A A
.§ : '
z
§
<
OR G prM ofar>tbt of ar>tbt at Uivnsty ofVena. of Vena. H thf 1tlv<' h piw; 0k�, irvlndg e prequd to is S(TGgn I., u1�!cd in Eglsh by
Pe KV B is 1 \ \ } h gJl h
ofC:t1wia, Dvk H $ h f G
u·�iy C Ps, ha 637 ;k Prs L h Uiwy Chg
f\xce"m a of G of Go o vem vem n nt 2 . 3 G1toa C Vd 5 Fs, Mu Ao 65 d
A ghq res'V Phid 205 Pit h of mea 1
9
S
) 1 3 4 ,
(c): O·T60014 ( o<26·0':·4
I o o
pul,Jh © .Roh(·' dm oCN Cnt;gg�Vbk I A;mc Gi 9
[S�·b E] A t K At p
lb!O p. ) d x M 0
'Jltr No vH
4
® u fh h l rn1iwl0 Sdc'C$�Pem:<\ p I < M\ N 3,S:.
<
OR G prM ofar>tbt of ar>tbt at Uivnsty ofVena. of Vena. H thf 1tlv<' h piw; 0k�, irvlndg e prequd to is S(TGgn I., u1�!cd in Eglsh by
Pe KV B is 1 \ \ } h gJl h
ofC:t1wia, Dvk H $ h f G
u·�iy C Ps, ha 637 ;k Prs L h Uiwy Chg
f\xce"m a of G of Go o vem vem n nt 2 . 3 G1toa C Vd 5 Fs, Mu Ao 65 d
A ghq res'V Phid 205 Pit h of mea 1
9
S
) 1 3 4 ,
(c): O·T60014 ( o<26·0':·4
I o o
pul,Jh © .Roh(·' dm oCN Cnt;gg�Vbk I A;mc Gi 9
[S�·b E] A t K At p
lb!O p. ) d x M 0
'Jltr No vH
4
® u fh h l rn1iwl0 Sdc'C$�Pem:<\ p I < M\ N 3,S:.
Vher posible, he d fenc t puhd ranslaion f Agmbn' :rh Gm and I n th rtCc ls Fw� ve d sn sn n t h e xt, xt, a n d !h hequyb mJe. Wh Wh n n hlray th fr;1 n h txt n n re o h , he od th Eng�h d (. [Benj W ed , h ansln .
9 "
�
d
;
d
The State of Exception Exception as a Paradigm o Govement
11 Th tial tiguit btw th tat f pti ad v
rigt rigt wa tablihd by Carl Shitt i h i b s s T lthugh hi fau dit f h vrig a h wh ge 922). lthugh dd th tat f pti» ha b widly td ad diud thr i til thry f th tat f pt pt i publ law ad jurit a d thrit f pubi law t rgard th th pbl r a a qes tha a a gui juridial prbl. Nt i uh a thr dd i llgitiat b th authr w (flwg th a it ai ardig t whih nece egem nn e [it ha law]) afr that th tat f ity whih th pti i fudd at hav a juridial fr but it i diult v t ar riv at a diti f th tr giv it piti at th liit btw piti ad law Idd ardig t a widly hld pii th tat f pti titut a pit f ibala btw publi law ad plitia fat (SaitBt 20 28 that i ituatdli ivil war iurrti ad ritai a abiguu urtai brdrli frig at th itrti itrti f f th lgal ad th pitial (t aa 1999 16). Th quti f brdr b all th r urgt: if ptial aur ar th rult rult f prid f plitial plitial ri ad a uh ut b udrtd plitial ad t juridittutial grud (D Marti 9332 ) th th d thlv thlv i th paradial piti f big juridial aur that at b udrtd i gal tr ad th tat f pti appar a a th lgal fr f what at hav lgal fr t thr had if th law pl ptithat i th upi faw itfa it rigial a f rf rfrrig t ad paig lif lif th a thry fth tat f pti i th prli iar diti fr ay diti f rlati that bid ad at th a ti abad th livi g big t law It i thi alad btw publi law ad pltial fat ad btw th uridial rdr ad lif that th prt tudy t
2
- >
I � ! '
C( O
iv e tga. On if il oring hjs abigu ou n is lfd will b l o appoh n ndrnding f st ake ilved i iffren- the ppoed dffebtw th poa nd e jid�1, ad b< w lw ad e lV bng Ad phps only t n i pol to ne te qn ht v ee to vbea n h of\rn poitc: h dos it mn to a pJtiaJly? 1. O of h dmnt that mak th ae o epi o dcul o dn i crtnly it o rltonhp o cl wa inureto and ritanc Bu ivil a th opposi of onni cdiin I lis in zounddabltwit rp o sa epton ch is te poe's med 1 rpne t he mt xmintn ons _h o of the enih n w v e abl to wnes a parcal phenomn tha hs en t dn e d "gal civi wa" (c 98 Lt u k th cse f h Nai Stt No sooner did Hd tak pow o, a w h]d pehap m atly say no oon w po gve im) , Fbua 2 po limd th Dcre r Ptcon o h Peopl nd t Sa) whih spdd ai of he Wma Cni cong ponl b. T e rp a led o ht f om a urdkl stndth eie Th1d Reh a b Csje a ae o epon a lt< X wl ar ts mdrn taltrnimn b dnd he ehme y mes ' of h sat of cpion of legal il ar h lows f he ph y l enjo n I· oly of pola r sar b t o enre c ategi fizes wh for ome reson cnnot ntgratd nto e pcl ytem Sin th} e voun of a pr m n stt o mrgny (hgh pp not delrd n th thnal ns) ha ' bm of h l pice of nmpo y stas including solld dmocrti on s. Pad i h th oppl pogrsion f wh ha ald a gba v i wr" h te f cptin tnd inc easingy ppear h domnn padgm of gvnmeut n c o t po a poltics hs tnsformton f p oi so l a ptonal msre nt cniqu gornm e s ay al-in fct s l aledt tcte nd ning e rdon dtnci wn cotuioal rm. Ine om th prpctv,
T St¢ of Excton s P GcJ
3
h s of xcpon pp a hrshld o intmina bewen dmoa� and bolusm. R Th xprson l r" p n h m ea {6 hth Han And' C Shit a w w ) t itn hcc " of e ( d (l < pion £ta gc e bk Ph u !mv h n � y riulatd · hu> j 18B5, hh a he hm Bejmi pp<)s <u xn ng-n eg. F .t Nz nl A in ak eblhng N S S" (We poh q e n Doh d W 9) 2.
13 Th mmdte opolil gncn c o stat of cep tion a oi al se whih law nmpes ng h ne an of its on uspenon mge y n th "mit ay or dr' d bth preident of Unitd Sta Nombe 3 00 whih ahoizd the ndnt denion nd tl by mlt mmion t to be ond with he mHy trbunl prid for by th la wa ) of nonzn cd of inlemn n t oi :e Te US tr ct issud by US. S on cto 6 n ald allwd h atorny gn t "a< nt usod y ay n suspC d f ctis tat ndngrd th ntonl uty of he Untd t w th v da th lie hd to e er elad o hgd with ola of imatn l sm he imiM nal on W i new on idn Bu's re rdilly a ny lgl ats of e nddal duci lgally nabl nd nclJiahle big. ot onl Y do h bn Gptrd ghaita not th ts of ¥ den d b e Gn Connton, o n o n th s prsns hag wh ie ardig t Ae law. Nher ponr nr peos a� r the oe oa pu d cto sed bu mply den}>
C O
f a detenn tha not y he empora sen bu in vey na a we, n enty emed he and jdi eght. ·he nJy hkh · ul ·y maed leg tuaon he w Naz Lg am]) who g h z had lo eey gl deny t leat etaned her y e .A Jdh B ha ey h n he deanee a Gan net
i r n 6 f the tm hc t th h dr tt-i f to Noon' re of Deem -oide o oy f a e f e ha !e ld dr wth o ci w a nd a ret b nmf v cumes i i mre r nd me pwr to th itout Te
t
h lce n e ( Re n e nto f h a of e hs e Ph nt A$ml 791, k guihe m c: hot u t c r wh wh "l t ts etd o h v fo m od a t th mJ!mmd wh rcs h udr hi exu(i, e ferd ol to milonl d s ot but wth h law o td Yea Dicoy smilt mi e w th stnghold a w e lw of Ftio o t e y tio t wme i wh wa inl ma t c th el edito be ed an rordy dsrd t o al mitr at f ii, e, 1 ay s mo ant no t tt th m od n a f x t i a eaio f th dcacty taditi nd not h ol on, Th da f a on of the tto w ndKd h rt tm in h t f Fmar 8, Aril o wch s In th c o ame olt r das tha! hee te utf te Ste th Jw a t. ad f e im tat i <t spd te re f ttut I h ca h uspe01 < vly dlare b a d of met f th eilt dy prvdd hi nv so sl by an atle f the m dcree." o r n wa ded Atgh t prm s on t ( h f he eton f t thWt we ito te ivl e o te e p of h ontttn of te m ivdallii) tm th wo meL d m t le rc pe tt ll t ofLi. Te x i hh om i ed to c h e x, f h x pw e me d i tcl the ol h of dee hvn f lw, [t d�'rYESfm te w ws lrted tat d pe laty of ode pbc ll
8
thr f dtatrhp� wh i dimsd n a ftnoe a "a pa a rat Pdh / 10 64 Shmt tjnco betwen nl tashp L g dttrhp ppr here ppton bw al tthp whih eks afegad he cotl o, ad unCntitiol d c h p hkh le overthrw posbii o dnig ad o{Tm th for tht dtemi th tnti fm h s O h d frm f dtatrhp (whh pil what hppned) for xmpl n Gr' i fmntl pora Frh' bk a t gall of ll heos f ct on dictorship All uh thor man proe n the o rl n wh he mgn me hy ek t ti he m of fi dmr cutio are the me e ht lea t it i: [h o ltmte ttnal fad vailbl fr u ig tht mrnc pwer b u for th prps f pering the Cnuo l th pop wn temitn to hem o mk ue o ha ll all th qua-dr o f •oe sttol , thy mart ue a of g o ntl egency powrs} t confrm n y _aci tdrd f eti lm upn empar n i of powes Cnsqeny, all hes sems ae abl t b ran fm int otlira ch f coditin bcm favobl to . ( J Roste k th apoa o pn tatin. Unlik nge d irh ssit xpHtJ k uti c ttmal dohip thouh a bad htral xmi. hyphes h i th ba e dem rime wih s om bala f powe, ceivd o ml c u m-
s, 1'in tme of ss a dc, ouol g- pa y (; alee whv eg r vm s n . ariably vols gv rnm f a g harat tha i h h m " R e R i awa dicrhip (ht i h t o xcp) ha n
f bm paadgm f oermt wllabshd pripl
T E oGo
of tl rm [4] an h s u faht wth daers; nrhels1 pecel the imm ety of co n] tatlp he ten o demtrt t h k h attmpt he ntl hmlf in rrlabe cin Indd hm m whh h g to b a1-b1azng) f smwh Q� i ol d whi h k to r D i whh th dtc bwen mmr itatrshp n sorg itathip i Jlt n of te bt f de wh h die r doubtdly bn he late s n o el oveo lhgh Rer pde w hn lven rt f thig itol icaohip fm unntitonl tatorhp no of hem i apbl her o d ba dc btwe th two or f ln h pae frm o o he ohe. h c tht h wo snal ri r absolute it an mpoains wh a he ther om dw t n l« alys contdt wha R kow prfy wl> th tha h tt of ep h h w bm th l: "In he mic Ag po whh h world w t er g h f tol merg pows a wll bem th l an xpt') 7; or as h a ven m lerl he of bk "I deribn th mege pows f h wtr dme th bk my he � he mpron h SU( thi o grmnt ditatrship the dlegat f gilt po ad awk b njstat d we pry trtr d mp rary natre. uc imprn wd b l mledng h intrmt f gm epe he a empa 'ss arngen he me uris an ma vul ll rie, bcm tin pactim j hs pedio wh ht e r Bem fatn n e e hth h i on th cop of h wa obtedl crat th wrs th nld th bk son m gro: N ai i o r ur dmoa l of l h mpory arc of m r tself " :; xmn i n fhw the at f expt i n h tadion of h en tat rl a di· ea i ple, bu the hazer i b th rga h st
xt f h cstttin l1e prl explitly.
Rvi) a Gr� Eland nd th Uitd btwe wrier wh for sinJ or legisltve psi fOr h stat f excep ti ad oth<�s (C Sc hit O mt am og hem) wh ure srvdl cr iticize t p e o gultg by l w wha by defitio n cat h pu nrm< [nrm ato]. T hg n th level f the fomal ositu n e ditni udoubtdly impot {isf a it pupp o, n 1e ter ase, ha t pef omd by the oenmet outid f o n nOk w the l a w otll y b idd lleg al ad m t r ctid b pal "bl f i nde mn" ) , n h lev of he m l un omehing lik s ate of xp n ex it i a t he , hv -en nd odr) d th t f th in situn , a lat e Vld Wa n h w tht t de vpmet idependen of nital lgila v foiion 'm} n t W ear Rublic !wh A tcle 48 h stiti lted the pwr f he psidet f the Rih wh h ofentlich Sr ud Odg) wer thrd) t p Ormd e di v e un an n whe the stu o wa s t x iitly ided o J F c whih r!ulnted t b l w nd whih l f requly hd c s t the .ta d e an
dce p r oblm o h sta e f extio en anl o ies to of resi ace . It ha ben mu h debted, pculy dng sit <mblie , whter th r igh of re ita e h be ldd th ext f he c nstitt n . T h af he e Itlian Con un id an a i cle tha ead 'V:;n h pbJ pwe violate w r i gh s a amal liber te s g n e Nl by h ost i i ) rei<� o opre jo t and a Juy of the citz ." T h ppos�U1 whkh fll w a s g ion by Gupp Doei of e mt pre ti f the ladng Catholic ligures met with sha pposin. Ovr the coue of the deba he opnon hat i was pile t elly gult thing that i tu wa emo d ,
1
om the sphe f p i v w pild nd h ad w ppved. Hwe he Cottuto h Ga Fd r al pblc er s a l (Article 20) ha uneq; l galiz he rgh of itc, n g tht "aaton wh ep to bolish ht [h a nu]> a Gemans h r gh of riance� i n othr nwLs pobl," Th pong gm he a xaly ym the one tht de f lelig the tate po i he of th ittio o a p l law a toe jur iss who bli i nr r elatin b nirly inappropie. t is cti i ce omis h rsac YV b a which cold be oting sdf absltely untuhb b h itizes' chi would Js n p beig detemid Th fc i tha n both he dcJ ms f r esisan d he t qion o he jridl ! a i itl tr jkL 'IWo thee a a odd h: One ert tht law ust ide wth h r a th th r hol th h ph of h tw p sii ag lw eceed th nor m But he i l ut th tnc of a spher hm c tha ely rmod fm w
El W<: h
T Stae & fondig
frmly e and o h tiv. tim Marshal PCn sd pw, h Fh w shadow f self N�ths the Conuion .
ocu w b h Gn I pn onuion th s y Arte 16 Th ti blsh th th dnt o h h D G hd h innn ofh N, o i ior h io of nonl mmtt a setou,ly a im1 dateY thratned ad fncioning h rutionaf plJbHC powers L' inrupd." .In 6 ding h lin cis l hd reou o Ail n th ctiong o lht� pu hli c ws h ad bn intrrpt ed Snce 1 ht im Aie 6 ha n gin n inokd u in foiy w a -nng ndny n l of h.W dmoci, h dcaratn of h tte o excp has gaduly b pd by n unedned nrliz ion o tbe rdigm of suy M h nomal chniqu of omen .
Th hiy of Ail 48 o h W Constuon is so tihtJ ovn h) hisory
of Germany betwen the was tha i!l impossble to undc1m
H' i o owe nng th u an us hi a in th y:Jrs hen 19 nd 1933. s immi prce
.
c$dz·nial po wa to b xrcised. Since ht lu wnvrsed) h pr-
indrmin h o only dd theorts rlaly us t phrse "psdn i dorhip" in n o ie n hmit ould wrie "no onltuo on ah hd o l gied co p d' a di te Wim oiuin (Shmi 1 25) v or raiv ause een 9_ and 9 9, h goen f he Rblc �nin wh Bnng's� rwdc onti l u rl i 4&, prcaiin st at xpin nd u g mrncy d o n wo dd d yKaon; mon h hing th plo to impon nd of ommn mlans nd t u riunas hoiz o pnon cpl n l co s pnrcub Oco 192.,th go d eou A o
i knon h h dr ofmp; intl dcaorShip ia funtion Bnnggonet pt n ut ntd him ros o Art did not i. Insad Pesdnt n dovd h Fo mt on G�:<y cad to h a pientr pulc arat mt ev ims o lng hn tv th h un olon fcl Dmoa nd t!n anserd oy is p:idn o Rch. n Hndn-d p r Hil and nmd h i o Ppn hi po On Ju 4, dsovd nd n onvnd u th dntfzm. On J 0 tte of epto n w mn h u r Hd v PHpn n d Rh ommsn j()r P-ouig O aun ol Doai goenmn h xo n Gnyfusfdrin he Hndnb pdn jud b hmitt osto j Lh id h h presiden at a ·Jh(� uia of h non Shm 3 bu d fh Vm Rpli ldnrJt, o the po dorcy' is not a demoay l nd ha m of oniuon ha <d ittorhp fu nns inad as a a i o h ihmen o o Gv hs prden s nd•randhJ h the consttion of e Fd� Rub di not he h on 4 M a nd c.ion oChrs1: Da ad S Dmor
8 Chaplcr
rs b ud moment o po itl (a cris, thu cnstt pn cpk tha th righ f th iizens a b md 1Jy lw (s xampe, tl: decres fo h rpsin f errsm : e la� d ce of !uc n, 59) cnvrted ito the law f My 21 78, n. 191 ! h o-llrd Mo Lw] d h a-cr December 15, 1979, n. 62 vd io the lm.v of l"ehwary 1980 1. 15), bu 4dee o ontiu" t nma! Om of slaon t h y ve n debd as bi lls sghend by guaratee d (P Ti mn hat the dmo<c f th ep ration f p h tod.:1 mllpscd ad a xv a i t t l aord he lgisl ive powr. Prliament no lstve by th hl<> t xluive wr o bid iizns ! xtwv . In ti cl e, he Ita R o longplant;y euiv" [govrnamctleJ. A j h afo mJ ofhntiJl d ( ody ndy in all the Wsen d emraces) wdl kn wn to .iurists nd pltian i has n d cizn', At h e v mmt wn i woul d He o dHfc aiio .d ur, lh! ha i hs n los it �"n "
o y ga apaat n Engla tht mpaab1 t Fch €t d sieg? goes by the trm mJ"til !aw; bu hi coupt is so vague hat it as ben ighly dsibd n unluck a fr th e juon hy te con lw of d by nes ty f t dfe f t Cmoelth when h ar wt th realm" (Rtr 198, 42) This, hnwev(r, do cs no ma Th
tat somh ing ke tat<� o f exepti o n culd o x I t Mtny At) h Cw' pe matial l w genrally coJ nd m · wr; nrl, t .a nailed i ro :nequn r h· via h foud tse fcl invd i Lh amd rprsio. aal fom t mUy rib ual nd
to de, der t nv a pur cul nd daw cose.r h� tat expto: nm ha rl a le a ght n i see, rat in g ncsity v a {;ti Sm 92J, 17.), Wrl W sj ol i n h gecrz'on f expinl
gPrm1i] a wa d.d te govmn kd
lL Ind md ly o oe ee o
;d by e lan n) d a ofe a w h vme qu s al o pridd f u s im fndmnt h o zn (n paic1dr g1·n mir tbuas di vr vin), T fpalament snan duri o h a t n F�an. Ad n Ena o w eon d h rgcy f � w,_ b h ppoa�n Oo a t f a cil to- h mgny Por Jn dd A 1 f th a td.
]f a n tim i ape to H Mj t a n kn Jmmdt td b n o bod of p·n f h natu d on c se t lla b ng t uppl n diiun f od wa, fd, o gh or h f l mo a ntia pion o h m· tion, to dep rive the of th "s o l H Mj b dJmtion ( hrenar fc), t fm x i n un pwer i u guai A 2 o ! H d o gat ece t e a d , . sy tOr prr(t mmrur 10I f p" d ndud dk") en de f n xed ee on Jdnd h of x a l
ofo n pce-o t d !g>- c cbeen 1 p w< '. � cm. ui n dal t Aea d h n Tis acc h ak hae o (nd 1pla way bn n e C n v up u megnc n Sn 'm ( u el sgnat cu nry e t e t dk f dcrc a a r or di
E If
Chap O
25
cs� o nd th poblm of a xcepi n on s r
n latn g> d m rnp h w (Pima nd m g vJa wheer oe �m i q ubdur g; o a m y t th tr f t
A rrn p psi t ecs y a h On of he tt o xceP rdig a cul ep led La no lgl Haue ha: ho o adag · U '� h n l,') npd i t oppoing : «niy d Iw ognz y lw" d e t aw bh th hr h sat who d o s ecesits o ht judgmn cn xn f g m o h ne ht� la te olv he qtio in o he uc d mg th te of et •> f eio eq o o4 np a cordg whh la md in Gn1 Derum It ppar hr : k he a h (whkh f o g hh Gra lm hmef th mn th g do !pS t th t o wr r r h t 4!) ap to a ib e o a qd t, ll c t: qu1 qod n . ee ecei fa lim Im es lgm nn ab f sm hng d n i d i h no li n lw nsy k lt Lkw ncety h o lw Bt he e n h sd k m l t pg n G tt on g lrn f h m c ) Ae aving ta ha th ce mu be od n h tr r n d G t n , '( frb n o sig sn t th m h o lb ples re hold no b ebrtd nl hppn bu p ne, n a no ma s nt, um n M th n eding h t c • at e o jsf a pf rgrsn b of x;t. i h Thm n Sua hgi dvl
1f o ing l fh e& n ot n a i me m h d th on t o i n h po o any m o n}HC wh r a th y hs n b ne
o ocJzo (or llaon ). A w w h t v he of xcep resn l n1'illy a dpe ov pope
b h og h of o hs t� th ot o g dpnn m t l. t r is hwvr) dd dang, gdg hh h( o a h y ety d p eni n t o ecei y ot bjet "o [ ·pa a dn ha xam f eeia udu leg]
H o o no h h xp on dea o b o hh rld from h gn t r the a. N o a r o lw n o\: p d h ; e re [Mr f h H a1 pp h o: H o a bnd t ltr fh e n de b h a t sf g y the n ul , i i e th t t r lw no o b o a d s shU a o fr
rg, i no <
f it s is
as ee he h _a w i J cig . a u iion f or o e th1\ n a ce qt o pr c in h h te d t h la apJo
! · xl f h s ceasing to [ f dtn my] n pJ s wher tats h Chur pnl'h nrsn
6 Chapter
The S Ex;cpt �s Pagm f Z7
a situaion whr h tangrsive dcJ bas alrdy ccred (pm evntu ri (f the sqen the thing]: r <xampk l n a ca whr a po who l not acde o he pt b ul ady n n� h). P
In th s s h m xcpti b whk, jn hs n s y\� o l a f le ishp ha h� ei ly ed. The or Ue xpin i ins tem p o e e expton f wihin he judi ordr by f inn whch c l .
n iplid ctiqu tae fpto n Dan' Sekig t rove R ged dmo ve h d n !hug vi bu Dn i mpsb oba 1h (h , h mmo d) w w th h 'whover hie h w m prd wih h th t n f w cy for o d Js o h el wr.
1
ny wh 1 d hc ste n: d b dd wh h d d t p a pp d -" of th lw. T rni pl accrdg o whh uaon n whh h w o {h t d bom ig h pn cg t whh y ttt� o spak, t uim gnd ad y t lw. 1i tr o ts h ugt h t ty t n ona kn ow h ( h oTa n wL d h Pr. Cncr Bh-Hw d kn up g n Joe K rs bk h ie hu lo Dt w h nn t
I g z pcv tm s fS R jis h a Jcb nf gl 'hgh bwn · w F n d t th jurd b t n o gny bwn t n w H bg d t vn hh ltmly gu d as uh h ga _n r a w , th hn ho� w n IH�s a ha fr t gny z pw d on hv bi h lgi . d o R, h po n n deat th j d d_ w lw [I egg r n S h dYoW th x a r d r l b ed n
Th c w th wcw corn mt b d � a as s le and in a m d pc v wy, nn rgd by pl s1l n B n w maes w) hr o ex ; h mns H t e nd pr sor w I G b a < h r nd ogr o a b comp hs b · dd mh d d t h g n o t t n a xc amy h nd otol dr n g, b d whn bhd de � npl n wa lo Ad w cur n ia mmt pr
he termfra nd : !s in Ens Wil h m< �· cospol;J Frcb Sph G; of1wr !b· glh. Am t' fbw 0 ! s , lg w s(: (1 Cnmy sk wnsid bn. H f-oh< c m tk1, • au $ "lw .dk e" <1
8
hap On
re atteuated arateristis eve aer te regie as red ad regulated its udaetal istitutis (a 1909 2) s a gure eessity te state eepti terere appears (algside revluti ad te de at establiset a stitutia syste) as a illegal but pretly juridial ad stittial" ea sure tat is realied i te prduti ew rs (r a ew juridi al rder) e rula ardig t wi i Italia law te state siege is a easure at is trary t te law (let us eve say illegl) but i s at te sa e tie i rity wit te uwritte psitive law ad is r tis reas juridial ad stittial sees t be te st aurate ad ttig rul Fr bt te lgial ad te istrial pits view eessitys ability t verrule te law derives r its very ature ad its rigiary arater Certaily te law as by w bee te igest a d st geeral aiestati te juridial r but it is a eaggerati t wat t eted its dii be yd its w eld ere are rs tat at r suld t be writte tere are ters tat at be deteried eept we te irstae arise r wi tey ust serve (Ra 199 64) Te gesture tige wi ppsed te writte law t te agaa nmma [writte laws is ere reversed ad asserted i de ese te stituted rder Bt i 1944 by wi tie a ivil war was uder way i i s utry te elderlyrist (w ad already studied te de at establiset stitutial rders) retured t sider te questi eessity tis tie i relati t revluti ltug rev luti is ertaily a state t tat at be regulated i its urse by tse state pwers tat it teds t subvert ad destry" ad i tis sese is by deiti atijuridial eve we it is just" (Ra 19 ) i t a wever appear tis way ly wit respet t te psitive law te state agaist wi it is di reted bt tat des t ea tat r te very dieret pit view wi it dees itsel it is t a veet rdered ad regulated by its w law Tis als eas tat it is a rder tat ust
Th S f Ecp as a Pm Gvm
be lassied i te ategry rigiary juridial rders i te w wellw sese give t tis epressi tis sese ad wit te liits te spere we ave idiated we tus spea a law revluti eaiati w te st iprtat rev lutis iludig te st reet es ave ulded wuld be great iterest r destratig te tsis tatw ave adaed wi ld at rst sigt see paradial: revluti is vilee but it is jurid ially rgaied vilee Ra 19 4) Tus i te rs bt te state eepti ad revluti te appe
30 Capter One
The Sate of Excion as a P(ligm of Govnmn
31
critiqued by those jurists who show that, far from occuring as an ob jective given necessity clearly entails a subjective judgment and that obviously the only circumstances that ae necessary and objective are those that are declared to be so.
of ecepon as pecsey e momen in which sae and aw evea e e· dube ieence n e sae of exepon "he sae on tnues o es we aw eedes [Shm 1922 1/12], and hus he an gound he exeme gue o he sae of ecepon-soveegn dcaospn he ovo ontn.
he concept of necessi is a entirely subjective one relative to the aim that one wants to achieve. It may b e said that necessity dictates the issuance of a given norm because othewise the existing juridi cal order is threatened with ruin; but there must be ageement on the point that the existing order must be preseved A revolution ary uping may poc laim the necsi of a new no that annuls the existing institutions that ae contary to the new exigencies b ut there must be agreement in the belief that the existing order mus be disrupted in observance of new exigencies. n both cases . . the recourse to necessity entails a moal or political (o, i n any case ex trajuridical) evaluation by which the j�ridical order is judged and is hel to be worthy of peservation or strengthenng even at the price of its possible violation. For this reason the principle of necessi is in every case, always a revolutionary principle. (BalladoePalieri 970, 68
1 Accoding to some writers in the state ofnecessit the judge ela orates a positive law ofcrisis just as, in normal times, he lls in juridical lacunae" (Mathiot 956, 424). n this way he problem of the sate of exception is put into relation with a particulary n teresting problm in legal theory, that oflacunae in the juridical order [i diio] . t least as ealy as Aticle 4 of the Napoleonic Code (The udge who refuses to judge on th pretence of silence, obscurity o insufciency of the law can be prosecuted on the charge of denial of justice", in the majority of modern legal systems the judge s obligated to pronounce judgment even in he presence of a lacuna in the law Ia egge J. In analogy with the principle according to which he law a egge] may have lacunae but the juridical order [ il dirio] admits none, the state of necessity is thus interpreted as a lacuna in public law, which the executive powe is oblgated to remedy I n this way, a pinciple that concerns the judiciary power is extended t o the executive power. But in what does the lacuna n question actually consist? s there truly something like a lacuna in the strict sense? Here the lacuna does not concern a deciency i n the text of the legislation that must be completed by the judge; it concerns, rather, a suspension of the order that is in force in order to guarantee its existence a rom being a response to a normative lacuna, the state of exception appeas as the opening of a cti tious lacuna in the order for the purpose of safeguarding the existence of the nom and its' applicability to the normal· stuaion. The lacuna is not within the law a egge] but concens its re lation to reality, the very possibility of its application t is as if the juridical ode [ i ditt] contained an essential acture between the position of the norm and its application which, in extme situations can be lled only by means of the state of exception that s by ceating a zone in which application is upended but the law ! l] a uch remains n foce.
he attemp to esolve the State of exception into the state Of neces sity thus runs u p against as many and even more serious aporias of the phenomenon that it should have explained Not only does necessity ul timately come down to a decision but that on which it decides s, in tut somethng undecidable n fac and law. � Schmi (who efers seveal mes o San R omano n hs wiings) pobaby knew o omano's aemp o gound he sae of excepon n necessy as he oginay souce of aw. Hs heoy of soveeigny as e dec son on he excp� ion gans he Nottan a popey fnamental ran one ha s ceany com paabe o he an given by Romano, who made i e oginay gue of he judcal oe Fuhemoe he saes w Romano e idea ha he juidca oe [l dirttoJ is no exhaused n he law la g] i s no by chance ha he cites R precisly in th cnte fhis criiu of h b Rec!.�saa); bu we e Ialan jus whoyequaes he sae w aw and heefoe denes a judca eevance of e conep o f consuenpowe Schmi sees he sae
34 Cpe Two
pr , r, a pl rc , rar, a pr a, g c r a c rl cc r xg c c a a a appar a g pr a r ra ca ga xg c g ga " (37) g jrcall rl foo rpr a c (145 crb r plcall c ac a rr capabl rg rla b a xcp a jral rr ca rg carp This clares why in he preface Schmi can presen he essenial dsinction beween comissarial dicaorshp an d sovereign dc aorship" a s he chef oucome of he book" which makes he con cp of dcaorhp nally accbl o jrprdnal condraon" (Schmi 1921, xviii). Indeed wha Schmi had before his eyes was a confon and combnaon bn h o dcaorhp ha h never ired of denoucing (203). Ye neiher he Leninis heory an d pracc ofh dcaorhp o f h polara nor h gradal xacrbaon of h of h a of xcpon n h Wmar Rpblc a a gr ofh old commaral dcaorhp; hy r, rahr,omhng ew and more exreme, which reaened o pu ino quesion e very conncy of h jrdcopolcal ordr d ho rlaton o h la xacly ha chm ogh o prv a all co
oii Thooy, r a, prar crp a xcp jrcal rr c c a alra b prp 191 bk ese n Ue b aal l la: r Nom) a c (Enschen, Deiion pg r, a xcp ral [ nbJ abl pr, a pccall jrcal ral l: c" c 922, 13/13 l, r a c r a a ral a a c rc a , xcpal a r a ll eniche ] xcpal a ra accbl jrcal klg, bca b l, r a ll a c ra ark jrcal [ m Rhm es is chen]" (13/12-13
Foc-f�
35
A p c a ra r a x cp ca b r oii! Thoy a a r rg rg ca c a xcp, gara acrag jrcal rr B prcl bca c r ccr r al r, a bca a xcp rpr cl a capr a pac a r pac a crp all a p r rg a [eh /hb] rall al jrcal rr, a blg ehO] , r rpbl r cg r c ca b p in oo 10/ Bein-ouie n e eonn: plgcal rcr a xcp, a l bca rg, c xcp r, lgall bg b xcp, ca b b r cenn The relationship btwen Dictatorshp and Pofcnf Teology must be seen n the lght of ths omplex sr ategy of ncribing the tate of exption ·ithin th law. Jurists and politial philoophers hae genrall)' dirted heir Mntion hiey to the thory of oeegnty ontained in the ook fom whout ralizing that th theoy olly on the bais of he theory of th stat of exption alrady laboratd n co. Th ank d th paadox of Schmitt ont of sovreignty dere, as we hae en from th stat of expton and not i ersa And it is eraly not by han that hmitt had in the boo and in preiou artils rt laid out the theory and praxis of the tat of xeption and only ater laid out h theory of sovrignty in Polm oog Thr is no doubt ha hi th ory ofsoereignty reprnt an attempt to anh o the tate oxeption unquivocay to th juridial ord but t attempt would not have ben poble i f th tate of expton had not t bn atiulated within th tem and onpt of ditatorship and o to spa "uridiied tlrough rerne to th Roman m:gisty and thn through the dtntion beween norms ofla w and norm of ealization c' r a xcp prc b ablg b la a ara a , b c, b a r arcla a pp, all ac la c
38
F-f-L�
Ct Two
foe urio t the la s i h ca- o h ttio) or neio ch as th d d rguat ud by t�xcuive) tQud 197> lO), Th dcv poit, hwr, s that j1 bth md d anient dcri th ytagmaforce lw ef n h 1chcl .us ot to th e a
39
rgization (wic act a s ; sveg dtatorshp). Th e o f xept s an anom pa whch ht stak i a r of law
tht w (wh shouJd heOr be itte: force-J). Suh a "f<>o_J in hih potent d at ae rdically pted1 lk a tial emt
b th dCs whch we idd s hav t frc Jw hat th xcutv powr c be <thoriz.�d o s in some tato, ar tull t h te o f xceptio T is sa h ccpt f 'ore l;' a techil lgl tm, denes an h om obigrmd, plbil, rom t rml esence wb d> ro io d maure ht are t mall la vrhk a qui· tr o. Th he th Romn sovi beg n s cq�ie h r t ise that td agly ha h al ls) Roman
dr ay that these ac hae th c ofl (Ulp in 4.: qw pnc plact les hb v bca t plad h ig it ha th ce f w]; ng qJ ivl e;i on tht ndc the ormal dtti btn the and h cnti o the seegn Gai rit : l it ta th plac faw] 1 n d Pmpon w su s
f lwj I u dsi of th tat xpi have e<:d u mer mles ths osn betw fh eue pocr d a of th lglativ po ided w h s uch o fusion d .of th i al rc.k the tte Hn h mt c the Naz gim wh Ek h n nev id reeatng th wods ofe F hve the frc ow zesk]);" Bu thl tad t th si ribut the tte f to l th s poe wh h aJ tQ stg id upn t ha n it i th fm th la t d a tt he JW n om s i fre f] bt ot apped t h 'fr th th ats hat do ot hv h lu s c a o ay in xem sio "O ofl" foa< a s a dtmia lemet h c b lmd bth b the tate thr d b a reluty act omma l
Th i
th
a n em h VC s t t
2.4
question w t o general Th altion rm d ths b a case d�trmna jdgmet , in whih h gn a th ),1 1 kul ca e ubumd der
a l
f
pl ht i gi;nd he Ev though Kt was pefctly aw· nar o th lem a f he dH1y ivlvd n be t he two tyes f jdg (a< shmn xmp <'S itaKC fa rle ht aot b rmnt mt tha i, h asumpion of
m akig d th mp-tn f hat mx appratn; th Bevtisl e defi(d as w n c! ic unc1 o whk lgi te tnd o devle In th( ae o. h j dcal
norm, efre t th oc cae ntHs a 'l tht .;ys ivlv
a pluralit ubjct and utmatly lins pio f a eene that an ucati wos pt rren ly by h iuta pw In de t po th pblm it s thr r r be mod o the t th pa A Gd ha hwn evngu i it� a etiv oprt mied th am ht gning f hi dion f m a f t u] th ofaw th appiati f nrm wa taid wih th e an d an b drid fron r e wud he bee D ed t rea he gad edie f al w Jt s bwn and wld betw nr nd its appican he no inte us that ll ow - b ded mdty m th th. I h th tat of xptin i he png f pa i whh appHctin d nn revea thi p;lao d a pue -t alz (tht is appli b o pp -ppd) a n whe appl i h n &pded. n wa, !he psb task wldg nd at geter, nd hby ottg l r l phre is r ried ut th r m th pt s sBy preupping thir eus Thi th rder to appl r t tt ncer p its ppl prduc n ptn I ry \ the of pt mk ·hhd t wh g d pais blu wih ech th d pr l withot am t ealz at witut ay· r n
hr i inio Rman w that in o ws be dd the hp h od Auamezusnd, ad et n:d p ps thi ond nt sm t ha ge n U Nn b hi d thrt pblc law h im. a t u h f ptn t parditi fr w wl S th h s ie odl tmpt t untg th pr<s h t th odr th f th tat p ev. � ndgd th Rpub th Sn wuld iue a cu um al d h Sen by wh t caed pn he l th m wh atd i thr tead e pul nd , 'the petor d the rbune f th ppl) nd n em all ctiz osdrd e f h altio of m e s pufm he dd th tate a e to it hat rm th f th u tm w a decr i a eegn i R reultig d t h wr} iutin) r cv wr, which o a polaat f a iutitium ii di r iire r dar iuitim ik s t um-whk i ntuted liey a "stadsl r of the laW o i t iu itium <ii grar dos intii t ; o n the wd f ul lli m t Mi a f it wre it ra nd a rt at of f th di not aw 1 tr pl h rn f bu of he w a h h ng lg tttiwh h ts oll y n h prduio
/
44
Juim 45
ChHptr Te
I his dscr po of h t f xpti) Momms� ume manft itef pr(�dscly t h pt wh i how its lit. He obv h .e w que boluely ex.�e he coual ghts ofthe agi:t tes and antb xaned m jurdico�fral p i nt of viw. H wie Ialredy the mnion fhe rbes fh p epl d th provncil govro. who lack mperium r hd nl nomin al ly, pohibi frm <:onsdrg hs ppeal [th n ctaied in th senatu cons ] a all he geiclly
xr th tittionl hs ape m a rl th occion wh, atr th sena conltm prvkd by nbl's > l h e eu, ad exenr a� med imprum d read i unl h e ihdal f th my As h c t the ens a! pt pogain f mor he Senae could nt hv deed this frm. Raher, hs senatu con! an e · a jidi "l adpnt: i s e est tt poce l) d d eig ds ah rity oh m[Nnd], th Sen a he
muni1 dds ly h ousl at th permid d ery
p deen b xpedil gnid. (199, 956) Iere Mmen ec he a se o pr ze, Sp asa h h cfed w i h cul' rul o ac agan Tbi C�r tio a .�na nm· m xams> «qi em pb4m vam se vl q! [H o ih th h s lt hi llw ad lls T ber s Gchu. T pr t man de jn a xcep [Nsandfldu•rrel tads bd t o th e e l th o th prer o proul a'd ed culr mcfd e is he my e f a m mnde nd i mke dr e i is dted ag n -Rm o gis a h b. . nemy h Movr hi ofd Can], h it my tsf ll t less rmlat th�n h gpr th aes
lik e necety [ nd n m It, ipper n wh he cessin ot Jger Moe :; 4) Tn hi desiton f hs ocmando i whkh
3·
l
Cicr adess th Senate h th wod: tu m ufum censo dcerni,
M (l e th to d d ar a st m pra iiim ;d dn he oak h the d:ns mut t o thi oga and uee a iuslpep o cmbat! Nn ht u hr as t holidy" wo uld mer of u dr pol COdiin Ol) th ctn f t1 tht he law tbl hed g puig pmhibilon tha the l-x rdrs rom th popl] z o dth Su op s h rmla and d ht, td sill ad sspensin h
sk- gaanee the pbli wel-h r!fom th to oh • b o} n e most extrcJD to h la et id. Iste( tragi t h t bee hrm j w_eared wy; it w pnded thgh 8 thr or acrdg t Nsn1 th J re t a es tha Mchiv ioy idited wh) in he Discore, e suggsd 'brlng" h rdr e i n rpul here sch povio is lkg oe mt ethr b e the ords d e rne) or beak hm ad ot 8 Vewt o · prpctve o the s<t o (�:cs o � n a s npe th au nlt l wm the daratio f m d he ttin as yeatally cneted he m psupp h nu d he tm i h sol GUe f he tum. Th ar cegore of criml l bt f ctioal law ad hey desgn th asra by en o whh fom he pin f ew of pbl la, excpol ear fAh:jg] ay ke Nse 187, 76} t J th m consltum imm, he m h m th bvou e dj whi h s n v reeed de tt f schr. Tht hi tm h t\hnk alu tl1w d dmonad a tin fth t t· th c:sultwn !ae f) <d e dded to l ze th£ alt the q U driv th arb , whch n yn" (a pP t Te o is there "w xr. Uld whh h n pble. he SJ l l t uh a me ut but f w ow W wht?" h lpib dC hh ied g sdd th In h e 1 o w m r l iit th R n
tuiol od.
Mdl' m gph ld Lin {thh me J a it G), ll a pf heekl i nt
7
e. g Nn e ey ee h g on bw lh$ Mi l hz th mal 1� w� b Ste, irmn. whh prl m r F nlu that \ th� h tl o law) w< x od dntl la{: ie t ttions o t· !hhltt e ld rtto o h h]dy Mill the mig f h io lp way fm h wvr ha th prs echnilly qud o cim a ca t t s a ait p [on te uthot oth magt { n) rf
t dw h haratertis eerg om Nn nogrph at he ame me dp h le oward a of h
y
dihip Roma sti h f mstrae h th e n hd hoe d hs mpm whil etreml d w cod h x at ht dd i m O he onrary, the Utm ee n h e wher i s a ditator in o wh delar t, thr etin f a agita th ulied owr ejoyd d by th x· tt mtrat o dto [the tm hig b dlard] re� u t om eg eed wth a ditL mm b om th sspesion o h ls that restricted hi o B Mm Plman are pertly awre of th a or th eo pH o dcttorhip but quasdcrhp" howvr o ony do he !qi do nhg limiat h amhgu tb th iniin be g irpreed ccodig o a sy rn pardm hs s qly r fo h mden stte o xcepton. 'e n h oth Sht d t d Fedch ar Wld r Tw fm reo he ps th ta f pio boh as th errr S lsg i eae he tt
48 Chapter Three
of exception juidically by inscribing it in the prestigious tradition of Roman dictatorship than by estoing it to its authentic, but mor e ob Scue genealogica paadigm in Roman law the usitum From this pespective he state of exception is not dened as a fulness of powes, a pleomatic state of la, as in the dictatorial model, but as a kenomatic state an emptiness and standstill of the la
In modern pubic w heory it is customry to dene s dicttorships the totitrin sttes born out of the crisis the democrcies underwent fer Word Wr One. Thus Hiter s we s Mussoini Frnco s we s St in, get indier entypresented s dicttors But neither Hiter nor Mussoini cn technicy be dened s dicttors Mussoini ws the hed o f the government egy invested with this ofce by the king just s Hiter ws chnceor of the Reich nmed by the egitimte president of the Reich As is we known wht chrcterizes both the Fscist nd Nzi regimes is tht they owed the existing constitutions (the Abertin Sttute nd the Weimr Constitution respctivey to subsist nd ccording to prdigm tht hs been cutey dened s "du stte�they pced beside the eg constiution second structure ofen not egy form ized, tht coud exist ongside the other becuse ofthe stte of exception From juridic stndpoin, he term dictaorship is entirey unsuitbe for describing such regimes, just s, moreover the cen opposition of democrcy nd dict torship is misleding for ny nysis of the government prdigms dominnt tody
hough Schmitt ws not Romn schor he nevertheess knew of the m s form of the stte of exception ("mrti w presupposed sort of iuum" [Schmitt 173] most probby from the monogrph by Nissen who is cited in the book on dicttorship though n retion to nother tex) hough he shres Nissen's ide tht the stte of exception represents "n empti ness ofw Nissen speks of juridic vacuum), Schmitt prefers, propos of the en onlm lmm to spek of qusi-dicttorshi p (whi ch sug gests knowedge if not of Pumnn's study from t est of Mommsen's Saae. This anomi space that comes to coincide suddeny with the space o� the city is so peculia that it disoients not only modern scholas but also the ancient souces the·mselves. hus in descibing the situation cre ated by the ustium Lv states that the consuls (the highest Roman
Jusiium 49
magistrates were pivt t, educed to the state of pivate cit izens (Li 9; on the othe hand, Cicero rites apropos of cipio Nasica's gesture that though a pivate citizen, in killing Tiberius Grac chus he acted "as if he were a consul pvus u t s sul esse�· su l Disputts 235 The iusttium seems to call into question the_ very consistency of the public space; yet, conesely, the consistency of the pivate space is also immediately neutalized to the same degre In tuth, this paadoxical coincidence ofpivate and public of us ile and imeum, and i n the ereme case, ofjuidica and no njuidical betays the difculty o impossibty of thinking an essential problem that of the natue of actscommtted durng the ustitum. What s a human paxis that is wholly delivered over to a uridical void? t is as if hen faced with the opening ofa holly anomi space fo human action both the ancients and moderns etreated in fight Though both Mommsen and Nissen unequivocay afm the iusttum' character as a j uidial tempus mtuum for Mommsen there still exists a Ntstsmmd, which he does not futher identi, while for Nissen there remains Be e, or unlimited command (Nissen 18 5 which is matched by an equally unlimited obedience But how can such a command suvive in the absence of any legal prescription or determination t is om this perspective that one must also view the impossibil it (common to both the ancient and modern souces) of cleay dning the legal consequences of those acts committed during the iustium with the aim ofsaving the espui The question as of particular im portance fo it concerned whether the killing of an unconde mned i demus Roman citizen was punishable or not. Apropos ofOpimus's assassination of Caius Gacchuss followes, Cieo aeady descibs as "endless t quest the question ofhether or not a peson who has killed a Roman citizen while acting in xecution of a setus osu tum ultmum can be punished De te 2313 Nissen fo his pat, denies that either the magistrate who had acted in execution of a sentus sul o the citizens who had folowed him could be punished once the iustti was ove; but he is contradicted by the fact that Opimius was nevetheless bought to tial (though he ws aquitted) and ceo was sentenced to exile as a conseuence of his bloody epression of the Catiline conspiracy.
50
n tth the entire question is poorly pt for the aporia becomes clear only once we consider that because they are proce in a ju di ca void the acts committe dring the iusi1 are radically remove from any juridica l etermination. From a legal standpoint it is possihle to classi hman actions as legislative executive or transgressive acts But it i s entirely clear that the magistrate or private citizen who acts dur ing te iuium neither executes nor transgresses a law, and ev en less does he create law Al scholars agree on the fact that the senu conulum ulimum has no positive content; it merelyexpresses a counsel with an extremely vage formula ( vidan onul [let the cnsuls se to it . . . ] ) that leaves the magistrate or whoever acts for him entirely free to act as he sees t, or even not to act at all. If we wante at all costs to give a name to a human action perfored under conditions of anomie we might say that e who acts during the uium neither exectes nor transgress the Jaw ht inexeu [ inegue] it His actions in th is sense are mere facts the appraisal of which once te uium is expired will depen on the circumstances. But as long as the iutium lasts they will be absolutely undeciable an the enition o f their naturewhether executive or transgressive and in the extreme case whether hman bestial or ivinewil lie beyon te sphere oflaw Let s now try to smmarize the reslts of or genealogical inves tigation of the iuium in the form of theses (1) The state of exception is not a ictatorship (whether constitu tional or unconstitutional commissarial or sovereign) but a space e voi of law a zone of anomie in which all legal eterminations�and above all the very istinction between pblic an privateare eactivated. Thus all those theories that seek to annex the state of exception immediately to the law are false; and so too are both the theory of ne cessity as the originary sorce of law an the theory that sees the state of excepton as the exercise of a states right to its own efense or as the restoration of an originary pleromatic state of the law (fll powers" But fallacios too are those theories lie Schmitt's that seek to inscribe the state of exception inirectly within a u ridical conte xt by grouning it in the division beeen norms of law an norms of the realization of law between constitent power and constitte power between norm 3.6
ChapterTh
an ecision The state of necessity is not a state of law" but a space without law (even though it is not a state ofnature bt presets itself as the anomie that reslts from the sspension oflaw. (2) This space devoi ofl awseems for some reason to be so essential to the juriic order that it mst seek in every wayto assre itself a rela tion with it as if in orer to groun itself the jriical orer necess
this nonplace. It is as if the suspension oflaw freed a force or a mystical element, a sort of legal mana (the e xpression is used by Wagenvoort to escribe the Roman
auctorias
[\Vagenvoort
1947,
106]), that both
the ruling power and its aversaries the constituted power as we as the constituent power, seek to appropriate. Force oflaw that is separate
from the law, oating imperium, beingin·force [vigcnz] withot ap plicaton an more generally the idea of a sort of degree zero" of the law-all these are ctions throgh whh law attempts to encompass its own absence and to appropriae the state of exception or at least to
nineteenth and tentieth centries) are really scientic mythologemes this does not mean that it is ipossibe or useless to analyze the fnction
they perform in the la/s long batle oer anoie Indee it is possible that 'hat is at isse in these cJtegories is nothing less than the definiion ofwhat Schmitt calls the political." Te essential tJsk ofa theory of the state of e xception is not simply to clarifwhether it has a uriical nature or not but to ene the meaning place an d modes of its relaion to the law
Gigntomchy Conen a Vod
N itmchy Ccri Vid
I is from his persecive ha we will now read he debae bewee Wae Bejami ad Cal Schmi he sae f excepi. The exeic dssie f his debae which k pace i vaius fms a d a diffeig levels f iesiy bewee 1925 a d 1956 is vey lage: Benjamins ciaion of Political Theology in The Origin ofGerman Tagic Drama; he curriulum itae of 1928 and Benjamin's letter o Schmi from December 1930 (boh of which aes o an ineres in and admiraion for he fascis public law heoris" [Tiedemann, edioria noe, in Benjamin Gesammlte Schriften, 13: 886] and have alwas appeaed scadaus); ad Schmi's ciais f ad efeeces Bejami i his book Hamlet o Hecuba, wrien when he Jewish phiosopher had been dead fo siteen eas his dossie was the enlaged with the pu_bicaion i n 1988 of he leers Schmi wroe o HansOrg Viesel in 1973, in which Schmi saes ha his 1938 b ook on Hobbes had been conceived as a response to Benjamin [that hasJ remained unnoticed" (Viesel 1988, 14; see Bedekamp's obsevations, 1998 91). The esoteic dossie howeve is lage and has et to be exploed in all its impications Indeed we will attempt to demonstate that the st document that must be included in the dossier is not Benjamin's eading of olitia Theology but Schmitt's eading of Benjamin's essa "Citique ofViolence" (1921). The essay was published in issue 47of he ArchivfUr Sozialwissenschaften und ozapolitik, a jounal coedited b Emil Lederer, who was then a professor at the University of Heidelberg (and later at the e Schoo foSocia Reseach in NewYok), and who was one of the peope Benjamin fequented at that time ow not only did Schmitt publish numerous essays and articles (including the rst version of The Concept ofthe Political) in the Archiv between 1924 and 1927 but a caeful examinaion of he foonoes and bibliographies of his wriings shows tat fom 1915 on Schmitt was a egula eade of the jouna (he ites among others, he issues immediaey precedng and following he one 4.1
cag Bja' a A a a a a cb Arci• c cl al a a x lk C Vc" c a ll c p a al Bja' c g a aa b jg a caa (ab c cb 930 l c a a a ca b pc ccp lcal a p" [ab 98 2 g caal a ll a c a a p Bja' c lc a a pb a lc ( Ga Gwa al a p p" a l abl " (aueral) a b" (jeni) a a a a c cl a acc b laakg lc a l pg c (rende d receande Gewal Bja cl g lc p" ( reine Gewal) " a a p a" a la ca laa l a a a c pbl c xc a c la a b ca c a lc a cpabl a, b b xc la" (Bja 92 8 3/239 ak Bja' cq p a (Bd) c a c: lc a a a al la a p a lc p a la lcc a g aa p c b a al pbl" (202/252 pp caacc lc a ak p la b p Eneung d Ree [22/2552 a aga a ca pc Bja a a xcp a g Ernall c appa c a a Aunamezuand B a ccal c' cabla p x: Eneidung c" a, Bja acklg c' b pac a a apcal cag (Bj a 92 89/23 b acklg al, a cpa c a a cagg xpc la cab al gal pb
Gigntmchy Cng Vd
Chapter Fou
o oeeiny i te tyant inaty to decide [nhln hgk e oeein, o i eonie o makin te dec on on te a o ecetn eea, at te t oouni ty,tat it i amot moie o im to make a deciion (Benam1 92, 25/7071 e diion eteen oeein oe and te eecie o ta oe coeond eactyto tat eteen nom oa and nom o te eazaton oa, ic in Dttoh a te ondaton o comaia dictaoi n Poltl hology Scmtt eonded to Benamin citqe oe diaecic eteen conttent oe and contitted oe y intodcin te concet o deciion, and to ti contemoe Ben amin eie y inin n Scmit ditnct on eeen te nom an d it ealation. e oeein, o od decide eey time on t e eceton, i eciey te ace ee te acte at diide te ody o te a ecome imoe to mend eeen Mch and Vrmgn eteen oe and it eecie a a oen ic no deciion i caae o ln. y, a ute i, te aadm ote ae o ecetion i no onete miace a in Poltl hology t te catatoe In antite to te itoica idea oetoaton te aoqe] aced it e idea o catatoe And it i in eone to ti anttei tat te teoy ote tate o ecetion deed" B enamin 192 246/66) notunate emendation i n te tet o te Gmml Shn a eented a e micaion o i om ein aeed ee Benamn' et ead, gbt n bock holog tee a aoqe ecatoo' te edito it a inua diead o a iooica cae, ae coected t o ead gbt kn , tee i no aoqe ecatoloy" Benamin 1928 246/66 And yet te aae a oo oicaly and ynacticay conitent it te oiina eadin and o at ey eaon tee i a mecanim tat ate and eal a eay ceate eoe coninin tem to te end [m n" e aoqe kno an khton an end o ime ut, a Benamn immediatey make cea, ti khton i emty t kno neite edemtion no a eeae and emain mmane nt to t old e eeae i emied o eeytin ta contain te ite eat o
t od, and om it te aoqe etact a oion o tin ta nti en eded al atitic omaion n ode o ea a imate eaen and enae i, a a acum, one day o detoy te eat it catatoc oence (246/66 It is this "white eschatologywhich does not lead the earth o a rdeemed hereaer, bt consigns it to an ab otey epy skyha conges the baroque stae of exception as catastrophe. And it is agan this white eschatology ta shaters the correspondence b etween sovereignty and transcendence, b eeen the monarch and God, that dend the Schittian theologicopoliticaJ. Wle n Schmit he sovereign s idented wt God and occpes a poston in the state exacty analogous to that attrib uted in the world o the God ofthe Cartesian system" (Schmitt 1922, 43/46), n Benjamin he sovereign is conned to the world of cre aton; he is th ord of creatres, bt he remains a creatre" (Benjamin
192, 264/. This drastic redenion of the sovereign functon implies a different station of the stae of excepton It no longer appears as the thr·shod tat garantees the artclaton eeen an inside and an otside, or between anomie and the jurdca context byvirte of a aw th
45 The decisive docent in the BenjamnSchmit dossier s certany the eigth thess on the concept of hstory, composed by Benjamin a few months before his death. Here we read hat [t]he traiton ofthe oppressed teaches s that the state of exception' in which we ive is the rule We must attan to a concept of istory tat accords wi·h this fact. Ten we will clearly see tha it is our task o b ring ab out the real [ �irklich] state of exception, and hs w improve our postion in the struggle against fascism" (Benjamin 1942, 697/392). That the sae of excepton has b ecome the rule is not a simple ntensication of what in the Tmuerspielbuch appeared as its ndecdabiity One mut not forget ere tht oth Benjmin nd hmt hd before them a statethe Nazi Rechin which he sate of excepion procamed in 193 had never been repeaed Frm the jurist's pespec
Ggn1·omchy i
Capter Pu
t v G�y oud isl eial a iai of aosp, whh hod have e t h d efm tjve oli o the Wim< Ciin a d he blimnt of a ew costiuon, whs und mnn tl hrcte S
1
hat wuld be gt "u o ste h tei ome dge f idd Coq•tly f)rcuUy ou \Vim guh h merl ta n f he p dn R nder Aicl 48 o gultd y lw. fs he ppO dr o tun Benj ne S Now h ay pob o ct of ptoi whh ep a nrma condts tmpl ly diih h s f po whh w l" i ea d t h dtihed fo t l 6n f bewe ilne ad law dipprs ber: e s a o n hh a v o w m ct. The emp ae a o me of
med b enjm for w i i: a
elle, whh d o in l n h w J v "mH:l W ow ake s Je l war ad runy iolece th s} hum ao ha ha hed depo rlatio o w.
T ;-ks he debt bwee
d Sh t n t c ow ded o ea he dp tk i ze f nome ha n mt h id n th h e mus b• js pa reli o h aw t ll c laed d fred th hat t ss i the om zoe i he eon bewe vile d law i th a· aa yi� e of volea phe r for hum ct Whle Shmt ampt y m ib e h jii cnex B jam n rpnds tis st b kJg vy im o as -·a vle ec ue o h w r ha we mut l th 1l o e em o b as deiv fo Wern ptc h OU · th "ba of g coern g e s e mt · . He, pur ol c h eC b as h n l h t pu g he ltm maphyial sta; e he xp l ·hi h
6
tte
mut enr th r]aon btwn n mi v] d law s h utrpr to th oholgcl rag aimd cptung pr beg vrhng hppn s f both law d edd n nom r algl; z f sspo der gnd her rerec e worl d o lf Lw ss hJ snbit on by ptdg s l bi nl}'b gg h lgi In both he t ses o nr a empy : o h o had am, jrdi nd n he ther, ur bing dod f dtermn} o rl p d a Fr lw hi c i he epn s t ot imes The relo b� orm ad rl inols h e psio of the rm j n o gy rln b lgg n4 d le he upnon f dntato th form o Bu jut a eet f the j ri dkl rd s tht th ohri l ma o who rltin o h r-coid h xreme ad spectral gr f he lw i whih lw pl a p1e hig-·fore z] wht apHa ( f f) d a pr appliio w n Oc: I h fr [f thi th th stucture f h st fxp n i v mo m x ha wh h glmpsed ot up w nd he pts id it e· n mr tghly WO· th wo d tha vn n eh oher Aud j s h ic y of o plyer n a prtig ath'R t Uk a og t of th gm h ut b rtrd, bt h k ofte gm (whh do pexi t athr ul t} so i1 e {wh h m Bjmi t humn to hat nor p aw) nt a rgiJg f hn io th er 1urd d srbd within te uidcl rd'" here o fr pekg pr lgi reit h rain pn fll nto gug. s rthr oly th sk n th e vr h at o po, h u m t nd W<:Y nly i ppoed prir h l ·7 [ hefo !l he mr ip udad crecy he ang f th pr Gewalt, "pur l th es a chnl rm f Bji1S S Wh ds pre ma h?
61
Jau 9 (ha abt r bfre drag h sa Beami, n a Er She h ak p and deelps !· ald lbord <� o Si e rfl d wh h m b pr (
a i ak pola nr p h e n telf d ed y b prerv . The of b ng n dt blte wa bjet to codio Th onto vari ordg h h g who puri at se co do her h bg itel hr word: th o ery (ne beng i no dpdnt e. . . Fr naur h· mn guag h dn o tht and outsd f i (m 196, 20/38
ril rhr th tl onept o rit is s se for h agi n e 3 Kru; h an wri tht t h o r ds p [ bt { Bn n 65/45) h ma h th rti n t u th 2 y n a bt ch·tt beng o the iln o sel ht is to y diffrec been vlead yhou r d oln do h bt n s rea o o mhg r Bnm ml �;t wh ths exerl codti a bgg of the eay: 'h tk f crq fvc b sizd th< fxdig t l o lw ad s R h o f th purty o ol w hr l i i r to l ad he op ojut n th e is fa ds oy i r he ed f la). Ban th hl hjridi s a man to d p e s py mawheher lg mt o i lgim a ,.o ed (wheher j t r u e of d la ole relt o he nd ht a m h t ro i a do h he mean hmselve wh rd fo h nd ere Bji ! 7
ere ppear he p which ah p tt l fr i an bt nrhs c llmnt h tr cf
62
Gigtmhy Concerg a Vd
Chapter Fou
vioence as pue medium' that is as te gue of a paadoxica me diaitywiout endsa means tCt toug ema ining suc is consid erd independently fte ends tat it pses e probem, ten, is not that of identiingjust end s but tat ofindivd uating a diffeent kind of vioenc ta t cetainy coud not be eite te egitimate o iegitimate means to tose ends but is not eated to tem as means at a but in some diffeent way [ nht Jtt zu hnn vmh rgn anes, sih erhlten re] (Benjamin 92 96247). What can this ote type of eation to a n end be? It wi be usefu to appy te consideatons tat we ave just developed conce ning te meaning of Benjamins term pue" to the concept of pue" medium as we Te medium does not owe its puity to any specic intinsic popety that diffentiates it om juidica means, but to its reation to them In te essay on anguage, p ue anguage is tat wich is not a n instument fo the pupose ofcommunication bu t communicates itsef immediately tat is, a pue and simpe communicabiity; kewise pue vioence is tat which does not stand in a eation o f means towad an end bu t hods itsef in eation to its own media ity And jus t as pue anguage is not anote anguage, just as it does not have a pace othe tan tat of te natual ommunicative languages bu t eveas itsef in tese by exposing tem as suc so pue vioence is attested to ony as the exposue and deposition of the eation between vioence and aw. Benjamin suggests as much immed iately theeafe evoking the image of vioence that in ange is neve a means but ony a manfestation (Mnftton.Whie vioence tat is a means fo making l neve de� poses its own eation with a\ and thus instates aw as powe (Mht) wich emains necessariy and intimatey bound to it" (Benjamin 191 98/) pue vioence exposes and seves te nexus between aw and vioence and can thus appea in te end no t as vioence that govens o executes ( chtnd) but as violence that puey acts a nd ma nifests (e wltene). And if the connection between pue vioence and juidica vioence beeen state of exception and evoutionay vioence is thus made so tight tat te two pyes facing each othe acoss the chessboad of istoy seem aways to be moving a singe pawnfoce� of: o pue meanswhat is nevetheess decisive is tat in each case
63
te criterion of teir distinction ies in the dissolution of the reation
b etween violence and aw 4.8
t is fom this pespective that we mst ead Benjamn's statement
in the etter to Schoem on August n, 1934 tat te Spture wiout its key is not Scriptre b ut ife" (Benjamin 166 618/53) as wel th
one found in te essay on Kaa acCoding to whic [ the aw wic
is studied b ut no longer practiced is te gate to justice" (Benjamin 1934,
437/815. Te Scipture (te Toa) witout its key is te cipe of the aw in the state of exception wich is in force but is not appied or is
appied witut being in foce (and wich Scoem, not at a suspecting tathe saes tis thesis wit Scmtt believes is stll law Accodngto Benjamin tis aw-o, ate this foceois no onger aw b ut ife ife as it is ived; in Kafkas novel in the viage at te foot of the hi on wic te caste is b uit" (Benjamin 1966 618453. Kaas most pope gestue consists not (as Scoem b eieves) in aving maintained
a w tt no longe s any meanng but in aving sown that it ceases to be a and bus at a points wit ife. In te Kaa essay the enigmatic image ofa aw tat is sudied b ut no longe pcticed coesponds as a sot of enant, to te unmasng of myticojuiica vilene efected y pue vioence Thee is, teefore, sti a possibe gue ofaw afte its nexus wih vioence and powe has
been deposed but it is a aw that no onge as foce o appication ike e one in wich te new attoney" eang trug ou old ooks;'
buies himsef in study o ike te one tat Foucaut may ave ad in
min d wen he spoke of a new aw" that as b een feed fom al disci pine and a eation to soveeignty \hat G e te meaning ofa law at suives its deposition in such a way Te dicuty Benjmin faces ee coesponds to a pob em that can b e fouated (and it was effectivey Oulated o the st time in pimitive Cistianity and ten ate in the Maxian tadition in tese tems: hat b ecomes of te law ae its essinc fument? (Tis is the contovesy tat opposes Pau to the Jews of is time. And what b ecomes ofte aw in a society witout casses (Tis is pecisey te deb ate b etween Vysinsky and Pasukanis) These ae te questions tat
Bmi sk to nw wi his o f he ' Obvi s no queon h r of rsioal phe ht r hieves iL- d1 no of a p ocss f i n fi i dnttin tha, in mjtaing the Jw i a (. Hf, n l onger get t th botom of it. Th he i h e l w- -·no log paccd, t udid� no j1� bu ol h g ht lads to it. \Vht ops passagt: owr jutc o asuflw, bt o a vt i) anoth'-·r use ofthe law. Thi i recsy wh h h law\vrkg [n opJ by d fmal po) sek to prvet. Kfk's hcrnd his nr us h v o do wth hs ctl o e w i th tae of xcptio; hey k) h fHowg hi 0 hr w tg to d" a d de o "ply wh t. O d y hmty w la wih w jt s hidrn pywith d� ed bje, n i d eo !em o hi canonicl bt o f hem m )r god. Vht is fod lw no mo ga e h ce he Jw ut a ew u ht i bon n! i Ad u) ch ha omntd by l, t o b red fm ts ow valu. Th le is th o ud y, r a. nd hi tud l ay is th pg ha .ll ow u to ri at th ui h e Bjm's pothmos (ragm defn as e o th rd n ·hich h e wd apa g h1 abolutly cn he proiated mde urdal ( Bcj;n 192, 41}
� Feat Mg A
·
�
Ro man ho :d g ho t t b l t d saic xpao fo tb pcu mni vuion ld he um-th ec dsgn1 for h o xepi nto q meg of p rng fr h� dh f h oe r hi co ie. Indd wh th th Rph ·ed t m pn ofan d o op ·h tumu d th mg re th fecy th r iiion m to hav e nt il y of h Dth t the gmin Cu l therr ieti( h w 'rl y p wth uu And it igiat t ht h b ra ied Nisen' .1dH mno md schoars hve digded b qestn he a h tt eptio nd h nttd o h w moung (Icaly ki h e l meaig i h dy Gm< k.!'S fa, Vl m to wrot "the db w thr lv bt othought bu ny mo [S•to ·1962, 5].) B ho dd hi tm tht W d i O w he io lw i tua the m Kte polta c (O s m he more ae mnng f fe a cy a e n h fmi? T n tev std pubhd n 1980) IL S, Vsl me t w hi tn p g
Chaptr
6
porr utiti o rder byddr, clre y ature of k y th(JS, of nom.s b s of unm by w has mlt h,racterizd th d m rnng d ts metts" (Vn 19So, 584-). Acdig to Vesl, wh hre es h nys of h Amrican sm lgi Bgr nd Lma "Al Ie or· e f h. Te cosa sibily o ic ro· i tulzd whnver th legimas hat e h preriues llas" 58 h ti' vuio th stae e xcpio h rsmbJne b the maeg 1he qt), t t lmte res r th eb h n h d a nomie tr" said t hz hm soets a wh Sh �o·pt is a t r h pi he hemen numilwsn wer t a orrg ali h dkest "
Th l et f 1ug (paly a hief g) d th ole phnml olicl tasalfat . cm comph�tly to th de aomy . [Ejhere th re is (tmpoy) versal f he a to the n-huma> h clral t he atura vied s i negativ oa f knsmo chas ad
o eom om . Th feeings grd dsron ad the didl d olte xprso t esricd o on c o n p� of cutal p. Apaey he are isic fatn�s
of hm ad h h man c ondit whh mis
thems
ve aove all in mrg or ma iatons I wod� hror g agree wh V. W. ur\ wh peakg f'aJor n-cltur or an rra i lmnal ituion, ugge h '(hp Freud a d Jun, i hir dfere , hav
much o nrbu t dadg thse nlgl on(but o sps of lim s ins." (V
ratinJ
1980
� In is neutrztion of th n unica
meOf
J1 mong n i ed u . I
d ntdued ocept o
t gr "('nk su� d d e T f i, Duk b l w ! it dv a i h ui T a tmou i vi x) ne o e e:d i ci p: "\V man i O a ha n l ml ia . B w a i b y m s b n n u , niy il(� r h inc; o th uden e we E a ; Sj)' i n n cts (Durkhcim 1897> -852 �8) '
l od w e a d t t h l me s a C l Jw d he ol l rled (wh, l
r h nl of he tdy phd Ss ew y ate · hr seems awr o he pbe the istium moing sor ! h s a se xpn: sag d rmzes l mpl fnrl herP h mmr o a no Fmg h s wihi a r of gee blzat, wh a l ir and nrm le ssded mi of he dd t tform he <h m i il a drm whh ech prs ws led wih s inon, how cme o 1962 ad xs bwe he rm iuiu aound or y ai prupg ht hh e elaied h i> a l m g mlci in h iuiiu ht 3. I Ags chts chme o he ursord> gp Agsu plii] igcae hg h the H bee he w ( wm l i a rumd haer ournng tm ituti m h tt tha sverg) l c a Fashei r i gis i h in rio hd aompanied' he e.
o C� hh wer signicly esribe s "sd ious nals Jut a h w h nl resons turt n h Rephc<n � " eaw usium com be dn w a agy, 4ga are lknd v cs. h s ht th a he ml o a to h cr of the res P rady hw w, oformty \th hi s tteg Aug begnnng h h dth f h s Ml wou proclam ey tim th fly ey e the -m On h s f p l nthg th h n t sovercgn) p t rp th stte o xtn tnog n ml f. B the cone n itte n d cmpex T, epe mo di Ags's d eth No on Augt h yer CE h regn� r rou nd nd an d , h or ght hm a, h h h cmd n h ggg hek m u se nern t nw wr he h e he mmu -ae, h « f h lie)" lL A y� al hS nen thetr metph o, h unl d o iot c ak (idtidm cns)-wih ha no simpJ plial mh- am de c uu !Je f hre wa; now ud e hat onre h m! o cm cp ospce h dh f h f\cpto T orgil x b n u d Juum s stil re<t b h um u w co in es wth dth o he whle h pno h w s gd no l mny s as f h re h h bod nto hs ll pt a pe (m t h o th mpru1 poon(/;c et nfm [ter ad dl po mpum]) wh s o k� c n t, hWd hi inme mk h � he mom ent dth d w d nm Lde hi m th dy As N hd nt1ted jn lnpd omul {whh s php he uc Bnj m ths o whih
p h beme h l) exet n l s i hd bme h l {Nse 1R7, 40). The muol velt oh p�:i n hu e�n a p h tte f e nd nme irct ito seeign wh g o f: hie ro ll d to h l n aset hml s u [ mon lw L he tte
Th itmt ami t hs n gu upm p a ('HJg w aprs erly n th heo mh ) whih s o ng he neo-Pns i h m y h a e h se f h np T fomu bls om ep<kh ud Diog' v!y p ! eeed mden hey soey mut o e udemed. Th ph l o ogc myp h pven he d dt o he eie f Seng he bi oncon w hs ml d ven th n cce h uqy ad n tex pag q-rup n ye nvrhel petly t-i vidd in t h o. : i the mt d h m o jt st The n oe kng, t thut l\ wu Ds ops f e negtie f daune unjfd hg]" 'ht gt an the kn h n bm th th ust, i> ng aw Dlt ) Th h eig vig n onl men ht he bu y hm h i h . th t anm ie. t . gns expn hs te h nq r: Bcuse th kg hs es ow [k uutho d hel lg w} h i lk gd mg m" (L Dlt J A ps· he de d wi , he s held lto to t d s p d he m fn o h Jicl dr h d(·nct bwe gn tt s an m e n nk o he rd d Th omM i s hs been l m h ht he of
70
Cp v
F Mg 7
n outide and a nsid o h l, and n th is es tt art of th mdn hery o svergty. Th rrpndnc b ewe iuium d og hw t ! eang he If og is a g m d i, o th reaso, o mi e n d perfty ind n eo, hen nchy (whih he< lo�e n dy n th e orgn' dh} whih o y wh he nexs tht jon o h lw sC) ms h az re, rmg he se o eei l ou" i n moing fu. Copon o the nc;lhiity nd h l v ng b e o ign h d d abil ity b a f xion ubl mu i n B:( asming i modn orm as di n h g h r�ai on ewe s overgnt nd t f exe p n he fr d t bn h e a ame. Bcau h · a h s gn nty 0mo. He oo th stt he-se n ife is a Jivin l" od r na in � Th h ha " o Hw t� ic 1 T)cudo�Arhyt O Law nd Justce, hkh a Vehr n S: lg wh Dn' eti n u
Ald Je wih gpfex!s h Udrh TPlnd unbud l h forHbtkis f h T b w m e n h l ! ' i n s be J1 , d i io ovn wh i s hw. e enll n h (akhOn), hctweu h l n o ld o te dn f !h b\V !o (Hom. d Wn bw is udn\� i hp t
hE f c i i a h w a
a
f an k {h s y h v mnl! Of n n i nndd d , (e SOVn hu trC !IJ'i/0S ho o h gma ). Te law rs e h n th h l o h mma bu f h any dvion t
I
a
svrign t, h m s O l1 h; l a i (. Da 192,
h
lx t, o w loe h jwih m: is l Roma3:?1 kr r ikC;' D: 1 d; in u Ahys h w is a ttr: gmm r wih v �, nd, By m
a
) 5·4 The odbe nmi nd law ms to
n
e phmnn re esent s symetricl nd i om wy ine g o e }lri� ; long n mil wih ho prd fts (h h A SaH h a orld nd h h > ri and C [ t mede d mod e d) th r hrizd rdd oveg f rma lg and ci rrc rg h s (hh e Od wih mlar c8ra-· e n vas pos n lr m d� d eha ml mar h s m ang : a nd cmil bho ndd D hble Th s y iu ero o nom h brek m tepy sur h s od. hl hv ays hd duy pa e n m epo s ihin wl-orded cti nd , l wh y tt b bth t gu d cvl authoiies. Cotay ho <:pis h d e e fs a to aga td o cJnd {n hd Fze r od c fn c Wmrk, Ka M H t b nt ii, 1sed ax hm o th tte o s snd lw h �czd s h j1ri iions uh Gn Fdgw or th pcto of the W n nen Engih n ris xe< su di he howd how the dnes d n ac eo d i medva drip t h ad oh am phoma psey late h di phes h i hch Fl d h adi w xpd
m th mmuy, the h u�e rood ad dro, d he 1vl p ond or ad ah h harqadS d scbd i up eceded f t Roman de Fuvl (Li mtrt vt, p wet ' s hu1B, .� f gc J b sg; p t / e svg [On shoed s o h d ot md O k ws and doors, J Aoh r hrw slt h ll Adhh lt i f; /h were rly ho ad ag] c s to aer p s o cn moi, d n h oh d te or d h rr ex h or h p• ue f T am c b a d fr he of hae cm mied d r n k a a
hldr' bggn l hh hld h dd h obiion h as f vlc t HUwee itly
Cra o my m (wi vy rm y cury d "gon o g) a widdy dffud o pul c h ch ocrd vrr s m r if dnt f<)m. Su orm s u ed a uimns i n h l mk h eir exr o, rd ol hld' bng u; hr m md d on hee o rpron o havri-lik p A sr y h w tht wat r sg h emed smy o g d wld t hs' n· uh well-d tal JSm ll a o which, fo im .m meoa h ba d porn re card ou Mu 1975 43)
I MeW hyp s ct, te (l egl a r' <s do n t bk cie gra tes ·\h · h lv lig i ai h anm w w te at he m di od h vey ht he i o s, h nm f po owad wch l' m:m1 sbjec on te lw i s t do l nd m s udd ai shws s pad on w w rl e I othe r ods h
73
he hhld o d fr t ao nd lw. h e d h e haar al ur ouf ;rcrf w an mi sw i dnc ad, m tme r er riy I s f h o a d me geelly pN m t fr it h s o w lwm�ly pprd d f orcs rvd by jed d o son: o g from m ie d o1·hr h ds o h a a t rl Hn a do pd c mak h o lw wih an ia m y o th o v { n h wc : ralzn ! gd em f o m coet f s how o l m o ipo1ble (e p fc a <) eyting i rguled y m and, on e her had n anm tend eny tht led l: t xep r e d te ig l i in g law i wi h t o t om cs h pu icl f f Th an as mtz th edbl am oj dial m d h me hh h He h d;ti w wo or s te y elaio be a n . J f Th h ie h g h ele a d proay telf o has nd o mkig l fe n ijg ha. d {•h the as y btr undrnd t ct i dn gh r an d law ad ae epilo ensu r h ai ewe la nd He
N d
h •n h Rh's n wT in �xepon b all pi n n r g h h Bd nd Hobes w stll e ppr he ea fh incti mi lmn in ·vod h agm l\ f dn h mr theo th e po i re thrty a m . o
n ou anjs th tae f n in Rme, we neglee o ask the oa f h en a ' pwe o pend h lw by men he consuwn ftimwn d h squ� ro mdn o u. Whv m h ve een he bj qud le ln, h ws lwys dcld ex aa par I, i i wdl knwn h i Rm h erm des in ang Sens os pmre pg<e · n etr r _a b : a ( i h e nm h dn h pi c nin he Sne i th· Rn oii I bh h flw ad• mr na hph l h e, a tmpt h egory uct-paJa rly· n n o a�- o o mable es n p I is prJ ry ,)' r Fn h is he ining he « f h oio k 685; n he n e H nh Ar W Ah ty? wh h be n ai h m he n o s ch n ha n h oay a n n isp b� exerien< o i t a bo b nov and oin en 961 9). Th r no b nn o hi ninn o e a bi s ht en h h th Ar hr eelion o a a Ocr n Es Fn-Bck on ak n he oi n On n e noi lib inii l im h hriarm" 97 r t bbl i n relze h h h h dnd i h n uth o hm h C(riy
o n oi i orsh" hm s 928 n nonl w iin · evkd i i n in d b k mn d i b he h he y p v rom
ii n 93, n a oo ig h gn nt D H d Vg e i nin, Cr Shm h
n h he me sn ofa a
e om neid h m 9 2 n hei g n he p elCi n ue f h phlh n(sny n mo hoy o h ' mdte} h i on on 's n nJ acdec} l boun t he re os h he !ion h litl od o y J3 n n i h e m;n f hi "cf1 h o up wh u reecio potil x e . It l hed on h cnpt i� pcaly a, it dkh(� rf to D Casu n r t d('Jre i lr:msaabiy iO G. t dpt i pd (;, D w ha kmg fR< do y h p:b ; h y� rf1 he, i b r "� and ll auto khpnx dwm csi [R, flry 5.:] . T i i h i d wh a dn h dpdg t : lw1S, gv ah of the p Wht Do hs in i y h 1· h bc .2 e en f he rb i pl h f h h o f cti fers el b J: phnm no "
Cp S
gy� whih cons th d w. I w b bt ou na yi d he to se fi is posbl led w bck ln e uoras S t th c the i r he pter s who vn-· pooun h tehncal frmu la a [ m md aucto]-i order o nfr e Vdy o he of a bje wh nt ndepndn ly br ng a lll vld a bg. Thu, he he tuo r mae a th e wh lak thi p ac , n the · th hr ,uhzs�ha ma val&�·th marage o th(• so n s. Algul the sllr (i a m) s b und t ass h br 1n h tle f ownsh i i the ce o m pceedin involing d ppig py Th erm er om h vb g: h a is qi g he peron who gmen crea, or rft th a h lgal uatof omen e. h s o of h IE [a� gg nd Sy ddid w Bs ugh how that rgnaly he vb (whc, n t h InEurpen re iny elaed t trms ha ep fre) nte na i�1 omtng whh lredy exst ut th of pdun m ' n u, he brt; crv a� ( Be n te 1969 nnn g are n cond J ccl lw. de e Gr-Romwrld os w creto rr� eve c e on w nes nhg lsfrm le r ' nm io gh us be or mde row s v authr & wtn }s : n an neu ivi l whthr i uhorzs or h i vad tes' MagdelaJn 90 It i hn o mehng to nw t r mut b e:t ewe w el m en o ubjs)� n de d h s d h ks h i he t n he st e I h w c nt or sbjct cd hn a is perf Hwe h i a ap iruy bewee them he ms mple wh rt rdr t b al. u wh does e 'foe" of t m m? And wh i jowe ?
hs b gh ly h nohg d with re h h pfm ad<y by rt re m pud to h ma do h 's c i nt ded upn o me sort f legal power e{ed i hm a a a a o h mr r h nm: i pi gs rc m hs codiq pe te wy he c h er rvee a deend he bur ha thng d h t of gaane the modr n Perre NaJ wh hd sough in e la yar o e o ue a u ry of foa: p lw cod h efe w i "a arib ute cd to e, nrgl J o h h . the gh h eg to Ra de the requred cdos to <r foua r th la s h" (a!s 1948 27 Lk al e powr pive pub o h adds, "b ws ceved to h unlrl md lw pu d A y we nly ec o fmula u [I m t eale th t em o y p ofh e u 3 s w h en n pb law dgn e he ms pp pegV\ he Sene h c bje h i pgtv r T the ( nd {'t fwn [ made r mmn �)mula f xpr e ul c o S Ll h itrin hav evethees lwy5 d u n ng t fo. Momen oee t h eate d n a ti b a ol n onr e or om plt e th dsn f ppu rfng laws Te t pswh h ng uend b h Ba n n n q '\:oue"-lm i the ha ewih h unY r h > h ens Cl c > f i em i n rme a t he e mu, he rmla s m o e mph n l see o pe cu lr haer of
8 Sx o h h is ha i is lss ha a o a o ha a
osl" (Mos 199, 3 1034 is ai, i a as, ha o has ohig o o i h h poe o h mpm of h agisas o h ol Th sao is o a agisa, a al v h vb b o o hih s h isios of h agisas o h ol, s fo his osls , ih a sog aalog o h g of h o i iva la h o pm ivs o ai h isios of h ola om a ak h fll vali sigl fola (o o) sigas boh h aio of h o ha ols h a of h io a h saoial aiaio of ola isios Th aalog h os o ssail a ha h ol s b osi as ios h lag of h pe; ah, h ssial oi is a i his as oo h is ha ali of ls ha i h sh of iva la s h f lga aio Aot a po a al isi, a ogh h fo a bia ss The polemics among scholar who tend to uni the cos p m and the uco ofprivate law under a inge paradigm are easily resolved if one considers that the an logy does ot concern the individua gure but the ver stucture of the eatio between the two elements whose integration constitutes the perect act. Jn a study rom 195 thahad a strong inluence on Roman schoars, Richard Heinze descibe the common element beween the minor and the people with these words: "he mino and the people are determined to bind themselves in a certain direction, but their bond cannot come into being without the coaboration o another subject (Heine 125, 350 ). hat is to say it is not that scholar tend to depict public law in the ight of private aw Biscardi 987 19) but that there is a structural analogy that, as we wi see, concerns the very nature of the aw }idica validity is not an originary characteristic o human actions but must be conveyed to em through a "power that grants egitimac (Magdeain 0 66
4 L s o b h a of his o ha gas
lgiia" i is laio o h poe of h agisas a h o l Wha vios as o sa his laio hav o ak io ao i s isl ha x g of o ha is a iss i h om mm a h m s hav s,
ad
h m os a a o sssio of h ji ial o aila, h osls a o h oiio of iva iis ( pv bd) hil v iva ii as as if h ivs ih a mpem Wih a ivs s, i 211 BCE, a Haibals aoah a e m sas h mpe of h fo iaos, osls, sos· ome q doe o eoe 1 Cm mpo e oe e m ho as ha all ho ha b iaos osls o sos shol hav pm il h ha iha fo h
alls] Liv 26.109 ) U x oiios ha is o sa, h oiios ha bs i, if i is ha a lgal isiios s haa is alas b h xio a h x si aio o ss o a as oe pd osas ook pe d e e o oe o is a o ha sss o aivas la, b is o foall i fo as la his laio�a o o of xlsio saio b o a po is also fo i aoh isiio i hih h o pm o agai shs is lia fi: h m Ev a h ofh oah, h, bas of ah o hav oh aso, h ai o osl o oh agisa i h i x h saivs of h lbs), h pe oe ha is h go of saos ho blog o a osla fail as oos o h pe op osi fahs] a a ee ho s h oii of Th fola s as p ed Th bli s o h fahs o p dp ed [Th asis o h fahs s aglai has i , Dig h em h osiio is ss Th Rbli is iho agisas, iho iho ola as sblis h h saoi go of h p s a sovigl as h s ee o i sovigl as his o ss so aglai 199 3960) oo, o shos is o io ih h sssio of po a a h sa i, is aai o s h fioig of h Rbli xioal sas O agai, his ogaiv ss iial ih h pe oe as sh h s e is o ivs ih h m pm of a agisa b sol h p 356 a i assig
Sx
n >
agant th pbian th t th uspia App Cldu tat tht h lg perl n ev t th priv�I tm: "nobs popra cwpa, ut, ram hba�ps blg po t s tht w hae m a Th pow o r<t e s t a l pw rcivd fro he pep magtate pig mmdatey frm the prnl dito f the a ,
.
hir ist whkh mfo hw p f1ti spnng lw � hosts dio pona. ! whr a R cz htd th cty th epbc b y cprc ) ea h b da wis "p eemy> b h he i w t mp ee t a Oig m) h leng bau th lt wa away ptc by h g [w pesl (N 8 h wa ath a dep o n o rfoe h rpp hi bgng ad put t death at ay mome Whtari hr jrl orr but h s cv h e u f h ma i Th elnt ne antgontic a pptrybw d p a hwn trmnical platy h n ws h r o t Th ytgm u tchil se t dete S� lm th, b i h h' oppod y i wh lgal eff ad c ther t e exu n w as t h am g th cal ac af pt) That s the u f h Sea pp n t p a mt pepu fm whe h be add b h a magtr wh a m writg t h lw a momt bolt hee Js hw it ssec th powr pza tht ca t c ga nd upd aw hbs t mt pp haratr at h pit i gratet Jega l na wha m is f w i law whly upn thi e Beans adg of Ka llgry, t lw b law h bl t pnt with li 6
6 It i php n h r -th i h momnt he Ats a m pag h R cms tr-
tas
he datn of his a pr-ht we ca bee un
ded h mig f h uq progtlv. It s nc t ha
th brth f mo di f ucis cde pse wth th pbato he A1u!m whkh allow a m e cott the passg qt Th s h cnd re f fgms a Li npon tng a pasag fm chaper 34 of th Rs geta�J whih wa xn ts etty
the G sio Mm h eond h Lt em: d g a p b q q f i uo i Ate tht t l atgh ha n mr e tn ho who w my cleag n h mg Th hn npt h ow ht Ag hd witte rt. mt g i 5 h w· ra phillog hol al h aham for hvig owd Mom thriy th nl· ssbJ antthe t -ht i to he lgal pw f agtat s i h ge i; bt arta H 5 o happna ) h d t f t h s-h redvr th ncp o wr thn mptat mph n aui apperd th e g e years p p wh th go\g .h h h a uhara prip m.ig i th pocal l Epea scti 'r eran hr 19 th i h fnamnt p puhl law i md athotia stt cn y b detdt s a ds th nentg fm oan law fth tme oth p p (Wnge 3 52 A t psbl th h bn om aw a wn ptcl pe; piel wht stll mai r nviga f w nw etr t th pag frm th R st t di
t is that h Augts d th pcty f hi ctuon pwr th n t p whh he a h shas wh hse wh ar hs lleae th magtry bt th g tm o aas Th eng th me t whh h Seate cfd o hm au 16 :q HCE, rd rl wth
z C S
ths m: t omes m th e me rt augeo nd aur nd as Do Ci s "do ot 1an a pts I dnais . t how the pd s l tn u xim!OS prt (Ran 5J.2, of h <y in h er his in n th dt runi tuO, Augt s de hie p fM acr [a hig es t Mgd ha aty obrvd� em ac here de not h he me n g o fodr hu the tch n c mg f 'g u to pati.' Bc Auu cn th rer the Reas a tran fer o t r p fom h s hd t to fth pe pl d th St ( Res 34.1) t i ps ht n h oml a a th r h rat h prce g mn ig nd refs t th dea f h trn th pb Augsts wd h be th o he rnde d t peple n ent, j S, in m mc( dan b t o f h powe cqued t h dp p v th e trnd agdlai 47 I y c, th Roa picptehch w r ud decrb g wh r (mpr) h rf bck t the pe of he trat-·s gt u ·; xm fo . Henz ha decbed ona pctl: "E ngtry s preetbhd m, hh h nddual etrs int n d hkh stitt1 tc th ue of h pow; mu:, he hd sprg h pon) omhg t s o· ttd hrugh hm, le ly hm d dppe "h m Hnz 192, 356 Thh gus rcv l nd the SG s is d magr rm t h pesn nd niuts hm git n d nt ! whole of Ran ptca e h ]r ttu h hh ft ef a ft mn ha ot e e fy ppreted by s. Dj C i n om ht g\s m l i h p h llc k d p nJ . . s s o Hve t nc pbic d i vate [hin' en os ds ha ka e o kf' Hory 51 i h atol tht h •md) nd he agtrae wih whc h e h h ste, th mps b t Jt n
n tt 83
h t in l iv le nd h i ls th e n hich mu iterpr h f a sium Vesta ddtd n the h u e f o th Pti. Frtt h ightly b t gn h ntn we' te lt of Vesta and ult th pulPcae f the n ppe ti t th th Pns Agss's w dd t the Ro n people and th thr th pt us a fmi d p.ly mm c ult th ph er th of V n d the u
S
inpo1Wca rdt of t t e lg
6.8 H sg an t ht e hars ha bn a t phld h lim h iuh s mmdl in h l v ng pn o h n Wht deay a lg r t gr d he prem in nce n f r nk f rl otcns thus bem gre ofaw's imaence to lfe. s nt b h hat his shl h appn pril n th ya wh h uhr p cil sw an unxpd rbrth n Ep hgh fm and Ntn il hgh t was obo tha th anno b om t tn h p pd mb d id Agsts Nplon, r tl nd a n mo m l gl pp (th st of c th th n1 FUhr pt t d J di fernt css h powr tha Wber a d ('rm- w evehele linkd n 930s Gem (H whr) h np f la htd i a hy P a he org n r ad prs r d. Thu n n hr d k ul h fdenl nt il hitt dn h prip o F hh "the t dni y betn ld nd flwrs (n h fbern cps 1938 w h Heih Tripls h D H ewed. !n r ti h bk p nds the f as ht u t a reiig rd haism Th d fnd c nd cratv w th g d th nd pral rr h p r� ry h •947 th d Romn hl P tro D Fn b o n dal i whh b
5kng n hm� el frm wih a r d n d {and th D rm dr in whh mbdd a W tript o por (tdn leg l chmi no d homy dwn n the ppst uthoy pr []. Th o h d or th b b s
w rg d sng fm h p e ; r, n hd s rv bt thr fdd o o n h f up hgh boh Tipl d De Frs hd fat d Naz th nq gnmt bf h ye, th r a o h aw h pow hy dscb a pp e e f ogal t fn1 th r etlzatin h judil ordrht m l y fm h tt X Cha· s t Wb kn pe y wl d h 's k! he ua:ti aw wh mr
aha-ha po h di m ht t ods t mi wth ld nt hv b afm m foly I h gd l a wth tr n f h h f hgh ht w lf mm ' Lw nhi ng t Jd<d fo p i cul p o w 1 n h wnh Rd olph Smnd hi h he g nds d [G] h l f t al dty, o l nd th sn tt nd th nvl s b ndsd nl to gd gd l [LJn" Sm end _, 30 a, n Rnt m e l an g bem l mprhnibl oly n t mda r t a ppl v o ; lf b ghl ml ctd n a r gudg h dl f ad pd pre is mplat (and in th sn o an spk o orgn pti chaater fh pd gm of he m b p d t h nom< tat d an b d wth l l h rdic rr b h fm o v o) i mdel l f t ps m . It s p rhps psl t h n ac h pth l d th d aw s pv na s m o in ga n fth tat fto h ju da stm W pp
$ 7
dol uu, ormd by two htrgu y cied l " emts; {) h is iv n a] i t tc ne ch w f oni ib de h { nd > d uk ( \YC cl by h m nn m eds the aom lmet i odr be · t t hd uroit n et t ly he l o up son pesa, Be el rm e daet tw t owh tgo yet lly coctd he an dell g o lw s il d> in ining mt w d awy l in h e ruin d. ' o x i the dev h m ltmly rtlt d l d gehr he h jdiolil mi by tting hld o ddbl bew amie d s bV l lw ew d s t ndd n te esi aJ ti cg to whih � h rm o lig law, t O fw ill latd t the di rd d th pd th r h n immi ld lf A th w l em m orrd t optU mpolly, d bjl dt (as i epbl Rms os bewe e Sente d pl n mde Epe b ven owr th di]t i n n th om y Bt nd to oinde n pr w te t ar boud d bJed hr bm te lino mne
im I e eepo h d hd mamm \vorlwdc dJn Th ae pc flw cn t ob l ed ncd wih m p b gemW l Je at w ig g · ]aJ xenll n rdug <e i lly•thle J im b t lw the s t ck Ocr t hd i s t t ih t pal1 d mpall ded bode in ode t of om n o th thmv uJ rm th mly odd s i posbe t rn h law w th onc f e d lw B t i it s t amp al t mh ts e tio, thi Ge b v l twn hee s l Alnid t mmnt t k them in n a ll css i untmom th} g n an dtio i lw d in fe� l ws to ln b nd oletly l n Tht o i te ld o ein u 0 t fc a on tt s d make ad o s bh e t o a deiat a d depo. i mxi en o ands i id h he rla wi ee d to rder thm indcernble, T v i h tt o ea to x• b f posbe i d ye, b al: satg the w fo esly t o i erp t e workg o h mne h i ledg wd b i wr.
6 Tf i re t h tclto wen d l, be aomie an tha pd d y h ta feepti ec t ugh l l o ht h he bd r be ud l pae he a mmd c t tin wh d mle an ar pe d by he p�uses. The e o l f a 1o l gen a aom te sae o r, d hei r H ]w hogh h O e n ver nghig li nd lw, : a ncmws, d wh ir rcl i the b pal mae Br l f rdu
Th im o hi
th urge h t o to w ! p cl1 f u ti. h k o poe oa h e t thi i etll an p spac n ich hum i wL o lto lw tds befe nom w th n e1 H. Thi es o t the mhie wih ts ty n t, s o ec; t o, what w avC gh sw i cey ht t h nd \t t whu erun Vd O th 1dm d Niol Soilim, d p o ou w
Chapl�r S
mahi and ot omtig ht pi a law ha cut u n h dvne nd. Lfe ad Jaw) me d ad t m he at hg t h hv th � th t h on ofti artuato d he wrk h, b naig s c epate what had d t H1 dsecantmt ro h hd tg rg s: Adg e t s th dht pby f reahg a w <n w ts rlt t ad ts reato o aw a pe pa etn hm f hU a wh lamd tf h ne f "po c' Pl red l n clp bse t bn ntmatd b law, eing iel bt a G po (th i vo at mk a whn i ot redd t ml h pw n h h w. T l tl plil ato hw t wh s h x bn volc nd law d only bgg rom th pa h pened ll t b pbl po th qtn a possble f a dec tv f the d{ic tat n th o epto ted t t l W t hav f pe h s wh Beja f p lagage a pr 0 wrd h de itr mnd r phh nyig b as uld red an pre e whh hw l it l hot at o an d nd, b he t ot l d hmn t t pe t aptu th t fp
R
Aran�io·R, Get- di drito stifuzl( am1n. R, Mn: Boc; A rend , H h BetW(C Fur. w Y: V aore"Ple Ggt. () Ur M G \ Jhann Albre-ht + � anmgb l N Benjmi n, Wr. _ Z K ri i k d In Tidemn ul wcnu? Gesmnuit Schr, vo1 p. 1. b Emund phcot ;\> Critqu of vl J913-l26, d M n Mkad vion. Jngs mdge: H1·d U'sy Pres Bap �' : J2S Ug esut;lm Trwcpie!s. Jn Tidean 'n; Schwepnhi!ser, Gtsammcl .Yhrifen, vol. 1, pt 1. Trn�1a!ed byJhn Osore a5 1c Orignof Geum g I Id Vo! K a. Teman an S- Gs!ShriN l zpL ansae by fdn J>H I x \Vi, v 2 <9V·4 ed Mka Jjg, >W En a Cr Hr ny e< !k Pes, Faz ;1a In Tk{lmn wd
2 p sla by Hr?h Fz cfd M W. Jn g l Ent Smith Cmi: H1w Ueriy P ea P; O dn cgi df eh I Ti'ma d Scw•p>nhJs, 1 h l , 2 (d hy Har Zoh O < e [ <. n !d H'fg l. ?- < w d \d \V� Jn Camhd� H e Rka ! Bd. G�h Sle nd hd W, A! IU) ak M: p. c by hf R bo ad y osn T j t Gh S O Ano g: 7 E R0lTdem d mann t72 S. Scpu;T F M! �-". N0e Abt i Keie Gel
B:
· W/T
Benist, (£mile. 196. L Vohair [!: n-pcMS. 2
Prs:
Ta b r a D p u o l Gl e Ps
9 Bisard, Arnado 987 Auorita patm: Pro/emi di storia del dirtto pullo numo Nples oene Bredemp Hort 1998 Von W Benjamin z Schmit Deushe Zeits1ri[tfr hlosophc 46 Delte, Armnd 1922 Essai sur Iapolq pythagoriienne Pais: Champion. Dele, ouis 192 s tit de a )YtJ d'hantc, Diotognc c St1nds Prs: Dro De Matino Frso 1973 St della otitzinc mana. ples Joen Derd acqus 1994 Fore de loi ais Gaie Trnslated by May Qu�nte s Fore of law Te "mystal foundton of auhoy. Cardo Lv Reie , nos 5-6 (90) Drobische Kus nd GUnher ieland. 1993 System dcr S�onentonslager - Berlin: Akdemie Dugut Lon 1930 Tt de droit onstiuton ne Vol 3 Pris de Bord Dukeim mile. 897. Le Suiide. ude desoologic aris Alan. ransled by ohn A Spudng and George Smpson as Suide Stud n Soolog ew Yo Fr rss 9 Ehrnbrg Vior 924. Monumenum Aniohenm Klio 9 Fonn� lessnd 1999 Du droit de ssnce u devo dnsurretion n Le di de siste ed. JeanCde Zncarini. Prs ENS ashet, Auguso 1990 Roa c l prinipe RomeB Latr Fresa, alo 198 Proso"et onfora di Iegge e gcstom deg!stat di ris. Pdu DA Friedr, Ca] [941] 1950 onstitonaG011en andemo 2nd d Boson Gnn Fueyo esus 968 D e Ide ds Auoras: Genesis und nickun g n Eprrrhoss Fcstgaefr Carl Shmit ed Hns Baion. Bein Dunr & Hum blo. GdamerHnsGeorg1960 1!rhc und Mede Tingn MohTansaed hr oel \einsheme and Donld Mshal s t1 and Method 2d rev ed ew or Crossrods 1989 Hschk Julus 923 Dcutshcs md Preusishc Staatreht Vo 2 Brln Sk Hinz Rihrd. 925. Autoris Hermes 60 Kohl Josf 915. Not kennt cn ebo. Blnepzig Rothshild Mgden And 94 utoritas prnips. Pas Beles Leters 990 us mperium Auoras. tudes de doit rman Rom col frnaise d Rom Mtio Andr. 1956 a thore des ciconstanes exeponeles In M/angs _este Prs np Meul a 197 sammcltc Shrifn 2 vos BseStg Schwabe Mddel ml 1887 De iutio dcque alis quilsdam iurs pu!!i romi wons Minden Germany: Bruns. Mommsen Theodor 19 ROmshes Saatsreht 3 os Reprint Grz Akdmishe Druck Og pub 87
frns 9 Nssen Adolp ·877 Ds stim ne Sudic aw dr rmsl11 Rtsgcshhte ipig Gehdt No<ils Piee 948 s e u> udes dedt min Paris Bles Ltres Plumann Gerhrd 1913. Das sogennane Sen consuln nlim, die Quasdiktat der spen Oisce Repubi Kio . Qadri Govnni. 199 afoz di gg. Mian: ufr Reinch Theodor. 1885 De /ctt de gc. tdc hsorue jurdque Pais ichon Romano an 9 u deetilgge e o sao di ssedo in ccsion dei eremoi d essna Reggo br. In Sr minori Vo Repn Mi lan Giuff, 1990 983. mmcnt d 1 iinro gurdo Milan Guf Rovl, Fnkin D 98 he Pui Papes and drcsss Vo 2. New Yk: Rndom House Rossitr Cinton L 948 on
Index
Adno,eodorWiesengrun 74 Antgone 28 Appius Clauds o Arango-Ri, Gaetano 29 Arendt Hannah 3, 74 75 Augusus, 67-68 883 84 As Gelis 41 Baladore·Pa!eri Giorgo 2330 Bengel Johann Albret 4 Benjamin Water, 3 6 g 37 5264 6869 o, 88 Beneniste mie 3976 Berger Peter L 6 BehmannHollweg Teobald on 26 Bisardi Analdo, 78 Biscareti di ufa Paolo, 23 Blum on 13 Bodin Jean 7 Bonaparte Napleon, 4 n, 84 Bm Otto 1 Brdkamp Horst, 2 Brnng einrich 1 Burkhard Walther 6 Bsh George W 3 2 Bter Juih Cais Gracchus, 49 Car de arg, Raymon, 23 Catiine 49 Cavgnc ouis gne 1 Chrisiu 6 Cheauri�nd Franos Ren e 11
hatms Camile, 13 Ciero, 42 4 49 Daladie, Edonr, 13 Dan Alghri 26 De Francsc, Piero 8�8 e Gaulle Cales, 4 Delatte Louis 69 De Marino Franesc 1 Derida Jacqes 37 Dio Cassis 7 82 Diotogns, 6970 71 Dossetti, Giuseppe Dgit, on 26 29 Dukeim, mile 66·67 cmn Aol 38 Fleiner, Fritz 16 Fontana Alessandro 1 rcllini , Egiio 42 Fouct Mcel 63 Frno Francisco 48 asceti Agu1o 6768 83 razer Sir James Geoge 71 FreneBrunsk Else 74 esa Carlo 16 18 Fre Sigmu, 66 Friedch Carl ). 6 ?8 47 eyo Jess, 75 Gdm r HansGeorg 4 Gaius 38 Germ;icu 65
