır. He usually does his homework in (within) an hour.
b) ‘Apostrophe + time’ kullanıldığında belirtilen saat kadar sonra anlamını verir.
You will have to eat lunch in half an hour’s time (Yemeğini yarım saat sonra yemek zorunda kalacaksın) ZAMAN İFADE EDEN DİĞER YAPILAR DURING: Sırasında He fell a sleep sleep during the lesson because it was so boring.
FROM…TO / TILL / UNTIL: The Second World War runs from 1939 to 1945.
10
BETWEEN…AND: Most people take their holidays sometime between May and September.
TOWARD (S): e doğru Towards the end of the day, day, she started to feel very tired.
THROUGH OUT: Boyunca
I drink several cups of coffee throughout the day. 2) YER VE HAREKET İFADE EDEN PREPOSITIONS IN: (de-da/içinde) in a city / in the east of Turkey / in a room / in a park in the river / in the sea in a line / in a queue / in a row in a book / in a newspaper / in the sky in an armchair / in bed / in the world / in the sun in the rain.
AT: (Bir nokta ifade eder) at home/ at school / at work / at the cinema at the party / at the meeting / at the airport at the front / at the back / at sea (yolculuk) at the beginning of the street at the end of the street.
ON: (Üzerinde, yüzeyinde) on the floor / on the wall / on the ceiling / on the bed on the table / on the shelf / on the page 7 on the front page of the newspaper / on an island on a river / on the ground / on earth / on her face on my nose / on the west coast of…
TO / FROM: (Bir yerden ayrılma ve bir yere yönelme) to work / to school / to the station / to the airport from work / from school / from the station
INTO: (Bir şeyin içine doğru hareketi bildirir.) Walk in to the cinema / get in to the car.
OUT OF: (Bir yerden dışarı çıkma anlamını verir) Come out of the cinema / get out of the car.
ROUND / AROUND: (çevresinde, köşede) 11
We lived round the corner. We have no hedge round the garden.
BEYOND: (ötede, ilerisinde) Beyond the river / beyond the beach.
BY: (Yanında) By the sea / by the lake
PAST: Geçince anlamını verir. Past the post office / past the police station.
THROUGH: Bir şeyin içinden geçerek anlamını verir. Through the tunnel / through the woods.
ACROSS: Bir uçtan diğer uca, bir taraftan diğer tarafa Across the river / across the field.
ALONG: Boyunca Along the river / along the road.
AMONG: İkiden fazla gurubun içinde Among the trees / among the students.
BETWEEN: İki öğenin arasında Between the teacher and students.
UP: Yukarı doğru Up the hill / up the road.
DOWN: Aşağı doğru Down the hill / down the road.
ABOVE: Düzey olarak üzerinde daha yüksekte / nesneler birbirine değmez. Above the sea level, above the clouds.
BELOW: Düzey olarak altında, aşağıda / nesneler birbirine değmez. Below the surface of the sea / The people below us.
OVER: Üzerinde / nesneler birbirine değebilir. 12
The plaster over his eye / a plane flaying over the city over fifty years of age.
UNDER: Altında (nesneler değebilir.) Under the table / under 50 years of age.
AGAINST: Bir şeye dayanmak. Put something against the wall.
OPPOSITE: Karşısında. The cinema opposite our house / Sit opposite me.
IN FRONT OF: Önünde. In front of the cinema / in front of us
BEHIND: Arkasında. Behind the garden / behind me.
BESIDE: Yanında / yanına. Sit beside me / the restaurant beside our house.
INSIDE: İçinde. Inside the house / inside the cave.
OUTSIDE: Dışında. Outside the house / outside the shop
NOTLAR: a) Birinin hala yatmakta olduğunu belirtmek için (in bed), yatağın üzerinde ki nesneyi belirtmek için (on the bed) b) Denizde yüzmek anlamında (in the sea), denizde yolculuk anlamında (at sea) c) Nehirde yüzmek (in the river), nehirde taşıtlarla (on the river) d) Ayrı ayrı iki nesnenin birbirinin önünde veye arkasında olduğunu (in front of / behind) ile ifade ederiz. Ancak; aynı zemin üzerinde önde / arkada derken (at the front / at the back) We are sitting at the front of the cinema Some students prefer to sit at back of the classroom
13
Ancak; on the front / on the back page in the front row / in the back row in the front / in the back of the car on the front / on the back of the bus
gazetede sırada arabada taşıtlarda
e) (Home / abroad / here / there) ile (go, come, get, fly, arrive, drive) fiilleriyle preposition kullanılmaz. Get home / go abroad / come here / drive there
f) Varmak ulaşmak anlamıda ‘reach’ ile preposition kullanılmaz. When I reached the hotel, I went straight to bed.
Birşeye yetişmek, almak için reach ‘for’ alır. Why don’t you ask me to pass you the butter instead of reaching for it yourself?
14
MODEL VERBS 1) REQUEST & PERMISSION 2) OBLIGATION 3) ADVICE 4) EXPECTATION 5) ABILITY 6) MAKING SUGGESTION 7) POSSIBILITY 8) PREFERENCE 1) REQUEST / PERMISSION A) With subject (II) MAY / CAN / COULD C)
May I borrow your car? Could I see you again? Can I answer this question?
FORMAL FORMAL INFORMAL
B) With subject (You You) You WOULD / COULD / WILL / CAN C)
Would you give me some information about your business? Could you help me please? Will you lend me your book please? Can you open the door please? C) WOULD YOU MIND WOULD YOU MIND IF + PAST SİMPLE
Would you mind if I smoke here? WOULD YOU MIND + DOING STH
Would you mind posting these letters for me? 2) OBLIGATION
(MUST / HAVE TO / HAVE GOT TO)
MUST: Konuşmacının fikrini ifade eder. Dışarıdan bir zorlama yoktur.
Olumlu Olumsuz Olumlu Past Olumsuz Past Soru Olumlu
I must pass the UDS exam You mustn’t come home late I had to pass the UDS exam I didn’t have to study very hard Must you leave now? Have you got to leave now?
15
HAVE TO: Kanun ve kurallara dayalı zorunluluk.
thirteen.. Children have to go to school until they are thirteen NOT: ‘Have to’ nun olumsuz hali ‘mustn’t’ dır. ‘Don’t have to’ seçenek ifade eder.
You mustn’t cross the road when the light is red You don’t have to go to England to learn English I don’t have to / don’t need to/ needn’t get up early ‘Have got to’ olumsuz biçimi ‘Haven’t got to’ dur.
I had to work until late yesterday. DIDN’T HAVE TO / DIDN’T NEED TO : Yapmak zorunda değildim. Yapmadım.
I didn’t have to / need to wait for for them. them. They came on time. NEEDN’T HAVE DONE : Yapmam gerekmediği halde yaptım.
You needn’t have bought such an expensive present 3) ADVICE (SHOULD / OUGHT TO / HAD BETTER) A) SHOULD / OUGHT TO: Yapmam gerekir anlamında kullanılırlar. Bu yapıda ifade edilen eylemleri erteleme olanağımız vardır. D)
I should / ought to clean my car. I don’t feel well now. I think I will clean it tomorrow. B) HAD BETTER: Yapacağımız işi erteleme şansımız yok. Yapmazsak kötü şeyler olur.
I had better go home early; otherwise, otherwise, my father will get angry with me. B) SHOULD NOT / OUGHT NOT TO / HAD BETTER NOT: Yapılmaması gereken şeyleri öğütler. E)
You shouldn’t / ought not to (oughtn’t to) treat him so unkindly You’d better study so hard, or you will get ill.
16
PRESENT ADVİCE (SHOULD BE DOING / OUGHT TO BE DOING): İçinde bulunduğumuz ana ilişkin bir tavsiyeyi ifade eder.
Why are you sleeping? You should be studying now. now I’m watching TV now, but in fact; I ought to be studying for my exam. PAST ADVICE (SHOULD HAVE DONE / OUGHT OUGHT TO HAVE DONE): Geçmişte yapılması gereken eylemin yapılmadığını ve sonucun kötü olduğunu ifade eder.
He failed the test. He should have studied harder. He ignored my warnings and had an accident. He shouldn’t have ignored my warnings. NOT: SHOULD HAVE BEEN DOING / OUGHT TO HAVE BEEN DOING: Geçmişte belli bir zaman dilimi içerisinde devam etmekte olan bir olaya ilişkin tavsiyede bulunmak için kullanılır.
On my way to work, I saw some children playing in the street yesterday. They shouldn’t have been playing playing in the street but in the park. 4) EXPECTATIONS (BE TO / BE SUPPOSED TO) A) Bir programa göre olması gereken olayı ifade eder. “be due to” ile aynı anlamdadır.
The film is to start at 11.oo. The film is supposed to start at 11.oo. The film is due to start at 11.oo. B) Birinin bir başkasından beklentisini ifade eder. ‘be supposed to’ should ile aynı anlamdadır, ancak be supposed to’ da gerçeklilik daima dış etkenlerden kaynaklanır.
I am supposed supposed to go home early; otherwise, otherwise, my mother gets angry. ‘be to’ must ile yakın anlama sahiptir. Ancak zorunluluk dış etkenlerden kaynaklanır ve ‘be supposed to’dan güçlü bir ifade taşır.
I am to go to work early tomorrow. My boss ordered. D) WAS / WERE SUPPOSED TO: Bir başkasının geçmişte bizden beklentisini ifade eder. ‘Should have done’ ile yakın anlam taşır. Zorlama dışardandır.
I supposed to go to work early. My boss got angry. 17
5) ABILITY (CAN / BE ABLE TO) A) Yeteneklerimizi ifade ederiz. F)
I can speak two foreign languages fluently. I am able to to speak two foreign languages fluently. B) ‘CAN’ yapılması mümkün olayları ifade eder.
I can help you. I am free now. I can’t help you. I am buzy now. C) Geçmişte zor bir işin üstünden gelme ifade edildiğinde ‘was /were able to’ kullanılır. ‘Could’ kullanılmaz.
I could / was able to sing very well. Ability in the past. The students were able to / were allowed to leave school earlier. Permission I missed the bus yesterday, but I was able to get to work on time by taxi. Geçmişte zor bir işin üstesinden gelme. gelme. 6) MAKING SUGGESTIONS A) LETS DO SOMETHING:
It’s a nice day today. Let’s go out and have a walk. B) MAY / MIGHT: Öneri getirilirken olumlu veya olumsuz düz cümlede kullanılır.
If you don’t have any other plans, we may / might invite some friends over the weekend. NOT: MAY / MIGHT AS WELL Lets anlamını verir ancak öneri zorunluluktan kaynaklanan gönülsüzce yapılan öneridir.
Since we can’t afford to go to the cinema, we may / might as well hire a video and watch it at home. MAY / MIGHT AS WELL: Olumsuz cümlelerde ‘needn’t’ anlamını verir.
Since you are not close friends with Lucy, you may / might as well not attend her wedding next Sunday. C) WHY DON’T + SUBJECT: Soru cümlesi olmasına rağmen soru değil öneri getirir.
I am getting sleepy. Why don’t you go to bed? 18
D) SHALL WE / I: Özne olarak sadece ‘we’ ve ‘I’ kullanılır. Türkçe’ye Yapayım mı/ yapalım mı olarak çevrilir.
Shall I help you? Sana yardım edeyim mi? E) COULD:
What shall we do tomorrow? We could meet friends and go fishing. 7) EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY A) PRESENT POSSIBILITY 1- Şayet bir gerçeği kesin olarak biliyorsak modal verb kullanmaya gerek yoktur.
Why didn’t he go to school today? He is ill. (I know that he is ill) 2- Gerçeği kesin olarak bilmiyorsak ama güçlü bir tahminde bulunuyorsak ‘MUST kullanırız.
The baby is crying. She must be hungry. hungry. (Aç olmalı) 3- Gerçeği kesin olarak bilmiyorsak ama güçsüz bir tahminde bulunuyorsak ‘MAY / MIGHT / COULD’ kullanırız.
Why is Ali at home today? He may/might/could be ill. Hasta olabilir. B) PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
Where is your brother? He is studying in his room. He must be studying in his room. He may be /might be / could be studying in his room. He isn’t studying in his room. He can’t /couldn’t be studying in his room. (Çalışıyor olamaz) He must not be studying in his room. (Çalışmıyor olmalı) He may / might not be studying in his room. room (Çalışmıyor olmalı) C) PAST POSSIBILITY
I can’t find my grammar book. You must have left it in the classroom. You may /might/could have left it in the classroom. You can’t /couldn’t /couldn’t have left it in the classroom. (Çalışmış olamaz) You must not have left it in the classroom. (Çalışmamış olmalı) 19
You may/might not have left it in the classroom. NOT: could have done / couldn’t have done 1- Yapabilirdim ama yapmamayı tercih ettim.
I had lots of spare time yesterday. I could have gone to the cinema, cinema but I preferred to stay at home. 2- İsteseydi bile yapamazdı.
We found out that the match had been cancelled, so we couldn’t have gone even if we had wanted to. 3- Geçmişte olma olasılığı olup, olmadığından emin olduğumuz durumlarda Might / could have done kullanırız.
I had a close friend at the police station, otherwise; I might / could have been arrested. D) PAST PROGRESSIVE POSSIBILITY
Ali had a car accident Last Saturday. He must have been driving very fast. The light in my brother’s room was on at 3.00 yesterday. He may/might/could have been reading book. E) FUTURE POSSIBILITY: Geleceğe yönelik olasılıklardan söz ederken ‘should should / ought to / may / might / could’ could kullanırız. NOT: ‘must’ geleceğe ilişkin tahminlerde bulunurken kullanılmaz. Ancak içinde bulunduğumuz anda gelecekte bir eylemin olacağına ilişkin bir belirti varsa ‘must must be doing’ doing kullanabiliz.
I saw Ayşe buying lots of food and drink at the market. She must be having a huge party next week. He is very good at driving. He will pass the test. Kesin He took plenty of lessons. He should / ought to pass the test. Güçlü He took some lessons. He may / might / could pass the test. test Zayıf
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8) EXPRESSING PREFERENCE: (WOULD RATHER / WOULD SOONER) A) Aynı anlamda olup; bir şeyi bir şeye tercih ettiğimizi ifade etmek için kullanırız.
I would rather read a book than watch TV. B) Would rather be doing something: Şu anda yaptığımız işten hoşnut olmadığımızı, onun yerine başka bir işi yapmayı tercih ettiğimizi ifade eder.
I would rather be walking by the seaside than studying. C) Would rather / would sooner have done something: Would prefer to have done something: Geçmişte yapmayı tercih ettiğimiz; ama yapamadığımız şeyleri ifade eder.
I would rather have studied at home than (have) gone out. D) Would prefer: Anlam olarak ‘would rather’ ile aynıdır, ama kullanımı farklıdır. NOT: ‘Would Prefer’ fiil ya da isim alır, ama ‘Would Rather’ ancak fiil alır.
I would prefer to stay at home tonight than go out. I would rather stay at home tonight than go out. I would prefer coffee to tea. tea. I would prefer to drink coffee to tea. E) Prefer: would prefer gibi hem isim hem fiil alır.
I prefer to drink coffee rather than (drink (drink) drink) tea. meat. meat.
I prefer vegetables to
F) Would rather somebody did something / Would prefer somebody to do stg.
I would rather they travelled by bus. (Present) I would rather they had travelled by car. (Past) They would prefer me not to leave early
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THE PASSIVE SENTENCES 1) TENSLERE GÖRE PASSİVE YAPILAR: She is cleaning the house. She cleans the house. She cleaned the house. She was cleaning the house. She has cleaned the house. She had cleaned the house. She will clean the house. She is going to clean the house. She can clean the house. She will have cleaned the house.
The house is being cleaned. The house is cleaned. The house was cleaned. The house was being cleaned. The house has been cleaned. The house had been cleaned. The house will be cleaned. The house is going to be cleaned. The house can be cleaned. The house will have been cleaned.
She will be cleaning the house. She has been cleaning the house. She had been cleaning the house. She will have been cleaning the house. Eylemi yapan kişiyi veya eylemin hangi araçla yapıldığını ifade etmek için:
“By”: This song was composed by Ziya Taşkent. “Preposition”: The wood was chopped with an axe by my brother. brother NOT: Şayet eylem kendiliğinden gerçekleşmiş ise nesneler içinde “by” kullanılır.
She was injured by a rolling stone. 2) STATE PASSIVE: Bir eylem değil de bir durum bildiren passive yapılar.
The window was broken by Ali yesterday. yesterday. (Eylem bildiriyor) When I came in, the window was broken. broken. (Durum bildiriyor) 3) PASSIVE WITH GERUNDS & INFINITIVES:
Everybody likes someone giving them a present. Everybody likes being given a present. I hate anyone cheating me. I hate being cheated. They don’t permit people to take food in to the hotel rooms. Food is not permitted to be taken taken in to the hotel rooms. NOT: ‘Need’ fiili aktif cümlede ‘infinitive’ alır. Pasif cümlede ‘infinitive veya gerund’ alır. Şayet cümlenin öznesi insan ise infinitive alır. 22
My shirt needs to be ironed. My shirt needs ironing. I need to be told the truth. 4) İKİ NESNELİ CÜMLELERDE PASSIVE:
I gave him some money yesterday. He was given some money by me yesterday. Some money was given to him by me yesterday. 5) RİVAYET PASSİVE: A) PRESENT (TO BE)
They say the man upstairs is a murderer. It’s said that the man upstairs is a murderer. The man upstairs is said to be a thief. B) PRESENT SIMPLE:
We understand that he dislikes children. It’s understood that he dislikes children. He is understood to dislike children. C) PAST (WAS / WERE)
They say that he was very rich in the past. It’s said that he was very rich in the past. He is said said to have been very rich in the past. D) PAST SIMPLE:
They claim that he left the country yesterday. It’s claimed that he left the country yesterday. He is claimed to have left the country yesterday. E) PRESENT PROGRESSIVE:
I think he is waiting there now. It’s thought that he is waiting there now. He is thought to be waiting there now. F) PAST PROGRESSIVE:
People say he was working very hard. It is said that he was working very hard. He is said to have been working very hard. 23
G) FUTURE (will/going to)
People expect that the exchange rate will go down soon. It is expected that the exchange rate will go down soon. The exchange rate is expected to go down soon. H) PRESENT PASSIVE (will/going to)
They say that a lot of electrical appliances are stolen every day. It is said that a lot of electrical appliances are stolen every day. A lot of electrical appliances are said to be stolen every day. İ) PAST PASSIVE:
They report that two people were killed in the explosion. It is reported that two people were killed killed in the explosion. Two people are reported to have been killed in the explosion. NOT: 1- Hem temel cümlenin hem de yan cümlenin yüklemi ‘Past’ ise iki eylem arasında zaman farkı olmadığı için ‘to do’ biçimiyle aktarırız.
They believed she knew the truth. She was believed to know the truth. 2- Yan cümle daha önce gerçekleşmiş ise bu ‘past perfect’ ile ifade edilir. Bu cümleyi passive yapmak için ise ‘to have done’ kullanırız.
They believed she had acted deliberately. She was believed to have acted deliberately. 6) PASSIVE WITH ‘GET’: (GET + PAST PARTICIPLE): Durum bildiren yapıyı eylem bildiren yapıya dönüştürür.
She didn’t want to go out because she was tired. Having worked for three hours, she got tired.
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PREPOSITIONS WITH STATE PASSIVES 1) BE DERIVED FROM: A lot of language used in advertising plans is derived from military terms such as target, tactics etc. 2) BE CONVINCED OF: I am not convinced of the advisability of this project. 3) BE ADDICTED TO: He eats so much chocolate. I believe that he is addicted to chocolate. 4) BE ANNOYED AT / ABOUT / WITH: Are you annoyed with me? No, I am annoyed at / about what you said. 5) BE TIRED FROM: I am tried from long journey. 6) BE TIRED OF: I am tried of listening your nonsence comments. 7) BE CONNECTED TO / WITH: Through Panama Canal, the Atlantic Ocean is connected to / with the pasific. 8) BE BLESSEED WITH: He was blessed with a supportive familiy. 9) BE OPPESED TO: I am opposed to nuclear energy. 10) BE RELATED TO: The flying fox is not a really fox. It is elated to the bat. 11) BE EQUIPPED WITH: Long-distance Lorries are equipped with a tachometer. 12) BE CROWDED WITH: The city centre is crowded with football supporters. 13) BE PREPARED FOR: I am not prepared for the interview. 14) BE DISCRIMINATED AGAINST: Immigrants are fearful that they will be discriminated against by the company. 15) BE FED UP WITH: 25
I am fed up with being a government employee. 16) GOT CONFUSED WITH: I always got the word ‘right’ confused with the word ‘write’ 17) BE USED FOR: A barometer is an instrument, which is used for measuring the pressure of the atmosphere. 18) BE BASED ON: The film ‘Amistad’ is based on a true-life story. 19) BE COMMITTED TO: Ayşe is committed to helping preserve to environment. 20) BE INVOLVED IN: Ayşe is involved in conservation projects. 21) BE DEVOTED TO: I am devoted to my family. 22) BE DISGUSTED AT: I am disgusted at his table manners. 23) BE SUPPLIED WITH: On the trip, I was supplied with little food. 24) BE CRITICIZED FOR: The referee was criticized for not being impartial. 25) BE DISSUADED FROM: I could have been dissuaded from my decision. 26) BE SUSPECTED OF: He was suspected of stealing the money. 27) BE THRILLED WITH: I was thrilled with the present she gave me. 28) BE FORCED OPEN WITH: The door was forced open with a screwdriver. 29) BE REPLACED WITH: All the money in the safe had been replaced with forgeries. 30) BE THROUBLED WITH: I have been troubled with a bad back since 1996. 31) BE ORGANIZED WITH: The conference was organized with enough attention. 26
32) BE OBLIGED TO SOMEBODY: I am obliged to you for your understanding. 33) BE PROVIDED WITH: If you work hard, you will be provided with a computer. 34) BE PLEASED WITH: I am pleased with the amount of money you offer. 35) BE COMPOSED OF: Granite is composed of minerals. 36) BE MARRIED TO: Ahmet is married to an English girl. 37) BE LIMITED TO: The party is limited to their close friends. 38) BE SLAPPED IN THE FACE WITH: It is regarded funny when you are slapped in the face with a cream-pie. 39) BE DRESSED IN: She was dressed in a white dress at the party. 40) BE AMAZE AT: The visitors will be amazed at the exhibits. 41) BE SHOT IN THE BACK: He was shot in the back with a gun. 42) BE ASSOCIATED WITH: Autopsy is associated with forensic. 43) BE FILLED WITH: I was filled with excitement when I met her. 44) BE INTERESTED IN: I am interested in archaeology. 45) BE CONCERNED ABOUT: I am concerned about the rises in drug taking. 46) BE EXPOSED TO: When the children are exposed to toxic substances, you should take them to hospital immediately.
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CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 1) TYPE 1 (If + Present Simple +will) Mümkün olan şartları ve bu şartlar yerine geldiğinde bunun muhtemel sonuçlarını anlatır.
If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go on picnic. TEMEL CÜMLEDE KULLANABİLECEĞİMİZ YAPILAR A) Will ve versiyonları:
She will be working there next month if she is hired. hired. You will have finished it by June if you start writing now. I will have been working here for ten years by the time I retire if everything goes all right. B) Model Verbs:
We may / might / can cancel the picnic if the weather continues like this. IF CLAUSE İLE KULLANABİLECEĞİMİZ YAPILAR a. Can:
If you can pass the exam, you will be the luckiest student. student. b. Have to:
If I have to work overtime, I will let you know. c. Present Continuous:
If you are looking for your slippers, they are under the bed. d. Present Perfect Tense:
If you have finished your lunch, I will ask for the bill. e. Should:
If you should need any help, I can help you. 28
2) TYPE 2 (If If + Past Simple +would) +would Mümkün olmayan şartları ve bu şartların olası sonuçlarını ifade eder. If clause past olmasına rağmen ifade ‘Present veya Future’dır.
If I had enough money, I would lend you some. (I don’t have) If I saw a ghost, I would run away. (I don’t believe I will see) TEMEL CÜMLEDE KULLANABİLECEĞİMİZ YAPILAR a. Would ve would be doing:
If I were rich, rich, I would help the poor people in Turkey. If the baby weren’t hungry, hungry, she wouldn’t be crying now. b. Could, would be able to, might we would have to:
If I had some time tomorrow, tomorrow, I could/ could/would be able to help you. If you could speak Turkish, You might/ might/could get the job. If I didn’t have an exam tomorrow, I wouldn’t have to study now. IF CLAUSE İLE KULLANABİLECEĞİMİZ YAPILAR a. Past Continuous: If I weren’t studying now, I could help you. b. Could: If she could speak English well, I would employ her. c. Had to: If I had to study for my exams, I wouldn’t go out. d. Should: If there should should be a nuclear war, many creatures
would disappear. 3) TYPE 3 (If + Past Perfect +would have done) Bu yapı; mümkün olmayan şartlar ve bu şartların sonuçlarını ifade eder. Geçmişte olmuş bir olaya zıt bir şart ileri sürüp bu şartın hayal ürünü sonucunu ifade ederiz.
If she had warned the child about the boiling kettle, he wouldn’t have burnt him self.
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4) MIXED TYPE: d) If+past perfect would do stg. stg b) If past simple+ simple+would have done stg. stg
If you had studied hard, you would pass pass your exam now. Past
Present
If I didn’t love her (because I do love her), I wouldn’t have married. (I did) If you weren’t a rude person (But you are), you wouldn’t have rebuked your wife (But you did). If he didn’t smoke much (because he does), he wouldn’t have coughed. (He did) 5) ZERO CONDITIONALS
If she had warned the child about the boiling kettle, he wouldn’t have burnt him self. OTHER CONDITIONALS A) Provided / providing that / as long as / so long as / only if / on condition that
You can pass the exam
provided providing that as long as so long as only if you study hard.
* Provided that / providing that / as long as tense kuralları açısından if gibi kullanılırlar. * Only if cümlenin başına gelirse 2. cümleyi devrik yapar.
I can forgive her as long as she apologizes to me. I could forgive her so long as she apologized to me. I could have forgiven so long as she had apologized apologized to me. B) Unless (medikçe - madıkça): Olumsuz bir anlama sahiptir. Bağlı olduğu cümle genellikle olumlu olur.
Unless you study hard, you can’t pass your exam. 30
C) Even İf (olsa bile/olmasa bile): İstenilen koşul yerine gelse bile kural değişmez.
I won’t won’t forgive her even if she apologizes to me. I wouldn’t forgive her even if she apologized to me.
D) Whether... or not (olsa da/olmasa da):
I will go to the party whether they invite me or not. E) Suppose that / supposing that /what if
How else can we we get there suppose that we miss the train? How would you react supposing that he cheated on you? What if he didn’t come tomorrow? = What would happen? What if you don’t get your salary? = What will happen if….. What if you hadn’t pass UDS = what would have have happened? F) As if / As though (sanki/gibi): seem / look / sound gibi fiillerle sık kullanılır.
There are dark clouds. It seems as if/as if/as though it is going to rain. The problem was difficult, but he seemed as if he could solve it. Eğer; gerçek bir izlenim ifade ediliyor ise; temel cümlenin fiili past ise;
Do yerine did Did veya have / has done yerine had done Will yerine would Can yerine could Am, is, are yerine was were It seemed as if it was going to rain. She seemed as if she hadn’t slept well well the previous right. He seemed as if he could solve it by him self. They seemed as if they were having a good time She seemed as if she would help me. * As if / as though ile gerçek izlenim değil de benzetme yapıyorsak, temel cümlenin fiili present da olsa past da olsa gerçeği ifade eden cümlenin past biçimi kullanılır. (be) fiili (were) olur.
She speaks as if she knew everything. (She doesn’t know everything) everything) She treated me as if I were her daughter. (I am not her daughter) 31
WISH CLAUSES (wish / If only) A) Wish about the present (wish + past simple)
Ali wishes he were as strong as superman. B) Wish about the past (wish + past perfect)
He had to work yesterday. I wish he hadn’t had to work. I couldn’t get up early yesterday. I wish I could have got up early yesterday. I wish I had been able to get up early yesterday. C) Wish about the future: Temel ve yan cümlenin öznesi aynı ise (could) kullanılır.
She can’t come with us tomorrow. She wishes she could come with us tomorrow. *Şayet temel ve yan cümlenin öznesi farklı ise ‘would’ kullanırız.
I wish you would come too. INVERSION WITH IF CLAUSES *Şayet; if clause (should/were/had) ile başlarsa cümleden if atılır.
If any of these should cost you anything, you can send the bill to me. Should any of these cost you anything, you can send the bill to me. If she were to find out the truth, it would be embarrassing. Were she to find out the truth, it would be embarrassing. If they hadn’t rushed him to hospital, he could have died. Had they not rushed him to hospital, he could have died.
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NOUN CLAUSES (Cümlede özne yada nesne görevinde bulunan cümlecik.) 1) Noun clauses beginning with a question word İNGİLİZCEDE Kİ SORU SÖZCÜKLERİ Who Whom Whose What Which Where When Why How How long How often How far How much How many
: (Kim/kimi/kime) : (Kimi / Kime) : (Kimin) : (insanlar için kullanımı çok azdır. Nesneler için kullanılır.) : (Hangisi) : (Nerede) : (Ne zaman) : (Neden) : (Nasıl) : (Nekadar süreyle / ne zamandan beri) : (Nekadar sıklıkla) : (Nekadar uzaklıkta) : (Kaç para) : (Kaç tane)
A) Soru sözcüğü ile başlayan bir cümleyi “Noun Claus” a dönüştürmek için o cümleyi düz cümle haline getiririz.
Why is he coming tomorrow? Why he is coming tomorrow is a secret. B) Eğer soru sözcüğü cümlenin öznesini soruyorsa o cümleyi düz cümleye dönüştüremeyiz.
Who is coming tomorrow? (Cümlenin öznesini soruyor.) I don’t know who is coming tomorrow. C) Soru sözcükleriyle cümlenin özne nesnesinin sorulması Who = Özne
Who loves you? (Seni kim seviyor?) Nobody knows who loves you. Who = Nesne 33
Who do you love? (Kimi seviyorsun?) I have no idea who you love? What = Özne
What happens here at the weekend? Please tell me what happens here at the weekend.
What = Nesne
What did you buy for her birthday? Please tell me what you brought for her birthday. 2) Noun clauses beginning with ‘whether / if or not’
Please tell me if/whether if/whether she is coming to to the party or not. *Şayet cümlede Noun Clause özne durumunda ise yalnızca ‘whether or not’ kullanabiliriz.
Whether she is coming to the party or not isn’t certain. 3) Noun Clauses beginning with ‘that’ *Düz cümleyi noun clause yapmak için başına that getirilir. Noun clause nesne ise that atılabilir.
He can’t win the election. That he can’t win the election is certain. *That ile başlayan Noun Clause yerine daha çok
It is obvious / known that he can’t win the election. Tercih edilir. She doesn’t like pop music. We know (that (that) that) she doesn’t like pop music. NOT: That clause bir preposition’dan sonra ‘the fact that’ biçiminde kullanılır.
He was devastated by the tragic news. We talked about the fact that he was devastated by the tragic news. She is the author of two well-known books. I am interested in the fact that she is the author of two wellwell-known books. 34
THAT CLAUSE’IN ÖZEL KULLANIMLARI
A) sonu (ing / ed) ile biten sıfatlardan sonra ve (Sorry, glad, happy, afraid, surprised, disappointed, sure, pleased true, strange, fair, unfair, obvious, apparent, likely, unlikely, too bad) bad) gibi bazı sıfatlardan sonra. sonra
I am glad (that (that) that) you told me the truth about the event. I am sorry (that (that) that) I couldn’t help you do your homework. It is likely (that (that) that) there will be another another earthquake soon. It is unfair (that (that) that) women still work in the fields. It is surprising (that (that) that) she passed her exam. exam. I am very surprised (that (that) exam. that) she passed her exam. theory, B) isimlerden sonra (Miracle, pity, shame, wonder, relief, a good thing, fact, bief, theory, impression, opinion) opinion)
It is a wonder (that (that) that) she survived the accident. It is my opinion (that (that) that) your parents will not allow you to go out. C) Bazı fiillerden sonra: ACKNOWLEDGE ADD ADMIT ADVISE ALLEGE ANNOUNCE (WH) ANSWER APPEAR ARGUE ARRANGE (WH) ASSUME ASSURE BELIEVE (WH) CLAIM COMMAND COMPLAIN CONFESS CONFIRM CONSIDER (WH) DECLARE DECIDE (WH) DEMAND
FEAR FEEL FIND OUT (WH) FORGET (WH) GUESS (WH) GRUMBLE GUARANTEE HAPPEN HEAR (WH) HOPE IMAGINE (WH) IMPLY INFORM INSIST KNOW (WH) LEARN (WH) MEAN NOTICE (WH) OBJECT OBSERVE OCCUR TO ORDER
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REALIZE (WH) RECKON (WH) RECOGNIZE RECOMMEND REMARK REMEMBER (WH) REMIND REPLY REPORT REQUEST RESOLVE SAY SEE (WH) SEEM SENSE SHOW (WH) STATE (WH) STIPULATE SUGGEST (WH) SUPPOSE SUSPECT TEACH
DEMONSTRATE (WH) DENY DETERMINE (WH) DISCOVER (WH) DOUBT (WH) ESTIMATE (WH) EXPECT EXPLAIN
PERCEIVE POINT OUT PREDICY (WH) PRESUME PRETEND PROMISE PROPOSE PROVE
TELL (WH) THINK (WH) THREATEN TURN OUT UNDERSTAND (WH) URGE WARN WISH WONDER (WH)
(WH) soru kelimesi ile başlayan cümle de alabilir. 4) Noun clause as object of the preposition
She takes no notice of my warnings (Noun) what I say (Noun clause) Your question isn’t related to this subject. (Noun) what we are discussing now. 5) Noun clauses with ‘ever’ vords
Whoever / whomever I spoke to said they liked the party. You can put your suitcase wherever you think is suitable However you cook the egg is all right with me. Shall we try to do whatever is needed? You can choose whichever you want. You may leave whenever you wish. REPORTED SPEECH 1) REPORTED STATEMENT Reporting verbs: SAY (Say)’den sonar hemen cümle gelir.
He said that he was a pilot. pilot. *Şayet sözün kime söylendiğini belirtmek istersek;
He said to me that he was a pilot. TELL Sözün kime söylendiğini belirtmek zorundayız.
Ahmet told me that he was a pilot. a) PRESENT SIMPLE / PRESEN’T PERFECT / FUTURE SIMPLE: İle yapılan aktarmalarda cümlenin tensinde değişiklik yapılmaz.
Ahmet ‘I am not keen to see that film.’ 36
Ahmet says that he is not to see that film. Ahmet has told us that he he is not keen to see that Ahmet will tell you that he is not keen to see that
b) Şayet aktarma sözcüğünün yapısı Past simple, Past perfect ise cümlenin tensi bir tense geri gider. Zaman zarfları da değişir. Zaman Değişiklikleri Today That day Yesterday The previous day / The day before A year ago A year before Last week The previous week Tomorrow The next day / The following day. Now Then / İmmediately *Sözcüğün söylendiği ve aktarıldığı gün aynı ise today = TODAY kalır.
I will help you tomorrow She told me (that) she would help me the following day. I never get up late. She said said that she never got up late. I am working on my thesis. She told me that she was working on her thesis. I applied for a new job. She said that she had applied for a new job. I have been working for two hours. He said that he had been working for two hours. I was working in Ankara last year. He said that he had been working in Ankara the previous year. NOT: Direk cümledeki WOULD / WOULD LIKE / WOULD RATHER gibi yapılar aynı kalır. c) Diğer Aktarma Sözcükleri:
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Add / admit / answer / assure / boast / complain / grumble / inform / object / point out out / promise / protest / remark / remind / reply / scream / shout / whisper / yell.
2) REPORTED QUESTION: Reported statements kuralları bu yapıylada uygulanır. Reporting Verbs: Ask / inquire / wonder / want to know. a) Qestion word ile yapılan soruların aktarılması
Why didn’t you come to the party? She asked (me) why I hadn’t come to the party. b) Yardımcı fiil ile yapılan soru cümlelerinin aktarılması
Are you coming with us? She asked (me) if / whether I was coming/going with them. 3) REPORTED IMPERATIVE: Emir cümlelerinin aktarılması Reporting Verbs: tell / ask / order / remind / advise a) Olumlu emir cümlelerinin aktarılması (tell somebody to do something)
Our teacher told us to study hard. b) Olumlsuz emir cümlelerinin aktarılması (tell somebody to do something)
Our teacher warned us not to cheat during the exam. AUXILIARY VERBS IN SHORT ANSWERS 1) TOO / EITHER Too/as well: Olumlu cümlelerin sonun da (de-da) anlamında kullanılır.
They have a pet dog at home. They have a cat too. Either: Olumsuz cümlelerin sonunda (de-da) anlamında kullanılır.
He doesn’t raise cows on his farm. farm. He doesn’t raise pigs either. 38
2) SO / NEITHER veya NOR İki cümle anlamca aynı özneler farklıysa (de-da) anlamında Olumlu cümlelerde = so, olumsuz cümlelerde = neither / nor
I like reading. So does my wife. I don’t like cats. Neither does my wife. wife. / Nor does my wife. My wife doesn’t either.
*NOT: Komplex cümlelerde temel cümlenin yardımcı fiilini dikkate alırız.
I don’t think we can afford such an expensive car. Neither does my brother. = Ben söylüyorum. Neither can your father. = Başkası söylüyorsa. *Şayet bizim düşüncemiz başkasıyla çelişiyorsa;
My wife doesn’t like fish = But I do. 3) ECO QUESTION Birisiyle sohbet ederken karşımızdakinin söyledikleriyle ilgilendiğimizi göstermek için; öylemi / gerçekten mi? sözlerini kullanırız. a) Söylenen sözün ‘tense’ine dikkat ederiz. b) Cümle olumlu ise olumlu, olumsuz ise olumsuz bir yardımcı fiil kullanırız.
I can’t go on holiday this summer. Really? Can’t you? I have never been abroad. Realy? Haven’t you? I can cook very well. Can you? 4) QUESTION TAGS Pozitive cümle – Negative tag Negative cümle _ Pozitive tag. a) Emin olmadığımız bilgiyi onaylatmak için. b) Karşımızdaki kişiyi sohbete davet etmek için. c) Karşımızdaki kişinin bir işi yapmasını istemediğimizi belirtmek için.
Your brother is still at university isn’t he? Yes he is. We have ten fingers, don’t we? we? Yes we do. You don’t want another cup of tea, do you? No I don’t. ÖNEMLİ NOTLAR 39
a) Cümlenin öznesi; everybody / everyone /somebody / someone / anybody / anyone gibi belgisiz zamir ise Question tag ‘They They’ They olur.
Everyone is here aren’t they? b) Cümlenin öznesi; nothing / everything / something / question tag ‘It It olur
anything / gibi belgisiz zamir ise
Nothing has been done yet has it? c) Olumlu yada olumsuz emir cümleleri ‘will will you’ d) Let’s ile başlayan cümlelerin question tag’I ‘shall shall we’
Let’s meet in front of the cinema, shall we? 5) THAT CLAUSE YERİNE SO / NOT KULLANIMI Believe / expect / suppose / think / hope gibi fiillerden, I am afraid / it seems / it appears gibi yapılardan sonar gelen THAT CLAUSE yerine SO / NOT kullanırız.
Will that party win the election? I think (that) that party will win the election. I think so Olumsuz bir ifade ederken ‘Think’ olumsuz yapılır.
I don’t think (that) that party will win the election. I don’t think so. Has your brother found a solution? I don’t believe / suppose / expect (that) he has found d a solution. (olumlu) I don’t believe / suppose / expect so. I believe / suppose / expect (that) he hasn’t found a solution. Olumsuz I believe / suppose / expect not. 6) THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSES Bütün öznelerle fiil yalın halde kullanılır. ‘BE’ fiili de bütün öznelerle ‘BE’ biçimindedir.
It’s important that we be punctual. The boss insists that everybody be present at the meeting. The doctor insists that I stop smoking. I suggest that you go to a doctor. I demand that your son not be so obedient. His employer has requested that he not leave his job until the 40
project has
been finished.
*Temel cümle past olsa da subjunctive’de fiilin yalın hali kullanılır.
I suggested that he go to a doctor. doctor. It was important that we not be late for the meeting.
GERUNDS & INFINITIVES 1) GERUNDS a) Cümlenin öznesi olarak kullanılır.
Reading is essential to broaden your horizons. Eating too much makes people fat. (Gerund phrase) b) To be fiilinden sonar gelerek subject complement olur.
My fovourite pastime is watching. c) Bazı fiillerden sonar gelerek cümlenin nesnesi olur.
I like walking by the sea very much. GERUND ALAN FİİLLER Admit / anticipate / appreciate / avoid / miss / postpone / stop / suggest / delay / deny / detest discuss / practice / quit / tolarate / imagine / dislike / enjoy / finish / forgive / recall / recollect recommend / remembe r / involve / keep / mention / mind / resent / resist / risk / understand d) Preposition’dan sonra gelerek object of preposition görevini alır.
She is afraid of the dark. dark. Noun She is afraid of going out. out. Gerund PERFECT GERUND (HAVİNG DONE): Gerund ile anlatılan eylem cümlenin yüklemindeki eylemden önce gerçekleşmiş ise kullanırız. Bu yapı ADMIT, DENY, and REGRET fiilleriyle yaygın olarak kullanılır.
The thief admitted having stolen the car. The headmaster denied having hit the child. He regrets not attending / not having attended university. 41
PASSIVE GERUND (BEING DONE)
I hate being asked personal questions. You can’t can’t go to the party without being invited.
SONUNDA GERUND ALAN YAPILAR Abstain from: You have to abstain from drinking alcohol. Accuse somebody of doing stg: They accused the man of robbing the bank. Adjust to: You will have to adjust to eating Turkish food. Apologize for: I apologized for being late. Apologize to somebody for doing stg: She apologized to me for being late. Approve of: Do you approve of her staying out so late? Arrest somebody for doing stg: They arrested the guard for helping the robbers. Be accustomed to: I am accustomed to drinking Turkish coffee. Be opposed to: I am opposed to spending exclusively on cosmetics. Be tired from doing something: Bir şeyi yapmaktan yorulmak. Be tired of doing something: Bir şeyi yapmaktan bıkmak. Be used to: I am used to living in Eskişehir. Believe in: I really believe in working hard for world peace. Blame somebody for doing something: They blamed her for making me late. Care about: Do you care about being well dressed? Care for: I don’t care for going to that film. Charge somebody with doing stg: They will charge him with falsifying the accounts. Comment on: I don’t want to comment on his solving the problem. Complain about: He always complains about having too much work. Complain to somebody about doing stg: I complained to the owner about hassling. Complain of stg: We called a doctor because Ali was complaining of a pain in his arm. Concentrate on: You have to concentrate on improving vocabulary. Congratulate somebody on doing stg: I congratulated him on being the top student. Consist of: Being a good student consists of studying regularly. Deal with: I want to deal with redecorating the house first. Depend on: To pass the exam depends on your studying hard. Deter somebody from doing stg: The storm deterred the climbers from climbing. Devote something to doing stg: She devoted herself to bringing up her children. Discourage somebody from doing stg: He discouraged me from climbing. Dream of: I have always dreamed of being a famous writer. Dream about: I dreamt about you last night. Excuse for doing something: Mazeretiyle Feel like: I feel like having a short trip. For fear of doing something: In korkusuyla For the sake of doing something: İn hatırına Forget about: She is trying to forget about being deceived by him. 42
Forgive somebody for doing something: I can’t forgive her for lying to me. Have an objection to: I have an objection to carrying out your plan. Have difficult in doing something: İ yapmakta güçlük çekmek In addition to doing something: E ilaveten In charge of doing something: ı yapmakla yükümlü olmak In danger of doing something: Tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya olmak In exchange for doing something: E karşılık olarak In favour of doing something: In taraftarı olmak In return for doing something: Karşılık olarak In the course of doing something: Sırasında, esnasında In the habit of doing something: Alışkanlığında olmak In the middle of doing something: Ortasında Insist on: Do you still insist on wearing that funny tie. Instead of doing something: İn yerine Involve somebody in doing stg: I don’t involve my father in fighting with my rivals. Keep somebody from doing stg: They kept me from studying. Look forward to: I am look forward to seeing you here. Need for doing something: İ yapmaya ihtiyaç duymak. Object to: Why do you always object to my wearing jeans? On account of doing something: Yüzünden On the point of doing something: İ yapmak üzere olmak Participate in: I want to participate in formulating the budget. Plan on: What do you plan on doing this weekend? Prevent somebody from doing stg: What prevented you from studying at university? Punish somebody for doing stg: You should not punish him for stealing bread. Refer to: The chairman referred to expanding the firm. Stop somebody from doing stg: Her attitude stopped me from seeing her again. Succeed in: Are you sure you will succeed in persuading your father. Suspect somebody of doing stg: They suspected him of betraying his partner. Take advantage of: We should take advantage of living in a big city. Thank somebody for doing stg: I want to thank you for helping me. Warn somebody about / against doing stg: I warned him against swimming in the lake. Worry about Don’t worry about my working so hard -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Be busy doing stg: The students were busy talking when I came in. By doing stg: She passed UDS exam by studying hard. Have fun / have a good time doing stg: We had fun dancing at the party. It is no use / It is no good doing stg: It is no use good trying to persuade my father It’s waste of time / money / energy doing stg: It’s waste of time trying to… It’s worth (in) doing stg: It’s worth seeing the movie. Sit / stand / lie doing stg: I stood there waiting in vain for her to come. Spend / Waste money, time, and energy doing stg: He spends hours trying to… There is no point in doing stg: There is no point in waiting for him.
43
2) INFINITIVES: a) Cümlenin ÖZNESİ olarak kullanılır.
To swim in that river is not at all wise (özel durum) Swimming is my favourite sport (Genel durum) b) Subject complement olarak kullanılır.
What I need is to get some fresh air. c) Sıfat olarak kullanılır.
I have no time to spend with you. d) Zarf olarak kullanılır.
We come to SISTEM to get higher marks in the exam. INFINITIVE ALAN FİİLLLER Afford / agree / appear / arrange / care / choose / claim / consent / decide / demand / deserve endeavor / fail / happen / hesitate / hope / proceed / tend / promise / prove / refuse / seem struggle / swear / threaten / volunteer / wait. VERB + INFINITIVE veya VERB + NOUN + INFINITIVE ASK
I asked to leave the classroom. I asked the noisy students to leave the classroom. BEG
My little sister begged to come with us. My friends begged me to change my wind. 44
CHOOSE
I choose to investigate the case. I choose one of my friends to investigate the case. DARE
I can’t dare to go out alone in the dark. I dared my brother to go out alone in the dark. EXPECT
I expected to arrive at the airport in time. They expected me to arrive home early. NEED
She needs to clean the house. She needs someone to clean the house. PREFER
I prefer to stay at home tonight. I prefer you to stay at home tonight. PREOMISE
She promised not to be late. She promised me not to be late. WISH
The client wished to see the manager. The client wished me to inform the manager about the case. WOULD LİKE
I would like to study abroad. I would like you to study abroad. ANLAMINDA DEĞİŞİKLİK OLMAKSIZIN GERUND ve INFINITIVE ALAN FİİLLER BEGIN
It began raining. It began to rain
Present Continuous yapıda mutlaka infiniteve alır.
CONTINUE
We continued to work. We continued working.
Present Continuous yapıda mutlaka infiniteve alır.
START
I will start studying soon. I will start to study soon.
Present Continuous yapıda mutlaka infiniteve alır. 45
ATTEMPT
I attempted to do the job without getting any help. I attempted doing the job without getting any help. CAN’T BEAR
I can’t bear listening to pop music. I can’t bear to listen to pop music. DISLİKE
She dislikes being told what to do. She dislikes to be told what to do.
HATE
I hate washing the dishes. I hate to wash the dishes. INTEND
They intended moving in to a bigger house. They intended to move in to a bigger house. LIKE
I like walking. I like to walk. LOVE
She loves playing with children. She loves to play with children. NEGLECT
He neglected informing us about the case. He neglected to inform us about the case. OBJECT (you/him/her) VARSA INFINITIVE YOKSA GERUND ALAN FİİLLLER ADVISE
I advise driving more slowly. I advise you to drive more slowly. ALLOW
I don’t allow chewing gum in my classroom. I don’t allow my students to chew gum in my classroom. ENCOURAGE
I encourage speaking freely. 46
I encourage my students students to speak freely. FORBID
The law forbids smoking in the buildings. The law forbids us to smoke in the buildings. PERMIT
I don’t permit cheating in the exams. I don’t permit my students to cheat in the exams. RECOMMEND
I recommend staying at home. I recommend you to stay at home.
NEED: Active cümlede infinitive passive cümlede infinitive veya gerund alır. Şayet passive cümlenin öznesi insan ise kesinlikle infinitive alır.
I need to iron my shirts. Active cümle My shirts need to be ironed. My shirts need ironing. I need to be told the truth. Özne insane truth. INFINITIVE veya GERUND ALDIĞINDA ANLAMLARI DEĞİŞEN FİİLLER REMEMBER / FORGET / REGRET Gerund aldığında geçmişte yaptığımız bir işi. Infinitive aldığında gelecekte yapacağımız bir işi anlatır.
I remember walking hand in hand with you on the beach. Don’t forget to invite her to the party. party. He regrets not attending / not having attended university. STOP
I stopped smoking. smoking. (Bırakmak, terk etmek) I stopped to buy some icecream. (Durmak) TRY
She tried to persuade her father. (Eylemin amacını anlatır) She tried persuading her father to go to the party. (Metodu anlatır.) MEAN Gerund “anlamına gelmek.” Infinitive “kastetmek, niyetinde olmak.” 47
Being a parent means having a lot of responsibilities. I don’t mean to hurt you by criticising. PASSIVE INFINITIVE (To be done)
I don’t don’t want to be ordered what to do. PAST INFINITIVE (To have done)
She is fortunate to study abroad. abroad Yurt dışında eğitim göreceği için şanslı. She is fortunate to have studied abroad. abroad Yurt dışında eğitim gördüğü için şanslı. She is lucky to be sent abroad. abroad. Yurt dışına gönderileceği için çok şanslı. She is lucky to have been sent abroad. Yurt dışına gönderildiği için şanslı. ÖNEMLİ NOTLAR: 1) Bir nesnenin ne işe yaradığını ‘used for doing/used to do/used in order to’ kalıplarıyla ifade ederiz.
An axe is used for chopping wood. An axe is used to chop wood. An axe is used in order to chap wood. *Şayet ‘be used’ kullanmıyorsak;
An axe is a tool for chopping wood. 2) INFINITIVE WITH TOO / ENOUGH
She is too young to get married. She isn’t old enough to get married. She spoke too quietly to hear.
Adj. Adj. Adv.
3) SEE / HEAR / WATCH / FEEL gibi fiiller gerund yada fiilin yalın halini alır. Gerund aldığında; Bir eylemin sadece bir anını gördüğümüzü anlatır.
I saw some children playing playing in the street. Fiilin yalın halini aldığında; Olayı baştan sona gördüğümüzü anlatır.
I always watch my son play with other children in the park. *** Passive cümlede gerund kullanımı aynı kalır. 48
Someone saw the missing child walking along the river. The missing child was seen walking along the river. *** Passive cümlede fiilin yalın hali ‘to infinitive’
Someone saw him leave the country. He was seen to leave the country. 4) LET (Let somebody do something)
I will let you know when I learn learn the result. 5) HELP (Help somebody do something / to do something)
Will you please help me lay / to lay the table.
CAUSATIVE a) Have somebody do something: Bir işi ustasına yaptırmak.
Yesterday, I had the mechanic repair my car. *** Önemli olan işi yapan değil işin yapılması ise:
Yesterday, I had my car repaired. b) Get somebody to do something: Bir kişiyi ikna ederek bir işi yaptırmak.
Yesterday, I got my friend to write a composition for me. *** Önemli olan işi yapan değil işin yapılması ise:
Yesterday, I got a composition written for me. c) Make somebody do something / make somebody adjective
I made my son do his work before he went to bed. His coming late made me angry. *** Passive cümlede make infinitive alır.
I was made to come home early yesterday.
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ADJECTIVE & ADVERB ADJECTIVE Comparative
Superlative
Kısa Sıfatlar
Cheap Small Big
Cheaper Smaller Big
The cheapest The smallest The biggest
Sonu ‘y’ ile bitten sıfatlar
Funny Early Heavy
Funnier Earlier Heavier
The funniest The earliest The heaviest
Careful Expensive Boring
More careful The most careful More expensive The most expensive More boring The most boring
Good Bad Far Much / many
Better Worse Further / farther More
Birden fazla heceli sıfatlar
Düzensiz sıfatlar
İki şekilide alanlar: Friendlier / more friendly Politer / more polite Simpler / more simple Narrower / more narrower 50
The best The worst The furthest / farthest The most
BİR ÖZELLİĞİ BAKIMINDAN İKİ VARLIĞIN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI
I am older than you. I was more bored than everybody. Ayşe is more intelligent than Fadime. Bu karşılaştırmalarda vurgu yapmak için MUCH kullanırız. Ayrıca Much gibi comparative yapılarda FAR / A LOT /A LITTLE / A BIT / EVEN EVEN / NO / ANY / RATHER CONSIDERABLY/ SLIGHTLY zarfları da vergu için kullanabiliriz.
Aliye is much nicer than her sister. Adana is much more modern than Eskişehir. Eskişehir is far/a lot/a little/a bir/even/no/any/rather more expensive than Adana *NOT: Bir özelliği bakımından iki varlık karşılaştırıldığında; Sonu ing / ed / s ile bitten sıfatlar ‘er’ almaz ‘more’ alır.
More tired / more bored / more serious AS / ADJECTIVE / AS SO / AS / ADJECTIVE / AS Bir nesnenin diğer bir nesne ile sahip oldukları bir özellik bakımından eşit olduğunu ifade etmek için kullanılır.
I am as strong as superman. (Olumlu) I am not so / as pessimistic as you are. (Olumsuz) Yukarıdaki eşitliğin ifadesinde isim kullanılırsa THE SAME + NOUN + AS kullanılır.
My father is the same age as my mother. Your eyes are the same colour as your mothers Your eye colour is the same as your mothers. Nicelik sıfatı olarak; MUCH ve MANY LITTLE FEW
= = =
MORE LESS FEWER
I have more money than all off you. I have less money money than you. You have fewer books than me. SIFATLARIN EN ÜSTÜNLÜK DERECESİ (SUPERLATIVE FORMS) a) Tanımladığımız nesnenin hangi ortamda en iyi, kötü vs. olduğunu belirtirken: 51
Ortam bir yer ise: Zaman veya grup ise: Sadece grup ise:
in of among da kullanabiliriz
Mount Ararat is the highest mountain in Turkey. February is the shortest month of the year. Ali is the most intelligent student among my students. b) Bir superlative önünde (his / my / this / that) gibi sözcük kullanılıyorsa “the” kullanılmaz.
Önder is one of my most interesting friends. c) Vurgu yapmak için superlative önüne QUITE/MUCH/VERY/FAR kullanabiliriz.
February is QUITE/MUCH/VERY/FAR the coldest month of the year.
DUYU BİLDİREN FİİLLERLE SIFATLARIN KULLANIMI: SEEM / APPEAR / LOOK Gördüğümüz şeyleri ifade eder.
You seem / appear / look tired. SEEM / APPEAR ‘to be’ alabilir ama look alamaz.
He seems / appears to be exhausted. FEEL + ADJECTIVE I felt sad when I got the bad news. TASTE + ADJECTIVE The soap tastes tastes awful. SMELL + ADJECTIVE Roses smell nice. nice. SOUND + ADJECTIVE The music sounds a bit loud. LOOK / FEEL / TASTE / SMELL / SOUND + LIKE +NOUN
The man looks like a thief. thief. This material feels like wool. wool. This coffee tastes like soap. soap. Your food food smells like Adana Kebap. It sounds like a car crash. crash.
52
GET / TURN / TUR OUT / GROW + ADJECTIVE Bir nesnenin durumundaki değişikliği ifade ederiz.
My hair has turned grey. When it grew dark, we began to run home hurriedly. When I got tired, I had a rest for a few hours. KEEP / REMAIN + ADJECTIVE Bir kişinin / nesnenin durumunu ifade eder.
She remained silent although I shouted at her. I kept calm even though things were going badly. PRESENT / PAST PARTICIBLE’IN SIFAT OLARAK KULLANIMI a) ‘Present participle’ sıfat olarak kullanıldığında cümlenin öznesi ‘active’ olur.
This film is very exciting. exciting. b) ‘Past participle’ sıfat olarak kullanılırsa cümlenin öznesi ‘passive’ olur.
His is bored with his job. ADVERBS a) Bir eylemin nasıl yapıldığını ifade eder.
She acted deliberately. (Zarf) Her action was deliberate. (Sıfat) b) Bir sıfatın veya başka bir zarfın derecesini artırmak veya azaltmak için kullanılır.
His is extremely clever. (Sıfat) He drove his car unbelievably carelessly. (Zarf) IRREGULAR ADVERBS GOOD / WELL
My mother is a good cook. (Adjective) My mother cooks well. well. (Adverb) Sadece insanların sağlık durumunu ifade edilirken well sıfat olarak kullanılır.
How is she? She is very well. ‘Well’ sık olarak ‘past participle’ ile birlikte kullanılır. Well – known / well–organize / well–dressed 53
SIFAT VE ZARF BİÇİMLERİ AYNI OLAN KELİMELER FAST :He is a faster runner / He runs faster. HARD :He is a hard worker / He works hard. LATE :He will go on a late train / I arrived home late. EARLY :She travels to work on an early train / The train come early. BACK :Please use the back door / She will come back soon. DIRECT :This is the direct route to your house / You can dial Adana direct. RIGHT :This is the right answer / Turn right here. STRAIGHT :Walk on this straight line / She went straight home. WRONG :That was the wrong way you took. / He led us wrong.
FAR a) Yalın biçimde daha çok OLUMSUZ ve SORU cümlelerinde kullanılır.
How far can you see? (Soru) I can’t see far. (Olumsuz) OLUMLU CÜMLELERDE FAR : A long way = He sailed a long way. FAR AWAY : A long way a way = He lives a long way away. away. b) Üstünlük ve en üstünlük ifadelerde oldukça serbest kullanılır. * FARTHER / FARTHEST = Uzaklık ifade eder.
It isn’t safe to go any father in this fog. * FURTHER / FURTHEST = Hem uzaklık hemde soyut kavramlar ifade eder.
Ayşe went further and said that no toy pistols should be sold. Fatma went furthest of all and said that… DERECELENDİRME ZARLARI (ADVERBS OF DEGREE) FİİLİ / SIFATI / ZARFI tamamlar; değerini ya azaltır yada çoğaltır. 54
I really enjoyed the meal. (Fiili tamamlıyor.) I find archaeology archaeology quite interesting. (sıfatı tamamlıyor.) I was driving very fast. (zarfı tamamlıyor) SONU ‘LY’ İLE İTEN PEK ÇOK ZARF ERECELENDİRME YAPAR. INCREADIBLY SURPRISINGLY DEEPLY UTTERLY GREATLY CERTAINLY INCREASINGLY EXCEPTIONALLY UNUSUALLY REMARKABLY FULLY BITTERLY TERRIBLY / AWFULLY BADLY
: : : : : : : : : : : : : :
He is incredibly lucky. Everything is surprisingly cheap in Turkey I was deeply hurt by his remarks. Some of our traditions are utterly peculiar to foreigners. I greatly appreciate your helping me. I certainly don’t want to come with you. Football is becoming increasingly popular in Turkey. She was exceptionally elegant at the party. Adanaspor is playing unusually well today. The children are remarkably quit today. I haven’t fully understood what you meant. It is bitterly cold outside. I am terribly sorry. / I was awfully upset by the news. WANT / NEED fiilleriyle sık kullanılır. I badly need a friend to talk to. PRETTY : RATHER / QUITE It was a pretty tiring journey. They are working pretty hard. TOO / VERY / MUCH / ENOUGH TOO: Bir sıfatı veya bir zarfı niteleyebilir ama tek başına bir fili niteleyemez. Fiili nitelemek için “TOO MUCH” biçimini alır.
It is too hot today. (Sıfat) You are eating too quickly. (Zarf) You smoke too much. (Sıfat) *NOT: Too bir ismi nitelerken o ismin sayılabilir veya sayılamaz olduğuna dikkat ederiz.
She has got too many / to few friends. There is too much / to little traffic now. *Başka zarflar da ‘too’ yu niteleyebilir.
The skirt is a little too big for my daughter. She has got too many / to few friends. İt is rather too dreary today to go out. There were far too many people at the party. VERY: Bir sıfatı ya da zarfı tanımlar. Fiili tanımlarken VERY MUCH biçimini alır.
Everything is very expensive these days. (Sıfat) 55
You are driving very fast. (Zarf) I like swimming very much. (Fiil) VERY MUCH / MUCH: Appreciate / admire / regret / care / mind / enjoy / like /dislike hope / fear gibi derecelerini ifade edebileceğimiz fiilerle kullanılır. MUCH: Daha çok olumsuz ifade taşıyan veya soru cümlelerinde kullanılır.
I don’t like football much. I much regret my foolish remarks. VERY MUCH: Daha çok olumlu cümlelerde kullanılır. Olumsuz cümlelerde cümlenin sonuna gelir.
She wants to bury a car very much. (Olumlu) She very much enjoys being with friends. (Olumlu) I don’t like football very much. (olumsuz)
ENOUGH:
This rope isn’t strong enough to climb. (Sıfattan sonra) I drove carefully enough. (Zarftan sonra) I have worked enough for today. (Fiilden sonra) I have enough money to buy a new house. (İsimden önce) BARELY / HARDLY / SCARCELY: Zar zor / Güç bela anlamındadır.
He barely / hardly / scarcly avoided avoided the accident. LITTLE: Think / imagine / expect / realize gibi düşünce bildiren fiileri niteler.
I little expect him to pass the exam. ALMOST / NEARLY / PRACTICALLY: (Hemen hemen/Neredeyse)
I almost / nearly / practically hit the child. (But I didn’t) VIRTUALLY: Diğerlerinden daha güçlüdür.’NEREDEYSE GERÇETEN’ anlamındadır.
The defeat of our team was virtually a disaster. (It wasn’t a real disaster.) FAIRLY / QUITE: Olumlu özellik ifade eden sıfat yada zarfarla kulanılır. 56
She is fairly tall. tall. It’s quite warm today. *** QUITE: Superlative yapılarda vurgu yapmak için kullanılabilir. Istanbul is quite the most espensive city in Turkey. RATHER: Olumsuz özellik ifade eden cümlelerde kullanılır. like / enjoy / dislike gibi fiilleri niteler.
It is rather cold today. (Sıfat) She behaved rather foolishly. (Zarf) She rather likes cooking. (Fiil) *** RATHER: Comparative yapılarda vurgu yapmak için kullanılabilir. Eskişehir is rather more expensive than Adana. Adana.
ÖNEMLİ NOTLAR: a) Sonu ‘ly’ ile bitten zarfların başına ‘more’ gelir. Slowly – more slowly Easily – more easily
Quickly – more quickly Cleverly – more cleverly
Sonu ‘ly’ ile bitmeyen zarflar ‘er’ takısını alır.
Fast – Faster
Hard – Harder
Late – later
ANCAK; OFTEN = MORE OFTEN
EARLY = EARLİER olur.
b) Zarf olarak kıyaslamada MUCH ve LITTLE Much = More
Little = Less
I drove the car much. (I drove the car more than you did.) I used read much. (I used to read more than you do now.) She thinks little. (She thinks less than her sister does.) c) Bir durumun sürekli olarak değiştiğini vurgulamak için ‘er’ alan sıfatların kendisi çift söylenir; çok heceli sıfatlar ise more yinelenir. 57
Faster and faster / better and better More and more expensieve Everything is getting more and more expensive It is becoming harder harder to find a Job. d) Karşlaştırmalı yapıyı iki durumun birbirine bağlı olarak değiştiğini ifade etmek için kullanırız.
The harder you work, work the more successful you will be. The less less you eat, eat the more quickly you will lose weight. The more you earn, earn the more you can spend. e) As adv. As = olumlu cümlelerde So/as adv. as = olumsuz cümlelerde
He works as sowly as he dares. He doesn’t snore so / as loudly as my brother does.
f) En üstünlük ifadesi; Tanımladığımız öğenin hangi ortamda en iyi / kötü olduğunu belirtirken Yerler için ‘in’ / Grup ifade eden sözcük of veya among.
Ahmet drives the most carefully of all the drives. She speaks English the best in my classroom. SENTENCE ADVERBS Cümleyi niteleyen ve konuşmacının düşüncesini ifade eden zarflardır. a) Olasılık ifade eden zarflar: Actually / clearly / perhaps / indeed / evidently / possibly / really / obviously / probably / Infact / of course / presumably / surely / undoubtedly / maybe / certainly doubtlessly / definitely Bu zarflardan definitely / perhaps / may be / of course hariç diğerleri cümlenin başında, ortasında ya da sonunda yer alabilir. DEFINITELY: Daha çok cümlenin ortasında yer alır. Nadiren sonunda da yer alabilir.
He was definitely at home at that hour. 58
He is trying to do his best, definitely. definitely. PERHAPS / MAY BE / OF COURSE: Daha çok cümlenin başında kullanılır. Ancak; vurguyu arttırmak için ortada kullanılabilir, bu durumda iki virgül arasında kullanılır.
Perhaps he can help us do our homework. He can, perhaps, perhaps, help us do our homework. Of course he is capable of answering these questions. He is, of course, course, capabe of answering the question. b) Cümleyi niteleyen zarflar: Admittedly / annoyingly / frankly / fortunately / unfortunately / luckily / unluckily / Honestly / personally / naturally / rightly / wrongly /seriously / surprisingly / Understandably Bu zarflar genellikle cümlenin başında kulanılır ve virgülle cümleden ayrılır.
Frankly, Frankly, he doesn’t doesn’t work hard enough to succeed.
FOCUSING ADVERBS Cümlenin bir öğesini vurgulayan ve vurguladıkları öğenin hemen önünde yer alan zarflardır. Only / just / merely / simply / solely / purely / exclusively / primarily / chiefly / mainly exactly / mostly / especially / particularly / too / either / as well / also / even a) MARELY / PURELY / SIMPLY: Her zaman vurguladıkları sözcükten önce gelir. I purely / simply / merely / wanted to warn you. I had no other intention. b) JUST / ONLY / EVEN: Vurguladıkları sözcükten önce gelir. Ancak arada kullanılan zarf biçimi de yer alabilir.
I just / only go to say I love you. I bought only / just a sweater. I will eat only a sandwich. I left without saying anything. I didn’t even say goodbye. I bought many many things; I even bought a pet canary. c) TOO / ALSO / AS WELL / EITHER (de-da): 59
EITHER: Daima cümlenin sonunda ve olumsuz cümlelerde kullanılır.
My wife didn’t want to go to the cinema. He didn’t want us to go either. either. TOO / AS WELL: Cümlenin sonunda olumlu cümlelerde kullanılır. Ancak ‘too’ özneyi vurgularken ortada da kullanılabilir.
Everybody enjoyed the party. Ali enjoyed it too / as well. I, too, too, had expected him to pass. ALSO: Vurguladığı öğeye bağlı olarak cümle içindeki yeri değişir.
I also had expected him to pass. I had expected him to pass also. also. I had expected also him to pass. d) EXACTLY: Vurgulama zarfı olarak ‘wh’ soru sözcüğü ile kullanılır.
What exactly do you mean? How exactly did the accident happen?
ADJECTIVE and ADVERB STRUCTURES STRUCTURES TOO + ADJ. / ADV + TO DO SOMETHING: Cümle olumlu ama anlam olumsuz.
I am too tired to go out tonight. You are working too slowly to finish your report by 5 o’clock. ADJ. / ADV + ENOUGH + TO DO SOMETHING:
She is mature enough to decide for her her self. We are walking fast enough to catch the train. * NOT: Enough isimen önce gelir.
We don’t have enough money to buy a new car. SO + ADJ. / ADV + THAT:
She was so gorgeous that everybody admired her. She speaks so slowly that we can understand whatever whatever she says. SUCH + NOUN + THAT: 60
It was such an absurd day day that nothing went right. SO VE SUCH İLE SÜREÇ / MESAFE / MİKTAR İFADE EDİLMESİ SO + ADJ.
= SO LONG Zaman Süreç SUCH + NOUN = SUCH A LONG TIME
I don’t think the job will take so long / such such a long time. SO + ADJ.
= SO FAR Mesafe SUCH + NOUN = SUCH A LONG WAY
I didn’t know your house was so far / such a long way. SO + ADJ.
= SO MANY Miktar /Countable SUCH + NOUN = SUCH A LOT OF
I have so many / such a lot of friends that I never feel lonely. lonely. SO + ADJ.
= SO MUCH Miktar /uncountable SUCH + NOUN = SUCH A LOT OF
I have so much / such a lot of food in the fridge that you won’t leave hungry. SO + ADJ.
= SO FEW
Countable
SUCH + NOUN = SUCH A FEW
I have so few / such a few friends that I feel feel lonely. SO + ADJ.
= SO LITTLE Uncountable SUCH + NOUN = SUCH A LITTLE
I can’t bring up my children with so little / such a little money.
RELATIVE CLAUSES A) DEFINING RELATİVE CLAUSES: Bir ismi tanımlayarak tam olarak kimden yada neden bahsedildiğini ifade eder.
Politicians who tell lies are adious. I will lend you the book that changed my life totally. KULLANILAN ZAMİRLER A) İNSANLAR İÇİN Özne durumunda: WHO / (THAT)
The man who lives next door is a politician. Nesne durumunda: WHO / WHOM (THAT)
The girl who I met at the party was a model. B) VARLIKLAR VE HAYVANLAR İÇİN Özne durumunda: THAT / (WHICH) 61
I will tell you the story that influenced me deeply. Nesne durumunda: THAT / (WHICH)
I will show you the photograph that I took at the party. party. RELATIVE PRONOUN (who/which/that)’IN ATILMASI *Şayet relative clause DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE ve relative pronoun’da NESNE durumunda ise pronoun atılabilir.
Did you like the present that I gave you for your birthday? Did you like the present I gave you for your birthday? Who was the man who you were talking to? Who was the man you were talking to? NOT: Preposition genellikle R.C.un sonuna gelir.
Come and meet the people who I work with. with. This is the book that I was telling you about. about. NOT: Akademik ifade de preposition relative pronoun’un önünde yer alır.
Come and meet people with whom I work. This is the book about which I was telling you. B) NON-DEFINING RELATİVE CLAUSES: İsimleri tanımlamayan ama isimler hakkında ekstra bilgi veren ‘relative clouse’lardır.
My best friend Ali, Ali, who is a lawyer, plays saz very well. Bazı durumlarda Non-defining Relative Clouse ‘which’ ile bütün cümleyi niteler.
She arrived on time, time, which surprised everybody. KULLANILAN ZAMİRLER A) İNSANLAR İÇİN Özne durumunda: WHO
My son, son, who lives in England, England, is an engineer. Nesne durumunda: WHO/WHOM
The blond girl, who I danced with, with, was a journalist. B) VARLIKLAR VE HAYVANLAR İÇİN 62
Özne ve nesne durumunda: (WHICH)
His last book, book, which received a lot of praise, has has been a great success. His last film, film, which I couldn’t understand, received a lot of praise. NOT: Non-defining R.C. bilgi verdiği ismin tamamını kapsar.
My son who lives in England is getting married next week. My son, who lives in England, is getting married married soon. I had a coctail, which was very unusual. I had a coctail which was very unusual.
KULLANILAN DİĞER ZAMİRLER WHOSE AND OF WHICH İyelik bildiriliyorsa hem insanlar hem de nesneler için kullanılır.
Do you know the man whose car was was stolen? The book whose cover I accidentally tore was my friend’s. NOT: Nesneler için ‘whose’ yerine ‘of which’ kullanabiliriz.
This is the machine whose properties I described. This is the machine the properties of which I described. ‘Of which’li yapıda preposition ‘of’un önündeki isimden önce yer alır.
The mountain on the top of which / on whose top you can see snow is a part of Bozdağ mountain range. WHERE Tanımlayan cümlede yer bildiriyorsa ’where’ kullanabiliriz.
I liked the hotel where we spent our holiday last summer. Don’t clean the room where my son is studying. studying. NOT: Yer bildiren ismi tanımlarken ‘WHICH’ kullanabiliriz. Ancak bu yapılarla o isme ait preposition’ı mutlaka kullanmak zorundayız. 63
I liked the hotel which we spent our holiday in last summer. I liked the hotel in which we spent our holiday last summer. I liked the resort we spent our holiday in last summer. This is the restaurant. I usually eat lunch there. This is the restaurant which I usually ate lunch at. This This is the restaurant at which I usually ate lunch. This is the restaurant I usually ate lunch. WHEN (on on that day / in that year / at that hour) when / which / hour gibi bir zaman belirtiyorsa (when that) that kullanabiliriz. NOT: Sadece WHICH ‘on which /at which/in which’ gibi preposition ile kullanılır.
1923 is the year. The republic of Turkey was founded then. then 1923 is the year when the Republic of Turkey was founded. 1923 is the year in which the Republic of Turkey was founded. 1923 is the year that the Republic Republic of Turkey was founded. WHY ‘Reason’ sözcüğünden sonra neden ifade eden cümle getiriyorsak WHY / FOR WHICH / THAT
The reason why we are holding this meeting is to seek solutions to our problems. The reason for which we are holding this meeting is. The reason that we are holding this meeting is… NOT: Reason / explanation gibi sözcükleri NEDEN değil, yaptığı açıklama olarak kullanıyorsak ‘WHY’ kullanamayız. Bu anlamda onları cansız varlık gibi düşünüp ‘WHICH / THAT’ kullanabiliriz.
The reason that he gave us for the delay frustrated us all. The reason which he gave us for the delay? The reason he gave us for the delay. The explanation that he made on the subject confused us. The explanation which he made on the subject confused us. REDUCED RELATIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES Şayet Relative Pronoun özne durumunda ise ‘Relative Clause’u kısaltabiliriz.
64
Aktif Cümlelerde = v+ing. Passive cümlelerde = v+ed v+ed kullanırız. A) Relative clause’ın v+ing olarak kısaltılması 1- Permanent characteristic göstermesi gerekir.
The castle that overlooked the city was destroyed by an eartquake last year. The castle overlooking the city was destroyed by an eartquake last year. Not: Tek ve tamamlanmış bir eylemden bahsediyorsak kısaltma yapamayız.
The girl who fell over on the ice broke her arm. arm (Kısaltılamaz) 2- On going activity göstermesi gerekir.
The detective who is investigating the case has found a clue. The detective investigating the case has found a clue.
B) Relative clause’ın (-ed) passive kısaltılması
The woman who was invited to join the club declined the invitation yesterday. The woman invited to join the club declined it yesterday. C) Be + Adj. Phrase:
The girl who is happy with her exam results is smiling. The girl happy with her exam results is is smiling. D) Be + Prepositional Phrase:
The books that are on top of the shelf are very expensive. The books on the top of the shelf are very expensive. E) “to do” infinitive olarak kısaltma: The first / the second / the last / the only gibi ifadelerden sonra ve bazan da Superlative Yapılardan sonra ve something / anything / someone gibi sözcüklerden sonra ve zorunluluk ifade eden yapılarda R.C “to do” olarak kısaltılabilir.
I am usually the firs person who leaves the office. I am usually the firs person person to leave the office. office. 65
The best route tahat can be followed is through the woods. The best route to be followed is through the woods. There was nothing that we could do. There was nothing to do. do. I have a lot of work that I must do. I have a lot of of work to do. do.
PRESENT PARTICIPLE (v+ing (v+ing) v+ing) ZARF OLARAK KULLANIMI 1 – Aynı anda devam eden iki eylemi ifade eder. (-arak..-erek)
While I was listening to pop music, I ironed my shirts. While listening to pop music last night, I ironed my shirts. shirts. Listening to pop music last night, night, I ironed my shirts. (Passive)
While it was being carried, the table got broken. While being carried, the table got broken. She sat by the fire reading a book. book (kitap okuyarak şöminenin başında oturdu) 2 – Birbiri ardına meydana gelen iki eylemi ifade eder.
After we ate / had eaten dinner, dinner, we went out for a walk. After eating / after having eaten dinner, dinner, we went out for a walk. Having eaten dinner, we went out for a walk. (Passive) 66
After he was / had had been promoted, promoted, he became more interested in his job. After being / having been promoted, promoted, he became more interested in his job. Having been promoted, he became more interested in his job. Presenting his proposal to the director, the young engineer waited for her reaction to it. *Şayet ikinci eylem başlamadan birinci eylemin tamamlandığı vurgulanırsa (having done) kullanılır.
Having presented his proposal to the director, the young engineer waited for her reaction to it. The young engineer, having presented his proposal to the director, waited for her reaction to it.
3 – Bir eylemin olmasına neden olan diğer bir eylem vurgulanmak istenirse; (Active cümle: Doing / Passive cümle: being done) (Active cümle: Having done / Passive cümle: having been done) şayet Adverbial clause daki eylem daha önce gerçekleşmişse kullanılır.
Because she is married now, she has more responsibility. Being married now, she has more responsibility. Since she was tired, she went to bed early. Being tired, she went to bed early. *** Adverbial clause’daki eylem, temel cümledeki eylemden önce gerçekleşmiş ise;
Because I sprained my ankle yesterday, I now have difficulty in walking. Having sprained my ankle yesterday, I now have difficulty in walking. Because Because I had sprained my ankle, I could hardly walk. Having sprained my ankle, I could hardly walk. Because he had been transferred to a remote branch, he 67
resigned. Having been transferred to a remote branch, he resigned. Adverbial clause’da ‘be + Adjective’ kullanılmışsa bu yapı ‘being + Adjective’ ya da sadece ‘Adjective’ biçiminde kısaltılır.
Because she is responsible for the office, she has to be there early. Being responsible / responsible for the office, she has to be there early. OLUMSUZ
Because she hadn’t slept well the night before, she felt tired in the morning. Not having slept well the night before, she felt tired in the morning. *** NOT: Neden-sonuç bildiren cümlelerde temel ve yan cümlelerin özneleri farklı olsada kısaltma yapmak mümkün ama her iki cümlenin öznelerini belirtmek gerekir.
Because our car is broken down, we have walked to work since last week. Our car being broken down, we have walked to work since last week. As the weather was cold, we had to cancel cancel the picnic. The weather being cold, cold, we had to cancel the picnic. As the manager has gone abroad, I will priside over the meeting. The manager having gone aboad, I will priside over the meeting. Because there was a serious accident, we had to wait for a long time. There being a serious accident, we had to wait for a long time. Not wanting to be separated, separated, the twins will attend London University. The twins, not wanting to be separated, separated, will attend London University. Not having been introduced introduced to anyone at the pary, pary, she found it difficult to start up convesation. 68
She, not having been introduced to anyone at the pary, pary, found it difficult to start up convesation
QUANTIFIERS QUANTIFIERS WITH ‘OF’/ WITHOUT ‘OF’ Quantifiers’dan sonara pronoun / possessive form / determiner varsa ‘of’ kullanılır. SOME: I made some fresh coffee. Some of my jewellery is missing. ANY: I don’t have any friends. Have you read any of these books? MUCH: She did it with much enthusiasm.
Snow has covered much of the country.
MANY: Many scientists lost their lives in the war. Many of her paintings were stolen. BOTH: Both Ali and Veli enjoyed the film. Both of my parents are teachers. ALL: All people over 18 are voting. All of Ahmet’s friends come to his party. EACH: Write the cost of each item please. Each of you should sign the paper. FEW: There was slience for a few seconds. They invited a few of their friends. 69
LITTLE: It will take a little time to finish it. A little of his money came from lottery. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SOME: Olumlu cümlelerde sayılabilen ve sayılamayan isimlerle kullanılır.
There is some milk in the firidge. (Uncountable noun) There are some apples on the table. (Countable noun) Cevabın olumlu olacağını umduğumuzda soru cümlesinde de ‘some’ kullanabiliriz.
Would you like some more tea? Someone/somebody/something/somewhere yapıları ‘SOME’ ile aynı kullanılır, ve Singular Verb alır.
I met somebody who knows you at the party. There is something in your eye. Let’s go somewhere hot for our holiday. Sayılardan önce kullanıldığında ‘SOME’ approximately anlamını alır.
There were some 2000 people at the proteset march. Kimden söz edildiğini bilmiyorsak veya hatırlamıyorsak some+singular noun kullanırız.
Some student in your classroom asked me a really difficult question. ANY: Olumsuz anlam taşıyan cümlelerle ve soru cümleleri ile kullanılır.
There is seldom any world news in the Newspapers nowadays. Ayşe’s father scarcely ever let her have any friends around. I haven’t got any butter left. Are there any apples left? ANY OF + PLURAL NOUN: Hangisinin olduğu önemli değil. Hepsi (all of them) olabilir.
Any of the students could have answered the question. Some of the students = hepsi değil bazıları ‘ANY’ yaygın olarak ‘conditional clouse’ ile kullanılır.
If you have any problems, let me know. If you have some problems = problem beklentisi fazladır. ANYONE / ANYBODY / ANYTHING / ANYWHERE: Kullanımı ANY ile aynıdır.
Hardly anybody / anyone turned up to the meeting. 70
Are you going anywhere this weekend? MUCH: Olumsuz ve soru cümlelerinde sayılamayan isimlerle kullanılır.
Have you got much homework to do? do? He didn’t show much interest in what I said. MANY: Olumsuz ve soru cümlelerinde sayılabilen isimlerle kullanılır.
Not many of my friends knew I was getting married. How many questions could you answer? A LOT OF / LOTS OF / PLENTY OF: Olumlu cümlelerde (informal) konuşma dilinde sayılabilen ve sayılamayan isimlerle kullanılır.
Lots of my students studied at university to become teachers. We had plenty of hotels to choose from. I have given the problem a lot of thought. thought. Resmi dilde yukarıdaki yapılar yerine many of / much of / a great deal of / a large amount of / a large number of / kullanabiliriz.
A great deal of / A large amount of / much of = Sayılamayan isimlerle A great number of / many of = Sayılabilen isimlerle ALL: Sayılabilir tekil ve çoğul veya sayılamaz isimlerle kullanılır. (Bir grup içindeki şeylerin tamamını düşünüyorsak)
All (of) my brothers and sisters were at the airport. The baby seems to cry all (of) (of) the time. Not all the seats were taken. Sayılabilir tekil isimlerle genellikle of kaldırılır. All my life / all the book / all the house ALL + RELATIVE CLAUSE + SINGULAR VERB
All she wants is a car, a flat and a lot of money. THE WHOLE: Sayılabilen tekil isim alır.
They weren’t able to stay the whole concert. The whole of the town was flooded. WHOLE: Sayılabilir çoğul isim alır. 71
Whole towns were left without food and water. BOTH: (Her ikisi) İki isimden birlikte bahsettiğimizde
Both (of) the houses have been sold. I went on holiday with both of them. them. (With them both) NEITHER / EITHER: (İkiden hiçbiri / biri yada öbürü) İki isimden sözettiğimizde: a) Tek başına kullanılabilir yada sayılabilir tekil isim alabilirler.
Which of these apples would you like? I can take either / either apple. (Hangisi olduğu olduğu önemli değil) Which of these two girls is your friend? Neither / neither girl is my friend. friend. b) Neither of / Either of’ dan sonra çoğul isim gelir. Bu durumda fiil tekil ya da çoğul olabilir. Either of / Neither of’dan sonra us / you / them / these / those gibi pronoun’lar kullanabiliriz.
Either of those dresses is (are) suitable for the party. Neither of my parents approves (approve) of my smoking.
c) Either, ancak olumlu bir cümlenin; yada soru cümlesinin öznesi olabilir. Olumsuz cümlenin öznesi olamaz.
Either of these solutions will work. Can either of you speak English? Either olumsuz bir cümlenin nesnesi olarak kullanılabilir. Bu durumda; Olumsuz bir fiil + either = Olumlu bir fiil + neither Aynı anlamı verir.
I won’t invite invite either of them. = I will invite neither of them. I haven’t read either of them. = I have read neither of them. EACH / EVERY: SINGULAR NOUN a) Each hem sıfat hemde zamir olarak kullanılır. Every ise sadece sıfattır. Kendinden sonra mutlaka bir isim gelir. Each en az iki ismi, Every ise en az üç ismi içerir.
Each (student) has to prepare a term paper. paper. (En az 2 isim) Every student has to prepare a term paper. (En az 3 isim) 72
b) Each (herbiri) anlamını verir ve her bir öğeyi tek tek düşündüğümüzü ifade eder. Every (all / hepsi) anlamını verir ve öğeleri bir bütün olarak düşündüğümüzü vurgular.
Each student was given a part in the school play. Every student took part in the school play. (Hepsi) c) Each / Every specific bir isimle ‘of’ lu tamlamalarda kullanılabilir. İsim mutlaka sayılabilir ve çoğul isimdir, ancak fiil tekildir.
Each of the children is going to give a prize. Every one of the children has to take this exam. NO + NOUN:
She had no shoes on. No information was given given about the new computer. NONE: Kısa cevaplarda tek başına kullanılabilir.
How much money do you have? None (no money) How many appliciants are there? None (no applicants) Ancak kendinden sonra isim kullanılacaksa (of) ile sayılabilir çoğul isim veya sayılamaz isim gelir.
None of these books are (is (is) is) suitable for you. None of this money belongs to you. HALF: (Yarısı) ‘Half’ tan sonra sayılabilir tekil veya çoğul bir isim veya sayılamayan bir isim kullanılır. ‘Half’ ile isim arasındaki ‘of’ genellikle kaldırılır, ancak us / them / you gibizamirlerle ‘of’ kaldırılmaz. Half of the students = Half of the money Half of the book
Half the students = = Half the money = Half the book
Half of them = Half of it = Half of it
FEW / A FEW: Sayılabilen isimlerle kullanılır.
I have few friends. Ifeel lonely. Few cümleye negative anlam verir. I have a few friends. I am happy and I don’t feel lonely. A few cümleye positive anlam verir. LITTLE / A LITTLE: Sayılamayan isimlerle kullanılır.
We have little money left. We must abondane our trip. Little cümleye negative anlam verir. 73
We had little money left. So we went out for a meal. A Little cümleye positive anlam verir.
LIKE / ALIKE / UNLIKE: Like ‘similar’ anlamında olup; isim alan bir preposition’dur.
I am architect like my father. Unlike ‘Not similar’anlamındadır.
Unlike my father, his father has a full time job. Alike ‘Equally’ anlamında Zarf, ‘Similar’ anlamında sıfattır.
The tution icrease was opposed by students and teachers teachers alike. My mother and my sister are alike in many ways.
OTHER YAPILARI ANOTHER + SINGULAR NOUN (Başka bir)
Tomorrow is not suitable for me. Come another day please. please (Sıfat) This sweater is too big. Can you show me another please? (Zamir) ANOTHER + TIME + MONEY + DISTANCE Zaman, para miktarı ve mesafe bildiren sözcükler ANOTHER ile kullanılabilir. İsimler çoğul olabilir.
I haven’t finished my report yet. I need another half hour. This isn’t enough. You should give me another fifty dollars. dollars. I am not feeling tired. I can walk another two kilometres. THE OTHER A) The Other+ SINGULAR NOUN: Sayısı bilinen gruptan geriye kalan sonuncusu anlamındadır. Sıfat yada Zamir olarak kullanılır. 74
We bought three peaches. My brother and I ate one, and we left the other peach on the table. (Sıfat) Can you see those three girls? Two of them are from England. The other is from Germany. (Zamir) B) THE OTHER + PLURAL NOUN: Sayısı belli bir grubun içinde geri kalan bütün öğeleri sayıyorsak (the other +plural noun) sıfat olarak; (the others) zarf olarak kullanılır.
She has visited four European countries. One is Germany, another is England and the other countries / the others are Italy, and France C) THE OTHER + UNCOUNTABLE NOUN: (ALL THE REST) We put oranges in a bowl, and stored the other fruit in the fridge. OTHER + PLURAL NOUN: (MORE OF THE GROUP) Sayısını bilmediğimiz çoğul isimlerle kullanılır. Other + plural noun = Sıfat olarak kullanılır.
Others = Zamir olarak kullanılır.
Antalya Antalya is an attractive summer resort in the south. Other summer resorts in the south are Kemer and Kaş. Others are Kemer and Kaş. ANY / SOME / MANY + OTHER veya OTHERS
Any other + plural noun
any others
Have you got any other books / any others on on this subject. Some other + plural noun
some others
In addition to this, we have to consider some other factors. factors. Many other + plural noun
many others
Besides this problem, we have many other problems / many others. others. EACH OTHER / ONE ANOTHER (Birbirimize / Birbirinize / Birbirlerine) 75
When we met on the street, we greeted each other / one another. They are happily married couple. They love each other / one another. EVERY OTHER + SINGULAR NOUN Periyodik olan şeyleri ifade eder. Bir atlayarak devam eden olaylardır.
I wash my hair every other day. (Every two days.) He comes to Adana every other month. (Every two months.) This meeting is held every other year. (Every two years.) ARTICLES 1)
INDEFINITE ARTICLES (A / AN) a) Mesleklerden önce: I am an engineer b) Bazı deyimlerden önce: A pair of / a couple of / three times a day c) Ünlem ifade eden yapılardan önce: What a beautiful girl. d) Bir isim bir cümlede ilk defa geçiyorsa herhangi bir anlamında: I bought a toy.
2)
DEFINITE ARTICLE (THE) a) Deniz ismlerinden The black sea, Nehir isimlerinden The Kızılırmak, Otel isimlerinden The Hilton Hotel, cinema The cinema – Theatre The theatre –The bank – The museum The Anatolian Civilization Museum, Gazete isimlerinden The Hurriyet önce THE gelir. b) Evrende tek olan isimlerinden önce THE gelir.
The sun / The moon / The world. c) Topluluk isimlerinden önce THE gelir.
The United Nations / The United Kingdom / The Toros Mountains. d) Bir isimden ikinci defa bahsediliyor ise. 76
I bought a computer yesterday. The computer was very expensive. e) Bir bir sıfat cümleciği tarafından tanımlanıyor ise.
The computer that I bought yesterday was very expensive. 3)
ZERO ARTICLES a) İsimler genel anlamda kullanılıyorsa
Computers have changed our lives totally. a) Ülke isimlerinden America / şehir isimlerinden Adana / cadde isimlerinden Kıbrıs Şehitleri Street / dil isimlerinden German / Magazine isimlerinden Şamdan / hava alanı Atatürk Airport / istasyon Eskişehir Station / dağ isimlerinden Mount Ararat / göl isimlerinden Lake Van / öğün isimlerinden (breakfastbreakfast-lunchlunch-dinner) önce article gelmez. c) ZERO ATRICLE AND DEFINITE ARTICLE ALDIĞINDA ANLAM FARKLILIĞI. Go to bed Go to the bed Go to school Go to the school Go to hospital Go to the hospital Go to prison Go to the prison
Yatmak Belli bir yatağa doğru gitmek Eğitim görmek amacıyla (öğrenci) gitmek Belli bir okula eğitim amacı dışında bir amaçla gitmek Tedavi amacıyla hastaneye gitmek Başka bir amaçla hastaneye gitmek Hapse gitmek Başka bir amaçla hapisaneye gitmek
İYELİK SIFATLARI
İYELİK ZAMİRLERİ
My Your His/Her/Its + İSİM Our Your Their
Mine Yours His / Hers / Its Ours Yours Theirs
ŞAHIS ZAMİRLERİ Özne konumunda
Tümleç Konumunda
I You He / she / ıt We They
Me You Him / her / it Us Them 77
DÖNÜŞÜMLÜ ZAMİRLER I You He She It We You They
Myself Yourself Himself Herself Itself Ourselves Yourselves Themselves
CONJUNCTIONS & TRANSITIONS CONJUNCTIONS (Bağlaçlar): Aynı gramer yapısına sahip (iki isim, iki sıfat, iki zarf) gibi sözcükleri ya da cümleleri bağlayan kelimelerdir. And / once gibi tek bir sözcükten yada in order that / so that / as long as gibi sözcük öbeklerinden olabilir.
Altough she studied hard, she couldn’t pass the exam. TRANSITIONS: Bir düşünceden diğer bir düşünceye geçişi sağlayan cümle bağlaçlarıdır.
She studied hard; nevertheless, she couldn’t pass the exam. A) COORDINATING CONJUNTIONS (AND / OR / BUT / YET): Sözcükleri ya da cümleleri bağlamak için kullanılır. AND: Her ikiside olumlu ya da her ikisi de olumsuz sözcükleri bağlar. 78
Beautiful and clever
Sunny and warm
Crowded and noisy
BUT / YET: Zıtlık vurgular.
Beautiful but / yet stupid. / Warm but / yet windy. / Cheap but / yet good. NOT: İki tam cümleyi, ya birinci cümleyi noktalayarak ya da araya bir virgül koyduktan sonra ikinci cümlenin başına bağlaç getirerek ifade ederiz. And / but / or büyük harfle cümle başlatabilir. Ama resmi dilde bu kullanım tercih edilmez.
The children were playing. The parents were chatting. The children were playing. And the parents were chatting. Tercih edilmez. The children were playing and the parents were chatting. The children children were playing, and the parents were chatting. YET / SO / FOR: Bağlaç olarak kullanıldığında kendilerinden önceki cümleden bir virgül ile ayrılır.
She didn’t feel well, so she didn’t go to work. She didn’t go to work, for she didn’t feel well. She She didn’t feel well, yet she still went to work.
B) CORRALATIVE CONJUNCTIONS: Bu gruptaki bağlaçlar: both … and / either … or / Neither … nor / not only … but also gibi ikili olarak kullanılırlar. a) İki cümlenin farklı öğelerinden birinin başına bağlacın birinci bölümü, diğerinin başına bağlacın ikinci bölümü getirilir.
Ali will come with us. Ayşe will come with us. Both Ali and Ayşe will come with us. Not only Ali but also Ayşe will come with us. She is beautiful. She is clever. clever. She is both beautiful and clever. She isn’t tall. She isn’t short. 79
She is neither tall nor short. b) Both …. and iki ismi bağlıyorsa fiil daima çoğul, diğer bağlaçlarda ise ikinci özne temel alınır.
Both my parents and my sister are coming tomorrow. Not only my parents but also my sister is coming tomorrow. Neither the manager nor my collegues approve of the plan. Either the students or the teacher has made a mistake.
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES 1) ADVERBIAL CL. OF TIME 2) ADVERBIAL CL. OF REASON 3) ADVERBIAL CL. OF PURPOSE 4) ADVERBIAL CL. OF CONTRAST 5) ADVERBIAL CL. OF CONDITION 6) ADVERBIAL CL. OF MANNER 1)
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME
AFTER
After I finish / I have finished this report, I will go out for lunch. After I finished/ I had finished the report, I went out for lunch. 80
BEFORE
Before I go out for lunch, I will finish this report. Before I went out for lunch, I finished / had finished the report. UNTIL / TILL: Ana cümledeki eylemin belirtilen zamana kadar sürdüğünü / süreceğini belirtmek için kullanılır.
Until you come back, I will stay at home. Until the boss came back, I had waited at the office. WHEN / WHILE / AS: Bir hareket devam ederken başka bir olayın olduğunu vurgulamak için kullanırız. a) Aynı anda vuku bulan iki kısa olay AS / WHEN ile
As / When the can is opened, the content heats automatically. b) Aynı anda vuku bulan iki uzun süreli olayı AS / WHILE ile anlatırız.
As / while my wife cleaned the house, I went shopping. As / while I was shopping, my was cleaning the house. BY THE TIME: Zaman zarf cümleciğinde belirtilen zamana kadar ana cümledeki eylemin bitirilmiş / bitirilecek olduğunu vurgular.
By the time he comes back, we will have finished our work. By the time he came came back, it was too late. AS SOON AS / ONCE / THE MOMENT / IMMEDIATELY
As soon as / once / the moment / immediately I saw him, I understood that something was rong. AS LONG AS / SO LONG AS
I won’t forgive him as long as / so long as I live. I never bought anyting from that shop as long as / so long as I lived here. WHENEVER / EVERYTIME
I greet him whenever / everytime I see him. I greeted (used to greet) him whenever / everytime I saw him. NOW (THAT) Dığı içini, Mademki 81
Now that we have finished finished our work, we can go out for a walk. walk. HARDLY, SCARCELY, BARELY……. WHEN NO SOONER .……. THAN Bir eylemin ardından hemen ikinci bir eylemin başladığını vurgulamak için genellikle PAST PERFECT ve DEVRİK CÜMLE ile kullanılır.
I had no sooner received received his letter than he him self arrived. No sooner had she gone to bed than the telephone rang. I had scarcely / hardly received his letter when he himself arrived. Hardly had she gone to bed when the telephone rang. AFTERWARDS / AFTER AFTERWARDS (later / after that) anlamında zarftır. AFTER Preposition olarak isim, Bağlaç olarak cümle alır. PREPOSITION BAĞLAÇ
After the class After the meeting After she came After she graduated
2)
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF REASON Because Since As + Inasmuch as Seeing that, seeing as
Cümle gelir
Because I was ill, I didn’t go to work. Since she wants to lose weight quickly, she is on a strict diet. As it was very cold in the garden, we decided to eat inside. 82
Seeing that / seeing as the traffic traffic was heavy, we walked to work yesterday. Because of On account of Owing to Due to
+
İsim / gerund gelir.
Because of illness, she couldn’t go to school. On account of the the heavy traffic, we took another way to work yesterday. Owing to to dramatically rising prices, it is difficult to make ends meet. Due to the limited employment, many people are moving the big cities. Because of On account of Due to + Owing to
The fact that
+
cümle gelir
Due to the fact that she neglected the children, they became disobedient. THEREFORE / CONSEQUENTLY / AS A RESULT Neden sonuç ilişkisini bildiren geçiş sözcükleridir. İkinci cümlede kullanılır. Cümlenin başında, özneden sonra, ve cümlenin sonunda gelir ve cümleden bir virgule ayrılır.
She didn’t didn’t feel well. Therefore, she left the office early. She didn’t feel well. She, consequently, left the office early. She didn’t feel well. She left the office early, as a result.
3)
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF PURPOSE
SO THAT / IN ORDER THAT + CÜMLE
She is learning English so that / in order that she can find a better job. I withdrew some money so that / in order that I would have me. 83
plenty on
FOR THE PURPOSE THAT + CÜMLE So that ile aynı anlamdadır.
She is attending a conversation club for the purpose that she can practice speaking English. LEST: ‘for fear that / so that …. not’ ile aynı anlamdadır. Genellikle SHOULD ya da SUBJUNCTIVE yapıyla kullanılır.
We all spoke in quite voices lest we wake / should wake the baby. baby. (Bebeği uyandırmayalım diye hepimiz çok alçak sesle konuştuk) FOR THE PURPOSE OF / FOR FEAR OF + GERUND veya NOUN
We all spoke in quiet voices for fear of waking the baby. She went to her husband’s office for the purpose of seeing him. IN ORDER TO / TO / SO AS TO
She She lay on the floor (to / in order to / so as to) rest for a while. We kept the news secret (in order not to / so as not to) upset her. 4)
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CONTRAST
EVEN THOUGH / ALTOUGH / THOUGH
Altough/Though/Even though she is good at music, she doesn’t want to be a musician. THOUGH (BUT / YET) Anlamında iki bağımsız cümleyi birleştirmek için de kullanılır. Genellikle cümlenin sonuna gelir, ama bazen ikinci cümlenin başında da yer alabilir.
I didn’t like the film; I liked its background background music, though. I didn’t like the film, though I liked its background music.
IN SPITE OF / DESPITE + NOUN In spite of /despite the heavy rain, they went on a picnic. *** In spite of / despite + the fact that + cümle
Despite the fact that she is old, she still takes long walks everyday. In spite of the fact that she practices everyday, she is still bad 84
at driving. MUCH AS + CÜMLE Daha çok duygu ifade eder. ‘Altough’ anlamını verir.
Much as I like sports, I dislike football. ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB + AS OR THOUGH + CÜMLE Karşıtlık ifade eden bağlaç olarak bir sıfat veya zarftan sonra kullanılır.
Patient as / though he is, he couldn’t bear the noise they were making. Quickly as / though they worked, they failed to finish the task in time. time. HOWEVER + ADJECTIVE / ADVERB
However late it is, you can call me for help. However hard I tired, I couldn’t succeed. NO MATTER + QUESTION WORD
“No matter who you are, come and join us.” Mevlana said. KARŞITLIK BİLDİREN (TRANSITIONS) GEÇİŞ SÖZCÜKLERİ
It was cold. cold
However Nevertheless (;) Nonetheless she went out for a walk. walk (buna rağmen / yine de) Even so All the same Notwithstanding
Aşağıdaki bağlaçlar iki tam cümleyi birleştirir. İkinci cümlenin başında yer alırlar. Birinci cümleden virgule ayrılırlar veya birinci cümleye nokta koyulup büyük harfle başlarlar. (But…anyway/But….still/Yet….still) It was cold, cold, It was cold, cold, It was cold,
but she went out for a walk anyway. yet she still went out for a walk. walk. but but she still went out for a walk.
(Ama yine de.)
ON THE ONE HAND..ON THE OTHER HAND: Bir olayın çelişen iki yönünü ifade eder.
She has a dilemma and she doesn’t know what to do. On the one hand, hand, she very much wants to go a broad for her university education. On the other hand, hand, she knows that her family will have difficulty affording it. IN CONTRAST: İki nesneyi karşılaştırır. 85
Adana has got hot summers. Trabzon, in contrast, contrast, has got cool summers. IN CONTRAST TO / WİTH + NOUN
In contrast to his sister, Ahmet is a very tidy boy. ON THE CONTRARY: Söylenilen ifadenin doğru olmadığını, tam tersi bir durumun söz konusu olduğunu ifade eder.
You say she is very beautiful. We, on the contrary, contrary, find her rather ugly. 5)
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CONDITION
IF / UNLESS / AS LONG AS / PROVIDED / EVEN IF
We can go camping with us provided you bring your own food. I won’t be able to come with you unless I find a baby sitter. We are going for a picnic tomorrow even if it rains. I don’t worry about you as long as I know where you are. My father gives me a lift İf I miss the school bus. 6)
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF MANNER
AS IF / AS THOUGH / JUST AS / LIKE
Ahmet looks as if something is rong. It smells as though someonen has been smoking here. The weather was cold just as it had been all week along. It sounds like a baby criying.
REDUCED ADVERBIAL CLAUSES Bir zarf cümleciğini kısaltabilmemiz için yan cümle ile temel cümledeki öznenin aynı olması gerekir. Ancak, considering, following, taking in to account, seeing seeing that gibi yapılarla ve genel ifadeler içerdiği zaman when + doing yapısıyla öznelerin aynı olması gerekmez.
Consedering the actor’s performance, the film was below my 86
expectations. Fallowing the menager’s speech, we will be allowed into the classrooms. classrooms. When travelling in a foreign country, it is best to carry traveller’s chegues rather than cash. KISALTMA YAPABİLECEĞİMİZ BAĞLAÇLAR WHILE
(Active): Aynı anda vuku bulan iki eylemi ifade eder.
While I was listening to pop music last night, I ironed my shirts. While listening to pop music last night, I ironed my shirts. Listening to pop music last night, night, I ironed my shirts. (Passive)
While it was being carried, the table got broken. While being carried, the table got broken. AFTER
(Active)
After we ate/ ate/had eaten dinner, dinner, we went out for a walk. After eating/ eating/after having eaten dinner, dinner, we went out for a walk. Having eaten dinner, we went out for a walk. (Passive)
After he was / had been promoted, promoted, he became more interested in his his job. After being / having been promoted, promoted, he became more interested in his job. Having been promoted, he became more interested in his job.
BEFORE Kısaltma yaparken ‘BEFORE’ atılmaz. (Active)
Before she came to this city, she lived in the country. Before coming to this city, she lived in the country. (Passive) 87
Before she was elected Prime Minister, she worked as a university teacher. Before being elected Prime Minister, she worked: worked: WHEN a) Arka arkaya yapılmış iki eylem bağlanıyorsa; (Active)
When she finished her report, she left the office. On / upon finishing her report, she left the office. (Passive) Passive cümlede ya da ‘TO BE’ fiilinin asıl fiil olduğu cümlede ÖZNE ve BE fiili atılır.
When he was a young man, he was very ambitious. When a young man, he was very ambitious. When they are used too often, sedative drugs may cause addiction. When used too often, sedative drugs may cause addiction. b) NOT: Temel ve yan cümledeki eylemler aynı zamanda oluyor ise when ‘WHILE’ anlamında kullanılır.
When you are travelling abroad, you must have travellers’ chegues with you. When travelling abroad, you must have travellers’ chegues with you. UNTIL (Active)
Until I went to Australia, I had never seen a kangaroo. kangaroo. Until going to Australia, I had never seen a kangaroo. (Passive)
Prepositions must be studied until they are learnt by heart. Prepositions must be studied until learnt by heart. SINCE (den beri) (since + doing / since + being done)
Since I came to this city, I have lived in the same house. Since coming to this city, I have lived in the same house. Since it was occupied by the USA, Iraq has gone from bad to worse. 88
Since being occupied by the USA, Iraq has gone from bad to worse. BECAUSE / AS / SINCE (dığı için) Neden sonuç bildiren durumlarda bağlaç atılarak; (Active Active cümle: cümle: Doing / Passive cümle: cümle: being done), done şayet Adverbial clause daki eylem daha önce gerçekleşmişse (Active cümle: Having done / Passive cümle: having been done) kullanılır.
Because she is married now, she has more responsibility. Being married now, she has more responsibility. Since she was tired, she went to bed early. Being tired, she went to bed early. Because I sprained my ankle yesterday, I now have difficulty difficulty in walking. Having sprained my ankle yesterday, I now have difficulty in walking. Because I had sprained my ankle, I could hardly walk. Having sprained my ankle, I could hardly walk. Because he had been transferred to a remote branch, he resigned. resigned. Having been transferred to a remote branch, he resigned. Adverbial clause’da ‘be + Adjective’ kullanılmışsa bu yapı ‘being + Adjective’ ya da sadece ‘Adjective’ biçiminde kısaltılır.
Because she is responsible for the office, she has to be there early. Being responsible / responsible for the office, she has to be there early. OLUMSUZ
Because she hadn’t slept well the night before, she felt tired in the morning. Not having slept well the night before, she felt tired in the morning. *** NOT: Neden-sonuç bildiren cümlelerde temel ve yan cümlelerin özneleri farklı olsada kısaltma yapmak mümkün ama her iki cümlenin öznelerini belirtmek gerekir.
Because our car is broken down, we have walked to work since last week. Our car being being broken down, we have walked to work since last 89
week. As the weather was cold, we had to cancel the picnic. The weather being cold, cold, we had to cancel the picnic. As the manager has gone abroad, I will priside over the meeting. The manager having gone aboad, I will priside over the meeting. Because there was a serious accident, we had to wait for a long time. There being a serious accident, we had to wait for a long time. KOŞUL CÜMLESİ KISALTILMIŞ YAPILARI IF
If they were collected together, together, his poems would fill a volume. If collected together, his poem would fill a volume. Unless this case is explained properly, it will continue to confuse people. Unless explained properly, this case will continue to confuse people. As if he was known to everyone here, he came to the party and left immediately, without saying a word. As if known to everyone here, he came to the party and left immediately, Whether they are cooked in the oven or deepdeep-fried, aubergines are my favorite vegetables vegetables in summer. Whether cooked in the oven or deepdeep-fried, aubergines are my favourite vegetables in summer. ALTHOUGH / THOUGH
Although / though their products are not as good as ours, they are more expensive. Although / though not as good as ours, their products are expensive. INVERSION (Cümle içirisinde bir sözcüğün yer değiştirmesi) 1) Negative exclamations: Olumsuz soru biçimindeki bazı cümleler aslında soru değil ünlem cümlesidir ve devrik yapıdadır. 90
Aren’t you selfish? 2) “So, neither, nor” kısa cevaplar
I think Nihat is a better player than Maradona. So do I. I can’t stand listening to pop music. Neither / Nor can I. She didn’t have any money, and she didn’t know anyone she could barrow some. She didn’t have any money, nor did did she know anyone she could barrow some. 3) Wishes with ‘May’
May you always be happy? 4) Olumsuz anlam taşıyan yapıların cümlenin başında yer alması
He hardly ever talks to me. Hardly ever does he talk to me. I scarcely ever actually use my mobile phone. Scarcely ever do I actually use my mobile phone. ON NO ACCOUNT, IN / UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES In / under any circumstances devrik yapıyla kullanılmaz. Yerine in / under no circumstances kullanılır.
You should not, under any circumstances, place place your finger in to an electrical socket. Under no circumstances should you place your finger into an electrical socket. You are on no account to open any of these presents until Christmas. On no account are you to open these presents until Christmas.
EXPRESSION BEGINNING with ONLY Only by + verb, only with + noun’
You can improve your language skills only by practicing. Only by practicing can you improve your language skills. 91
He only managed to open the jar with his wife’s help Only with his wife’s help did he managed to open the jar. Only in this way / only like this / only thus
Tansu won reelection by manipulating the vote; as she is despised by so many voters, it was possible for her to win only in this way. Tansu won reelection by manipulating the vote, as she despised by so many voters, only in this way was it possible for her to win. Only then / only once
My husband and I work at the same company, but we normally see each other only once a day at lunch time. My husband and I work at the same company, but only once do we normally see each other a day at lunch time. Only when (after/before) Yan cümle değil temel cümle devrik olur.
Ali was allowed to go home only when he had written ‘Nitric acid is not a toy’ on the board board 100 times. Only when he had written ‘Nitric acid is not a toy’ on the board 100 times was Ali allowed to go home. SO + ADJECTIVE....THAT SUCH + NOUN....THAT
I was so hungry that I would have eaten almost anything. So hungry was I that I would have eaten almost anything. Fatma is such a gullible person that she believes whatever she is told. Such a gullible person is Fatma that she believes whatever she is told. NEVER AGAIN / BEFORE
I will never set foot in that restaurant again. again. Never again will I set foot in that restaurant. restaurant. He had never done such a foolish thing before. Never before had he done such a foolish thing. 92
NOT UNTIL / TILL: Temel cümle devrik olur.
We can’t leave until we have turned off all the computers. Not until we have turned off off all the computers can we leave. NOT ONLY … BUT ALSO
The king believed not only in his divine right to rule, but also that he himself was infallible. Not only did the king believe in his devine right to rul, but he also believed that he himself was infallible. infallible. NOWHERE
The tango is appreciated nowhere more than in the land of its birth, Argentina. Nowhere is the tango appreciated more than in the land of its birth, Argentina. 5) AS ve THAN: Karşılaştırma yapan kalıplarda ‘AS’ ve ‘THAN’ den sonra devrik cümle olabilir.
The combodian leader Pol Pot was a murderous dictator, as was his Ugandan contemporary Idi Amin. She is much better swimmer than is her brother. NOT: ‘THAN’ ile karşılaştırma yaparken, devrik cümle kullanımı ancak iki tarafın özneleri farklıysa mümkündür.
I play the flute much better now than I did five years ago. 6) PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE OF PLACE ile başlayan cümlelerden sonra.
Out comes the sword from its sheath. Through the harbours and ports pass cargoes. Under the bush bush lay the body of Jimmy Hoffa. Down the road came the soldiers. Up the stairs run the children. Here comes John now.
93
