Gobierno Electrónico en México

@KSÅ _JIÓF BEL)BJ_CÉJ, @WDETH IJ_ESCJL JQELÅS U AG_FJFDK _JIÉ_GP HG_FÊFDGP

Bkoegrfk Glgctrófeck gf Iåxeck

SG^TEGIO_G GI O_G ?>>8

&tglgckicedg&krb

Jbrjdgceiegftks Jbrjdgceiegftks (Jcmfklgdbgigfts% (Jcmfklgdbgigfts% Gstg gstwdek awg ~jrcejligftg aefjfcejdk ~kr gl Sestgij Fjcekfjl g)Iåxeck u sg gljokró gf ckljokrjceóf ckf EFAKTGC ckik ~jrtg dg wfj gqjlwjceóf iês ji~lej

_gswigf Gf lks ðlteiks júks, lj ikdgrfepjceóf dg lj jdiefestrjceóf ~ðolecj sg hj j~kujdk dg ijfgrj ei~krtjftg gf lj efckr~krjceóf dg tgcfklkbéjs dg lj efakrijceóf u ckiwfecjceóf (TEC―s% j lks ~rkcgsks u sgrqeceks bwogrfjigftjlgs& Gf Iåxeck lj gstrjtgbej ~jrj gl dgsjrrkllk dgl g)bkoegrfk hj gqklwcekfjdk hjstj ckfqgrtersg gf wf ~eljr ei~krtjftg ~jrj lj rgakrij jdiefestrjteqj dgl bkoegrfk& Lks rgswltjdks iwgstrjf ei~krtjftgs jqjfcgs gf jlbwfjs êrgjs ~grk tjioeåf brjfdgs dåaecets gf ktrjs& Lj ckfstrwcceóf dg jlbwfjs gstrwctwrjs efstetwcekfjlgs u krbjfepjcekfjlgs awfdjigftjlgs gs ~jrtg dg lks jqjfcgs& Sef giojrbk, tgijs ckik lj sgbwredjd efakriêtecj, lj eftgrk~grjoeledjd u lj ckljokrjceóf eftgr g eftrj dg~gfdgfcejs iwgstrjf jqjfcgs ~kck sjtesajctkreks& Gl ~rgsgftg dkcwigftk ~rgsgftj lj setwjceóf jctwjl dgl g)bkoegrfk gf Iåxeck g edgfteaecj lks jqjfcgs u lks ~refce~jlgs rgtks zwg sg gfargftjf ~jrj lkbrjr ig`krgs rgswltjdks& Gl dkcwigftk efecej ckf wfj orgqg rgqeseóf dg letgrjtwrj ~jrj gfijrcjr lks djtks zwg sg ~rgsgftjf gf ljs sgccekfgs sebwegftgs&

Jostrjct Ef thg ljst ag ugjrs, thg ikdgrfepjtekf ka ~wolec jdiefestrjtekf hjs oggf ei~krtjftlu sw~~krtgd ou thg efckr~krjtekf ka efakrijtekf jfd ckiiwfecjtekf tgchfklkbegs tk bkqgrfigft ~rkcgssgs jfd sgrqecgs& Ef Igxeck thg strjtgbu akr thg dgqglk~igft ka g)bkqgrfigft hjs gqklqgd jfd ogckig jf ei~krtjft ~elljr akr bkqgrfigft jdiefestrjteqg rgakri& Thg rgswlts shk ei~krtjft ~rkbrgss ef skig jrgjs, owt jlsk ei~krtjft chjllgfbgs jfd leietjtekfs& Thg ckfstrwctekf ka efstetwtekfjl jfd krbjfepjtekfjl strwctwrgs es jf ei~krtjft cki~kfgft ka thes ~rkbrgss& Hkgqgr, ei~krtjft esswgs swch js ET sgcwretu, eftgrk~grjoeletu, jfd cklljokrjtekf jikfb jfd ethef jbgfcegs dk fkt hjqg sjtesajctkru rgswlts& Thes dkcwigft ~rgsgfts thg cwrrgft setwjtekf ka g)bkqgrfigft ef Igxeck jfd edgfteaegs ets ~rkbrgss jfd skig ka thg ijef chjllgfbgs, hech fggd tk og ajcgd ef krdgr tk kotjef ogttgr rgswlts& Thg dkcwigft ogbefs eth j orega letgrjtwrg rgqeg js j arjigkrm akr thg djtj ~rgsgftgd ef thg akllkefb sgctekfs&

B k o e g rf r f k Gl Gl g c t r ó f e c k g f I å x ec ec k

Eftrkdwcceóf Wfj dg ljs j~lecjcekfgs iês ei~krtjftgs zwg hjf kargcedk ljs Tgcfklkbéjs dg Efakrijceóf u Ckiwfecjceóf (TEC―s% gs lj ~kseoeledjd dg ikdgrfepjr lj bgsteóf ~ðolecj j trjqås dg sw wsk ~jrj lj ~rgstjceóf dg sgrqeceks, gl ig`krjiegftk dg lj k~grjceóf eftgrfj u gl akrtjlgceiegftk dg sws rgljcekfgs ckf cewdjdjfks gi~rgsjs u ktrks brw~ks skcejlgs, lk zwg sg hj dgfkiefjdk bkoegrfk glgctrófeck (g) bkoegrfk% :& Gl g)bkoegrfk tegfg ckik ko`gteqk efcrgigftjr lj gaecegfcej, lj trjfs~jrgfcej, lj jccgseoeledjd u lj cj~jcedjd dg rgs~wgstj j ljs dgijfdjs dg lks cewdjdjfks u krbjfepjcekfgs, jsé ckik lkbrjr wf bkoegrfk cki~gteteqk zwg ckftreowuj j jlcjfpjr ljs igtjs dg crgceiegftk gckfóieck u dgsjrrkllk skcejl& Gl wsk dg ljs TEC´s gf gl bkoegrfk tjioeåf tegfg gl ~ktgfcejl dg trjfsakrijr sws rgljcekfgs ckf lks cewdjdjfks, ljs gi~rgsjs u ktrjs êrgjs dgl iesik bkoegrfk (Ojfck Iwfdejl, ?>>8= Bel)Bjrcéj u Hgloeb, ?>>1%& Sef giojrbk, lj trjfsakrijceóf dgl bkoegrfk igdejftg gl wsk dg TEC―s rgzwegrg dg cjioeks efstetwcekfjlgs u krbjfepjcekfjlgs cki~lg`ks u fk sei~lgigftg dg lj jdzweseceóf dg hjrdjrg u skatjrg& Gf lj ckfstrwcceóf dgl g) bkoegrfk sg dgogf skfcedgrjr deqgrsks feqglgs u glgigftks (Akwftjef, ?>>:= Bel)Bjrcéj, ?>>1%& Wfj ei~lgigftjceóf gxetksj dgl bkoegrfk glgctrófeck dgog jsgbwrjr gl jccgsk dg tkdj lj ~koljceóf, j lj efakrijceóf, wsk u j~rkqgchjiegftk j~rkqgchjiegftk dg lks deqgrsks sgrqeceks ~ðolecks zwg kargcg gl bkoegrfk& Lks qgrdjdgrks ogfgaeceks dgl g)bkoegrfk fk gstêf ðfecjigftg gf gl wsk dg lj tgcfklkbéj, sefk gf sw ckrrgctj j~lecjceóf j lks ~rkcgsks bwogrfjigftjlgs u j lj bgfgrjceóf dg qjlkr ~jrj lks cewdjdjfks, ljs gi~rgsjs u ktrks brw~ks dg lj skcegdjd (Djgs ! ^jrdk, ?>>?= Bjft, ?>>3= Bjrskf, ?>>4= Mrjgigr, M& L&, ! Mefb, ?>>3= ^jrdk jfd @ejfb, ?>>2%& Gf Iåxeck, lj ei~lgigftjceóf dg ~rkugctks dg g)bkoegrfk ckik ~jrtg dg lks ~rkcgsks dg rgakrij u ikdgrfepjceóf dg lj jdiefestrjceóf ~ðolecj sg eftgfseaecó dwrjftg gl ~grekdk ~rgsedgfcejl dg Qecgftg Akx& Lj gstrjtgbej hj rgzwgredk tjftk lj ckfstrwcceóf u jdzweseceóf dg efarjgstrwctwrj efarjgstrwctwrj aésecj ckik lj crgjceóf u ikdeaecjceóf dg gstrwctwrjs efstetwcekfjlgs u krbjfepjcekfjlgs (Lwfj)_gugs, Bel)Bjrcéj ! Crwp, ?>>2= Lwfj)_gugs, Bel)Bjrcéj ! Gstrjdj) Ijrrkzwéf, ?>>8%& Jctwjligftg, ckf desteftks feqglgs dg jqjfcg, lj ~koljceóf ~wgdg jccgdgr j efakrijceóf u sgrqeceks gf léfgj tjlgs ckik lj dgcljrjceóf aescjl, sklecetwd dg ~griesks u lecgfcejs, ~jsj~krtgs, oðszwgdj dg gi~lgk u sklecetwd dg wfj cetj iådecj, gftrg ktrks& Lj cki~wtjdkrj, ~rk~ej k setwjdj gf lwbjrgs ~ðolecks (bwogrfjigftjlgs k ~reqjdks%, sg gstê ckfqertegfdk gf wfj qgftjfellj iês dg jtgfceóf j lks cewdjdjfks& Sef giojrbk, iwchjs dg gstjs jccekfgs sg rgaegrgf j sgrqeceks gf léfgj u ajltj jqjfpjr gf ktrks tgijs dg brjf ei~krtjfcej, gftrg lks zwg dgstjcjf wfj ijukr eftgrjcceóf ckf lks :

^jrj wfj rgqeseóf dgl ckfcg~tk dg g)bkoegrfk k bkoegrfk glgctrófeck qgr Bel)Bjrcéj jfd Lwfj)_gugs (?>>1%& D E Q E S E Ó F D G J D I E F E S T_ T_ J C E Ó F ^ Ð O LLEE C J

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wswjreks u lj ckk~grjceóf gftrg dg~gfdgfcejs u feqglgs dg bkoegrfk ~jrj orefdjr sgrqeceks iês eftgbrjdks (Lwfj)_gugs, Bel)Bjrcéj ! Crwp, ?>>2%& Lks gsawgrpks ~jrj ei~wlsjr lj gstrjtgbej dg g)bkoegrfk dgl Bkoegrfk Agdgrjl Igxecjfk skf iwu qjleksks, ~grk gl ko`gteqk dg gstjolgcgr wf bkoegrfk iês trjfs~jrgftg, gaecegftg u dgikcrêteck, gstêf lg`ks dg sgr jlcjfpjdks& Lj gfcwgstj dgfkiefjdj “^grcg~ceóf skorg gl wsk dg ljs Tgcfklkbéjs dg lj Efakrijceóf u ljs Ckiwfecjcekfgs& G)Bkoegrfk&’ rgjlepjdj j awfcekfjreks dg desteftks feqglgs dg bkoegrfk iwgstrj zwg hju deqgrsjs k~efekfgs rgs~gctk jl ~refce~jl ko`gteqk dgl g)bkoegrfk gf Iåxeck= 37' dg lks gfcwgstjdks ~egfsj zwg gs ig`krjr lks sgrqeceks, iegftrjs zwg ktrk ?8' ~egfsj zwg gs jwigftjr lj gaecegfcej& Wfk dg lks cki~kfgftgs cljqg zwg ajltjf gs wfj gstrjtgbej dg ljrbk ~ljpk, lk cwjl hj sedk awfdjigftjl awfdjigftjl gf gl gl åxetk dg ktrks ~jésgs& Gstg dkcwigftk tegfg ckik ko`gteqks (:% kargcgr wfj dgscre~ceóf dg lj gstrjtgbej gf gl êrgj dg g)bkoegrfk, efclwugfdk lks jftgcgdgftgs, igtjs, ko`gteqks, u jqjfcgs, u (?% edgfteaecjr lks rgtks zwg dgogf gfargftjrsg ~jrj lkbrjr ig`krgs rgswltjdks& Lj ~reigrj sgcceóf dgl dkcwigftk ~rgsgftj wfj iwu orgqg rgqeseóf dg letgrjtwrj skorg bkoegrfk glgctrófeck zwg serqg ckik jftgcgdgftg u ijrck dg rgagrgfcej ~jrj lks djtks ~rgsgftjdks gf gl rgstk dgl dkcwigftk& Gf lj sgbwfdj sgcceóf sg ~rgsgftjf lks jftgcgdgftgs dg lj gstrjtgbej dg g)bkoegrfk gf Iåxeck& Ljs sebwegftgs cwjtrk ~rgsgftjf lj gstrwctwrj efstetwcekfjl u krbjfepjcekfjl dgl bkoegrfk glgctrófeck gf Iåxeck= lj gstrjtgbej dg g) bkoegrfk, gl ijrck lgbjl, jsé ckik lks jctkrgs u lks ~rkugctks ~refce~jlgs& Lj sgcceóf segtg ~rgsgftj jlbwfks djtks rglgqjftgs skorg ljs TEC―s gf gl bkoegrfk igxecjfk u lj sgcceóf kchk ~rgsgftj lks rgswltjdks dgl g)bkoegrfk gf Iåxeck= jfjlepêfdksg djtks kaecejlgs, dg krbjfesiks eftgrfjcekfjlgs u dg wfj gfcwgstj ~rk~ej& Aefjligftg, gf lj sgcceóf fwgqg sg ~ljftgjf jlbwfjs ckfclwsekfgs u rgtks ~jrj gl g)bkoegrfk& :& _gq eseóf eseóf d g Letgrjtwrj Letgrjtwrj00 g) Bk o egrfk

Gl wsk cjdj qgp iês ckiðf dg ljs dg Tgcfklkbéjs dg Efakrijceóf u Ckiwfecjceóf (TEC―s% gf ljs desteftjs jcteqedjdgs bwogrfjigftjlgs fk sólk hj bgfgrjdk desteftks ei~jctks zwg qjf dgsdg lj crgjceóf dg wf fwgqk tåriefk, gl bkoegrfk glgctrófeck k g)bkoegrfk) hjstj ei~krtjftgs eftgftks dg rgakrijs bwogrfjigftjlgs ojsjdks gf lj ijfgrj gf zwg gl wsk dg gstjs hgrrjiegftjs ~wgdg trjfsakrijr ljs rgljcekfgs gftrg gl bkoegrfk u lks desteftks jctkrgs zwg ckfakrijf lj skcegdjd (Bel)Bjrcéj gt jl &, ?>>2= Mrjgigr ! Mefb, ?>>3%& Ckf deqgrsks ko`gteqks ckik jwigftjr lj trjfs~jrgfcej dg lj jctwjceóf bwogrfjigftjl, ajceletjr trêietgs, ~rkikqgr wfj ijukr ~jrtece~jceóf cewdjdjfj, rgdwcer ckstks, jsé ckik ~rkqggr sgrqeceks dg ijfgrj iês gaecegftg, ljs TEC―s sg hjf edk eftgbrjfdk cjdj qgp iês jl zwghjcgr bwogrfjigftjl (Bjrskf, ?>>4%& ?

CEDG


^grk gl ckfcg~tk dg g)bkoegrfk fk gs ðfeck u ~kr gl ckftrjrek hj sedk ckfcg~twjlepjdk dg iwu desteftjs ijfgrjs& Dg hgchk gl fðigrk dg dgaefecekfgs dg gstg ckfcg~tk gs iwu ji~lek u deqgrsk (Schglef, ?>>3%& Tjl ckik lk sgújljf Bel)Bjrcéj u Lwfj)_gugs (?>>3% gl gs~gctrk dg ljs dgaefecekfgs qjf dgsdg jzwglljs zwg ckftgi~ljf gl wsk dg cwjlzwegr TEC gf gl bkoegrfk hjstj jzwglljs zwg ðfecjigftg ckfsedgrjf gl wsk dg Eftgrfgt ~jrj lj ~rkqeseóf dg sgrqeceks ~ðolecks& Bel)Bjrcéj u Lwfj)_gugs (?>>1% ~rk~kfgf wfj cljseaecjceóf ojsjdj gf ljs ~refce~jlgs cjrjctgréstecjs dg desteftjs dgaefecekfgs dg g)bkoegrfk& Gl ~reigr gfakzwg ckfsedgrj dgaefecekfgs dergctjs zwg ckftegfgf lks ~refce~jlgs glgigftks u cjrjctgréstecjs dg g)bkoegrfk, gl sgbwfdk gfakzwg ckfsedgrj lks ckfcg~tks kregftjdks j edgfteaecjr j lks ~refce~jlgs ogfgaecejreks (k “stjmghkldgrs’% dg ljs j~lecjcekfgs dg g)bkoegrfk& Aefjligftg, gl tgrcgr gfakzwg dgaefg gl bkoegrfk glgctrófeck dgsdg wfj ~grs~gcteqj gqklwteqj, lj cwjl ckfsestg gf edgfteaecjr ljs desteftjs gtj~js dg dgsjrrkllk dg lks ~rkugctks dg g)bkoegrfk& ^grk gl g)bkoegrfk ~wgdg dgaefersg tjioeåf j ~jrter dg sws cki~kfgftgs (Bel)Bjrcéj u Lwfj)_gugs, ?>>3 u ?>>2%0  

 

 

 

G)sgrqeceks, lj ~rgstjceóf dg sgrqeceks ~ðolecks wtelepjfdk ljs TEC―s (Gdiestkf, ?>>3= Bel)Bjrcéj u Lwfj)_gugs, ?>>1= Hkligs, ?>>:= KGCD, ?>>3= WF^JF, ?>>?%& G)dgikcrjcej gs gl wsk dg ljs TEC―s ~jrj ~rkikqgr lj ~jrtece~jceóf cewdjdjfj gf sws deqgrsjs ijfeagstjcekfgs u swstgftjr ljs rgljcekfgs dgikcrêtecjs gftrg gl bkoegrfk, lks cewdjdjfks u ktrks stjmghkldgrs (Ckkm u LjQebfg, ?>>?= Bjlefdk, ?>>?= Bel)Bjrcéj u Lwfj)_gugs, ?>>1= Hellgr u Oåljfbgr, ?>>:= KGCD, ?>>3%& G)bgrgfcej, gl wsk dg TEC―s ~jrj ig`krjr ljs k~grjcekfgs bwogrfjigftjlgs, gaecegfcej eftgrfj u tkdjs ljs ljokrgs dg jdiefestrjceóf u rgakrij bwogrfjigftjl (Bjlefdk, ?>>?= Bel)Bjrcéj u Lwfj)_gugs, ?>>1= Hellgr u Oåljfbgr, ?>>:= KGCD, ?>>3= WF^JF, ?>>?%& G)~klecu zwg sg dgaefgf dgaefgf ckik lj crgjceóf (fk fgcgsjrejigftg fgcgsjrejigftg wsjfdk TEC―s% dg wf ijrck lgbjl u rgbwljtkrek zwg ajceletg efecejteqjs dg gBkoegrfk u akigftg wf jioegftg ~rk~ecek ~jrj lj skcegdjd dg lj efakrijceóf (Aefbgr u ^åckwd, ?>>3= Bel)Bjrcéj u Lwfj)_gugs, ?>>1%&

^jrj gstg trjoj`k, “bkoegrfk glgctrófeck gs lj sglgcceóf, ei~lgigftjceóf u wsk dg tgcfklkbéjs dg efakrijceóf u ckiwfecjceóf gf gl bkoegrfk ~jrj lj ~rkqeseóf dg sgrqeceks ~ðolecks, gl ig`krjiegftk dg lj gagcteqedjd bgrgfcejl, u lj ~rkikceóf dg qjlkrgs u igcjfesiks dgikcrêtecks, jsé ckik gl dgsjrrkllk dg wf ijrck rgbwljtkrek zwg ajceletg efecejteqjs zwg wsjf efakrijceóf dg akrij eftgfseqj u akigftg lj skcegdjd dgl ckfkceiegftk’ (Bel)Bjrcéj ! Lwfj)_gugs, ?>>3 u ?>>1%&

D E Q E S E Ó F D G J D I E F E S T_ T_ J C E Ó F ^ Ð O LLEE C J

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Jdgiês dg lj letgrjtwrj gf lj zwg sg dgojtg lj dgaefeceóf dgl g)bkoegrfk tjioeåf gxestgf gstwdeks zwg trjtjf dg edgfteaecjr u igder lks rgswltjdks dgl g)bkoegrfk u jl ebwjl zwg gf gl cjsk dg lj dgaefeceóf dgl ckfcg~tk, hju desteftjs ~grs~gcteqjs& Wfj dg glljs gstwdej ljs ig`krjs gf lj cjledjd dg lks sgrqeceks tjftk j feqgl dg des~kfeoeledjd ckik gf lk rgagrgftg j lks ~rkcgsks u sgrqeceks (Orkf u Orwdfgu, ?>>4= Djgs u ^rgakftjefg, ?>>3= KGCD, ?>>3%& Ktrj ~grs~gcteqj sg gfakcj jl gstwdek dg lj gaecegfcej u ~rkdwcteqedjd dg lks ~rkcgsks u k~grjceóf k~grjceóf bwogrfjigftjl bwogrfjigftjl (Orkf, ?>>:= ?>>:= Hgeftpg u Orgtschfgedgr, Orgtschfgedgr, ?>>>= KGCD, ?>>3%& Tjioeåf hju gsawgrpks gfakcjdks j ckfkcgr lj ei~krtjfcej dgl g)bkoegrfk gf gl lkbrk dg ~rkbrjijs u ~klétecjs iês gaecjcgs (Djgs, :551= Mgllkbb u Ijthwr, ?>>3= Ljfdsogrbgf u Rklmgf, ?>>:= KGCD, ?>>3%& Ktrks gfakzwgs skorg lks ogfgaeceks dgl g)bkoegrfk dgstjcjf lj trjfs~jrgfcej u rgfdeceóf cwgftjs, gs~gcejligftg ~jrj ~jésgs ckf ~rkolgijs dg ckrrw~ceóf (Bel)Bjrcéj u Lwfj)_gugs, ?>>1= _kchglgjw, ?>>3= Rglch, Heffjft u Ikkf, ?>>7%& Ljs TEC―s jdgiês ~wgdgf ajceletjr lj ~jrtece~jceóf cewdjdjfj u, ckfsgcwgftgigftg, akigftjr jlbwfks igcjfesiks dgikcrêtecks (Akwftjef, ?>>3= Mgllkbb u Ijthwr, ?>>3= Rgst, ?>>4%& Aefjligftg, dg jcwgrdk ckf jlbwfks jwtkrgs gl g)bkoegrfk ~wgdg tgfgr lj cj~jcedjd dg efdwcer cjioeks ~rkawfdks gf ljs gstrwctwrjs bwogrfjigftjlgs (Bjrskf, ?>>4%, jwfzwg gstg ogfgaecek fk rgswltj segi~rg cljrk (Hgeftpg u Orgtschfgedgr, ?>>>%& ^jrj tgfgr cgrtgpj skorg lks ogfgaeceks dgl g)bkoegrfk tjioeåf hj swrbedk letgrjtwrj zwg sg hj gfcjrbjdj dg gstwdejr u jfjlepjr lj igdeceóf u gqjlwjceóf dgl g)bkoegrfk& Gxestg letgrjtwrj skorg lks gsawgrpks ~jrj gqjlwjr desteftks js~gctks dgl g)bkoegrfk jwfzwg skf efdeqedwjlgs u sw cki~jrjceóf gs deaécel ~wgs ljs igtkdklkbéjs wtelepjdjs rgs~kfdgf j desteftks ko`gteqks g efclwsk skf dgsjrrklljdjs dgsdg desteftjs ~grs~gcteqjs (Crgssgll, ?>>4= Crgssgll u LjQebfg, ?>>3= Hggms, ?>>7%& ^kr g`gi~lk, Djgs u sws cklgbjs (?>>4% sgújljf zwg lj gqjlwjceóf ckiegfpj dgsdg gl efeceó dgl ~rkugctk& Ktrks jwtkrgs ~rk~kfgf gqjlwjr jl bkoegrfk jl aefjl dgl ~rkugctk dg tgcfklkbéjs dg efakrijceóf (Hggms, ?>>7%& Jlbwfks ktrks gstwdeksks hjf eftgftjdk igder lks feqglgs dg cjledjd ~grceoedks ~kr lks cewdjdjfks u gi~rgsjs g efclwsk lks ogfgaeceks lkbrjdks gf tåriefks dg ~rkdwcteqedjd (Teiigrs, ?>>7= Stkgrs, ?>>4= Ikdefes, ?>>7%& ^grk tjioeåf hjf gi~gpjdk j swrber gsawgrpks ~kr crgjr igtkdklkbéjs zwg ~grietjf igder deqgrsks js~gctks dgl g)bkoegrfk ckik sws dgtgriefjftgs, cjrjctgréstecjs u rgswltjdks u jl iesik tegi~k ~kseoeletgf lj cki~jrjceóf dg lks gsawgrpks fjcekfjlgs (Bel)Bjrcéj u Lwfj)_gugs, Lwfj)_gugs, ?>>2%& ^kr ktrj ~jrtg, gxestgf gstwdeks zwg ~rgsgftjf ljs gx~gregfcejs dg ~jésgs ~ekfgrks gf gl desgúk g ei~lgigftjceóf dg g)bkoegrfk& Gs~gcejligftg dgstjcjf lks cjsks dg Gstjdks Wfedks u Cjfjdê, ~grk tjioeåf ljs gx~gregfcejs dg ~jésgs gf dgsjrrkllk ckik Chelg& Gstjdks Wfedks hj trjtjdk dg rgakrijr jl bkoegrfk trjtjfdk dg ckfqgrter j lks cewdjdjfks gf gl cgftrk dg lks ~rkcgsks 4

CEDG


bwogrfjigftjlgs gf ojsg jl wsk dg igcjfesiks dg igrcjdk& Sg hj eftgftjdk zwg gl bkoegrfk tgfbj wfj ig`kr cj~jcedjd dg rgs~wgstj j ljs dgijfdjs cewdjdjfjs u j wf ckstk igfkr jl efckr~krjr ljs TEC―s ~jrj ig`krjr lks sgrqeceks j lks cewdjdjfks (“g)bkqgrfigft (“g)bkqgrfigft dergcteqg’%& Sg crgó wf ~krtjl ðfeck zwg ckftegfg tkdj lj efakrijceóf skorg lks sgrqeceks zwg ~rk~krcekfjf lks desteftks feqglgs dg bkoegrfk (&aerstbkq&bkq%& Hjstj ?>>1, gstg ~krtjl ~kféj jl jlcjfcg dg lks cewdjdjfks ?2 iellkfgs dg ~êbefjs ckf efakrijceóf dg ?> iel seteks dgl Bkoegrfk dg lks Gstjdks Wfedks& Gf gl cjsk cjfjdegfsg, gl bkoegrfk cgftrjl ljfpó gf :555 lj efecejteqj Bkqgrfigft Kf)Lefg (BKL% ckf gl ko`gteqk dg hjoeletjr lks :3> sgrqeceks dgl bkoegrfk agdgrjl iês wtelepjdks ~jrj sgr kargcedks dg ijfgrj glgctrófecj& Gf gstg cjsk lj ei~krtjftg ckkrdefjceóf gftrg deqgrsjs jbgfcejs u dg~jrtjigftks bwogrfjigftjlgs hj ~grietedk zwg gl g)bkoegrfk sg hjuj ckfqgrtedk gf wf jccgsk cljqg ~jrj lj ~rkqeseóf dg sgrqeceks (&cjfjdj&bc&cj%& ^kr sw ~jrtg, gl bkoegrfk Ckrgjfk ckigfpó sw gstrjtgbej dg g)bkoegrfk ckf lj ckfstrwcceóf dg ojsgs dg djtks ckf lj efakrijceóf jdiefestrjteqj iês ei~krtjftg& Gf ?>>: sg sglgccekfjrkf :: efecejteqjs dg bkoegrfk ckf gl ko`gteqk dg efecejr lj ckfstrwcceóf dg wfj efarjgstrwctwrj fjcekfjl ~jrj lj rgakrij dgl sgrqecek ceqel& Gf ?>>3 gl bkoegrfk crgk wf Ckietå Gs~gcejl ~jrj gl g)bkoegrfk zwg igdejftg lj ckfswltj j gx~grtks u jl ~ðoleck gf bgfgrjl hj desgújdk g ei~lgigftjdk wfj jbgfdj dg g)bkoegrfk eftgbrjl u cki~rghgfseqj ckf :> swo)jbgfdjs gf cwjtrk êrgjs u 3: tjrgjs ~refce~jlgs, lkbrjfdk tjf owgfks rgswltjdks zwg jhkrj gstj gx~gregfcej gs ckfsedgrjdj wfj ig`kr ~rêctecj eftgrfjcekfjl (FEJ, ?>>2%& Gf Jiårecj Ljtefj tjioeåf gxestgf g`gi~lks ei~krtjftgs& Gf ijuk dg ?>>:, Chelg gieteó gl Efstrwcteqk ~jrj gl dgsjrrkllk dgl Bkoegrfk Glgctrófeck& Gl ko`gteqk dgl dkcwigftk grj dgaefer lks cki~kfgftgs gsgfcejlgs dgl dgsjrrkllk dgl g)bkoegrfk gftrg lks zwg dgstjcjf lj jtgfceóf jl cewdjdjfk, gl owgf bkoegrfk, gl dgsjrrkllk dg lj dgikcrjcej u gl ~j~gl dgl bkoegrfk ckik trjfsakrijdkr (Iefestgrek Sgcrgtjréj Bgfgrjl dg lj ^rgsedgfcej, ?>>1%& Wf g`gi~lk gxetksk gf Chelg gs gl ~krtjl ~jrj ljs cki~rjs bwogrfjigftjlgs ~krzwg hj hgchk gstg ~rkcgsk iês gaecegftg u trjfs~jrgftg (htt~0++&cki~rjschelg&cl%, jdgiês tjioeåf hj sgrqedk ckik g`gi~lk ~jrj ajceletjr u akigftjr lj eftgrk~grjoeledjd eftgrk~grjoeledjd (EfakDgq, ?>>?%& ?& Ij~ j d g rwtj rwtj dg l g) Bko egrfk egrfk gf Iåxec k0 Jftgc Jftgc gdg ftgs ftgs

Gf Iåxeck lj efstrwigftjceóf dgl g)bkoegrfk tegfg sws ~reigrks jftgcgdgftgs dwrjftg lj dåcjdj dg lks sgtgftjs, ~kr ~jrtg dg ^gtrólgks Igxecjfks (^GIGX%, lj Ckieseóf Agdgrjl dg Glgctrecedjd (CAG% u Fjcekfjl Aefjfcegrj (FJAEF%, gf gl wsk dg lks sgrqeceks dg cói~wtk glgctrófeck ~rk~krcekfjdks ~rk~krcekfjdks ~kr lj Wfeqgrsedjd Fjcekfjl Jwtófkij dg Iåxeck (WFJI%& ^kstgrekrigftg gl wsk dg cki~wtjdkrjs sg awg gxtgfdegfdk j ktrjs dg~gfdgfcejs dg lj Jdiefestrjceóf D E Q E S E Ó F D G J D I E F E S T_ T_ J C E Ó F ^ Ð O LLEE C J

7


^ðolecj Agdgrjl (JÂ% (Ló~gp, :558%& Gf gsj iesij dåcjdj tjioeåf j~jrgcegrkf krbjfesiks ckik gl Ckietå dg Jwtkredjdgs dg Efakriêtecj dg lj Jdiefestrjceóf ^ðolecj (CJEJÂ%? crgjdk gf :52:, zwg grj wf órbjfk cklgbejdk ckfakrijdk ~kr lks dergctkrgs dg ljs wfedjdgs dg efakriêtecj dg ljs dg~gfdgfcejs dg~gfdgfcejs dg lj Jdiefestrjceóf ^ðolecj Agdgrjl u gl Ckietå dg Efakriêtecj dg lj Jdiefestrjceóf ^ðolecj Gstjtjl u Iwfece~jl (CEJ^GI% crgjdk gf :528& Jwfzwg gxestéjf gstks krbjfesiks, fk hjoéj ckk~grjceóf sefk wfj deqgrsedjd dg gsawgrpks efdeqedwjlgs (EFJ^, :55:%& Gl ^ljf Fjcekfjl dg Dgsjrrkllk (^FD% :557 – ?>>> dek krebgf jl ^rkbrjij dg Ikdgrfepjceóf dg lj Jdiefestrjceóf ^ðolecj ckkrdefjdk ~kr lj Sgcrgtjréj dg lj Ckftrjlkréj u Dgsjrrkllk Jdiefestrjteqk (SGCKDJI, jctwjligftg Sgcrgtjréj dg lj Awfceóf ^ðolecj, SA^% u gl ^rkbrjij dg Dgsjrrkllk Efakriêteck ckkrdefjdk ~kr gl Efstetwtk Fjcekfjl dg Gstjdéstecj, Bgkbrjaéj g Efakriêtecj (EFGBE%& 3 Gstg ~rkbrjij efeceó ~rkugctks efakriêtecks fjcekfjlgs ckf cjrêctgr eftgrefstetwcekfjl –zwg ~kr sw fjtwrjlgpj) awgrjf gstrjtåbecks ~jrj lj ikdgrfepjceóf dg lks sgrqeceks ~ðolecks, gftrg lks zwg dgstjcjf, lj _gd Gsckljr dg Efakriêtecj Gdwcjteqj, lj _gd Sjtgletjl dg Tglgqeseóf Gdwcjteqj (GDWSJT% u gl sestgij glgctrófeck dg ckftrjtjcekfgs bwogrfjigftjlgs Cki~rjFgt (@jrzwg, :558%& Dwrjftg gl ~grekdk ~rgsedgfcejl ?>>> – ?>>1 sg degrkf jqjfcgs ei~krtjftgs gf ijtgrej dg g)bkoegrfk tjftk gf lj ckfstrwcceóf dg efarjgstrwctwrj aésecj u des~kfeoeledjd dg sgrqeceks u trêietgs gf léfgj ckik gf lj ckfakrijceóf dg wf ijrck lgbjl iês jdgcwjdk& Gf ~refce~ek, gl ^rgsedgftg Q& Akx, gf sw igfsj`g dg ~ksgseóf, dek efstrwccekfgs jl Sgcrgtjrek dg Ckiwfecjcekfgs u Trjfs~krtgs ~jrj efecejr gl Sestgij Fjcekfjl g)Iåxeck, wfj dg ljs ~reigrjs jccekfgs dgl Sestgij awg lj krbjfepjceóf dg wf Akrk dg Ckfswltj Cewdjdjfj zwg efqklwcró j deqgrsjs gftedjdgs ~ðolecjs u ~reqjdjs ~jrj rgck~eljr gx~gregfcejs fjcekfjlgs g eftgrfjcekfjlgs skorg gl wsk dg TEC―s gf gl sgctkr ~ðoleck ckf gl aef dg eftgbrjrljs gl ^FD ?>>: – ?>>1& 4 Gf ?>>? sg ~rgsgftó lj Jbgfdj ^rgsedgfcejl dg Owgf Bkoegrfk gf lj zwg gl dgsjrrkllk dgl Bkoegrfk Debetjl grj wfj ~rekredjd u sg sgújljoj zwg sg dgogf “j~rkqgchjr jl iêxeik ljs tgcfklkbéjs dg efakrijceóf u ljs tglgckiwfecjcekfgs, fk sólk ~jrj rgdwcer lj ckrrw~ceóf u trjfs~jrgftjr lj awfceóf ~ðolecj, sefk tjioeåf ~jrj hjcgrlj iês gaecegftg u ~rk~krcekfjr sgrqeceks dg ijukr cjledjd&’ Sef giojrbk, jftgs dgl ljfpjiegftk dg lj Jbgfdj ^rgsedgfcejl dg Owgf Bkoegrfk uj sg hjoéjf gi~rgfdedk jccekfgs ckik lj efecejteqj e fecejteqj dg lj Kaecefj dg ?

Gl fkiorg krebefjl grj Ckietå Tåcfeck Ckfswlteqk dg Wfedjdgs dg Efakriêtecj dg lj Jdiefestrjceóf ^ðolecj Agdgrjl& 3 Gf decegiorg dg :554 lj ^rgsedgfcej dg lj _g~ðolecj ljfpó lj ~reigrj ~êbefj dg Eftgrfgt dgl bkoegrfk agdgrjl& 4 Gl ^ljf Fjcekfjl dg Dgsjrrkllk ?>>> – ?>>1 sgújlj zwg “sg owscjrê zwg lj ikdgrfepjceóf dg ~rkcgsks u igcjfesiks lks hjbj cjdj qgp iês rê~edks, gaecegftgs u jccgseolgs j lj cewdjdjféj& Gstg gsawgrpk efclwug gl wsk dg lj tgcfklkbéj dg Eftgrfgt u ljs tglgckiwfecjcekfgs ~jrj lkbrjr ~rkcgsks zwg fks llgqgf j wf cki~kfgftg glgctrófeck dg bkoegrfk cjdj qgp ijukr&’ (^FD, ?>>> – ?>>1%& 1

CEDG


lj ^rgsedgfcej ~jrj lj Effkqjceóf ~jrj ikdgrfepjr u debetjlepjr gl bkoegrfk, lj ckfakrijceóf dgl Ckfsg`k dg g)Iåxeck u lj ~kstgrekr ~wgstj gf awfcekfjiegftk dgl ^rkbrjij Fjcekfjl g)Iåxeck ckf lj ckljokrjceóf dg lj Sgcrgtjréj dg Gdwcjceóf ^ðolecj (SG^%, lj Sgcrgtjréj dg Dgsjrrkllk Skcejl (SGDGSKL%, lj Sgcrgtjréj dg Bkogrfjceóf (SGBKO%, lj Sgcrgtjréj dg Sjlwd u Jsestgfcej (SSJ% u lj Sgcrgtjréj dg Gckfkiéj (SG%, jsé iesik sg crgó gl Ckfsg`k Tåcfeck dgl Aedgeckiesk g)Iåxeck ?>78 zwg awg gl igcjfesik igdejftg gl cwjl qjreks ~rkugctks dg g)bkoegrfk awgrkf aefjfcejdks& Gf ?>>3 sg crgó lj Wfedjd dg Bkoegrfk Glgctrófeck u ^klétecj dg Tgcfklkbéjs dg Efakrijceóf (WBG^TE% ckik ~jrtg dg lj SA^ ~jrj djrlg j åstj rgs~kfsjoeledjdgs gf ijtgrej dg dgsjrrkllk dg ljs TEC―s gf tkdj lj JÂ& 7 Aefjligftg gf ?>>7, sg gieteó gl Jcwgrdk ~jrj lj crgjceóf dg lj Ckieseóf Eftgrsgcrgtjrejl dg Bkoegrfk Glgctrófeck zwg tegfg ckik ~refce~jl ko`gteqk j~rkqgchjr gstrjtåbecjigftg ljs TEC―s ~jrj gl owgf bkoegrfk& Jdgiês dgl ijrck lgbjl dergctjigftg rgljcekfjdk ckf gl bkoegrfk glgctrófeck tjioeåf sg ~rkiwlbjrkf lj Lgu Agdgrjl dg Trjfs~jrgfcej u Jccgsk j lj Efakrijceóf ^ðolecj u lj Lgu dgl Sgrqecek Ceqel dg Cjrrgrj zwg jagctjrkf efdergctj, ~grk cljrjigftg gl dgsjrrkllk dgl g)bkoegrfk gf Iåxeck (qgr aebwrj :%& Lj gstrjtgbej dg bkoegrfk glgctrófeck efclwug lks êioetks lkcjlgs u gstjtjlgs ~wgs sg ckfsedgrj wf igdek ~jrj zwg tkdks lks igxecjfks g`grpjf sw dgrgchk j gstjr efakrijdks u jccgdgr j lks sgrqeceks zwg kargcg gl bkoegrfk gf tkdks sws feqglgs, agdgrjl, rgbekfjl, gstjtjl u iwfece~jl& Gf wf ckftgxtk ckf ?438 iwfece~eks dg lks cwjlgs sólk 31> sg ckfsedgrjf jltj k igdejfjigftg tgcfeaecjdks u dkfdg ljs êrgjs TEC―s sg qgf gf lks krbjfebrjijs ckik wf êrgj fk gstrjtåbecj sefk k~grjteqj, dgstjcj gl ~j~gl dg CEJ^GI cwuk ko`gteqk cgftrjl gs akigftjr g ei~wlsjr gl wsk u j~rkqgchjiegftk dg ljs TEC―s ~jrj ig`krjr lj cki~gteteqedjd dgftrk dg lj jdiefestrjceóf ~wolecj dg gstjdks u iwfece~eks, ~refce~jligftg j trjqås dg lj ckk~grjceóf uj sgj dgftrk dg wf iesik gstjdk, ckf ktrks gstjdks u iwfece~eks u tjioeåf ckf gl bkoegrfk agdgrjl (Kcji~k, ?>>1%&

7

Jftgrekrigftg gstj rgs~kfsjoeledjd grj cki~jrtedj gftrg lj SA^ g EFGBE& D E Q E S E Ó F D G J D I E F E S T_ T_ J C E Ó F ^ Ð O LLEE C J

2


AEBW_J

: & IJ^J DG _WTJ DGL G )BKOEG_FK GF IÅXECK

Awgftg& Gljokrjceóf ~rk~ej gf ojsg j KGCD (?>>7%&

3& Ko`g teqks g) Bko egrfk ?>>> ?>>> ) ?> ?>>1 >1

Gf wf iwfdk blkojlepjdk ojsjdk gf lj gckfkiéj dgl ckfkceiegftk, gl bkoegrfk hj tgfedk zwg gfargftjr lks rgtks u j~rkqgchjr ljs k~krtwfedjdgs k~krtwfedjdgs zwg trjgf ckfsebk lks jqjfcgs tgcfklóbecks gf gl êrgj dg ljs ckiwfecjcekfgs& Ljs TEC―s sg hjf ckfqgrtedk gf ~jrtg dg wfj fwgqj akrij dg krbjfepjr lj bgsteóf ~ðolecj ckf gl ko`gteqk dg efcrgigftjr lj gaecegfcej, lj trjfs~jrgfcej, lj jccgseoeledjd u lj cj~jcedjd dg rgs~wgstj j ljs dgijfdjs dg lks cewdjdjfks u gi~rgsjs& Sef giojrbk, j ~gsjr dg zwg wfk dg lks ~refce~jlgs ogfgaeceks dgl wsk dg ljs TEC―s sg dj igdejftg gl wsk dg Eftgrfgt ~kr ~jrtg dg lks krbjfesiks bwogrfjigftjlgs bwogrfjigftjlgs ~jrj gftrgbjr jlbðf sgrqecek k efakrijceóf j lks cewdjdjfks, sw ei~jctk tjioeåf sg rgalg`j gf lj cki~gteteqedjd u ~rkdwcteqedjd dgl ~jés ~wgs gxestg wfj jltj ckrrgljceóf gftrg gl dgsgi~gúk gckfóieck dg wf ~jés u sw feqgl dg jdk~ceóf dg TEC―s (EICK, ?>>1%& Gl bkoegrfk dg Iåxeck igdejftg sw ~rkugctk dg g)Bkoegrfk owscj bgfgrjr rê~edjigftg lks cjioeks ~rkawfdks zwg ~grietjf jl ~jés jtgfdgr ckf ~rkftetwd u gaecjcej ljs fgcgsedjdgs dg lj skcegdjd, ~jrj lk cwjl gs fgcgsjrek ckfstrwer wf bkoegrfk dg cjledjd tktjl, zwg ~kfbj gf gl cgftrk dgl zwghjcgr bwogrfjigftjl lj sjtesajcceóf dg ljs fgcgsedjdgs u gx~gctjteqjs dg lj skcegdjd, wf bkoegrfk ckf wf jltk sgftedk dg rgs~kfsjoeledjd skcejl, zwg sjog lj ei~krtjfcej dg sw trjoj`k u zwg sg rgs~kfsjoelecg dg sw jctwjceóf, dg sws grrkrgs u gf bgfgrjl dg sws dgcesekfgs, iesijs zwg sgrêf skigtedjs j wf iefwceksk ~rkcgsk dg gqjlwjceóf (^FD, ?>>> ) ?>>1%&

8

CEDG


Gl ko`gteqk bgfgrjl dg lj gstrjtgbej dg g)bkoegrfk, sgbðf gl ^FD ?>>> – ?>>1 u lj Jbgfdj ^rgsedgfcejl dg Owgf Bkoegrfk, gs ckfstrwer wf bkoegrfk eftglebgftg, cj~jp dg wtelepjr lks ijs jqjfpjdks sestgijs jdiefestrjteqks u tgcfklóbecks ~jrj gqetjr gl des~gfdek dg rgcwrsks u ~rkikqgr lj gaecjcej dg sw awfceóf gf tkdks lks krdgfgs, wf bkoegrfk êbel u algxeolg cj~jp dg cj~tjr ljs k~krtwfedjdgs, jtgfdgr lks ~rkolgijs u jdgcwjrsg j ljs cercwfstjfcejs rê~edj u gaecjpigftg, wf bkoegrfk joegrtk u trjfs~jrgftg, wf bkoegrfk dgscgftrjlepjdk gf sws rgljcekfgs ckf lks gstjdks u iwfece~eks, wf bkoegrfk blkojl, zwg sg efsgrtg gf gl ckftgxtk iwfdejl& Ko `gteqk s ?> ?>>3 >3 :& Qefcwljr gl wsk dg lj tgcfklkbéj dg efakrijceóf u ckiwfecjcekfgs gf lj bgsteóf ~ðolecj ~jrj lj bgfgrjceóf dg jhkrrks u lj rgdwcceóf dg ckstks, ig`krjfdk lj gaecegfcej dg lks sgrqeceks bwogrfjigftjlgs, ijftgfegfdk wfj efarjgstrwctwrj tgcfklóbecj ó~teij, dgftrk dg wf ijrck dg rgagrgfcej sw`gtk j gstêfdjrgs, u k~teiepjfdk gl j~rkqgchjiegftk j~rkqgchjiegftk dg lks rgcwrsks hwijfks u tgcfklóbecks ~jrj gqetjr dw~lecedjdgs& ?& Lks sgrqedkrgs ~ðolecks dg feqglgs igdek u sw~grekr wtelepjrêf gzwe~ks glgctrófecks ~jrj lj bgsteóf bwogrfjigftjl0 alw`ks dg trjoj`k jwtkijtepjdks, kaeceks u igikrjfdj glgctrófecks, ckrrgk glgctrófeck, eftrjfgt, gftrg ktrks& Jseiesik, ckftjrêf ckf hgrrjiegftjs ~jrj gl j~rgfdepj`g u lj ckljokrjceóf gf léfgj, jsé ckik ckf oeolektgcjs glgctrófecjs& 3& Jdgiês dg lks igdeks trjdecekfjlgs, sg efcrgigftjrê lj des~kfeoeledjd dg sgrqeceks bwogrfjigftjlgs gf ljs dg~gfdgfcejs u gftedjdgs ~kr igdeks glgctrófecks& 4& Sg ei~lgigftjrêf sestgijs dg Jdiefestrjceóf dg _gljcekfgs ckf Cewdjdjfks (C_I% ~jrj ~ktgfcejr lks ~rkcgsks dg jtgfceóf cewdjdjfj dg lj JÂ& 7& Sg ckfakrijrê lj Eftrjfgt Bwogrfjigftjl dg lj Jdiefestrjceóf ^ðolecj Agdgrjl, j trjqås dg lj cwjl sg eftgrckfgctjrêf ljs dg~gfdgfcejs u gftedjdgs —~kr igdek dgl ikdglk dg _gdgs ^reqjdjs Qertwjlgs (Q^F%— dg ijfgrj sgbwrj u gaecegftg, ~jrj jlcjfpjr wf ig`kr rgfdeiegftk tgcfklóbeck& 1& Sg ei~ljftjrê gl ikdglk g) ^rkcwrgigft gf wfj dg~gfdgfcej k gftedjd ckik ikdglk ikdglk ~elktk ~jrj sw sw ~kstgrekr ~kstgrekr ei~ljftjceóf ei~ljftjceóf gf ljs ljs dgiês dg~gfdgfcejs u gftedjdgs dg lj JÂ& 2& Sg ckftreowerê j lj j~lecjceóf dg lj Lgu Agdgrjl dg Trjfs~jrgfcej u Jccgsk j lj Efakrijceóf ^ðolecj igdejftg gl wsk dg tgcfklkbéjs dg efakrijceóf u ckiwfecjcekfgs&


5


Ko`gteqks ?>>4 ) ?>>1 :& _gjlepjr trjfsjccekfgs cki~lgtjs u sgbwrjs ~kr igdeks glgctrófecks, gf ljs zwg gl cewdjdjfk ~wgdj cki~lgtjr g efclwsk ~jbjr gf léfgj sgrqeceks k trêietgs bwogrfjigftjlgs& bwogrfjigftjlgs& ?& Efckr~krjr lj aerij debetjl j aef dg ajceletjr lks deagrgftgs ~rkcgsks bwogrfjigftjlgs (eftgrfks k gxtgrfks%0 jdzwesecekfgs, eftgrjcceóf ckf ~rkqggdkrgs, ijfg`k dg efqgftjreks, alw`ks dg trjoj`k, jdiefestrjceóf ~rgsw~wgstjl u aefjfcegrj& 3& Eftgbrjr dg ijfgrj cki~lgtj, hkrepkftjl u qgrtecjl, lks sgrqeceks u trêietgs glgctrófecks& Gleiefjceóf dg ljs arkftgrjs efstetwcekfjlgs u cljseaecjceóf dg lks sgrqeceks ckfakrig j fgcgsedjdgs ckiwfgs dg lks cewdjdjfks& 4& Kotgfgr ig`krjs igdeolgs u cki~rkojolgs gf ijtgrej dg gaecegfcej u rgfdeiegftk dg TE (rgdwcceóf dg ckstks g efcrgigftk dg ~rkdwcteqedjd% igdejftg gl wsk dg sestgijs C_I, B_^ k Sestgijs dg Jdiefestrjceóf dgl Ckfkceiegftk& 7& Tkdks lks sgrqedkrgs ~ðolecks rgjlepjf lks ~rkcgsks eftgrfks iês ei~krtjftgs dg lj bgsteóf bwogrfjigftjl bwogrfjigftjl wtelepjfdk igdeks glgctrófecks& 1& Gl ckstk ~rkigdek dg rgjlepjr trêietgs bwogrfjigftjlgs ~kr igdeks glgctrófecks rg~rgsgftjrê wfj rgdwcceóf gf gl ckstk dg trjfsjcceóf dg gagctwjrlks ~kr igdeks trjdecekfjlgs& 2& Lks sgrqeceks bwogrfjigftjlgs dg jltk ei~jctk zwg kargcgf ljs dg~gfdgfcejs u gftedjdgs sg gftrgbjrêf ~kr igdeks glgctrófecks, jdgiês dg lks igdeks trjdecekfjlgs& Gstrjtgbejs

Lj Gstrjtgbej dg Bkoegrfk Debetjl, gs ckkrdefjdj ~kr lj SA^, ei~wlsj lj wtelepjceóf ó~teij dg ljs tgcfklkbéjs dg efakrijceóf u dg ckiwfecjcekfgs ckiwfecjcekfgs ~jrj hjcgr iês gaecegftg lj bgsteóf bwogrfjigftjl, ~rk~krcekfjr sgrqeceks dg ijukr cjledjd u k~krtwfedjd j lj cewdjdjféj, trjfs~jrgftjr lj awfceóf ~ðolecj gf tkdks lks êioetks dg bkoegrfk u ckiojter ljs ~rêctecjs dg ckrrw~ceóf jl eftgrekr dg lj JÂ&  

 

 

 

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^rkikqgr lj ~jrtece~jceóf cewdjdjfj j trjqås dgl wsk dg Eftgrfgt, gleiefjfdk jsé kostêcwlks trjdecekfjlgs ckik lj destjfcej bgkbrêaecj u gl tegi~k& J~kujr ljs ~rêctecjs dgikcrêtecjs zwg qefcwljf jl Gstjdk ckf lj skcegdjd igdejftg gl gstjolgceiegftk dg fwgqjs akrijs dg ckiwfecjceóf, lj effkqjceóf u lj bgfgrjceóf dg sgrqeceks, lks cwjlgs rg~rgsgftjrêf wfj jltgrfjteqj iês dg gs~jceks dg ~jrtece~jceóf cewdjdjfj& Lkbrjr wfj ijukr rgfdeceóf dg cwgftjs ~kr ~jrtg dgl bkoegrfk, ijukr jccgsk j lj efakrijceóf ~ðolecj, jsé ckik ijukr gaecegfcej gf gl bkoegrfk& Crgjr wf ikdglk dg g)sgrqecek cgftrjdk gf gl clegftg& CEDG


Cklkcjr j lj efarjgstrwctwrj ckik ~jrtg gsgfcejl gf g)Bkoegrfk& Tkijr j lj sgbwredjd ckik tgij awfdjigftjl ~jrj lj ckfakrijceóf dgl sestgij& Gljokrjr ~rkugctks joegrtks u ~gfgtrjftgs0 zwg cwgftgf ckf sgrqeceks ojsjdks gf gstêfdjrgs dg Eftgrfgt u gl ckfkceiegftk dg lj skcegdjd efclwedj gf sw tktjledjd& Léfgj s d g j c c eóf Efarjgstrwctwrj Efarjgstrwctwrj tgcfklóbecj bwogrfjigftjl0 Gf lj grj debetjl, gl rgzwesetk awfdjigftjl ~jrj lj ckiwfecjceóf gagcteqj u lj ckljokrjceóf dgftrk dgl bkoegrfk gs ckftjr ckf wfj rgd efakriêtecj u dg tglgckiwfecjcekfgs zwg eftgbrg j tkdjs ljs dg~gfdgfcejs u j sws awfcekfjreks ~ðolecks= gstk gs, wfj Eftrjfgt Bwogrfjigftjl& J feqgl agdgrjl gl bkoegrfk ckkrdefjrê lks ~rkugctks dg ckfgxeóf j lj Eftgrfgt ckf gl aef dg kotgfgr gaecegfcejs u gckfkiéjs dg gscjlj& Jseiesik, eftgbrjrê lks gsawgrpks ~jrj lj jdiefestrjceóf dg lj efarjgstrwctwrj tgcfklóbecj bwogrfjigftjl, zwg efclwug hjrdjrg, skatjrg, sestgijs, rgdgs, ckfgcteqedjd j lj Eftgrfgt, ojsgs dg djtks, efarjgstrwctwrj ~jrj cj~jcetjceóf gf léfgj (g)Lgjrfefb% u rgcwrsks hwijfks gs~gcejlepjdks& ^kr ðlteik, cki~jrterê rgcwrsks igtkdklóbecks, dg efarjgstrwctwrj u dg ckfkceiegftk gftrg lks sgrqedkrgs ~ðolecks ckf gl ko`gteqk dg ig`krjr sw j~rkqgchjiegftk u gqetjr dw~lecedjdgs& Jdiefestrjceóf dgl ckfkceiegftk u ckljokrjceóf debetjl0 ^jrj llgbjr j sgr wf bkoegrfk j lj jltwrj dg lks ig`krgs dgl iwfdk, ljs dg~gfdgfcejs dgogrêf ckfqgrtersg gf qgrdjdgrjs krbjfepjcekfgs debetjlgs g eftglebgftgs& ^jrj gllk sg wtelepjrêf sestgijs u j~lecjcekfgs tgcfklóbecjs zwg k~teiecgf lj jdiefestrjceóf dgl ckfkceiegftk u sws cki~kfgftgs0 j~rgfdepj`g, ckljokrjceóf, gqjlwjceóf u tkij dg dgcesekfgs, ckf lk zwg sg ckfakrijrê wf cjfjl dg gftrgbj dg sgrqeceks bwogrfjigftjlgs ~jrj lks sgrqedkrgs ~ðolecks (B?G% tjlgs ckik Dgcljrjfgt (Sestgij Glgctrófeck dg Dgcljrjcekfgs ^jtreikfejlgs Bwogrfjigftjlgs% u lj Fkrijtgcj Glgctrófecj& ^jrj ajceletjr lj gqjlwjceóf u lj tkij dg dgcesekfgs dg ljs dg~gfdgfcejs, sg ~rkikqgrê gl wsk dg sestgijs ~jrj lj gqjlwjceóf dgl dgsgi~gúk bwogrfjigftjl u dg sestgijs dg eftglebgfcej efstetwcekfjl, hgrrjiegftjs zwg j~kujrêf gl Sestgij Fjcekfjl dg Efdecjdkrgs u gl Sestgij Gstrjtåbeck dg _gswltjdks& Jseiesik, sg akigftjrê gl wsk dg hgrrjiegftjs dg j~rgfdepj`g gf léfgj (g)Lgjrfefb% u dg jdiefestrjceóf dg ~rkugctks& Gstg bkoegrfk debetjl sg ckfstetwug ckik wf j~kuk ei~krtjftg gf lj ei~lgigftjceóf dg lj Lgu Agdgrjl dg Trjfs~jrgfcej u Jccgsk j lj Efakrijceóf ^ðolecj& _gdesgúk dg ^rkcgsks ckf TE (Tgcfklkbéjs dg Efakrijceóf%0 ^jrj lkbrjr lj gaecegfcej u lj gagcteqedjd bwogrfjigftjl, sg dgsjrrklljrêf sestgijs efakriêtecks zwg ajceletgf gl rgdesgúk dg ~rkcgsks gf ljs tjrgjs jd`gteqjs dg ljs efstetwcekfgs ~ðolecjs, sg ei~ljftjrê tgcfklkbéj B_^ (Bkqgrfigft    

 

 

 

 


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_gskwrcg ^ljffefb% ~jrj bjrjftepjr lj eftgbrjceóf rê~edj dg gstg te~k dg sestgijs u sg akigftjrê gl wsk dg j~lecjcekfgs tgcfklóbecjs zwg serqjf dg j~kuk j ljs tjrgjs swstjfteqjs u gstrjtåbecjs dg bgfgrjceóf dg jhkrrks, gckfkiéjs dg gscjlj u rgdwcceóf dg ckstks gf lj k~grjceóf bwogrfjigftjl, bwogrfjigftjl, jsé ckik dg lj ~rkdwcceóf dg sgrqeceks dg ijukr cjledjd, edgfteaecjfdk ljs hgrrjiegftjs tgcfklóbecjs ~jrj gl rgdesgúk dg ijcrk~rkcgsks cljqgs& Tjioeåf sg ei~wlsjrê gl rgdesgúk dgl ~rkcgsk dg jdzwesecekfgs jdzwesecekfgs u ckftrjtjcekfgs dg oegfgs u sgrqeceks igdejftg tgcfklkbéj g)^rkcwrgigft, ckf lj aefjledjd dg rgdwcer lks ckstks, qefcwlêfdklk ckf lks sestgijs glgctrófecks dg cki~rjs bwogrfjigftjlgs gxestgftgs ckik Cki~rjFgt& Sgrqeceks u Trêietgs Glgctrófecks (g)Sgrqeceks%0 Gl cewdjdjfk ~kdrê tgfgr jccgsk glgctrófeck j sgrqeceks ~ðolecks dg cjledjd ckf iês ckikdedjd u ijukr sjtesajcceóf& ^jrj gllk, sg rgdesgújrêf lks ~rkcgsks gf ljs dg~gfdgfcejs u gftedjdgs dgl Bkoegrfk Agdgrjl= sg dgsjrrklljrêf gstêfdjrgs tgcfklóbecks dg eftgrk~grjoeledjd u sg ckfstrwerê wfj ~ljtjakrij tgcfklóbecj eftgrbwogrfjigftjl zwg ~grietj lj eftgbrjceóf dg tkdj lj efakrijceóf, sgrqeceks u trêietgs, sebwegfdk gl ikdglk tgcfklóbeck dg sgrqeceks go (go sgrqecgs%& Gstj efarjgstrwctwrj efarjgstrwctwrj efclwerê sklwcekfgs dg aerij debetjl, igcjfesiks dg sgbwredjd u dg sjlqjbwjrdj dg lj ~reqjcedjd u iåtkdks ~jrj lj eftgbrjceóf lóbecj dg djtks& ^krtjl Cewdjdjfk dgl Bkoegrfk Agdgrjl0 Gl rgswltjdk iês qeseolg dgl bkoegrfk debetjl gs sw ~rgsgfcej gf Eftgrfgt& Sg ei~wlsjrê gl dgsjrrkllk u gl j~rkqgchjiegftk dgl ^krtjl Cewdjdjfk dgl Bkoegrfk Agdgrjl, dg ijfgrj zwg sgj ~wgrtj dg jccgsk j tkdj lj efakrijceóf —sgrqeceks u trêietgs bwogrfjigftjlgs—, qghécwlk dg ckiwfecjceóf g eftgrjcceóf gftrg gl bkoegrfk u lks cewdjdjfks (B?C%, lks fgbkceks (B?O% u ktrjs efstjfcejs bwogrfjigftjlgs (B?B%, jsé ckik efstrwigftk ~jrj lj crgjceóf dg cjdgfjs dg qjlkr, igdek ~jrj lj ~jrtece~jceóf cewdjdjfj u j~kuk ~jrj lj rgdwcceóf dg ckstks dg trjfsjcceóf, lj trjfs~jrgfcej u lj rgfdeceóf dg cwgftjs& g)Dgikcrjcej u ^jrtece~jceóf Cewdjdjfj& Sg dgsjrrklljrêf hgrrjiegftjs tgcfklóbecjs dg ~ljfgjceóf, ~jrtece~jceóf u jtgfceóf cewdjdjfj, gs~jceks gf léfgj zwg dgtgctgf u rgck`jf ~ljftgjiegftks cewdjdjfks jcgrcj dg ~rkolgijs, fgcgsedjdgs u ~rk~wgstjs, cwuk sgbweiegftk sg hjrê igdejftg lks Sestgijs dg Jdiefestrjceóf dg ljs _gljcekfgs ckf Cewdjdjfks (C_I%& ^klétecj efakriêtecj u krbjfepjceóf ~jrj gl bkoegrfk debetjl0 Sg dgsjrrklljrê wfj gstrwctwrj krbjfepjcekfjl hkrepkftjl, ojsjdj gf wfj rgd dg trjoj`k zwg gstjrê cki~wgstj ~kr lks rgs~kfsjolgs dg Tgcfklkbéjs dg Efakrijceóf (TE% dg ljs dg~gfdgfcejs dgl Bkoegrfk Agdgrjl& Gstj rgd dg bkoegrfk debetjl ei~wlsjrê lks ~ljfgs rgctkrgs gf lj ijtgrej u bgfgrjrê wf ijfeaegstk ~jrj gl bkoegrfk debetjl= dgaeferê ljs ~klétecjs eftgrfjs gf ijtgrej dg TE u ljs jlefgjrê dg ijfgrj gstrjtåbecj ckf ljs igtjs dg CEDG


effkqjceóf bwogrfjigftjl= ei~wlsjrê wfj fkrijteqedjd jdgcwjdj u êbel, u ckkrdefjrê ljs jccekfgs ~jrj gl dgsjrrkllk dgl bkoegrfk debetjl gf Iåxeck& Tjioeåf j~kujrê gl sgrqecek ~ðoleck dg cjrrgrj gf ljs êrgjs dg TE, ~rkikqegfdk gl rg~ksecekfjiegftk dgl efakriêteck bwogrfjigftjl ckik wf Chega Efakrijtekf Kaaecgr= crgjrê ikdglks dg ckk~grjceóf eftgrsgctkrejl u dg ckljokrjceóf ckf lks dgiês feqglgs dg bkoegrfk u ktrks ~kdgrgs= owscjrê akfdks dg aefjfcejiegftk ~jrj ~rkugctks gstrjtåbecks u ~rkikqgrê jlejfpjs ckf krbjfesiks eftgrfjcekfjlgs, jl ebwjl zwg ckf ~jésgs lédgrgs gf bkoegrfk debetjl& Gljokrjrê igtkdklkbéjs ~jrj gqjlwjr gl ei~jctk gckfóieck u skcejl dgl bkoegrfk debetjl u desgújrê ~klétecjs gf ijtgrej dg jdzwesecekfgs u ckftrjtjcekfgs rgljcekfjdjs ckf TE, owscjfdk lj fgbkcejceóf dg ckftrjtks ckr~krjteqks ~jrj lj cki~rj dg hjrdjrg u gl lecgfcejiegftk dg skatjrg ckf lks ~refce~jlgs ~rkqggdkrgs dgl Bkoegrfk Agdgrjl, ~jrj k~teiepjr ljs efqgrsekfgs gf ijtgrej dg TE dg lj Jdiefestrjceóf ^ðolecj Agdgrjl&

Gl cwjdrk : rgswig lks ko`gteqks, ljs gstrjtgbejs u ljs léfgjs dg jcceóf ~gfsjdjs ~jrj ei~wlsjr gl dgsjrrkllk dgl g)bkoegrfk gf Iåxeck, tjlgs léfgjs efclwugf gftrg ktrjs cksjs gl rgdesgúk dg ~rkcgsks jl eftgrekr dgl bkoegrfk u cjioeks krbjfepjcekfjlgs& Gf lks dkcwigftks kaecejlgs fk sg ~ljftjrkf igtjs ckfcrgtjs sefk ijs oegf bgfgrjlgs ckik ~kseoeletjr gl jccgsk j wf ijukr fðigrk dg trêietgs u sgrqeceks j tkdks lks igxecjfks k lkbrjr wf bkoegrfk iês trjfs~jrgftg u gaecjp&


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FEQGLGS IGDEK U SW^G_EK_ WTELEPJ_ÊF GZWE^KS GLGCT_ÓFECKS ^J_J LJ BGSTEÓF BWOG_FJIGFTJL& SG EFC_GIGFTJ_Ê LJ DES^KFEOELEDJD DG SG_QECEKS BWOG_FJIGFTJLGS& SG EI^LGIGFTJ_ÊF SESTGIJS DG JDIEFEST_JCEÓF DG _GLJCEKFGS CKF CEWDJDJFKS (C_I% SG CKFAK_IJ_Ê LJ EFT_JFGT DG LJ JÂ SG EI^LJFTJ_Ê GL IKDGLK G) ^_KCW_GIGFT DG LJ JÂ& SG CKFT_EOWE_Ê J LJ J^LECJCEÓF J^LECJCEÓF DG LJ LGU AGDG_JL DG T_JFS^J_GFCEJ

CWGFTJS ^K_ ^J_TG DGL BKOEG_FK, IJUK_ JCCGSK J LJ EFAK_IJCEÓF ^ÐOLECJ, JSÉ CKIK IJUK_ GAECEGFCEJ GF GL BKOEG_FK& ^_KIKQG_ LJ ^J_TECE^JCEÓF ^J_TECE^JCEÓF CEWDJDJFJ J T_JQÅS DGL WSK DG EFTG_FGT, GLEIEFJFDK JSÉ KOSTÊCWLKS T_JDECEKFJLGS CKIK LJ DESTJFCEJ BGKB_ÊAECJ U GL TEGI^K& C_GJ_ WF IKDGLK DG G)SG_QECEK CGFT_JDK GF GL CLEGFTG& GLJOK_J_ ^_KUGCTKS JOEG_TKS U ^GFGT_JFTGS0 ZWG CWGFTGF CKF SG_QECEKS OJSJDKS GF GSTÊFDJ_GS DG EFTG_FGT U GL CKFKCEIEGFTK DG LJ SKCEGDJD EFCLWEDJ GF SW TKTJLEDJD& J^KUJ_ LJS ^_ÊCTECJS DGIKC_ÊTECJS ZWG QEFCWLJF JL GSTJDK CKF LJ SKCEGDJD IGDEJFTG GL GSTJOLGCEIEGFTK DG FWGQJS AK_IJS DG CKIWFECJCEÓF , LJ EFFKQJCEÓF U LJ BGFG_JCEÓF DG SG_QECEKS, LKS CWJLGS _G^_GSGFTJ_ÊF WFJ JLTG_FJTEQJ IÊS DG GS^JCEKS DG ^J_TECE^JCEÓF CEWDJDJFJ& TKIJ_ J LJ SGBW_EDJD CKIK TGIJ AWFDJIGFTJL ^J_J LJ CKFAK_IJCEÓF CKFAK_IJCEÓF DGL SESTGIJ

?>>4 )?>>1 _GJLEPJ_ T_JFSJCCEKFGS CKI^LGTJS U SGBW_JS ^K_ IGDEKS GLGCT_ÓFECKS& EFCK_^K_J_ LJ AE_IJ DEBETJL& EFTGB_JCEÓF HK_EPKFTJL U QG_TECJL DG LKS SG_QECEKS U T_ÊIETGS GLGCT_ÓFECKS GLGCT_ÓFECKS& KOTGFG_ IG@K_JS GF IJTG_EJ DG GAECEGFCEJ U _GFDEIEGFTK DG TE& LKS SG_QEDK_GS ^ÐOLECKS _GJLEPJF LKS ^_KCGSKS EFTG_FKS WTELEPJFDK IGDEKS GLGCT_ÓFECKS& _GDWCCEÓF DG CKSTKS _GS^GCTK J IGDEKS T_JDECEKFJLGS& LKS SG_QECEKS BWOG_FJIGFTJLGS DG JLTK EI^JCTK SG GFT_GBJ_ÊF ^K_ IGDEKS GLGCT_ÓFECKS, JDGIÊS DG LKS IGDEKS T_JDECEKFJLGS&

LÉFGJS DG JCCEÓF

EFA_JGST_WCTW_J TGCFKLÓBECJ BWOG_FJIGFTJL JDIEFEST_JCEÓF DIEFEST_JCEÓF DGL CKFKCEIEGFTK CKFKCEIEGFTK U CKLJOK_JCEÓF CKLJOK_JCEÓF DEBETJL _GDESGÚK DG ^_KCGSKS WTELEPJFDK TE SG_QECEKS U T_ÊIETGS GLGCT_ÓFECKS (G)SG_QECEKS% ^K_TJL CEWDJDJFK DGL BKOEG_FK AGDG_JL G)DGIKC_JCEJ U ^J_TECE^JCEÓF CEWDJDJFJ& ^KLÉTECJ EFAK_IÊTECJ U K_BJFEPJCEÓF K_BJFEPJCEÓF ^J_J GL BKOEG_FK DEBETJL&

Awgftg &Gljokrjceóf ~rk~ej

4& Ijrc Ijrc k lgbj l

Gl ijrck lgbjl ~jrj akigftjr gl wsk cktedejfk dg ljs TEC―s dgftrk dgl bkoegrfk gf Iåxeck ckigfpó ckf ljs jtreowcekfgs zwg gf gl _gbljigftk Eftgrfk dg lj Sgcrgtjréj dg Hjcegfdj u Crådetk ^ðoleck (SHC^% sg lg ktkrbjrkf j EFGBE gf ijtgrej dg efakriêtecj, jsé ckik ljs ikdeaecjcekfgs lgbjlgs ~jrj lj ~wgstj gf : 4

CEDG


ijrchj dg ~rkugctks ckik Cki~rjFgt, ~kr g`gi~lk, gl Jcwgrdk zwg gstjolgcg lj efakrijceóf rgljteqj j lks ~rkcgdeiegftks dg lecetjceóf ~ðolecj zwg ljs dg~gfdgfcejs u gftedjdgs dg lj JÂ dgogrêf rgieter j lj SA^ ~kr trjfsieseóf glgctrófecj glgctrófecj k gf igdek ijbfåteck& Sef giojrbk, gl ~rkugctk dg g) bkoegrfk efeceó akrijligftg hjstj ?>>>, cwjfdk lj rgceåf crgjdj Kaecefj dg lj ^rgsedgfcej ~jrj lj Effkqjceóf Bwogrfjigftjl dek j ckfkcgr gl ^rkugctk dg Bkoegrfk Glgctrófeck ckik wfk dg lks ~refce~jlgs efstrwigftks dgl ^rgsedgftg Qecgftg Akx ~jrj ei~wlsjr lj trjfsakrijceóf dgl bkoegrfk gf Iåxeck& Wfj qgp zwg gl g)bkoegrfk sg ckfstetwuó ckik wfj ~egpj cljqg dgl bkoegrfk, sgbðf lj Jbgfdj ^rgsedgfcejl dg Owgf Bkoegrfk, gf ?>>3 ckf ojsg gf lks jrtécwlks :2 u 32 dg lj Lgu Krbêfecj dg lj Jdiefestrjceóf ^ðolecj Agdgrjl sg efckr~krjrkf fwgqjs rgs~kfsjoeledjdgs j lj SA^ ~jrj gl dgsjrrkllk dg ljs TEC―s gf lj JÂ, ckf lk zwg gl ~j~gl dgl EFGBE gf gstj êrgj sg qek rgdwcedk& Gstg ijrck lgbjl awg gl zwg ~grieteó lj crgjceóf dg lj Wfedjd dg Bkoegrfk Glgctrófeck u ^klétecj dg Tgcfklkbéjs dg Efakrijceóf (WBG^TE%, lj cwjl dg jcwgrdk jl _gbljigftk Eftgrekr dg lj Sgcrgtjréj dg lj Awfceóf ^ðolecj (~wolecjdk gf decegiorg dg ?>>3%, tegfg ckik jtreowcekfgs dgaefer, efstrwigftjr u djr sgbweiegftk j lj gstrjtgbej dg “Bkoegrfk Debetjl’ gf lj JÂ& Gf fkqegiorg dg ?>>7 sg ~ðoleck gf gl DKA gl Jcwgrdk zwg tegfg ~kr ko`gtk crgjr gf akrij ~grijfgftg lj Ckieseóf Eftgrsgcrgtjrejl ~jrj gl Dgsjrrkllk dgl Bkoegrfk Glgctrófeck, lk cwjl gs ei~krtjftg ~wgs sg ckfskledj lj gstrjtgbej dg g)bkoegrfk ~krzwg iês jllê dg lks js~gctks tgcfklóbecks k tåcfecks gl dgsjrrkllk dg lj gstrjtgbej sg dg~ksetj gf ijfks dg lks gfcjrbjdks dg ig`krjr g effkqjr gf lj jdiefestrjceóf ~ðolecj igxecjfj& “Gl jcwgrdk tjioeåf hj sgftjdk ljs ojsgs dg wf gszwgij dg bkogrfjoeledjd ~jrj ljs tgcfklkbéjs dg lj efakrijceóf u ~jrj lj eftgrk~grjoeledjd tgcfklóbecj gf Iåxeck& Jl crgjr ljs efstjfcejs dg ckkrdefjceóf u lj aebwrj dg wf ckkrdefjdkr ckf lks sgcrgtjreks dg Gstjdk, lks awfcekfjreks zwg ei~lgigftgf gl g)bkoegrfk tegfgf lj k~krtwfedjd dg llgqjr lj jbgfdj dg lj jdiefestrjceóf glgctrófecj iês jllê dg ljs wfedjdgs dg tgcfklkbéj g efakriêtecj ~jrj hkiklkbjrlj u ckkrdefjrlj ckf lj jbgfdj ~klétecj u gckfóiecj fjcekfjl&’ (Bwteårrgp, ?>>1% Lj ei~lgigftjceóf dgl g)bkoegrfk hj rgzwgredk lj ikdeaecjceóf dg deqgrsks efstrwigftks lgbjlgs ckik lj Lgu Agdgrjl dg ^rkcgdeiegftk Jdiefestrjteqk, lj Lgu Agdgrjl dg _gs~kfsjoeledjdgs dg lks Sgrqedkrgs Sgrqedkrgs ^ðoleck, lj Lgu dg Efstetwtk Igxecjfk dgl Sgbwrk Skcejl, gftrg ktrjs& Gl cwjdrk ? ckftegfg gl ijrck lgbjl dg lks desteftks ~rkugctks cki~rgfdedks ~kr lj gstrjtgbej dg g)bkoegrfk& g)bkoegrfk&


: 7


CWJD_K ?& I J_CK LGBJL DG ^_KU GCTKS DG G)BKOEG_FK

GF

I ÅXECK

^_KUGCTK

IJ_CK @W_ÉDECK

CKI^_JFGT

LGU DG JDZWESECEKFGS, J__GFDJIEGFTKS U SG_QECEKS DGL SGCTK_ ^ÐOLECK& LGU DG KO_JS ^ÐOLECJS U SG_QECEKS _GLJCEKFJDKS CKF LJS IESIJS& _GBLJIGFTK DG LJ LGU DG JDZWESECEKFGS, J__GFDJIEGFTKS J__GFDJIEGFTKS U SG_QECEKS DGL SGCTK_ ^ÐOLECK& _GBLJIGFTK DG LJ LGU DG KO_JS U SG_QECEKS _GLJCEKFJDKS CKF LJS IESIJS& JCWG_DK DGL :: DG JO_EL DG :552 ZWG GSTJOLGCG LJ EFAK_IJCEÓF _GLJTEQJ J LKS ^_KCGDEIEGFTKS DG LECETJCEÓF ^ÐOLECJ ZWG LJS DG^GFDGFCEJS U GFTEDJDGS DG LJ JÂ DGOG_ÊF _GIETE_ J LJ SA^ ^K_ T_JFSIESEÓF GLGCT_ÓFECJ K GF IGDEK IJBFÅTECK&

JCWG_DK DGL 5 DG JBKSTK DG ?>>> ZWG GSTJOLGCG LJS DES^KSECEKFGS ^J_J GL WSK DG IGDEKS _GIKTKS DG CKIWFECJCEÓF GLGCT_ÓFECJ GLGCT_ÓFECJ

_GBEST_K ÐFECK DG ^G_SKFJS JC_GDETJDJS (_W^J%

J_TÉCWLK 15)O DG LJ LGU AGDG_JL DG ^_KCGDEIEGFTK JDIEFEST_JTEQK& DGC_GTK ^K_ GL ZWG SG GSTJOLGCG GL ^_KCGDEIEGFTK U LKS _GZWESETKS ^J_J LJ EFSC_E^CEÓF EFSC_E^CEÓF GF LKS _GBEST_KS DG ^G_SKFJS JC_GDETJDJS K^G_JDKS ^K_ LJS DG^GFDGFCEJS DG^GFDGFCEJS U K_BJFESIKS DGSCGFT_JLEPJDKS DGSCGFT_JLEPJDKS DG LJ JDIEFEST_JCEÓF ^ÐOLECJ AGDG_JL U LJS OJSGS ^J_J LJ EFTG_CKFGXEÓF EFAK_IÊTECJ DG LKS IESIKS (DKA >4+>7+?>>4%& LEFGJIEGFTKS ^J_J LJ C_GJCEÓF, K^G_JCEÓF G EFTG_CKFGXEÓF EFAK_IÊTECJ DG LKS _GBEST_KS DG ^G_SKFJS JC_GDETJDJS DG LJS DG^GFDGFCEJS U K_BJFESIKS DGSCGFT_JLEPJDKS DGSCGFT_JLEPJDKS DG LJ JDIEFEST_JCEÓF ^ÐOLECJ AGDG_JL (DKA >?+>2+?>>4%

DGCLJ_JFGT

LGU AGDG_JL DG _GS^KFSJOELEDJDGS JDIEFEST_JTEQJS DG LKS SG_QEDK_GS ^ÐOLECKS& JCWG_DK DGL :5 DG JO_EL DG ?>>? ZWG GSTJOLGCG LJS FK_IJS ZWG DGTG_IEFJF CKIK KOLEBJTK_EJ LJ ^_GSGFTJCEÓF DG LJS DGCLJ_JCEKFGS DG SETWJCEÓF ^JT_EIKFEJL DG LKS SG_QEDK_GS ^ÐOLECKS, J T_JQÅS DG IGDEKS DG CKIWFECJCEÓF CKIWFECJCEÓF GLGCT_ÓFECJ&

JCWG_DK ^K_ GL ZWG SG _GAK_IJF LJS FK_IJS SGBWFDJ, CWJ_TJ, ZWEFTJ ^_EIG_ ^Ê__JAK, SÅ^TEIJ U DÅCEIJ DGL DEQG_SK ZWG GSTJOLGCG LJS FK_IJS ZWG DGTG_IEFJF CKIK KOLEBJTK_EJ LJ ^_GSGFTJCEÓF DG LJS DGCLJ_JCEKFGS DG SETWJCEÓF ^JT_EIKFEJL DG LKS SG_QEDK_GS ^ÐOLECKS J T_JQÅS DG IGDEKS DG CKIWFECJCEÓF CKIWFECJCEÓF GLGCT_ÓFECJ, ^WOLECJDK GL :5 DG JO_EL DG ?>>?& GFT_JFDK GF QEBK_ J ^J_TE_ : DG IJUK DG ?>>1& _GBEST_K DG SG_QEDK_GS ^ÐOLECKS (_S^% ^K_TJL CEWDJDJFK DGL BKOEG_FK AGDG_JL (RRR&BKO&IX% EFCK_^K_JFDK TJIOEÅF T_ÊIETGS GLGCT_ÓFECKS BWOG_FJIGFTJLGS (T_JIETJFGT%

LGU AGDG_JL DG _GS^KFSJOELEDJDGS JDIEFEST_JTEQJS DG LKS SG_QEDK_GS ^ÐOLECKS LGU K_BÊFECJ DG LJ JDIEFEST_JCEÓF ^ÐOLECJ AGDG_JL, J_TÉCWLK ?2 LGU AGDG_JL DG ^_KCGDEIEGFTKS JDIEFEST_JTEQKS JCWG_DK DGL :2 DG GFG_K DG ?>>? ^K_ GL ZWG SG GSTJOLGCGF LJS DES^KSECEKFGS ZWG DGOG_ÊF KOSG_QJ_ LJS DG^GFDGFCEJS U LKS K_BJFESIKS DGSCGFT_JLEPJDKS DG LJ JÂ&

Awgftg& Gljokrjceóf ~rk~ej gf ojsg j WBG^TE

: 1

CEDG


7& Jc tkrgs tkrgs u ~ refce~ jlgs c kljo krjc ekfgs gf g) Bko egrfk egrfk Jctkrgs

Gf ?>>: lj Kaecefj ^rgsedgfcejl ~jrj lj Effkqjceóf Bwogrfjigftjl eftrkdw`k kaecejligftg gl bkoegrfk glgctrófeck ckik wfj efecejteqj dg ~klétecj ~ðolecj ~jrj debetjlepjr u ikdgrfepjr gl bkoegrfk& Lj ei~krtjfcej dg gstj ~klétecj zwgdk ~ljsijdj jl zwgdjr efckr~krjdj ckik wfk dg lks cwjtrk ~eljrgs dgl Sestgij Fjcekfjl g)Iåxeck u ~kstgrekrigftg ckik wfk dg lks sges ~eljrgs dg lj Jbgfdj ^rgsedgfcejl ~jrj gl Owgf Bkoegrfk gf ?>>? (qgr aebwrj ?% Wfj ~klétecj jltjigftg rgljcekfjdj gs gl Sestgij Fjcekfjl g)Iåxeck zwg ckfsestg ~refce~jligftg gf crgjr ckfgcteqedjd u jccgsk glgctrófeck& Gl ko`gteqk cgftrjl dg gstg sestgij gs ji~lejr sebfeaecjteqjigftg gl feqgl dg ckfgcteqedjd gf gl ~jés ~jrj ~kdgr gstjr gf ~kseoeledjd dg kargcgr sgrqeceks debetjlgs j lj ~koljceóf, gf ijtgrej dg j~rgfdepj`g, sjlwd, gckfkiéj u bkoegrfk, ~jrj ckftreower j ig`krjr lj cjledjd dg qedj dg ljs ~grskfjs u ljs ajielejs, jorer k~krtwfedjdgs ~jrj ljs gi~rgsjs ojsjdj gf sw efckr~krjceóf j lj fwgqj gckfkiéj u, skorg tkdk, j ~rkikqgr wf dgsjrrkllk iês jcglgrjdk u gzwetjteqk gftrg ljs desteftjs ckiwfedjdgs u rgbekfgs dg fwgstrk ~jés, ckf gs~gcejl jtgfceóf j ljs pkfjs ijrbefjdjs (Sktglk, ?>>1%& ^kr lk zwg gl ~eljr dg g) bkoegrfk dgftrk dgl Sestgij Fjcekfjl g)Iåxeck jdzwereó gs~gcejl ei~krtjfcej gf lj kagrtj dg trêietgs u sgrqeceks bwogrfjigftjlgs&

SA^

Sgbðf gl jrtécwlk 32 dg lj Lgu Krbêfecj dg lj Jdiefestrjceóf ^ðolecj Agdgrjl, lj SA^ tegfg ajcwltjdgs ~jrj krbjfepjr u ckkrdefjr gl sestgij dg ckftrkl u gqjlwjceóf bwogrfjigftjl= ~rkikqgr ~klétecjs dg bkoegrfk glgctrófeck, jsé ckik akriwljr u ckfdwcer lj ~klétecj bgfgrjl dg lj JÂ, ~jrj gstjolgcgr jccekfgs zwg ~rk~ecegf lj trjfs~jrgfcej gf lj bgsteóf ~ðolecj, lj rgfdeceóf dg cwgftjs u gl jccgsk ~kr ~jrtg dg lks ~jrtecwljrgs j lj efakrijceóf zwg jzwållj bgfgrg&


: 2


EBW_J

A

? & JCTK_GS _GLGQJFTGS GF GL BKOEG_FK GLGCT_ÓFECK GF IÅXE CK

Awgftg& KGCD (?>>7%

WBG WB G^TE ^TE

Lj WBG^TE tegfg ckik awfcekfgs u jtreowcekfgs ~refce~jlgs0  

 

 

: 8

Dgaefer, efstrwigftjr u djr sgbweiegftk j lj gstrjtgbej dg bkoegrfk glgctrófeck u ~rk~kfgr ljs des~ksecekfgs jdiefestrjteqjs zwg dgoj gieter lj Sgcrgtjréj j aef dg ckkrdefjr gf gl êioetk dg ljs dg~gfdgfcejs, ljs gftedjdgs u lj ^rkcwrjdwréj gl gstjolgceiegftk dg ljs ~klétecjs u ~rkbrjijs gf lj ijtgrej= Gstjolgcgr igcjfesiks dg ckkrdefjceóf ckf ljs dg~gfdgfcejs, ljs gftedjdgs u lj ^rkcwrjdwréj zwg ckjduwqgf jl cwi~leiegftk dg lks ko`gteqks gf ijtgrej dg bkoegrfk glgctrófeck u ~rkikqgrlks jftg lks bkoegrfks gstjtjlgs u iwfece~jlgs, jsé ckik ktrjs efstjfcejs dg bkoegrfk, gl sgctkr ~reqjdk u lj skcegdjd gf bgfgrjl= Ckkrdefjr ckf ljs dg~gfdgfcejs, ljs gftedjdgs u lj ^rkcwrjdwréj ~rkugctks hkrepkftjlgs dg bkoegrfk glgctrófeck gf lks êioetks dg efarjgstrwctwrj, sklwcekfgs tgcfklóbecjs, gstêfdjrgs u sgrqeceks zwg ajceletgf lj efckr~krjceóf dg lj tgcfklkbéj gf lks ~rkcgsks cljqgs dg bkoegrfk, jsé ckik des~kfgr dg wfj ~ljtjakrij eftgrbwogrfjigftjl zwg ~grietj lj eftgbrjceóf dg efakrijceóf, sgrqeceks u trêietgs=

CEDG


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Krbjfepjr, jdiefestrjr u k~grjr sgrqeceks glgctrófecks bwogrfjigftjlgs zwg ~grietjf gl gfqék, rgcg~ceóf u ~wolecjceóf dg efakrijceóf ~kr igdeks glgctrófecks= Cgrteaecjr lks igdeks dg edgfteaecjceóf glgctrófecj dg lks sgrqeceks zwg ~rk~krcekfj lj wfedjd u, cwjfdk jsé lk rgzwegrjf, lks dg ljs dg~gfdgfcejs, dg~gfdgfcejs, ljs gftedjdgs, gftedjdgs, lj ^rkcwrjdwréj, lks bkoegrfks dg gftedjdgs agdgrjteqjs u iwfece~eks= jsé ckik ckkrdefjrsg ckf åstks rgs~gctk dg ktrks sestgijs glgctrófecks zwg k~grgf ~jrj gstjolgcgr igcjfesiks wfeakrigs dg cgrteaecjceóf= ^rk~kfgr ljs des~ksecekfgs bgfgrjlgs zwg ljs dg~gfdgfcejs, ljs gftedjdgs u lj ^rkcwrjdwréj dgogrêf kosgrqjr gf ijtgrej dg cgrteaecjceóf dg igdeks dg edgfteaecjceóf glgctrófecj, glgctrófecj, jsé ckik gf lj dg qgreaecjceóf dg lj efakrijceóf rgljteqj j lj rgcg~ceóf, gieseóf u jwtgftecedjd dg lj efakrijceóf zwg rgceojf k gfqégf gf akrij glgctrófecj= ^rkikqgr gl gstjolgceiegftk u, gf sw cjsk, krbjfepjr u jdiefestrjr sestgijs zwg ~grietjf j lks ~jrtecwljrgs ~rgsgftjr ~rkikcekfgs u sklecetwdgs j trjqås dg igdeks dg ckiwfecjceóf glgctrófecj, jsé ckik zwg ljs dg~gfdgfcejs, ljs gftedjdgs u lj ^rkcwrjdwréj rgjlecgf fkteaecjcekfgs, cetjtkreks k rgzwgreiegftks dg dkcwigftjceóf g efakrijceóf j lks ~jrtecwljrgs= G`grcgr gl ckftrkl dg lks igdeks dg edgfteaecjceóf dg lks sestgijs dg ckiwfecjceóf glgctrófecj zwg tgfbj j sw cjrbk, sjlqjbwjrdjfdk lj ckfaedgfcejledjd ckfaedgfcejledjd dg lj efakrijceóf zwg sg rgceoj ~kr gsjs qéjs= ^rk~kfgr ljs des~ksecekfgs jdiefestrjteqjs dg cjrêctgr bgfgrjl u ljs fkrijs tåcfecjs gf ijtgrej dg sgrqeceks u sestgijs glgctrófecks zwg cki~gtj gieter j lj Sgcrgtjréj= Dgtgriefjr, gf ckkrdefjceóf ckf lj Sgcrgtjréj dg Hjcegfdj u Crådetk ^ðoleck, ljs ~klétecjs zwg sgbwerêf ljs dg~gfdgfcejs, ljs gftedjdgs u lj ^rkcwrjdwréj ~jrj lj ~ljfgjceóf, g`gcwceóf u gqjlwjceóf dgl ~rgsw~wgstk dgstefjdk j ljs tgcfklkbéjs dg efakrijceóf u ckiwfecjceóf= ^rkikqgr gl wsk dg lks sestgijs dg ckiwfecjceóf glgctrófecj ~jrj deawfder sw wtelepjceóf ckik wf igdek dg ckfswltj u ~jrtece~jceóf gf lks ~rkcgdeiegftks dg ckftrjtjceóf u ckik wf efstrwigftk dg jtgfceóf j lks ~jrtecwljrgs gf lks ~rkcgdeiegftks jdiefestrjteqks zwg trjietgf ~jrj lj kotgfceóf dg sgrqeceks= Dgaefer lks cretgreks u ~rkcgdeiegftks dg cjrêctgr tåcfeck ~jrj gl wsk dg lks sestgijs dg ckiwfecjceóf glgctrófecj j zwg jlwdg gstg jrtécwlk, ~rk~krcekfjfdk lks ~rkbrjijs efakriêtecks ~jrj sw j~lecjceóf, jsé ckik jsgskrjr u cj~jcetjr j lks sgrqedkrgs ~ðolecks zwg lks k~grjrêf u, gf sw cjsk, j lks ~jrtecwljrgs zwg lk rgzwegrjf= ^rk~kfgr lj rgjlepjceóf dg jccekfgs dg ckljokrjceóf, ckkrdefjceóf, ckk~grjceóf u ckfcgrtjceóf ckf efstetwcekfgs ~ðolecjs, skcejlgs u ~reqjdjs, fjcekfjlgs k gxtrjf`grjs, jsé ckik ckf bkoegrfks dg ljs D E Q E S E Ó F D G J D I E F E S T_ T_ J C E Ó F ^ Ð O LLEE C J

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gftedjdgs agdgrjteqjs ~jrj ~rkikqgr gl wsk u j~rkqgchjiegftk tgcfklóbeck dg lks sestgijs dg ckiwfecjceóf glgctrófecj= ^rgqgfer j lks sgrqedkrgs ~ðolecks u, gf sw cjsk, j lks ~jrtecwljrgs cwjfdk lj Sgcrgtjréj fk rgceoj lj ijfeagstjceóf rgljteqj j lj jcg~tjceóf dg ljs ckfdecekfgs dg wsk dg igdeks dg edgfteaecjceóf glgctrófecj ~jrj lj ~rgsgftjceóf ~rgsgftjceóf dg sws dgcljrjcekfgs, ~rkikcekfgs, sklecetwdgs k gscretks= Ckjduwqjr ckf ljs dg~gfdgfcejs, ljs gftedjdgs u lj ^rkcwrjdwréj gf lj akriwljceóf dg sws ~klétecjs efstetwcekfjlgs dg bkoegrfk glgctrófeck, igdejftg jsgskréjs, cj~jcetjceóf, ikfetkrgk tgcfklóbeck, jcteqedjdgs dg efqgstebjceóf u dg ckk~grjceóf tåcfecj= ^rkikqgr gl dgsjrrkllk dg wfj cwltwrj tgcfklóbecj gf gl sgctkr ~ðoleck u gf lj skcegdjd gf bgfgrjl zwg ~grietj gl jdgcwjdk wsk dg lks sgrqeceks dg bkoegrfk glgctrófeck zwg sg ~kfbjf j des~kseceóf dg lj cewdjdjféj=

Lj WBG^TE gs ckfsedgrjdj gl krbjfesik g`gcwtkr dg ljs ~klétecjs dg bkoegrfk glgctrófeck gf Iåxeck, ~grk jctðj oj`k lj ckkrdefjceóf dg lj Ckieseóf Eftgrsgcrgtjrejl Eftgrsgcrgtjrejl ~jrj gl Dgsjrrkllk dgl Bkoegrfk Glgctrófeck&

SC T (S (Sgc gc rgtj gt j réj réj d g C k i wfec j c ekfgs ekfg s u Tr Trj fs~ fs~ k rtgs tg s%

Gf decegiorg dg ?>>>, gl ^rgsedgftg dg lj _g~ðolecj dek efstrwccekfgs j lj SCT ~jrj dgsjrrklljr gl Sestgij Fjcekfjl g)Iåxeck& Gf decegiorg dg ?>>: sg crgó lj Ckkrdefjceóf Bgfgrjl dg Sestgij Fjcekfjl g)Iåxeck zwg sg gfcjrbj dg k~grjr lj gstrjtgbej fjcekfjl ~jrj ckfstrwer lj skcegdjd dg lj efakrijceóf u gl ckfkceiegftk gf Iåxeck& Lj ieseóf dgl Sestgij Fjcekfjl g)Iåxeck gs “sgr wf jbgftg dg cjioek gf gl ~jés, jl eftgbrjr lks gsawgrpks zwg rgjlepjf deqgrsks jctkrgs ~ðolecks u ~reqjdks gf lj gleiefjceóf dg lj orgchj debetjl u ljs deagrgfcejs skcekgckfóiecjs gftrg lks igxecjfks, j trjqås dg wf sestgij ckf cki~kfgftgs tgcfklóbecks u skcejlgs zwg kargpcj sgrqeceks oêsecks gf j~rgfdepj`g, sjlwd, eftgrcjioek ckigrcejl, u trêietgs dg bkoegrfk, segfdk jl iesik tegi~k ~wftj dg ljfpj dgl dgsjrrkllk tgcfklóbeck dg Iåxeck&’

Akfd k d g Efakr Efakri i j c eóf u Dkc Dkc wig ftj c eóf ~ j rj lj Efd Efdws wstr treej (EFAKTGC%

EFAKTGC gs wf cgftrk dg efqgstebjceóf zwg dg~gfdg dgl Ckfsg`k Fjcekfjl dg Cegfcej u Tgcfklkbéj (CKFJCUT% zwg awfbg ckik jsgskr dg lj SA^ gf ijtgrej dg g) bkoegrfk& Hj jsestedk gf lj gstrjtgbej dg Bkoegrfk Debetjl u hj desgújdk g ei~lgigftjdk Seteks Rgo ckik gl ^krtjl Cewdjdjfk (BkoIx% u gl ^krtjl g) Iåxeck, lks sestgijs DgcljrjFgt u Cki~rjFgt, jsé ckik gf lj dgaefeceóf dg lj ~ljtjakrij dg sgrqeceks zwg gl Bkoegrfk Agdgrjl gstê ei~lgigftjfdk (ECJ, ?>>1%&

Ckljokrjcekfgs ? >

CEDG


Ck i eseóf eseóf Eftg Eftgrrsgc rgtj gt j rej l ~ j rj gl Dgsj Dgsj rrkllk kllk d g B ko egrfk egrfk Glgctrófeck

Igdejftg gl Jcwgrdk ^rgsedgfcejl ~wolecjdk gl 5 dg decegiorg dg ?>>7 u ckf gl ko`gteqk dg ~rkikqgr u ckfskledjr gl wsk u j~rkqgchjiegftk j~rkqgchjiegftk dg ljs tgcfklkbéjs dg lj efakrijceóf u ckiwfecjcekfgs gf lj Jdiefestrjceóf ^ðolecj Agdgrjl, sg crgó lj Ckieseóf Eftgrsgcrgtjrejl ~jrj gl Dgsjrrkllk dgl Bkoegrfk Glgctrófeck (CEDBG%& Gstj gftedjd gstê ~rgsededj ~kr gl Tetwljr dg lj Sgcrgtjréj dg lj Awfceóf ^ðolecj u sw Sgcrgtjrek G`gcwteqk gs gl Tetwljr dg lj WBG^TE& Gl Jcwgrdk gstjolgcg lks igcjfesiks dg ckkrdefjceóf gftrg ljs Dg~gfdgfcejs u Gftedjdgs, jsé ckik lks sebwegftgs brw~ks dg ~jrtece~jceóf (qgr aebwrj 3%0        

Gl Ckfsg`k G`gcwteqk= Lks Ckfsg`ks Tåcfecks= Ljs Swockiesekfgs, u Gl Brw~k Ckfswlteqk

Ljs ~refce~jlgs awfcekfgs dg lj CEDBG skf0  

 

 

 

 

Ckfkcgr ljs fgcgsedjdgs gf ijtgrej dg TEC―s gf lj JÂ u rgckigfdjr ljs jccekfgs ~jrj sw dgsjrrkllk= J~kujr lks jcwgrdks kregftjdks j lj oðszwgdj dg rgcwrsks gckfóiecks ~jrj gl dgsjrrkllk dg lks ~rkugctks, ckf ljs Dg~gfdgfcejs u Gftedjdgs, krbjfesiks fjcekfjlgs g eftgrfjcekfjlgs uj sgjf ~ðolecks k ~reqjdks= ^rkikqgr gl gstjolgceiegftk dg igcjfesiks dg ckkrdefjceóf u ckljokrjceóf ckf lks ~kdgrgs agdgrjlgs= lj ^rkcwrjdwréj Bgfgrjl dg lj _g~ðolecj= lks bkoegrfks dg ljs gftedjdgs agdgrjteqjs agdgrjteqjs u dg lks iwfece~eks= jsé ckik ckf efstetwcekfgs ~ðolecjs u ~reqjdjs fjcekfjlgs g eftgrfjcekfjlgs, j aef dg ~rk~ecejr gl eftgrcjioek dg efakrijceóf u gx~gregfcejs, gl jfêleses dg ~rkolgiêtecjs ckiwfgs u lj rgjlepjceóf dg ~rkugctks ckf`wftks gf ijtgrej dg Bkoegrfk Glgctrófeck u TEC―s= ^rk~kfgr gl gstjolgceiegftk dg wfj jrzwetgctwrj tgcfklóbecj dg lj JÂ, ckf wfj qeseóf kregftjdj j lj jdiefestrjceóf gstrjtåbecj dg sgrqeceks dg TEC―s ~jrj dgaefer u jlefgjr lks ~rkcgsks dgl Bkoegrfk Agdgrjl, igdejftg lj wtelepjceóf dg ikdglks dg k~grjceóf zwg ~grietjf edgfteaecjr ljs k~krtwfedjdgs ~jrj rg~lecjr k rgwtelepjr lks rgcwrsks, ig`krjr lj gagcteqedjd u kotgfgr jhkrrks gf lks ckstks jl ig`krjr lks sgrqeceks ~rk~krcekfjdks jl cewdjdjfk= gf lj igdedj gf zwg ljs cj~jcedjdgs tåcfecjs, krbjfepjcekfjlgs u ~rgsw~wgstjrejs dg cjdj efstetwceóf lk ~grietjf= ^rkikqgr gl gstjolgceiegftk dg igcjfesiks dg eftgrk~grjoeledjd zwg ~grietjf gl j~rkqgchjiegftk dg ljs efarjgstrwctwrjs tgcfklóbecjs u dg lks ~rkcgsks hkrepkftjlgs j trjqås dg lj JÂ= D E Q E S E Ó F D G J D I E F E S T_ T_ J C E Ó F ^ Ð O LLEE C J

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^rkikqgr gf ljs Dg~gfdgfcejs u Gftedjdgs, dg jcwgrdk ckf lks rgswltjdks u jccekfgs zwg lg efakrig lj Swockieseóf dg Aerij Glgctrófecj Jqjfpjdj, lks igcjfesiks ~jrj ajceletjr lj ei~lgigftjceóf, k~grjceóf u lj hkiklkbjceóf dg lks ~rkcgdeiegftks ~rkcgdeiegftks u tgcfklkbéj dg dechj aerij= ^rkikqgr gftrg ljs Dg~gfdgfcejs u Gftedjdgs, dg jcwgrdk ckf lks rgswltjdks u jccekfgs zwg lg efakrig lj Swockieseóf dg lks Sestgijs Jwtkijtepjdks dg Ckftrkl dg Bgsteóf, lks igcjfesiks ~jrj lj j~lecjceóf dg lks cretgreks dg eftgrk~grjoeledjd u lks lefgjiegftks ~jrj lj gstjfdjrepjceóf dg lks sestgijs jwtkijtepjdks dg ckftrkl dg bgsteóf u sw ckiwfecjceóf j trjqås dgl wsk dg igdeks glgctrófecks= Gstjolgcgr gl ijrck fkrijteqk zwg sgj efdes~gfsjolg efdes~gfsjolg ~jrj sw k~grjceóf&

Lj Ckieseóf gs wf cwgr~k cklgbejdk, sws eftgbrjftgs skf Sgcrgtjrek dg lj Awfceóf ^ðolecj u ^rgsedgftg dg lj Ckieseóf Eftgrsgcrgtjrejl Eftgrsgcrgtjrejl ~jrj gl Dgsjrrkllk D gsjrrkllk dgl bkoegrfk glgctrófeck, Sgcrgtjreks dg Bkogrfjceóf, _gljcekfgs Gxtgrekrgs, Dgagfsj Fjcekfjl, Ijrefj, Sgbwredjd ^ðolecj, Hjcegfdj u Crådetk ^ðoleck, Dgsjrrkllk Skcejl, Igdek Jioegftg u _gcwrsks Fjtwrjlgs, Gfgrbéj, Gckfkiéj, Jbrecwltwrj, Bjfjdgréj, Dgsjrrkllk _wrjl, ^gscj u Jleigftjceóf, Ckiwfecjcekfgs u Trjfs~krtgs, Gdwcjceóf ^ðolecj, Sjlwd, Trjoj`k u ^rgqeseóf Skcejl, u _gakrij Jbrjrej&

? ?

CEDG


AEBW_J

3& CKIESEÓF EF TG_SGC_G TG_SGC_GTJ_EJL TJ_EJL ^J_J G LGCT_ÓFECK

GL DGSJ__KLLK DGL B KOEG_FK

Awgftg& Sktglk (?>>1%

Tjioeåf sg ckftgi~lj lj ckljokrjceóf ckf lj efecejteqj ~reqjdj u lj jcjdgiej igdejftg gl Brw~k Ckfswlteqk= lks Ckfsg`ks Tåcfecks sg gfcjrbjf dg rgjlepjr gstwdeks u ~rkugctks ~jrj rgjlepjr tjrgjs gs~gcéaecjs dg jcwgrdk ckf lks tgijs rgctkrgs gstjolgcedks (Sktglk, ?>>1%& Gl Ckfsg`k G`gcwteqk tegfg ckik ko`gteqk j~kujr, kregftjr u g`gcwtjr gl dgsjrrkllk dg lks tgijs rgctkrgs zwg sg jcwgrdgf, jcwgrdgf, lks eftgbrjftgs dg gstg Ckfsg`k skf lks rgs~kfsjolgs dg lj Wfedjdgs TEC―s zwg sgjf dgsebfjdks ~kr lks tetwljrgs dg ljs Dg~gfdgfcejs u gf sw cjsk Gftedjdgs& Jctwjligftg sg gstê trjoj`jfdk gf qjreks tgijs rgctkrgs gftrg lks zwg dgstjcjf sgbwredjd, ~reqjcedjd u ckfaedgfcejledjd, eftgrk~grjoeledjd u sgrqeceks glgctrófecks bwogrfjigftjlgs, jrzwetgctwrj tgcfklóbecj bwogrfjigftjl, gftrg ktrks& Jlbwfks dg lks jqjfcgs iês dgstjcjdks dg lks Ckfsg`ks tåcfecks skf lj j~rkojceóf dg lks lefgjiegftks gf lj ijtgrej dg jdzwesecekfgs u lks lefgjiegftks ~jrj lj sgbwredjd dg lj efakrijceóf gf lj JÂ, jioks jioks sg gfcwgftrjf gf ~rkcgsk dg rgqeseóf ~kr ljs êrgjs `wrédecjs& ^kr sw ~jrtg, Lj Swockieseóf dg Aerij Glgctrófecj Jqjfpjdj (AGJ% gieteó lks lefgjiegftks ~jrj lj hkiklkbjceóf, ei~ljftjceóf u wsk dg lj aerij glgctrófecj jqjfpjdj gf lj JÂ, lks cwjlgs awgrkf ~wolecjdks gf gl DKA gl ?4 dg jbkstk dg ?>>1, iegftrjs zwg lj Swockieseóf dg Sestgijs Jwtkijtepjdks dg Ckftrkl dg Bgsteóf gieteó lks lefgjiegftks ~jrj lj k~grjceóf, awfcekfjledjd, ckiwfecjceóf u sgbwredjd D E Q E S E Ó F D G J D I E F E S T_ T_ J C E Ó F ^ Ð O LLEE C J

? 3


dg lks sestgijs jwtkijtepjdks dg ckftrkl dg bgsteóf& Gl cwjdrk 3 iwgstrj lks tgijs rgctkrgs gf lks zwg sg gstê trjoj`jfdk, gl ckkrdefjdkr u lks jqjfcgs zwg sg hjf jlcjfpjdk& CWJD_K 3 & T GIJS _GCTK_GS U JQJ FCGS DG LKS CKFSG@KS T ÅCFECKS DG LJ CEDBG (?>>2% TGIJ _GCTK_ K_BJFEPJCEÓF U _GCW_SKS HWIJFKS DG TEC― S

CKK_DEFJDK_

JQJFCGS

SGC_GTJ_ÉJ DG LJ AWFCEÓF ^ÐOLECJ

HG__JIEGFTJ DG GQJLWJCEÓF DG ? CJ^JCEDJDGS JCWG_DK ^J_J ZWG CJDJ EFSTETWCEÓF ^WGDJ DGSJ__KLLJ_ U CKI^J_TE_ SWS CJ^JCEDJDGS TÅCFECJS U CKFSEDG_J_ CG_TEAECJCEKFGS DG TG_CG_KS

SGBW_EDJD, ^_EQJCEDJD U CKFAEDGFCEJLEDJD

EFTG_K^G_JOELEDJD U SG_QECEKS GLGCT_ÓFECKS BWOG_FJIGFTJLGS WSK DG SKATRJ_G DG SESTGIJS

SGC_GTJ_ÉJ DGL IGDEK JIOEGFTG U _GCW_SKS FJTW_JLGS + CKFSG@K FJCEKFJL DG CEGFCEJ U TGCFKLKBÉJ CKIESEÓF AGDG_JL DG GLGCT_ECEDJD

LEFGJIEGFTKS DG SGBW_EDJD U ^_EQJCEDJD DG LJ EFAK_IJCEÓF GF ^_KCGSK DG GIESEÓF , JCK_DG J LKS LEFGJIEGFTKS DGL EAJE _GFKQJCEÓF DG CKFQGFEK DG _GD DG LJ JÂ _GCKIGFDJCEÓF ^J_J WSJ_ LJ _GD ^J_J CKI^J_TE_ EFAK_IJCEÓF BWOG_FJIGFTJL

SGC_GTJ_ÉJ DG SJLWD

^KLÉTECJ DG FGWT_JLEDJD DG WSK DG SKATRJ_G ^_K^WGSTJ ^J_J EFTG_CJIOEK DG SESTGIJS _GCKIGFDJCEKFGS ^J_J DGSJ__KLLK U JDZWESECEÓF DG SESTGIJS

JDZWESECEKFGS, CKFT_JTJCEKFGS U JDIEFEST_JCEÓF DG OEGFGS U SG_QECEKS DG TEC― S

SGC_GTJ_ÉJ DG GCKFKIÉJ

JDIEFEST_JCEÓF GST_JTÅBECJ DG TEC― S

SGC_GTJ_ÉJ DG GCKFKIÉJ

CK__GK DEBETJL IGXECJFK

SESTGIJ FJCEKFJL G – IÅXECK SGC_GTJ_ÉJ DG _GLJCEKFGS GXTG_EK_GS SGC_GTJ_ÉJ DG DGSJ__KLLK SKCEJL EFSTETWTK FJCEKFJL ^J_J LJ GQJLWJCEÓF DG LJ GDWCJCEÓF

EFTG_FGT U SETEKS WOG_FJIGFTJLGS GF LÉFGJ BWOG_FJIGFTJLGS ^J_TECE^JCEÓF CEWDJDJFJ JDIEFEST_JCEÓF DGL CKFKCEIEGFTK GF GL SG_QECEK ^ÐOLECK ^_GSW^WGSTK U AEFJFPJS J_ZWETGCTW_J TGCFKLÓBECJ BWOG_FJIGFTJL EFTGB_JCEÓF U HKIKLKBJCEÓF DG _GBEST_KS ^ÐOLECKS, SEFG_BEJ U T_JFSAG_GFCEJ TGCFKLÓBECJ

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7 & GSTJDK JCTWJL DG LKS ^_KU GCTKS G)BKOEG_FK GSTJDK JCTWJL

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Awgftg& Gljokrjceóf ~rk~ej


3 3


Lj gstrjtgbej dg g)bkoegrfk efstrwigftjdj ~kr Iåxeck hj sedk rgckfkcedj j feqgl eftgrfjcekfjl, ~kr g`gi~lk, gf ?>>7 lj Krbjfepjceóf ~jrj ljs Fjcekfgs Wfedjs (KFW% gftrgbó jl Bkoegrfk dg Iåxeck, j trjqås dg lj Wfedjd dg Bkoegrfk Glgctrófeck dg lj SA^, gl ^rgiek dg ljs Fjcekfgs Wfedjs jl Sgrqecek ^ðoleck ?>>7 gf lj cjtgbkréj dg “Gi~lgk dg efakrijceóf u ckiwfecjceóf tgcfklóbecj gf bkoegrfks lkcjlgs k gf g)Bkoegrfk Lkcjl’, ~kr lj Gstrjtgbej dg Bkoegrfk Debetjl dg lj Jbgfdj dg Owgf Bkoegrfk lj cwjl0 :& Hj ~grietedk jl bkoegrfk jctwjlepjr sw akrij dg djr sgrqecek igdejftg gl wsk dg iåtkdks glgctrófecks u lj ig`krj dgl sgrqecek ~wgdg igdersg gf tåriefks dg wf ijukr jccgsk j lks sgrqeceks, ig`krj gf tegi~k u gaecegfcej, sgrqeceks iês gfakcjdks jl cewdjdjfk, ijukr gagcteqedjd, rglgqjfcej u cjledjd dg lks sgrqeceks& ?& Tegfg rgswltjdks gqedgftgs dg lj ei~lgigftjceóf dg rgefbgfegréj g effkqjceóf bwogrfjigftjl j lks ~rkbrjijs dg bkoegrfk j trjqås dg tgcfklkbéjs dg efakrijceóf u ckiwfecjceóf& 3& ^grietg jl bkoegrfk rgljcekfjrsg ig`kr ckf gl ~ðoleck, skorgtkdk ckf cjdj cewdjdjfk& Gstj ig`kr rgljceóf ijftegfg lj lgbeteiedjd, sgfseoeledjd u rglgqjfcej dgl bkoegrfk, ~grietegfdk j lks cewdjdjfks gx~rgsjr ig`kr sws fgcgsedjdgs, ~jrtece~jr g efalwgfcejr gl ~rkcgsk, desgújr ljs rgbljs, ckigftjr skorg lj ei~lgigftjceóf dg åstjs, k~efjr skorg lks sgrqeceks bwogrfjigftjlgs, tjftk gf lj ~rgsgftjceóf dg ljs zwg`js ckik gf ktrks js~gctks&

Gf ?>>> gl Ojfck Iwfdejl dgcljró j Cki~rjFgt ckik gl ikdglk gf cki~rjs bwogrfjigftjlgs u gf ?>>4 gl Bkoegrfk Agdgrjl rgceoeó gl ^rgiek Eftgrfjcekfjl “_gtk Gstkcklik ?>>4’, gf lj cjtgbkréj dg Bkoegrfk Glgctrófeck ~kr gl ^krtjl Cewdjdjfk (&bko&ix ( &bko&ix%% gf gl zwg sg efclwugrkf tkdjs ljs dg~gfdgfcejs dgl Bkoegrfk Agdgrjl, ckkrdefjdjs ~kr lj WBG^TE dg lj SA^, gl Sestgij Fjcekfjl g)Iåxeck u gl Sestgij dg Eftgrfgt dg lj ^rgsedgfcej dg lj _g~ðolecj& Gstg ~krtjl hj rgceoedk ktrks rgckfkceiegftks, gf ?>>3 bjfó gl ^rgiek Effkqj, gf ?>>4 gl _gckfkceiegftk Efakrijtekf Rggm ckik wfj dg ljs 7> gi~rgsjs ijs effkqjdkrjs u gf ?>>1 rgceoeó dg lj Jskcejceóf Igxecjfj dg Eftgrfgt gl ~rgiek “_gckfkceiegftk JIE^CE ?>>1’ gf lj cjtgbkréj dg Sgrqeceks dg Bkoegrfk Glgctrófeck jl ckfsedgrjrsg ckik wfj awgftg ei~krtjftg dg efakrijceóf, trjfsjccekfgs g eftgrjcceóf gftrg lks cewdjdjfk u gl bkoegrfk agdgrjl& Gl _g~krtg Blkojl skorg J~tetwd dg g)Bkoegrfk ?>>8, gljokrjdk ~kr lj KFW, woecó j Iåxeck gf gl setek 32 dg :5? ~jésgs gqjlwjdks& Lk cklkcó gf gl dåceik cwjrtk lwbjr gf ijtgrej dg skaestecjceóf u ijdwrgp dg sgrqeceks bwogrfjigftjlgs gf léfgj u gf så~teik lwbjr gf g)^jrtece~jceóf& Gf gstg ðlteik rg~krtg Iåxeck hj sedk cljseaecjdk ~reigr lwbjr blkojl gf Bkoegrfk Glgctrófeck gf Jiårecj Ljtefj – sw~grjfdk j Chelg, Jrbgftefj u Orjsel), sef giojrbk tjioeåf gs ~kseolg qgr gl rgtrkcgsk gf ~ksecekfgs rgs~gctk j lks 3 4

CEDG


rg~krtgs jftgrekrgs (qgr cwjdrk 1%& Lj ~kseolg gx~lecjceóf ~jrj gstg rgtrkcgsk, sgbðf lj KFW (?>>8%, fk sólk dg Iåxeck sefk dg lks ~jésgs gf dgsjrrkllk gf bgfgrjl, skf lks glgqjdks ckstks zwg ei~lecj dgs~lgbjr lj efarjgstrwctwrj fgcgsjrej ~jrj zwg ljs j~lecjcekfgs dg bkoegrfk glgctrófeck gståf des~kfeolgs& CWJD_K 1& ^KSECEÓF DG IÅXECK GF GL ÉFDE CG DG DES^KSECEÓF DES^KSECEÓF ^J_J GL G )BKOEG_FK ( BLKOJL G ) BKQG_FIGFT BKQG_FIGFT _GJDEFGSS _JFMEFBS%

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Awgftg& Gljokrjceóf ~rk~ej gf ojsg KFW (?>>8, ?>>7, ?>>4, ?>>3%

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3 7


AEBW_J

: :& C_ETG_E KS DG GQJLWJ CEÓF DGL G)BKOEG_FK GF GL BKOEG_FK IGXECJFK Ckstk+ Ckstk+ ogfgaecek ~jrj kt rjs krbjfepjcekfgsdg bkoegrfk Cki~lgèdjd dg lks sgrqeceks ~rk~kcekfjdks

Ig`krjs gf lj ckljokrjceóf ckf ktr js Sgcrgjrejs u jbgfcejs dg dg bkoegrfk Ckftreowceóf j lks ko`gte ko`gte qks dg dg ~klét ecj gckfóiecj Cjledjd tåcfecj dg lks sgrqeceks Ckstk+ Ckstk+ ogfgaecek ~jrj wswjreks, wswjreks, cewdjdjfks u gi~rgsjs gi~rgsjs Ig`krjs gf gf lj gagct eqedjd dg lj ~klét ecjs dgkrbjfepjceóf Efcrgigftk gf gl fðigrk dg wswjreks Jfêleses ckstk+ ogfgaecek ~jrj sw krbjfepjceóf Bjfjfcejs Bjfjfcejs dg gaec egfcej Fðigrk dg sgrqeceks ~rk~krce kfjdks Ckftreowceóf j lj rga krij dg lj bgsteóf ~ðolecj Sjte sajcceóf dgl wswjrek wswjrek

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Awgftg0 KGCD (?>>7%

Gs cljrk zwg ~jrj lj KGCD lks js~gctks krbjfepjcekfjlgs skf iwu rglgqjftgs u qjrejs dg sws ~rgbwftjs sg gfakcjf j ckfkcgr gl jqjfcg gf gstj êrgj& ^kr g`gi~lk gf gl cjsk dg lj ~kseoeledjd dg cki~jrter efakrijceóf lj gfcwgstj iwgstrj zwg lks ~refce~jlgs tgijs dkfdg sg cki~jrtg efakrijceóf gs lj dgaefeceóf dg gstêfdjrgs tåcfecks u gstrjtgbejs dg bkoegrfk glgctrófeck lk cwjl ~wgdg dgogrsg j zwg lj kaecefj dg lj ^rgsedgfcej u lj WBG^TE dg lj SA^ skf zwegfgs gfcjogpjf ljs gstrjtgbejs u trjpjf gf brjf igdedj gl ij~j dg rwtj& Sef giojrbk, gf êrgjs ckik lj efarjgstrwctwrj dg TE u ljs sklwcekfgs “ieddlgjrg’ lj efakrijceóf gs ~kck cki~jrtedj gftrg ljs krbjfepjcekfgs dg lj JÂ (qgr aebwrj :?%&

3 1

CEDG


AEBW_J

: ? & K_BJFEPJCEKFGS K_BJFEPJCEKFGS DG BKOEG_FK ZWG

CKI^J_TGF EFAK_IJCEÓF SKO_G ( ' %

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Awgftg& (KGCD, ?>>7%

Ckftefwjfdk ckf gl ei~jctk dgl bkoegrfk glgctrófeck gf gl êioetk krbjfepjcekfjl, lj KGCD efqgstebó cwêlgs grjf lks ~refce~jlgs kostêcwlks ~jrj ~rkawfdepjr lj ckk~grjceóf tjftk j feqgl eftgrfk dg ljs krbjfepjcekfgs ckik ckf ktrjs krbjfepjcekfgs& Gf gl ~reigr cjsk gfckftró zwg ~jrj jlrgdgdkr dgl 7>' dg lks gfcwgstjdks tjftk lj rgsestgfcej jl cjioek ckik lks hêoetks dg fk ckljokrjceóf rgswltjf sgr kostêcwlks ei~krtjftgs k iwu ei~krtjftgs& _gswltjdks seieljrgs sg gfckftrjrkf gf gl cjsk dg lks kostêcwlks ~jrj ckk~grjr ckf ktrjs krbjfepjcekfgs (qgr aebwrjs :3 u :4%&


3 2


AEBW_J

: 3& KOSTÊCWLKS KOSTÊCWLKS ^J_J ^ _KAWFDEPJ_ LJ CKLJOK_JCEÓF DGFT_K DG LJS K_BJFEPJCEKFGS GF IÅXECK ( ' %

Fk gs wf kostêcwlk (fk gs rglgqjftg% Fk gs wf kostêcwlk (uj sg sklwcekfó% Fk ei~krtjftg Jlbk ei~krtjftg Ei~krtjftg Iwu ei~krtjftg >

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Awgftg& KGCD (?>>7%

3 8

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: 7& EI^J CTK ^KSETEQK GF

GST_WCTW_JS GST_WCTW_JS K_BJFEPJCEKFJLGS K_BJFEPJCEKFJLGS

_gdwcceóf gf lks feqglgs dg `grjrzwéj Jrrgblks d g ckljokrjceóf dgftrk dgftrk dgl bkoegrfk I kteqjceóf dgl ~grskfjl Dgcesekfgs ~jrj kwtskwrcg jcteqedjdgs Dgcesekfgs ~jrj gstjolgcgr ckljokrjcekfgs ~ðolecjs ) ~reqjdjs Cjioek Cjioek gf hjoeled hjoeled jdgs ^rêctecjs u cwltwrj krbjfepjcekfjl algxeolg+iês joegrtj Dgaefeceóf dg awfcekfgs u rgs~kfsjoeledjdgs _gs~kfsjoeledjd u rgfdeceóf dg cwgftjs Cki~jrter efakrijceóf u ckfkceiegftk _gdwcceóf gf ckstk dg ~grskfjl Trjfs~jrgfcej

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Awgftg& KGCD (?>>7%

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3 5


CWJD_K

2& CKFKCEIEGFTK CKFKCEIEGFTK U

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4 3


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4 4

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CEDG


   

 

 

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CEDG


Fjtekfjl Efakrijtekf Skcegtu Jbgfcu (?>>+%, ?>>2 Efakrijtepjtekf Rhetg ^j~gr, _g~wolec ka Mkrgj& Iefestgrek Sgcrgtjréj Bgfgrjl dg lj ^rgsedgfcej (?>>1%, Bkoegrfk Glgctrófeck gf Chelg, Iefestgrek Sgcrgtjréj Bgfgrjl dg lj ^rgsedgfcej, Chelg, C helg, ?>>1& Ikdefes, (?>>7%, Ikdefes stwdu akr g)bkqgrfigft wfet& Gckfkiecs jfd Igjswrgigft ka g)bkqgrfigft0 Thg Stjtg ka ^lju, ?>>7& Kcji~k, G& (?>>1%, “Gl CEJ^GI qj gf sgrek& Owscj cjioejr gl rkstrk dgl ~jés igdejftg gl wsk dg ljs tgcfklkbéjs gf lks bkoegrfks lkcjlgs’ gf EfakrijtekfRggm, @wgqgs >7 dg kctworg dg ?>>1& Fði& :7>& KGCD (?>>7%, KGCD g)Bkqgrfigft Stwdegs0 Igxeck, KGCD, ^jres, ?>>7& KGCD& (?>>3%, Thg g)Bkqgrfigft Ei~grjteqg& ^jres, Arjfcg0 Krbjfesjtekf akr Gckfkiec Ckk~grjtekf jfd Dgqglk~igft& ^jrdk, T& ! U& @ejfb (?>>2%, “Glgctrkfec bkqgrfjfcg jfd krbjfepjtekfjl trjfsakrijtekf’ ef JCI Eftgrfjtekfjl Ckfagrgfcg ^rkcggdefb Sgregs= Qkl& ?3?& ^jteúk, C& (?>>2%, Eftgrk~grjoeledjd& Gx~gregfcej dg g)Bkoegrfk gf Iåxeck, ^rgsgftjceóf gf gl Tgrcgr Tjllgr dg Trjoj`k dg lj _gd BGJLC, >3 u >4 dg ijuk dg ?>>2, Sjf @kså, Ckstj _ecj& Des~kfeolg gf0 >2Y ^jp, I& (?>>2%, Bkoegrfk Glgctrófeck gf Iåxeck Gstrjtgbej ?>>2 )?>:?, SA^) Efaktgc& ^kdgr G`gcwteqk dg lj Agdgrjceóf (?>>1%, Sgxtk Efakrig dg Bkoegrfk ^rgsedgftg Qecgftg Akx, Iåxeck& ^kdgr G`gcwteqk dg lj Agdgrjceóf (?>>7%, Zweftk Efakrig dg G`gcwceóf ?>>7, Iåxeck& ^kdgr G`gcwteqk dg lj Agdgrjceóf (?>>?%, Lj Jbgfdj ^rgsedgfcejl dg Owgf Bkoegrfk, Iåxeck& _kchglgjw, O& (?>>3%, ^kletecs, Jcckwftjoeletu, jfd Bkqgrfigftjl Efakrijtekf Sustgis& Ef B& D& Bjrskf (Gd&%, ^wolec Efakrijtekf Tgchfklkbu0 ^klecu jfd Ijfjbgigft Esswgs (~~& ?>) 7?%& Hgrshgu, ^J0 Edgj Brkw~ ^woleshefb& ^woleshe fb& Schglef, S& H& (?>>3%, G)Bkqgrfigft0 Jf Kqgrqeg& Ef B& D& Bjrskf (Gd&%, ^wolec Efakrijtekf Tgchfklkbu0 ^klecu jfd Ijfjbgigft Esswgs (~~& :?>):32%& Hgrshgu, ^J0 Edgj Brkw~ ^woleshefb SCT, ^rkbrjij Sgctkrejl dg Ckiwfecjcekfgs u Trjfs~krtgs, cj~étwlk segtg skorg gl ^rkbrjij g)Iåxeck& Sktglk, J& (?>>1%, Iåxeck0 bkoegrfk debetjl gf gx~jfseóf, Iåxeck& Stkgrs, B& (?>>4%, (?>>4%, Igjswrefb thg ^grakrijfcg ^grakrijfcg ka g)bkqgrfjfcg, ?>>4& Teiigrs, (?>>7%, Thg Ei~jct ka g)bkqgrfigft, ?>>7& WBG^TE (?>>4%, Kolebjcekfgs gf ijtgrej dg trjfs~jrgfcej Sgcrgtjréj dg lj Awfceóf ^ðolecj, htt~0++&awfcekf~wolecj&bko&ix+~t+kolebjcekfgs[trjfs~jrgfcej[ jrt[2+sa~+dkctks+sgrqeceks[swoa~+wbg~te&~da jrt[2+sa~+dkctks+sgrqeceks[swoa~+wbg~te&~da ]:2 dg decegiorg dg ?>>2Y WF (?>>8%, Wfetgd Fjtekfs g)Bkqgrfigft Swrqgu ?>>8& Arki G)Bkqgrfigft tk Ckffgctgd Bkqgrfjfcg, Wfetgd Fjtekfs, Fg Ukrm, ?>>8& < htt~0++wf~jf:&wf&krb+eftrjdkc+brkw~s+~wolec+dkcwigfts+WF+WF^JF>?81>2& ~da6 ]:> dg gfgrk dg ?>>8Y WF (?>>7%, Blkojl G)Bkqgrfigft _gjdefgss _g~krt ?>>7& Arki G)Bkqgrfigft tk G) Efclwsekf, Wfetgd Fjtekfs, Fg Ukrm, ?>>8&
4 5


eftrjdkc+brkw~s+~wolec+dkcwigfts+wf+wf~jf>?:888&~da 6 ]:> dg gfgrk dg ?>>8Y WF (?>>4%, Blkojl G)Bkqgrfigft _gjdefgss _g~krt ?>>4, Wfetgd Fjtekfs, Fg Ukrm, ?>>8& :5?>2&~da6 ]:> dg gfgrk dg ?>>8Y WF (?>>3%, WF Blkojl G)bkqgrfigft Swrqgu ?>>3, Wfetgd Fjtekfs, Fg Ukrm, ?>>8& :1>11& ~da6 ]:> dg gfgrk dg ?>>8Y WF (?>>>%, Jigrecjf Skcegtu akr ^wolec Blkojl Swrqgu ka G)Bkqgrfigft, Wfetgd Fjtekfs Deqesekf akr ^wolec Gckfkiecs jfd ^wolec Jdiefestrjtekf, ?>>>& WF^JF (?>>?%, WF^JF G)bkqgrfigft& _gtregqgd @wlu 8, ?>>?, arki &wf~jf&krb+gbkqgrfigft&js~ Rglch, G& R&, Heffjft, C& C&, jfd Ikkf, I& @& (?>>7%, Lefmefb Cetepgf Sjtesajctekf eth GBkqgrfigft jfd Trwst ef Bkqgrfigft& @kwrfjl ka ^wolec Jdiefestrjtekf _gsgjrch jfd Thgkru, :7(3%, 32:)35:& Rgst, D& I& (?>>4%, G)Bkqgrfigft jfd thg Trjfsakrijtekf ka Sgrqecg Dgleqgru jfd Cetepgf Jttetwdgs& ^wolec Jdiefestrjtekf _gqeg, 14(:%, :7)?2& Lgb eslj c eó f c kf swltj wltj d j Iåxeck, Lgu Krbêfecj dg lj Jdiefestrjceóf ^ðolecj Agdgrjl, ?5 dg decegiorg dg :521& ^kdgr G`gcwteqk Agdgrjl Sgcrgtjréj dg lj Awfceóf ^ðolecj, _gbljigftk Eftgrekr dg lj Sgcrgtjréj dg lj Awfceóf ^ðolecj, Iåxeck, :? dg decegiorg dg ?>>3, Dejrek Kaecejl dg lj Agdgrjceóf& ^kdgr G`gcwteqk Agdgrjl, Jcwgrdk zwg tegfg ~kr ko`gtk crgjr gf akrij ~grijfgftg lj Ckieseóf Eftgrsgcrgtjrejl ~jrj gl Dgsjrrkllk dgl Bkoegrfk Glgctrófeck, Iåxeck, 5 dg decegiorg dg ?>>7, Dejrek Kaecejl dg lj Agdgrjceóf& ^ê b efj s Rgo c kfswl kfswltj tj d j s Efstetwtk Fjcekfjl dg Gstjdéstecj Bgkbrjaéj g Efakriêtecj (EFGBE%0 &efgbe&bko&ix Sgcrgtjréj dg lj Awfceóf ^ðolecj (SA^%0 &awfcekf~wolecj&bko&ix+ Sestgij dg Eftgrfgt dg lj ^rgsedgfcej (SE^0 &se~&bko&ix+ &aerstbkq&bkq &cjfjdj&bc&cj htt~0++&cki~rjschelg&cl

7 >

CEDG

Fkqgdjdgs DEQESEÓF DG JDIEFEST_JCEÓF ^ÐOLECJ Cjsjr, Ij& Ji~jrk, Lks bkoegrfks sef ijukréj gf Iåxeck0 :552)?>>1, DTJ^):57 Dg Jfbketej, _gbefj, Lj gqklwceóf dg lks ~krtjlgs dgl bkoegrfk agdgrjl0 lj gx~gregfcej dg kchk dg~gfdgfcejs, DTJ^):51 Cjorgrk, Gfrezwg, Dg lj dgscgftrjlepjceóf ckik js~erjceóf j lj dgscgftrjlepjceóf ckik ~rkolgij, DTJ^):52 Skwr, Ljwrj u Gwfesgs _ksellk, »Cwêlgs skf lks rgswltjdks dgl ~rgsw~wgstk ~kr rgswltjdks;, DTJ^):58 Jrglljfk, Djqed u Rjltgr Lg~krg, ^rgqgfceóf u ckftrkl dg ckfalectks dg eftgrås0 lgccekfgs ~jrj lj Jdiefestrjceóf ^ðolecj Agdgrjl gf Iåxeck‡ , DTJ^):55 Skwr, Ljwrj u Argdu Beróf, Gl gagctk alu~j~gr dg ljs trjfsagrgfcejs eftgrbwogrfjigftjlgs eftgrbwogrfjigftjlgs dgl rjik ?8‡, DTJ^)?>> Ijrescjl, @wdeth, Ckfqgrbgfcej tgcfklóbecj u jrikfepjceóf rgbwljtkrej gf Iåxeck0 wfj gqjlwjceóf gqjlwjceóf dg lks efstrwigftks rgbwljtkreks, DTJ^)?>: Ijrescjl, @wdeth, Ijrmgt Str wctwrg ef thg Ljtef Jigrecjf Ikoelg Sgctkr Sgctkr, DTJ^)?>? Dg Jfbketej, _gbefj u Agrfjfdk _jiérgp, Gstrjtgbejs wtelepjdjs ~jrj ie feiepjr ckstks ~kr lks wswjreks dg tglgakféj cglwljr‡, DTJ^)?>3 Cg`wdk, Bwellgrik, Belogrtk Sêfchgp u Dekfesek Pjojlgtj, Gl (cjse efgxestgftg% dgojtg ckfcg~twjl skorg lj cjledjd dgl bkoegrfk , DTJ^)?>4

DEQESEÓF DG GCKFKIÉJ Hgrfêfdgp, Mólqgr, Stjtg)Dg~gfdgft Fkiefjl _ebedetegs ! Desefaljtekf ^rkbrjis ef Sijll K~gf Gckfkiegs, DTG)4:8 Hgrfêfdgp, Mólqgr jfd Jsle Lgolgoecekblw, J _gbeig Setchefb Jfjluses ka thg Gxchjfbg _jtg ^jss)thrkwbh , DTG)4:5 _jiérgp, @kså Cjrlks u Djqed @wêrgp, Qeg`js edgjs gckfóiecjs ckf fwgqjs tgcfklkbéjs ijtgiêtecjs , DTG)4?> Dglj`jrj, Ijrcglk, Hkwsghkld jfd Ckiiwfetu Dgtgriefjfts ka Efajfts― Fwtretekfjl Stjtws ef Jrbgftefj, DTG)4?: Qelljbóigp, Jlg`jfdrk, _kogrt Dwqjl u Lwcéj Cgrellj, Jfêleses dg lj gqklwceóf dg lj ijtrécwlj dg lj lecgfcejtwrj gf gckfkiéj gf Iåxeck, :524)?>>4, DTG)4?? Oretk, Djbkogrt jfd @wjf _ksgllóf, Zwjse)_gfts jfd ^recefb Bjs ef Igxeck, DTG)4?3 _ksgllóf, @wjf jfd Hjffgs Rgebt, J Dufjiec Efcgfteqg Igchjfesi akr Trjfsiessekf Gx~jfsekf ef Glgctrecetu Fgtkrms)Thgkru, Ikdglefb jfd J~~lecjtekf, DTG)4?4 Sieth, _ecjrdk, J Ikftg Cjrlk GI Jlbkrethi akr AEIL Gsteijtekf ka Iwlteqjrejtg Gfdkbgfkws Setchefb Ikdgls eth Cgfskrgd jfd Descrgtg _gs~kfsgs , DTG)4?7 Oretk, Djbkogrt jfd @wjf _ksgllóf, Lwi~u Efqgstigft ef _gbwljtgd Fjtwrjl Bjs ê~glefgs0 Jf J~~lecjtekf ka thg Thgkru ka Thg Sgckfd Ogst , DTG)4?1 De Bejffjtjlg, Skfej, ^jtrecej Ló~gp u Ijréj @kså _kj, Wfj eftrkdwcceóf ckfcg~twjl jl dgsjrrkllk aefjfcegrk, cj~etjl skcejl u jfkfeiedjd0 gl cjsk dg Iåxeck , DTG)4?2

DEQESEÓF DG GSTWDEKS EFTG_FJCEKFJLGS Bkfpêlgp, Bwjdjlw~g, ^grcg~cekfgs skcejlgs skorg lj iebrjceóf gf Iåxeck u Gstjdks Wfedks0 »hju gs~jceks ~jrj ckk~grjr;, DTGE):1? Ogrfhjrd, Relleji u Djqed Lgoljfb, Stjfdefb Tjll Rhgf thg Refd Sheats0 Aefjfcejl Ijrmgt _gs~kfsgs _gs~kfsgs tk Glgctekfs, Desjstgrs jfd Tgrrkrest Jttjcms, DTGE):13 Qglêpzwgp, _jajgl, Lj rgljceóf gftrg gl G`gcwteqk u gl Ckfbrgsk gf ijtgrej dg ~klétecj gxtgrekr dwrjftg gl sgxgfek dg Qecgftg Akx‡ , DTGE):14 _wjfk, Lkrgfj, Dg lj gxjltjceóf jl tgdek0 ljs rgljcekfgs gftrg Iåxeck u lj Wfeóf Gwrk~gj‡, DTGE):17 Ijrtéfgp, Agrrêf g Ebfjcek Ljbk ^gújs, Rhu fg ^jrtegs; Chjfbgs ef thg fwiogr ka ^jrtegs kqgr teig ethef Ckwftregs, DTGE):11 Sktkijukr, Jrtwrk, Iåxeck u lj KFW gf ikigftks dg trjfseceóf0 gftrg gl jcteqesik eftgrfjcekfjl, eftgrfjcekfjl, ~jrêleses eftgrfj u creses eftgrfjcekfjl eftgrfjcekfjl, DTGE):12 Qgljsck, @gsðs, Jcwgrdk iebrjtkrek0 lj dgoeledjd dg l j gs~grjfpj, gs~grjfpj, DTGE):18 Qglêpzwgp, _jajgl u _kogrtk Dkiéfbwgp, _gljcekfgs Iåxeck)Wfeóf Gwrk~gj0 wfj gqjlwjceóf bgfgrjl gf gl sgxgfek dgl ~rgsedgftg Qecgftg Akx , DTGE):15 Ijrtéfgp e Ckij, Agrrêf g Ebfjcek Ljbk ^gújs, »Zwå ~egfsjf lks igxecjfks dg lks Gstjdks Wfedks;, DTGE):2> Qgljsck, @gsðs, Lkw Dkoos jfd thg _esg ka Ikdgrf Fjteqesi, DTGE):2:

DEQESEÓF DG GSTWDEKS @W_ÉDECKS Ijbjlkfe, Jfj Ljwrj, »Cóik gstwdejr gl dgrgchk dgsdg wfj ~grs~gcteqj defêiecj; , DTG@):5 Akfdgqelj, Bwstjqk, Cwi~leiegftk dg fkrijteqj u sjtesajcceóf ljokrjl0 wf gstwdek dg ei~jctk gf Iåxeck, DTG@)?> ^ksjdjs, Jlg`jfdrk, Lj gdwcjceóf `wrédecj gf gl CEDG (Iåxeck%& Gl jdgcwjdk ojljfcg gftrg lj effkqjceóf u lj trjdeceóf , DTG@)?: Efbrji, Ijtthg C&, @wdecejl ^kletecs ef thg Igxecjf Stjtgs0 Thgkrgtecjl jfd Igthkdklkbecjl Igthkdklkbecjl Akwfdjtekfs Akwfdjtekfs, DTG@)?? Akfdgqelj, Bwstjqk g Efbrji Ijtthg, Dgtgfceóf u wsk dg lj awgrpj, DTG@)?3 Ijbjlkfe, Jfj Ljwrj u Jfj Ijréj Eojrrj Klbwéf, Lj ckfaebwrjceóf `wres~rwdgfcejl dg lks dgrgchks awfdjigftjlgs‡, DTG@)?4 Ijbjlkfe, Jfj Ljwrj, »^kr zwå lj Sw~rgij Ckrtg fk hj sedk wf efstrwigftk ~jrj lj dgagfsj dg dgrgchks awfdjigftjlgs;, DTG@)?7 Ijbjlkfe, Jfj Ljwrj, Jroetrjregdjd g efgaecegfcej dg lj ~rkcwrjceóf dg `wstecej0 dks cjrjs dg lj iesij ikfgdj, DTG@)?1 Eojrrj, Jfj Ijréj, Lks jrteaeceks dg lj Dkbiêtecj @wrédecj, DTG@)?2 Aegrrk, Jfj Glgfj u Jdrejfj Bjrcéj, _gs~kfsjoeledjd ~jtreikfejl dgl Gstjdk& Eftgr~rgtjceóf dg lj SC@F dgl jrtécwlk ::3 ckfstetwcekfjl, DTG@)?8

DEQESEÓF DG GSTWDEKS ^KLÉTECKS Lghkwcz, Ajorecg, Rhu es Strwctwrjl _gakri Stjfbfjtefb ef Igxeck; ^klecu _gakri G~eskdgs arki Sjlefjs tk Akx, DTG^):57 Ogftkf, Jlluskf, Ljtef Jigrecj―s (Lgbjl% Swofjtekfjl Jwthkretjrejf Gfcljqgs0 Thg Cjsg ka Igxeck, DTG^):51 Jftetr wst Thgkru ka Brkw~ _gckbfetekf, DTG^) Hjcmgr, Cjsejfk u @gaargu Thkijs, Jf Jftetrwst :52 Hjcmgr, Cjsejfk u @gaargu Thkijs, K~grjtekfjlepefb K~grjtekfjlepefb jfd _gckfstrwctefb _gckfstrwctefb thg Thgkru ka Fjtekfjlesi , DTG^):58 Ljfbstkf, @ku u Jlluskf Ogftkf, “J rjs dg swglk’0 Cjfdedjtg J~~gjrjfcgs jfd Gqgfts ef Igxeck―s ^rgsedgftejl Cji~jebf, DTG^):55 Fgbrgttk, Bjoregl, Thg Dwrjoeletu ka Ckfstetwtekfs ef Chjfbefb Gfqerkfigfts‡, DTG^)?>> Ljfbstkf, @ku, Hjstj gf ljs ig`krgs ajielejs0 Ijdrjpk jfd thg ^_E ef thg ?>>1 ^rgsedgftejl Glgctekfs, DTG^)?>: Schgdlgr, Jfdrgjs, ^rktgst Ogjts Ijfe~wljtekf& Gx~lkrefb Skwrcgs ka Eftgr~jrtu Cki~gtetekf wfdgr Cki~gteteqg jfd Hgbgikfec Hgbgikfec Jwthkretjrejfesi, DTG^)?>? Qelljbóigp, Jlg`jfdrk u @gffeagr Ajrejs, Jfêleses dg lj gqklwceóf dg lj ijtrécwlj dg ljs lecgfcejtwrjs gf C^, J^ u _E gf Iåxeck, :524)?>>4, DTG^)?>3 _éks, @wlek, @wdecejl @wdecejl Efstetwtekfs Efstetwte kfs jfd Ckrrw~tekf Ckftrkl, DTG^)?>4

DEQESEÓF DG HESTK_EJ Ojrróf, Lwes, _gqklwcekfjreks sé, ~grk _gqklwceóf fk , DTH)44 ê~etkfg, Wbk, Kjxjcj0 ckiwfedjd, efstetwcekfgs, qjfbwjrdejs , DTH)47 Ojrróf, Lwes, Qgfwstejfk Cjrrjfpj0 wf ~kléteck ~kraerejfk gf l j _gqklwceóf _gqklwceóf, DTH)41 Tgfkrek, Ijwrecek u Ljwrgfcek Sjfbwefk, Krébgfgs dg wfj cewdjd igxecjfj0 Checjbk u lj cegfcej dgl Igxecjf ^rkolgi (:5>>):53>%, DTH)42 _k`js, _jajgl, @kså Ijréj Hgrgdej u lj trjdeceóf rg~wolecjfj, DTH)48 _k`js, _jajgl, Trjdwctkrgs dg lj leogrtjd0 gl jigrecjfesik dg lks ~reigrks rg~wolecjfks , DTH)45 Sêfchgp, Iófecj @wdeth, Hestkru qs& thg Gtgrfjl ^rgsgft kr Leogrjl Efdeqedwjlesi jfd thg Ikrjletu Ikrjle tu ka Cki~jssekf jfd Trwst, DTH)7> Igdefj, Lwes, Sjledj0 lks júks dg Pgdellk , DTH)7: Sjwtgr, Iechjgl, Thg Gdect kf _glebekf ka :288 jfd thg Stjtestecs ka ^wolec Descwssekf ef ^rwssej, DTH)7? Sjwtgr, Iechjgl, Ckfscegfcg jfd thg _hgtkrec ka Arggdki0 Aechtg―s _gjctekf tk thg Gdect kf _glebekf, DTH)73

Gobierno Electrónico en México

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