GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY BY USING EXHAUST FROM BIKE A miniproject report submitted to JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, KAKINADA in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by GUNTAKA.CHAITANYA (14761A0376) Under the Guidance of
Dr. K. DILIP KUMAR Assoc. Professor
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LAKIREDDY BALI REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) L.B.Reddy Nagar, Mylavaram – 521 521 230. Krishna Dt ISO 9001:2015 Certified Certified & Accredited Accredited by NBA( TierTier- I ) & NAAC with “A” Grade ( Approved by AICTE , Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada )
MAY – 2017 1
Certification LAKIREDDY BALI REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) (Approved by AICTE, affiliated to JNTUK, Accredited by NBA(Tier-I) and ISO 9001:2015 Certified ) L.B. Reddy Nagar, Mylavaram – 521 521 230. Krishna Dist DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
This is to certify that the miniproject work entitled “GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY BY USING EXHAUST FROM BIKE ” that is being submitted
for the partial fulfillment of B. B. Tech degree in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING to JNTUK, Kakinada, is a bonafide work done by GUNTAKA. CHAITANYA (14761A0376) during the academic year 2016-17 and
it has been found worthy of acceptance according to the requirement of the university.
Project Supervisor
Head of the Department
Internal Examiner
External Examiner 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Behind every achievement lies an unfathomable sea of gratitude to those who activated it, without whom it would ever have been in existence. To them we lay the words of gratitude imprinted with us. I am grateful to our project guide Dr. K. DILIP KUMAR (Assoc.Professor), Department of Mechanical for his guidance, inspiration and constructive suggestions that helped me in the preparation of this mini project. I am extremely thankful to Dr. S. PICHI REDDY H.O.D, Department of mechanical engineering, for the freedom of thought and action we had enjoyed during the entire course of our project work, we shall always cherish under the guidance of him. I am extremely thankful to all non-teaching staff of our ME Department, and our parents who have supported us during the course of project work.
GUNTAKA CHAITANYA (14761A0376)
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INDEX Contents
page no
Certification
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Acknowledgement
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ABSTRACT
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1.Introduction
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2.Review of literature
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3.Theoretical analysis Components
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3.1 Turbine (a) horizontal axis (b) vertical axis
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3.2 Dynamo or AC generator 3.3 Battery 3.4 Engine
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4. Experimental investigations 4.1 Experimental setup 4.2 Characteristics curve
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5. Experimental results
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6. Results and discussions
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7. Conclusion and future scope
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8. References
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List of tables and figures: Figures:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Energy Distribution in an Internal Combustion Engine Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Dynamo Drawing For Generation of Electricity Using the Velocity of Vehicle e xhaust gas Turbine 6. Working Principle of Dynamo 7. Dynamo 8. Battery 9. Experimental setup 10. Side view 11. Rear view 12. Variation of Output Voltage with Shaft Speed 13. Variation of Turbine Speed with Exhaust Velocity 14. Variation of voltage with speed of bike 15. Variation of voltage-ampere with speed of bike Tabular columns :
1. Estimate Power in Different Speed
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ABSTRACT Nowadays in automobile field many new innovating concepts are being developed. power from vehicle exhaust to generate the electricity which can be stored in battery for the later consumption. In this project, we are demonstrating a concept of generating power in a moving vehicle by the usage of turbines. Here a turbine is placed in the path of exhaust at the silencer. An engine is also placed in the chassis of the vehicle. turbine is connected to a dynamo, which is used to generate power. Depending upon the airflow, the turbine will start rotating, and then the dynamo will also start to rotate. A dynamo is a device which is used to convert the kinetic energy into electrical energy. The generated power is stored to the battery. It can be stored in the battery after rectification. The rectified voltage can be inverted and can be used in various forms of utilities. The battery power can be consumed for the user comfort.
Keywords: Exhaust gases, turbine, dynamo, voltage.
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1.INTRODUCTION: In recent years the scientific and public awareness on environmental and energy issues has brought in major interests to the research of advanced techno logies particularly in highly efficient internal combustion engines. Viewing from the socioeconomic perspective, as the level of energy consumption is directly proportional to the economic development and total number of population in a country, the growing rate of population in the world today indicates that the energy demand is likely to increase. Substantial thermal energy is available from the exhaust gas in modern automotive engines. Two-thirds of the energy from combustion in a vehicle is lost as waste heat, of which 40% is in the form of hot exhaust gas. The latest developments and technologies on waste heat recovery of exhaust gas from internal combustion engines (ICE). These include thermoelectric generators (TEG), Organic Rankine cycle (ORC), six-stroke cycle IC engine and new developments on turbocharger technology.
Fig. 1 Energy Distribution in an Internal Combustion Engine
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This project presents the power production by means of exhaust gases (from silencer) normally from two wheelers (bikes) by using a turbine and dynamo (DC Generator). A wind turbine is a mechanical device which is rotated by the wind to generate electricity. It is also called as wind generator. There are two types of wind turbines. They are wind generator and wind mill. Wind mill is either used to grind grain or to pump water. There are two types of wind turbine based on axis of rotation. They are horizontal axis wind turbine and vertical axis wind turbine. The smaller turbines are simple in application like battery charging while bigger turbines are used for commercial power production. The most successful wind turbine is horizontal axis wind turbine as it is best suited for higher wind speeds at high altitude. The best examples for vertical axis wind turbine are the Gyro mill (straight blades) and the Savonius (scoops type). A vertical axis wind turbine does not need to be pointed towards the wind because of its vertical shaft. It adjusts itself towards the direction of the wind. The most efficient means of getting electrical energy is horizontal axis type.
Fig. 2 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
A Dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator. Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry, and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based, including the electric motor, the alternating-current alternator, and the rotary converter. Today, the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation, for efficiency, reliability and cost reasons. A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator. The electric dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical rotation into a pulsing direct 8
electric current through Faraday's law of induction. A dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure, called the stator which provides a constant magnetic field, and a set of rotating windings called the armature which turn within that field. Due to Faraday's law of induction the motion of the wire within the magnetic field creates an electromotive force which pushes on the electrons in the metal, creating an electric current in the wire. On small machines the constant magnetic field may be provided by one or more permanent magnets; larger machines have the constant magnetic field provided by one or more electromagnets, which are usually called field coils.
Fig. 3. Dynamo
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE : 2.1. G. Balasubramanian et. al., [2015] developed a methodology of generating electrical power
using IC engines exhaust gas and performance analysis was conducted by the charging vehicle battery by using bike exhaust gas. The experimental study shows how the kinetic energy of exhaust gas is converted into electrical energy.
2.2. Exhaust heat recovery using electro turbo generators by Patterson A. , Tett R., and McGuire J. puts forward an argument in favour of Electro-Turbo compounding as a system that is
technically mature enough to benefit the above markets today. Only a part of the energy released from the fuel during combustion is converted to useful work in an engine. The remaining energy is wasted and the exhaust stream is a dominant source of the overall wasted energy. There is renewed interest in the conversion of this energy to increase the fuel efficiency of vehicles. There 9
are several ways this can be accomplished. This work involves the utilization thermoelectric (TE) materials which have the capability to convert heat directly into electricity. A model was developed to study the feasibility of the concept. A Design of Experiment was performed to improve the design on the basis of higher power generation and less TE mass, backpressure, and response time. Results suggest that it is possible to construct a realistic device that can convert part of the wasted exhaust energy into electricity thereby improving the fuel economy of a gas-electric hybrid vehicle. 2.3. Leising C., Purohit G., DeGrey S., and Finegold J., examined and compared improvement
in fuel economy for a broad spectrum of truck engines and waste heat utilization concepts.
2.4. “Technologies to recover Exhaust Heat from Internal Combustion Engines” have been given
by R. Saidur, M. Rezaei, W.K. Muzammil, M.H. Hassan, S. Paria, M. Hasanuzzaman
3.THEORETICAL ANALYSIS:
These are the components used for the assembly of the project Components:
Wind Turbine.
12V Dynamo or DC Generator.
Battery.
Engine.
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Fig. 4. Drawing For Generation of Electricity Using the Velocity of Vehicle Exhaust Gas 3.1. Turbine
A wind turbine is a device that converts the wind's kinetic energy into electrical power. Wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of vertical and hor izontal axis types. The smallest turbines are used for applications such as battery charging for auxiliary power for boats or caravans or to power traffic warning signs. Slightly larger turbines can be used for making contributions to a domestic power supply while selling unused power back to the utility supplier via the electrical grid. Arrays of large turbines, known as wind farms, are becoming an increasingly important source of intermittent renewable energy and are used by many countries as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels. Betz's law gives the maximal achievable extraction of wind power by a wind turbine as 16/27 (59.3%) of the total kinetic energy of the air flowing through the turbine. The maximum theoretical power output of a wind machine is thus 16/27 times the kinetic energy of the air passing through the effective d isk area of the machine. If the effective area of the disk is A, and the wind velocity v, the maximum theoretical power output P is:
where ρ is the air density. 11
Types: a. Horizontal axis: Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) have the main rotor shaft and electrical generator at the top of a tower, and must be pointed into the wind. Small turbines are pointed by a simple wind vane, while large turbines generally use a wind sensor coupled with a servo motor. Most have a gearbox, which turns the slow rotation of the blades into a quicker rotation that is more suitable to drive an electrical generator. b. Vertical axis : Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs) have the main rotor shaft arranged vertically. One advantage of this arrangement is that the turbine does not need to be pointed into the wind to be effective, which is an advantage on a site where the wind direction is highly variable. It is also an advantage when the turbine is integrated into a building because it is inherently less steerable. Also, the generator and gearbox can be placed near the ground, using a direct drive from the rotor assembly to the ground-based gearbox, improving accessibility for maintenance. However, these designs produce much less energy averaged over t ime, which is a major drawback.
Horizontal Axis Axial Flow Turbine is used in this project as per the requirement.
Fig. 5.Turbine
3.2. Dynamo or DC Generator: Dynamo is an electrical generator. This dynamo produces direct current with the use of a commutator. Dynamo were the first generator capable of the power industries.The dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical rotation into a pulsing direct electric current. A dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure, called the stator, which provides a constant magnetic field, and a set of rotating windings called the armature which turn within that field. On small machines the constant magnetic field may be provided by one or more 12
permanent magnets; larger machines have the constant magnetic field provided by one or more electromagnets, which are usually called field coils.
Fig. 6.Working Principle of Dynamo
The commutator was needed to produce direct current. When a loop of wire rotates in a magnetic field, the potential induced in it reverses with each half turn, generating an alternating current. However, in the early days of electric experimentation, alternating current generally had no known use. The few uses for electricity, such as electroplating, used direct current provided by messy liquid batteries. Dynamos were invented as a replacement for batteries. The commutator is a set of contacts mounted on the machine's shaft, which reverses the connection of the windings to the external circuit when the potential reverses, so instead of alternating current, a pulsing direct current is produced. The earliest dynamos used permanent magnets to create the magnetic field. These were referred to as "magneto-electric machines" or magnetos. However, researchers found that stronger magnetic fields, and so more power, could be produced by using electromagnets (field coils) on the stator. These were called "dynamo-electric machines" or dynamos. The field coils of the stator were originally separately excited by a separate, smaller, dynamo or magneto. An important development by Wilde and Siemens was the discovery (by 1866) that a dynamo could also bootstrap itself to be self-excited , using current generated by the dynamo itself. This allowed the growth of a much more powerful field, thus far greater output power. A 12V Permanent Magnet type DC Generator is used in this project. It produces a voltage of 12V, Current of 0.5Amperes at its rated speed. 13
Voltage Range: 0-12 Volts. Current Range: 0-0.5 Amperes. Max. Power: 6 Watts.
Fig. 7. Dynamo
3.3. Battery: A rechargeable battery, storage battery, secondary cell, or accumulator is a type of electrical battery which can be charged, discharged into a load, and recharged many times, while a non-rechargeable or primary battery is supplied fully charged, and discarded once discharged. It 14
is composed of one or more electrochemical cells. The term "accumulator" is used as it accumulates and stores energy through a reversible electrochemical reaction. Rechargeable batteries are produced in many different shapes and sizes, ranging from button cells to megawatt systems connected to stabilize an electrical distribution network. Several different combinations of electrode materials and electrolytes are used including lead – acid, nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium ion(Li-ion), and lithium ion polymer (Li-ion polymer). Rechargeable batteries typically initially cost more than disposable batteries, but have a much lower total cost of ownership and environmental impact, as they can be recharged inexpensively many times before they need replacing. Some rechargeable battery types are available in the same sizes and voltages as disposable types, and can be used interchangeably with them. A secondary battery is used in this project. It is rechargeable type. A battery is one or more electrochemical cells, which store chemical energy and make it available as electric current. There are two types of batteries, primary (disposable) and secondary (rechargeable), both of which convert chemical energy to electrical energy.
Fig. 8. Battery
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3.4. Engine: An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert energy into useful mechanical motion. Heat engines, including internal combustion engines and external combustion engines (such as steam engines) burn a fuel to create heat, which then creates motion. The term internal combustion engine usually refers to an engine in which combustion is intermittent, such as the more familiar four-stroke and two-stroke piston engines. The exhaust gases from Hero Glamour 125CC bike are used as a source to rotate the turbine. The specifications of Engine are as follows:
Type
Air cooled, 4 - stroke single cylinder OHC
Displacement
124.7 cc
Max. Power
6.72 KW (9.1 Ps) @ 7000 RPM
Max. Torque
10.35 N-m @ 4000 RPM
Max. Speed
90 Kmph
Bore x Stroke
52.4 x 57.8 mm
Carburettor
Side Draft Variable Venturi ( Piston)
Compression Ratio
9.1 : 1
Starting
Kick / Self Start
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4 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS: 4.1. Experimental Setup:
Here we are placing a turbine in the path of exhaust in the silencer. An engine is also placed in the chassis of the vehicle. The turbine is connected to a dynamo, which is used to generate power. Depending upon the airflow the turbine will start rotating, and then the dynamo will also starts to rotate. A dynamo is a device which is used to convert the kinetic energy into electrical energy. The generated power is stored to the battery. It can be stored in the battery after rectification. The rectified voltage can be inverted and can be used in various forms of utilities. The battery power can be consumed for the users comfort.
Fig. 9. Experimental setup
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Fig. 10. Side View
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Fig. 11. Rear View
The above figures show the experimental arrangement of equipment, i.e. how the turbine coupled to shaft of Dynamo is placed in the path of exhaust gases of bike silencer. Eventhough the vehicle is stationary, the exhaust gases will release when t he bike is started. These exhaust gases are enough to rotate the shaft of dynamo to produce aound 5 volts. When the vehicle is in running condition, the velocity of exhaust gases will be much higher and the corresponding voltage will also increase upto 12 volts when the shaft of Dynamo rotates at its rated speed.
4.2 Characteristic Curves :
The figure 4.d. shows the variation of output voltage with shaft speed. Shaft speed in rpm is taken on ordinate and voltage is taken on abscissa. The curve is almost linear and the maximum voltage is obtained when shaft rotating at 1700rpm.
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Fig. 12.Variation of Output Voltage with Shaft Speed
Fig. 13. Variation of Turbine Speed with Exhaust Velocity
Fig. 4.e. shows the variation of turbine speed with Exhaust gas velocity. Ultimately, the Turbine Speed is maximum when the velocity of Exhaust gases is maximum.
FORMULA TO BE USED
Area of Swept, A= (22/7) x (radius of turbine)2 Velocity of the Turbine= ((22/7)x D x N)/60 Where D=diameter of turbine N=number of revolution per minute
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Power available at the turbine, P= (1/2) x Density x (Velocity)3xCpxArea
MODEL CALCULATION Swept area by the turbine, A = (22/7) x radius2 =3.14 x (0.05)2 =0.00785 m2 Velocity of the turbine, V= ((22/7) x D x N)/60 = (3.14x0.10x45)/6 = 0.2357 m/s Power available at the turbine =1/2x density x area x (velocity)3 x Cp =1/2x1.23x 0.00785 x (0.2357)3x0.4 =2.57x10-5 watts
Tab.1 Estimate Power in Different Speed
Based on Theoretical calculations, power output at different speeds of turbine are estimated and tabulated as shown in Tab. 4.1. The actual Values from experiment may differ from these theoretical values.
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5.EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS: The velocity of the exhaust gas before experimental setup is 10 m/s. The velocity of the exhaust gas after experimental setup is 9.4m/s. Number of Rotations provided by the horizontal axis rotor is 2800rpm. The energy harvested from the vehicle driven at 20km/h is 6 volts and it is increased to 10 volts when the speed increases to 40km/hour.
Fig. 14. Variation of Voltage with Speed of Bike
Fig. 15. Variation of Voltage-Ampere with Speed of Bike
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6.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The maximum voltage of Dynamo i.e. 12 volts is obtained when the bike has reached 60kmph speed. The electricity thus generated can be used to charge the battery and can be used for powering the electrical appliances of the vehicle. The turbine is rotating at different speeds due to change in inclination of the turbine. Thus, it is possible to utilize the waste energy by using a turbine and to produce optimum amount of electrical energy to charge a battery. The main advantage of this project is that the consumption of fuel will be reduced. The fuel used will be indirectly used to charge the battery which will result in reduction of fuel consumption. Waste heat recovery entails capturing and reusing the waste heat from internal combustion engine and using it for heating or generating. The turbine used can be placed in different angles in different vehicles based on the silencer design the wires must be well thermally insulated for resisting the gas temperatures. The turbine is used as per the mass flow rate of exhaust gases if turbine is not suitable there might be interruption in power generation. For continuous power generation the turbine must be placed at convenient angle and the flow rate of gases must be able to rotate the turbine blades.
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CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE: From the study, it has been identified that there are large potentials of energy savings through the use of waste heat recovery technologies. Waste heat recovery entails capturing and reusing the waste heat from internal combustion engine and using it for heating or generating mechanical or electrical work. It would also help to recognize the improvement in performance and emissions of the engine if these technologies were adopted by the automotive manufacturers. The exhaust gases are only used to harvest clean energy without app lication of any other resources (Energy). The harvested power can be involved in charging 12volt battery which is originally present in bikes. By this way the harvested power can be utilized to recharge the battery at much faster rate than usual or supplied to other amenities in bikes.
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REFERENCES:
Dipak Patil1, Dr. R. R. Arakerimath2” A Review of Thermoelectric Generator for Waste Heat Recovery from Engine Exhaust” Vo l.1 Issue.8, December 2013.
Automobile Exhaust Thermo-Electric Generator Design &Performance Analysis” International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2014)
R. Saidur a, M.Rezaei a, W.K.Muzammil a, M.H.Hassan a, S.Paria a, M.Hasanuzzaman b,n” Technologies to recover exhaust heat from internal combustion engines” 13640321/$ -seefrontmatter & 2012 ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved. Jahirul MI, Saidur R, Hasanuzzaman M, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA. A comparison of the air pollution of gasoline and CNG driven car for Malaysia. International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering 2007;2(2):130 – 8.
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