Furniture Making

Furniture Making A FOUNDATION COURSE The complete Furniture Making Book by John Bullar  192 page guide to Making Furniture 432 detailed color photos of  Furniture Making Step by step Woodworking advice and examples Jargon busting glossary of  Woodworker's terms Tables of  Cabinetmaking facts and figures Order direct from Fox Chapel Publishing USA or  Amazon.com  Amazon.com or Barnes or Barnes & Noble or Borders or Borders y y y

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echniques d

ns teach the essential using woodworking tools, creating precision

Make your own furniture illustrated woodworking

Make elegant furniture fr  like this elm cabinet. Lear  choosing the good timber  more ....

In this complete Furniture Making Book, John Bullar  presents everything you need to start building beautiful furniture with the minimum of  woodworking jargon ...

ak stool. jects with simplified more .... ....

How to cut a dovetail joint for a drawer, a box or a cabinet. When is it best to use hand tools and when is it best to use a router jig? more ....

Detailed photos and diagrams at every stage and clear  writing make techniques like using Dovetail Jigs easy to understand

Build this Mission style be Find out how to construct oak bedroom furniture to

Safe and efficient use of  woodworking bandsaw is more ....

In this complete Furniture Making Book, John Bullar  presents everything you need to start building beautiful furniture with the minimum of  woodworking jargon ...

ak stool. jects with simplified more .... ....

How to cut a dovetail joint for a drawer, a box or a cabinet. When is it best to use hand tools and when is it best to use a router jig? more ....

Detailed photos and diagrams at every stage and clear  writing make techniques like using Dovetail Jigs easy to understand

Build this Mission style be Find out how to construct oak bedroom furniture to

Safe and efficient use of  woodworking bandsaw is more ....

lenging work - make a irs more .... ....

Index of the book 'Furniture Making'

Furniture Making  A FOUNDATION COURSE Order

direct from Fox Chapel Publishing or Amazon.com or Amazon.com or Barnes or Barnes & Noble or Borders or Borders is book is also published in

UK

USA

by Guild of Master Craftsman Publications as 'Cabinetmaking - A Foundation Cour 

Home

Furniture Making FOUNDATION COURSE

A

Read

inside the new Furniture Making Book by John Bullar  192 page guide to Making Furniture 432 detailed color photos of Furniture of Furniture Making Step by step Woodworking advice and examples Tables of  Cabinetmaking facts and figures Order direct from Fox Chapel Publishing USA or Amazon.com or Barnes or Barnes & Noble or Borders or Borders also published in UK by Guild of Master Craftsman Publications as 'Cabinetmaking - A Foundation Course' y

y

y

y

Furniture Making Jargon-buster  A

to B

Air-dried - converted by removing water with natural ventilation anemometer - meter to measure air speed, used for checking dust extractors arbor - spindle or axle on which a machine blade turns Arbortech - rotary carver or toothed disk for rapid wood chipping removal, attached to an angle-grinder  arris - long, sharp corner where face of a board meets the edge

Bailey - hand plane, commonest type for smoothing with depth adjustor  under back of blade Bedrock - version of a Bailey hand plane with improved frog fixings biscuit- beech-wood segment pressed in pair of slots to form a rapid joint blast gate - air valve used to control flow from machines to an extractor  block plane small hand-plane without frog used for trimming bowed - board curved from end to end, usually due to tension in the tree bridge guard - protection shield over cutter block of surface planer (jointer) bridle joint - open-sided mortice and tenon or slot joint bull-nose - hand plane with blade near front end, or half-round edge on table top etc burnisher er - steel rod used to flatten scraper edges burr (burl) - knotty wood produced by excess twig growth, popular for  veneers

C

Furniture Making

A

FOUNDATION COURSE Read

inside the new Furniture Making Book by John Bullar  192 page guide to Making Furniture 432 detailed color photos of  Furniture Making Step by step Woodworking advice and examples Tables of  Cabinetmaking facts and figures Order direct from Fox Chapel Publis hing USA or Amazon.com or Barnes or Barnes & Noble or Borders or Borders y

y

y

y

also published in UK by Guild of Master Craftsman Publications as 'Cabinetmaking - A Foundation Course'

Furniture Making Jargon-buster  C

to D

case hardened - voids inside wood due to poor drying, 'honeycombing' revealed when sawn, can make board useless caul - semi-rigid mould or former used for pressing veneer  checks - cracks visible on outside of a board due to poor drying conditions contractor-saw - lightweight circular saw table cool-block - metal block guides for bandsaw blades cramp (clamp) - portable screwed jaws for pressing pieces of wood together  crosscut - cutting across the fibres (fibers) so they are severed crown-sawn - board converted by flitch sawing towards the edge of a log cubic foot - (twelve board-foot) common measure for buying wood. 35.3 cubic feet equals one cubic metre (meter) cupped board- curved from side to side due to uneven shrinkage cutter block - rotating cylinder holding the knives of a planer (jointer) or  thicknesser (planer) cutting gauge - marker with a stock, stem and blade for scoring a fine line parallel to an edge dimension saw - sawbench with large arm for cutting sheet material, also called panel saw domino - rectangular beech-wood block pressed in pair of slot mortices to form a rapid joint dovetail - finger joint with tapered teeth, suited to drawers and boxes dowel - cylinder of wood pressed in pair of holes for a rapid joint drift - unintentional movement of sawblade away from the line dust and c hipping extractor - type with impellor feeding filter above collecting bag

E

Furniture Making FOUNDATION COURSE

A

Read

inside the new Furniture Making Book by John Bullar  192 page guide to Making Furniture 432 detailed color photos of Furniture Making Step by step Woodworking advice and examples Tables of  Cabinetmaking facts and figures Order direct from Fox Chapel Publishing USA or Amazon.com or Barnes & Noble or Borders also published in UK by Guild of Master Craftsman Publications as 'Cabinetmaking - A Foundation Course' y

y

y

y

Furniture Making Jargon-buster  F

to L

f eed rate - speed of wood fed into blades on a machine ferrule - metal ring often used to stop wood splitting Flitch cut - board sawn from one side of trunk to the other  frog - movable iron wedge on a hand plane that the blade is fixed to glue line - visible line after wood pieces are glued together  gullet - gap between saw teeth haunch

- extra part on tenon shoulder to prevent twisting heartwood - older growth towards middle of tree trunk, usually harder than sapwood HE PA - High Efficiency Particulate in Air filter, removes very fine dust honing - flattening the edge of a blade with fine abrasive HSS - High Speed Steel used for machine cutting tools that may run hot inch thick - (four quarter or 4/4) 25.40mm thick, common thickness for  converted timber  kerf - slot left by a sawblade kickback - wood thrown from machine when it catches on a blade kiln-dried - converted by removing water in a controlled warm enclosure l amina - thin slice or laminate used to form lamination when several are glued together 

lapped - dovetail (half-blind) recessed dovetail used for drawer fronts

M

Furniture Making FOUNDATION COURSE Read

inside the new Furniture Making Book by John Bullar  192 page guide to Making Furniture 432 detailed color photos of  Furniture Making Step by step Woodworking advice and examples Tables of  Cabinetmaking facts and figures Order direct from Fox Chapel Publis hing USA or Amazon.com or Barnes & Noble or Borders y

y

y

y

A

also published in UK by Guild of Master Craftsman Publications as 'Cabinetmaking - A Foundation Course'

Furniture Making Jargon-buster  M

to P

machining - (milling) initial sizing and smoothing to prepare wood for fine work marking gauge - marker with a stock, stem and pin for scoring line parallel to an edge MDF - Medium Density Fibreboard (Fiberboard) dense, uniform sheet manufactured from compressed wood particles mitre - sloping end or edge, can be paired to form a right angle moisture content - quantity of water in wood as a percentage of dry weight mortice - hole to receive a tenon and form a joint, usually rectangular  mortice gauge - marker with block, stem and two independently moved pins for scoring a pair of lines parallel to an edge muntin - a vertical frame division Norris - hand plane with combined depth and level adjuster above blade panel saw - hand-saw for general use, also machine sawbench similar to dimension saw paring - slicing along the grain with a chisel PCD - Poly Crystalline Diamond, fine, hard abrasive used for long-life cutting edges pistol grip - saw handle with open underside pitch distance between saw teeth etc pith - centre of tree trunk produced by first growth, often discarded planer - (jointer) machine for smoothing surface of timber  plywood - composite manufactured board with thin layers of wood glued in alternate grain directions PPE - Personal Protection Equipment such as safety glasses, ear 

defenders, breathing masks pressure pad - block used to push wood over surface of a planer (jointer) protractor - angle-measuring gauge, often semicircular  push stick - forked-end tool, normally wooden or plastic, for moving wood into a machine cutter without risk to hands

Q

Furniture Making FOUNDATION COURSE

A

Read

inside the new Furniture Making Book by John Bullar  192 page guide to Making Furniture 432 detailed color photos of Furniture Making Step by step Woodworking advice and examples Tables of  Cabinetmaking facts and figures Order direct from Fox Chapel Publishing USA or Amazon.com or Barnes & Noble or Borders y

y

y

y

also published in UK by Guild of Master Craftsman Publications as 'Cabinetmaking - A Foundation Course'

Furniture Making Jargon-buster  Q

to S

quarter-sawn - stable boards produced by sawing at an angle close to the radius of the trunk

rake-angle - angle of saw teeth to direction of blade movement reaction wood - wood distorted or patterned by stress in growing tree re-saw - cut boards thinner after they have bee dried, also a specialist bandsaw for this job rip-cut - sawing along the grain direction riving knife - (splitter) metal fin behind sawblade to prevent wood catching there rod - a full-sized drawing to la: 0 and angles rowed - striped wood with naturally alternating grain direction sanding block - cork or softwood to wrap abrasive paper around for use by hand sapwood - newer growth in outer tree rings, often softer than heartwood sash cramp - (sash clamp) Screwed jaws on long rail for pulling together  oints in frames or sash windows saw bench - circular saw with a large metal table scoring blade - small circular sawblade for shallow cut ahead of main blade to prevent splitting scraper - flat steel plate used for fine surface smoothing, especially on difficult grain, sometimes fitted in a plane type-body scratc h stock - small scraper for shaping edges or rebating ready to receive inlay set - sideways offset between alternate saw teeth to prevent saw jamming Shaw-guard - sprung pressure blocks on a machine to hold wood against cutters site saw - lightweight circular saw bench for portable use skip-toot h - bandsaw blade with widely spaced teeth to allow more dust collection in deep cuts sledge - sliding carriage on machine table to carry wood over blades snatch - wood accidentally caught on machine blade and quickly dragged off course snipe - end of board unintentionally reduced in thickness by thicknesser  (planer) spelching (tear-out) - wood grain torn from surface or underside stile - vertical rail forming part of a frame stock - wood as a raw material or sliding block on a gauge substrate - groundwork or solid wood beneath veneer 

T

Furniture Making FOUNDATION COURSE

A

Read

inside the new Furniture Making Book by John Bullar  192 page guide to Making Furniture 432 detailed color photos of  Furniture Making Step by step Woodworking advice and examples Tables of  Cabinetmaking facts and figures Order direct from Fox Chapel Publis hing USA or Amazon.com or Barnes & Noble or Borders y

y

y

y

also published in UK by Guild of Master Craftsman Publications as 'Cabinetmaking - A Foundation Course'

Furniture Making Jargon-buster  T

to W

table saw - circular saw fitted beneath large flat surface, often cast iron tail - tapered fingers of a dovetail joint TCT - Tungsten Carbide Tipped, hard composite material used for teeth and blade edges template - pattern cut out of board to provide shape for components tenon - peg to be pressed into a mortice to form a joint, usually rectangular  Tersa knife - disposable blade for planer (jointer) or thicknesser (planer) thicknesser - (planer) machine for smoothing one side of wood against a reference surface on the other side through and through sawn - (flat-sawn) plain sawn logs converted to boards as a simple series of slices through dovetail - joint where tail fingers are visible on both side and end through tenon - square pegged joint that protrudes right through timber - (lumber) wood as a raw material timber yard - (lumber yard) storage and sales place for converted wood tpi - teeth per inch, a way of expressing the pitch of a saw tracking - adjusting the alignment of bandsaw wheels try-square - for checking right angles, thin steel rectangular blade with its end set in a thick rectangular stock tyre (tire) - rubber or similar covering on rim of a bandsaw wheel vice (vise) - screwed jaw fixed to bench for securing wood while working on it waney - natural uneven edge on board formed by outside of the tree left attached waterstone - composite grinding block with hard particulates in a soft base material, to be lubricated with water  wet and dry - abrasive paper suitable for lubrication with water, can be used on metals whetstone - grindstone or sharpening stone

Furniture Making FOUNDATION COURSE

A

Read

inside the new Furniture Making Book by John Bullar  192 page guide to Making Furniture 432 detailed color photos of Furniture Making Step by step Woodworking advice and examples Tables of  Cabinetmaking facts and figures Order direct from Fox Chapel Publishing USA or Amazon.com or Barnes & Noble or Borders  Also published in UK by Guild of Master Craftsman Publications as 'Cabinetmaking - A Foundation Course' y

y

y

y

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cheer Dictionary: cheer (chîr ) Sponsored Links INGLife Money Back Plan Fulfill Your Child's Dream with ING Life Money Back Plan. Ask Advisor  INGlife.co.in/INGlife_ MoneyBack  Home > Library > Literature & Language > Dictionary n.

1. Lightness of spirits or mood; gaiety or joy: a happy tune,  full of cheer.

cheer

Click here for more free books! 2. A source of joy or happiness; a comfort. 3. a. A shout of approval, encouragement, or  congratulation.  b. A short, rehearsed jingle or phrase, shouted in unison by a squad of  cheerleaders. 4. Festive food and drink; refreshment.

v., cheered, cheer·ing, cheers. v.t r.

1. To make happier or more cheerful: a warm fire that cheered  us. 2. To encourage with or as if with cheers; urge: T he fan s cheered  the r unner  s on. See synonyms at encourage. 3. To salute or acclaim with cheers; applaud. See synonyms at applaud.

v.int r.

1. To shout cheers. 2. To become cheerful: had  lunch and  soon cheered  up. [Middle English chere, expression, mood, from Old French chiere, face, from Late Latin cara, from Greek kara, head.] cheerer cheer'er n. cheeringly cheer'ing·ly ad v.

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A condition of supreme well-being and good spirits: beatitude, blessedness, bliss, cheerfulness, felicity, gladness, happiness, joy, joyfulness. See happy/unhappy. verb

1. To give great or keen pleasure to: delight, enchant, gladden, gratify, overjoy,  please, pleasure, tickle.  Ar chaic joy. See happy/unhappy, like/dislike. 2. To impart strength and confidence to. buck up, encourage, hearten, nerve, perk  up. See help/harm/harmless. 3. To impart courage, inspiration, and resolution to. animate, embolden, encourage, inspire, inspirit, motivate. See help/harm/harmless. 4. To express approval, especially by clapping: applaud, clap, root.  I di  om s: give someone a hand. See praise/blame.

Sponsored Links Fundraising Discount Card with School, Team Photo. Huge Profits, Easy Sale www.scholars-discount-card.com Hindu-Muslim-Sikh-E isai Would this decide your future? India needs your voice. Speak  out MySpace.com/I ndiaFightsBack  Idioms: cheer 

Top Home > Library > Literature & Language > Idioms Idioms

beginning with cheer: cheer on cheer up See also three cheers.

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: applause, supportive yell Antonyms: boo Definition

v

: encourage in activity Antonyms: discourage, dishearten, dissuade Definition

v

: make someone feel happier  Antonyms: bring down, depress, dishearten, make unhappy Definition

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Site! Peeplo.com/Top_ Re  sults Word Tutor: cheer  Top Home > Library > Literature & Language > Spelling & Usage n. - The quality of being joyful and dispelling gloom. v. - Show approval or  good wishes by shouting. IN

BR IEF:

T he be st way to cheer  your  self is to cheer  up somebod  y else. ² Mark Twain

Sponsored Links Motor Insurance in 5 min Buy ICICI Lombard Car Insurance EMI Option without Extra Charges! ICICI Lombard.com Competition RED Devices A convenient, flexible Competition R apid Equilibrium Dialysis System. www.piercenet.com/go/C-RED Translations: Translations for: Cheer  Top Home > Library > Literature & Language > Translations Dansk (Danish) v. tr. - gløde, opmuntre, juble over  v. intr. - fatte mod, råbe hurra n. - hurraråb, humør, munterhed, opmuntring idioms: y y

cheer on opmuntre med tilråb cheer up fatte/give nyt mod

 Nederlands

(Dutch) (juich)kreet, opbeuring, (goede) bui, blijheid, gejuich, (mv) Proost!, (mv) Bedankt, (mv) Tot kijk!, juichen, bemoedigen, toejuiching Français (French) v. tr. - acclamer, applaudir, réjouir, remonter le moral à v. intr. - acclamer, applaudir, lancer des acclamations n. - hourra, acclamation, bravos, à votre santé, (GB) à bientôt, (GB) merci, bonne disposition d'esprit idioms:

y y y

cheer on encourager (qn) par des acclamations cheer up s'égayer, remonter le moral, éclaircir  cheer up! reprenez courage, resaississez vous

Deutsch (German) v. - ermutigen, jubeln n. - Aufmunterung, Beifallsruf, Prost!, Danke!, Tschüß! idioms: y y y

cheer on anfeuern cheer up aufheitern cheer up! Kopf hoch!, nun lach doch mal!, nur Mut..!

 (Greek) v. - , , ,  n. - , , ( ) ,  idioms: y y

cheer on   ,  cheer up ,   , ,  , ( .) ,  

Italiano (Italian)

evviva, incoraggiamenti, confortare, incoraggiare, esultare, giubilare, applaudire, incoraggiamento, acclamazione, applauso idioms: y y

cheer on incoraggiare cheer up rallegrare, riconfortare

Português (Portuguese) v. - animar, aplaudir  n. - disposição (f), incentivo (m), alimento (m) idioms: y y

cheer on incitar  cheer up encorajar 

 (R ussian) , , ,  , (.)  !

idioms: y y

cheer on  cheer up 

Español

(Spanish) v. tr. - alegrar, animar, alentar, infundir ánimo a, dar gritos de alegría v. intr. - alegrarse, animarse n. - vítores, aclamaciones, aplauso, ¡salud!, ¡salud y pesetas! idioms: y y y

cheer on animar, alentar  cheer up levantar el ánimo, alegrar  cheer up! levanta el ánimo!, anímate!

Svenska (Swedish) v. - muntra upp, hurra för, hurra n. - bifallsrop, glädje, uppmuntran, sinnesstämning, undfägnad (litt.)  (Chinese (Simplified)) , , , , , ,  idioms: y y

cheer on  cheer up , 

 (Chinese (Traditional)) v. tr. - ,  v. intr. - , , ,  n. - , ,  idioms: y y

cheer on  cheer up , 

 (Korean) v. tr. -  ,   v. intr. - ,   n. - , ,  idioms: y

cheer on    

y

cheer up 

 (Japanese) n. - , , , , , , ,  v. - , , ,  idioms: y y

cheer on ,  cheer up , 

   (Arabic) () , , , () ,     ( Hebrew) v. tr. -  v. intr. -  n. - , , () !, ,  If

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American Sign Language

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Asics Gel Cheer Diva Cheer  Mom Tshirts

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1. Good luck; good fortune; prosperity.

All happine ss bechance to thee in Milan! S hak .

An agreeable feeling or condition of the soul arising from good fortune or propitious happening of any kind; the possession of those circumstances or that state of being which is attended with enjoyment; the state of being happy; contentment; joyful satisfaction; felicity; blessedness. 2.

3.

Fortuitous elegance; unstudied grace; -- used especially of language.

Some beauties yet no precepts can declare, For there's a happine ss, as well as care.  Pope. Syn. -- HAPPINESS, FELICITY,

BLESSED NESS, BLISS.

Usage:  H appine ss is generic, and is applied to almost every kind of enjoyment except that of the animal appetites; f elicity is a

more formal word, and is used more sparingly in the same general sense, but with elevated associations; bl e ssedne ss is applied to the most refined enjoyment arising from the purest social, benevolent, and religious affections; bliss denotes still more exalted delight, and is applied more appropriately to the joy anticipated in heaven. O happine ss! our being's end and aim!  Pope.

Others in virtue place f elicity, But virtue joined with riches and long life; In corporal pleasures he, and careless ease.  Milton. His

overthrow heaped happine ss upon him; For then, and not till then, he felt himself, And found the bl e ssedne ss of being little. S hak .

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Jump to: navigation, search This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. (  May 2007) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk   page.

Softwood plywood made from spruce is a type of engineered board made from thin sheets of wood, called plies or  wood veneers. The layers are glued together, each with its grain at right angles to Plywood

adjacent layers for greater strength. There are usually an odd number of plies, as the symmetry makes the board less prone to warping [1], and the grain on the outside surfaces runs in the same direction. The plies are bonded under heat and pressure with strong adhesives, usually phenol formaldehyde resin,[2] making plywood a type of composite material. Plywood is sometimes called the original engineered wood.[3] The adhesives used in plywood have become a point of concern, due to the off gassing of  the formaldehyde. Both urea formaldehyde and phenol formaldehyde are carcinogenic, so their use is undesirable. Many manufacturers are turning to "Greener Products" as government regulations become stronger against the use of these adhesives. [4] A common reason for using plywood instead of plain wood is its resistance to cracking, shrinkage, twisting/warping, and its general high degree of strength. In addition, plywood can be manufactured in sheets far wider than the trees from which it was made. It has replaced many dimensional lumbers on construction applications for these reasons.

Birch

plywood

Contents [hide] y y y y y y

1 Types 2 Production 3 History 4 Advantages 5 US plywood grades 6 Applications 6.1 Softwood plywood applications 6.2 Birch plywood applications 6.3 Tropical Plywood Applications 7 See also 8 R eferences 9 External links o o o

y y y

 ] Types [ edit 

Average-quality plywood with show veneer 

High-quality

concrete pouring plate in plywood

A vast number of varieties of plywood exist for different applications. Softwood plywood is usually made either of Douglas fir or spruce, pine, and fir (collectively known as Spruce-pine-fir ), and is typically used for construction and industrial purposes.[5] Hardwood

plywood is used for some demanding end use. Birch plywood is characterised  by its excellent strength, stiffness and resistance to creep. It has a high planar shear  strength and impact resistance, which make it especially suitable for heavy-duty floor and

wall structures. Oriented plywood construction has a high wheel carrying capacity. Birch  plywood has excellent surface hardness, damage and wear resistance. [2] Decorative plywood is usually faced with hardwood, including red oak , birch, maple, lauan (Philippine mahogany) and a large number of other hardwoods. Plywood for indoor use generally uses the less expensive urea-formaldehyde glue which has limited water resistance, while outdoor and marine grade plywood are designed to withstand rot, and use a water resistant phenol-formaldehyde glue to prevent delamination and to retain strength in high humidity. The most common varieties of softwood plywood come in three, five or seven plies with a metric dimension of 1.2 m × 2.4 m or the slightly larger imperial dimension of 4 feet × 8 feet. Plies vary in thickness from 1/10" through 1/6" depending on the panel thickness. R oofing can use the thinner 5/8-inch plywood. Subfloors are at least 3/4-inch depending on the distance between floor  joists. Plywood for flooring applications is often tongue and grooved. The mating edge will have a "groove" notched into it to fit with the adjacent "tongue" that protrudes from the next board. This keeps the boards from slipping past each other providing a solid feeling floor when the joints do not lie over joists. Tongue & groove flooring plywood is typically 1" in thickness. High-strength

plywood, known as aircraft plywood, is made from mahogany and/or   birch, and uses adhesives with increased resistance to heat and humidity. It was used for  several World War II fighter aircraft, including the British-built Mosquito bomber which was nicknamed the wooden wonder. Certain

plywoods do not have alternating plies. These are designed for a specific purpose. One such plywood is known as "Bendy Board". This is very flexible and is designed for  making curved parts.In the UK this is known as "Hatters Ply" as it was used to make gents stovepipe hats in Victorian times. However these may not be termed as plywood in some countries because the basic description of plywood is layers of veneered wood laid on top of each other with the grain perpendicular on each layer. is specially treated to resist rotting in a high-moisture environment. Marine plywood is frequently used in the construction of docks and boats. It is much more expensive than standard plywood; costs for a typical 4 foot by 8 foot 1/2 inch thick   board is roughly $75 to $100 US or around $2.5 per square foot, which is about three times as expensive as standard plywood. Marine plywood

Marine

plywood can be graded as being compliant with BS 1088, which is a British Standard for marine plywood. There are few international standards for grading marine  plywood and most of the standards are voluntary. Some marine plywood has a Lloyd's of  London stamp that certifies it to be BS 1088 compliant. Some plywood is also labeled  based on the wood used to manufacture it. Examples of this are Okoume or Meranti

Other types of plywoods are fire retardant, moisture resistant, sign grade, pressure treated, and of course the hardwood and softwood plywoods. Each of these products are designed to fill a need in industry. In

addition to the glues being brought to the forefront, the wood resources themselves are  becoming the focus of manufacturers, due in part to energy conservation, as well as concern for our natural resources. There are several certifications available to manufacturers who participate in these programs. FSC certified, Leeds Certified, FSI certified, and Greenguard certified. Many of these programs offer tax benefits to both the manufacturer, as well as the end user.[6]  ] Production [ edit  Plywood production requires a good log, called a peeler, which is generally straighter and larger in diameter than one required for processing into dimensioned lumber by a sawmill. The log is peeled into sheets of veneer which are then cut to the desired dimensions, dried, patched, glued together and then baked in a press at 140 °C (280 °F) and 19 MPa (2800 psi) to form the plywood panel. The panel can then be patched, resized, sanded or otherwise refinished, depending on the market for which it is intended. [ edit   ] History 

Plywood output in 2005 Plywood has been made for thousands of years; the earliest known occurrence of   plywood was in Ancient Egypt around 3500 BC when wooden articles were made from sawn veneers glued together crosswise. This was originally done due to a shortage of fine wood. Thin sheets of high quality wood were glued over a substrate of lower quality wood for cosmetic effect, with incidental structural benefits. This manner of inventing  plywood has occurred repeatedly throughout history. Most high quality English furniture makers working in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (and since) have used veneering as a technique. In addition to making the most out of the highest quality materials available, it reduces prices and improves stability of construction. The irregularities of grain which confer decorative interest often result in uncontrollable warping and cracking if any attempt is made to use the wood in thicknesses much greater  than those characterizing cabinet-making veneers (typically 1-2mm). Modern

in which the veneer is cut on a rotary lathe from softwood logs, is of relatively recent origin, invented by Immanuel  Nobel. The first such lathes were set up in the United States in the mid 19th century. Plywood has been one of the most ubiquitous  building products for decades.

One of the earliest applications of mass-produced modern plywood manufacturing in the United States was recorded in Portland, Oregon by the Portland Manufacturing Company. The owner, Thomas J. Autzen helped develop a bonding technology, which greatly shortened the drying and manufacturing process. His early engineering contribution played an important role in making plywood one of the most abundant and affordable building products ever produced.[citatio n needed ] In India,

waterproof plywood is also known as "kitply". Though Kitply is a brand, it has  become a genericized trademark , since the company that makes it pioneered the use of  waterproof plywood in India. The landscape historian John Stilgoe has theorized that the 4' x 8' dimensions of a standard sheet are due to the space required for moving a mule into a barn[citation needed ].  ] Advantages [ edit  1. High uniform strength : Wood is 45 times stronger along the grain than across the grain. Crossing the adjacent sheets tends to equalise the strength in all directions. 2. Freedom from shrinking, swelling an d warping: Solid wood exhibits considerable movement across the grain but generally negligible shrinkage or swelling in a longitudinal plane. The balanced construction of a plywood panel with the grain direction of adjacent veneers at right angles tends to equalise stress, thus reducing shrinkage, swelling and warping. 3. Non-splitting qualities: Solid wood splits fairly readily along the grain. Plywood by crossed laminations can be nailed or screwed near the club without damage from splitting. 4. Availability of relatively large sizes : Sawn timber can be obtained in fairly long lengths but only in relatively narrow widths. Plywood can be sold in sizes up to 6 ft * 25 ft and by the scarf jointing of small sheets up to 6 ft *40 ft, however 8 ft*4 ft is the most common size. 5. Economical and effective utilisation of figure d wood: Twenty sheets of veneer can  be sliced from 1 inch of solid wood. When glued to a core of cheaper material a high grade panel is produced. This procedure thus affects distinct economies in the use of  figured or the more valuable woods. In addition, it facilitates the use of attractive but fragile face veneers to give results which cannot be duplicated in solid construction. Matching the veneer so that the regularity or symmetry of the design enhances the decorative effect due to the natural figure in the wood allows it to be used more effectively. 6. Ease of fabrication of curve d surfaces: The trend of modern architectural design is to feature curved surfaces. The desired shapes can be readily fabricated in plywood

construction, utilising male and female forms, or a single forming a vacuum press or  autoclave 7. Reduction of waste: One of the important aspects in the manufacture of plywood is that it results in the conservation of timber by the elimination of the waste which occurs in sawing e.g. sawdust. Waste is confined to the small core which remains after peeling, from the veneer which is lost in rounding up the log, and the elimination of such defects as knots and splits. 8. Weight reduction : Dense woods can be sliced and bonded into plywood panels for  use in furniture construction whereas furniture fabricated from solid timber would be far  too heavy. [ edit   ] US plywood grades

Plywood grades are determined by a veneer quality on the face and back of each panel. The first letter designates quality of face veneer (best side), while the second letter  denotes the surface quality of the back of the panel.[7] The letter "X" indicates the panel was manufactured with scrap wood as the center plies, not "exterior" as is commonly thought. The A-D rating is only good for construction (softwood) plywood, not for  hardwood plywoods such as oak or maple. "A": Highest grade quality available. Can be defect free or contain small knots, providing they are replaced with wooden plugs (the fillers having a "boat" or an "American football" shape) or repaired with synthetic patch. This grade may contain occasional surface splits that are repaired with synthetic filler. The surface is always sanded and  provides for smooth paintable face quality. "B": Second highest quality veneer grade.  Normally a by-product of downgraded "A" quality veneer. Solid surface, but may contain small diameter knots and narrow surface splits.  Normally repaired with wooden plugs or synthetic filler. The surface is normally sanded smooth. "C": Considered to be a lower end face quality, but a reasonable choice for general construction purposes. May contain tight knots up to 1½ inches diameter, some open knot holes, some face splits, and discoloration. Some manufactures may repair the defects with synthetic filler. Panels are typically not sanded. "D": Considered to be the lowest quality veneer and often used for the back surface for  construction grade panels. Allows for several knots, large and small, as well as open knots up to 2½ inches diameter. Open knots, splits, and discoloration are acceptable. "D" grade veneers are neither repaired nor sanded. This grade is not recommended for   permanent exposure to weather elements.

[ edit   ] Applications

Plywood is used in many applications that need high-quality, high-strength sheet material. Quality in this context means resistance to cracking, breaking, shrinkage, twisting and warping. Exterior

glued plywood is suitable for outdoor use, but because moisture affects on the strength of wood, optimal performance is achieved in end uses where woods moisture content remains relatively low. On the other hand subzero conditions don't affect on  plywood's dimensional or strength properties which opens some special application  possibilities. Plywood is also used as an engineering material for stressed-skin applications. It has been used for marine and aviation applications since WWII. Most notable is the British De Havilland Mosquito bomber, which was primarily made out of wood. Plywood is currently successfully used in stressed-skin applications.[citatio n needed ]. The American designers Charles and R ay Eames and Phil Bolger are famous for their plywood-based furniture. [edit] Softwood plywood applications

Typical end uses of spruce plywood are: y y y y y y

Floors, walls and roofs in house constructions, Wind bracing panels, Vehicle internal body work, Packages and boxes, Hoarding, Fencing

There are coating solutions available that mask the prominent grain structure of spruce  plywood. For these coated plywood there are some end uses where reasonable strength is needed but lightness of spruce material is a benefit e.g.: y y

Concrete

shuttering panels R eady to paint surface for constructions

[edit] Birch plywood applications Coated y y y y y

special birch plywood is typically used as a ready to install component e.g.: Panels in concrete formwork systems Floors, walls and roofs in transport vehicles Container floors, Floors subjected to heavy wear in various buildings and factories, Scaffolding materials

Birch y y

plywood is used as a structural material in special applications e.g.: Wind turbine blades Isolation boxes for liquefied natural gas (L NG) carriers

Smooth surface and accurate thickness combined with the durability of the material makes birch plywood a favourable material for many special end uses e.g.: y y y y y y y

Die cutting boards Supporting structure of parquet Playground equipment Furniture Sign and fences for demanding outdoor advertising Musical instruments Sport equipments

[edit] Tropical Plywood Applications y

o o o o o o o

Common

Plywood Concrete Panel Floor Base Structure Panel Container Flooring Lamin Board Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)

Tropical Plywood are widely available from the South East Asian region mainly by Malaysia and Indonesia. Tropical Plywood boasts its premium quality, and strength. Depending on machineries, tropical plywood can be made with high accuracy in thickness, and is a highly preferable choice in America, Japan, Middle East, Korea, and other regions around the world. [ edit   ] See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:  Plywood  Look up plywood in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. y y y y

Engineered

wood

Fiberboard Glued laminated timber  Hardboard

y

Masonite

y

Marine

y y y y

plywood Medium-density fiberboard Oriented strand board Particle board Pressed wood

[ edit   ] References 1. ^ E poxyworks magazine, Vol. 18: Plywood 2. ^ a b Handbook of Finnish plywood, Finnish Forest Industries Federation, 2002, ISBN 952-9506-63-5 [1] 3. ^ "Milestones in the History of Plywood", APA - The Engineered Wood Association. Accessed October 22, 2007. "plywood is often called the original engineered wood  product because it was one of the first to be made by bonding together cut or refashioned  pieces of wood to form a larger and integral composite unit stronger and stiffer than the sum of its parts." 4. ^ Pro Woodworking Tips.com 5. ^ O'Halloran, p.221. 6. ^ Pro Woodworking Tips.com 7. ^ Education - Plywood

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One of the earliest and the most popular materials used for making furniture is wood. That is because wood has historically been plentiful and is very easy to work with. Other materials, even stone have been used since early times however due to the impracticality of materials like stone, mostly benches and other outdoor items are made exclusively of stone. Stone is however used frequently as a component of furniture making, for example marble and granite are sometimes used to create a beautiful and nearly indestructible top for tables and similar furniture items. The most popular furniture making woods are Oak, Pine, Cedar, Cherry, Maple, Mahogany, Teak, Bamboo, Wicker and Veneers. Combined with leathers, fabrics and stone it

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