Introduction
Much has been written and debated over recent years about the and the efect o climate change, change, global warming warming , worlds diminishing diminishing natural resources resources and the increased use use o energy in our day-to-day day-to-day lives. There are are many components present present in the atmosphere atmosphere o the earth. 78% o the atmosphere is itrogen gas and !"% o it is #$ygen gas. There are so many other types o gases present in small uantities such as carbon dio$ide &'#!(, methane, chloro)uorocarbons &'*'s( and water vapour, which are recently +nown as greenhouse gases. These greenhouse gases have a vital role in maintaing the average temperature o the earth. ut the increase in the amount o these gases would cause a serious danger to the earths atmosphere and could bring an end to living beings in the world. /lobal warming is a dramatic increase in temperature o the earth within a short period o time because o several reasons .0arth receives radiations rom sun. The radiation radiation rom the sun that reaches reaches the outer outer limits o the atmosphere atmosphere is mainly in the visible and ultraviolet regions. 1art o this energy is absorbed by the earth and its atmosphere, and part is re)ected bac+ into space. The part that gets absorbed helps to heat the earth, and the earth in turn radiates energy bac+ into space. 2 steady state is reached where the earth is radiating energy as ast as it absorbs it. 3nder such conditions, the average temperature o the 0arth remains constant. ut this regular phenomenon is afected by several acts, and one o the ma4or act is greenhouse gases such as Methane, '*'s, 'arbon dio$ide. These gases absorb some o the inrared radiation emitted rom the surace o the earth and prevent it being re-radiated into space. The efect o this ma+es the earth eart h warmer. 1
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The second second largest orce orce in terms o o greenhouses greenhouses gases gases is carbon carbon dio$ide. 'arbon dio$ide contributes 5% to !6% o the greenhouse gases which causes global warming. This carbon dio$ide is added to atmosphere by both the natural process and human activities. atural processes such and volcano eruption and respiration releases carbon dio$ide. 2nd also the human activities such as deorestation, land use changes and usage o ossil uels add much more to t carbon dio$ide he atmosphere. . n the last ew decades the amount o carbon dio$ide released to the environment has increased. The ndustrial ndustrial revolution revolution occurred in "5th century is directly or indirectly a actor which afects human lie through environmental pollution. This had become a serious issue because carbon dio$ide is a greenhouse gas which increases the average temperature o earth. 'limate change model predict that such a doubling would result in temperature rises o between !' and 9.:' &with a estimate o about ;'(2.2lthough ;' may not sound much, it will be enough to have a dramatic efect on the global climate.
rst countries to introduce legislation legislation to cut its carbon ootprint and has set targets aiming to cut 3? emissions by ;9% by !=!= and and at least 8=% by !=:= 3
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GLOBAL WARMING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING
The government has also identi>ed that !7% o the nations output is emitted rom 3? households and as such aiming to ensure that all new homes are constructed to run Hcarbon IeroJ by !="6. To encourage this change on !7 *ebruary !==8, the /overnment con>rmed a mandatory rating system or homes The 'ode or Kustainable @omes 3 to assess and score the sustainability perormance o new home and o the site. n addition to these goals the government has pro4ected that a total o three million new homes are needed by !=!=, two million o them by !="6 to meet the growing demand and address afordability issues, setting the 3? housing industry a production target o !9==== new homes a year. 2s a result the 3? house building sector is acing increasing demands to understand sustainable and innovative construction practices in order to achieve these goals. 4 The production o cement is a highly energy intensive production process dominated by burning o carbon intensive uels such as coal, as a conseuence the cement industry is a ma4or emitter o carbon dio$ide emissions. The production o a typical house bric+ involves >ring clay in +ilns in temperature generally in the range 5==-"!== degrees centigrade. @eat o this magnitude is again generated through the burning o carbon intensive uels.
bloc+s ma+e a signi>cant contribution to global carbon dio$ide emissions 5. Curing the production process appro$imately " ton o carbon dio$ide is released to the atmosphere or every ton o production o bric+s made o cement 6. 'ivil engineers have power over +ey sectors such as construction, transport, water supply, drainage and )ood deences. These are the sectors which cause efects on global warming and also these are being afected by global warming. nitial concepts o sustainable housing, oten labelled as 0co *riendly and /reen were once seen as a ad more than necessity. The term green means that the material is produced by a sustainable source and made by renewable materials. Aecently attitudes towards these types o home have changed and this type o construction is thought to be increasing in popularity, as members o the population have become more conscious and engaged around environmental issues, encouraged by the governments and environmental organisations now actively promoting the needs and bene>ts o these types o home. 2s a result sustainability has now become the +ey consideration now when building a new house. 7
;- httpEFFwww.planningportal.gov.u+FuploadsFcodeGorGsustainableGhomesGtechguide.pd 9- httpEFFwww.greenbeams.comFstate.pd :- httpEFFwww.greenbeams.comFstate.pd 6- httpEFFwww.celsias.comFarticleFcarbon-negative-encos-bric+sF 7- httpEFFwww.pu-europe.euFsiteF>leadminFAeportsGpublicFsustainabilityGaGguide.pd
SUSTAINABLE MODERN METHODS OF COSTRUCTION
The modern method o construction &MM'( is the term used to describe a number o construction methods that are alternative to the traditional bric+ and bloc+ method o construction. 2ttributes contained with MM' should be sustainability, eLciency and uality. The consensus amongst industry proessionals is that MM' alls into the categories such as industrial construction, nnovative systems that can be constructed on-site, #f-site assembly, #f-site construction, #f-site manuacture, Modular construction, 1re-abricated construction, Kystem building TM0A *A2M0K *igures rom 3?T*2 annual mar+et report suggests that the building sectors, timber rame mar+et share now stands at !9.9% o all new housing in the 3?. Timber rame has its obvious environmental credentials being an organic, nonorganic and naturally renewable building material bac+ed by many sources that a typical tree used in construction absorbs tons o carbon dio$ide rom the atmosphere. *or these reasons timber rame housing is typically seen as an obvious H greenJ construction material and this bodes true provided the timber is sourced rom a certi>ed suppliers. 8 2dvantages o using timber ramesE •
•
•
•
Timber rames are renewable resources and in 0urope there is an e$cess production o sotwood, and thereore the stoc+ o timber rame is increasing each year. 2s timber rames absorb carbon rom the atmosphere they are said to be carbon-neutral. 2t the end o its use they can also be used to get energy by burning it. 3sing timber rames ma+es the construction process to be ast. t can be reduced by != per cent o wor+ing days. ecause o the high insulation property and as it is a low embodied energy source timber rames helps to reduce carbon emission though out the lie o the constructed building. 2nd each building stores about 9 tonnes o carbon dio$ide 9 .
2ccording to 3?T*2 H all new houses built in the 3? since "59: had been timber rame, more than ;== million tonnes o '#! would have been saved. 2t the current building rates, it will ta+e us another !== years to achieve carbon savings o this magnitude.J 9
8- httpEFFwww.timberramesweb.comFenvironment.html 5- httpEFFu+ta.comFthe-environmentF
LIME BASED TECHNOLOGIES
Bime products are made rom the sedimentary roc+ limestone commonly ound in the 3?. Bime is already regularly used in the construction industry however it is more versatile than its predominant use as a mortar, render or putty. . Bime technologies have advanced in recent years and when used in con4unction with a combination o cementitious binders, and other crop based bul+ing materials, building product comparable to the traditional bric+ and bloc+ have begun to emerge, with many companies manuacturing and mar+eting a version o crop based building bloc+. Bime technology is one company using such technologies. Ta+ing hemp hurds & a by-product o the 3?s agriculture and industrial process ( its @empcrete building products are now well recognised proprietary items.
Tradical @empcrete 10 state that their products Hare uniue, highly sustainable construction products or creation o insulating walls as well as insulation layers or )oors and roos. @empcrete is a blend o specially prepared hemp shiv and a special lime based binder. Together these products orm a bio-composite building material that can be used both or creation o buildings that have e$cellent thermal and acoustic properties as well as creating a healthy living and wor+ing environment. These type o building technologies are considered by many to be a undamentally renewable and i claims that these produts are carbon negative, &due to the '#! embodied in the growing and harvesting being greater than emitted during in the >ring processes( then it would have considerable sustainability advantages over traditional building materials. 2lthough limeFcrop based building materials generally have low load bearing capacities when used con4unction with other sustainable construction methods &such as timber(, structural building envelopes can be created that are highly thermally eLcient as well as structural. These products can be delivered as propriety units or mi$ed on site or ast trac+ construction and can be easily be made waterproo, >reproo and air-tight. n addition these products, do not rot, are not susceptible to pest attac+ and are completely recyclable with many the suppliers claiming ertiliIer can be created rom demolition processes.
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"=- httpEFFwww.limetechnology.co.u+FpdsF'1CG[email protected] ideo- httpEFFwww.youtube.comFwatchNvOP$pbQ9:0RCs
STRAW BASED TECHNOLOGIES
Ktraw is another 3? agriculture by-product &mainly wheat(. The methods o disposing o straw has long been debated, with many tonnes o straw burnt causing obvious air pollution issues. @omes constructed rom straw have been around or decades and their use in 2merican houses dates as ar bac+ as the nineteenth century. The 3?s >rst straw building was constructed in "559 however this menthod is now slowly gaining popularity as a legimate sustainable structural product. Aecently ?esteven Cistrict 'ouncil have been commissioned the use o straw technologies in construction development to create a number or social housing scheme and claim that they are much cheaper to build than traditional bric+-built properties o similar siIe and design, and are also more sustainable.11 The most basic construction process involved in creating a straw home is to use tightly- pac+ed straw bale tied together structurally with haIel sta+es to orm the e$ternal load bearing walls. The bales walls are then covered with a natural plaster render to orm a water tight structure. 2maIonails leading 3? straw bale building company claim that sutainable very thermally eLcient housing that can easily reach 'K@ rating : can be built or on average S!=,=== less than any li+e or li+e traditionally constructed home. n addition to this basic orm o straw construction, more sophisticated orms o straw technologies have been developed.12 . 1reabricated sotwood rames with compressed straw in>ll are being pioneered in the 3? by companies such as 0coab and Mod-cell. These innovations and technologies are being continued urther by a )ying actory concept which involves sourcing locally armed close to a site and setting up wor+shops to abricate standardised structural panels. This innovative approach vastly decreases transportation and construction times as well being inherently a low carbon solution.
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BLOCS MADE FROM SEWAGE
The combination o ash rom burned sewage with vegetable oil to ma+e bloc+s are classi>ed as carbon-negative because the oil comes rom plants which have drawn out '=! rom the atmosphere. Ktandard oils turn as a solid binding mi$ture rom a viscous liuid during the original process o ma+ing the bloc+. on rigg, a spo+esman or Ror+shire ll. H
successully to the mar+et. These bric+s have also passed the tests in >re, reeIe, thaw and compressive strength 1!. 2nd the report o est ood orward Btd states that these bric+s made o sewage results reduction o "6=% and "!=% respectively in greenhouse gas emmisions.
";- httpEFFwww.celsias.comFarticleFcarbon-negative-encos-bric+sF httpEFFencosltd.comFwp-contentFuploadsF!="!F=;F0cobuild!="!.pd
DISUSED SHI""ING CONTAINERS
*ollowing on rom the techniues previously discussed, disused shipping containers are being loo+ed at as an alternative type o modular construction. Khipping containers are integral components in enabling the worlds trading industry to import and e$port produces to every developed country and many under Ddeveloped countries all over the world. These shipping containers, currently estimates put surplus shipping container numbers at around !=U million worldwide. Khipping containers are steel storage bo$es generally constructed rom 'orton steel designed not to rust or corrode in addition to being able to withstand the wind, rain, salt e$treme loadings and direct impacts and multiple layers o sac+ing that the shipping container are sub4ected whilst being transported and store thousands o miles around the globe. These attributes are attractive ualities that would suitably >t the criteria reuired or new home and as such shipping containers are now being loo+ed at as practical alternative method o construction. n the short term a direct comparison with traditional building method would suggest that shipping containers are a more environmentally riendly option as the concept o using disused shipping containers is undamentally the recycling o an unwanted waste product. 2s with all modular construction assembly is sample, ast and can be constructed in sae of site actory conditions. These conditions ensure that uality is maintained throughV accurate designs can be met allowing rapid erection to ta+e place once the units arrive on site and with shipping containers already conorm to standard shipping siIes ma+ing the transporting the converted shipping container house is
a relatively easy process. 2dditional bene>ts are the units arrive at site completely weatherproo so that interiors wor+ can commence immediately and remain protected through the assembly process. n some instances actory production has advanced to an e$tent that units can actually be complete ully >tted out beore arrival on site. The main advantage o using shipping containers is energy management. 2s this is being reused these shipping containers, they doesnt have to be melted in to its raw material which reuires an enormous amount o energy. ecause according to 3? government energy management plays a vital role in reduction o carbon emission , hence the reduction o global warming. 1#
"9- httpEFFmoderngov.sthelens.gov.u+Fmg'onvert!1C*.asp$NCO"=!:" &page 7(
INSULATING CONCRETE FORMWOR $ICF%
nsulating concrete ormwor+ &'*( is an insulated in- situ concrete system o using polystyrene building bloc+s that loc+ together in a similar ashion to Bego without the need or intermediate bedding materials to create a ormwor+ to which concrete can be poured. This method has become an established mainstream practice or building houses in countries such as 'anada , /ermany, *rance and the 3K2, however a number companies li+e 2M', 'A0# group and 1olarwall are now promoting the use o this method o ofering their services to 3? house builders. The structural shell o a basic house can be erected by positioning polystyrene bloc+s in a manner comparable to that o traditional bloc+s beore pumping concrete to orm the walls. The system is said 1& to contain greater strength and ofer earlier build times than traditional approaches saving on overall construction costs. The construction itsel is a very simple process that is ast and precise and leaves minimal construction waste, reuiring less euipment than alternative methods and can be carried out using small numbers o semi- s+illed site staf. n terms o sustainability the polystyrene building bloc+s used in '* can be recycled and concrete mi$es can be tailored to meet environmental standards. The construction materials are readily available
and in most case locally sourced, with the necessary additional measures to meet the reuirement to reach higher levels o the sustainable code or homes easily incorporated without adding huge cost beyond that o bric+ and bloc+. These advantages are leading manuactures to see '* as direct competition or bric+ and bloc+ construction. There are many more advantages in using nsulating concrete ormwor+ such as saving energy, >re saety, thermal eLciency and acoustic perormance. 2nd due to its high perormance in thermal insulation and air in >ltration the carbon emission rom the building becomes signi>cantly low. ecause o materials such as polystyrene which and uniue cavity closures '* has a greater insulation property. This can reduce the energy consumption by ;=%. 1'
":-2.Tovey, .Aoberts, M.+ilcommons - Cesign and 'onstruction 3sing nsulated 'oncrete *ormwor+. &httpEFFwww.docstoc.comFdocsF!!:6:!:5FCesign-and-'onstruction-using-nsulating'oncrete-*ormwor+ ( "6- httpEFFenergyeLcientbuilders.co.u+Fhow-green-is-ichttpEFFwww.ic-tech.comF
OFF SITE MANUFACTURING
Many see the method o using ofsite actory construction to create housing as essence o what MM' actually is. The @'s document 2 /uide to Modern 'onstruction Methods 1(highlights the various orms the ofsite housing manuacturing can ta+e these being such as ofsite manuactured D 1anelised, ofsite manuactured Dolumetric, ofsite manuactured D@ybrid, ofsite manuactured D Kub-assemblies and components. @owever panelised and volumetric manuacturing are the two main orms o Modern Methods o 'onstruction and these methods are areas currently being used to supersede traditional methods o construction. olumetric construction is more generally reerred to as modular construction and is the process o manuacturing the individual rooms to a home under strict control actory conditions ater which they can be delivered directly to site as a completed unit reducing site wor+ing time considerably. These individual units are oten reerred to pods and can be made rom most construction materials including light guage steel rame, timber rame and material composites. 2t present the most reuent use o this method
is or bathroom or +itchen areas &this way o wor+ing enables many o the reired >$tures and >ttings to be assembled in the actory( although more instances are occurring where modules ma+ing up the entire home are being abricated. #f site construction is the best suited and becomes more eLcient when large numbers o identical houses are reuired. The other main type o manuacturing is panelised method 1) .This construction type involves preabricating components o the home such as the walls, )oors and roos again in specialised actories beore transporting the completed units to be assembled on site. 2s previously mentioned timber rame walls are regularly constructed in this manner although numerous other walling materials such as lightweight steels and components concretes are now constructed in this manner. n terms o walling panels the orms usually comprise either a structural insulated panels &K1K( these generally comprise a sandwiching an insulating material core between two layers o a sheet material or open or closed panelsE #pen panels are constructed and delivered to site where insulation, windows , services and lining are >tted. tted. t is suggested that this type o house building is uture o house building due to the obvious economical and speed bene>ts it ofers and there are currently many companies involved in this type production. Total carbon dio$ide emission o building a new house is about :6 tones. The ofsite manuactured house has "7% lower emission than the houses which are built on site.1*
"7- ational @ouse uilding 'ouncil @' D 2 /uide to modern 'onstruction Methods. "8- 1arlimentary #Lce o Kcience and Technology D 1#KT guidance &!==;( &httpEFFwww.parliament.u+FdocumentsFpostFpostpn!=5.pd ( "5- httpEFFwww.censa.org.u+FdocsFK2-3?GAeportG=7-=9G#[email protected]
DRIVING THE USE OF ALTERNATIVE INNOVATIVE BUILDING MATERILAS
1#BT'2BE The implementation o legally binding international commitments such as the ?yoto 1rotocol and 03 0nergy 1erormance o uildings Cirective aimed at reducing harmul emissions have given rise to a number o 3? national and regional level drivers and incentives that signi>cantly show the governments
intent to address sustainability issues over recent years. The code or sustainable housing is the /overnments +ey or driving sustainability in the domestic construction sector and although the 'K@ is at presents still a voluntary document, there are signs that the government is progressing towards a mandatory enorcement. ts o using other sustainable construction products. This broader +nowledge could lead to alternative products being implemented that are than 4ust measures to satisy the reuirements set out in code but potentially more environmentally and economically viable and in time could become a more >nancially bene>cial to the way in which homes are constructed. The prospect o the 'K@ as legislation alongside 0nergy 1erormance 'erti>cates could in)uence the way house builders select and utilise their building materials. 'ommissioned by government a review o the 3?s housing supply was carried out by bar+er in !==9 20 . The report ound that there was an afordable housing shortage which was creating a Hwidening social and economic divide with in 3?J The government is now attempting to address this housing supply shortage by setting the house building industry high targets to supply appro$imately ; million new 3? homes by !="6 and has published the sustainable 'ommunities- uilding or the *uture 21report which outlines a ma4or new house building programme to help this meet growth. 'ontained within this report are details advocating the use o MM' H to get homes built more uic+ly, more saely, and to a higher standard.J t also speci>es that a proportion o dwellings procured using public unds will have to constructed using innovative methods to create new afordable housing as well != -ar+er ? D Aeview o @ousing supply D Celivering KtabilityE Kecuring our *uture @ousing eeds &!==9( &httpEFFimage.guardian.co.u+Fsys->lesF/uardianFdocumentsF!==9F=;F"7Far+er.pd ( !"- #Lce o the deputy 1rime minister C1M(- Kustainable communitiesE uilding or the uture . &httpEFFwww.communities.gov.u+FdocumentsFcommunitiesFpdF"96!85.pd (
ISSUES IN USING ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS+
The one main problem o using lime and hemp materials or construction o houses is weather, which ta+es twice as long e$pected. The construction should be done when the temperature o the environment is above : degree 'elsius, because lime is sensitive to rost damage applied and it ta+es. t ta+es longer time to dry during wet and cold conditions. There is more possibility or the ormation o mould in the wall during dry climate condition due to the wetness o wall. ut as lime has high ph value it can prevent the ormation o mould. !!
“However, the maintenance burden associated with hemp is regarded as comparatively small. As an in-situ material, repairs, minor alterations or remedial works are likely to be accommodated with comparative ease. Apparently, the material has been used extensively for “plaster mouldings in houses across !rance"#$% &''().
@ouses made o shipping containers have to be insulated more than the houses made o bric+, bloc+ or wood structures. ecause metals conduct heat very well. Cue to the increase in temperature moist will condense in the wall, rust will orm unless the wall is well sealed. Babours should be specialised in welding cutting o steel. 2AA0AKE There are number o barriers hindering the implementation o building sustainable houses as a whole. These barriers are oten directly lin+ed to reasons behind why alternative structural building materials are not chosen. The main indenti>ed barriers can be grouped as either Technical, Kocial and 'ultural or *inancial issues. TechnicalE 2 +ey area rom Taylor cant barrier against that demand o sustainable home is the lac+ o consumer +nowledge resulting rom government ineLciently communicating the bene>ts to the public, with 7=% o homeowners claiming to +now little or nothing at all about sustainable homes. 2 ma4or barrier that ties in with this lac+ o +nowledge is a typical preconception amongst home buyer is that traditional constructed homes are better and that they are well built and is robust homes. *inancialE @ouse builders li+e all those operating in mar+eting environments are mindul o acuiring any new product that carries potential cost ris+s. This cautionary attitude towards new building innovations is a barrier that is unli+ely to be removed until suppliers provide greater openness o the associated costs o their sustainable construction techniues, materials etc.
costs database that uanti>es the actual cost o using alternative sustainable product and methods in practice. Taylor nancial implications o home buyerE HThe cost o diferent levels o the 'ode or Kustainable @omes are signi>cantly higher than those published in the /overnments 'osts 2nalysis o *inal Aeport &uly !==8( our e$perience to date suggests that customers would not be prepared to pay the amounts reuired to reach the higher 'ode levels.J 2!
!!-httpEFFgse.cat.org.u+FpublicGdownloadsFresearchFhempFbuildingGwithGhempGandGlime.pd !;- Taylorwimpey D 2nalysing the 'ode or Kustainable @omes !== 8 &httpEFFplc.taylorwimpey.co.u+FAesourcesFCocumentsFcodeGorGsustainableGhomesGanalysis.pd (
R,-,r,nc,. "-T@0 '@2// <#ABC #* <02T@0A D &'live 'arpenter( !-httpEFFen.wi+ipedia.orgFwi+iF/lobalGwarming ;- httpEFFwww.decc.gov.u+FenFcontentFcmsFwhatGweGdoFu+GsupplyFenergyGmi$FccsFoccsFoccs.asp$ accessed !F"!F!="= ;- httpEFFwww.planningportal.gov.u+FuploadsFcodeGorGsustainableGhomesGtechguide.pd 9- httpEFFwww.greenbeams.comFstate.pd :- httpEFFwww.greenbeams.comFstate.pd 6- httpEFFwww.celsias.comFarticleFcarbon-negative-encos-bric+sF 7- httpEFFwww.pu-europe.euFsiteF>leadminFAeportsGpublicFsustainabilityGaGguide.pd 8- httpEFFwww.timberramesweb.comFenvironment.html 5- httpEFFu+ta.comFthe-environmentF "=- httpEFFwww.limetechnology.co.u+FpdsF'1CGntroductionGtoG@emcrete.pd ""- httpEFFnews.bbc.co.u+F"FhiFenglandFlincolnshireF759889;.stm "!-httpEFFwww.eminnovation.org.u+F1age.asp$NK1O9;85 ";- httpEFFwww.celsias.comFarticleFcarbon-negative-encos-bric+sF "9- httpEFFmoderngov.sthelens.gov.u+Fmg'onvert!1C*.asp$NCO"=!:" &page 7( ":-2.Tovey, .Aoberts, M.+ilcommons - Cesign and 'onstruction 3sing nsulated 'oncrete *ormwor+. &httpEFFwww.docstoc.comFdocsF!!:6:!:5FCesign-and-'onstruction-using-nsulating'oncrete-*ormwor+ (
"6- httpEFFenergyeLcientbuilders.co.u+Fhow-green-is-ichttpEFFwww.ic-tech.comF "7- ational @ouse uilding 'ouncil @' D 2 /uide to modern 'onstruction Methods. "8- 1arliamentary #Lce o Kcience and Technology D 1#KT guidan ce &!==;( &httpEFFwww.parliament.u+FdocumentsFpostFpostpn!=5.pd ( "5- httpEFFwww.censa.org.u+FdocsFK2-3?GAeportG=7-=9G#[email protected] != -ar+er ? D Aeview o @ousing supply D Celivering KtabilityE Kecuring our *uture @ousing eeds &!==9( &httpEFFimage.guardian.co.u+Fsys->lesF/uardianFdocumentsF!==9F=;F"7Far+er.pd ( !"- #Lce o the deputy 1rime minister C1M(- Kustainable communitiesE uilding or the uture .
&httpEFFwww.communities.gov.u+FdocumentsFcommunitiesFpdF"96!85.pd !!-httpEFFgse.cat.org.u+FpublicGdownloadsFresearchFhempFbuildingGwithGhempGandGlime.pd !;- Taylorwimpey D 2nalysing the 'ode or Kustainable @omes !== 8 &httpEFFplc.taylorwimpey.co.u+FAesourcesFCocumentsFcodeGorGsustainableGhomesGanalysis.pd (
'halleneges Ktraw- httpEFFen.wi+iboo+s.orgFwi+iFKtrawGaleG'onstructionF1rintGversion
Barriers page 38-More Straw Bale Building: A Complete Guide To Designing And Building With
Straw By Chris Magwood !eter Ma"# Tina Therrien
@ouse built with straw